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Edward Snowden	due respect cant imagine said maurer.february snowden resigned cia.nsa subcontractee employee dell snowden began work contractee dell manages computer systems multiple government agencies.assigned nsa facility yokota air base near tokyo snowden instructed top officials military officers defend networks chinese hackers.snowden looked mass surveillance china prompted investigate expose washingtons mass surveillance program asked brief conference tokyo.
Edward Snowden	four years dell rose supervising nsa computer system upgrades working résumé termed cyber strategist expert cyber counterintelligence several u.s. locations.brief stint new delhi enrolled local institute learn core java programming advanced ethical hacking.returned maryland spent year lead technologist dells cia account.capacity consulted chiefs cias technical branches including agencys chief information officer chief technology officer.u.s. officials sources familiar investigation said snowden began downloading documents describing governments electronic spying programs working dell april .
Edward Snowden	investigators estimated documents snowden gave greenwald poitras copied snowden working dell.in march dell reassigned snowden hawaii lead technologist nsas informationsharing office.nsa subcontractee employee booz allen hamilton march – three days later called breaking point seeing director national intelligence james clapper directly lie oath congress – snowden quit job dell.although said career high annual salary snowden said took pay cut work consulting firm booz allen hamilton sought employment order gather data release details nsas worldwide surveillance activity.at time departure u.s. may employed months inside nsas hawaii regional operations center focuses electronic monitoring china north korea first dell two months booz allen hamilton.intelligence officials described position system administrator snowden said infrastructure analyst meant job look new ways break internet telephone traffic around world.anonymous source told reuters hawaii snowden may persuaded – coworkers give login credentials telling needed job.
Edward Snowden	nsa sent memo congress saying snowden tricked fellow employee sharing personal private key gain greater access nsas computer system.snowden disputed memo saying january never stole passwords trick army coworkers.booz allen terminated snowdens employment june day went public story weeks left hawaii leave absence.a former nsa coworker said although nsa full smart people snowden genius among geniuses created widely implemented backup system nsa often pointed security flaws agency.former colleague said snowden given full administrator privileges virtually unlimited access nsa data.snowden offered position nsas elite team hackers tailored access operations turned join booz allen.
Edward Snowden	anonymous source later said booz allens hiring screeners found possible discrepancies snowdens resume still decided hire him.snowdens résumé stated attended computerrelated classes johns hopkins university.spokeswoman johns hopkins said university find records show snowden attended university suggested may instead attended advanced career technologies private forprofit organization operated computer career institute johns hopkins university.university maryland university college acknowledged snowden attended summer session um campus asia.snowdens résumé stated estimated would receive university liverpool computer security masters degree .
Edward Snowden	university said snowden registered online masters degree program computer security inactive student completed program.in may interview nbc news snowden accused u.s. government trying use one position career distract totality experience downplaying lowlevel analyst.words trained spy traditional sense word lived worked undercover overseas—pretending work job im not—and even assigned name mine.said hed worked nsa undercover overseas dia developed sources methods keep information people secure hostile dangerous environments around world.say im lowlevel systems administrator dont know im talking id say somewhat misleading.june interview globo tv snowden reiterated actually functioning senior level.
Edward Snowden	july interview guardian snowden explained nsa career began move merely overseeing systems actively directing use.many people dont understand actually analyst designated individuals groups targeting.snowden subsequently told wired dell would sit cio cia cto cia chiefs technical branches.would tell hardest technology problems job come way fix them.during time nsa analyst directing work others snowden recalled moment colleagues began severe ethical doubts.snowden said yearold analysts suddenlythrust position extraordinary responsibility access private records.
Edward Snowden	course daily work stumble across something completely unrelated sort necessary sense—for example intimate nude photo someone sexually compromising situation.theyre extremely attractive.turn around chair show coworker ... sooner later persons whole life seen people.snowden observed behavior happened routinely every two months never reported considered one fringe benefits work.whistleblower status snowden described whistleblower description used many sources including cnbc new yorker reuters guardian among others.
Edward Snowden	term informal legal meanings.snowden said told multiple employees two supervisors concerns nsa disputes claim.snowden elaborated january saying made tremendous efforts report programs coworkers supervisors anyone proper clearance would listen.reactions told scale constitutional violations ranged deeply concerned appalled one willing risk jobs families possibly even freedom go sic thomas andrews drake did.march testimony european parliament snowden wrote revealing classified information reported clearly problematic programs ten officials said nothing response.may interview snowden told nbc news bringing concerns legality nsa spying programs officials told stay silent matter.
Edward Snowden	said nsa copies emails sent office general counsel oversight compliance personnel broaching concerns nsas interpretations legal authorities.raised complaints officially writing email supervisors colleagues one office.in may u.s. officials released single email snowden written april inquiring legal authorities said found evidence snowden expressed concerns someone oversight position.june nsa said able find records snowden raising internal complaints agencys operations.month snowden explained produced communiqués question ongoing nature dispute disclosing first time working nsa regard records going back forth dont want reveal everything come out.selfdescription whistleblower attribution news reports determine whether qualifies whistleblower within meaning whistleblower protection act usc b pub.law .
Edward Snowden	however snowdens potential status whistleblower act directly addressed criminal complaint united states district court eastern district virginia see case no.cr mh.similar related issues discussed essay david pozen chapter book whistleblowing nation published march adaptation also appeared lawfare blog march .the unclassified portion september report united states house permanent select committee intelligence hpsci initiated chairman ranking member august posted website federation american scientists concluded snowden whistleblower sense required whistleblower protection act.bulk report classified.global surveillance disclosures size scope disclosures exact size snowdens disclosure unknown australian officials estimated australian intelligence files british officials estimate least british intelligence files included.
Edward Snowden	nsa director keith alexander initially estimated snowden copied anywhere nsa documents.later estimates provided u.s. officials order .million number originally came department defense talking points.july washington post reported cache previously provided snowden domestic nsa operations consisting roughly intercepted email instantmessage conversations hundreds pages long documents taken online accounts.u.s. defense intelligence agency report declassified june said snowden took department defense files downloaded nsa.
Edward Snowden	potential impact u.s. national security march army general martin dempsey chairman joint chiefs staff told house armed services committee vast majority documents snowden ... exfiltrated highest levels security ... nothing exposing government oversight domestic activities.vast majority related military capabilities operations tactics techniques procedures.asked may interview quantify number documents snowden stole retired nsa director keith alexander said accurate way counting took snowden may downloaded million documents.the september hpsci report estimated number downloaded documents .million.in associated press interview glenn greenwald statedin order take documents proved saying true take ones included sensitive detailed blueprints nsa do.thus snowden documents allegedly contained sensitive nsa blueprints detailing nsa operates would allow someone read evade even duplicate nsa surveillance.
Edward Snowden	july new york times article reported terror group islamic state isis isil studied revelations snowden united states gathered information militants main result groups top leaders used couriers encrypted channels avoid tracked monitoring communications western analysts.according snowden indiscriminately turn documents journalists stating carefully evaluated every single document disclosed ensure legitimately public interest.sorts documents would made big impact didnt turn screen everything releasing journalists ... time go information would like make available journalists country.despite measures improper redaction document new york times resulted exposure intelligence activity alqaeda.in june nsas recently installed director u.s. navy admiral michael s. rogers said terrorist groups altered communications avoid surveillance techniques revealed snowden damage done significant enough conclude sky falling.nevertheless february rogers said snowdens disclosures material impact nsas detection evaluation terrorist activities worldwide.on june london sunday times reported russian chinese intelligence services decrypted million classified files snowden cache forcing uks mi intelligence agency move agents live operations hostile countries.sir david omand former director uks gchq intelligence gathering agency described huge strategic setback harming britain america nato allies.
Edward Snowden	sunday times said clear whether russia china stole snowdens data whether snowden voluntarily handed remain liberty hong kong moscow.april henry jackson society british neoconservative think tank published report claiming snowdens intelligence leaks negatively impacted britains ability fight terrorism organized crime.gus hosein executive director privacy international criticized report opinion presuming public became concerned privacy snowdens disclosures.release nsa documents snowdens decision leak nsa documents developed gradually following march posting technician geneva cia station.snowden later made contact glenn greenwald journalist working guardian.
Edward Snowden	contacted greenwald anonymously cincinnatus said sensitive documents would like share.greenwald found measures source asked take secure communications encrypting email annoying employ.snowden contacted documentary filmmaker laura poitras january .according poitras snowden chose contact seeing new york times article nsa whistleblower william binney.originally attracted snowden greenwald poitras salon article written greenwald detailing poitrass controversial films made target government.greenwald began working snowden either february april poitras asked greenwald meet new york city point snowden began providing documents them.
Edward Snowden	barton gellman writing washington post says first direct contact may .according gellman snowden approached greenwald post declined guarantee publication within hours powerpoint slides snowden leaked exposing prism electronic data mining program publish online encrypted code allowing snowden later prove source.snowden communicated using encrypted email going codename verax.asked quoted length fear identification stylometry.according gellman first meeting person snowden wrote understand made suffer actions return information public marks end.snowden also told gellman articles published journalists working would also mortal risk united states intelligence community think single point failure could stop disclosure make sole owner information.in may snowden permitted temporary leave position nsa hawaii pretext receiving treatment epilepsy.midmay snowden gave electronic interview poitras jacob appelbaum published weeks later der spiegel.after disclosing copied documents snowden promised nothing would stop subsequent disclosures.
Edward Snowden	june said say right us government going able cover jailing murdering me.truth coming cannot stopped.publication may snowden flew hong kong staying initial articles based leaked documents published beginning guardian june .greenwald later said snowden disclosed documents.within months documents obtained published media outlets worldwide notably guardian britain der spiegel germany washington post new york times u.s. globo brazil le monde france similar outlets sweden canada italy netherlands norway spain australia.nbc broke first story based leaked documents.
Edward Snowden	february reporting based snowdens leaks journalists glenn greenwald laura poitras barton gellman guardian′s ewen macaskill honored corecipients george polk award dedicated snowden.nsa reporting journalists also earned guardian washington post pulitzer prize public service exposing widespread surveillance helping spark huge public debate extent governments spying.guardians chief editor alan rusbridger credited snowden performed public service.revelations ongoing publication leaked documents revealed previously unknown details global surveillance apparatus run united states nsa close cooperation three four five eyes partners australias asd uks gchq canadas csec.on june media reports documenting existence functions classified surveillance programs scope began continued throughout entire year.first program revealed prism allows courtapproved direct access americans google yahoo accounts reported washington post guardian published one hour apart.
Edward Snowden	barton gellman washington post first journalist report snowdens documents.said u.s. government urged specify name companies involved gellman decided name would make real americans.reports also revealed details tempora british blackops surveillance program run nsas british partner gchq.initial reports included details nsa call database boundless informant secret court order requiring verizon hand nsa millions americans phone records daily surveillance french citizens phone internet records highprofile individuals world business politics.xkeyscore analytical tool allows collection almost anything done internet described guardian program shed light one snowdens controversial statements sitting desk could wiretap anyone accountant federal judge even president personal email.the nsas topsecret black budget obtained snowden washington post exposed successes failures spy agencies comprising u.s. intelligence community revealed nsa paying u.s. private tech companies clandestine access communications networks.
Edward Snowden	agencies allotted billion fiscal year.it revealed nsa harvesting millions email instant messaging contact lists searching email content tracking mapping location cell phones undermining attempts encryption via bullrun agency using cookies piggyback tools used internet advertisers pinpoint targets government hacking bolster surveillance.nsa shown secretly accessing yahoo google data centers collect information hundreds millions account holders worldwide tapping undersea cables using muscular surveillance program.the nsa cia gchq spied users second life xbox live world warcraft attempted recruit wouldbe informants sites according documents revealed december .leaked documents showed nsa agents also spied love interests practice nsa employees termed loveint.nsa shown tracking online sexual activity people termed radicalizers order discredit them.following revelation black pearl program targeting private networks nsa accused extending beyond primary mission national security.
Edward Snowden	agencys intelligencegathering operations targeted among others oil giant petrobras brazils largest company.nsa gchq also shown surveilling charities including unicef médecins du monde well allies european commissioner joaquín almunia israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu.in october glenn greenwald said shocking significant stories ones still working yet publish.november guardians editorinchief alan rusbridger said one percent documents published.december australias minister defence david johnston said government assumed worst yet come.by october snowdens disclosures created tensions u.s. close allies revealed u.s. spied brazil france mexico britain china germany spain well world leaders notably german chancellor angela merkel said spying among friends unacceptable compared nsa stasi.leaked documents published der spiegel appeared show nsa targeted highranking leaders.an nsa mission statement titled sigint strategy affirmed nsa plans continued expansion surveillance activities.
Edward Snowden	stated goal dramatically increase mastery global network acquire adversaries data anyone anytime anywhere.leaked slides revealed greenwalds book place hide released may showed nsas stated objective collect process exploit partner sniff know all.snowden said january interview german television nsa limit data collection national security issues accusing agency conducting industrial espionage.using example german company siemens said theres information siemens thats beneficial us national interests—even doesnt anything national security—then theyll take information nevertheless.wake snowdens revelations response inquiry left party germanys domestic security agency bundesamt für verfassungsschutz bfv investigated found concrete evidence u.s. conducted economic industrial espionage germany.in february testimony european union snowden said remaining undisclosed programs leave public interest determinations may safely disclosed responsible journalists coordination government stakeholders.in march documents disclosed glenn greenwald writing intercept showed nsa cooperation gchq plans infect millions computers malware using program called turbine.revelations included information quantumhand program nsa set fake facebook server intercept connections.according report washington post july relying information furnished snowden placed surveillance u.s. ordinary americans intended targets.
Edward Snowden	newspaper said examined documents including emails message texts online accounts support claim.in august interview snowden first time disclosed cyberwarfare program works codenamed monstermind would automate detection foreign cyberattack began automatically fire back.attacks spoofed said snowden.could someone sitting china example making appear one attacks originating russia.end shooting back russian hospital.happens next motivations snowden first contemplated leaking confidential documents around held back partly believed newly elected barack obama might introduce reforms.
Edward Snowden	disclosures identity made public guardian request june .want live world everything say recorded said.sole motive inform public done name done them.snowden said wanted embolden others step forward demonstrating win.also said system reporting problems work.report wrongdoing responsible it.
Edward Snowden	cited lack whistleblower protection government contractors use espionage act prosecute leakers belief used internal mechanisms sound alarm revelations would buried forever.in december upon learning u.s. federal judge ruled collection u.s. phone metadata conducted nsa likely unconstitutional snowden said acted belief nsas mass surveillance programs would withstand constitutional challenge american public deserved chance see issues determined open courts ... today secret program authorized secret court exposed light day found violate americans rights.in january snowden said breaking point seeing director national intelligence james clapper directly lie oath congress.referred testimony march —three months snowden first sought share thousands nsa documents greenwald nine months nsa says snowden made first illegal downloads summer —in clapper denied u.s. senate select committee intelligence nsa wittingly collects data millions americans.snowden said theres saving intelligence community believes lie public legislators need able trust regulate actions.seeing really meant going back.beyond creeping realization one else going this.
Edward Snowden	public right know programs.march snowden said reported policy legal issues related spying programs ten officials contractor legal avenue pursue whistleblowing.flight united states hong kong may snowden quit job telling supervisors required epilepsy treatment instead fled united states hong kong may .snowden told guardian reporters june room mira hotel since arrival city rarely going out.june correspondent ewen macaskill said snowden left hotel briefly three times since may .snowden vowed challenge extradition attempt u.s. government engaged hong kongbased canadian human rights lawyer robert tibbo legal adviser.
Edward Snowden	snowden told south china morning post planned remain hong kong long government would permit.snowden also told post united states government committed tremendous number crimes hong kong prc well going identify chinese internet protocol addresses nsa monitored stating nsa collected textmessage data hong kong residents.glenn greenwald said snowden motivated need ingratiate people hong kong china.after leaving mira hotel snowden housed two weeks several apartments refugees seeking asylum hong kong arrangement set tibbo hide us authorities.the russian newspaper kommersant nevertheless reported snowden living russian consulate shortly departure hong kong moscow.ben wizner lawyer american civil liberties union aclu legal adviser snowden said january every news organization world trying confirm story.havent able false.
Edward Snowden	likewise rejecting kommersant story anatoly kucherena became snowdens lawyer july snowden asked help seeking temporary asylum russia.kucherena said snowden communicate russian diplomats hong kong.early september however russian president vladimir putin said days boarding plane moscow snowden met hong kong russian diplomatic representatives.on june days publication snowdens nsa documents began officials revoked u.s. passport.june snowden boarded commercial aeroflot flight su moscow accompanied sarah harrison wikileaks.hong kong authorities said snowden detained u.s. request fully complied hong kong law legal basis prevent snowden leaving.
Edward Snowden	june u.s. state department spokesman rejected explanation technical noncompliance accusing hong kong government deliberately releasing fugitive despite valid arrest warrant sufficient time prohibit travel.day julian assange said wikileaks paid snowdens lodging hong kong flight out.julian assange asked fidel narváez consul ecuadorian embassy london sign emergency travel document snowden.snowden said document gave confidence courage get plane begin journey.in october snowden said flying moscow gave classified documents obtained journalists met hong kong kept copies himself.january told german tv interviewer gave information american journalists reporting american issues.
Edward Snowden	first american tv interview may snowden said protected russian leverage destroying material holding landing moscow.in january vanessa rodel one refugees housed snowden hong kong yearold daughter granted asylum canada.supun thilina kellapatha nadeeka dilrukshi nonis children found refuge canada leaving one snowdens hong kong helpers waiting asylum.russia june snowden landed moscows sheremetyevo airport.wikileaks said circuitous safe route asylum ecuador.snowden seat reserved continue cuba board onward flight saying january interview intended transit russia stopped en route.
Edward Snowden	said planeload reporters documented seat supposed ticketed havana u.s. canceled passport.said u.s. wanted stay moscow could say hes russian spy.greenwalds account differed point snowden already ticketed.according greenwald snowdens passport valid departed hong kong revoked hours transit moscow preventing obtaining ticket leave russia.greenwald said snowden thus forced stay moscow seek asylum.according one russian report snowden planned fly moscow havana latin america however cuba told moscow would allow aeroflot plane carrying snowden land.
Edward Snowden	russian newspaper kommersant reported cuba change heart receiving pressure u.s. officials leaving stuck transit zone last minute havana told officials moscow allow flight.washington post contrasted version called widespread speculation russia never intended let snowden proceed.fidel castro called claims cuba would blocked snowdens entry lie libel.describing snowdens arrival moscow surprise likening unwanted christmas gift russian president putin said snowden remained transit area sheremetyevo airport committed crime russia free leave so.following snowdens arrival moscow white house expressed disappointment hong kongs decision allow leave.anonymous u.s. official authorized discuss matter told associated press snowdens passport revoked left hong kong senior official country airline could order subordinates overlook withdrawn passport.
Edward Snowden	u.s. secretary state john kerry said snowdens passport canceled within two hours charges snowden made public friday june .july statement snowden said although convicted nothing u.s. government unilaterally revoked passport leaving stateless person.without judicial order administration seeks stop exercising basic right.right belongs everybody.right seek asylum.four countries offered snowden permanent asylum ecuador nicaragua bolivia venezuela.
Edward Snowden	direct flights moscow venezuela bolivia nicaragua existed however u.s. pressured countries along route hand over.snowden said july decided bid asylum russia felt safe way reach latin america.snowden said remained russia talking possibilities asylum latin america united states forced bolivian presidents plane citing morales plane incident.according snowden cia powerful presence latin america governments security services relatively much less capable say russia.... could basically snatched me.... issue said governments western european north american states demonstrated willingness act outside law behavior persists today.unlawful threat makes impossible travel latin america enjoy asylum granted accordance shared rights.
Edward Snowden	snowden said would travel russia interference u.s. government.four months snowden received asylum russia julian assange commented venezuela ecuador could protect short term long term could change government.russia hes safe hes wellregarded likely change.advice snowden would physically safest russia.in october interview nation magazine snowden reiterated originally intended travel latin america lot people still unaware never intended end russia.according snowden u.s. government waited departed hong kong cancel passport order trap russia.snowden added really wanted capture wouldve allowed travel latin america cia operate impunity there.
Edward Snowden	want chose keep russia.morales plane incident july president evo morales bolivia attending conference russia suggested interview rt formerly russia today would consider request snowden asylum.following day moraless plane en route bolivia rerouted austria landed france spain italy denied access airspace.plane parked vienna spanish ambassador austria arrived two embassy personnel asked search plane denied permission morales himself.u.s. officials raised suspicions snowden may board.
Edward Snowden	morales blamed u.s. putting pressure european countries said grounding plane violation international law.in april bolivias ambassador russia maría luisa ramos urzagaste accused julian assange inadvertently putting moraless life risk intentionally providing u.s. false rumors snowden moraless plane.assange responded werent expecting outcome.result caused united states intervention.regret happened.asylum applications snowden applied political asylum countries.
Edward Snowden	statement attributed contended u.s. administration specifically then–vice president joe biden pressured governments refuse asylum petitions.biden telephoned president rafael correa days prior snowdens remarks asking ecuadorian leader grant snowden asylum.ecuador initially offered snowden temporary travel document later withdrew correa later called offer mistake.in july statement published wikileaks snowden accused u.s. government using citizenship weapon using described old bad tools political aggression.citing obamas promise allow wheeling dealing case snowden commented kind deception world leader justice neither extralegal penalty exile.several days later wikileaks announced snowden applied asylum six additional countries declined name alleging attempted u.s. interference.after evaluating law snowdens situation french interior ministry rejected request asylum.
Edward Snowden	poland refused process application conform legal procedure.brazils foreign ministry said government planned response snowdens asylum request.germany india rejected snowdens application outright austria ecuador finland norway italy netherlands spain said must territory apply.november germany announced snowden renewed previously denied request considered asylum.glenn greenwald later reported sigmar gabriel vicechancellor germany told u.s. government threatened stop sharing intelligence germany offered snowden asylum arranged travel there.putin said july snowden wanted granted asylum russia would required stop work aimed harming american partners.
Edward Snowden	spokesman putin subsequently said snowden withdrawn asylum application upon learning conditions.in july meeting sheremetyevo airport representatives human rights organizations lawyers organized part russian government snowden said accepting offers asylum already received would receive.added venezuelas grant asylum formalized asylee status removing basis state interference right asylum.also said would request asylum russia resolved travel problems.slovenian correspondent polonca frelih journalist presented july meeting snowden reported “looked like someone without daylight long time strong enough psychologically” expressing worries medical condition.russian federal migration service officials confirmed july snowden submitted application temporary asylum.
Edward Snowden	july kucherena said client wanted find work russia travel create life already begun learning russian.amid media reports early july attributed u.s. administration sources obamas oneonone meeting putin ahead g meeting st petersburg scheduled september doubt due snowdens protracted sojourn russia top u.s. officials repeatedly made clear moscow snowden immediately returned united states face charges unauthorized leaking classified information.russian lawyer said snowden needed asylum faced persecution u.s. government feared could subjected torture capital punishment.snowden married lindsay mills .on april cnn reported edward snowden requested threeyear extension russian residency permit.eric holder letter russian justice minister letter russian minister justice aleksandr konovalov dated july u.s. attorney general eric holder repudiated snowdens claim refugee status offered limited validity passport good direct return u.s. stated snowden would subject torture death penalty would receive trial civilian court proper legal counsel.day russian presidents spokesman reiterated government would hand snowden commenting putin personally involved matter handled talks fbi russias fsb.criminal charges june united states federal prosecutors filed criminal complaint snowden charging three felonies theft government property two counts violating espionage act u. s. c. sect.
Edward Snowden	et.seq.publ.l. unauthorized communication national defense information willful communication classified communications intelligence information unauthorized person.specifically charges filed criminal complaint u.s.c.theft government property u.s.c.
Edward Snowden	unauthorized communication national defense information u.s.c.willful communication classified intelligence information unauthorized personeach three charges carries maximum possible prison term ten years.criminal complaint initially secret unsealed week later.analysis criminal complaint stephen p. mulligan jennifer k. elsea legislative attorneys congressional research service provide analysis uses espionage act prosecute unauthorized disclosures classified information based disclosed burden proof requirements e.g.degrees mens rea guilty mind relationship considerations first amendment framework protections free speech also analyzed.
Edward Snowden	analysis includes charges snowden among several cases.discussion also covers gaps legal framework used prosecute cases.snowden response criminal complaint snowden asked january interview returning u.s. face charges court obama suggested days prior.snowden explained rejected request doesnt say crimes hes charged crimes dont allow make case.dont allow defend open court public convince jury benefit.
Edward Snowden	... would say illustrative president would choose say someone face music knows music show trial.snowdens legal representative jesselyn radack wrote espionage act effectively hinders person defending jury open court.said arcane world war law never meant prosecute whistleblowers rather spies betrayed trust selling secrets enemies profit.nonprofit betrayals considered.civil lawsuit september united states filed lawsuit civil action no.
Edward Snowden	cvlotcb snowden alleged violations nondisclosure agreements cia nsa.the twocount civil complaint alleged snowden violated prepublication obligations related publication memoir permanent record.complaint listed publishers macmillan publishing group llc d.b.a.henry holt company holtzbrink reliefdefendants.the hon.liam ogrady judge alexandria division united states district court eastern district virginia found united states plaintiff summary judgement counts action.judgment also found snowden paid speaker honorariums totaling .
Edward Snowden	million series speeches delivered video link.asylum russia june snowden landed moscows sheremetyevo airport aboard commercial aeroflot flight hong kong.days transit section left airport august granted temporary asylum russia one year federal migration service.snowden choice apply renewal temporary refugee status months requesting permit temporary stay three years.year later temporary refugee status expired snowden received threeyear temporary residency permit allowing travel freely within russia go abroad three months.granted permanent political asylum.
Edward Snowden	temporary residency permit extended another three years.in december snowden told journalist barton gellman supporters silicon valley donated enough bitcoins live fucking sun dies.single bitcoin worth .snowden secretly married lindsay mills.longer felt need disguised public lived described guardian less normal life.able travel around russia make living speaking arrangements locally internet.his memoir permanent record released internationally september u.s. royalties expected seized able receive advance .
Edward Snowden	million.memoir reached top position amazons bestseller list day.snowden said work nsa cia showed united states intelligence community ic hacked constitution concluded option expose revelations via press.memoir wrote realized crazy imagined supreme court congress president obama seeking distance administration president george w. bushs would ever hold ic legally responsible – anything.russia said one things lost problematic politics russian government fact one beautiful countries world friendly warm people.on november new amendments took effect introducing permanent residence permit first time removing requirement renew pre socalled permanent residence permit every five years.
Edward Snowden	new permanent residence permit must replaced three times lifetime like ordinary internal passport russian citizens.accordance law snowden october granted permanent residence russia instead another extension.in april amendment russian nationality law allowing foreigners obtain russian citizenship without renouncing foreign citizenship came force.november snowden announced wife lindsay expecting son late december applying dual u.s.russian citizenship order separated era pandemics closed borders.reaction united states barack obama response outrage european leaders president barack obama said early july nations collect intelligence including expressing outrage.remarks came response article german magazine der spiegel.in obama stated nations defense depends part fidelity entrusted nations secrets.
Edward Snowden	individual objects government policy take hands publicly disclose classified information able keep people safe conduct foreign policy.objected sensational way leaks reported saying reporting often shed heat light.said disclosures revealed methods adversaries could impact operations.during november interview german broadcaster ard german paper der spiegel thenoutgoing president obama said cant pardon edward snowden unless physically submitted us authorities us soil.donald trump donald trump made series tweets referred snowden traitor saying gave serious information china russia executed.later year added caveat tweeting could reveal obamas birth records might become major fan.in august trump said press conference would take look pardoning snowden added aware snowden situation.
Edward Snowden	stated many many people – seems split decision many people think somehow treated differently people think bad things im going take good look it.forbes described trumps willingness consider pardon leagues away views.snowden responded announcement saying last time heard white house considering pardon attorney general charged conceded balance work exposing nsas unconstitutional system mass surveillance public service.top members house armed services committee immediately voiced strong opposition pardon saying snowdens actions resulted tremendous harm national security needed stand trial.liz cheney called idea pardon unconscionable.week prior announcement trump also said thinking letting snowden return u.s. without facing time jail.days later attorney general william barr told ap vehemently opposed idea pardon saying snowden traitor information provided adversaries greatly hurt safety american people peddling around like commercial merchant.
Edward Snowden	cant tolerate that.public figures pentagon papers leaker daniel ellsberg called snowdens release nsa material significant leak u.s. history.shortly september release biographical thriller film snowden semifictionalized drama based life edward snowden short appearance snowden oliver stone said snowden pardoned calling patriot suggesting run nsa himself.in december cnn editorial former nsa whistleblower j. kirk wiebe known involvement nsas trailblazer project noted federal judge district columbia hon.richard j. leon ruled contemporaneous case nsa warrantless surveillance program likely unconstitutional wiebe proposed snowden granted amnesty allowed return united states.government officials numerous highranking current former u.s. government officials reacted publicly snowdens disclosures.director national intelligence james clapper condemned leaks huge grave damage u.s. intelligence capabilities.
Edward Snowden	excia director james woolsey said snowden convicted treason hanged.fbi director robert mueller said u.s. government taking necessary steps hold edward snowden responsible disclosures.house intelligence committee chairman mike rogers ranking member dutch ruppersberger said classified pentagon report written military intelligence officials contended snowdens leaks put u.s. troops risk prompted terrorists change tactics files copied related current u.s. military operations.former congressman ron paul began petition urging obama administration grant snowden clemency.paul released video website saying edward snowden sacrificed livelihood citizenship freedom exposing disturbing scope nsas worldwide spying program.thanks one mans courageous actions americans know truly egregious ways government spying them.mike mcconnell—former nsa director current vice chairman booz allen hamilton—said snowden motivated revenge nsa offer job wanted.point said mcconnell narcissistic failed everything decides im going turn them.former president jimmy carter said still president today would certainly consider giving snowden pardon found guilty imprisoned leaks.former secretary state hillary clinton said protections whistleblowers.snowden concerned wanted part american debate...it struck as...sort odd would flee china hong kong controlled china would go russia—two countries difficult cyberrelationships.
Edward Snowden	clinton saw turning lot material—intentionally unintentionally—drained gave kinds information big countries networks terrorist groups like.hard time thinking somebody champion privacy liberty taken refuge russia putins authority.clinton later said snowden wished return u.s. knowing would held accountable would right launch legal defense public defense course affect legal defense.secretary state john kerry said snowden damaged country significantly hurt operational security telling terrorists evade detection.bottom line kerry added man betrayed country sitting russia taken refuge.know man come back united states.former vice president al gore said snowden clearly violated law cant say ok right.
Edward Snowden	not.revealed course violating important laws included violations u.s. constitution way serious crimes committed.course violating important law also provided important service.... need know far gone.in december president obama nominated former deputy defense secretary ashton carter succeed outgoing secretary defense chuck hagel.seven months carter said cyber pearl harbor.
Edward Snowden	name edward snowden.carter charged u.s. security officials screwed spectacularly case snowden.knucklehead access destructive power much individual person access to.debate u.s. snowdens actions precipitated intense debate privacy warrantless domestic surveillance.president obama initially dismissive snowden saying im going scrambling jets get yearold hacker.
Edward Snowden	august obama rejected suggestion snowden patriot november said benefit debate generated worth damage done another way it.in june u.s. senator bernie sanders vermont shared mustread news story blog ron fournier stating love hate owe snowden thanks forcing upon nation important debate.debate shouldnt him.gnawing questions actions raised shadows.sanders stated snowden played important role educating american public although snowden go unpunished breaking law education taken consideration sentencing.snowden said december inspired global debate ignited leaks nsas culture indiscriminate global espionage ... collapsing.at end washington post said public debate offshoots produced meaningful change policy status quo continuing.in axe files podcast former u.s. attorney general eric holder said snowden performed public service raising debate engaged changes made.holder nevertheless said snowdens actions inappropriate illegal.in september bipartisan u.s. house permanent select committee intelligence completed review snowden disclosures said federal government would spend millions dollars responding fallout snowdens disclosures.
Edward Snowden	report also said public narrative popularized snowden allies rife falsehoods exaggerations crucial omissions.report denounced washington post reporter barton gellman opinion piece century foundation called aggressively dishonest contemptuous fact.presidential panel august president obama said called review u.s. surveillance activities snowden begun revealing details nsas operations announced directing dni james clapper establish review group intelligence communications technologies.december task force issued recommendations adopted would subject nsa additional scrutiny courts congress president would strip nsa authority infiltrate american computer systems using backdoors hardware software.panel member geoffrey r. stone said evidence bulk collection phone data stopped terror attacks.
Edward Snowden	court rulings united states june wake snowdens leaks conservative public interest lawyer judicial watch founder larry klayman filed lawsuit claiming federal government unlawfully collected metadata telephone calls harassing him.klayman v. obama judge richard j. leon referred nsas almostorwellian technology ruled bulk telephone metadata program likely unconstitutional.leons ruling stayed pending appeal government.snowden later described judge leons decision vindication.on june aclu filed lawsuit james clapper director national intelligence alleging nsas phone records program unconstitutional.december ten days judge leons ruling judge william h. pauley iii came opposite conclusion.aclu v. clapper although acknowledging privacy concerns trivial pauley found potential benefits surveillance outweigh considerations ruled nsas collection phone data legal.gary schmitt former staff director senate select committee intelligence wrote two decisions generated public confusion constitutionality nsas data collection program—a kind judicial hesaid shesaid standoff.on may case aclu v. clapper united states court appeals second circuit said section patriot act authorize nsa collect americans calling records bulk exposed snowden .decision voided u.s. district judge william pauleys december finding nsa program lawful remanded case review.
Edward Snowden	appeals court rule constitutionality bulk surveillance declined enjoin program noting pending expiration relevant parts patriot act.circuit judge gerard e. lynch wrote given national security interests stake prudent give congress opportunity debate decide matter.on september us federal court ruled us intelligences mass surveillance program exposed edward snowden illegal possibly unconstitutional.also cited us intelligence leaders publicly defended telling truth.usa freedom act june u.s. senate passed president obama signed usa freedom act restored modified form several provisions patriot act expired day first time imposing limits bulk collection telecommunication data u.s. citizens american intelligence agencies.new restrictions widely seen stemming snowdens revelations.
Edward Snowden	europe official report published october united nations special rapporteur promotion protection right freedom speech professor david kaye criticized u.s. governments harsh treatment bringing criminal charges whistleblowers including edward snowden.report found snowdens revelations important people everywhere made deep lasting impact law policy politics.european parliament invited snowden make prerecorded video appearance aid nsa investigation.snowden gave written testimony said seeking asylum eu told european parliamentarians u.s. would allow eu partners make offer.told parliament nsa working security agencies eu states get access much data eu citizens possible.
Edward Snowden	said nsas foreign affairs division lobbies eu countries change laws allowing everyone country spied legally.by mid snowden applied asylum countries including europe south america obtaining negative responses cases.austria italy switzerland snowden applied asylum austria italy switzerland.snowden speaking geneva switzerland audience via video link moscow said would love return geneva previously worked undercover cia.swiss media said swiss attorney general determined switzerland would extradite snowden us request considered politically motivated.switzerland would grant snowden asylum revealed extent espionage activities united states government.according paper sonntags zeitung snowden would granted safe entry residency switzerland return knowledge american intelligence activities.
Edward Snowden	swiss paper le matin reported snowdens activity could part criminal proceedings part parliamentary inquiry.extradition would also rejected snowden faced death penalty united states already provided assurances.three felony charges snowden faces carry maximum years imprisonment.reported der bund upperlevel swiss government could create obstacle.france september reported snowden said would love get political asylum france.snowden first applied unsuccessfully asylum france french president françois hollande.
Edward Snowden	second request president emmanuel macron favorably received justice minister nicole belloubet.however members french government known express support snowdens asylum request possibly due potential adverse diplomatic consequences.germany hansgeorg maaßen head federal office protection constitution germanys domestic security agency speculated snowden could working russian government.snowden rejected insinuation speculating twitter german cannot proven maaßen agent svr fsb.on october snowden met german green party lawmaker hanschristian ströbele moscow discuss possibility snowden giving testimony germany.at meeting snowden gave ströbele letter german government parliament federal attorneygeneral details later made public.germany later blocked snowden testifying person nsa inquiry citing potential grave strain usgerman relations.
Edward Snowden	nordic countries fbi demanded nordic countries arrest snowden visit countries.snowden made asylum requests sweden norway finland denmark.requests ultimately denied varying degrees severity response.according finnish foreign ministry spokeswoman tytti pylkkö snowden made asylum request finland sending application finnish embassy moscow confined transit area sheremetyevo international airport moscow told finnish law required finnish soil.according svt news snowden met three swedish mps matthias sundin l jakop dalunde mp cecilia magnusson moscow discuss views mass surveillance.the meeting organized right livelihood award foundation awarded snowden right livelihood honorary award often called swedens alternative nobel prize.according foundation prize snowdens work press freedom.sweden ultimately rejected snowdens asylum however award accepted father lon snowden behalf.snowden granted freedom speech award oslo branch writers group pen international.
Edward Snowden	applied asylum norway norwegian justice secretary pål lønseth insisted application made norwegian soil expressed doubt snowden met criteria gaining asylum important foreign political reasons.snowden filed lawsuit free passage norway order receive freedom speech award oslos district court followed appeals court finally norways supreme court.lawsuit ultimately rejected norwegian supreme court.snowden also applied asylum denmark rejected centerright danish prime minister lars lokke rasmussen said could see reason grant snowden asylum calling criminal.apparently agreement danish government us government jet lay wait standby copenhagen transfer snowden back united states scandinavian country.latin south america support snowden came latin south american leaders including argentinian president cristina fernández de kirchner brazilian president dilma rousseff ecuadorian president rafael correa bolivian president evo morales venezuelan president nicolás maduro nicaraguan president daniel ortega.international community crediting snowden leaks united nations general assembly unanimously adopted resolution december .
Edward Snowden	nonbinding resolution denounced unwarranted digital surveillance included symbolic declaration right individuals online privacy.in july navi pillay un high commissioner human rights told news conference geneva u.s. abandon efforts prosecute snowden since leaks public interest.public opinion polls surveys conducted news outlets professional polling organizations found american public opinion divided snowdens disclosures polled canada europe supportive snowden respondents u.s. although americans grown supportive snowdens disclosure.germany italy france netherlands spain people familiar snowden view positively.recognition global surveillance disclosures snowden honored publications organizations based europe united states.voted guardians person year garnering four times number votes candidate.
Edward Snowden	teleconference speaking engagements march snowden spoke south southwest sxsw interactive technology conference austin texas front attendees.participated teleconference carried multiple routers running google hangouts platform.onstage moderators christopher soghoian snowdens legal counsel wizner aclu.snowden said nsa setting fire future internet sxsw audience firefighters.attendees could use twitter send questions snowden answered one saying information gathered corporations much less dangerous gathered government agency governments power deprive rights.
Edward Snowden	thenrepresentative mike pompeo rks house intelligence committee later director cia secretary state tried unsuccessfully get sxsw management cancel snowdens appearance instead sxsw director hugh forrest said nsa welcome respond snowden conference.later month snowden appeared teleconference ted conference vancouver british columbia.represented stage robot video screen video camera microphones speakers snowden conversed ted curator chris anderson told attendees online businesses act quickly encrypt websites.described nsas prism program u.s. government using businesses collect data nsa intentionally misleads corporate partners using example bullrun decryption program create backdoor access.snowden said would gladly return u.s. given immunity prosecution concerned alerting public abuses government authority.anderson invited internet pioneer tim bernerslee stage converse snowden said would support bernerslees concept internet magna carta encode values structure internet.on september snowden appeared via remote video link along julian assange kim dotcoms moment truth town hall meeting held auckland.
Edward Snowden	made similar video link appearance february along greenwald keynote speaker world affairs conference upper canada college toronto.in march speaking fifdh international human rights film festival made public appeal switzerland grant asylum saying would like return live geneva worked undercover central intelligence agency.in april john oliver host last week tonight john oliver flew moscow interview edward snowden.on november snowden appeared newseum via remote video link pen american centers secret sources whistleblowers national security free expression event.in snowden earned digital speaking engagements u.s.on march snowden delivered opening keynote address libreplanet conference meeting international free software activists developers presented free software foundation.conference held massachusetts institute technology first time snowden spoke via teleconference using full free software stack endtoend.on july snowden hardware hacker bunnie huang talk mit media labs forbidden research event published research smartphone case socalled introspection engine would monitor signals received sent phone provide alert user phone transmitting receiving information shouldnt example turned airplane mode feature described snowden useful journalists activists operating hostile governments would otherwise track activities phones.in august court filing department justice indicated snowden collected total .million speaking fees addition advances books since .september yahoo finance reported speaking appearances video link september –may snowden earned .million.
Edward Snowden	march iowa state university paid one speech first public u.s. college since february university pittsburgh paid .in april snowden appeared canadian investment conference sponsored sunil tulsiani former policeman barred trading life dishonest behavior.snowden took opportunity affirm role whistleblower inform viewers tulsianis background encourage investors conduct proper research spending money.snowden effect july media critic jay rosen defined snowden effect direct indirect gains public knowledge cascade events reporting followed edward snowdens leaks classified information surveillance state u.s. december nation wrote snowden sparked overdue debate national security individual privacy.forbes effect seen nearly united u.s. congress opposition massive post domestic intelligence gathering system.spring global attitudes survey pew research center found snowdens disclosures tarnished image united states especially europe latin america.
Edward Snowden	jewel v. nsa november snowden provided court declaration jewel v. national security agency.bibliography permanent record isbn popular culture snowdens impact public figure felt cinema television advertising video games literature music statuary social media.snowden gave channel alternative christmas message december .the film snowden based snowdens leaking classified us government material directed oliver stone written stone kieran fitzgerald released .documentary citizenfour directed laura poitras best documentary feature th academy awards.see also notes references reading duns jeremy november .news devils media edward snowden.
Edward Snowden	seattle washington amazon digital services inc.gellman barton may .dark mirror edward snowden american surveillance state.new york penguin press.greenwald glenn may .place hide edward snowden nsa u.s. surveillance state.london hamish hamilton.gurnow michael april .
Edward Snowden	edward snowden affair exposing media politics behind nsa scandal.indianapolis blue river press.harding luke february .snowden files inside story worlds wanted man.london guardian faber.lanchester john.snowden files british public worried gchq.
Edward Snowden	guardian.october .retrieved april .october .lucas edward january .snowden operation inside wests greatest intelligence disaster.
Edward Snowden	amazon kindle single.margulies joseph.promise may betrayal june larger lesson manning snowden.verdict.justia.july .mulligan stephen p. elsea jennifer k. march .
Edward Snowden	criminal prohibitions leaks disclosures classified defense information pdf.congressional research service.retrieved june .mistry kaeten gurman hannah eds..whistleblowing nation history national security disclosures cult state secrecy paperback.
Edward Snowden	new york columbia university press.isbn .external links edward snowden twitter edward snowden substacknsa leaks timeline.al jazeera.retrieved april .
Edward Snowden	november nsa files.guardian.london.june .retrieved april .
Edward Snowden	index articlesnakashima ellen june .nsa secrets.washington post.washington d.c. archived original july .retrieved april .
MacOS High Sierra	index articlesglobal surveillance archived january wayback machine annotated categorized overview revelations following leaks whistleblower edward snowden.also links comments followups.oslo university librarythe nsa archive american civil liberties union searchable database nsa documents disclosed edward snowden published june may book documents additional pages snowden archive released may conjunction publication glenn greenwalds place hidesnowden documents internet archiveedward snowden ted appearances cspanfourteenth major release macos apple inc.s desktop operating system macintosh computers.macos high sierra announced wwdc june released september .name high sierra refers high sierra region california.following macos sierra iterative name also alludes status refinement predecessor focused performance improvements technical updates rather user features.makes similar previous macos releases snow leopard mountain lion el capitan.
MacOS High Sierra	among apps notable changes photos safari.system requirements macos high sierra supported following macintosh computersimac late latermacbook late latermacbook pro mid latermacbook air late latermac mini mid latermac pro mid latermacos high sierra requires least gb ram .gb available disk space.it possible install high sierra many older macintosh computers officially supported apple.requires using patch modify install image.changes system apple file system apple file system apfs replaces hfs plus default file system macos first time high sierra.
MacOS High Sierra	supports ‑bit inode numbers designed flash memory designed speed common tasks like duplicating file finding size folders contents.also built‑in encryption crash‑safe protections simplified data backup go.metal metal apples lowlevel graphics api updated metal .includes virtualreality machinelearning features well support external gpus.systems windowing system quartz compositor supports metal .
MacOS High Sierra	media macos high sierra adds support high efficiency video coding hevc hardware acceleration available well support high efficiency image file format heif.macs intel kaby lake processor offer hardware support main profile bit hardware decoding intel skylake processor support main profile bit hardware decoding amd radeon series graphics also support full hevc decoding.however whenever intel igp present frameworks direct requests intel igp.addition audio codecs flac opus also supported itunes.hevc hardware acceleration requires mac sixthgeneration intel processor newer late inch imac mid .inch imac early macbook late macbook pro imac pro.kernel extensions kexts require explicit approval user able run.the low battery notification icon replaced flatter modern look.the time service ntpd replaced timed time synchronization.the ftp telnet command line programs removed.caching server file sharing server time machine server features previously part macos server provided part os.the screen locked using shortcut cmdctrlq.
MacOS High Sierra	ability lock screen using menu bar shortcut activated keychain access preferences removed.the .. update added support external graphics processors macs equipped thunderbolt ports.update discontinued support external graphics processors older macs equipped thunderbolt ports.starting .. bit app opened users get onetime warning future incompatibility macos operating system.applications final cut pro apple announced original final cut studio suite programs work high sierra.media professionals depend programs advised create double boot drive computer.photos macos high sierra gives photos updated sidebar new editing tools.photos synchronizes tagged people ios .
MacOS High Sierra	mail mail improved spotlight search top hits.mail also uses less storage space due optimizations mails compose window used splitscreen mode.safari macos high sierra includes safari .safari new intelligent tracking prevention feature uses machine learning block third parties tracking users actions.safari also block auto playing videos playing.
MacOS High Sierra	reader mode set alwayson.safari also supports webassembly.last version safari high sierra supports ... version known security issues.notes notes app includes ability add tables notes notes pinned top list.version number incremented .. siri siri uses natural expressive voice.
MacOS High Sierra	also uses machine learning understand user better.siri synchronizes information across ios mac devices siri experience regardless product used.messages release macos high sierra .. ios .introduced support messages icloud.feature allows messages sync across devices using icloud account.
MacOS High Sierra	messages deleted deleted device well messages stored cloud take local storage device anymore.order use feature user enable twofactor authentication apple id.applications found macos .high sierra airport utilityapp storearchive utilityaudio midi setupautomatorbluetooth file exchangeboot camp assistantcalculatorcalendarchesscolorsync utilityconsolecontactsdictionarydigital color meterdisk utilitydvd playerfacetimefont bookgame centergarageband may preinstalledgrabgrapheribooks apple booksimovie may preinstalleditunesimage captureink accessed connecting graphics tablet mackeychain accesskeynote may preinstalledmigration assistantnumbers may preinstalledpages may preinstalledphoto boothpreviewquicktime playerremindersscript editorstickiessystem informationterminaltextedittime machinevoiceover utilityxxquartz may preinstalled reception september review high sierra roman loyola senior editor macworld gave provisionally positive review calling incremental update worthy time eventually.loyola expressed products significant draw security features beyond beneficial changes lay future potential saying doesnt lot new features widen eyes excitement.
MacOS High Sierra	lot changes background hood lay foundation better things come.problems macos high sierra .. .. critical vulnerability allowed attacker become root user entering root username entering password logging in.fixed security update macos high sierra v...when first launched discovered windowserver process memory leak leading much slower graphics performance lagging animations probably due lastminute changes metal .fixed macos ...macos high sierra .. error caused displaylink stop working external monitors allowing one monitor extended.using two external monitors could mirrored.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	alban rampon senior product manager displaylink stated december company working apple resolve issue.release history references external links macos high sierra wayback machine archived september – official sitemacos high sierra download page applemay unidentified security researcher netherlands pseudonym whatsapphack published method hijack whatsapp accounts using flaw authentication process dutch websites tweakers.net geenstijl.method involved trying log persons account another phone number intercepting verification text message would sent out.whatsapphack provided methods accomplish symbian android operating systems.one day publication articles whatsapp issued patch android symbian clients.in may another security hole reported left communication whatsapp susceptible packet analysis.whatsapp communications data sent received plaintext meaning messages could easily read packet traces available.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	may security researchers noticed new updates whatsapp sent messages encryption described cryptographic method used broken.august year whatsapp support staff stated messages sent latest version whatsapp software ios android blackberry windows phone symbian encrypted specify cryptographic method.on january unknown hacker published website made possible change status whatsapp user long phone number associated users account known.january whatsapp reported resolved problem.reality whatsapps solution block websites ip address allowed windows tool made could accomplish thing.problem since resolved institution ip address check currently loggedin sessions.on september heise security demonstrated use whatsapi hijack whatsapp account.shortly afterward whatsapp threatened initiate legal action developers whatsapi opensource project whatsapi temporarily took source code.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	however address underlying security failure heise security claimed able successfully repeat hacking whatsapp accounts.whatsapi team since resumed active development.– march saudi arabia communications information technology commission citc issued statement mentioned possible measures whatsapp among applications unless service providers took serious steps comply monitoring privacy regulations.in february schleswigholstein data protection authority advised using whatsapp service lacked privacy protection endtoend clientside encryption technology.late whatsapp began implementation endtoend encryption finished april .a joint canadiandutch government investigation launched several concerns whatsapps compliance security regulations.primary concern investigators whatsapp required users upload mobile phones entire address book including contact information contacts using whatsapp mirrored whatsapps servers.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	whatsapp stored phone numbers hash data salted.late dutch government released press statement claiming whatsapp changed hashing method making much harder reverse thus subsequently complied rules regulations.on december indrajeet bhuyan saurav kar demonstrated whatsapp message handler vulnerability allows anyone remotely crash whatsapp sending specially crafted kb message.user receives message must delete whole conversation avoid crashing whatsapp upon opening conversation.early whatsapp launched web client used browser bhuyan found client two new security issues whatsapp photo privacy bug whatsapp web photo sync bug.march whatsapp introduced documentsharing feature allows users share pdf files contacts.whatsapp received criticism however default setting automatically download attachments raised concerns downloading malware malicious files feature expands include pdfs.in august whatsapp announced start sharing account information phone number account owner aggregated analytical data facebook.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	whatsapp claims address books message content metadata users would shared.according whatsapp account information shared track basic metrics often people use services better fight spam whatsapp.connecting phone number facebooks systems facebook offer better friend suggestions show relevant ads account them.stated user data shared advertisers used internally facebook services users would given choice optout sharing data facebook advertisement purposes.in october article working party stated serious concerns regarding way information relating updated terms service privacy policy provided users consequently validity users’ consent.from latest client april endtoend encryption supported users communications including file transfers voice calls.uses curve key exchange hkdf generation session keys aes cbc mode encryption hmacsha integrity verification sha generating two digit fingerprints users identity keys users verify encryption.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	encryption prevents even company able decrypt users communications.update received well security professionals privacy enthusiasts move praised amnesty international.us federal bureau investigation criticized update threatening work law enforcement.as april whatsapp score points electronic frontier foundations secure messaging scorecard.received points communications encrypted transit communications encrypted keys provider doesnt access allowing users verify contacts identities past messages secure encryption keys stolen completed recent independent security audit security designs properly documented.missing seventh point code open independent review.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	january research team ruhr university bochum published security analysis group messaging protocols whatsapp messaging services found privacy concern whatsapps servers effectively control membership groups.report found would therefore possible add arbitrary phone numbers group chat future communication becomes insecure.in october german software company openxchange criticized whatsapp among others using proprietary software stated plans create opensource alternative.guardian incident january guardian reported security researcher tobias boelter found whatsapps policy forcing reencryption initially undelivered messages without informing recipient constitute loophole whereby whatsapp could disclose content messages.whatsapp open whisper systems officials disagreed assessment.after complaints security researchers guardian substantially revised corrected articles follow article boelter removed.june guardian readers’ editor paul chadwick wrote guardian wrong report january popular messaging service whatsapp security flaw serious huge threat freedom speech.in detailed review found misinterpretations mistakes misunderstandings happened several stages reporting editing process.cumulatively produced article overstated case.chadwick also noted since guardian article whatsapp better secured introduction optional twofactor verification february.
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features	may revealed security vulnerability whatsapp allowing remote person install spyware making call even need answered.later june another vulnerability revealed allowing user transform audio call video call without victim consent without victim noticing.bug bounty us offered bug.in december whatsapp confirmed security flaw would allow hackers use malicious gif image file gain access recipients data.flaw first reported user named awakened github explanation exploit worked.recipient opened gallery within whatsapp even sending malicious image hack triggered device contents become vulnerable.

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