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USB flash drive	actual eeprom writing erasure processes however still similar earlier systems described above.many lowcost mp players simply add extra software battery standard flash memory control microprocessor also serve music playback decoder.players also used conventional flash drive storing files type.essential components typically five parts flash driveusb plug – provides physical interface host computer.usb flash drives use usb plug protect contacts possibility plugging usb port wrong orientation connector type symmetrical.usb mass storage controller – small microcontroller small amount onchip rom ram.nand flash memory chips – stores data nand flash typically also used digital cameras.crystal oscillator – produces devices main clock signal controls devices data output phaselocked loop.cover – typically made plastic metal protecting electronics mechanical stress even possible short circuits.additional components typical device may also includejumpers test pins – testing flash drives manufacturing loading code microcontroller.leds – indicate data transfers data reads writes.writeprotect switches – enable disable writing data memory.unpopulated space – provides space include second memory chip.
USB flash drive	second space allows manufacturer use single printed circuit board one storage size device.usb connector cover cap – reduces risk damage prevents entry dirt contaminants improves overall device appearance.flash drives use retractable usb connectors instead.others swivel arrangement connector protected without removing anything.transport aid – cap body often contains hole suitable connection key chain lanyard.connecting cap rather body allow drive lost.some drives offer expandable storage via internal memory card slot much like memory card reader.size style packaging usb flash drives weigh less g oz.
USB flash drive	manufacturers competing smallest size biggest memory offering drives millimeters larger usb plug manufacturers differentiate products using elaborate housings often bulky make drive difficult connect usb port.usb port connectors computer housing often closely spaced plugging flash drive usb port may block adjacent port.devices may carry usb logo sold separate extension cable.cables usbcompatible conform usb standard.usb flash drives integrated commonly carried items watches pens laser pointers even swiss army knife others fitted novelty cases toy cars lego bricks.usb flash drives images dragons cats aliens popular asia.
USB flash drive	small size robustness cheapness usb flash drives make increasingly popular peripheral case modding.file system flash drives ship preformatted fat exfat file systems.ubiquity fat file system allows drive accessed virtually host device usb support.also standard fat maintenance utilities e.g.scandisk used repair retrieve corrupted data.
USB flash drive	however flash drive appears usbconnected hard drive host system drive reformatted file system supported host operating system.defragmenting flash drives defragmented.widespread opinion defragmenting brings little advantage mechanical head moves fragment fragment defragmenting shortens life drive making many unnecessary writes.however sources claim defragmenting flash drive improve performance mostly due improved caching clustered data additional wear flash drives may significant.even distribution file systems designed distribute usage entire memory device without concentrating usage part e.g.
USB flash drive	directory prolong life simple flash memory devices.usb flash drives wear leveling feature built software controller prolong device life others necessarily helpful install one file systems.hard disk drive sectors bytes long compatibility hard disk drives first sector contain master boot record partition table.therefore usb flash units partitioned like hard disk drives.longevity memory flash drives commonly engineered multilevel cell mlc based memory good around programerase cycles.
USB flash drive	nowadays triplelevel cell tlc also often used write cycles per physical sector highend flash drives singlelevel cell slc based memory good around writes.virtually limit number reads flash memory wellworn usb drive may writeprotected help ensure life individual cells.estimation flash memory endurance challenging subject depends slcmlctlc memory type size flash memory chips actual usage pattern.result usb flash drive last days several hundred years.regardless endurance memory usb connector hardware specified withstand around insertremoval cycles.counterfeit products counterfeit usb flash drives sometimes sold claims higher capacities actually have.
USB flash drive	typically low capacity usb drives whose flash memory controller firmware modified emulate larger capacity drives example gb drive marketed gb drive.plugged computer report larger capacity sold data written either write fails drive freezes overwrites existing data.software tools exist check detect fake usb drives cases possible repair devices remove false capacity information use real storage limit.file transfer speeds transfer speeds technically determined slowest three factors usb version used speed usb controller device read write data onto flash memory speed hardware bus especially case addon usb ports.usb flash drives usually specify read write speeds megabytes per second mbs read speed usually faster.speeds optimal conditions realworld speeds usually slower.
USB flash drive	particular circumstances often lead speeds much lower advertised transfer particularly writing many small files rather large ones mixed reading writing device.in typical wellconducted review number highperformance usb .drives drive could read large files mbs write mbs could manage mbs .mbs many small files.combining streaming reads writes speed another drive could read mbs write mbs mbs.differences differ radically one drive another drives could write small files speed large ones.
USB flash drive	examples given chosen illustrate extremes.uses personal data transport common use flash drives transport store personal files documents pictures videos.individuals also store medical information flash drives emergencies disaster preparation.secure storage data application software files wide deployments flash drives used various environments secured otherwise issue data information security remains important.use biometrics encryption becoming norm need increased security data onthefly encryption systems particularly useful regard transparently encrypt large amounts data.
USB flash drive	cases secure usb drive may use hardwarebased encryption mechanism uses hardware module instead software strongly encrypting data.ieee attempt create generic authentication platform usb drives.supported windows windows vista service pack hotfix.computer forensics law enforcement recent development use usb flash drive application carrier carry computer online forensic evidence extractor cofee application developed microsoft.cofee set applications designed search extract digital evidence computers confiscated suspects.
USB flash drive	forensic software required alter way information stored computer examined.forensic suites run cdrom dvdrom cannot store data media run although write attached devices external drives memory sticks.updating motherboard firmware motherboard firmware including bios uefi updated using usb flash drives.usually new firmware image downloaded placed onto fat fatformatted usb flash drive connected system updated path new firmware image selected within update component systems firmware.motherboard manufacturers also allowing updates performed without need entering systems firmware update component making possible easily recover systems corrupted firmware.also hp introduced usb floppy drive key ordinary usb flash drive additional possibility performing floppy drive emulation allowing usage updating system firmware direct usage usb flash drives supported.
USB flash drive	desired mode operation either regular usb mass storage device floppy drive emulation made selectable sliding switch devices housing.booting operating systems current pc firmware permits booting usb drive allowing launch operating system bootable flash drive.configuration known live usb.original flash memory designs limited estimated lifetimes.failure mechanism flash memory cells analogous metal fatigue mode device fails refusing write new data specific cells subject many readwrite cycles devices lifetime.premature failure live usb could circumvented using flash drive writelock switch worm device identical live cd.
USB flash drive	originally potential failure mode limited use live usb system specialpurpose applications temporary tasks asloading minimal hardened kernel embedded applications e.g.network router firewall.bootstrapping operating system install disk cloning operation often across network.maintenance tasks virus scanning lowlevel data repair without primary host operating system loaded.as newer flash memory designs much higher estimated lifetimes.several manufacturers offering warranties years more.warranties make device attractive applications.reducing probability devices premature failure flash memory devices considered use magnetic disk would normally required.
USB flash drive	flash drives also experienced exponential growth storage capacity time following moores law growth curve.singlepackaged devices capacities tb readily available devices gb capacity economical.storage capacities range traditionally considered offer adequate space allow enough space operating system software free space users data.operating system installation media installers operating systems stored flash drive instead cd dvd including various linux distributions windows newer versions macos.particular mac os x .
USB flash drive	distributed online mac app store flash drives macbook air boot camp external optical drive flash drive used run installation windows linux.however installation windows later versions using usb flash drive hard disk drive emulation detected pcs firmware recommended order boot it.transcend manufacturer usb flash drives containing feature.furthermore installation windows xp using usb flash drive storage limit gb recommended order boot it.windows readyboost windows vista later versions readyboost feature allows flash drives gb case windows vista augment operating system memory.application carriers flash drives used carry applications run host computer without requiring installation.standalone application principle used way many programs store data configuration information etc.
USB flash drive	hard drive registry host computer.the u company works drive makers parent company sandisk well others deliver custom versions applications designed microsoft windows special flash drive ucompatible devices designed autoload menu plugged computer running windows.applications must modified u platform leave data host machine.u also provides software framework independent software vendors interested platform.ceedo alternative product key difference require windows applications modified order carried run drive.similarly application virtualization solutions portable application creators vmware thinapp windows runz linux used run software flash drive without installation.in october apple inc. released newest iteration macbook air systems restore files contained usb hard drive rather traditional install cds due air coming optical drive.a wide range portable applications free charge able run computer running windows without storing anything host computers drives registry found list portable software.backup valueadded resellers using flash drive part smallbusiness turnkey solutions e.g.pointofsale systems.
USB flash drive	drive used backup medium close business night drive inserted database backup saved drive.alternatively drive left inserted business day data regularly updated.either case drive removed night taken offsite.this simple enduser likely done.the drive small convenient likely carried offsite safety.the drives less fragile mechanically magnetically tapes.the capacity often large enough several backup images critical data.flash drives cheaper many backup systems.flash drives also disadvantages.easy lose facilitate unauthorized backups.lesser setback flash drives one tenth capacity hard drives manufactured around time distribution.
USB flash drive	password reset disk password reset disk feature windows operating system.user sets password reset disk used reset password computer set on.audio players many companies make small solidstate digital audio players essentially producing flash drives sound output simple user interface.examples include creative muvo philips gogear first generation ipod shuffle.players true usb flash drives well music players others support generalpurpose data storage.
USB flash drive	applications requiring storage digital voice sound recording also combined flash drive functionality.many smallest players powered permanently fitted rechargeable battery charged usb interface.fancier devices function digital audio player usb host port type female typically.media storage marketing digital audio files transported one computer another like file played compatible media player caveats drmlocked files.addition many home hifi car stereo head units equipped usb port.allows usb flash drive containing media files variety formats played directly devices support format.
USB flash drive	lcd monitors consumer hdtv viewing dedicated usb port music video files also played without use personal computer.artists sold given away usb flash drives first instance believed german punk band wizo released stick ep usb drive.addition five highbitrate mps also included video pictures lyrics guitar tablature.subsequently artists including nine inch nails kylie minogue released music promotional material usb flash drives.first usb album released uk kiss does... rave compilation album released kiss network april .brand product promotion availability inexpensive flash drives enabled used promotional marketing purposes particularly within technical computerindustry circles e.g.
USB flash drive	technology trade shows.may given away free sold less wholesale price included bonus another purchased product.usually drives customstamped companys logo form advertising.drive may blank preloaded graphics documentation web links flash animation multimedia free demonstration software.preloaded drives readonly others configured readonly userwritable segments.dualpartition drives expensive.flash drives set automatically launch stored presentations websites articles software immediately insertion drive using microsoft windows autorun feature.
USB flash drive	autorunning software way work computers normally disabled securityconscious users.arcades arcade game groove commonly groove flash drives used transfer high scores screenshots dance edits combos throughout sessions.software revision r players also store custom songs play machine feature enabled.use flash drives common drive must linux compatible.in arcade games pump nx pump nxa specially produced flash drive used save file unlocked songs well progressing worldmax brain shower sections game.in arcade game dance dance revolution x exclusive usb flash drive made konami purpose link feature sony playstation counterpart.however usb flash drive used arcade game.
USB flash drive	conveniences flash drives use little power fragile moving parts capacities small light.data stored flash drives impervious mechanical shock magnetic fields scratches dust.properties make suitable transporting data place place keeping data readily hand.flash drives also store data densely compared many removable media.mid gb drives became available ability hold many times data dvd dvds even bluray bds.flash drives implement usb mass storage device class modern operating systems read write without installing device drivers.flash drives present simple blockstructured logical unit host operating system hiding individual complex implementation details various underlying flash memory devices.
USB flash drive	operating system use file system block addressing scheme.computers boot flash drives.specially manufactured flash drives available tough rubber metal casing designed waterproof virtually unbreakable.flash drives retain memory submerged water even machine wash. leaving flash drive dry completely allowing current run known result working drive future problems.channel fives gadget show cooked one flash drives propane froze dry ice submerged various acidic liquids ran jeep fired wall mortar.company specializing recovering lost data computer drives managed recover data drive.
USB flash drive	data removable storage devices tested using optical magnetic technologies destroyed.comparison portable storage tape applications current data tape cartridges hardly overlap flash drives tape cost per gigabyte low large volumes individual drives media expensive.media high capacity fast transfer speeds store data sequentially slow random access data.diskbased backup primary medium choice companies tape backup still popular taking data offsite worstcase scenarios large volumes hundreds tb.see lto tapes.
USB flash drive	floppy disk floppy disk drives rarely fitted modern computers obsolete normal purposes although internal external drives fitted required.floppy disks may method choice transferring data old computers without usb booting floppy disks sometimes used change firmware example bios chips.devices removable storage like older yamaha music keyboards also dependent floppy disks require computers process them.newer devices built usb flash drive support.floppy disk hardware emulators exist effectively utilize internal connections physical attributes floppy disk drive utilize device usb flash drive emulates storage space floppy disk solid state form divided number individual virtual floppy disk images using individual data channels.optical media various writable rewritable forms cd dvd portable storage media supported vast majority computers .
USB flash drive	cdr dvdr dvdr written rw varieties erasewrite cycles modern nandbased flash drives often last erasewrite cycles.dvdram discs suitable optical discs data storage involving much rewriting.optical storage devices among cheapest methods mass data storage hard drive.slower flashbased counterparts.standard mm optical discs larger flash drives subject damage.smaller optical media exist business card cdrs dimensions credit card slightly less convenient higher capacity mm recordable minicd mini dvd.
USB flash drive	small discs expensive standard size work drives.universal disk format udf version .facilities support rewritable discs like sparing tables virtual allocation tables spreading usage entire surface disc maximising life many older operating systems support format.packetwriting utilities directcd incd available produce discs universally readable although based udf standard.mount rainier standard addresses shortcoming cdrw media running older file systems top performing defect management standards requires support cddvd burner operating system.many drives made today support mount rainier many older operating systems windows xp linux kernels older .. support later versions do.
USB flash drive	essentially cdsdvds good way record great deal information cheaply advantage readable standalone players poor making ongoing small changes large collection information.flash drives ability major advantage optical media.flash memory cards flash memory cards e.g.secure digital cards available various formats capacities used many consumer devices.however virtually pcs usb ports allowing use usb flash drives memory card readers commonly supplied standard equipment particularly desktop computers.
USB flash drive	although inexpensive card readers available read many common formats results two pieces portable equipment card plus reader rather one.some manufacturers aiming best worlds solution produced card readers approach size form usb flash drives e.g.kingston mobilelite sandisk mobilemate readers limited specific subset memory card formats sd microsd memory stick often completely enclose card offering durability portability approaching quite equal flash drive.although combined cost minireader memory card usually slightly higher usb flash drive comparable capacity reader card solution offers additional flexibility use virtually unlimited capacity.ubiquity sd cards circa due economies scale price less equivalentcapacity usb flash drive even added cost usb sd card reader.an additional advantage memory cards many consumer devices e.g.digital cameras portable music players cannot make use usb flash drives even device usb port whereas memory cards used devices read pcs card reader.
USB flash drive	external hard disk particularly advent usb external hard disks become widely available inexpensive.external hard disk drives currently cost less per gigabyte flash drives available larger capacities.hard drives support alternative faster interfaces usb .e.g.thunderbolt firewire esata.
USB flash drive	consecutive sector writes reads example unfragmented file hard drives provide much higher sustained data rate current nand flash memory though mechanical latencies seriously impact hard drive performance.unlike solidstate memory hard drives susceptible damage shock e.g.short fall vibration limitations use high altitude although shielded casings vulnerable exposed strong magnetic fields.terms overall mass hard drives usually larger heavier flash drives however hard disks sometimes weigh less per unit storage.like flash drives hard disks also suffer file fragmentation reduce access speed.obsolete devices audio tape cassettes highcapacity floppy disks e.g.
USB flash drive	imation superdisk forms drives removable magnetic media iomega zip drive jaz drives largely obsolete rarely used.products todays market emulate legacy drives tape disk scsiscsi sasi magneto optic ricoh zip jaz ibm fujitsu e bernoulli example stateoftheart compact flash storage devices – cfscsi.encryption security highly portable media usb flash drives easily lost stolen.usb flash drives contents encrypted using thirdparty disk encryption software often run directly usb drive without installation example freeotfe although bitlocker require user administrative rights every computer run on.archiving software achieve similar result creating encrypted zip rar files.some manufacturers produced usb flash drives use hardwarebased encryption part design removing need thirdparty encryption software.limited circumstances drives shown security problems typically expensive softwarebased systems available free.a minority flash drives support biometric fingerprinting confirm users identity.
USB flash drive	mid expensive alternative standard password protection offered many new usb flash storage devices.fingerprint scanning drives rely upon host operating system validate fingerprint via software driver often restricting drive microsoft windows computers.however usb drives fingerprint scanners use controllers allow access protected data without authentication.some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens form flash drive.used control access sensitive system containing encryption keys commonly communicating security software target machine.system designed target machine operate except flash drive device plugged it.
USB flash drive	pc lock devices also function normal flash drives plugged machines.controversies criticisms failures like flash memory devices flash drives sustain limited number write erase cycles drive fails.consideration using flash drive run application software operating system.address well space limitations developers produced special versions operating systems linux live usb commonplace applications mozilla firefox designed run flash drives.typically optimized size configured place temporary intermediate files computers main ram rather store temporarily flash drive.when used manner external rotating drives hard drives optical drives floppy drives i.e.
USB flash drive	ignorance technology usb drives failure likely sudden rotating drives fail instantaneously frequently give indication noises slowness fail often enough advance warning data removed total failure.usb drives give little advance warning failure.furthermore internal wearleveling applied prolong life flash drive failure even part memory occurs difficult impossible use remainder drive differs magnetic media bad sectors marked permanently used.most usb flash drives include write protection mechanism.feature gradually became less common consists switch housing drive prevents host computer writing modifying data drive.example write protection makes device suitable repairing viruscontaminated host computers without risk infecting usb flash drive itself.
USB flash drive	contrast sd cards write protection usb flash drives available connected drive circuitry handled drive instead host sd cards handling writeprotection notch optional.a drawback small physical size flash drives easily misplaced otherwise lost.particular problem contain sensitive data see data security.consequence manufacturers added encryption hardware drives although software encryption systems used conjunction mass storage medium achieve result.drives attached keychains lanyards.usb plug usually retractable fitted removable protective cap.
USB flash drive	robustness usbbased flash technology integrates printed circuit board metal tip simply soldered on.result stress point two pieces join.quality control manufacturers ensure proper solder temperature weakening stress point.since many flash drives stick computers likely bumped repeatedly may break stress point.time break stress point tears joint printed circuit board results permanent damage.
USB flash drive	however manufacturers produce discreet flash drives stick others use solid metal plastic unibody easily discernible stress point.sd cards serve good alternative usb drives since inserted flush.security threats usb killer appearance similar usb flash drive usb killer circuit charges capacitors high voltage using power supply pins usb port discharges high voltage pulses onto data pins.completely standalone device instantly permanently damage destroy host hardware connected to.flash drives freedom new yorkbased human rights foundation collaborated forum usb memory direct launch flash drives freedom program.
USB flash drive	program created smuggle flash drives american south korean movies television shows well copy korean wikipedia north korea spread prowestern sentiment.current future developments semiconductor corporations worked reduce cost components flash drive integrating various flash drive functions single chip thereby reducing partcount overall packagecost.flash drive capacities market increase continually.high speed become standard modern flash drives.capacities exceeding gb available market early .lexar attempting introduce usb flashcard would compact usb flash drive intended replace various kinds flash memory cards.pretec introduced similar card also plugs usb port one quarter thickness lexar model.
Microsoft Excel	sandisk manufactured product called sd plus securedigital card usb connector.sandisk also introduced new technology allow controlled storage usage copyrighted materials flash drives primarily use students.technology termed flashcp.see also notes referencesfeatures calculation computation capabilities graphing tools pivot tables macro programming language called visual basic applications vba.excel forms part microsoft office suite software.features basic operation microsoft excel basic features spreadsheets using grid cells arranged numbered rows letternamed columns organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations.battery supplied functions answer statistical engineering financial needs.addition display data line graphs histograms charts limited threedimensional graphical display.
Microsoft Excel	allows sectioning data view dependencies various factors different perspectives using pivot tables scenario manager.pivottable tool data analysis.simplifying large data sets via pivottable fields programming aspect visual basic applications allowing user employ wide variety numerical methods example solving differential equations mathematical physics reporting results back spreadsheet.also variety interactive features allowing user interfaces completely hide spreadsheet user spreadsheet presents socalled application decision support system dss via customdesigned user interface example stock analyzer general design tool asks user questions provides answers reports.elaborate realization excel application automatically poll external databases measuring instruments using update schedule analyze results make word report powerpoint slide show email presentations regular basis list participants.
Microsoft Excel	excel designed used database.microsoft allows number optional commandline switches control manner excel starts.functions excel functions.existed prior excel .microsoft classifies functions categories.current functions may called vba methods object worksheetfunction names vba functions.with introduction lambda excel become turing complete.
Microsoft Excel	macro programming vba programming windows version excel supports programming microsofts visual basic applications vba dialect visual basic.programming vba allows spreadsheet manipulation awkward impossible standard spreadsheet techniques.programmers may write code directly using visual basic editor vbe includes window writing code debugging code code module organization environment.user implement numerical methods well automating tasks formatting data organization vba guide calculation using desired intermediate results reported back spreadsheet.vba removed mac excel developers believe timely release would allow porting vba engine natively mac os x. vba restored next version mac excel although build lacks support activex objects impacting high level developer tools.a common easy way generate vba code using macro recorder.macro recorder records actions user generates vba code form macro.
Microsoft Excel	actions repeated automatically running macro.macros also linked different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts command button graphic.actions macro executed trigger types generic toolbar options.vba code macro also edited vbe.certain features loop functions screen prompt properties graphical display items cannot recorded must entered vba module directly programmer.
Microsoft Excel	advanced users employ user prompts create interactive program react events sheets loaded changed.macro recorded code may compatible excel versions.code used excel cannot used excel .making macro changes cell colors making changes aspects cells may backward compatible.vba code interacts spreadsheet excel object model vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects set supplied functions methods enable reading writing spreadsheet interaction users example custom toolbars command bars message boxes.usercreated vba subroutines execute actions operate like macros generated using macro recorder flexible efficient.history first version excel supported enduser programming macros automation repetitive tasks userdefined functions extension excels builtin function library.
Microsoft Excel	early versions excel programs written macro language whose statements formula syntax resided cells specialpurpose macro sheets stored file extension .xlm windows.xlm default macro language excel excel .. beginning version .excel recorded macros vba default version .xlm recording still allowed option.version .
Microsoft Excel	option discontinued.versions excel including excel capable running xlm macro though microsoft discourages use.charts excel supports charts graphs histograms generated specified groups cells.also supports pivot charts allow chart linked directly pivot table.allows chart refreshed pivot table.
Microsoft Excel	generated graphic component either embedded within current sheet added separate object.these displays dynamically updated content cells changes.example suppose important design requirements displayed visually response users change trial values parameters curves describing design change shape points intersection shift assisting selection best design.addins additional features available using addins.several provided excel includinganalysis toolpak provides data analysis tools statistical engineering analysis includes analysis variance regression analysisanalysis toolpak vba vba functions analysis toolpakeuro currency tools conversion formatting euro currencysolver addin tools optimization equation solving excel web excel web free lightweight version microsoft excel available part office web also includes web versions microsoft word microsoft powerpoint.excel web display features available desktop versions excel although may able insert edit them.certain data connections accessible excel web including charts may use external connections.
Microsoft Excel	excel web also cannot display legacy features excel .macros excel .dialog sheets.also small differences excel functions work.data storage communication number rows columns versions excel .
Microsoft Excel	limitation size data sets k rows.versions ..could handle k rows columns label iv.version .
Microsoft Excel	onwards including current version .x handle rows labeled column xfd columns.file formats microsoft excel version used proprietary binary file format called excel binary file format .xls primary format.excel uses office open xml primary file format xmlbased format followed previous xmlbased format called xml spreadsheet xmlss first introduced excel .although supporting encouraging use new xmlbased formats replacements excel remained backwardscompatible traditional binary formats.addition versions microsoft excel read csv dbf sylk dif legacy formats.support older file formats removed excel .
Microsoft Excel	file formats mainly dosbased programs.binary openoffice.org created documentation excel format.two epochs format exist ole format older stream format.microsoft made excel binary format specification available freely download.xml spreadsheet xml spreadsheet format introduced excel simple xml based format missing advanced features like storage vba macros.
Microsoft Excel	though intended file extension format .xml program also correctly handles xml files .xls extension.feature widely used thirdparty applications e.g.mysql query browser offer export excel capabilities without implementing binary file format.following example correctly opened excel saved either book.xml book.xls current file extensions microsoft excel along products microsoft office suite introduced new file formats.first .xlsx defined office open xml ooxml specification.
Microsoft Excel	old file extensions using windows applications windows applications microsoft access microsoft word well excel communicate use others capabilities.common dynamic data exchange although strongly deprecated microsoft common method send data applications running windows official ms publications referring protocol hell.name suggests allows applications supply data others calculation display.common financial markets used connect important financial data services bloomberg reuters.ole object linking embedding allows windows application control another enable format calculate data.may take form embedding application uses another handle task suited example powerpoint presentation may embedded excel spreadsheet vice versa.
Microsoft Excel	using external data excel users access external data sources via microsoft office features example .odc connections built office data connection file format.excel files may updated using microsoft supplied odbc driver.excel accept data realtime several programming interfaces allow communicate many data sources bloomberg reuters addins power plus pro.dde dynamic data exchange uses message passing mechanism windows allow data flow excel applications.although easy users create links programming links reliably difficult microsoft creators system officially refer protocol hell.spite many issues dde remains common way data reach traders financial markets.network dde extended protocol allow spreadsheets different computers exchange data.starting windows vista microsoft longer supports facility.real time data rtd although many ways technically superior dde slow gain acceptance since requires nontrivial programming skills first released neither adequately documented supported major data vendors.alternatively microsoft query provides odbcbased browsing within microsoft excel.
Microsoft Excel	export migration spreadsheets programmers produced apis open excel spreadsheets variety applications environments microsoft excel.include opening excel documents web using either activex controls plugins like adobe flash player.apache poi opensource project provides java libraries reading writing excel spreadsheet files.excelpackage another opensource project provides serverside generation microsoft excel spreadsheets.phpexcel php library converts excel excel excel formats objects reading writing within web application.
Microsoft Excel	excel services current .net developer tool enhance excels capabilities.excel spreadsheets accessed python xlrd openpyxl.jsxlsx jsxls open excel spreadsheets javascript.password protection microsoft excel protection offers several types passwordspassword open documentpassword modify documentpassword unprotect worksheetpassword protect workbookpassword protect sharing workbookall passwords except password open document removed instantly regardless microsoft excel version used create document.types passwords used primarily shared work document.
Microsoft Excel	passwordprotected documents encrypted data sources set password saved documents header.password protect workbook exception – set document encrypted standard password “velvetsweatshop” since known public actually add extra protection document.type password prevent trespasser gaining access document password open document.cryptographic strength kind protection depends strongly microsoft excel version used create document.in microsoft excel earlier versions password open converted bit key instantly cracked.excel password converted bit key also cracked quickly using modern equipment.
Microsoft Excel	regards services use rainbow tables e.g.passwordfind takes several seconds remove protection.addition passwordcracking programs bruteforce attack passwords rate hundreds thousands passwords second lets decrypt document also find original password.in excel xp encryption slightly better – user choose encryption algorithm available system see cryptographic service provider.due csp excel file cant decrypted thus password open cant removed though bruteforce attack speed remains quite high.nevertheless older excel algorithm set default.
Microsoft Excel	therefore users change default settings lack reliable protection documents.the situation changed fundamentally excel modern aes algorithm key bits started used decryption fold use hash function sha reduced speed bruteforce attacks hundreds passwords per second.excel strength protection default increased two times due use fold sha convert password key.microsoft excel viewer microsoft excel viewer freeware program microsoft windows viewing printing spreadsheet documents created excel.microsoft retired viewer april last security update released february excel viewer sp.the first version released microsoft excel viewer.excel viewer supported windows ce handheld pcs.
Microsoft Excel	october microsoft released excel viewer .september microsoft released excel viewer service pack sp.january microsoft released excel viewer featuring noncollapsible ribbon interface.april microsoft released excel viewer service pack sp.october microsoft released excel viewer service pack sp.microsoft advises view print excel files free use excel mobile application windows windows windows upload file onedrive use excel web microsoft account open browser.
Microsoft Excel	quirks addition issues spreadsheets general problems specific excel include numeric precision misleading statistics functions mod function errors date limitations more.numeric precision despite use figure precision excel display many figures thirty upon user request.displayed figures actually used computations example difference two numbers may differ difference displayed values.although departures usually beyond th decimal exceptions occur especially large small numbers.serious errors occur decisions made based upon automated comparisons numbers example using excel function equality two numbers unpredictable.in figure fraction displayed excel.
Microsoft Excel	although number decimal representation infinite string ones excel displays leading figures.second line number one added fraction excel displays figures.third line one subtracted sum using excel.sum second line eleven decimal difference subtracted displayed value three followed string eleven s. however difference reported excel third line three followed string thirteen two extra erroneous digits.excel calculates half digit displays.excel works modified version ieee specification.
Microsoft Excel	excels implementation involves conversions binary decimal representations leading accuracy average better one would expect simple fifteen digit precision worse.see main article details.besides accuracy user computations question accuracy excelprovided functions may raised.particularly arena statistical functions excel criticized sacrificing accuracy speed calculation.as many calculations excel executed using vba additional issue accuracy vba varies variable type userrequested precision.statistical functions accuracy convenience statistical tools excel criticized mishandling missing data returning incorrect values due inept handling roundoff large numbers selectively updating calculations spreadsheet cell values changed limited set statistical tools.microsoft announced issues addressed excel .
Microsoft Excel	excel mod function error excel issues modulo operations.case excessively large results excel return error warning num instead answer.fictional leap day year excel includes february incorrectly treating leap year even though e.g.correctly treated nonleap year.bug originated lotus deliberately implemented save computer memory also purposely implemented excel purpose bug compatibility.
Microsoft Excel	legacy later carried office open xml file format.thus necessarily whole number greater equal interpreted date time real number days december nonnegative number less number days december numbers whole part represent fictional day.date range excel supports dates years range – except december entered displayed jan.converting fraction day hours minutes days treating moment day january work negative fraction.conversion problems entering text happens form interpreted date text unintentionally changed standard date format.similar problem occurs text happens form floatingpoint notation number.cases original exact text cannot recovered result.
Microsoft Excel	formatting cell text entering ambiguous text prevents excel converting date.this issue caused well known problem analysis dna example bioinformatics.first reported genetic scientists found excel automatically incorrectly converts certain gene names dates.followup study found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers affected selected journals proportion published articles excel files containing gene lists affected gene name errors ..excel parses copied pasted data sometimes changes depending thinks are.
Microsoft Excel	example march membrane associated ringchtype finger gets converted date march mar sept septin converted september sep etc.secondary news sources reported fault excel original authors paper placed blame researchers misusing excel.in august hugo gene nomenclature committee hgnc published new guidelines journal nature regarding gene naming order avoid issues symbols affect data handling retrieval.far genes renamed including changing march marchf sept septin order avoid accidental conversion gene names dates.errors large strings following functions return incorrect results passed string longer characterstype incorrectly returns meaning error valueistext called method vba object worksheetfunction i.e.worksheetfunction.istext vba incorrectly returns false.
Microsoft Excel	filenames microsoft excel open two documents name instead display following errora document name already open.cannot open two documents name even documents different folders.open second document either close document currently open rename one documents.the reason calculation ambiguity linked cells.cell book.xlsxsheetg two books named book open way tell one user means.versions early history microsoft originally marketed spreadsheet program called multiplan .
Microsoft Excel	multiplan became popular cpm systems msdos systems lost popularity lotus .microsoft released first version excel macintosh september first windows version .synchronize macintosh version .november .lotus slow bring windows early excel started outsell helped microsoft achieve position leading pc software developer.
Microsoft Excel	accomplishment solidified microsoft valid competitor showed future developing gui software.microsoft maintained advantage regular new releases every two years so.microsoft windows excel .first version excel intel platform.versions prior .
Microsoft Excel	available apple macintosh.excel .first windows version labeled correspond mac version.included runtime version windows.byte listed excel windows among distinction winners byte awards.magazine stated port extraordinary macintosh version shines user interface good better original.
Microsoft Excel	excel .included toolbars drawing capabilities outlining addin support charts many new features.excel .introduced autofill.also easter egg excel .reveals hidden animation dancing set numbers representing lotus crushed excel logo.
Microsoft Excel	excel .version .excel included visual basic applications vba programming language based visual basic adds ability automate tasks excel provide userdefined functions udf use worksheets.vba includes fully featured integrated development environment ide.macro recording produce vba code replicating user actions thus allowing simple automation regular tasks.
Microsoft Excel	vba allows creation forms in‑worksheet controls communicate user.language supports use creation activex com dlls later versions add support class modules allowing use basic objectoriented programming techniques.the automation functionality provided vba made excel target macro viruses.caused serious problems antivirus products began detect viruses.microsoft belatedly took steps prevent misuse adding ability disable macros completely enable macros opening workbook trust macros signed using trusted certificate.versions ..
Microsoft Excel	excel contain various easter eggs including hall tortured souls doomlike minigame although since version microsoft taken measures eliminate undocumented features products.. released bit x version windows .later bit version nt .xalphapowerpc excel v. released microsoft office windows first major version excel .excel .office applications standardizing major version number.internal rewrite bits.
Microsoft Excel	almost external changes faster stable.excel v. included office x alpha.major upgrade introduced paper clip office assistant featured standard vba used instead internal excel basic.introduced nowremoved natural language labels.this version excel includes flight simulator easter egg.excel v. included office .
Microsoft Excel	minor upgrade introduced upgrade clipboard hold multiple objects once.office assistant whose frequent unsolicited appearance excel annoyed many users became less intrusive.excel v. included office xp.minor enhancements.excel v. included office .
Microsoft Excel	minor enhancements significant new tables.excel v. included office .release major upgrade previous version.similar updated office products excel used new ribbon menu system.different users used met mixed reactions.
Microsoft Excel	one study reported fairly good acceptance users except highly experienced users users word processing applications classical wimp interface less convinced terms efficiency organization.however online survey reported majority respondents negative opinion change advanced users somewhat negative intermediate users users reporting selfestimated reduction productivity.added functionality included smartart set editable business diagrams.also added improved management named variables name manager muchimproved flexibility formatting graphs allow x coordinate labeling lines arbitrary weight.several improvements pivot tables introduced.also like office products office open xml file formats introduced including .xlsm workbook macros .xlsx workbook without macros.specifically many size limitations previous versions greatly increased.illustrate number rows columns farright column xfd.
Microsoft Excel	changes valid reference versus named range.version made extensive use multiple cores calculation spreadsheets however vba macros handled parallel xll add‑ins executed parallel threadsafe indicated registration.excel v. included office next major version v. version number skipped.minor enhancements bit support including followingmultithreading recalculation mtr commonly used functionsimproved pivot tablesmore conditional formatting optionsadditional image editing capabilitiesincell charts called sparklinesability preview pastingoffice backstage feature documentrelated tasksability customize ribbonmany new formulas highly specialized improve accuracy excel v. included office along lot new tools included releaseimproved multithreading memory contentionflashfillpower viewpower pivottimeline slicerwindows appinquire new functions excel v. included office along lot new tools included releasepower query integrationreadonly mode excelkeyboard access pivot tables slicers excelnew chart typesquick data linking visioexcel forecasting functionssupport multiselection slicer items using touchtime grouping pivot chart drill downexcel data cards excel office subsequent v. microsoft longer releases office excel discrete versions.instead features introduced automatically time using windows update.version number remains .. thereafter approximate dates features appear given.dynamic arrays.
Microsoft Excel	essentially array formulas spill automatically neighboring cells need ctrlshiftenter create them.dynamic arrays default format new operators provide compatibility previous versions.perhaps biggest structural change since response similar feature google sheets.dynamic arrays started appearing prereleases march available published versions office provided user selected office insiders.apple macintosh excel .
Microsoft Excel	excel .excel .excel .excel .excel .
Microsoft Excel	part office .x—final motorola x version first powerpc version excel .part office excel .part office excel .part office v. x excel .part office excel .
Microsoft Excel	part office excel .part office excel .part office —office mac brings mac version much closer parity windows cousin harmonizing many reporting highlevel developer functions bringing ribbon styling line pc counterpart.os excel .excel .
Microsoft Excel	excel .mobile excel mobile spreadsheet program edit xlsx files.edit format text cells calculate formulas search within spreadsheet sort rows columns freeze panes filter columns add comments create charts.cant add columns rows except edge document rearrange columns rows delete rows columns add spreadsheet tabs.version ability use fullscreen mode deal limited screen resolution well split panes view different parts worksheet one time.
Microsoft Excel	protection settings zoom settings autofilter settings certain chart formatting hidden sheets features supported excel mobile modified upon opening saving workbook.excel mobile became available windows windows mobile windows store.summary impact excel offers many user interface tweaks earliest electronic spreadsheets however essence remains original spreadsheet software visicalc program displays cells organized rows columns cell may contain data formula relative absolute references cells.excel .windows modeled mac guibased counterpart indirectly expanded installed base thennascent windows environment.excel .
Microsoft Excel	released month windows .installed base windows low point microsoft bundle runtime version windows .excel .. unlike microsoft word never dos version excel.excel became first spreadsheet allow user define appearance spreadsheets fonts character attributes cell appearance.also introduced intelligent cell recomputation cells dependent cell modified updated previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything time waited specific user command.excel introduced autofill ability drag expand selection box automatically copy cell row contents adjacent cells rows adjusting copies intelligently automatically incrementing cell references contents.
Microsoft Excel	excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.security excel widely used attacked hackers.excel directly exposed internet attacker get victim open file excel appropriate security bug excel attacker gain control victims computer.uks gchq tool named tornado alley purpose.see also comparison spreadsheet softwarecomparison risk analysis microsoft excel addinsnumbers spreadsheet—the iwork equivalentspreadmart references general sources bullen stephen bovey rob green john .
Microsoft Excel	professional excel development definitive guide developing applications using microsoft excel vba nd ed.. boston addison wesley.isbn .dodge mark stinson craig .microsoft office excel inside out.redmond wash. microsoft press.isbn .billo e. joseph .
IBM cloud computing	excel chemists comprehensive guide rd ed.. hoboken n.j. john wiley sons.isbn .external links microsoft excel – official siteibm cloud includes infrastructure service iaas software service saas platform service paas offered public private hybrid cloud delivery models addition components make clouds.overview ibm offers three hardware platforms cloud computing.platforms offer builtin support virtualization.virtualization ibm offers ibm websphere application infrastructure supports programming models open standards virtualization.the management layer ibm cloud framework includes ibm tivoli middleware.management tools provide capabilities regulate images automated provisioning deprovisioning monitor operations meter usage tracking costs allocating billing.
IBM cloud computing	last layer framework provides integrated workload tools.workloads cloud computing services instances code executed meet specific business needs.ibm offers tools cloud based collaboration development test application development analytics businesstobusiness integration security.history ibm cloud computing emerged union mainframe computing virtualization technologies.known original virtualization company ibms first experiments virtualization occurred development virtual machine vm cp cp operating systems.
IBM cloud computing	cp hypervisor used software testing development enabled memory sharing across vms giving user virtual memory space.machine partitioned separate vms mainframes could run multiple applications processes time making hardware efficient costeffective.ibm began selling vm technology mainframe .in february ibm released rs later became known ibm power systems based servers.servers combination ibm mainframe built complex missioncritical virtualization.power systems servers include powervm hypervisors live partition mobility active memory sharing.
IBM cloud computing	live migration introduced power may .next ibm looked implement standardization automation technology order keep proliferation data produced increasingly efficient hardware data centers.combination virtualization standardization automation led development ibm cloud computing.ibm began develop strategy cloud computing announcing planned build clouds enterprise clients provide services fill regarded gaps existing cloud environments.october ibm announced partnership google promote cloud computing universities.addition donating hardware machines two companies also provided curriculum teach students cloud computing.ibm claimed april fortune companies using ibm cloud software services used million enduser customers clients including american airlines aviva carfax fritolay indiafirst life insurance company eleven.on june ibm announced acquisition softlayer form ibm cloud services division.by march ibm acquired cloudant.
IBM cloud computing	ibm cloud ibm smartcloud brand includes infrastructure service software service platform service offered public private hybrid cloud delivery models.ibm places offerings three umbrellas smartcloud foundation smartcloud services smartcloud solutions.smartcloud foundation consists infrastructure hardware provisioning management integration security serve underpinnings private hybrid cloud.built using foundational components paas iaas backup services make smartcloud services.running cloud platform infrastructure smartcloud solutions consist number collaboration analytics marketing saas applications.ibm also builds cloud environments clients necessarily smartcloud platform.example features smartcloud platform—such tivoli management software ibm systems director virtualization—can integrated separately part nonibm cloud platform.
IBM cloud computing	smartcloud platform consists solely ibm hardware software services practices.ibm smartcloud enterprise smartcloud enterprise compete products like rackspace amazon web services.erich clementi vice president global technology services ibm said goal smartcloud enterprise smartcloud enterprise provide amazon eclike experience primarily test development purposes provide robust experience production workloads.in ibm smartcloud integrated hadoopbased infosphere biginsights big data green hat software testing nirvanix cloud storage.new ceo virginia rometty said company planned spend billion acquisitions .users may build private cloud purchase services hosted ibm cloud.users may also purchase ibm hardware software services build customized cloud environment.by name smartcloud replaced products prefix ibm cloud.product called ibm cloud manager openstack ibms integration openstack along multitude value additions would serve enterprise customers.
IBM cloud computing	product called ibm cloud orchestrator would serve orchestration needs enterprise.aforementioned smartcloud products discontinued.by aforementioned product called ibm cloud manager openstack discontinued although services organization may using versions openstack large scale cloud deployments.public private hybrid cloud models ibm offers cloud delivery options including solely private cloud solely public cloud variations between.private public hybrid clouds strictly distinct ibm allows option build customized cloud combination public cloud private cloud elements.companies prefer keep data processes behind firewall use private cloud services managed staff.
IBM cloud computing	company may also choose payasyougo pricing.hybrid cloud options allow processes hosted managed ibm others kept private cloud vpn vlan.ibm also offers planning consultation throughout deployment process.ibm offers five cloud provision modelsprivate cloud owned operated customerprivate cloud owned customer operated ibm another providerprivate cloud owned operated ibm another providervirtual private cloud services based multitenanted support individual enterprisespublic cloud services based provision functions individualsthe majority cloud users choose hybrid cloud model workloads served internal systems commercial cloud providers public cloud service providers.on august ibm announced release new hybrid cloud model orchestrated ibm websphere cast iron integration offpremises resources.enterprises use cast iron integration link public cloud appliances— hosted environments like amazon ec google apps salesforce.com oracle crm sugarcrm number others—to existing systems inhouse private cloud environments.

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