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IPhone	enables user customized appearance potentially help users read screen easier.assistivetouch helps adapt multitouch screen ios device users unique physical needs.great assistance difficulty gestures like pinch one make accessible tap finger.user create gestures customize layout assistivetouch menu.user trouble pressing home button set activated onscreen tap.gestures like rotate shake available even ios device mounted wheelchair.guided access helps people autism attention sensory challenges stay focused task app hand.
IPhone	guided access parent teacher therapist limit ios device stay one app disabling home button limit amount time spent app.user restrict access keyboard touch input certain areas screen.in apple began developing satellites iphone could skip wireless carriers.iphone upgrade program iphone upgrade program month program designed consumers able get latest iphone every year without paying whole price upfront.program consists low monthly payments consumers gradually pay iphone month period opportunity switch upgrade new iphone months payment passed.months passed consumers trade current iphone new one payments transferred old device new device program restarts new month period.additional features program include unlocked handsets means consumers free pick network carrier want twoyear applecare protection includes hardware repairs software support coverage two incidents accidental damage.criticism program includes potential endless cycle payments huffington posts damon beres writing complete full month payment cycle youre stuck outdated phone.
IPhone	upgrade every months youll never stop owing apple money iphones.additionally program limited iphone hardware cell phone service network operator included.intellectual property apple filed patent applications related technology behind iphone.lg electronics claimed design iphone copied lg prada.wooyoung kwak head lg mobile handset rd center said press conference consider apple copied prada phone design unveiled presented design award prize september .conversely iphone also inspired share hightech clones.on september infogear filed u.s. trademark phone march applied trademark iphone.
IPhone	phone registered march iphone registered .since phone mark abandoned.infogear trademarks cover communications terminals comprising computer hardware software providing integrated telephone data communications personal computer functions filing computer hardware software providing integrated telephone communication computerized global information networks filing.in infogear filed infringement claim owners iphones.com domain name.owners iphones.com domain name challenged infringement claim northern district court california.june cisco systems acquired infogear including iphone trademark.
IPhone	september cisco systems settled owners iphones.com allowed owners keep iphones.com domain name along intellectual property rights use designation iphones.com domain name sale cellular phones cellular phones internet access wap phones handheld pdas storage devices computer equipment hardwaresoftware digital cameras hardwaresoftware.intellectual property rights granted owners iphones.com domain name cisco systems september .in october apple applied iphone trademark united kingdom australia singapore european union.canadian application followed october new zealand application september .october singapore australian applications granted.in september company called ocean telecom services applied iphone trademark united states united kingdom hong kong following filing trinidad tobago.ocean telecom trademark applications use exactly wording new zealand application apple assumed ocean telecom applying behalf apple.
IPhone	canadian application opposed august canadian company called comwave applied trademark three months later.comwave selling voip devices called iphone since .shortly steve jobs january announcement apple would selling product called iphone june cisco issued statement negotiating trademark licensing apple expected apple agree final documents submitted night before.january cisco announced filed lawsuit apple infringement trademark iphone seeking injunction federal court prohibit apple using name.february cisco claimed trademark lawsuit minor skirmish money interoperability.on february apple cisco announced agreed temporarily suspend litigation held settlement talks subsequently announced february reached agreement.companies allowed use iphone name exchange exploring interoperability security consumer business communications products.on october nokia filed lawsuit apple infringement gsm umts wlan patents.
IPhone	nokia alleges apple violating ten nokia patents since iphone initial release.in december reuters reported iphone ipad users suing apple inc. applications passing user information thirdparty advertisers without permission.makers applications textplus paper toss weather channel dictionary.com talking tom cat pumpkin maker also named codefendants lawsuit.in august apple smartphone patent lawsuit u.s. samsung worlds largest maker smartphones however december scotus reversed decision awarded nearly million apple returned case federal circuit court define appropriate legal standard define article manufacture smartphone could case screen design patents relate.in march apple patent wraparound display revealed.restrictions apple tightly controls certain aspects iphone.according jonathan zittrain emergence closed devices like iphone made computing proprietary early versions microsoft windows.the hacker community found many workarounds disallowed apple make difficult impossible obtain warranty service.jailbreaking allows users install apps available app store modify basic functionality.
IPhone	sim unlocking allows iphone used different carriers network.however united states apple cannot void iphones warranty unless show problem component failure linked installation placement aftermarket item unauthorized applications federal trade commissions magnusonmoss warranty act .users set restrictions parental controls apps downloaded used within iphone.restrictions area requires password.activation iphone normally prevents access media player web features unless also activated phone authorized carrier.july jon lech johansen reported blog successfully bypassed requirement unlocked iphones features combination custom software modification itunes binary.
IPhone	published software offsets others use.unlike first generation iphone iphone g must activated store countries.makes iphone g difficult impossible hack.need instore activation well huge number firstgeneration iphone ipod touch users upgrading iphone os .caused worldwide overload apples servers july day iphone g iphone os .updates well mobileme released.
IPhone	update devices required connect apples servers authenticate causing many devices temporarily unusable.users network united kingdom however buy phone online activate via itunes previous model.even required vendors usually offer activation buyers convenience.us apple begun offer free shipping iphone g iphone gs available reversing instore activation requirement.best buy walmart also sell iphone.unapproved thirdparty software jailbreaking iphones operating system designed run software appleapproved cryptographic signature.
IPhone	restriction overcome jailbreaking phone involves replacing iphones firmware slightly modified version enforce signature check.may circumvention apples technical protection measures.apple statement united states copyright office response electronic frontier foundation eff lobbying dmca exception kind hacking claimed jailbreaking iphone would copyright infringement due necessary modification system software.however jailbreaking declared officially legal united states dmca.jailbroken iphones may susceptible computer viruses incidents reported.ios android .. gingerbread may set dual boot jailbroken iphone help openiboot idroid.in developers released series tools called jailbreakme used security vulnerabilities mobile safari rendering jailbreak device allows users install compatible software device instead app store apps.
IPhone	exploits quickly fixed ios updates apple.theoretically flaws could also used malicious purposes.in july apple released ios .. .. cdma iphone fix security vulnerability certificate validation.following release iphone model group german hackers called chaos computer club announced september bypassed apples new touch id fingerprint sensor using easy everyday means.group explained security system defeated photographing fingerprint glass surface using captured image verification.spokesman group stated hope finally puts rest illusions people fingerprint biometrics.plain stupid use something cant change leave everywhere every day security token.
IPhone	sim unlocking united states iphones still sold sim lock restricts use phone one particular carrier common practice subsidized gsm phones.unlike gsm phones however phone cannot officially unlocked entering code.lockedunlocked state maintained apples servers per imei set iphone activated.while iphone initially sold u.s. att network sim lock place various hackers found methods unlock phone specific network.although att sprint tmobile verizon authorized iphone carriers united states unlocked iphones used carriers.example unlocked iphone may used tmobile network u.s. unlocked iphone compatible tmobiles voice network may able make use g g functionality i.e.
IPhone	mobile web email etc.. quarter original first generation iphones sold u.s. registered att.apple speculates likely shipped overseas unlocked lucrative market iphone gs worldwide release.on march att united states began selling iphone without contract though still simlocked network.upfront purchase price iphone units often twice expensive bundled contracts.outside united states policies differ especially u.s. territories insular areas like guam gta teleguam exclusive carrier iphone since introduction none four u.s. carriers att sprint tmobile verizon presence area.since docomo pacific ended gtas exclusivity starting iphone .beginning april att began offering factory sim unlock option apple calls whitelisting allowing used carrier phone supports iphone owners.it reported verizon g lte phones come factory unlocked.discovery verizon announced g lte phones including iphones would remain unlocked.
IPhone	due regulations fcc placed mhz cblock spectrum used verizon.apple loses money makes repair services us.countries united kingdom ee vodafone tesco mobile sell device subsidized contracts use pay go.locked network initially though usually unlocked either certain period contract length passed small fee exception network unlock device time charge.however current versions iphone available purchase simfree apple store apples online store consequently unlocked use gsm network too.in canada iphones purchased full retail price apple store online apple.com come unlocked allows customer selection carriers.
IPhone	iphones sold canada purchased mobile carries telus rogers bell locked respective networks unlocking required visiting carrier store paying unlocking fee.thirdparty methods unlock iphones existed highly unreliable sometimes rendered phones unusable.however crtc abolished simlocking required mobile devices sold december come unlocked.crtc also mandated carriers must offer unlocking services existing devices free consumers regardless whether purchased phone themselves.australia three major carriers optus telstra vodafone offer legitimate unlocking cost iphone devices current prior models.internationally policies vary many carriers sell iphone unlocked full retail price.
IPhone	prevention repair apple takes numerous measures make thirdparty repairs difficult.apple service providers independent repair providers explicitly authorized apple able perform genuine replacements.in past models early iphone reports denial operation home button detected tampered upon error indicated instead.also issues caused swapping display made one manufacturer one made another apple uses multiple suppliers displays.in recent models starting iphone xr apple displays nonremovable warnings battery display camera replaced third party.additionally features disabled upon detection nongenuine replacement disabling true tone hiding battery health feature.ifixit notes proprietary cloudlinked system configuration tool required complete part repair meaning even replacing genuine part another genuine part fail apples genuine parts check unless said tool used.
IPhone	legal battles brand name mexico trademark ifone registered communications systems services company ifone.apple tried gain control brand name mexican court denied request.case began mexican firm sued apple.supreme court mexico upheld ifone rightful owner held apple iphone trademark violation.in brazil brand iphone registered company called gradiente eletrônica s.a. igb eletrônica s.a. according filing gradiente foresaw revolution convergence voice data internet time.final battle brand name concluded .
IPhone	december igb launched line android smartphones tradename exclusive rights local market.february brazilian patent trademark office known instituto nacional da propriedade industrial issued ruling gradiente eletrônica apple owned iphone mark brazil.iphone term registered gradiente seven years apples release first iphone.decision came three months gradiente eletrônica launched lowercost smartphone using iphone brand.june apple second time right use brand name brazil.
IPhone	court ruling determined gradientes registration exclusive rights brand.although gradiente intended appeal decision apple use freely brand without paying royalties brazilian company.in philippines solid group launched myphone brand .stylized myphone solid broadband filed trademark application brand.apple later filed trademark case intellectual property office philippines ipophl solid broadbands myphone confusingly similar iphone may likely deceive cause confusion among consumers.apple lost trademark battle solid group decision made ipo director nathaniel arevalo also reportedly said unlikely consumers would confused iphone myphone.
IPhone	case giant trying claim territory entitled great prejudice local pinoy phone merchant managed obtain significant foothold mobile phone market marketing sale innovative products distinctive trademark arevalo later added.privacy issues location tracking controversies around april hidden unencrypted file iphone ios devices widely discussed media.alleged file labeled consolidated.db constantly stores iphone users movement approximating geographic locations calculated triangulating nearby cell phone towers technology proven inaccurate times.file released june update apple ios may contain almost years worth data.previous versions ios stored similar information file called hcells.plist.fsecure discovered data transmitted apple twice day postulate apple using information construct global location database similar ones constructed google skyhook wardriving.
IPhone	nevertheless unlike google latitude application performs similar task android phones file dependent upon signing specific eula even users knowledge stated wordlong terms conditions iphone apple partners licensees may collect use share precise location data including realtime geographic location users apple computer device.the file also automatically copied onto users computer synchronized iphone.opensource application named iphonetracker turns data stored file visual map made available public april .file cannot erased without jailbreaking phone encrypted.apple gave official response web site april questions submitted users associated press others.apple clarified data small portion crowdsourced location database cache wifi hotspots cell towers downloaded apple iphone making location services faster gps therefore data represent locations iphone.volume data retained error.
IPhone	apple issued update ios version .. .. cdma iphone reduced size cache stopped backed itunes erased entirely whenever location services turned off.upload apple also selectively disabled system services cell network search.regardless july report stateowned china central television labeled iphone national security concern.the frequent locations feature found settings location services stores commonly visited locations locally device.feature said help accuracy gps apple maps since log information locations user frequently visited.however feature also keeps track number times user location dates exact times.
IPhone	media outlets publicized instructions disabled concerned users.transmission private technical data privacy experiment conducted washington post determined iphone transmitted host personal data without users knowledge consent including phone number email exact location device model ip address dozen marketing companies research firms personal data guzzlers via hidden app trackers.information shared third parties found violation apps privacy regulations.encryption intelligence agency access revealed part mass surveillance disclosures american british intelligence agencies national security agency nsa government communications headquarters gchq access user data iphones blackberrys android phones respectively.read almost smartphone information including sms location emails notes.according article new york times titled signaling postsnowden era new iphone locks n.s.a.
IPhone	apple developed new encryption method ios described deep apple could longer comply government warrants asking customer information extracted devices.throughout prosecutors united states argued u.s. government able compel decryption iphone contents.san bernardino attack fbi recovered iphone c issued one shooters employer icloud backups phone month half shooting.shooters destroyed personal phones.u.s. government attempted obtain court order writs act compelling apple produce ipsw file would allow investigators brute force device passcode.tim cook responded companys website outlining need encryption arguing produce backdoor one device would inevitably used compromise privacy iphone users.
IPhone	february apple communicated journalists password apple id iphone changed within day government obtaining preventing apple producing workaround would target older devices.see fbi–apple encryption dispute.the graykey manufactured grayshift unlock iphones even disabled.countermeasure apple implemented usb restricted mode.as april apples privacy policy addresses requests government agencies access customers data apple never worked government agency country create backdoor products services.also never allowed government access servers.never will.
IPhone	electronic frontier foundation awarded apple five five stars commending apple strong stance regarding user rights transparency privacy.apple ios combination specific hardware uses cryptoshredding activating erase content settings obliterating keys effaceable storage.renderes user data device cryptographically inaccessible.reception legacy original iphone described revolutionary gamechanger mobile phone industry credited helping make apple one worlds valuable publicly traded companies .newer iterations also received praise called best phone although recent years often case.the iphone attracts users ages besides consumer use iphone also adopted business purposes.research shown iphones commonly associated wealth average iphone user annual income average android user.
IPhone	women likely men iphone.before release iphone handset manufacturers nokia motorola enjoying record sales cell phones based fashion brand rather technological innovation.smartphone market dominated time blackberry os windows mobile devices staid corporateled smartphone paradigm focused enterprise needs.phones time designed around carrier business limits conservative regards bandwidth usage battery life.phones sold large number models often segmented marketing strategy confusing customers sapping engineering resources.example phones marketed business often deliberately stripped cameras ability play music games.
IPhone	apples approach deliberately simplify product line offering one model year customers making expensive highend product.apples marketing building successful ipod campaigns helped phone become massmarket product many buyers launch day.market research found compared products greater proportion iphone users female.ars technica wrote apple avoided kind patronizing marketing competitors used sell lowquality highpriced products women.when thenceo research motion mike lazaridis pried open iphone impression mac stuffed cellphone used much memory processing power smartphones market time.capacitive touchscreen consumerfriendly design iphone fundamentally changed mobile industry steve jobs proclaimed phone communication tool way life.the dominant mobile operating systems time symbian blackberry os windows mobile designed handle tasks beyond communication basic functions.operating systems never focused applications developers due infighting among manufacturers well complexity developing lowmemory hardware never developed thriving ecosystem like apples app store androids google play.
IPhone	iphone os renamed ios designed capabilities multitasking graphics meet future consumer demands.many services provided mobile carriers often extensively customized devices.meanwhile apples decision base os os x unexpected benefit allowing os x developers rapidly expand ios development.rival manufacturers forced spend software development costs catch iphone.iphones success led decline sales highend fashion phones businessoriented smartphones vertu blackberry well nokia.
IPhone	nokia realised limitations operating system symbian attempted develop advanced system maemo without success.ultimately agreed technologysharing deal takeover microsoft.before iphone handsets viewed largely cheap disposable lures massively subsidized snare subscribers lock using carriers proprietary services.however wired wrote apple retained complete control design manufacturing marketing iphone meaning carrier would control software updates extension security patches.contrast google allowed carriers oems dictate pace upgrades preload phones software top android.result many android oems often lag months behind googles release next iteration android although google nexus pixel devices guaranteed two years operating system updates third additional year security.
IPhone	however apple supported older iterations iphones four years.newer generations iphone hit six years support.sales apple sold .million first generation iphone units five quarters.apple achieved .
IPhone	worldwide mobile phone share year smartphone market held .share.sales fourth quarter temporarily surpassed research motions rim blackberry sales .million units briefly made apple third largest mobile phone manufacturer revenue nokia samsung however income deferred.numbers lower first three quarters fourth quarter surpassed sales q .
IPhone	recorded sales grew steadily thereafter end fiscal year total .million iphones sold.by iphone market share barely cell phones however apple pulled total profit global cellphone sales generated.apple sold .million iphones third quarter representing unit growth yearago quarter well ahead idcs latest published estimate growth global smartphone market september quarter.apples sales surpassed research motions .
IPhone	million blackberry units sold recent quarter ended august .united states market alone third quarter .million androidpowered smartphones shipped .market apple ios number two phone operating system ..
IPhone	million iphones sold made popular single device.on march ipad launch event apple announced sold million iphones worldwide.result success iphone sales volume high selling price headlined iphone apple became largest mobile handset vendor world revenue surpassing longtime leader nokia.samsung galaxy ii proved popular iphone parts europe iphone dominant united states.twoyearold iphone outsold original iphone iphone g iphone gs models put together.in january apple reported best quarterly earnings ever revenue coming sale million iphones average selling price nearly .average selling price remained fairly constant phones lifespan hovering .for eight largest phone manufacturers q according horace dediu asymco apple samsung combined take industry profits htc took remaining rim lg sony ericsson motorola nokia suffered losses apple earning cents every dollar earned phone makers.
IPhone	industry profits grew .billion first quarter .billion first quarter quadruple profits apple managed increase share profits.due increasing carrier subsidies high selling prices iphone negative effect wireless carriers att mobility verizon sprint seen ebitda service margins drop sold increasing number iphones.in fourth quarter iphone iphone bestselling handsets sales .million smartphones worldwide .
IPhone	million units respectively samsung galaxy iii third .million.according strategy analytics data impressive performance given iphone portfolios premium pricing adding galaxy iiis global popularity appears peaked galaxy iii touted iphonekiller press released.samsung led worldwide sales smartphones apples iphone line still managed top samsungs smartphone offerings united states .share .
IPhone	market respectively.ios grew ..android slid .fall .
IPhone	share.the continued top popularity iphone despite growing android competition also attributed apple able deliver ios updates air android updates frequently impeded carrier testing requirements hardware tailoring forcing consumers purchase new android smartphone get latest version os.however apples market share fallen .due surging popularity android offerings.apple announced september iphone tradein program would implemented specialty stores us.program become available customers must valid contract must purchase new phone rather simply receive credit used later date.significant part programs goal increase number customers purchase iphones apple stores rather carrier stores.on september sales date iphone c models longest ever queue observed new york city flagship apple store addition prominent queues san francisco canada however locations throughout world identified anticipation corresponding consumers.
IPhone	apple also increased production goldcolored iphone additional onethird due particularly strong demand emerged.apple decided introduce gold model finding gold seen popular sign luxury product among chinese customers.apple released opening weekend sales results c models showing alltime high products sales figures nine million handsets sold—the previous record set five million handsets sold opening weekend model.first time apple simultaneously launched two models inclusion china list markets contributed record sales result.apple also announced september million devices running ios update making fastest software upgrade history.an apple store located christiana mall newark delaware claimed highest iphones sales figures november .stores high sales results due absence sales tax state delaware.the finalization deal apple china mobile worlds largest mobile network announced late december .
Proton Technologies	multiyear agreement provides iphone access million china mobile subscribers.in first quarter apple reported sold million iphones alltime quarterly record compared .million yearago quarter.on july apple announced sold billionth iphone.during apples earnings call january tim cook said billion iphones active.see also history iphonenewton platform early personal digital assistant first tablet platform developed applepocketsized computer telephones portal notes references apple empowers businesses accept contactless payments tap pay iphone external links iphone – official site appletechnical specifications models apple inc.video jobs launching iphone macworld youtubedigging rare earths mines iphones born cnet news september evolution iphone techengage februaryproton headquartered geneva switzerland.protonmail released protonvpn becoming proton technologies.january protonvpn became fully open source.products protonmail protonmail released publicly may beta endtoend encrypted email service year crowdfunding.protonmail .released august rewritten codebase becoming open source.
Proton Technologies	protonmail protonvpn may upon release protonvpn protonmail became proton technologies protonmail becoming subsidiary alongside protonvpn.accessible online tor clearnet mobile applications.after year crowdfunding protonmail released protonvpn may secure vpn service provider.simultaneously protonmail became proton technologies ag.alleged nologging policy location switzerland dns webrtc ip address leakage prevention.on january proton technologies announced protonvpn would open source allow independent security experts analyze becoming first vpn service simultaneously announcing independent security audit conducted.as april protonvpn total servers located different countries owned operated proton.protoncalendar released public beta december protoncalendar fully encrypted calendar app.
Proton Technologies	april available users protonmail.protondrive beta released public beta november protondrive cloud storage solution endtoend encryption.june available paid subscribers protonmail.location security protonmail protonvpn located switzerland avoid surveillance information requests countries fourteen eyes andor government surveillance laws like u.s.s patriot act outside bounds law.they also located switzerland strict privacy laws.data centers protonmail maintains owns server hardware network order avoid utilizing third party.
Proton Technologies	maintains two data centers one lausanne another attinghausen former k military bunker meters ft granite rock backup.since data centers located switzerland legally outside us eu jurisdiction.swiss law surveillance requests foreign countries must go swiss court subject international treaties.prospective surveillance targets promptly notified appeal request court.each data center uses load balancing across web mail sql servers redundant power supply hard drives full disk encryption exclusive use linux opensource software.december protonmail joined ripe ncc effort direct control surrounding internet infrastructure.
MacOS version history	funding proton technologies initially funded crowdfunding paid subscriptions services also partially funded fongitfondation genevoise pour linnovation technologique english foundation technological innovation nonprofit foundation financed swiss federal commission technology innovation division swiss government.march proton confirmed shares held charles rivers ventures transferred fongit.referencessystem including final release mac os direct descendant operating system apple used macintosh computers since introduction .however current macos unix operating system built technology developed next apple purchased company early .although originally marketed simply version mac os indicated roman numeral x completely different codebase mac os well substantial changes user interface.transition technologically strategically significant one.ease transition versions .able run mac os applications compatibility layer.macos first released mac os x server .
MacOS version history	widely released desktop version—mac os x .—following march .since several distinct desktop server editions macos released.starting mac os x .lion macos server longer offered separate operating system instead server management tools available purchase addon.starting intel build mac os x .
MacOS version history	leopard releases certified unix systems conforming single unix specification.lion sometimes referred apple mac os x lion sometimes referred os x lion without mac mountain lion consistently referred os x mountain lion mac completely dropped.operating system renamed macos starting macos sierra.macos retained major version number throughout development history release macos big sur releases macos also named big cats versions .–.locations california .–present.a new macos monterey announced wwdc june .development development outside apple apple removed steve jobs management left company attempted create next big thing funding ross perot himself.result next computer.
MacOS version history	first workstation include digital signal processor dsp highcapacity optical disc drive next hardware advanced time expensive relative rapidly commoditizing workstation market marred design problems.hardware phased however companys objectoriented operating system nextstep lasting legacy.nextstep based mach kernel developed cmu carnegie mellon university bsd implementation unix dating back s. featured objectoriented programming framework based objectivec language.environment known today mac world cocoa.also supported innovative enterprise objects framework database access layer webobjects application server development environment among notable features.all abandoning idea operating system next managed maintain business selling webobjects consulting services ever making modest profits last quarters independent company.nextstep underwent evolution openstep separated object layers operating system allowing run less modification platforms.
MacOS version history	openstep short time adopted sun hp.however point number companies — notably apple ibm microsoft even sun — claiming would soon releasing similar objectoriented operating systems development tools own.efforts taligent fully come fruition others like java gained widespread adoption.on february apple computer acquired next million used openstep basis mac os x called time.traces next software heritage still seen macos.example cocoa development environment objectivec library classes ns prefixes history section manual page defaults command macos straightforwardly states command first appeared nextstep.
MacOS version history	internal development meanwhile apple facing commercial difficulties own.decadeold macintosh system software reached limits singleuser cooperative multitasking architecture onceinnovative user interface looking increasingly outdated.massive development effort replace known copland started generally perceived outside apple hopeless case due political infighting conflicting goals.copland nowhere near ready release project eventually cancelled.elements copland incorporated mac os released july .after considering purchase beos — multimediaenabled multitasking os designed hardware similar apples company decided instead acquire next use openstep basis new os.
MacOS version history	avie tevanian took os development steve jobs brought consultant.first plan develop new operating system based almost entirely updated version openstep addition virtual machine subsystem — known blue box — running classic macintosh applications.result known code name rhapsody slated release late .apple expected developers would port software considerably powerful openstep libraries learned power flexibility.instead several major developers adobe told apple would never occur would rather leave platform entirely.rejection apples plan largely result string previous broken promises apple watching one next os another disappear apples market share dwindle developers interested much work platform let alone rewrite.
MacOS version history	changed direction jobs apples financial losses continued board directors lost confidence ceo gil amelio asking resign.board asked steve jobs lead company interim basis essentially giving carte blanche make changes return company profitability.jobs announced world wide developers conference developers really wanted modern version mac os apple going deliver met applause.next two years major effort applied porting original macintosh apis unix libraries known carbon.mac os applications could ported carbon without need complete rewrite making operate native applications new operating system.
MacOS version history	meanwhile applications written using older toolkits would supported using classic mac os environment.support c c objectivec java python added furthering developer comfort new platform.during time lower layers operating system mach kernel bsd layers top repackaged released apple public source license.became known darwin.darwin kernel provides stable flexible operating system takes advantage contributions programmers independent opensource projects outside apple however sees little use outside macintosh community.period java programming language increased popularity effort started improve mac java support.
MacOS version history	consisted porting highspeed java virtual machine platform exposing macosspecific cocoa apis java language.the first release new os — mac os x server .— used modified version mac os gui client versions starting mac os x developer preview used new theme known aqua.aqua substantial departure mac os interface evolved little change original macintosh operating system incorporated full color scalable graphics antialiasing text graphics simulated shading highlights transparency shadows animation.new feature dock application launcher took advantage capabilities.despite mac os x maintained substantial degree consistency traditional mac os interface apples human interface guidelines pulldown menu top screen familiar keyboard shortcuts support singlebutton mouse.
MacOS version history	development aqua delayed somewhat switch opensteps display postscript engine one developed inhouse free license restrictions known quartz.releases note powermac g special jaguar builds.note tiger support bit gui applications bit cli applications.note bit bit powerpc applications supported intel processors rosetta.note bit intel applications supported apple silicon macs rosetta .however intelbased macs unable run armbased applications ios ipados apps.with exception mac os x server .original public beta first several macos versions named big cats.prior release version .
MacOS version history	code named cheetah internally apple version .code named internally puma.code name jaguar version .received publicity media apple began openly using names promote operating system .marketed panther .
MacOS version history	tiger .leopard .snow leopard .lion .mountain lion.
MacOS version history	panther tiger leopard registered trademarks.apple registered lynx cougar allowed lapse.apple instead used name iconic locations california subsequent releases .mavericks named mavericks popular surfing destination .yosemite named yosemite national park .
MacOS version history	el capitan named el capitan rock formation yosemite national park .sierra named sierra nevada mountain range .high sierra named area around high sierra camps.public beta kodiak september apple released .preview version mac os x internally codenamed kodiak order gain feedback users.
MacOS version history	marked first public availability aqua interface apple made many changes ui based customer feedback.mac os x public beta expired ceased function spring .version .cheetah march apple released mac os x .internally codenamed cheetah.the initial version slow incomplete applications available time launch mostly independent developers.
MacOS version history	many critics suggested operating system ready mainstream adoption recognized importance initial launch base improve.simply releasing mac os x received macintosh community great accomplishment attempts completely overhaul mac os underway since delayed countless setbacks.following bug fixes kernel panics became much less frequent.version .puma mac os x .
MacOS version history	internally codenamed puma released september .it better performance provided missing features dvd playback.apple released .free upgrade cd .users.apple released us upgrade cd mac os .on january apple announced mac os x default operating system macintosh products end month.
MacOS version history	version .jaguar august apple followed mac os x .jaguar first release use code name part branding.it brought great raw performance improvements sleeker look many powerful userinterface enhancements according apple including quartz extreme compositing graphics directly ati radeon nvidia geforce mx agpbased video card least mb vram systemwide repository contact information new address book instant messaging client named ichat.the happy mac appeared mac os startup sequence almost years replaced large grey apple logo introduction mac os x .. version .panther mac os x panther released october .addition providing much improved performance also incorporated extensive update yet user interface.
MacOS version history	panther included many new features jaguar year including updated finder incorporating brushedmetal interface fast user switching exposé window manager filevault safari ichat av added videoconferencing features ichat improved portable document format pdf rendering much greater microsoft windows interoperability.support early g computers power macintosh powerbook discontinued.version .tiger mac os x tiger released april .apple stated tiger contained new features.as panther certain older machines longer supported tiger requires mac builtin firewire port.among new features tiger introduced spotlight dashboard smart folders updated mail program smart mailboxes quicktime safari automator voiceover core image core video.initial release apple tv used modified version tiger different graphical interface fewer applications services.on january apple released first intelbased macs along .. update tiger.
MacOS version history	operating system functioned identically powerpcbased macs new intelbased machines exception intel release dropping support classic environment.only powerpc macs booted retail copies tiger client dvd universal dvd tiger server .. k boot powerpc intel macs.version .leopard mac os x leopard released october .apple called largest update mac os x. leopard supports powerpc intel xbased macintosh computers support g processor dropped g processor required minimum clock rate mhz least mb ram installed.single dvd works supported macs including bit machines.
MacOS version history	new features include new look updated finder time machine spaces boot camp preinstalled full support bit applications including graphical applications new features mail ichat number new security features.leopard open brand unix registered product intel platform.also first bsdbased os receive unix certification.leopard dropped support classic environment classic applications final version mac os x support powerpc architecture.version .
MacOS version history	snow leopard mac os x snow leopard released august last version available disc.rather delivering big changes appearance end user functionality like previous releases mac os x development snow leopard deliberately focused hood changes increasing performance efficiency stability operating system.users noticeable changes disk space operating system frees clean installation compared mac os x .leopard responsive finder rewritten cocoa faster time machine backups reliable user friendly disk ejects powerful version preview application well faster safari web browser.an update introduced support mac app store apples digital distribution platform macos applications subsequent macos upgrades.snow leopard supports machines intel cpus requires least gb ram drops default support applications built powerpc architecture rosetta installed additional component retain support powerpconly applications.
MacOS version history	version .lion mac os x lion released july .brought developments made apples ios easily navigable display installed applications launchpad greater use multitouch gestures mac.release removed rosetta making incapable running powerpc applications.dropped support bit intel processors requires gb memory.
MacOS version history	changes made gui graphical user interface include launchpad similar home screen ios devices autohiding scrollbars appear used mission control unifies exposé spaces dashboard fullscreen applications within single interface.apple also made changes applications resume state closed similar ios.documents autosave default.version .mountain lion os x mountain lion released july .incorporates features seen ios include game center support imessage new messages messaging application reminders todo list app separate ical renamed calendar like ios app.
MacOS version history	also includes support storing iwork documents icloud.gb memory required.notification center makes debut mountain lion desktop version similar one ios .higher.application popups concentrated corner screen center pulled right side screen.
MacOS version history	mountain lion also includes chinese features including support baidu option safari search engine.notification center added providing overview alerts applications.notes added application separate mail synching ios counterpart icloud service.messages instant messaging software application replaces ichat.version .
MacOS version history	mavericks os x mavericks released october free update mac app store worldwide.it placed emphasis battery life finder enhancements enhancements power users continued icloud integration well bringing apples ios apps os x platform.ibooks apple maps applications added.mavericks requires gb memory operate.first version named apples thennew theme places california dubbed mavericks surfing location.unlike previous versions os x progressively decreasing prices since .
MacOS version history	.available charge users compatible systems running snow leopard .later beginning apples policy free upgrades life operating system business software.version .yosemite os x yosemite released general public october free update mac app store worldwide.
MacOS version history	featured major overhaul user interface replaced skeuomorphism flat graphic design blurred translucency effects following aesthetic introduced ios .introduced features called continuity handoff allow tighter integration paired os x ios devices user handle phone calls text messages either mac iphone edit pages document either mac ipad.later update os included photos replacement iphoto aperture.version .el capitan os x el capitan revealed june wwdc keynote speech.
MacOS version history	made available public beta july made available publicly september .apple described release containing refinements mac experience improvements system performance rather new features.refinements include public transport built maps application gui improvements notes application well adopting san francisco system font.metal api application enhancing software debuted operating system available macs since .version .
MacOS version history	sierra macos sierra announced june wwdc keynote speech.update brought siri macos featuring several macspecific features like searching files.also allowed websites support apple pay method transferring payment using either nearby ios device touch id authenticate.icloud also received several improvements ability store users desktop documents folders icloud could synced macs apple id.released publicly september .
MacOS version history	version .high sierra macos high sierra announced june wwdc keynote speech.released september .release includes many underthehood improvements including switch apple file system apfs introduction metal support hevc video improvements vr support.addition numerous changes made standard applications including photos safari notes spotlight.
MacOS version history	version .mojave macos mojave announced june wwdc keynote speech.released september .key new features dark mode desktop stacks dynamic desktop changes desktop background image correspond users current time day.version .
MacOS version history	catalina macos catalina announced june wwdc keynote speech.released october .primarily focuses updates builtin apps replacing itunes separate music podcasts tv apps redesigned reminders books apps new find app.also features sidecar allows user use ipad second screen computer even simulate graphics tablet apple pencil.first version macos support bit applications.
MacOS version history	dashboard application also removed update.since macos catalina ios apps run macos project catalyst requires app made compatible unlike armpowered silicon macs run ios apps default.version big sur macos big sur announced june wwdc keynote speech.released november .major version number changed first time since mac os x released making macos .
MacOS version history	brings arm support new icons gui changes system bug fixes.version monterey macos monterey announced june wwdc keynote speech.released october .macos monterey introduces new features universal control airplay mac shortcuts application more.universal control allows users use single keyboard mouse move devices.
NASA spinoff technologies	airplay allows users present share almost anything.shortcuts app also introduced macos giving users access galleries prebuilt shortcuts designed macs service brought ios.users also set shortcuts among things.timeline macintosh operating systems timeline macos versions see also macintosh operating systemsarchitecture macoslist macos componentsios version history references external links official websiteinformation new nasa technology may useful industry available periodical website form nasa tech briefs successful examples commercialization reported annually nasa publication spinoffs.spinoff publication documented technologies time.in notable science fiction author robert a. heinlein helped bring awareness spinoffs asked appear congress recovering one earliest known vascular bypass operations correct blocked artery.testimony reprinted book expanded universe heinlein claimed four nasa spinoff technologies made surgery possible long list nasa spinoff technologies space development.since nasa technology transfer program connected nasa resources private industry referring commercial products spinoffs.wellknown products nasa claims spinoffs include memory foam originally named temper foam freezedried food firefighting equipment emergency space blankets dustbusters cochlear implants lzr racer swimsuits cmos image sensors.nasa published spinoffs fields computer technology environment agriculture health medicine public safety transportation recreation industrial productivity.
NASA spinoff technologies	contrary common belief nasa invent tang velcro teflon.history spinoff publication spinoff nasa publication featuring technology made available public.since nasa featured average technologies year annual publication spinoff maintains searchable database technologies.products first spun space research nasa presented black white report titled technology utilization program report.interest reports nasa decided create annual publications color.
NASA spinoff technologies	spinoff first published since nasa distributed free copies universities media inventors general public.spinoff describes nasa works various industries small businesses bring new technology public.spinoff products database dating back .health medicine infrared ear thermometers diatek corporation nasa developed aural thermometer measures thermal radiation emitted eardrum similar way temperature stars planets measured.method avoids contact mucous membranes permits rapid temperature measurement newborn incapacitated patients.
NASA spinoff technologies	nasa supported diatek corporation technology affiliates program.ventricular assist device collaboration nasa dr. michael debakey dr. george noon micromed technology inc. resulted heart pump patients awaiting heart transplants.micromed debakey ventricular assist device vad functions bridge heart transplant pumping blood donor heart available.pump approximately onetenth size currently marketed pulsatile vads.pumps small size fewer patients developed devicerelated infections.
NASA spinoff technologies	operate hours batteries giving patients mobility normal everyday activities.lasik lasik technology comes efforts autonomous rendezvous docking space vehicles service satellites.eventually range velocity imaging ladar demonstrated could used docking spacecraft.ladar also used military nasasponsored research applications strategic target tracking weapons firing control.lasik technology used ophthalmologists track eye movements rate times per second reshaping cornea clear front surface eye using laser.
NASA spinoff technologies	cochlear implants nasa engineer adam kissiah started working mids could become cochlear implant device provides hearing sensation people receive little benefit hearing aids.kissiah used knowledge learned working electronics instrumentation engineer nasa.work took place three years kissiah would spend lunch breaks evenings nasas technical library studying impact engineering principles inner ear.nasa helped kissiah obtain patent cochlear implant.artificial limbs nasas continued funding coupled collective innovations robotics shockabsorptioncomfort materials inspiring enabling private sector create new better solutions animal human prostheses.
NASA spinoff technologies	advancements environmental robots inc.s development artificial muscle systems robotic sensing actuation capabilities use nasa space robotic extravehicular activities adapted order create functionally dynamic artificial limbs.additionally privatesector adaptations nasas temper foam technology brought custommoldable materials offering natural look feel flesh well preventing friction skin prosthesis heatmoisture buildup.lightemitting diodes medical therapies initial experiments using lightemitting diodes nasa space shuttle plant growth experiments nasa issued small business innovation grant led development handheld highintensity led unit developed quantum devices inc. used treat tumors treatment options depleted.– therapy approved fda inducted space foundations space technology hall fame .invisible braces invisible braces type transparent ceramics called translucent polycrystalline alumina tpa.company known ceradyne developed tpa conjunction nasa advanced ceramics research protection infrared antennae heatseeking missile trackers.
NASA spinoff technologies	scratchresistant lenses sunglasses manufacturer called foster grant first licensed nasa technology scratchresistant lenses developed protecting space equipment scratching space especially helmet visors.space blanket socalled space blankets developed space program lightweight reflect infrared radiation.items often included first aid kits.foods printing beehex developed printing systems food pizza desserts icings following sbir grant began nasafunded project.transportation aircraft antiicing systems nasa funding sbir program work nasa scientists advanced development thermoelectric deicing system called thermawing dcpowered air conditioner singleengine aircraft called thermacool highoutput alternators run both.
NASA spinoff technologies	thermawing allows pilots safely fly ice encounters provides pilots singleengine aircraft heated wing technology usually reserved larger jetpowered craft.thermacool electric air conditioning system uses new compressor whose rotary pump design runs energyefficient brushless dc motor allows pilots use air conditioner engine starts.highway safety safety grooving cutting grooves concrete increase traction prevent injury first developed reduce aircraft accidents wet runways.represented international grooving grinding association industry expanded highway pedestrian applications.safety grooving originated langley research center assisted testing grooving airports highways.
NASA spinoff technologies	skidding reduced stopping distance decreased vehicles cornering ability curves increased.process extended animal holding pens parking lots potentially slippery surfaces.improved radial tires goodyear tire rubber company developed fibrous material five times stronger steel nasa use parachute shrouds softland viking lander spacecraft martian surface.recognizing durability material goodyear expanded technology went produce new radial tire tread life expected miles km greater conventional radials.chemical detection nasa contracted intelligent optical systems ios develop moisture phsensitive sensors warn corrosive conditions aircraft damage occurs.
NASA spinoff technologies	sensor changes color response contact target.completing work nasa ios tasked u.s. department defense develop sensors detecting chemical warfare agents potential threats toxic industrial compounds nerve agents.ios sold chemically sensitive fiber optic cables major automotive aerospace companies finding variety uses devices aiding experimentation nontraditional power sources economical alarm system detecting chemical release large facilities.public safety video enhancing analysis systems intergraph government solutions developed video analyst system vas building video image stabilization registration visar technology created nasa help fbi agents analyze video footage.originally used enhancing video images nighttime videotapes made handheld camcorders vas tool video enhancement analysis offering support fullresolution digital video stabilization framebyframe analysis conversion analog video digital storage formats increased visibility filmed subjects without altering underlying footage.
NASA spinoff technologies	aside law enforcement security applications vas also adapted serve military reconnaissance weapons deployment damage assessment training mission debriefing.landmine removal thiokol used surplus rocket fuel agreement nasas marshall space flight center produce flare safely destroy landmines.fuel left unused launch become solid cannot reused used ingredient needed create demining device flare.demining device flare uses batterytriggered electric match ignite neutralize land mines field without detonation.flare uses solid rocket fuel burn hole mines case burns away explosive contents mine disarmed without hazard.
NASA spinoff technologies	fireresistant reinforcement built designed avco corporation apollo heat shield coated material whose purpose burn thus dissipate energy reentry charring form protective coating block heat penetration.nasa subsequently funded avcos development applications heat shield fireretardant paints foams aircraft led intumescent epoxy material expands volume exposed heat flames acting insulating barrier dissipating heat burnoff.innovations include steel coatings devised make highrise buildings public structures safer swelling provide tough stable insulating layer steel hours fire protection ultimately slow building collapse provide time escape.firefighting equipment firefighting equipment united states based lightweight materials developed u.s. space program.nasa national bureau standards created lightweight breathing system including face mask frame harness air bottle using aluminum composite material developed nasa use rocket casings.
NASA spinoff technologies	broadest firerelated technology transfer breathing apparatus protection smoke inhalation injury.additionally nasas inductorless electronic circuit technology led lowercost rugged shortrange twoway radio used firefighters.nasa also helped develop specialized mask weighing less ounces g protect physically impaired injuries face head well flexible heatresistant materials—developed protect space shuttle reentry—which used military commercially suits municipal aircraftrescue firefighters.shock absorbers buildings nasa funding taylor devices inc. developed shock absorbers could safely remove fuel electrical connectors space shuttles launch.absorbers used seismic shock absorbers protect buildings earthquakes places like tokyo san francisco.consumer home recreation tempur foam result program designed develop padding concept improve crash protection airplane passengers ames research center developed called memory foam.
NASA spinoff technologies	memory foam tempur foam incorporated mattresses pillows military civilian aircraft automobiles motorcycles sports safety equipment amusement park rides arenas horseback saddles archery targets furniture human animal prostheses.highenergy absorption soft characteristics offer protection comfort.tempur foam inducted space foundation space technology hall fame .– enriched baby food commercially available infant formulas contain nutritional enrichment ingredient traces existence nasasponsored research bread mold recycling agent longduration space travel.substance formulated products dha ara based microalgae found infant formulas sold united states added infant formulas countries.
NASA spinoff technologies	martek biosciences corporations founders principal scientists acquired expertise area working nasa program.program support theorist mikkel juelsgaard poulsen.microalgae food supplement inducted space foundation space technology hall fame .portable cordless vacuums apollo space mission nasa required portable selfcontained drill capable extracting core samples lunar surface.black decker tasked job developed computer program optimize design drills motor ensure minimal power consumption.
NASA spinoff technologies	computer program led development cordless miniature vacuum cleaner called dustbuster.freeze drying planning longduration apollo missions nasa conducted extensive research space food.one techniques developed nestlé freeze drying.united states action products later commercialized technique foods concentrating snack food resulting products like space ice cream.foods cooked quickly frozen slowly heated vacuum chamber remove ice crystals formed freezing process.
NASA spinoff technologies	final product retains nutrition weighs much less drying.ratio weight drying depends strongly particular food item typical freezedried weight original weight.today one benefits advancement food preservation includes simple nutritious meals available disabled otherwise homebound senior adults unable take advantage existing meal programs.space age swimsuit langley research centers wind tunnel testing facilities fluid flow analysis software supported speedos design space ageenriched swimsuit.resulting lzr racer reduced skin friction drag previous speedo swimsuit.march athletes wearing lzr racer broke swimming world records.

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