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Pat McCrory	also repealed north carolinas estate tax.in august mccrory signed law regulatory reform act .legislation according bill act improve streamline regulatory process order stimulate job creation eliminate unnecessary regulation make various statutory changes amend certain environmental natural resource laws.law requires previous rules regulations mandated federal law reviewed ten years rules review commission threestep process.in june mccrory signed energy modernization act law.bill allows hydraulic fracturing fracking state criminalizes disclosure fracking chemicals lifting moratorium blocked fracking permits.remain intensely focused creating good jobs particularly rural areas mccrory said.
Pat McCrory	watched waited states moved forward energy exploration finally turn.legislation spur economic development levels economy energy sector.state completes regulations law allow permits issued without additional approval.bill also criminalizes disclosure chemicals substances used oil gas companies fracking process.legislation also bans local governments interfering oil gas exploration development production activities.during special session conceded defeat election mccrory signed legislation law would reduce power north carolina governorship.
Pat McCrory	december state judge temporarily blocked law going effect panel judges extended block january .vetoes mccrory issued first veto governor august bill would required people applying welfare benefits pass drug test.later also vetoed bill extended days nine months amount time employee could work without undergoing background check everify system.vetoes overridden general assembly september meaning bills became law.in june mccrory vetoed bill provision altering makeup division employment security board review.on may mccrory vetoed bill would allowed magistrates religious objections refuse perform samesex marriages.next day mccrory vetoed variation aggag bill.
Pat McCrory	vetoes overridden legislature.education mccrory signed largest education budgets north carolina history .number education changes included state budget enacted .mccrory supports meritbased pay cases.mccrory entered office teacher pay ranked th nation states ranking moved st nation.
Pat McCrory	mccrory signed largest teacher pay raise nation led average teacher pay rising per year.rankings year account pay raises.yettobereleased rankings expected move north carolina several slots.school districts authorized give peryear raises teachers.lowincome students eligible receive vouchers toward cost attending private schools.
Pat McCrory	teacher tenure replaced contract system.state funding teach america increased million.in nationally broadcast radio interview conservative talkshow host william bennett mccrory made series comments future higher education north carolina generated controversy.mccrory stated educational elite taken education offering courses chance getting people jobs later responded comment bennett made gender studies courses saying thats subsidized course.want take gender studies thats fine go private school take it.dont want subsidize thats going get someone job.
Pat McCrory	moral mondays protests several bills signed law mccrory multiple pieces proposed legislation target ongoing moral monday civil disobedience protests tenure organized part local religious leaders including william barber ii head north carolina chapter naacp time.cited reasons protests included proposed changes medicaid changes voting regulations school vouchers tax reform.mccrory criticized protests unlawful drain state resources declined meet protestors later stating outsiders coming theyre going try us scott walker wisconsin.abortion access july mccrory signed law legislation required abortion providers meet standards surgical centers allowed healthcare providers decline perform abortions prevented public healthinsurance policy paying abortions.abortionrights groups criticized mccrory promised campaign would sign new abortion restrictions.
Pat McCrory	mccrory responded law limit access contend interested politics health safety citizens.wral stated legislation broke mccrorys campaign pledge.duke energy following february coal ash spill thirdlargest kind us history us attorneys office opened grandjury investigation duke energy.mccrory employee duke energy years critics said administration intervened dukes behalf settle lawsuits environmental violations.u.s. attorneys office subpoenaed officials mccrory administration sought records investments cash items value passed duke mccrory administration officials produced charges aimed duke energy february .
Pat McCrory	duke energy fined leaks ponds two power plants amount part deal made department environment natural resources secretary john e. skvarla iii mccrory appointee.in august mccrory announced previously owned duke energy stock sold stock coalash spill without disclosing sale state ethics filings.lawyer stated mistake based lawyers misunderstanding timeframe covered earlier disclosures.on march mccrory administration fined duke energy million years groundwater pollution largest fine environmental damage ever imposed state.secondlargest fine ever imposed state .million.mccrory appointed dr. randall w. williams obgyn states health director.williams became embroiled controversy safety household well water near coal ash ponds.
Pat McCrory	testimony may related lawsuit state toxicologist ken rudo said state health environmental officials including williams former department environmental quality deq assistant secretary tom reeder attempted “play risk” coal ash contamination wells.two officials rescinded donotdrink notice sent well owners march .rudo said deposition case state informing residents household water safe drink knew wasnt.williams contended rescinded warning notices felt unnecessarily stirring alarms.states department health human services disagreed rudos contentions.
Pat McCrory	megan davies state division public health epidemiologist section chief rudos supervisor resigned manner department mccrorys administration disputed rudos testimony.davies coworker testified regarding concerns held state inappropriately rescinding warning notices.december day mccrory leaving office appointed williams one closest advisors oil gas commission regulatory body moribund since governor legal battle legislature appointments year earlier.six weeks later williams appointed health senior services director missouri controversial governor eric greitens.toll lane mccrory ncdot signed year contract cintra spanish company add variable toll lanes major heavily congested trucking route northsouth corridor state provide reliable travel speed mph kmh pay toll.
Pat McCrory	fee per mile fluctuate order keep toll lane overcrowded.public facilities privacy security act march mccrory signed public facilities privacy security act commonly known house bill hb.law eliminated antidiscrimination protections including gay transgender people barred municipalities reestablishing them.initially legislated government buildings people could use restrooms correspond sex birth certificates preventing transgender people cannot alter birth certificates using restroom consistent gender identity.broadly law eliminated municipal antidiscrimination policies concerning race gender veteran status military service prohibited municipalities establishing local minimum wages benefits employee protections leave policies.
Pat McCrory	senate democratic leader dan blue said bill essentially repeals years nondiscrimination efforts gives lawmakers raleigh unprecedented control city local governments.north carolina republicans want pass would potentially single discriminatory act country.direct affront equality civil rights local autonomy.mccrory stated law passed response charlotte city council february passing nondiscrimination ordinance prohibiting discrimination basis sexual orientation gender identity public accommodations including restrooms passenger vehicles hire city contractors.mccrory asked council members pass ordinance.
Pat McCrory	speaker house lieutenant governor invoked rarely used constitutional provision call session without mccrory calling collecting sufficient signatures legislators.march legislature sent public facilities privacy security act governors desk signature mccrory signed bill evening passed.the law sparked public protests motivated entertainers bruce springsteen cancel shows.companies pulled jobs investments state paypal stopped planned expansion would created jobs lionsgate moved production television show north carolina deutsche bank halted plans add jobs state companies called laws repeal.several states cities including atlanta banned official travel north carolina.time warner cable news estimated april law cost state jobs million investments visitor spending.
Pat McCrory	july national basketball association nba announced would move allstar game charlotte.nbas decision move game away charlotte outraged republicans noted charlotte chosen allstar game league city voted similar ordinance itself.republicans also noted hb jurisdiction private facilities meaning league could set bathroom policy preferred games host charlotte.september ncaa announced would pull championship games state due associations opposition hb.on tuesday april mccrory signed executive order expands states employment policy state employees cover sexual orientation gender identity seeks legislation reinstate right sue state court discrimination.mccrorys executive order also encouraged general assembly reinstate ability residents sue employer state court discrimination.
Pat McCrory	july general assembly officially restored portion law.on several occasions mccrory pushed deal would repeal hb exchange city charlotte voting repeal ordinance.september charlotte news station reported majority charlotte city councilmen agreed repeal ordinance would led legislature repealing hb.democratic member north carolina legislature told station fellow member legislature personally lobbied democratic members charlotte city council keep ordinance place would turn keep hb place creating wedge issue boost democratic turnout november general election.on july wbtv reported members general assembly agreement place come back session repeal controversial portions hb.case offtherecord source said thenattorney general cooper played integral role killing compromise bill.according report house democrats signed plan alter hb way would satisfy business community.
Pat McCrory	report said cooper personally called democrats demanded vote bill wanted team november.state carolina republican party said cooper helped kill modification bill order keep controversial issue alive bid unseat mccrory.cooper campaign spokesperson said a.g. remained concerned damage hb north carolina economy ...has consistently urged members pursue full repeal.unfortunately governor mccrory legislative republicans repeatedly offered socalled fixes fail basic test undoing economic damage done discriminatory law.isnt complicated instead pointing fingers holding secret negotiations lawmakers simply repeal hb send message north carolina open business.the united states department justice addition several private citizens filed lawsuits mccrory state challenging hb.
Pat McCrory	justice department said north carolina violation federal civil rights laws.separately mccrory filed suit federal government asking court find state law constitutional.after mccrory defeated bid reelection legislators repealed hb passed replacement march .repeal legislation passed house senate vote.gov.roy cooper signed repeal bill later day though said new law perfect deal preferred solution.
Pat McCrory	stops short many things need state.repeal advocates opposed compromise provisions contended would still permit discrimination specifically threeyear ban passage new local nondiscrimination ordinances provision ended december .approval ratings according polling civitas institute mccrorys approval rating first year office fell percentage points june july .second poll conducted july indicated governors approval rating fallen june.poll indicated voters approved republicanled state government.
Pat McCrory	start april public policy polling firm found mccrory approval rating disapproval rating .towards end term office september poll commissioned bloomberg politics reported north carolinians approving job performance disapproved.u.s. senate election mccrory running republican nomination u.s. senate election north carolina succeed retiring republican richard burr.campaign mccrory mentioned huge defender continue huge defender trump policies.mccrory objected trumps baseless efforts overturn election acknowledging joe biden election.mccrory accused trump destroying democracy.
History of Germany	trump endorsed u.s. representative ted budd republican primary senate.electoral history references external links campaign websitepat mccrory curlieappearances cspanvictory germanic tribes battle teutoburg forest ad prevented annexation roman empire although roman provinces germania superior germania inferior established along rhine.following fall western roman empire franks conquered west germanic tribes.frankish empire divided among charles greats heirs eastern part became east francia.otto became first holy roman emperor holy roman empire medieval german state.in late middle ages regional dukes princes bishops gained power expense emperors.martin luther led protestant reformation within catholic church northern eastern states became protestant southern western states remained catholic.
History of Germany	two parts holy roman empire clashed thirty years war – ruinous twenty million civilians living parts.thirty years war brought tremendous destruction germany population german states killed catastrophic war.estates holy roman empire attained high extent autonomy peace westphalia capable foreign policies controlling land outside empire important austria prussia bavaria saxony.french revolution napoleonic wars feudalism fell away reforms dissolution holy roman empire.thereafter liberalism nationalism clashed reaction.
History of Germany	german revolutions – failed.industrial revolution modernized german economy led rapid growth cities emergence socialist movement germany.prussia capital berlin grew power.german universities became worldclass centers science humanities music art flourished.unification germany excluding austria germanspeaking areas switzerland achieved leadership chancellor otto von bismarck formation german empire .
History of Germany	resulted kleindeutsche lösung small germany solution germany without austria rather großdeutsche lösung greater germany solution germany austria.new reichstag elected parliament limited role imperial government.germany joined powers colonial expansion africa pacific.by germany dominant power european continent rapidly expanding industry surpassed britains provoking naval arms race.germany led central powers world war – france united kingdom russia italy united states.defeated partly occupied germany forced pay war reparations treaty versailles stripped colonies well home territory ceded belgium france poland banned uniting germansettled regions austria.
History of Germany	german revolution – put end federal constitutional monarchy resulted establishment weimar republic unstable parliamentary democracy.early worldwide great depression hit germany hard unemployment soared people lost confidence government.january adolf hitler appointed chancellor germany.nazi party quickly established totalitarian regime nazi germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands threatening war met.remilitarization rhineland came annexation austria anschluss germanspeaking regions czechoslovakia munich agreement territory czechoslovakia .
History of Germany	september germany initiated world war ii europe invasion poland.forming pact soviet union hitler stalin divided eastern europe.phoney war spring german forces swiftly conquered denmark norway belgium luxembourg netherlands france forced british army western europe.hitlers army invaded yugoslavia greece soviet union.racism especially antisemitism central feature nazi regime.germany predominantly germanoccupied areas systematic genocide program known holocaust killed million people including million jews representing rd european jewish population poles romanies soviets russian nonrussian people disabilities lgbtq people german dissidents others.
History of Germany	german invasion soviet union faltered united states entered war german cities became targets massive allied bombing raids.estimated german civilians killed million left homeless allied bombing raids.following allied invasion normandy june german army pushed back fronts final collapse may .occupation allies german territories split austria made separate country denazification took place cold war resulted division country democratic west germany communist east germany reduced territory establishment oderneisse line.millions ethnic germans deported prewar eastern germany sudetenland eastern europe.
History of Germany	germans also fled communist areas west germany experienced rapid economic expansion became dominant economy western europe.west germany rearmed auspices nato without access nuclear weapons.francogerman friendship became basis political integration western europe european union.in berlin wall opened eastern bloc collapsed east germany reunited west germany .– germany one founding countries eurozone.germany remains one economic powerhouses europe contributing onequarter eurozones annual gross domestic product.
History of Germany	early germany played critical role trying resolve escalating euro crisis especially concerning greece southern european nations.middle decade country faced european migrant crisis main receiver asylum seekers syria troubled regions.prehistory prehuman ancestors present germany million years ago.discovery homo heidelbergensis mandible affirms archaic human presence germany least years ago.oldest complete set hunting weapons ever found anywhere world excavated coal mine schöningen lower saxony.
History of Germany	eight yearold wooden javelins ....ft length eventually unearthed.in fossilized bones extinct human species salvaged limestone grotto neander valley near düsseldorf north rhinewestphalia.
History of Germany	archaic nature fossils known around years old recognized characteristics published firstever paleoanthropologic species description hermann schaaffhausen.species named homo neanderthalensis – neanderthal man .the remains paleolithic early modern human occupation uncovered documented several caves swabian jura include various mammoth ivory sculptures rank among oldest uncontested works art several flutes made bird bone mammoth ivory confirmed oldest musical instruments ever found.yearold löwenmensch figurine represents oldest uncontested figurative work art yearold venus hohle fels asserted oldest uncontested object human figurative art ever discovered.between years ago northcentral germany part ahrensburg culture named ahrensburg.early cultures first groups early farmers different indigenous huntergatherers migrate europe came population western anatolia beginning neolithic period years ago.central germany one primary areas linear pottery culture c. bc bc partially contemporary ertebølle culture c. bc bc denmark northern germany.afterwards northeastern germany along great parts poland denmark part funnelbeaker culture c. bc bc.the settlers corded ware culture c. bc bc spread fertile plains central europe late neolithic indoeuropean ancestry.
History of Germany	indoeuropeans via massmigration arrived heartland europe around years ago.by late bronze age urnfield culture c. bc bc replaced bell beaker unetice tumulus cultures central europe.hallstatt culture developed urnfield culture predominant western central european culture th th centuries bc early iron age th th centuries bc.people adopted cultural characteristics regarded celts.celts related urnfield culture remains disputed.however celtic cultural centers developed central europe late bronze age circa bc bc.
History of Germany	like heuneburg danube grew become important cultural centres iron age central europe maintained trade routes mediterranean.th century bc greek historian herodotus mentioned celtic city danube pyrene historians attribute heuneburg.beginning around bc germanic peoples southern scandinavia northern germany expanded south gradually replaced celtic peoples central europe.germanic tribes roman conquests migration period early migrations suebi roman republic ethnogenesis germanic tribes remains debated.however author averil cameron obvious steady process occurred nordic bronze age latest preroman iron age.
History of Germany	homes southern scandinavia northern germany tribes began expanding south east west st century bc came contact celtic tribes gaul well iranian baltic slavic cultures centraleastern europe.factual detailed knowledge early history germanic tribes rare.researchers content recordings tribes affairs romans linguistic conclusions archaeological discoveries rather new yet auspicious results archaeogenetic study.midst century bc republican roman statesman julius caesar erected first known bridges across rhine campaign gaul led military contingent across territories local germanic tribes.several days made contact germanic troops retreated inland caesar returned west river.bc suebi tribe chieftain ariovistus conquered lands gallic aedui tribe west rhine.
History of Germany	consequent plans populate region germanic settlers east vehemently opposed caesar already launched ambitious campaign subjugate gaul.julius caesar defeated suebi forces bc battle vosges forced ariovistus retreat across rhine.roman settlement rhine augustus first emperor roman empire considered conquest beyond rhine danube regular foreign policy also necessary counter germanic incursions still rebellious gaul.series forts commercial centers established along two rivers.tribes ubii consequently allied rome readily adopted advanced roman culture.
History of Germany	st century ce roman legions conducted extended campaigns germania magna area north upper danube east rhine attempting subdue various tribes.roman ideas administration imposition taxes legal framework frustrated total absence infrastructure.campaigns germanicus example almost exclusively characterized frequent massacres villagers indiscriminate pillaging.tribes however maintained elusive identities.ad coalition tribes cherusci chieftain arminius familiar roman tactical doctrines defeated sizeable roman force battle teutoburg forest.
History of Germany	consequently rome resolved permanently establish rhinedanube border refrain territorial advance germania.ad frontier along rhine danube limes germanicus firmly established.several germanic tribes lived roman rule south west border described tacituss germania.lands represent modern states badenwürttemberg southern bavaria southern hesse saarland rhineland.austria formed regular provinces noricum raetia.
History of Germany	provinces germania inferior capital situated colonia claudia ara agrippinensium modern cologne germania superior capital mogontiacum modern mainz formally established ad long painful campaigns lasting military control confined lands surrounding rivers.christianity introduced roman controlled western germania well middle ages christian religious structures aula palatina trier built reign constantine r. – ad.migration period decline western roman empire romes third century crisis coincided emergence number large west germanic tribes alamanni franks bavarii chatti saxons frisii sicambri thuringii.rd century germanic speaking peoples began migrate beyond limes danube frontier.several large tribes – visigoths ostrogoths vandals burgundians lombards saxons franks – migrated played part decline roman empire transformation old western roman empire.
History of Germany	end th century huns invaded eastern central europe establishing hunnic empire.event triggered migration period.hunnic hegemony vast territory central eastern europe lasted death attilas son dengizich .another pivotal moment migration period crossing rhine december large group tribes including vandals alans suebi settled permanently within crumbling western roman empire.stem duchies marches stem duchies german stammesherzogtümer germany refer traditional territory various germanic tribes.
History of Germany	concept duchies survived especially areas th century would constitute east francia included duchy bavaria duchy swabia duchy saxony duchy franconia duchy thuringia unlike west county burgundy lorraine middle francia.salian emperors reigned – retained stem duchies major divisions germany became increasingly obsolete early highmedieval period hohenstaufen frederick barbarossa finally abolished favour numerous territorial duchies.successive kings germany founded series border counties marches east north.included lusatia north march would become brandenburg heart future prussia billung march.south marches included carniola styria march austria would become austria.middle ages frankish empire western roman empire fell deposition romulus augustus germanic foederati leader odoacer became first king italy.
History of Germany	afterwards franks like postroman western europeans emerged tribal confederacy middle rhineweser region among territory soon called austrasia eastern land northeastern portion future kingdom merovingian franks.whole austrasia comprised parts presentday france germany belgium luxembourg netherlands.unlike alamanni south swabia absorbed large swaths former roman territory spread west gaul beginning .clovis merovingian dynasty conquered northern gaul battle tolbiac alemanni tribe swabia eventually became duchy swabia.by clovis united frankish tribes ruled gaul proclaimed king franks .clovis unlike germanic rulers time baptized directly roman catholicism instead arianism.
History of Germany	successors would cooperate closely papal missionaries among saint boniface.death clovis four sons partitioned kingdom including austrasia.authority austrasia passed back forth autonomy royal subjugation successive merovingian kings alternately united subdivided frankish lands.during th th centuries merovingian kings conquered thuringii kingdom burgundians principality metz defeated danes saxons visigoths.king chlothar ruled greater part germany undertook military expeditions saxony southeast modern germany remained influence ostrogoths.saxons controlled area northern sea board harz mountains eichsfeld south.the merovingians placed various regions frankish empire control semiautonomous dukes – either franks local rulers followed imperial roman strategic traditions social political integration newly conquered territories.
History of Germany	allowed preserve legal systems conquered germanic tribes pressured abandon arian christian faith.in charles martel waged war saxons support neustrians.son carloman role mayor palace renewed war saxons allied aided duke odilo bavaria.catholic franks controlled vast territory gaul northwestern germany swabia burgundy western switzerland included alpine passes allied curia rome lombards posed permanent threat holy see.pressed liutprand king lombards papal envoy help already sent de facto ruler charles martel victory forces umayyad caliphate battle tours however lasting mutually beneficial alliance would materialize charles death successor duke franks pepin short.in pippin iii mayor palace merovingian king assumed title king anointed church.pope stephen ii bestowed hereditary title patricius romanorum protector rome st. peter response donation pepin guaranteed sovereignty papal states.
History of Germany	charles great ruled franks launched decadeslong military campaign franks heathen rivals saxons avars.campaigns insurrections saxon wars lasted .franks eventually overwhelmed saxons avars forcibly converted people christianity annexed lands carolingian empire.foundation holy roman empire death frankish king pepin short oldest son charlemagne charles great consolidated power expanded kingdom.charlemagne ended years royal lombard rule siege pavia installed king lombards.
History of Germany	loyal frankish nobles replaced old lombard aristocracy following rebellion .next years reign spent ruthlessly strengthening power francia conquest slavs pannonian avars east tribes saxons bavarians.christmas day ad charlemagne crowned imperator romanorum emperor romans rome pope leo iii.fighting among charlemagnes three grandsons continuation custom partible inheritance introduction primogeniture caused carolingian empire partitioned three parts treaty verdun .louis german received eastern portion kingdom east francia lands east rhine river north italy.encompassed territories german stem duchies – franks saxons swabians bavarians – united federation first nonfrankish king henry fowler ruled .
History of Germany	royal court permanently moved series strongholds called kaiserpfalzen developed economic cultural centers.aachen palace played central role local palatine chapel served official site royal coronation ceremonies entire medieval period .otto great otto crowned german king aachen king italy pavia crowned emperor pope john xii rome .tradition german king protector kingdom italy latin church resulted term holy roman empire th century.name identify germany continued used officially extension added nationis germanicæ german nation last imperial coronation rome dissolution .
History of Germany	otto strengthened royal authority reasserting old carolingian rights ecclesiastical appointments.otto wrested nobles powers appointment bishops abbots controlled large land holdings.additionally otto revived old carolingian program appointing missionaries border lands.otto continued support celibacy higher clergy ecclesiastical appointments never became hereditary.granting lands abbots bishops appointed otto actually turned bishops princes empire reichsfürsten.
History of Germany	way otto able establish national church.outside threats kingdom contained decisive defeat hungarian magyars battle lechfeld .slavs elbe oder rivers also subjugated.otto marched rome drove john xii papal throne years controlled election pope setting firm precedent imperial control papacy years come.during reign conrad iis son henry iii empire supported cluniac reforms church peace god prohibition simony purchase clerical offices required celibacy priests.imperial authority pope reached peak.
History of Germany	however rome reacted creation college cardinals pope gregory viis series clerical reforms.pope gregory insisted dictatus papae absolute papal authority appointments ecclesiastical offices.subsequent conflict emperor henry iv compelled submit pope canossa excommunicated came known investiture controversy.temporary reconciliation reached henry v pope concordat worms.conclusion dispute roman church papacy regained supreme control religious affairs.
History of Germany	consequently imperial ottonian church system reichskirche declined.also ended royalimperial tradition appointing selected powerful clerical leaders counter imperial secular princes.between various campaigns crusades holy land took place.knightly religious orders established including knights templar knights st john knights hospitaller teutonic order.the term sacrum imperium holy empire first used officially friedrich words sacrum romanum imperium holy roman empire combined july would never consistently appear official documents onwards.hanseatic league hanseatic league commercial defensive alliance merchant guilds towns cities northern central europe dominated marine trade baltic sea north sea along connected navigable rivers late middle ages th th centuries .affiliated cities retained legal system sovereign exception free imperial cities limited degree political autonomy.
History of Germany	beginning agreement cities lübeck hamburg guilds cooperated order strengthen combine economic assets like securing trading routes tax privileges control prices better protect market local commodities.important centers commerce within empire cologne rhine river bremen north sea joined union resulted greater diplomatic esteem.recognized various regional princes great economic potential favorable charters often exclusive commercial operations granted.zenith alliance maintained trading posts kontors virtually cities london edinburgh west novgorod east bergen norway.late th century powerful league enforced interests military means necessary.
History of Germany	culminated war sovereign kingdom denmark .principal city hanseatic league remained lübeck first general diet held official structure announced.league declined due number factors thcentury crisis territorial lords shifting policies towards greater commercial control silver crisis marginalization wider eurasian trade network among others.eastward expansion ostsiedlung lit.eastern settlement term process largely uncoordinated immigration chartering settlement structures ethnic germans territories already inhabited slavs balts east saale elbe rivers modern poland silesia south bohemia modern hungary romania high middle ages th th century.
History of Germany	primary purpose early imperial military campaigns lands east th th century punish subjugate local heathen tribes.conquered territories mostly lost troops retreated eventually incorporated empire marches fortified borderlands garrisoned troops strongholds castles ensure military control enforce exaction tributes.contemporary sources support idea policies plans organized settlement civilians.emperor lothair ii reestablished feudal sovereignty poland denmark bohemia appointed margraves turn borderlands hereditary fiefs install civilian administration.discernible chronology immigration process took place many individual efforts stages often even encouraged slavic regional lords.however new communities subjected german law customs.
History of Germany	total numbers settlers generally rather low depending held numerical majority populations usually assimilated other.many regions enclaves would persist like hermannstadt founded transylvanian saxons medieval hungarian kingdomtoday romania called geza ii.saxons called part transylvania altland distinguish later immigrant saxon settlements established teutonic orderin catholic monastic order teutonic knights launched prussian crusade.campaign supported forces polish duke konrad masovia initially intended christianize baltic old prussians succeeded primarily conquest large territories.order emboldened imperial approval quickly resolved establish independent state without consent duke konrad.
History of Germany	recognizing papal authority based solid economy order steadily expanded teutonic state following years engaging several land disputes neighbors.permanent conflicts kingdom poland grand duchy lithuania novgorod republic eventually led military defeat containment midth century.last grand master albert brandenburg converted lutheranism turned remaining lands order secular duchy prussia.church state henry v – greatgrandson conrad ii overthrown father henry iv became holy roman emperor .hoping gain greater control church inside empire henry v appointed adalbert saarbrücken powerful archbishop mainz year.
History of Germany	adalbert began assert powers church secular authorities emperor.precipitated crisis yet another chapter longterm investiture controversy.princeelectors turned back hohenstaufen family candidate conrad iii.conrad tried divest rival henry proud two duchies—bavaria saxony—that led war southern germany empire divided two powerful factions.faction welfs guelphs italian supported house welf henry proud ruling dynasty duchy bavaria.
History of Germany	rival faction waiblings ghibellines italian pledged allegiance swabian house hohenstaufen.early period welfs generally maintained ecclesiastical independence papacy political particularism focus ducal interests central imperial authority.waiblings hand championed strict control church strong central imperial government.during reign hohenstaufen emperor frederick barbarossa accommodation reached two factions.duchy bavaria returned henry prouds son henry lion duke saxony represented guelph party.however margraviate austria separated bavaria turned independent duchy austria virtue privilegium minus .having become wealthy trade confident cities northern italy supported pope increasingly opposed barbarossas claim feudal rule honor imperii italy.
History of Germany	cities united lombard league finally defeated barbarossa battle legnano .following year reconciliation reached emperor pope alexander iii treaty venice.peace constance eventually settled italian cities remained loyal empire granted local jurisdiction full regal rights territories.in henry lion outlawed saxony divided bavaria given otto wittelsbach founded wittelsbach dynasty rule bavaria .from empire frederick barbarossa reached cultural peak diet pentecost held mainz marriage son henry milan norman princess constance sicily.power feudal lords undermined appointment ministerials unfree servants emperor officials.chivalry court life flowered expressed scholastic philosophy albertus magnus literature wolfram von eschenbach.between frederick ii established modern professionally administered state base sicily.
History of Germany	resumed conquest italy leading conflict papacy.empire extensive sovereign powers granted ecclesiastical secular princes leading rise independent territorial states.struggle pope sapped empires strength frederick ii excommunicated three times.death hohenstaufen dynasty fell followed interregnum emperor .interregnum came end election small swabian count rudolf habsburg emperor.the failure negotiations emperor louis iv papacy led declaration rhense six princes imperial estate effect election majority electors automatically conferred royal title rule empire without papal confirmation.
History of Germany	result monarch longer subject papal approbation became increasingly dependent favour electors.emperor charles iv luxembourg king bohemia sought restore imperial authority.decree golden bull stipulated future emperors chosen college seven – four secular three clerical – electors.secular electors king bohemia count palatine rhine duke saxony margrave brandenburg clerical electors archbishops mainz trier cologne.between germany almost entire european continent consumed severe outbreak black death pandemic.estimated caused abrupt death europes population led widespread social economic disruption deep religious disaffection fanaticism.
History of Germany	minority groups jews particular blamed singled attacked.consequence many jews fled resettled eastern europe.change reform earlymodern european society gradually developed disasters th century religious obedience political loyalties declined wake great plague schism church prolonged dynastic wars.rise cities emergence new burgher class eroded societal legal economic order feudalism.commercial enterprises mercantile patriciate family fuggers augsburg generated unprecedented financial means.
History of Germany	financiers leading ecclesiastical secular rulers fuggers fundamentally influenced political affairs empire th th century.increasingly money based economy also provoked social discontent among knights peasants predatory robber knights became common.knightly classes traditionally established monopoly warfare military skill.however shift practical mercenary infantry armies militarytechnical advances led marginalization heavy cavalry.from habsburg dynasty acquired control southeastern empire duchy austria bohemia hungary death king louis ii managed permanently occupy position holy roman emperor exception years .however strict policy dynastic rule vast multiethnic territory prevented development concepts patriotism unity among empires territorial rulers national identity france england.during reign maximilian tried reform empire.
History of Germany	imperial supreme court reichskammergericht established imperial taxes levied power imperial diet reichstag increased.reforms however frustrated continued territorial fragmentation empire.towns cities total population estimates german territories range around million end henry iiis reign million friedrich barabarossas rule .vast majority farmers typically state serfdom feudal lords monasteries.towns gradually emerged th century many new cities founded along trading routes near imperial strongholds castles.
History of Germany	towns subjected municipal legal system.cities cologne acquired status imperial free cities longer answerable local landlords bishops immediate subjects emperor enjoyed greater commercial legal liberties.towns ruled council – usually mercantile – elite patricians.craftsmen formed guilds governed strict rules sought obtain control towns open women.society diversified divided sharply demarcated classes clergy physicians merchants various guilds artisans unskilled day labourers peasants.
History of Germany	full citizenship available paupers.political tensions arose issues taxation public spending regulation business market supervision well limits corporate autonomy.colognes central location rhine river placed intersection major trade routes east west basis colognes growth.economic structures medieval early modern cologne characterized citys status major harbor transport hub upon rhine.seat archbishop whose patronage vast cologne cathedral built since .cathedral houses sacred christian relics since become well known pilgrimage destination.
History of Germany	city secured independence archbishop relocated bonn ruled burghers.women early medieval period continuing th century germanic law assigned women subordinate dependent position relative men.salic frankish law laws german lands would based placed women disadvantage regard property inheritance rights.germanic widows required male guardian represent court.unlike anglosaxon law visigothic code salic law barred women royal succession.
History of Germany	social status based military biological roles reality demonstrated rituals associated newborns female infants given lesser value male infants.use physical force wives condoned th century bavarian law.some women means asserted influence middle ages typically royal court convent settings.hildegard bingen gertrude great elisabeth bavaria – argula von grumbach among women pursued independent accomplishments fields diverse medicine music composition religious writing government military politics.learning culture benedictine abbess hildegard von bingen – wrote several influential theological botanical medicinal texts well letters liturgical songs poems arguably oldest surviving morality play ordo virtutum supervising brilliant miniature illuminations.years later walther von der vogelweide c. – c. became celebrated minnesänger middle high german lyric poets.around johannes gutenberg mainz used movable type printing issued gutenberg bible.
History of Germany	global inventor printing press thereby starting printing revolution.cheap printed books pamphlets played central roles spread reformation scientific revolution.around transition th th century albrecht dürer nuremberg established reputation across europe painter printmaker mathematician engraver theorist still twenties secured reputation one important figures northern renaissance.the addition nationis germanicæ german nation emperors title appeared first th century law decreed frederick iii reference imperial diet cologne maximilian i. emperors lost influence italy burgundy.heilbronn reform plan – advanced document german peasants war deutscher bauernkrieg – referred reich von teutscher nation german nation.early modern germany see list states holy roman empire subdivisions political structure protestant reformation order manage ever growing expenses renaissance popes th early th century promoted excessive sale indulgences offices titles roman curia.in monk martin luther published pamphlet theses posted town square wittenberg handed copies feudal lords.whether nailed church door wittenberg remains unclear.
History of Germany	list detailed assertions argued represented corrupt practice christian faith misconduct within catholic church.although perhaps luthers chief concern received popular support condemnation sale indulgences clerical offices popes higher clergys abuse power doubts idea institution church papacy.the protestant reformation first successful challenge catholic church began luther outlawed diet worms refusal repent.ideas reformation spread rapidly new technology modern printing press ensured cheap mass copies distribution theses helped emperor charles vs wars france turks.hiding wartburg castle luther translated bible german thereby greatly contributing establishment modern german language.highlighted fact luther spoke local dialect minor importance time.
History of Germany	publication bible dialect suppressed others constitutes great extent modern german.protestation lutheran princes imperial diet speyer acceptance adoption lutheran augsburg confession lutheran princes beginning separate lutheran church established.the german peasants war began southwest alsace swabia spread east franconia thuringia austria series economic religious revolts rural lower classes encouraged rhetoric various radical religious reformers anabaptists ruling feudal lords.although occasionally assisted warexperienced noblemen like götz von berlichingen florian geyer franconia theologian thomas müntzer thuringia peasant forces lacked military structure skill logistics equipment many insurgents eventually defeated massacred territorial princes.the catholic counterreformation initiated council trent spearheaded scholarly religious jesuit order founded five years prior several clerics around ignatius loyola.intent challenge contain protestant reformation via apologetic polemical writings decrees ecclesiastical reconfiguration wars imperial political maneuverings.emperor charles v defeated schmalkaldic league military alliance protestant rulers.
History of Germany	peace augsburg decreed recognition lutheran faith religious division empire.also stipulated rulers right determine official confession principality cuius regio eius religio.counterreformation eventually failed reintegrate central northern german lutheran states.protestant union catholic league formed.thirty years war – thirty years war took place almost exclusively holy roman empire origins remain widely debated unsolved recurring conflicts catholic protestant factions.
History of Germany	catholic emperor ferdinand ii attempted achieve religious political unity empire opposing protestant union forces determined defend religious rights.religious motive served universal justification various territorial foreign princes course several stages joined either two warring parties order gain land power.the conflict sparked revolt protestant nobility bohemia emperor matthias succession policies.imperial triumph battle white mountain shortlived peace war grew become political european conflict intervention king christian iv denmark gustavus adolphus sweden france cardinal richelieu .conflict increasingly evolved struggle french house bourbon house habsburg predominance europe central german territories empire served battleground.the war ranks among catastrophic history three decades constant warfare destruction left land devastated.marauding armies incessantly pillaged countryside seized levied heavy taxes cities indiscriminately plundered food stocks peasantry.
History of Germany	also countless bands murderous outlaws sick homeless disrupted people invalid soldiery.overall social economic disruption caused dramatic decline population result pandemic murder random rape killings endemic infectious diseases crop failures famine declining birth rates wanton burglary witchhunts emigration terrified people.estimates vary drop million people million mere drop million million.altmark württemberg regions especially hard hit took generations fully recover.the war last major religious struggle mainland europe ended peace westphalia.resulted increased autonomy constituent states holy roman empire limiting power emperor.
History of Germany	alsace ceded france western pomerania bremenverden given sweden imperial fiefs netherlands officially left empire.culture literacy population germany reached twenty million people midth century great majority peasant farmers.the protestant reformation triumph literacy new printing press.luthers translation bible german decisive impulse increase literacy stimulated printing distribution religious books pamphlets.onward religious pamphlets flooded germany much europe.reformation instigated media revolution individual works published total ten million copies.
History of Germany	luther strengthened attacks rome depicting good bad church.soon became clear print could used propaganda reformation particular agendas.reform writers used prereformation styles clichés stereotypes changed items needed purposes.especially effective luthers small catechism use parents teaching children larger catechism pastors.using german vernacular expressed apostles creed simpler personal trinitarian language.
History of Germany	illustrations newly translated bible many tracts popularized luthers ideas.lucas cranach elder – great painter patronized electors wittenberg close friend luther illustrated luthers theology popular audience.dramatized luthers views relationship old new testaments remaining mindful luthers careful distinctions proper improper uses visual imagery.luthers german translation bible also decisive german language evolution early new high german modern standard.bible promoted development nonlocal forms language exposed speakers forms german outside area.science german astronomical community played modest role early modern period.
History of Germany	astronomer johannes kepler weil der stadt one pioneering minds empirical rational research.rigorous application principles scientific method construed laws planetary motion.ideas influenced contemporary italian scientist galileo galilei provided fundamental mechanical principles isaac newtons theory universal gravitation.– rise prussia frederick william ruler brandenburgprussia since later called great elector acquired east pomerania via peace westphalia .reorganized loose scattered territories managed throw vassalage prussia kingdom poland second northern war.
History of Germany	order address demographic problem prussias largely rural population three million attracted immigration settlement french huguenots urban areas.many became craftsmen entrepreneurs.king frederick william known soldier king reigned established structures highly centralized prussian state raised professional army play central role.the total population germany territorial extent grew million million reached million .thcentury economy noticeably profited widespread practical application scientific method greater yields reliable agricultural production introduction hygienic standards positively affected birth rate – death rate balance.wars louis xiv france waged series successful wars order extend french territory.
History of Germany	conquered alsace lorraine – included free imperial city straßburg invaded electorate palatinate – war grand alliance.louis established number courts whose sole function reinterpret historic decrees treaties treaties nijmegen peace westphalia particular favor policies conquest.considered conclusions courts chambres de réunion sufficient justification boundless annexations.louis forces operated inside holy roman empire largely unopposed available imperial contingents fought austria great turkish war.grand alliance took arms france countered military advances louis.
History of Germany	conflict ended parties agreed peace talks either side realized total victory financially unattainable.treaty ryswick provided return electorate palatinate empire.after lastminute relief vienna siege imminent seizure turkish force combined troops holy league founded following year embarked military containment ottoman empire reconquered hungary .papal states holy roman empire polish–lithuanian commonwealth republic venice since russia joined league leadership pope innocent xi.prince eugene savoy served emperor leopold took supreme command decisively defeated ottomans series spectacular battles andmanoeuvres.treaty karlowitz marked end great turkish war prince eugene continued service habsburg monarchy president war council.
History of Germany	effectively ended turkish rule territorial states balkans austroturkish war –.treaty passarowitz left austria freely establish royal domains serbia banat maintain hegemony southeast europe future austrian empire based.enlightened absolutism frederick ii great best known military genius unique utilisation highly organized army make prussia one great powers europe well escaping almost certain national disaster last minute.however also artist author philosopher conceived promoted concept enlightened absolutism.thcentury historians created romantic image glorified warrior accomplished leader served heroic role model aggressive germany militarism beyond.austrian empress maria theresa succeeded bringing favorable conclusion war recognition succession throne.
History of Germany	however silesia permanently lost prussia consequence silesian wars seven years war.treaty hubertusburg ruled austria saxony relinquish claims silesia.prussia nearly doubled territory eventually recognized great european power consequence politics following century fundamentally influenced german dualism rivalry austria prussia supremacy central europe.the concept enlightened absolutism although rejected nobility citizenry advocated prussia austria implemented since .prussian king frederick ii defended idea essay argued benevolent monarch simply first servant state effects absolute political power benefit population whole.number legal reforms e.g.
History of Germany	abolition torture emancipation rural population jews reorganization prussian academy sciences introduction compulsory education boys girls promotion religious tolerance among others caused rapid social economic development.during prussia instigated partitions poland occupying western territories former polish–lithuanian commonwealth.austria russia resolved acquire remaining lands effect poland ceased exist sovereign state .smaller states completely overshadowed prussia austria according historian hajo holborn smaller german states generally characterized political lethargy administrative inefficiency often compounded rulers concerned mistresses hunting dogs affairs state.bavaria especially unfortunate regard rural land heavy debts growth centers.saxony economically good shape although government seriously mismanaged numerous wars taken toll.
History of Germany	time prussia rose rapidly within germany saxony distracted foreign affairs.house wettin concentrated acquiring holding polish throne ultimately unsuccessful.württemberg duke lavished funds palaces mistresses great celebration hunting expeditions.many smaller states germany run bishops reality powerful noble families showed scant interest religion.none later ecclesial rulers reached outstanding reputation mainz johann philipp von schönborn münsters christoph bernhard von galen promoted enlightenment like benevolent progressive franz ludwig von erthal würzburg bamberg.in hessekassel landgrave frederick ii ruled – enlightened despot raised money renting soldiers called hessians great britain help fight american revolutionary war.combined enlightenment ideas christian values cameralist plans central control economy militaristic approach toward diplomacy.hanover support lavish court—its rulers also kings england resided london.
History of Germany	george iii elector ruler never visited hanover.local nobility ran country opened university göttingen soon became worldclass intellectual center.baden sported perhaps best government smaller states.karl friedrich ruled well years – enthusiast enlightenment abolished serfdom .the smaller states failed form coalitions eventually overwhelmed prussia.prussia swallowed many smaller states minimal protest went found german empire.
History of Germany	process prussia became heterogeneous lost identity become administrative shell little importance.nobility nobility represented first estate typical early modern kingdom christian europe germany exception.empires pluralistic character also applied nobility greatly varied power wealth ideas ambition loyalty education.however existed distinction imperial nobility direct vassals emperor territorial nobility received fief territorial princes.many impoverished standard life culture declined since end medieval period.
History of Germany	ever complex economy struggled compete patricians merchants cities.thirty years war marked reversal fortunes noblemen seized initiative understood requirements higher education lucrative position postwar territorial administration.prussian lands east elbe river system manorial jurisdiction guaranteed near universal legal power economic freedom local lords called junkers dominated localities also prussian court especially prussian army.increasingly centralized prussian government based berlin took powers nobles terms control peasantry almost absolute.help nobility avoid indebtedness berlin set credit institution provide capital loans extended loan network peasants .
History of Germany	german empire established junker nobility controlled army navy bureaucracy royal court generally set governmental policies.peasants rural life peasants continued center lives village members corporate body help manage community resources monitor community life.east serfs bound permanently parcels land.germany farming handled tenant farmers paid rents obligatory services landlord typically nobleman.peasant leaders supervised fields ditches grazing rights maintained public order morals supported village court handled minor offenses.
History of Germany	inside family patriarch made decisions tried arrange advantageous marriages children.much villages communal life centered around church services holy days.prussia peasants drew lots choose conscripts required army.noblemen handled external relationships politics villages control typically involved daily activities decisions.the emancipation serfs came – beginning schleswig .peasants exserfs could land buy sell move freely.
History of Germany	nobles approved could buy land owned peasants.chief reformer baron vom stein – influenced enlightenment especially free market ideas adam smith.end serfdom raised personal legal status peasantry.bank set landowners could borrow government money buy land peasants peasants allowed use borrow money buy land .result large landowners obtained larger estates many peasants became landless tenants moved cities america.
History of Germany	german states imitated prussia .sharp contrast violence characterized land reform french revolution germany handled peacefully.schleswig peasants influenced enlightenment played active role elsewhere largely passive.indeed peasants customs traditions continued largely unchanged including old habits deference nobles whose legal authority remained quite strong villagers.although peasants longer tied land serfs old paternalistic relationship east prussia lasted th century.the agrarian reforms northwestern germany era – driven progressive governments local elites.
History of Germany	abolished feudal obligations divided collectively owned common land private parcels thus created efficient marketoriented rural economy increased productivity population growth strengthened traditional social order wealthy peasants obtained former common land rural proletariat left without land many left cities america.meanwhile division common land served buffer preserving social peace nobles peasants.east serfs emancipated junker class maintained large estates monopolized political power.around catholic monasteries large land holdings nationalized sold government.bavaria controlled land.bourgeois values spread rural germany major social change occurring depending region end traditional whole house ganzes haus system owners family lived together one large building servants craftsmen employed.
History of Germany	reorganized separate living arrangements.longer owners wife take charge females different families whole house.new system farm owners became professionalized profitoriented.managed fields household exterior according dictates technology science economics.farm wives supervised family care household interior strict standards cleanliness order thrift applied.
History of Germany	result spread formerly urban bourgeois values rural germany.the lesser families living separately wages.provide supervision health schooling oldage.time demographic transition far fewer children allowing much greater attention child.increasingly middleclass family valued privacy inward direction shedding tooclose links world work.furthermore working classes middle classes upper classes became physically psychologically politically separate.
History of Germany	allowed emergence workingclass organizations.also allowed declining religiosity among workingclass longer monitored daily basis.enlightenment since midth century recognition application enlightenment ideas higher cultural intellectual spiritual standards led higher quality works art music philosophy science literature.philosopher christian wolff – pioneering author near universal number enlightenment rationality topics germany established german language philosophic reasoning scholarly instruction research.in margrave frederick william prussia issued edict potsdam within week french king louis xivs edict fontainebleau decreed abolishment concession free religious practice protestants.frederick william offered coreligionists oppressed assailed sake holy gospel pure doctrine...a secure free refuge lands.
History of Germany	around huguenot refugees arrived immediate wave settled cities berlin ducal residence alone.french lyceum berlin established french language end th century replaced latin spoken universally international diplomacy.nobility educated middleclass prussia various german states increasingly used french language public conversation combination universal cultivated manners.like german state prussia access skill set application paneuropean enlightenment ideas develop rational political administrative institutions.princes saxony carried comprehensive series fundamental fiscal administrative judicial educational cultural general economic reforms.
History of Germany	reforms aided countrys strong urban structure influential commercial groups modernized pre saxony along lines classic enlightenment principles.johann gottfried von herder – broke new ground philosophy poetry leader sturm und drang movement protoromanticism.weimar classicism weimarer klassik cultural literary movement based weimar sought establish new humanism synthesizing romantic classical enlightenment ideas.movement involved herder well polymath johann wolfgang von goethe – friedrich schiller – poet historian.herder argued every folk particular identity expressed language culture.legitimized promotion german language culture helped shape development german nationalism.
History of Germany	schillers plays expressed restless spirit generation depicting heros struggle social pressures force destiny.german music sponsored upper classes came age composers johann sebastian bach – joseph haydn – wolfgang amadeus mozart –.königsberg philosopher immanuel kant – tried reconcile rationalism religious belief individual freedom political authority.kants work contained basic tensions would continue shape german thought – indeed european philosophy – well th century.ideas enlightenment implementation received general approval recognition principal cause widespread cultural progress.women th century young women lived economic disciplinary authority fathers married passed control husbands.order secure satisfactory marriage woman needed bring substantial dowry.
History of Germany	wealthier families daughters received dowry families whereas poorer women needed work order save wages improve chances wed. german laws women property rights dowries inheritances valuable benefit high mortality rates resulted successive marriages.majority women lived confined societys private sphere home.the age reason bring much women men including enlightenment aficionados believed women naturally destined principally wives mothers.within educated classes belief women needed sufficiently educated intelligent agreeable interlocutors husbands.however lowerclass women expected economically productive order help husbands make ends meet.french revolution – german reaction french revolution mixed first.
History of Germany	german intellectuals celebrated outbreak hoping see triumph reason enlightenment.royal courts vienna berlin denounced overthrow king threatened spread notions liberty equality fraternity.execution french king onset terror disillusioned bildungsbürgertum educated middle classes.reformers said solution faith ability germans reform laws institutions peaceful fashion.europe racked two decades war revolving around frances efforts spread revolutionary ideals opposition reactionary royalty.war broke austria prussia invaded france defeated battle valmy .

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