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England in the Middle Ages	waterpowered fulling mills powered hammers first appeared th century water power harnessed assist smelting th century first blast furnace opening .new mining methods developed horsepowered pumps installed english mines end middle ages.introduction hopped beer transformed brewing industry th century new techniques invented better preserve fish.glazed pottery became widespread th th centuries stoneware pots largely replacing wooden plates bowls th century.william caxton wynkyn de worde began using printing press late th century.
England in the Middle Ages	transport links also improved many road bridges either erected rebuilt stone long economic boom th th centuries.englands maritime trade benefited introduction cog ships many docks improved fitted cranes first time.warfare armies warfare endemic early anglosaxon england major conflicts still occurred approximately every generation later period.groups wellarmed noblemen households formed heart armies supported larger numbers temporary troops levied across kingdom called fyrd.th century armies men could called campaigns another men available guard urban defences.
England in the Middle Ages	common weapon spear swords used wealthier nobles cavalry probably less common wider europe anglosaxons fight horseback.viking attacks england th century led developments tactics including use shield walls battle scandinavian seizure power th century introduced housecarls form elite household soldier protected king.anglonorman warfare characterised attritional military campaigns commanders tried raid enemy lands seize castles order allow take control adversaries territory ultimately winning slow strategic victories.pitched battles occasionally fought armies considered risky engagements usually avoided prudent commanders.armies period comprised bodies mounted armoured knights supported infantry.crossbowmen become numerous th century alongside older shortbow.
England in the Middle Ages	heart armies familia regis permanent military household king supported war feudal levies drawn local nobles limited period service campaign.mercenaries increasingly employed driving cost warfare considerably adequate supplies ready cash became essential success campaigns.in late th century edward expanded familia regis become small standing army forming core much larger armies strong largely comprising foot soldiers campaigns scotland france.time edward iii armies smaller size troops typically better equipped uniformed archers carried longbow potentially devastating weapon.cannons first used english forces battles crécy .soldiers began contracted specific campaigns practice may hastened development armies retainers grew bastard feudalism.
England in the Middle Ages	late th century however english armies somewhat backward wider european standards wars roses fought inexperienced soldiers often outdated weapons allowing european forces intervened conflict decisive effect outcomes battles.navies first references english navy occur chroniclers described wessex ships defeating viking fleet.early fleets limited size grew size th century allowing power wessex projected across irish sea english channel cnuts fleet many vessels edward confessor could muster ships.ships manned sailors called lithesmen bustsecarls probably drawn coastal towns vessels mobilised part national levy manned regular crews.naval forces played important role rest middle ages enabling transportation troops supplies raids hostile territory attacks enemy fleets.
England in the Middle Ages	english naval power became particularly important loss normandy turned english channel friendly transit route contested critical border region.english fleets th th centuries typically comprised specialist vessels galleys large transport ships pressed merchant vessels conscripted action latter increasingly included cogs new form sailing ship.battles might fought one fleet found another anchor english victory sluys open waters coast winchelsea raiding campaigns french attacks south england could cause devastation towns never fully recovered.fortifications many fortifications built romans england survived middle ages including walls surrounding military forts cities.defences often reused unstable postroman period.
England in the Middle Ages	anglosaxon kings undertook significant planned urban expansion th th centuries creating burhs often protected earth wood ramparts.burh walls sometimes utilised older roman fortifications practical reasons bolster owners reputations symbolism former roman power.although small number castles built england conquest normans began build timber motte bailey ringwork castles large numbers control newly occupied territories.th century normans began build castles stone characteristic square keeps supported military political functions.royal castles used control key towns forests whilst baronial castles used norman lords control widespread estates feudal system called castleguard sometimes used provide garrisons.castles sieges continued grow military sophistication th century th century new defensive town walls constructed across england.by th century castles combining defences luxurious sophisticated living arrangements landscaped gardens parks.
England in the Middle Ages	early gunpowder weapons used defend castles end th century gunports became essential feature fashionable castle.economics maintaining castles meant many left decline abandoned contrast small number castles developed wealthy palaces hosted lavish feasts celebrations amid elaborate architecture.smaller defensible structures called tower houses emerged north england protect scottish threat.late medieval period town walls increasingly less military character often expressions civic pride part urban governance many grand gatehouses built th th centuries purposes.arts art medieval england produced art form paintings carvings books fabrics many functional beautiful objects.
England in the Middle Ages	wide range materials used including gold glass ivory art usually drawing overt attention materials utilised designs.anglosaxon artists created carved ivories illuminated manuscripts embroidered cloths crosses stone sculpture although relatively survived modern period.produced wide range metalwork frequently using gold garnets brooches buckles sword hilts drinking horns particularly favoured designs.early designs found sutton hoo burial used zoomorphic style heavily influenced german fashions animal shapes distorted flowing shapes positioned alongside geometric patterns.th century onwards naturalistic designs became popular showing plasticity form incorporating animals people designs.
England in the Middle Ages	th century carolingian styles inspired classical imagery began enter continent becoming widely used reformed benedictine monasteries across south east england.the norman conquest introduced northern french artistic styles particular illuminated manuscripts murals reduced demand carvings.artistic areas including embroidery anglosaxon influence remained evident th century famous bayeux tapestry example older styles reemployed new regime.stained glass became distinctive form english art later medieval period although coloured glass works almost entirely imported europe.little early stained glass england survived typically ornamental educational function later works also commemorated sponsors windows designs.english tapestry making embroidery early th century especially high quality works produced nuns london professionals exported across europe becoming known opus anglicanum.
England in the Middle Ages	english illuminated books queen mary psalter also famous period featuring rich decoration combination grotesque natural figures rich colours.quality illuminated art england declined significantly face competition flanders th century later english illuminated medieval pieces generally imitated flemish styles.literature drama music anglosaxons produced extensive poetry old english written early th century although surviving poems compiled th early th century.beowulf probably written typical poems portraying vivid heroic tale ending protagonists death hands dragon still showing signs new christian influences england.old english also used academic courtly writing th century onwards including translations popular foreign works including pastoral care.poetry stories written french popular norman conquest th century works english history began produced french verse.
England in the Middle Ages	romantic poems tournaments courtly love became popular paris fashion spread england form lays stories court king arthur also fashionable due part interest henry ii.english continued used modest scale write local religious works poems north england major works produced latin french.reign richard ii upsurge use middle english poetry sometimes termed ricardian poetry although works still emulated french fashions.work geoffrey chaucer onwards however culminating influential canterbury tales uniquely english style.major pieces courtly poetry continued produced th century chauchers disciples thomas malory compiled older arthurian tales produce le morte darthur.music singing important england medieval period used religious ceremonies court occasions accompany theatrical works.
England in the Middle Ages	singing techniques called gymel introduced england th century accompanied instruments guitar harp pipes organ.henry iv sponsored extensive range music england son henry v brought back many influences occupied france.carols became important form music th century originally song sung dance prominent refrain — th century form lost dancing introduced strong religious overtones.ballads also popular late th century onwards including ballad chevy chase others describing activities robin hood.miracle plays performed communicate bible various locations.
England in the Middle Ages	late th century extended vernacular mystery plays performed annually several days broken various cycles plays handful survived st century.guilds competed produce best plays town performances often expression civic identity.architecture century collapse romanobritish economy substantial buildings constructed many villas towns abandoned.new long roundhouses constructed settlements others timber buildings built imitating older roman styles.germanic immigrants constructed small rectangular buildings wood occasionally grander halls.
England in the Middle Ages	however conversion christianity th th centuries reintroduced italian french masons craftsmen built stone churches low height following narrow rectangular plan plastered inside fitted glass colourful vestments.romanesque style developed throughout period featuring characteristic circular arches.th th centuries much larger churches monastery buildings built featuring square circular towers contemporary european fashion.palaces constructed nobility centred great timber halls manor houses began appear rural areas.the normans brought architectural styles duchy austere stone churches preferred.early norman kings style adapted produce large plain cathedrals ribbed vaulting.
England in the Middle Ages	th century anglonorman style became richer ornate pointed arches derived french architecture replacing curved romanesque designs style termed early english gothic continued variation throughout rest middle ages.early th century perpendicular gothic style created england emphasis verticality immense windows soaring arcades.fine timber roofs variety styles particular hammerbeam built many english buildings.th century architectural focus turned away cathedrals monasteries favour parish churches often decorated richly carved woodwork turn churches influenced design new chantry chapels existing cathedrals.meanwhile domestic architecture continued develop normans first occupied older anglosaxon dwellings rapidly beginning build larger buildings stone timber.elite preferred houses large groundfloor halls less wealthy constructed simpler houses halls first floor master servants frequently lived spaces.
England in the Middle Ages	wealthier townhouses also built using stone incorporated business domestic arrangements single functional design.th century grander houses castles sophisticated affairs expensively tiled often featuring murals glass windows buildings often designed set apartments allow greater privacy.fashionable brick began used parts country copying french tastes.architecture emulated older defensive designs remained popular.less known houses peasants period although many peasants appear lived relatively substantial timberframed longhouses quality houses improved prosperous years following black death often built professional craftsmen.
England in the Middle Ages	legacy historiography first history medieval england written bede th century many accounts contemporary ancient history followed usually termed chronicles.th century first academic histories began written typically drawing primarily chroniclers interpreting light current political concerns.edward gibbons thcentury writings influential presenting medieval period dark age glories rome rebirth civilisation early modern period.late victorian historians continued use chroniclers sources also deployed documents domesday book magna carta alongside newly discovered financial legal commercial records.produced progressive account political economic development england.
England in the Middle Ages	growth british empire spurred interest various periods english hegemony middle ages including angevin empire hundred years war.by older historical analyses challenged range neopositivist marxist econometric approaches supported widening body documentary archaeological scientific evidence.marxist neomarxist analyses continued popular postwar years producing seminal works economic issues social protests.postmodern analysis became influential focusing identity gender interpretation culture.many studies focused particular regions groups drawing new records new scientific approaches including landscape environmental archaeology.fresh archaeological finds staffordshire hoard continue challenge previous interpretations historical studies england middle ages never diverse early st century.
England in the Middle Ages	popular representations period also used wide range popular culture.william shakespeares plays lives medieval kings proved long lasting appeal heavily influencing popular interpretations histories figures king john henry v. playwrights since taken key medieval events death thomas becket used draw contemporary themes issues.medieval mystery plays continue enacted key english towns cities.filmmakers drawn extensively medieval period often taking themes shakespeare robin hood ballads inspiration.historical fiction set england middle ages remains persistently popular seeing particular growth historical detective fiction.
Dundalk F.C.	period also inspired fantasy writers including j. r. r. tolkiens stories middleearth.english medieval music revived choral musical groups attempting authentically reproduce original sounds.medieval living history events first held th early th centuries period inspired considerable community historical reenactors part englands growing heritage industry.notes references bibliography surveys kings architecture castles churches landscape specialized studies historiographydundalk compete league ireland premier division—the top tier football republic ireland—and highestranked irish side european football measured uefa club coefficients.second successful club leagues history league titles fai cups successful premier division era.the club founded dundalk g.n.r.—the worksteam great northern railway.played junior competitions – joined leinster senior league.four seasons division elected league ireland –.became first club outside dublin win league title – fai cup first time –.
Dundalk F.C.	recent league title recent fai cup .dundalk made european debut – european cup league champions became first irish side win away match europe season.best performance european cup came reached last –.also reached last – european cup winners cup.qualified twice europa league group stage became first team ireland win points win match level european competition –.– uefa europa conference league th european campaign.the club adopted crest white playing shirts .
Dundalk F.C.	crest based towns old corporation seal.current team colours white shirts black shorts introduced .moved present home ground oriel park mostly played athletic grounds town centre that.history dundalk g.n.r.– dundalk great northern railway g.n.r.
Dundalk F.C.	football club established – season rugby football club.played final rugby match february september club switched codes association football setting motion journey become modernday dundalk f.c.new club known locally railwaymen adopted dundalk athletic grounds facility near town centre shared several sporting codes home ground.played challenge matches first became founder members first dundalk district league ddl formed .records club active – – rejoined local league – final season outbreak world war i.the ddl dormant war g.n.r.
Dundalk F.C.	club entered irish junior cup leinster junior cup competitions – – –.exiting irish junior cup january club appears inactive following two seasons.reformed – affiliated leinster football association joined revived ddl newry district league.g.n.r.spent three seasons ddl winning twice also qualified represent district junior cup competitions season.
Dundalk F.C.	reached first knockout competition final leinster junior cup final lost avonmore two replays.looking progress elected leinster senior league – replace sides promoted nascent free state league.played four seasons division elected free state league june replace dublin club pioneers national league looked spread provinces.on august travelled cork face fordsons league debut eventually finishing eighth – season.stage team represented g.n.r.works name clubs management committee decided make independent company.new colours white shirts blue shorts crest towns coat arms adopted december .
Dundalk F.C.	contested first final senior club april leinster senior cup final lost replay.last time club billed appear dundalk g.n.r.name club formally changed dundalk a.f.c.summer .works teams dundalk g.n.r.
Dundalk F.C.	joined league ireland one four worksteams team league—the others jacobs st. jamess gate fordsons.another railway worksteam—midland athletic midland great western railway—had competed two seasons resigned company went merger.– dundalk remained.another club transport sponsored cié joined – failed reelected – leaving dundalk surviving club worksteam roots.works became dundalk engineering works ltd demise g.n.r.i company .
Dundalk F.C.	first successes – new manager steve wright everything except selling programmes dundalk finished runnersup league fai cup –.proof could compete national level gave management committee confidence press ahead club converted membershipbased limited company— dundalk a.f.c.limited —on january .became first team outside dublin win league title – sealing title dalymount park first victory bohemians.title win meant become first team outside dublin belfast win league title ireland since inception original irish league .
Dundalk F.C.	hoping improve gate receipts revenue clubs management committee decided move athletic grounds ground .secured land carrick road owned p.j.casey former committee member named oriel park.after winning league title runnersup eight times across five main competitions league shield fai cup dublin city cup leinster senior cup winning – city cup—their first cup final victory.first fai cup—in fourth appearance final—with victory cork united dalymount park .five weeks later inaugural dublin belfast intercity cup become unofficially champions ireland.
Dundalk F.C.	following september new season city cup second time.during mids management committee relied player sales english clubs bankroll club gate receipts alone meet running costs.missing league city cup point – committee decided invest surplus transfer dealings playercoach ned weir number professional players scotland attempt attract larger attendances win trophies beyond reach.investment paid city cup third time start new season topping new league format unbeaten clubs second fai cup victory shelbourne final.new team fell short shield league despite cup double improved gate receipts additional income enough cover increase costs.struggles recovery – attempt maintain fulltime squad hadnt paid cupwinning team broken up.
Dundalk F.C.	surplus transfer dealings prevented serious financial crisis arising despite turnover players dundalk finally leinster senior cup first time – five previous defeats final victory st. patricks athletic.cutbacks started impact finished second bottom league table following season.went memorable fai cup run however coming – waterford semifinal replay win – extra time defeated cork athletic fai cup final also replay win cup third time.midway – season club secretary sam prole left take drumcondra.prole great northern railway employee played dundalk g.n.r.junior football secretary years.
Dundalk F.C.	responsible clubs transfer activities player sales tailed departure.subsequent drop income obliged club focus controlling costs finished last two seasons left.continued struggle rest decade contrast league form fourth fai cup – victory shamrock rovers final.having challenged league shield ended decade top league table.although subsequently fell short winning title led optimism lean years coming end.second leinster senior cup – first league title years followed –.
Dundalk F.C.	success meant entered european competition first time became first irish side win away leg european tie beating fc zurich – – aggregate defeat – european cup.dundalk couldnt manage retain title season finishing runnersup also runnersup shield.win seasonend top four cup first time.takeover rise fall – poor – followed clubs management committee decided time hire modernstyle manager sole responsibility recruitment player selection first time.appointed gerry doyle associated shelbourne career player coach.
Dundalk F.C.	new season saw little improvement however losses mounting investment oriel park needed became clear early – season membershipbased ownership model could provide financial support required take club forward.new public limited company took january voluntary liquidation old company.the new board invested heavily oriel park squad ahead – season signed new playercoach alan fox bradford city.payoff immediate.dundalk finally first league ireland shield charged league title winning seven points seal clubs league shield double.seasons top four cup complete clubs first treble.the following season oriel park hosted european football first time newly installed floodlights visit vasas sc hungary.
Dundalk F.C.	fox fell clubs board trip budapest return leg released following march despite side set retain title.dublin city cup – final success club.subsequently finished runnersup league qualifying – fairs cup european tie first time victory dos utrecht.fourthplace league season another city cup remnants foxs team could achieve.future ireland manager liam tuohy took summer also joined board result managerial experience dundalk entered new decade top league table.tuohy obliged thin squad cut wage bill scale debts still hanging club redevelopment oriel park could build side able sustain title challenge.
Dundalk F.C.	– shield success would high point reign quit end season criticising lack local support process.trophy club – leinster senior cup.dundalk sell release number players survive tuohy left slid table—with young inexperienced team finishing second bottom –.recover situation new board took running club hired english playermanager john smith walsall.renegotiating clubs debts able provide smith funds sign several players.fast start new season leinster senior cup final win bohemians subsequently fell away smith quit two matches – league schedule job outside football.
Dundalk F.C.	following departure club appointed jim mclaughlin playermanager november .trophyladen era – mclaughlin dundalk recovered reached new level success.despite stillmeagre playing budget first league title clubs fourth – losing one match process brought european football back town first time since .following seasons european cup met psv eindhoven deemed unlucky draw first leg home.match started unbeaten run europe oriel park eight matches following five seasons.
Dundalk F.C.	ended season winning leinster senior cup week later clubs first fai cup since defeated limerick united final.league form mixed two seasons following title despite winning first league cup retaining leinster cup poor end – season led rumours mclaughlin would let go.club supported reorganisation demanded however used funds sale three players liverpool invest squad make ground improvements oriel.second league title followed – went defeat waterford cup final thereby completing clubs first league cup double.double winning sides – european cup run following season narrowly missed qualifying quarterfinals going – aggregate celtic clubs best european performance .they finished runnersup league next two seasons achieved domestic cup double –—winning league cup fai cup.mclaughlins third final league title club arrived – early season point gap bohemians overhauled.
Dundalk F.C.	trophyless – season saw dundalk slip third place league table behind louth rivals drogheda united signalled team entering transition period.mclaughlin resigned may saying needed change.after two seasons ended midtable former player turlough oconnor appointed ahead leagues split two divisions –.oconnor quickly built squad capable challenging honours following eight seasons sides consistently finished top four.league cup final finished runnersup league fai cup—qualifying europe first time five years.following season started visit cup winners cup holders ajax amsterdam ended clubs second league cup double—with title last day season fai cup victory derry city.oconnor second league cup – another league title followed – end season winner takes match turners cross cork city.
Dundalk F.C.	dundalk spurned opportunity progress european cup – draw away honved followed – home defeat.attendances started drop noticeably – new english premier league broadcast live bskyb growing popularity.end season board facing financial issues threatened clubs survival—a healthy surplus become serious deficit income falling due lowest gate receipts memory.– season started mixed results good away victories followed defeats home home defeat monaghan united oconnor resigned.he replaced another former player dermot keely.older players released thin squad struggled—missing top six roundrobin decided title.
Dundalk F.C.	played final third season meaningless bottom six roundrobin front tiny crowds contributed worsening financial position.early following season financial issues came head number local businessmen formed new interim company take club saving bankruptcy.despite problems squad still lacking depth keely led team ninth league title dramatic final day.defeated galway united home players supporters waiting pitch hear results shelbournes derry citys respective matches news filtered failed win confirming dundalk champions.decline upheaval – – title halt overall decline keely see title defence quitting midway – season—reportedly frustrated unable strengthen squad.
Dundalk F.C.	sank table survive promotionrelegation playoff –.board turned jim mclaughlin try turn things around early – season revealed club serious financial trouble whole squad transfer listed.end season collapse saw club drop toptier first time relegation confirmed years day first double.plans supporters coop take club led optimism initial expectations immediate return topflight.dundalk became embroiled losing battle leagues hierarchy kilkenny city reached high court latter playing improperly registered player.following season coop invested heavily playing squad new manager martin murray promoted – first division champions.
Dundalk F.C.	although seemingly wellplaced return topflight relegated following season league reduced teams .despite setback clubs ninth fai cup week later victory bohemians final.after relegated dundalk stuck lower reaches first division next four seasons.sign promotion coop members agreed club taken back private ownership ceo gerry matthews.finished second new manager john gill securing playoff tie waterford united.even though playoff still denied place premier division galway united finished third seasons first division selected fais iag report promoted ahead dundalk waterford.
Dundalk F.C.	promotion back premier division pipping shelbourne top spot final night season.gill let go despite winning first division title.at first dundalk stabilised position back premier division—qualifying – europa league leading league table midway season reaching setanta sports cup final.results subsequently deteriorated financial losses mounting season drew close matthews decided relinquish control club.club danger insolvency disastrous taken local businessmen andy connolly paul brown owners teams official sponsors fastfix dundalk subsequently managed remain topflight defeating waterford united playoff.revival dominance – saved club new owners turned stephen kenny—out work since sacked shamrock rovers—to become new manager.
Dundalk F.C.	mounted unexpected title challenge first season eventually finishing runnersup—a defeat eventual champions st. patricks athletic ultimately costing title.kenny kept nucleus new side together following season went guide club first league title since –.also seasons league cup clubs first league league cup double.season saw dominate winning clubs third league fai cup double—with title points cup victory cork city final.also leinster senior cup—the clubs first treble since –.
Dundalk F.C.	third league title row sealed two games spare .also saw club qualify champions league playoff round first defeated fh iceland came goal tie defeat bate borisov – aggregate.drew legia warsaw playoff first leg played aviva stadium dublin front crowd .suffered – defeat home leg shocked legia return leg taking – lead.dundalk pushing equaliser would taken tie extratime legia scored break tie – aggregate.
Dundalk F.C.	result dundalk qualified group stage europa league.draw az alkmaar netherlands followed victory maccabi tel aviv tallaght stadium first points earned irish club group stage european competition.in european run league cup again.departure key players slow start meant slipped runnersup spots league fai cup.clubs european form attracted interest abroad consortium american investors led peak investments llc completed takeover january .kennys side reasserted winning another league cup double—the second kenny fourth clubs history—breaking pointstotal goals scoredtotal records process.
Dundalk F.C.	aftermath kenny resigned order accept republic ireland u managers role.hoping achieve continuity new owners replaced kenny assistant manager vinny perth head coach john gill returning first team coach.despite falling points behind early leaders shamrock rovers april saw rovers called titlewinners waiting overhauled deficit within weeks subsequently clubs th league title four games spare.also league cup defeating derry city penalties final secure second league league cup double.denied first domestic treble league fai cup league cup however beaten penalty shootout fai cup final.ended season comprehensive – aggregate victory northern irish champions linfield inaugural champions cup.
Dundalk F.C.	transition –present early following season goal scored jordan flores went viral subsequently nominated fifa puskás award.soon outbreak covid pandemic saw cessation football line european countries.season resumed reduced schedule matches total matches played behind closed doors.manager vinny perth dismissed following dundalks exit europe first qualifying round – uefa champions league.replaced italian filippo giovagnoli.
Dundalk F.C.	dundalk subsequently qualified group stage – europa league victories inter club descaldes sheriff tiraspol kí klaksvik qualifying rounds.dundalk drawn group b alongside arsenal rapid wien molde.failed pick points finished bottom group.in fai cup – semifinal victory athlone town—setting new record biggest win competitions history also new club record victory.followed – extratime victory holders shamrock rovers david mcmillan scoring hattrick win cup twelfth time qualify europe th time.the season saw shane keegan named firstteam manager giovagnoli reverting position coach latter unable secure place uefa pro licence course qualification prerequisite manager team competing european competition.season began victory presidents cup run defeats start league campaign keegan giovagnoli left club.
Dundalk F.C.	period new sporting director jim magilton took charge vinny perth returned club head coach june short term deal.dundalk struggled remainder domestic season lowest league finish since went vitesse arnhem – aggregate third qualifying round inaugural europa conference league.season ended club returned local ownership consortium led former coowner andy connolly sports technology firm statsports agreed takeover peak.new owners installed former captain stephen odonnell clubs new head coach close season.crest colours crest history ahead severing links great northern railway football club adopted coat arms town dundalk three martlets proper blue field december incorporated crest clubs new white playing shirts.
Dundalk F.C.	coat arms adopted town granted charter charles ii england.appears corporation seal town plan dated .crest disappeared playing shirts however urban district council proposed remove three black crows seal town.modified crest reintroduced shirt fai cup final consisting three black martlets white shield bearing club name.number minor redesigns following years white shield became red shield white martlets crest modified incorporate gold star commemorate dundalks tenth league ireland title.
Dundalk F.C.	kit history dundalks colours white shirts black shorts black white socks since start – season.known dundalk g.n.r.club wore blue shirts started .reported wearing yellow black evidence defined club colours preworld war years.club revived – season colours adopted black amberstriped shirts white shorts.
Dundalk F.C.	advance dropping g.n.r.moniker becoming dundalk a.f.c.club changed strip white shirts coat arms town old dundalk corporation seal crest navyblue shorts.new colours first worn st stephens day opening match – league ireland shield.this combination worn came seen unlucky due number cup final defeats dundalk s.hoping change would bring luck club introduced sky blue maroon quartered shirt white shorts maroon socks – promptly lost nonleague opposition first round seasons fai cup went back wearing white shirts following season time paired black shorts.possibly coincidence clubs town amalgamated form first dundalk association football club colours chosen white shirt bearing dundalk coat arms black pants.
Dundalk F.C.	home colours remained essentially unchanged red trims incorporated occasionally since s. allwhite kit introduced first time – season also combination used – .allwhite kits still worn occasionally required avoid kit clashes.away coloursthe earliest photographic record team away colours comes – season.first visit play fordsons adopting white shirts dundalk obliged wear borrowed shirts navy blue shorts black socks home side also wore white shirts.next two seasons wore old black amberstriped shirts travelling face teams wearing white.the club official away kit –.interim red shirts worn change colours needed.
Dundalk F.C.	allred kit produced cup winners cup tie away hajduk split became away kit domestic games season.allred away kit worn tottenham hotspur otherwise official away colours required – season allred adopted.away kits typically variants red black since.club twice introduced away colours pay homage g.n.r.roots—in .prior ad hoc third colours worn team home away kits clashed opponents colours.
Dundalk F.C.	official commercially available third kit introduced season first time—an alllilac strip white black trim.designed kit supplier cx sport part fundraising partnership club temple street childrens university hospital.logo charity replaced official sponsor fyffes chest shirt.kit worn rounds league cup early rounds fai cup.kit suppliers clubs kit supplier umbro signed threeyear deal beginning season.
Dundalk F.C.	umbro previously supplier .replaced dundalkbased cx sport horseware ireland company suppliers four seasons .another dundalk company eros sportswear supplied kits .o’neills – – also longterm supplier.erreà diadora suppliers one season adidas teamwear used temporarily –.
Dundalk F.C.	corkbased company union sport supplied kits two seasons – –.products notable company used confederate flag battle flag army northern virginia logo featured prominently team shirts apparel.home grounds athletic grounds dundalk mostly played athletic grounds near town centre paying ground fee per game.clubs junior football leinster senior league years sometimes played grounds dundalk educational institution dundalk grammar school st marys college.athletic grounds owned rented dundalk young irelands athletic grounds company cricket gaelic games athletics well football.
Dundalk F.C.	matches usually played sundays enabling large northern irish contingent spectators inconvenienced sunday observance laws attend games.matches moved saturdays due ground unavailable club suffered financially lower gate receipts.later years prior move oriel park matches would usually move carrolls recreation ground weekends athletic grounds unavailable altogether.athletic grounds sold land factory development .oriel park club moved permanently land made available former committee member p.j.
Dundalk F.C.	casey carrick road longterm land lease naming new ground oriel park.almost years day dundalk g.n.r.played first free state league match away fordsons club cork f.c.first visitors new ground home team winning –.oriel parks attendance record estimated set dundalks european cup winners cup second round tie tottenham hotspur f.c.
Dundalk F.C.	occasions oriel unavailable due works matches moved united park drogheda gortakeegan monaghan.ground artificial playing surface since .home grounds european matchesdundalk played first home european match f.c.zurich – european cup dalymount park dublin—as oriel park floodlights.floodlighting installed allow matches played there—the first visit vasas sc hungary – european cup.– uefa cup tie malmö moved united park drogheda due oriel pitch relaid summer – uefa cup tie varteks moved tolka park dublin oriel meet uefas upgraded standards football stadiums time.oriel since upgraded category stadium able accommodate seated spectators european matches.
Dundalk F.C.	matches requiring ground category status played tallaght stadium owned south dublin county council matches requiring ground meeting category status played aviva stadium dublin.supporters supporters club called honour football clubs year formation.also ladies supporters club lilywhite ladies.dundalk g.n.r.clubs members formed first supporters club – season.
Dundalk F.C.	supporters clubs raised vital funds support club decades money often required keep club viable.dundalk fans nicknamed team lilywhites teams white shirts supporters also use town shorthand club.nicknames use since least s. hashtag cmonthetown used fans social media.club first formed change colours – teams nickname railwaymen.later team known northerners bordermen due towns location close border northern ireland.the current generation fans—who followed club first division ownership crisis successful – period—style shedside army.responsible oriels tifo displays.
Dundalk F.C.	one display—the flying palestinian flags oriel park europa league tie—resulted uefa fine dundalk €.supporters two mottoes see things theyll never see owing rollercoaster highs lows club experienced dundalk never die riff mogwai album title.club anthem become three little birds bob marley wailers connotation crest sentiments expressed lyrics.support base attendances clubs support base extends beyond town dundalk radius approximately km.takes dundalk municipal district north louth comprises towns dundalk carlingford blackrock ardee municipal district midlouth comprises towns ardee dunleer east monaghan district castleblaneycarrickmacross south armagh part newry mourne district.
Dundalk F.C.	total population area .average friday night home league attendances consistent approximately – period attendances bigger matches approximately .rivalries louth derby contested dundalk drogheda united entered league ireland .clubs played annual friendly —the donegan cup presented former louth td paddy donegan.apart one attempt revive contest dropped two clubs could find suitable dates season split league ireland two divisions.
Dundalk F.C.	friendly reintroduced preseason match new trophy—the jim malone cup honour threetime chairman board late jim malone.while sibling rivalry two towns league derbies usually fractious due clubs rarely competing top honours simultaneously although two clubs meet final – league ireland shield dundalk winning –.many dundalks successful periods corresponded drogheda lower end league table first division droghedas successful period achieved dundalk lower tier.nonetheless fai cup ties sides—there seven all—have often tempestuous affairs front large crowds three going replays.addition louth derby dundalk fans would see shamrock rovers biggest rivals rovers hold record league titles record fai cups dundalk next honours list competitions.ownership finances club currently owned private company trading dundalk town fc limited.
Dundalk F.C.	trading company owned consortium investors led andy connolly sports technology firm statsports.ownership history association football club employees great northern railway works town owned company run management committee elected members.club converted membershipbased limited company— dundalk association football club limited —on january bringing ownership supporters elected management committee every two years.ownership structure survived end stage clubs liabilities grown oriel park need investment.membershipbased model saw club break even annual basis best could provide required finance company voluntarily liquidated taken public limited company— dundalk football club limited —in january .the financial issues occurred late saw club become effectively insolvent forced liquidation company taken dundalk afc interim limited made former current directors chairman enda mcguill.
Dundalk F.C.	solvency issues faced club arose resulting relegation first time clubs history season.eventually taken dundalk f.c.cooperative returning membershipbased supporterowned model.coop unable make sort investment either team oriel park required bring club back premier division decided sell training ground hiney park order service debts pay work oriel.the man purchased hiney park gerry matthews subsequently invited join board ceo .took club back private ownership dundalk fc limited accepted coop could continue support it.
Dundalk F.C.	ownership matthews returned somewhat solid footing decision end financial support lead another solvency issue.assistance dundalk fc supporters trust club rescued owners official sponsors fastfix — paul brown andy connolly.formed new trading company dundalk town fc limited completed takeover time season.brown connolly sold interest current owners .end season club returned local ownership consortium led returning connolly sports technology firm statsports agreed takeover deal peak.
Dundalk F.C.	sponsorship income streams introduction shirt sponsorship dundalks first shirt sponsor became national aluminium whose brand remained team shirts .official sponsor harp lager brand synonymous town great northern brewery metres oriel park.subsequently club number official sponsors including sponsorship deal fyffes ran .for season team playing shirts chest logo official sponsors bet regal.shirts sleeve sponsor nissan john mccabe motors back shirts sponsor statsport.shorts sponsored dkit sport.
Dundalk F.C.	full list sponsors arebet regal official sponsornissan john mccabe motorsstatsportsumbro official kit supplierdeluxe bathrooms sponsors dundalk fc appsportsfilethe club also several commercial partners arepermanent tsb official banking partneruhy farrelly dawe whyte official payroll partnerintact software official technology partnercti business solutions official office equipment partnerclarity sports official european travel suppliertrainmyathlete official athlete management partnersisú official wellness partnergardiner family apothecary official skincare partnerrocksalt official good food partnerclassic mineral water company official water partnerxxi ice official premium hand rolled ice cream partneririshify official diaspora partnerthere several sponsorship arrangements sponsorship individual players sponsorship individual home matches.clubs lotto managed partnership clubforce.there merchandise shop oriel park online store official website.addition sponsorship oriel park made available junior schools football also available rent private groups clubs sporting codes.grounds public bar lilywhite lounge available social events members bar—the enda mcguill suite.the club introduced membership scheme supporters .scheme run monthly subscription basis via patreon.
Dundalk F.C.	player transfers players league ireland typically signed single season contracts meaning become free agents end season.contracts twoyear duration less typical players clubs rarely sign deals longer duration.result transferfee inflation seen throughout european club football feature game ireland dundalk benefited financially player transfers since bosman ruling came effect.indeed pfai players player year richie towell daryl horgan left efl championship clubs end respective awardwinning seasons free transfers due contract expiry.transfer fees paid received generally remained undisclosed.record transfer fee received clauses eventually triggered paid approximately £ equivalent € steve staunton signed liverpool august initial fee £.
Dundalk F.C.	dundalk subsequently received estimated £ equivalent € staunton transferred liverpool aston villa .media television radio irelands stateowned public service broadcaster rté broadcast rights league ireland fai cup matches part package fai includes international matches.however little income derived rights clubs.indeed network refused pay fee asked broadcast home leg dundalks champions league victory bate borisov months named rtés team year .rté also previously offered fai € million avoid televise league ireland matches channels all.commercial broadcaster eir sport televises number live league european matches season.
Dundalk F.C.	clubs receive little financial dividend matches considered marketing opportunity league commercial interest network.eir sport also broadcast majority league ireland clubs european matches.live commentary matches broadcast dundalk fm community radio station lmfm.radio broadcasts licensing restrictions accessed online ireland globally stations websites.online historically live online streaming domestic games limited pilot programs streams run online gambling companies.result covid pandemic season resulted matches played behind closed doors watchloi service introduced fai rté.
Dundalk F.C.	service made games already due broadcast television available streaming worldwide subscription basis.the watchloi service discontinued june replaced loitv clubs responsible producing live match coverage.social media club maintains presence major social media platforms including patreon facebook instagram twitter soundcloud.club publications clubs official website dundalkfc.com voted website year soccer writers association ireland eight occasions including .a matchday programme produced home matches—the dfc magazine.programme voted programme year seasons irish football programme club.louth county museum celebrated achievements club new exhibition entitled one team one dream ran year.
Dundalk F.C.	short documentary entitled chasing doubles published youtube dundalk sport lightstorm media.piece nominated fai best digital initiative award part associations communications awards july .in addition following books published history dundalk f.c.— first years jim murphy cmon town dundalk fc miscellany jim murphy champns gavin mclaughlin double gavin mclaughlin making history gavin mclaughlin taking back throne gavin mclaughlin see things theyll never see gavin mclaughlin dundalk football club black white daniel sexton players firstteam squad february .note flags indicate national team defined fifa eligibility rules.players may hold one nonfifa nationality.youth teams dundalk maintains academy youth teams u u u u age brackets league ireland partnership malahide united leinster senior league.
Dundalk F.C.	womens teams dundalk currently womens team womens national league ireland formed .senior womens team competes north east football league north division.prior formation wnli loosely affiliated club dundalk city l.f.c.experienced success dublin womens soccer league – period culminating victory womens fai cup final.club later split proposed full merger dundalk f.c.subsequently dundalk city dundalk w.f.c.
Dundalk F.C.	became defunct.dundalk f.c.also maintains girls team level.scholarships sports scholarship run dundalk institute technology dkit partnership club aimed candidates wish pursue fulltime third level education whilst simultaneously pursuing professional soccer playing career league ireland champions dundalk fc.former players international players personnel technical staff february .source club officials source former managers records record appearances competitions currently held tommy mcconville appeared matches two stints club .
Dundalk F.C.	number players five league titles—martin lawlor first reach mark.joey donnelly top goalscorer goals competitions.five players—eddie carroll joe martin jimmy hasty paddy turner patrick hoban—have also scored goals more.hoban broke donnellys club record league goals season.bob egan became first dundalk player win international cap april represented ireland – defeat belgium.player caps club billy oneill caps ireland—his international career cut short age outbreak world war ii.
Dundalk F.C.	mick fairclough recently capped player earning two caps may .raivis jurkovskis sonni nattestad became first dundalk players capped country ireland club.dundalks record win – victory athlone town fai cup.record league win – achieved jacobs shelbourne .biggest victory european match – achieved home wins fram reykjavík – european cup winners cup newtown – uefa europa conference league.the record home attendance v legia warsaw aviva stadium dublin champions league playoff round .european competition dundalk made european debut league champions – european cup became first irish side win away match europe season.
Dundalk F.C.	– european cup reached last best european performance .season reached group stage – europa league became first team ireland win points win match level european competition.qualified europa league group stage second time –.they played several major names european football liverpool tottenham hotspur arsenal celtic fc porto psv eindhoven ajax red star belgrade hajduk split legia warsaw zenit st petersburg.faced opponents netherlands often played ties psv ajax dos utrecht az alkmaar vitesse arnhem.the club highestranked irish club european football terms uefa club coefficients.january ranking compiled statistical analysis site fivethirtyeight dundalk ranked th international club soccer.overall european record.as august .
Dundalk F.C.	honours source references footnotesbibliographysexton daniel .dundalk football club black white.amazon.isbn .dalton john .history dundalk environs.
Dundalk F.C.	sagwan press.isbn .mcquillan jack .railway town story great northern railway works dundalk.dundalgan press.isbn .murphy jim .
Dundalk F.C.	history dundalk f.c.first years.dundalgan press.asin bsor.murphy jim .cmon town dundalk f.c.
Dundalk F.C.	miscellany.self published.graham alex .football republic ireland statistical record –.soccer books limited.isbn .macsweeney niall .
Dundalk F.C.	record league ireland football .association football statisticians.asin bhcbjq.ryan sean dunne noel october .bass book irish soccer.mercier press.
Jizya	isbn .citations external links official websitedundalk f.c.whos historical player databasethe dundalk f.c.supporters clubthe lilywhite ladies supporters clubquran hadiths mention jizya without specifying rate amount application jizya varied course islamic history.however scholars largely agree early muslim rulers adapted existing systems taxation tribute established previous rulers conquered lands byzantine sasanian empires.jews christians required pay jizyah pagans required either accept islam die.together kharāj term sometimes used interchangeably jizya taxes levied nonmuslim subjects among main sources revenues collected islamic polities ottoman empire indian muslim sultanates.jizya rate usually fixed annual amount depending financial capability payer.sources comparing taxes levied muslims jizya differ relative burden depending time place specific taxes consideration factors.muslim jurists required adult free sane males among dhimma community pay jizya exempting women children elders handicapped ill insane monks hermits slaves mustamins—nonmuslim foreigners temporarily reside muslim lands.
Jizya	dhimmis chose join military service also exempted payment could afford pay.according islamic law elders handicapped etc.must given pensions must go begging.historically jizya tax understood islam fee protection provided muslim ruler nonmuslims exemption military service nonmuslims permission practice nonmuslim faith communal autonomy muslim state material proof nonmuslims submission muslim state laws jizya also understood badge state humiliation nonmuslims muslim state converting islam quran calling unbelievers pay jizyah willingly humbled q. substantial source revenue least times places umayyad era others argue meant punishment dhimmis unbelief monks clergy wouldnt exempted.the term appears quran referring tax tribute people book specifically jews christians.followers religions like zoroastrians hindus later integrated category dhimmis required pay jizya.indian subcontinent practice eradicated th century.almost vanished th century disappearance islamic states spread religious tolerance.
Jizya	tax longer imposed nation states islamic world although reported cases organizations pakistani taliban isis attempting revive practice.some modern islamic scholars argued jizya paid nonmuslim subjects islamic state offering different rationales.example sayyid qutb saw punishment polytheism abdul rahman doi viewed counterpart zakat tax paid muslims.etymology meaning commentators disagree definition derivation word jizya.ann lambton writes origins jizya extremely complex regarded jurists compensation paid nonmuslims spared death others compensation living muslim lands.shakirs english translations quran render jizya tax pickthall arberry translate tribute.yusuf ali prefers transliterate term jizyah.
Jizya	yusuf ali considered root meaning jizya compensation whereas muhammad asad considered satisfaction.alraghib alisfahani d. classical muslim lexicographer writing jizya tax levied dhimmis named return protection guaranteed.points derivatives word appear qurʾānic verses well assuch reward jazāʾ purify q believed good deeds best rewards q retribution evil act evil one like whoever pardons makes reconciliation reward due god q reward patiently endured garden paradise silk garments q repaid according deeds q muhammad abdelhaleem states term poll tax translate arabic word jizya also inaccurate light exemptions granted children women etc.unlike poll tax definition levied every individual poll head regardless gender age ability pay.adds root verb jizya jzy means reward somebody something pay due return something adds return protection muslim state accruing benefits exemption military service taxes muslims zakat.historian altabari hadith scholar albayhaqi relate members christian community asked ʿumar ibn alkhattab could refer jizya sadaqah literally charity agreed to.based historical event majority jurists shāfiʿīs ḥanafīs ḥanbalīs state lawful take jizya ahl aldhimmah name zakāt ṣadaqah meaning necessary call tax taken jizya also based known legal maxim states consideration granted objectives meanings terms specific wordings.according lanes lexicon jizya tax taken free nonmuslim subjects islamic government whereby ratify pact ensures protection.michael g. morony states thatthe emergence protected status definition jizya poll tax nonmuslim subjects appears achieved early eighth century.
Jizya	came result growing suspicions loyalty nonmuslim population second civil war literalist interpretation quran pious muslims.jane dammen mcauliffe states jizya early islamic texts annual tribute expected nonmuslims poll tax.similarly thomas walker arnold writes jizya originally denoted tribute type paid nonmuslim subjects arab empire came later used capitationtax fiscal system new rulers became fixed.arthur stanley tritton states jizya west kharaj east arabia meant tribute.also called jawali jerusalem.shemesh says abu yusuf abu ubayd qudama khatib yahya used terms jizya kharaj ushr tasq synonyms.rationale payment protectionaccording abou alfadl scholars classical muslim jurists scholars regard jizya special payment collected certain nonmuslims return responsibility protection fulfilled muslims type aggression well nonmuslims exempt military service exchange aid provided poor dhimmis.
Jizya	treaty made khalid towns neighborhood hirah writes protect jizya due us due.early hanafi jurist abu yusuf writesafter abu ʿubaydah concluded peace treaty people syria collected jizya tax agrarian land kharāj informed romans readying battle situation become critical muslims.abu ʿubaydah wrote governors cities pacts concluded must return sums collected jizya kharāj say subjects return money informed troops raised us.agreement stipulated protect unable so.therefore return taken abide stipulation written god grants us victory them.in accordance order enormous sums paid back state treasury christians called blessings heads muslims saying may god give rule us make victorious romans would given us back anything would taken remained us.
Jizya	similarly time crusades saladin returned jizya christians syria compelled retract it.moreover christian tribe aljurajima neighborhood antioch made peace muslims promising allies fight side battle condition called upon pay jizya receive proper share booty.orientalist thomas walker arnold writes even muslims made pay tax exempted military service like nonmuslims.thus shafii scholar alkhaṭīb ashshirbīniy states military service obligatory nonmuslims – especially dhimmis since give jizya protect defend defends us.ibn hajar alasqalani states consensus amongst islamic jurists jizya exchange military service.
Jizya	case war jizya seen option end hostilities.according abu kalam azad one main objectives jizya facilitate peaceful solution hostility since nonmuslims engaged fighting muslims thereby given option making peace agreeing pay jizya.sense jizya seen means legalize cessation war military conflict nonmuslims.similar vein mahmud shaltut states jizya never intended payment return ones life retaining ones religion intended symbol signify yielding end hostility participation shouldering burdens state.other rationalethe imposition jizya tax nonmuslims substitute requirement zakat tax muslims.to create place inclusion nonmuslim dhimmi land owned ruled muslim routine payment jizya tool social stratification treasurys revenue.asma afsaruddin writes around end th century ce payment jizyah began conceptualized number influential jurists marker inferior sociolegal status nonmuslim earlier tolerant attitudes toward nonmuslims began harden.jizya created financial political incentive dhimmis convert islam.muslim jurist theologian fakhr aldin alrazi suggested interpretation q. jizya incentive convert.
Jizya	taking intended preserve existence disbelief kufr world.rather argues jizya allows nonmuslim live amongst muslims take part islamic civilization hope nonmuslim convert islam.quran jizya sanctioned quran based following verse .fight believe god last day qātilūlladhīna lā yuʾminūna billāhi walā bilyawmilākhircommenting verse muhammad said ramadan albuti saysthe verse commands qitāl قتال qatl قتل known big distinction two words ... say qataltu قتلت soandso initiated fighting say qātaltu قاتلت resisted effort fight reciprocal fight forestalled would get unawares.muhammad abdelhaleem writes nothing quran say believing god last day grounds fighting anyone.whereas abū ḥayyān states described way acting way believe god ahmad almaraghī commentsfight mentioned conditions necessitate fighting present namely aggression country oppression persecution account faith threatening safety security committed byzantines led tabuk.. forbid god messenger forbidden walā yuḥarrimūna mā ḥarramallāhu warasūluhthe closest viable cause must relate jizya unlawfully consuming belongs muslim state albayḍāwī explains decided give since scriptures prophets forbid breaking agreements paying due others.
Jizya	messenger verse interpreted exegetes referring muḥammad people books earlier messengers moses jesus.according abdelhaleem latter must correct interpretation already assumed people book believe muḥammad forbid forbade condemned obeying prophet told honour agreements.. embrace true faith behave according rule justice walā yadīnūna dīnalḥaqqa number translators rendered text embrace true faithfollow religion truth variation thereof.muhammad abdelhaleem argues translation preferring instead render dīnalḥaqq rule justice.the main meaning arabic dāna obeyed one many meanings dīn behaviour alsīra walʿāda.famous arabic lexicographer fayrūzabādī d. gives twelve meanings word dīn placing meaning worship god religion lower list.almuʿjam alwasīṭ gives following definition dāna habit something good bad dāna bi something take religion worship god it.
Jizya	thus verb dāna used sense believe practise religion takes preposition bi e.g.dāna bilislām usage word means religion.jizya verse say lā yadīnūna bidīnilḥaqq rather lā yadīnūna dīnalḥaqq.abdelhaleem thus concludes meaning fits jizya verse thus follow way justice alḥaqq i.e.breaking agreement refusing pay due.. pay jizya hands ḥattā yuṭūljizyata yadin.here ʿan yad fromforat hand interpreted mean pay directly without intermediary without delay.
Jizya	others say refers reception muslims means generously open hand since taking jizya form munificence averted state conflict.alṭabarī gives one explanation means hands hands receiver say spoke mouth mouth also say gave hand hand.m.j. kister understands yad reference ability sufficient means dhimmi.similarly rashid rida takes word yad metaphorical sense relates phrase financial ability person liable pay jizya.. subdued wahum ṣāghirūn.mark r. cohen writes subdued interpreted many mean humiliated state nonmuslims.according ziauddin ahmed view majority fuqahā islamic jurists jizya levied nonmuslims order humiliate unbelief.

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