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2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | cameron refused request saying people able make minds multiple elections spaced least six weeks other.in february cameron announced uk government would formally recommend british people uk remain member reformed european union referendum would held june marking official launch campaign.also announced parliament would enact secondary legislation february relating european union referendum act .official launch ministers uk government free campaign either side argument rare exception cabinet collective responsibility.eligibility vote right vote referendum united kingdom defined legislation limited residents united kingdom either also commonwealth citizens british nationality act include british citizens british nationals also citizens republic ireland both.members house lords could vote general elections able vote referendum. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | electorate represented .population uk gibraltar.residents gibraltar british overseas territories citizens residing british overseas territories unable vote referendum.residents united kingdom citizens eu countries allowed vote unless citizens also citizens republic ireland malta republic cyprus.the representation people acts c. c. amended also permit certain british citizens british nationals lived united kingdom since meantime lived outside united kingdom period years vote.voting day referendum bst west cest gibraltar polling stations staffed poll workers.polling station specified registered voters.provisions representation people act postal ballots also permitted referendum sent eligible voters three weeks ahead vote june .the minimum age voters referendum set years line representation people act amended. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | house lords amendment proposing lower minimum age years rejected.the deadline register vote initially midnight june however extended hours owing technical problems official registration website june caused unusually high web traffic.supporters leave campaign including conservative mp sir gerald howarth criticised governments decision extend deadline alleging gave remain advantage many late registrants young people considered likely vote remain.according provisional figures electoral commission almost .million people eligible vote.registration problems nottingham city council emailed vote leave supporter say council unable check whether nationality people stated voting registration form true hence simply assume information submitted indeed correct.kingston upon thames london borough council electoral commission stated jakub pawlowski polish voter kingston upon thames declared british registration form hence received referendum polling card post although uk citizen right receive polling card. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | voter stated specified polish citizen registering electoral roll still received card post.matter referred police.eu nationals wrongly sent postal voting cards due issue experienced xpress electoral software supplier number councils.xpress initially unable confirm exact number affected.matter resolved issuance software patch rendered wrongly recorded electors ineligible vote june. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | crown dependencies residents crown dependencies part united kingdom namely isle man bailiwicks jersey guernsey even british citizens excluded referendum unless also previous residents united kingdom england wales scotland northern ireland.some residents isle man protested full british citizens british nationality act living within british islands also given opportunity vote referendum isle bailiwicks although included part united kingdom purpose european union european economic area eea membership case gibraltar would also significantly affected outcome impact referendum.campaign october britain stronger europe crossparty group campaigning britain remain member eu formed.two rival groups promoting british withdrawal eu sought become official leave campaign leave.eu endorsed ukip including nigel farage vote leave endorsed conservative party eurosceptics.january nigel farage leave.eu campaign became part grassroots movement borne infighting vote leave leave.eu campaigners.april electoral commission announced britain stronger europe vote leave designated official remain leave campaigns respectively. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | gave right spend £ free mailshot tv broadcasts £ public funds.uk governments official position support remain campaign.nevertheless cameron announced conservative ministers mps free campaign favour remaining eu leaving according conscience.decision came mounting pressure free vote ministers.exception usual rule cabinet collective responsibility cameron allowed cabinet ministers campaign publicly eu withdrawal. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | governmentbacked campaign launched april.june official national campaigning suspended june following murder jo cox.after internal polls suggested uk population wanted information referendum government leaflet sent every household uk.contained details government believed uk remain eu.leaflet criticised wanting leave giving remain side unfair advantage also described inaccurate waste taxpayers money cost £.m total.in week beginning may electoral commission sent voting guide regarding referendum every household within uk gibraltar raise awareness upcoming referendum.eightpage guide contained details vote well sample actual ballot paper whole page given campaign groups britain stronger europe vote leave present case.the vote leave campaign argued uk left eu national sovereignty would protected immigration controls could imposed uk would able sign trade deals rest world. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | uk would also able stop membership payments eu every week.britain stronger europe campaign argued leaving european union would damage uk economy status uk world influence hinged upon membership.responses referendum campaign party policies tables list political parties representation house commons house lords european parliament scottish parliament northern ireland assembly welsh parliament gibraltar parliament time referendum.great britain northern ireland gibraltar minor parties among minor parties socialist labour party communist party britain first british national party bnp éirígí respect party trade unionist socialist coalition tusc social democratic party liberal party independence europe workers party ireland supported leaving eu.scottish socialist party ssp supported remaining eu. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | womens equality party official position issue.cabinet ministers cabinet united kingdom body responsible making decisions policy organising governmental departments chaired prime minister contains governments ministerial heads.following announcement referendum february cabinet ministers including attendees supported uk staying eu.iain duncan smith favour leaving resigned march replaced stephen crabb favour remaining.crabb already cabinet member secretary state wales replacement alun cairns favour remaining bringing total number proremain cabinet members . |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | business various uk multinationals stated would like uk leave eu uncertainty would cause shell bt vodafone assessing pros cons britain exiting.banking sector one vocal advocating stay eu british bankers association saying businesses dont like kind uncertainty.rbs warned potential damage economy.furthermore hsbc foreignbased banks jp morgan deutsche bank claim brexit might result banks changing domicile.according goldman sachs city londons policy chief factors could impact city londons present status european global market leader financial services. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | february leaders ftse companies including shell bae systems bt rio tinto officially supported staying eu.moreover institute directors eef memberships supported staying.many ukbased businesses including sainsburys remained steadfastly neutral concerned taking sides divisive issue could lead backlash customers.richard branson stated fearful consequences uk exit eu.alan sugar expressed similar concern.james dyson founder dyson company argued june introduction tariffs would less damaging british exporters appreciation pound euro arguing britain ran billion pound trade deficit eu tariffs could represent significant revenue source treasury.pointing languages plugs laws differ eu member states dyson said country bloc single market argued fastest growing markets outside eu.engineering company rollsroyce wrote employees say want uk leave eu.surveys large uk businesses showed strong majority favoured uk remaining eu. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | small mediumsized uk businesses evenly split.polls foreign businesses found around half would less likely business uk would increase investment uk.two large car manufacturers ford bmw warned brexit suggesting would devastating economy.conversely manufacturing executives told reuters would shut plants uk left eu although future investment might put risk.ceo vauxhall stated brexit would materially affect business. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | foreignbased toyota ceo akio toyoda confirmed whether britain left eu toyota would carry manufacturing cars britain done before.exchange rates stock markets week following conclusion uks renegotiation especially boris johnson announced would support uk leaving pound fell sevenyear low dollar economists hsbc warned could drop even more.time daragh maher head hsbc suggested sterling dropped value would euro.european banking analysts also cited brexit concerns reason euros decline.immediately poll june showed leave campaign points ahead pound dropped one per cent. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | month announced value goods exported uk april shown monthonmonth increase .biggest rise since records started .uncertainty referendum result together several factors—us interest rates rising low commodity prices low eurozone growth concerns emerging markets china—contributed high level stock market volatility january february .june polls showing brexit likely led ftse falling losing £ billion value.polls suggested move back towards remain pound ftse recovered.on day referendum sterling hit high .ftse also climbed high new poll suggested win remain campaign. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | initial results suggested vote remain value pound held value.however result sunderland announced indicated unexpected swing leave.subsequent results appeared confirm swing sterling fell value .lowest level since .following monday markets opened sterling fell new low ..muhammad ali nasir jamie morgan two british economists differentiated reflected weakness sterling due weak external position uks economy role played uncertainty surrounding brexit reported week referendum declaration result exchange rate depreciation deviated longrun trend approximately . |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | per cent actual immediate effect exchange rate per cent depreciation.furthermore period announcement referendum exchange rate fluctuated markedly around trend one also identify larger effect based “wrongfooting” markets point outcome announced.when london stock exchange opened morning june ftse fell ..first ten minutes trading.recovered . |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | minutes recovering .end days trading.markets reopened following monday ftse showed steady decline losing midafternoon.upon opening later friday referendum us dow jones industrial average dropped nearly points ½ less half hour.associated press called sudden worldwide stock market decline stock market crash. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | investors worldwide stock markets lost equivalent us trillion june making worst singleday loss history absolute terms.market losses amounted us trillion june.value pound sterling us dollar fell year low.uks eus sovereign debt credit rating also lowered standard poors.by midafternoon june sterling year low fallen two trading days ftse surrendered £ billion however june recovered losses since markets closed polling day value pound begun rise.european responses referendum generally wellaccepted european far right. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | marine le pen leader french front national described possibility brexit like fall berlin wall commented brexit would marvellous – extraordinary – european peoples long freedom.poll france april showed french people favour britain remaining eu.dutch politician geert wilders leader party freedom said netherlands follow britains example like britain could help liberate europe another totalitarian monster time called brussels.could saved british.polish president andrzej duda lent support uk remaining within eu.moldovan prime minister pavel filip asked citizens moldova living uk speak british friends convince vote uk remain eu. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | spanish foreign minister josé garcíamargallo said spain would demand control gibraltar next day british withdrawal eu.margallo also threatened close border gibraltar britain left eu.swedish foreign minister margot wallström said june britain left eu countries would referendums whether leave eu britain stayed eu countries would negotiate ask demand special treatment.czech prime minister bohuslav sobotka suggested february czech republic would start discussions leaving eu uk voted eu exit.noneuropean responses international monetary fund christine lagarde managing director international monetary fund warned february uncertainty outcome referendum would bad british economy.response leave campaigner priti patel said previous warning imf regarding coalition governments deficit plan uk proven incorrect imf wrong wrong now. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | united states october united states trade representative michael froman declared united states keen pursuing separate freetrade agreement fta britain leave eu thus according guardian newspaper undermining key economic argument proponents say britain would prosper able secure bilateral ftas trading partners.also october united states ambassador united kingdom matthew barzun said uk participation nato eu made group better stronger decision remain leave choice british people us interest remain.april eight former us secretaries treasury served democratic republican presidents urged britain remain eu.in july president barack obama confirmed longstanding us preference uk remain eu.obama said uk eu gives us much greater confidence strength transatlantic union part cornerstone institutions built world war ii made world safer prosperous.want make sure united kingdom continues influence. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | conservative mps accused u.s. president barack obama interfering brexit vote boris johnson calling intervention piece outrageous exorbitant hypocrisy ukip leader nigel farage accusing monstrous interference saying wouldnt expect british prime minister intervene presidential election wouldnt expect prime minister endorse one candidate another.obamas intervention criticised republican senator ted cruz slap face british selfdetermination president typically elevated international organisation rights sovereign people stated britain front line free trade deal america brexit occur.mps conservatives labour ukip dup wrote letter u.s. ambassador london asking president obama intervene brexit vote long established practice interfere domestic political affairs allies hope continue case.two years later one obamas former aides recounted public intervention made following request cameron.prior vote republican presidential candidate donald trump anticipated britain would leave based concerns migration democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton hoped britain would remain eu strengthen transatlantic cooperation.states october chinese president xi jinping declared support britain remaining eu saying china hopes see prosperous europe united eu hopes britain important member eu play even positive constructive role promoting deepening development chinaeu ties. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | chinese diplomats stated record peoples republic sees eu counterbalance american economic power eu without britain would mean stronger united states.in february finance ministers g major economies warned uk leave eu would lead shock global economy.in may australian prime minister malcolm turnbull said australia would prefer uk remain eu matter british people whatever judgment make relations britain australia close.indonesian president joko widodo stated european trip favour brexit.sri lankan prime minister ranil wickremesinghe issued statement reasons concerned possibility brexit.russian president vladimir putin said want say none business business people uk.maria zakharova official russian foreign ministry spokesperson said russia nothing brexit.involved process way.dont interest it.economists november governor bank england mark carney said bank england would necessary help uk economy british people voted leave eu. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | march carney told mps eu exit biggest domestic risk uk economy remaining member also carried risks related european monetary union uk member.may carney said technical recession one possible risks uk leaving eu.however iain duncan smith said carneys comment taken pinch salt saying forecasts end wrong.in december bank england published report impact immigration wages.report concluded immigration put downward pressure workers wages particularly lowskilled workers percent point rise proportion migrants working lowskilled services drove average wages lowskilled workers percent.percentage point rise cited paper larger entire rise observed since – period semiunskilled services sector percentage points.in march nobel prizewinning economist joseph stiglitz argued might reconsider support uk remaining eu proposed transatlantic trade investment partnership ttip agreed to. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | stiglitz warned investorstate dispute settlement provision current drafts ttip governments risked sued loss profits resulting new regulations including health safety regulations limit use asbestos tobacco.the german economist clemens fuest wrote liberal freetrade bloc eu comprising uk netherlands czech republic sweden denmark ireland slovakia finland estonia latvia lithuania controlling votes european council standing opposition dirigiste protectionist policies favoured france allies.germany social market economy stands midway french dirigiste economic model british freemarket economic model.german viewpoint existence liberal bloc allows germany playoff freemarket britain dirigiste france britain leave liberal bloc would severely weakened thereby allowing french take eu much dirigiste direction would unattractive standpoint berlin.a study oxford economics law society england wales suggested brexit would particularly large negative impact uk financial services industry law firms support could cost law sector much £.bn per annum .law societys report possible effects brexit notes leaving eu would likely reduce role played uk centre resolving disputes foreign firms whereas potential loss passporting rights would require financial services firms transfer departments responsible regulatory oversight overseas.world pensions forum director m. nicolas j. firzli argued brexit debate viewed within broader context economic analysis eu law regulation relation english common law arguing every year british parliament forced pass tens new statutes reflecting latest eu directives coming brussels – highly undemocratic process known transposition... slowly surely new laws dictated eu commissars conquering english common law imposing upon uk businesses citizens evergrowing collection fastidious regulations every field.thiemo fetzer professor economics university warwick analyzed welfare reforms uk since suggests numerous austerityinduced welfare reforms onwards stopped contributing mitigate income differences transfer payments.could key activating factor antieu preferences lie behind development economic grievances lack support remain victory.michael jacobs current director commission economic justice institute public policy research mariana mazzucato professor university college london economics innovation public value found brexit campaign tendency blame external forces domestic economic problems argued problems within economy wasnt due unstoppable forces globalisation rather result active political business decisions. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | instead claim orthodox economic theory guided poor economic policy investment cause problems within british economy.institute fiscal studies may institute fiscal studies said eu exit could mean two years austerity cuts government would make estimated loss £ billion £ billion tax revenue.head ifs paul johnson said uk could perfectly reasonably decide willing pay bit price leaving eu regaining sovereignty control immigration on.would price though think almost beyond doubt.lawyers poll lawyers conducted legal recruiter late may suggested lawyers wanted remain eu.during treasury committee shortly following vote economic experts generally agreed leave vote would detrimental uk economy.michael dougan professor european law jean monnet chair eu law university liverpool constitutional lawyer described leave campaign one dishonest political campaigns country uk ever seen using arguments based constitutional law said readily demonstrable false. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | nhs officials simon stevens head nhs england warned may recession following brexit would dangerous national health service saying british economy sneezes nhs catches cold.threequarters sample nhs leaders agreed leaving eu would negative effect nhs whole.particular eight respondents felt leaving eu would negative impact trusts ability recruit health social care staff.april group nearly health professionals researchers warned nhs would jeopardy britain left european union.leave campaign reacted saying money would available spent nhs uk left eu. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | british health charities guidelines charity commission england wales forbid political activity registered charities limited uk health organizations commentary eu poll according anonymous sources consulted lancet.according simon wessely head psychological medicine institute psychiatry kings college london – neither special revision guidelines march camerons encouragement made health organisations willing speak out.genetic alliance uk royal college midwives association british pharmaceutical industry chief executive national health service stated proremain positions early june .fishing industry june survey british fishermen found intended vote leave eu.eus common fisheries policy mentioned central reason nearunanimity. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | threequarters believed would able land fish stated leaving eu would benefit fishing industry.historians may historians wrote joint letter guardian britain could play bigger role world part eu.said historians britain europe believe britain past future irreplaceable role play europe.hand many historians argued favour leaving seeing return selfsovereignty.exit plan competition following david camerons announcement eu referendum british think tank institute economic affairs iea announced july competition find best plan uk exit european union declaring departure real possibility general election. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | iain mansfield cambridge graduate ukti diplomat submitted winning thesis blueprint britain openness isolation.mansfields submission focused addressing trade regulatory issues eu member states well global trading partners.opinion polling opinion polls onwards suggested british public relatively evenly divided question opposition eu membership peaking november compared prefer remain june favour britain remaining eu reached versus opposed .largest ever poll people march showed public evenly split issue favour withdrawal favour membership undecided.however asked would vote britain renegotiated terms membership eu uk government stated british interests satisfactorily protected indicated would vote britain stay in.analysis polling suggested young voters tended support remaining eu whereas older tend support leaving gender split attitudes. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | february yougov also found euroscepticism correlated people lower income higher social grades clearly favour remaining eu noted euroscepticism also strongholds wealthy tory shires.scotland wales many english urban areas large student populations proeu.big business broadly behind remaining eu though situation among smaller companies less clearcut.polls economists lawyers scientists clear majorities saw uks membership eu beneficial.day referendum bookmaker ladbrokes offered odds uk leaving eu. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | meanwhile spread betting firm spreadex offered leave vote share spread – remain vote share spread .. remain binary index spread –.victory remain would makeup defeat .day yougov poll shortly polls closed pm june british polling company yougov released poll conducted among almost people day suggested narrow lead remain polled leave polling .later criticised overestimating margin remain vote became clear hours later uk voted .. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | favour leaving european union.issues number jobs lost gained withdrawal dominant issue bbcs outline issues warned precise figure difficult find.leave campaign argued reduction red tape associated eu regulations would create jobs small mediumsized companies trade domestically would biggest beneficiaries.arguing remain eu claimed millions jobs would lost.eus importance trading partner outcome trade status left disputed issue. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | whereas wanting stay cited uks trade made eu arguing leave say trade important used be.scenarios economic outlook country left eu generally negative.united kingdom also paid eu budget received.citizens eu countries including united kingdom right travel live work within eu countries free movement one four founding principles eu.campaigners remaining said eu immigration positive impacts uks economy citing countrys growth forecasts partly based upon continued high levels net immigration.office budget responsibility also claimed taxes immigrants boost public funding. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | recent academic paper suggests migration eastern europe put pressure wage growth lower end wage distribution time increasing pressures public services housing.leave campaign believed reduced immigration would ease pressure public services schools hospitals well giving british workers jobs higher wages.according official office national statistics data net migration second highest level record far david camerons target tens thousands.net migration eu .figures also showed eu migrants came britain looking work.after announcement made outcome referendum rowena mason political correspondent guardian offered following assessment polling suggests discontent scale migration uk biggest factor pushing britons vote contest turning referendum whether people happy accept free movement return free trade. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | columnist times philip collins went step analysis referendum immigration disguised referendum european union.the conservative mep member european parliament representing south east england daniel hannan predicted bbc programme newsnight level immigration would remain high brexit.frankly people watching think voted going zero immigration eu going disappointed.... look vain anything leave campaign said point ever suggested would ever kind border closure drawing drawbridge.the eu offered david cameron socalled emergency brake would allowed uk withhold social benefits new immigrants first four years arrived brake could applied period seven years.offer still table time brexit referendum expired vote determined uk would leave eu.the possibility uks smaller constituent countries could vote remain within eu find withdrawn eu led discussion risk unity united kingdom.scotlands first minister nicola sturgeon made clear believed second independence referendum would almost certainly demanded scots uk voted leave eu scotland not. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | first minister wales carwyn jones said wales votes remain eu uk votes leave a... constitutional crisis.uk cannot possibly continue present form england votes leave everyone else votes stay.there concern transatlantic trade investment partnership ttip proposed trade agreement united states eu would threat public services eu member states.jeremy corbyn remain side said pledged veto ttip government.john mills leave side said uk could veto ttip trade pacts decided qualified majority voting european council.there debate extent european union membership aided security defence comparison uks membership nato united nations.security concerns unions free movement policy raised people eu passports unlikely receive detailed checks border control. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | debates question answer sessions interviews debate held guardian march featuring leader ukip nigel farage conservative mp andrea leadsom leader labours yes campaign alan johnson former leader liberal democrats nick clegg.earlier campaign january debate took place nigel farage carwyn jones time first minister wales leader welsh labour party.reluctance conservative party members argue one another seen debates split leave remain candidates interviewed separately.the spectator held debate hosted andrew neil april featured nick clegg liz kendall chuka umunna arguing remain vote nigel farage daniel hannan labour mp kate hoey arguing leave vote.daily express held debate june featuring nigel farage kate hoey conservative mp jacob reesmogg debating labour mps siobhain mcdonagh chuka umunna businessman richard reed cofounder innocent drinks.andrew neil presented four interviews ahead referendum.interviewees hilary benn george osborne nigel farage iain duncan smith may respectively.the scheduled debates question sessions included number question answer sessions various campaigners. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | debate itv held june included angela eagle amber rudd nicola sturgeon boris johnson andrea leadsom gisela stuart.eu referendum great debate held wembley arena june hosted david dimbleby mishal husain emily maitlis front audience .audience split evenly sides.sadiq khan ruth davidson frances ogrady appeared remain.leave represented trio itv debate june johnson leadsom stuart.europe final debate jeremy paxman held following day channel . |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | voting voting areas counts voting took place bst west bst hours cest gibraltar polling stations across voting areas polling station limited maximum voters.referendum held across four countries united kingdom well gibraltar single majority vote.voting areas grouped twelve regional counts separate declarations regional counts.in england happened av referendum districts used local voting areas returns fed nine english regional counts.scotland local voting areas local councils fed results scottish national count wales local councils local voting areas results fed welsh national count.northern ireland case av referendum single voting national count area although local totals westminster parliamentary constituency areas announced.gibraltar single voting area gibraltar treated included part south west england results included together south west england regional count.the following table shows breakdown voting areas regional counts used referendum. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | disturbances june proeu labour mp jo cox shot killed birstall west yorkshire week referendum man calling death traitors freedom britain man intervened injured.two rival official campaigns agreed suspend activities mark respect cox.referendum evidence emerged leave.eu continued put advertising day jo coxs murder.david cameron cancelled planned rally gibraltar supporting british eu membership.campaigning resumed june. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | polling officials yorkshire humber region also halted counting referendum ballots evening june observe minute silence.conservative party liberal democrats uk independence party green party announced would contest ensuing byelection coxs constituency mark respect.on polling day two polling stations kingston upon thames flooded rain relocated.advance polling day concern expressed courtesy pencils provided polling booths could allow votes later altered.although widely dismissed conspiracy theory see voting pencil conspiracy theory leave campaigners advocated voters instead use pens mark ballot papers.polling day winchester emergency call made police threatening behaviour outside polling station. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | questioning woman offering lend pen voters police decided offence committed.result final result announced friday june bst thenelectoral commission chairwoman jenny watson manchester town hall voting areas twelve uk regions declared totals.national turnout across united kingdom gibraltar representing people least votes required win majority.electorate voted leave european union majority votes .voted remain member european union. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | national turnout highest ever ukwide referendum highest national vote since general election.national turnout highest ukwide referendum roughly calculates entire uk population wanting leave european union roughly wanting remain european union.regional count results results constituent countries voter demographics trends voting figures local referendum counts wardlevel data using local demographic information collected census suggests leave votes strongly correlated lower qualifications higher age.data obtained one nine wards england wales little information scotland none northern ireland.yougov survey reported similar findings summarised charts below.researchers based university warwick found areas deprivation terms education income employment likely vote leave. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | leave vote tended greater areas lower incomes high unemployment strong tradition manufacturing employment population fewer qualifications.also tended greater large flow eastern european migrants mainly lowskilled workers areas large share native lowskilled workers.lower social grades especially working class likely vote leave higher social grades especially upper middle class likely vote remain.polls ipsosmori yougov lord ashcroft assert – voted remain.additionally according yougov yearolds voted remain whilst yearolds overs voted leave meaning support remain strong outside youngest demographic.also yougov found around unders would vote stay eu. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | opinion polling lord ashcroft polls found leave voters believed leaving eu likely bring better immigration system improved border controls fairer welfare system better quality life ability control laws remain voters believed eu membership would better economy international investment uks influence world.immigration thought particular worry older people voted leave consider potential threat national identity culture.polling found main reasons people voted leave principle decisions uk taken uk leaving offered best chance uk regain control immigration borders.main reason people voted remain risks voting leave eu looked great came things like economy jobs prices.one analysis suggests contrast general correlation age likelihood voted leave eu experienced majority formative period ages second world war likely oppose brexit rest age group likely associate eu bringing peace.reactions result immediate reaction vote youth protests noninclusion underage citizens referendum criticised granting people younger years age vote. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | unlike scottish independence referendum vote extended yearold citizens.critics argued people would live consequences referendum longer able vote.supporters inclusion young citizens considered exclusion violation democratic principles major shortcoming referendum.increase applications passports eu countries foreign ministry ireland stated june number applications uk irish passports increased significantly.enquiries passports also increased irish embassy london reported day immediately vote leave comparison normal day. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | eu nations also increases requests passports british citizens including france belgium.abuse hate crime allegations hundred reports racist abuse hate crime immediate aftermath referendum many citing plan leave european union.claimed increase hate crime following referendum vote.however national police chiefs council lead hate crime assistant chief constable mark hamilton said read national increase hate crime increase reporting one mechanism.others claimed numbers necessarily reflect objective spread modern britain apparent spike hate crime result subjective definition crime police incentivised find hatred. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | uk crimes recorded hate crimes based perception victim.assistant chief constable maurice mason essex police explained person feels hate crime itll get recorded hate crime saying countys increase reported hate crimes post referendum low level matters members public complaining nigel farage whatever ... that’ll get recorded hate crime.on june polish school cambridgeshire vandalised sign reading leave eu.polish vermin.following referendum result similar signs distributed outside homes schools huntingdon left cars polish residents collecting children school.june london office polish social cultural association vandalised graffiti initially characterised racist hate crime. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | however later emerged graffiti said f omp’ may directed omp eurosceptic polish think tank issued statement congratulating britain brexit vote.incident also unsuccessfully investigated police.wales muslim woman told leave referendum even though born raised united kingdom.reports racism occurred perceived foreigners targeted supermarkets buses street corners told leave country immediately.incidents widely condemned politicians religious leaders.by september reported according lgbt antiviolence charity galop attacks lgbt people united kingdom risen three months referendum. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | however gay commentators dismissed claim link brexit increase attacks members lgbtq community.the killing polish national arkadiusz jozwik harlow essex august widely falsely speculated linked leave result.bbc newsnight report john sweeney showed interview someone knew victim claimed leading brexit campaigner nigel farage blood hands.mentioned european parliament eu commissioner jeanclaude juncker said europeans never accept polish workers harassed beaten even murdered streets harlow.teenager subsequently convicted manslaughter sentenced three half years young offender institution trial conclude altercation resulting jozwiks death hate crime.nigel farage criticised sensationalist reporting issue complained bbc broadcasting blood hands remark. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | petition new referendum within hours results announcement petition calling second referendum held event result secured less vote turnout less attracted tens thousands new signatures.petition actually initiated someone favouring exit eu one william oliver healey english democrats may remain faction leading polls received signatures prior referendum result declared.june healey made clear facebook page petition actually started favour exit eu strong supporter vote leave grassroots campaigns.healey also claimed petition hijacked remain campaign.english democrats chairman robin tilbrook suggested signed petition experiencing sour grapes result referendum. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | attracted four million signatures meaning considered debate parliamentthis debate took place september .on june david camerons spokesperson stated holding another vote britains membership european union remotely cards.home secretary theresa may made following comment announcing candidacy replace cameron conservative leader hence prime minister june campaign fought ... public gave verdict.must attempts remain inside eu ... second referendum.... brexit means brexit.petition rejected government july. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | response said referendum vote must respected government must prepare process exit eu.political conservative party june conservative party leader prime minister david cameron announced would resign october leave campaign successful referendum.leadership election scheduled september.new leader would place autumn conference set begin october.unexpectedly boris johnson leading figure vote leave declined nominated shortly deadline nominations. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | july almost three weeks vote theresa may succeeded cameron prime minister.labour party labour party leader jeremy corbyn faced growing criticism party supported remaining within eu poor campaigning.june corbyn sacked hilary benn shadow foreign secretary apparently leading coup him.led string labour mps quickly resigning roles party.confidence motion held june corbyn lost motion mps voting him. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | corbyn responded statement motion constitutional legitimacy intended continue partys leader.vote require party call leadership election angela eagle owen smith launched leadership challenges corbyn labour party leadership election triggered.corbyn contest larger share vote .uk independence party july nigel farage stood leader ukip stating political ambition achieved following result referendum.following resignation party leader diane james farage became interim leader october . |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | succeeded paul nuttall november .scottish independence scottish first minister nicola sturgeon said june clear people scotland see future part european union scotland spoken decisively strong unequivocal vote remain european union.day scottish government announced officials would plan highly likely second referendum independence united kingdom start preparing legislation effect.former first minister alex salmond said vote significant material change scotlands position within united kingdom certain party would implement manifesto holding second referendum.sturgeon said communicate eu member states scotland voted stay eu intend discuss options so. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | new political movement reaction lack unified proeu voice following referendum liberal democrats others discussed launch new centreleft political movement.officially launched july united.economy morning june pound sterling fell lowest level us dollar since .drop day – biggest oneday fall pound since introduction floating exchange rates following collapse bretton woods system .the ftse initially fell recovered close trading june.ftse index fully recovered june subsequently rose prereferendum levels.the referendum result also immediate impact countries. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | south african rand experienced largest singleday decline since dropping united states dollar.countries affected included canada whose stock exchange fell .nigeria kenya.on june former governor bank england mervyn king said current governor mark carney would help guide britain next months adding boe would undoubtedly lower temperature postreferendum uncertainty british citizens keep calm wait see.on january andy haldane chief economist executive director monetary analysis statistics bank england admitted banks forecasts predicting economic downturn referendum favour brexit proved inaccurate given subsequent strong market performance.stated banks models rather narrow fragile illequipped making sense behaviours deeply irrational said profession degree crisis due unforeseen – crisis.electoral reform society august electoral reform society published highly critical report referendum called review future events run. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | contrasting unfavourably wellinformed grassroots campaign scottish independence katie ghose described dire glaring democratic deficiencies left voters bewildered.ghose noted generally negative response establishment figures voters saying david cameron made likely vote leave whereas said made want vote remain.looking ahead society called official organisation highlight misleading claims office communications ofcom define role broadcasters expected play.television coverage bbc itv sky news provided live coverage counts reaction result.bbcs coverage presented david dimbleby laura kuenssberg john curtice simulcast domestically bbc one bbc news channel internationally bbc world news. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | itvs coverage presented tom bradby robert peston allegra stratton.the bbc called referendum result leave projected forecast bst june.david dimbleby announced wordswell twenty minutes five say decision taken country join common market reversed referendum leave eu.absolutely clear way remain side win.looks gap going something like fourpoint lead leaving eu result referendum preceded weeks months argument dispute rest it.british people spoken answer outthe remark technically incorrect uk joined common market referendum whether remain it. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | investigations campaigns campaign spending may leave.eu fined £ uk information commissioners office failing follow rules sending marketing messages sent people text messages without first gained permission so.in february electoral commission announced investigating spending stronger vote leave along smaller parties submitted necessary invoices receipts details back accounts.april commission specified reasonable grounds suspect potential offences law may occurred relation leave.eu.on march information commissioners office also reported conducting wide assessment dataprotection risks arising use data analytics including political purposes relation brexit campaign.specified among organisations investigated cambridge analytica relationship leave.eu campaign.in may irish times reported £ donated constitutional research council democratic unionist party spending referendum may originated saudi arabia.in november electoral commission said investigating allegations arron banks insurance businessman largest single financial supporter brexit violated campaign spending laws.commissions investigation focuses banks better country limited company banks director majority shareholder.company donated £. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | million groups supporting british withdrawal eu.investigation began commission found initial grounds suspect breaches electoral law.commission specifically seeks determine whether mr banks true source loans reported referendum campaigner name whether better country limited true source donations made referendum campaigners name acting agent.in december electoral commission announced several fines related breaches campaign finance rules referendum campaign.liberal democrats fined £ open britain formerly britain stronger europe paid £ fines.maximum possible fine £.in march deutsche welle reported canadian whistleblower christopher wylie told uk lawmakers committee hearing...that firm linked cambridge analytica helped official vote leave campaign official probrexit group headed boris johnson michael gove circumvent campaign financing laws brexit referendum.in may electoral commission fined leave.eu £ unlawfully overspending minimum £ – exceeding statutory spending limit inaccurately reporting three loans received aaron banks totalling £ million including lack transparency incorrect reporting around provided loans dates loans entered repayment date interest rate failing provide required invoices payments £ totalling £. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | electoral commissions director political finance regulation legal counsel said level fine imposed constrained cap commissions fines.month electoral commission issued £ fine proeu campaign group best future limited also fined unison £ inaccurately reporting donation best future failing pay invoice fined gmb £ inaccurately reporting donation best future.in july electoral commission fined vote leave £ declaring £ incurred common plan beleave unlawfully overspending £ inaccurately reporting items spending totalling £ failing provide required invoices payments £ totalling £ failing comply investigation notice issued commission.darren grimes representing beleave fined £ maximum permitted individual fine exceeding spending limit unregistered campaigner £ delivering inaccurate incomplete spending return.veterans britain also fined £ inaccurately reporting donation received vote leave.electoral commission referred matter police. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | september following high court justice case court found vote leave received incorrect advice uk electoral commission confirmed overspending illegal.vote leave subsequently said would paid without advice.in february digital culture media sport select committees month investigation disinformation fake news published final report calling inquiry establish relation referendum actually happened regard foreign influence disinformation funding voter manipulation sharing data appropriate changes law made lessons learnt future elections referenda.speculation russian interference runup brexit referendum russian president vladimir putin refrained taking public position brexit prime minister david cameron suggested russia might happy positive brexit vote remain campaign accused kremlin secretly backing leave vote referendum.russian foreign ministry spokesperson maria zakharova denied allegations saying russia blamed everything.uk world. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | ... russia nothing brexit all.involved process.steve rosenberg moscow correspondent bbc news suggested june russian government stood gain brexit several ways enabling russian state media contrast postreferendum upheaval uncertainty abroad picture stability back home images strong president putin helm way bolstered ruling united russia party place value british pound pressure thereby exact retaliation sanctions russia imposed occupation crimea make european union friendly towards russia absence british membership force resignation cameron critical russian actions.referendum result putin said brexit brought positives negatives.in december mp ben bradshaw speculated parliament russia may interfered referendum.february called gchq intelligence service reveal information russian interference. |
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | april house commons public administration constitutional affairs select committee pacac issued report suggesting technical indications june crash voterregistration website caused distributed denialofservice attack using botnets.cabinet office response stated believe malign intervention caused crash instead attributed crash spike users registration deadline.in october mp damian collins chairman house commons digital culture media sport committee sent letter facebook ceo mark zuckerberg requesting documents relating possible russian government manipulation facebook brexit referendum general election following year.in october study researchers city university london published journal social science computer review.article identified twitter accounts posted total messages last four weeks brexit referendum campaign vast majority campaigning leave vote deleted shortly referendum.twitter accounts suddenly changed username.research findings raised questions possibility coordinated bot army deployed also possibility twitter may detected removed without disclosing manipulation.in november electoral commission told times launched inquiry examine growing role social media election campaigns amid concerns intelligence security agencies russia trying destabilise democratic process britain. |
Picture archiving and communication system | commission contact facebook twitter part inquiry.according facebook russianbased operatives spent cents place three adverts social network runup referendum viewed times.on june guardian reported investigators observer seen evidence leave.eu funder arron banks met russian officials multiple times discussed multibillion dollar opportunity buy russian goldmines.in july intelligence security committee parliament published report russian interference british politics concluded government seen sought evidence successful interference uk democratic processes criticised government failing conduct assessment russian attempts interfere brexit referendum.see also acts parliament united kingdom relating european communities european unioncauses vote favour brexiteffect brexit gibraltareuropean union bill european union laweuropean union withdrawal act european union withdrawal act cooper–letwin actbenn act greenlandic european communities membership referendumopinion polling united kingdoms membership european union –presentproposed referendum brexit withdrawal agreementreferendums united kingdomreferendums related european uniontreaty accession unlawful campaigning eu referendumwithdrawal european union notes references reading brexit un security council external links house commons briefings european union referendumexamples leaflets used referendum campaigneuropean union curlieelectoral commission guide eu referendumbbc news – eu referendumbbc radio people vote leavebbc radio voted brexithow britain voted analysis poll survey referendum day published march un security council postbrexit world france germany take leadelectronic images reports transmitted digitally via pacs eliminates need manually file retrieve transport film jackets folders used store protect xray film.universal format pacs image storage transfer dicom digital imaging communications medicine.nonimage data scanned documents may incorporated using consumer industry standard formats like pdf portable document format encapsulated dicom.pacs consists four major components imaging modalities xray plain film pf computed tomography ct magnetic resonance imaging mri secured network transmission patient information workstations interpreting reviewing images archives storage retrieval images reports.combined available emerging web technology pacs ability deliver timely efficient access images interpretations related data. |
Picture archiving and communication system | pacs reduces physical time barriers associated traditional filmbased image retrieval distribution display.types images pacs handle images various medical imaging instruments including ultrasound us magnetic resonance mr nuclear medicine imaging positron emission tomography pet computed tomography ct endoscopy es mammograms mg digital radiography dr phosphor plate radiography histopathology ophthalmology etc.additional types image formats always added.clinical areas beyond radiology cardiology oncology gastroenterology even laboratory creating medical images incorporated pacs.see dicom application areas. |
Picture archiving and communication system | uses pacs four main useshard copy replacement pacs replaces hardcopy based means managing medical images film archives.decreasing price digital storage pacs provide growing cost space advantage film archives addition instant access prior images institution.digital copies referred softcopy.remote access expands possibilities conventional systems providing capabilities offsite viewing reporting distance education telediagnosis.enables practitioners different physical locations access information simultaneously teleradiology.electronic image integration platform pacs provides electronic platform radiology images interfacing medical automation systems hospital information system electronic medical record emr practice management software radiology information system ris.radiology workflow management pacs used radiology personnel manage workflow patient exams.pacs offered virtually major medical imaging equipment manufacturers medical companies many independent software companies.basic pacs software found free internet. |
Picture archiving and communication system | architecture architecture physical implementation required functionality one sees outside.different views depending user.radiologist typically sees viewing station technologist qa workstation pacs administrator might spend time climatecontrolled computer room.composite view rather different various vendors.typically pacs consists multitude devices.first step typical pacs systems modality. |
Picture archiving and communication system | modalities typically computed tomography ct ultrasound nuclear medicine positron emission tomography pet magnetic resonance imaging mri.depending facilitys workflow modalities send quality assurance qa workstation sometimes called pacs gateway.qa workstation checkpoint make sure patient demographics correct well important attributes study.study information correct images passed archive storage.central storage device archive stores images cases reports measurements information resides images. |
Picture archiving and communication system | next step pacs workflow reading workstations.reading workstation radiologist reviews patients study formulates diagnosis.normally tied reading workstation reporting package assists radiologist dictating final report.reporting software optional various ways doctors prefer dictate report.ancillary workflow mentioned normally cddvd authoring software used burn patient studies distribution patients referring physicians. |
Picture archiving and communication system | diagram shows typical workflow imaging centers hospitals.note section cover integration radiology information system hospital information system frontend system relates pacs workflow.more pacs include webbased interfaces utilize internet wide area network wan means communication usually via vpn virtual private network ssl secure sockets layer.clients side software may use activex javascript andor java applet.robust pacs clients full applications utilize full resources computer executing unaffected frequent unattended web browser java updates.need distribution images reports becomes widespread push pacs systems support dicom part dicom standard. |
Picture archiving and communication system | web access dicom objects wado creates necessary standard expose images reports web truly portable medium.without stepping outside focus pacs architecture wado becomes solution cross platform capability increase distribution images reports referring physicians patients.pacs image backup critical sometimes overlooked part pacs architecture see below.hipaa requires backup copies patient images made case image loss pacs.several methods backing images typically involve automatically sending copies images separate computer storage preferably offsite.querying cfind image instance retrieval cmove cget communication pacs server done dicom messages similar dicom image headers different attributes. |
Picture archiving and communication system | query cfind performed followsthe client establishes network connection pacs server.the client prepares cfind request message list dicom attributes.the client fills cfind request message keys matched.e.g.query patient id patient id attribute filled patients id.the client creates empty zero length attributes attributes wishes receive server.e.g.client wishes receive id use receive images see image retrieval include zerolength sopinstanceuid attribute cfind request messages.the cfind request message sent server.the server sends back client list cfind response messages also list dicom attributes populated values match.the client extracts attributes interest response messages objects.images composite instances like presentation states structured reports retrieved pacs server either cmove cget request using dicom network protocol. |
Picture archiving and communication system | retrieval performed study series image instance level.cmove request specifies retrieved instances sent using separate cstore messages one separate connections identifier known destination application entity title ae title.cmove work server must configured mapping ae title tcpip address port consequence server must know advance ae titles ever requested send images to.cget hand performs cstore operations connection request hence require server know client tcpip address port hence also works easily firewalls network address translation environments incoming tcp cstore connections required cmove may get through.difference cmove cget somewhat analogous difference active passive ftp. |
Picture archiving and communication system | cmove commonly used within enterprises facilities whereas cget practical enterprises.in addition traditional dicom network services particularly crossenterprise use dicom ihe define retrieval mechanisms including wado wadows recently wadors.image archival backup digital medical images typically stored locally pacs retrieval.important required united states security rules administrative safeguards section hipaa facilities means recovering images event error disaster.while facility different goal image backup make automatic easy administer possible.hope copies wont needed however disaster recovery business continuity planning dictates plans include maintaining copies data even entire site temporarily permanently lost.ideally copies images maintained several locations including offsite provide disaster recovery capabilities.general pacs data different business critical data protected multiple copies multiple locations. |
Picture archiving and communication system | pacs data considered protected health information phi regulations may apply notably hipaa hipaa hitech requirements.images may stored locally remotely offline media disk tape optical media.use storage systems using modern data protection technologies become increasingly common particularly larger organizations greater capacity performance requirements.storage systems may configured attached pacs server various ways either directattached storage das networkattached storage nas via storage area network san.however storage attached enterprise storage systems commonly utilize raid technologies provide high availability fault tolerance protect failures.event necessary reconstruct pacs partially completely means rapidly transferring data back pacs required preferably pacs continues operate.modern data storage replication technologies may applied pacs information including creation local copies via pointintime copy locally protected copies along complete copies data separate repositories including disk tape based systems. |
Picture archiving and communication system | remote copies data created either physically moving tapes offsite copying data remote storage systems.whenever hipaa protected data moved encrypted includes sending via physical tape replication technologies wan secondary location.other options creating copies pacs data include removable media hard drives dvds media hold many patients images physically transferred offsite.hipaa hitech mandates encryption stored data many instances security mechanisms avoid penalties failure comply.the backup infrastructure may also capable supporting migration images new pacs.due high volume images need archived many rad centers migrating systems cloudbased pacs.integration full pacs provide single point access images associated data. |
Picture archiving and communication system | support digital modalities departments throughout enterprise.however pacs penetration complete individual islands digital imaging yet connected central pacs may exist.may take form localized modalityspecific network modalities workstations storage socalled minipacs may consist small cluster modalities directly connected reading workstations without long term storage management.systems also often connected departmental information system.historically ultrasound nuclear medicine cardiology cath labs often departments adopt approach.more recently full field digital mammography ffdm taken similar approach largely large image size highly specialized reading workflow display requirements intervention regulators.rapid deployment ffdm us following dmist study led integration digital mammography pacs becoming commonplace.all pacs whether span entire enterprise localized within department also interface existing hospital information systems hospital information system radiology information system ris.there several data flowing pacs inputs next procedures back results corresponding inputsin patient identification orders examination. |
Picture archiving and communication system | data sent ris via integration interface hospital via hl protocol.patient id orders sent modality ctmretc via dicom protocol worklist.images created images scanning forwarded pacs server.diagnosis report created based images retrieved presenting pacs server physicianradiologist saved ris system.out diagnosis report images created accordingly.diagnosis report sent back via hl usually images sent back via dicom usually dicom viewer integrated hospitals cases clinical physician gets reminder diagnosis report coming queries images pacs server.interfacing multiple systems provides consistent reliable datasetless risk entering incorrect patient id study – modalities support dicom worklists retrieve identifying patient information patient name patient number accession number upcoming cases present technologist preventing data entry errors acquisition. |
Picture archiving and communication system | acquisition complete pacs compare embedded image data list scheduled studies ris flag warning image data match scheduled study.data saved pacs tagged unique patient identifiers social security number nhs number obtained his.providing robust method merging datasets multiple hospitals even different centers use different id systems internally.an interface also improve workflow patternswhen study reported radiologist pacs mark read.avoids needless doublereading.report attached images viewable via single interface.improved use online storage nearline storage image archive.pacs obtain lists appointments admissions advance allowing images prefetched offline storage nearline storage onto online disk storage.recognition importance integration led number suppliers develop fully integrated rispacs. |
Picture archiving and communication system | may offer number advanced featuresdictation reports integrated single system.integrated speechtotext voice recognition software may used create upload report patients chart within minutes patients scan reporting physician may dictate findings phone system voice recorder.recording may automatically sent transcript writers workstation typing also made available access physicians avoiding typing delays urgent results retained case typing error.provides single tool quality control audit purposes.rejected images tagged allowing later analysis may required radiation protection legislation.workloads turnaround time reported automatically management purposes. |
Picture archiving and communication system | acceptance testing pacs installation process complicated requiring time resources planning testing.installation complete acceptance test passed.acceptance testing new installation vital step assure user compliance functionality especially clinical safety.take example therac radiation medical device involved accidents patients given massive overdoses radiation due unverified software control.the acceptance test determines whether pacs ready clinical use marks warranty timeline serving payment milestone.test process varies time requirements depending facility size contract condition day time limit unusual. |
Picture archiving and communication system | requires detailed planning development testing criteria prior writing contract.joint process requiring defined test protocols benchmarks.testing uncovers deficiencies.study determined frequently cited deficiencies costly components.failures ranked mosttoleast common workstation hisrisacs broker interfaces ris computer monitors webbased image distribution system modality interfaces archive devices maintenance training network dicom teleradiology security film digitizer.history one first basic pacs created dr richard j. steckel.the principles pacs first discussed meetings radiologists . |
Picture archiving and communication system | various people credited coinage term pacs.cardiovascular radiologist dr andre duerinckx reported first used term .dr samuel dwyer though credits dr judith m. prewitt introducing term.dr harold glass medical physicist working london early secured uk government funding managed project many years transformed hammersmith hospital london first filmless hospital united kingdom.dr glass died months project came live credited one pioneers pacs.the first largescale pacs installation university kansas kansas city.first installation became teaching experience rather pacs installation. |
Picture archiving and communication system | regulatory concerns us pacs classified medical devices hence sale regulated usfda.general subject class controls hence require k though individual pacs components may subject less stringent general controls.specific applications use primary mammography interpretation additionally regulated within scope mammography quality standards act.the society imaging informatics medicine siim worldwide professional trade organization provides annual meeting peerreviewed journal promote research education pacs related digital topics.see also references citations sources huang h. k. .pacs imaging informatics basic principles applications. |
Psychoanalysis | new jersey john wiley sons.isbn .external links pacs history web siteusc ipilab research article backupdiscipline established early austrian neurologist sigmund freud developed practice theoretical model personality organization development psychoanalytic theory.freuds work stems partly clinical work josef breuer others.psychoanalysis later developed different directions mostly students freud alfred adler collaborator carl gustav jung well neofreudian thinkers erich fromm karen horney harry stack sullivan.psychoanalysis controversial discipline effectiveness treatment contested.largely replaced similar broader psychodynamic psychotherapy midth century although retains salient influence within psychiatry.psychoanalytic concepts also widely used outside therapeutic arena areas psychoanalytic literary criticism well analysis film fairy tales philosophical perspectives freudomarxism cultural phenomena. |
Psychoanalysis | basic tenets basic tenets psychoanalysis includea persons development determined often forgotten events early childhood rather inherited traits alone.human behaviour cognition largely determined instinctual drives rooted unconscious.attempts bring drives awareness triggers resistance form defense mechanisms particularly repression.conflicts conscious unconscious material result mental disturbances neurosis neurotic traits anxiety depression.unconscious material found dreams unintentional acts including mannerisms slips tongue.liberation effects unconscious achieved bringing material conscious mind therapeutic intervention.the centerpiece psychoanalytic process transference whereby patients relive infantile conflicts projecting onto analyst feelings love dependence anger.practice psychoanalytic sessions typically lasting minutes ideally – times week patient analysand may lie couch analyst may sit behind sight.patient expresses thoughts including free associations fantasies dreams analyst infers unconscious conflicts causing patients symptoms character problems.analysis conflicts includes interpreting transference countertransference analysts feelings patient analyst confronts patients pathological defenses help patient gain insight.history sigmund freud first used term psychoanalysis french psychanalyse ultimately retaining term school thought. |
Psychoanalysis | november wrote interpretation dreams german die traumdeutung freud thought significant work.psychoanalysis later developed different directions mostly students freud alfred adler carl gustav jung neofreudians erich fromm karen horney harry stack sullivan.psychologist frank sulloway book freud biologist mind beyond psychoanalytic legend argues freuds biological theories like libido rooted biological hypothesis accompanied work charles darwin citing theories krafftebing molland havelock ellis haeckel wilhelm fliess influencing freud.idea psychoanalysis german psychoanalyse first began receive serious attention sigmund freud formulated theory psychoanalysis vienna s. freud neurologist trying find effective treatment patients neurotic hysterical symptoms.freud realised mental processes conscious whilst employed neurological consultant childrens hospital noticed many aphasic children apparent organic cause symptoms.wrote monograph subject.freud obtained grant study jeanmartin charcot famed neurologist salpêtrière paris freud followed clinical presentations charcot particularly areas hysteria paralyses anaesthesias. |
Psychoanalysis | charcot introduced hypnotism experimental research tool developed photographic representation clinical symptoms.freuds first theory explain hysterical symptoms presented studies hysteria studien über hysterie coauthored mentor distinguished physician josef breuer generally seen birth psychoanalysis.work based breuers treatment bertha pappenheim referred case studies pseudonym anna o. treatment pappenheim dubbed talking cure.breuer wrote many factors could result symptoms including various types emotional trauma also credited work others pierre janet freud contended root hysterical symptoms repressed memories distressing occurrences almost always direct indirect sexual associations.around time freud attempted develop neurophysiological theory unconscious mental mechanisms soon gave up.remained unpublished lifetime.term psychoanalysis psychoanalyse first introduced freud essay titled heredity etiology neuroses lhérédité et létiologie des névroses written published french .in freud also published seduction theory claiming uncovered repressed memories incidents sexual abuse current patients proposed preconditions hysterical symptoms sexual excitations infancy. |
Psychoanalysis | however privately acknowledged friend colleague wilhelm fliess longer believed theory though state publicly .though reported patients feeling remembering infantile sexual scenes assured emphatically unbelief later accounts claimed told sexually abused infancy.became received historical account challenged several freud scholars latter part th century argued imposed preconceived notions patients.however building claims patients reported infantile sexual abuse experiences freud subsequently contended clinical findings mids provided evidence occurrence unconscious fantasies supposedly cover memories infantile masturbation.much later claim findings evidence oedipal desires.by freud theorised dreams symbolic significance generally specific dreamer. |
Psychoanalysis | freud formulated second psychological theory—which hypotheses unconscious primary process consisting symbolic condensed thoughts secondary process logical conscious thoughts.theory published book interpretation dreams.chapter vii reworking earlier project freud outlined topographic theory.theory mostly later supplanted structural theory unacceptable sexual wishes repressed system unconscious unconscious due societys condemnation premarital sexual activity repression created anxiety.topographic theory still popular much europe although fallen favour much north america. |
Psychoanalysis | –s freud published three essays theory sexuality laid discovery psychosexual phasesoral ages –anal –phallicoedipal first genital –latency –puberty andmature genital puberty–onward.his early formulation included idea societal restrictions sexual wishes repressed unconscious state energy unconscious wishes could turned anxiety physical symptoms.therefore early treatment techniques including hypnotism abreaction designed make unconscious conscious order relieve pressure apparently resulting symptoms.method would later left aside freud giving free association bigger role.in narcissism freud turned attention titular subject narcissism.still using energic system freud characterized difference energy directed self versus energy directed others called cathexis.mourning melancholia suggested certain depressions caused turning guiltridden anger self. |
Psychoanalysis | child beaten began address problems selfdestructive behavior moral masochism frank sexual masochism.based experience depressed selfdestructive patients pondering carnage world war freud became dissatisfied considering oral sexual motivations behavior.freud addressed power identification leader members groups motivation behavior group psychology analysis ego.year freud suggested dual drive theory sexuality aggression beyond pleasure principle try begin explain human destructiveness.also first appearance structural theory consisting three new concepts id ego superego.three years later summarised ideas id ego superego ego id. |
Psychoanalysis | book revised whole theory mental functioning considering repression one many defense mechanisms occurred reduce anxiety.hence freud characterised repression cause result anxiety.inhibitions symptoms anxiety freud characterised intrapsychic conflict among drive superego wishes guilt caused anxiety anxiety could lead inhibition mental functions intellect speech.inhibitions symptoms anxiety written response otto rank published das trauma der geburt trauma birth analysing art myth religion philosophy therapy illuminated separation anxiety phase development oedipus complex.freuds theories however characterized phase. |
Psychoanalysis | according freud oedipus complex centre neurosis foundational source art myth religion philosophy therapy—indeed human culture civilization.first time anyone inner circle characterised something oedipus complex contributing intrapsychic development notion rejected freud followers time.by principle multiple function clarified robert waelder.widened formulation psychological symptoms caused relieved conflict simultaneously.moreover symptoms phobias compulsions represented elements drive wish sexual andor aggressive superego anxiety reality defenses.also anna freud sigmunds daughter published seminal book ego mechanisms defense outlining numerous ways mind could shut upsetting things consciousness. |
Psychoanalysis | s–present hitlers power grew freud family many colleagues fled london.within year sigmund freud died.united states also following death freud new group psychoanalysts began explore function ego.led heinz hartmann group built upon understandings synthetic function ego mediator psychic functioning distinguishing autonomous ego functions e.g.memory intellect could secondarily affected conflict. |
Psychoanalysis | ego psychologists paved way focus analytic work attending defenses mediated ego exploring deeper roots unconscious conflicts.in addition burgeoning interest child psychoanalysis.although criticized since inception psychoanalysis used research tool childhood development still used treat certain mental disturbances.freuds early thoughts childhood development female sexuality challenged challenge led development variety understandings female sexual development many modified timing normality several freuds theories gleaned treatment women mental disturbances.several researchers followed karen horneys studies societal pressures influence development women.in first decade st century approximately training institutes psychoanalysis united states accredited american psychoanalytic association apsaa component organization international psychoanalytical association ipa graduated psychoanalysts practicing united states.ipa accredits psychoanalytic training centers component organisations throughout rest world including countries serbia france germany austria italy switzerland many others well six institutes directly united states. |
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