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Jimi Hendrix	four days later gave final concert appearance isle fehmarn festival germany.met booing jeering fans response cancellation show slated end previous nights bill due torrential rain risk electrocution.immediately following festival hendrix mitchell cox traveled london.three days performance cox suffering severe paranoia either taking lsd given unknowingly quit tour went stay parents pennsylvania.within days hendrixs arrival england spoken chas chandler alan douglas others leaving manager michael jeffery.september hendrix performed public last time informal jam ronnie scotts jazz club soho eric burdon latest band war.
Jimi Hendrix	began playing recent hits brief intermission hendrix joined mother earth tobacco road.performance uncharacteristically subdued quietly played backing guitar refrained histrionics people come expect him.died less hours later.drugs alcohol hendrix entered small club clarksville tennessee july drawn live music.stopped drink ended spending saved time army.
Jimi Hendrix	went jazz joint drink explained.liked stayed.people tell get foolish goodnatured sometimes.anyway guess felt real benevolent day.must handing bills anyone asked me.
Jimi Hendrix	came place sixteen dollars left.alcohol eventually became scourge existence driving fits pique even rare bursts atypical physical violence.roby schreiber assert hendrix first used lsd met linda keith late .shapiro glebbeek however assert hendrix used june earliest attending monterey pop festival.according hendrix biographer charles cross subject drugs came one evening keiths new york apartment.one keiths friends offered hendrix acid street name lsd hendrix asked lsd instead showing cross describes naivete complete inexperience psychedelics.
Jimi Hendrix	hendrix sporadically used drugs including cannabis hashish amphetamines occasionally cocaine.regularly used cannabis hashish lsd amphetamines particularly touring.according cross stars closely associated drug culture jimi.drug abuse violence hendrix drank excess mixed drugs alcohol often became angry violent.friend herbie worthington said hendrix simply turned bastard drank.
Jimi Hendrix	according friend sharon lawrence liquor set bottledup anger destructive fury almost never displayed otherwise.in january experience travelled sweden start oneweek tour europe.early morning hours first day hendrix got drunken brawl hotel opalen gothenburg smashing plateglass window injuring right hand received medical treatment.incident culminated arrest release pending court appearance resulted large fine.in hendrix rented house benedict canyon california burglarized.later influence drugs alcohol accused friend paul caruso theft threw punches stones chased away house.days later hendrix hit girlfriend carmen borrero eye vodka bottle drunken jealous rage gave cut necessitated stitches.
Jimi Hendrix	canadian drug charges trial hendrix passing customs toronto international airport may authorities found small amount heroin hashish luggage charged drug possession.released bail required return may arraignment hearing.incident proved stressful hendrix weighed heavily mind seven months leading december trial.crown prove possession show hendrix knew drugs there.jury trial testified fan given vial thought legal medication put bag.
Jimi Hendrix	acquitted charges.mitchell redding later revealed everyone warned planned drug bust day flying toronto men also stated believed drugs planted hendrixs bag without knowledge.death postmortem burial details disputed concerning hendrixs last day death.spent much september monika dannemann london witness final hours.dannemann said prepared meal apartment samarkand hotel around p.m. shared bottle wine.
Jimi Hendrix	drove residence acquaintance approximately a.m. remained hour picked drove back flat a.m. said talked around a.m. went sleep.dannemann awoke around a.m. found hendrix breathing unconscious unresponsive.called ambulance a.m. arrived nine minutes later.paramedics transported hendrix st mary abbots hospital dr. john bannister pronounced dead p.m. september .coroner gavin thurston ordered postmortem examination performed september professor robert donald teare forensic pathologist.thurston completed inquest september concluded hendrix aspirated vomit died asphyxia intoxicated barbiturates.
Jimi Hendrix	citing insufficient evidence circumstances declared open verdict.dannemann later revealed hendrix taken nine prescribed vesparax sleeping tablets times recommended dosage.desmond henley embalmed hendrixs body flown seattle september .hendrixs family friends held service dunlap baptist church seattles rainier valley thursday october body interred greenwood cemetery nearby renton location mothers grave.family friends traveled limousines people attended funeral including mitch mitchell noel redding miles davis john hammond johnny winter.hendrix often cited one example allegedly disproportionate number musicians dying age phenomenon referred club.unauthorized posthumous releases hendrix gaining popularity many preexperience recordings marketed unsuspecting public jimi hendrix albums sometimes misleading later images hendrix.
Jimi Hendrix	recordings came control producer ed chalpin ppx hendrix signed recording contract often remixed repeated reissues licensed record companies decca capitol.hendrix publicly denounced releases describing malicious greatly inferior stating ppx spent average one hour recording song.today spend least twelve hours song.unauthorized releases long constituted substantial part recording catalogue amounting hundreds albums.some hendrixs unfinished fourth studio album released title cry love.although album reached number three us number two uk producers mitchell kramer later complained unable make use available songs tracks used rainbow bridge still others issued war heroes.
Jimi Hendrix	material cry love rereleased first rays new rising sun along tracks mitchell kramer wanted include.four years hendrixs death producer alan douglas acquired rights produce unreleased music hendrix attracted criticism using studio musicians replace add tracks.in mca records delayed multimilliondollar sale hendrixs publishing copyrights al hendrix unhappy arrangement.acknowledged sold distribution rights foreign corporation stated include copyrights argued retained veto power sale catalogue.settlement reached july al hendrix regained control sons song image rights.subsequently licensed recordings mca familyrun company experience hendrix llc formed .
Jimi Hendrix	august experience hendrix announced entered new licensing agreement sony music entertainments legacy recordings division take effect .legacy experience hendrix launched jimi hendrix catalog project starting release valleys neptune march year.months death hendrix recorded demos concept album tentatively titled black gold possession experience hendrix llc released.equipment guitars hendrix played variety guitars associated fender stratocaster.acquired first girlfriend loaned enough money purchase used stratocaster built around .
Jimi Hendrix	used often performances recordings.described stratocaster best allaround guitar stuff praised bright treble deep bass.hendrix mainly played righthanded guitars turned upside restrung lefthand playing.slant stratocasters bridge pickup lowest string brighter sound highest string darker sound opposite intended design.hendrix also used fender jazzmasters duosonics two different gibson flying vs gibson les paul three gibson sgs gretsch corvette fender jaguar.used white gibson sg custom performances dick cavett show september black gibson flying v isle wight festival .
Jimi Hendrix	amplifiers hendrix playing backup soul rb acts us used watt fender twin reverb amplifier.chandler brought hendrix england october supplied watt burns amps hendrix thought small needs.early london gig unable use fender twin asked marshall amps noticed groups using.years earlier mitch mitchell taken drum lessons marshall founder jim marshall introduced hendrix marshall.initial meeting hendrix bought four speaker cabinets three watt super lead amplifiers grew accustomed using three unison.
Jimi Hendrix	equipment arrived october experience used first tour.marshall amps important development hendrixs overdriven sound use feedback creating author paul trynka described definitive vocabulary rock guitar.hendrix usually turned control knobs maximum level became known hendrix setting.four years prior death purchased marshall amplifiers.jim marshall said hendrix greatest ambassador company ever had.effects one hendrixs signature effects wahwah pedal first heard used electric guitar creams tales brave ulysses released may .
Jimi Hendrix	july performing scene club new york city hendrix met frank zappa whose band mothers invention performing adjacent garrick theater.hendrix fascinated zappas application pedal experimented one later evening.used wah pedal opening voodoo child slight return creating one bestknown wahwah riffs classic rock era.also uses effect skies little miss lover still raining still dreaming.hendrix used dallas arbiter fuzz face vox wah pedal recording sessions performances also experimented guitar effects.enjoyed fruitful longterm collaboration electronics enthusiast roger mayer called secret sound.
Jimi Hendrix	mayer introduced octavia octavedoubling effect pedal december first recorded guitar solo purple haze.hendrix also used univibe designed simulate modulation effects rotating leslie speaker.uses effect performance woodstock band gypsys track machine gun prominently features univibe along octavia fuzz face.performances plugged guitar wahwah connected fuzz face univibe finally marshall amplifier.influences adolescent hendrix became interested rock roll artists elvis presley little richard chuck berry.told guitar player magazine electric blues artists muddy waters elmore james b.b.
Jimi Hendrix	king inspired beginning career also cited eddie cochran early influence.muddy waters first electric guitarist hendrix became aware said heard one records little boy scared death heard sounds.told rolling stone fan western swing artist bob wills lived nashville television show grand ole opry.cox stated time serving us military hendrix primarily listened southern blues artists jimmy reed albert king.according cox king powerful influence.howlin wolf also inspired hendrix performed wolfs killing floor opening song us debut monterey pop festival.
Jimi Hendrix	influence soul artist curtis mayfield heard hendrixs guitar playing influence bob dylan heard hendrixs songwriting known play dylans records repeatedly particularly highway revisited blonde blonde.legacy rock roll hall fame biography experience states jimi hendrix arguably greatest instrumentalist history rock music.hendrix expanded range vocabulary electric guitar areas musician ever ventured before.boundless drive technical ability creative application effects wahwah distortion forever transformed sound rock roll.musicologist andy aledort described hendrix one creative influential musicians ever lived.
Jimi Hendrix	music journalist chuck philips wrote field almost exclusively populated white musicians hendrix served role model cadre young black rockers.achievement reclaim title musical form pioneered black innovators like little richard chuck berry s.hendrix favored overdriven amplifiers high volume gain.instrumental developing previously undesirable technique guitar amplifier feedback helped popularize use wahwah pedal mainstream rock.rejected standard barre chord fretting technique used guitarists favor fretting low th string root notes thumb.applied technique beginning bars little wing allowed sustain root note chords also playing melody.
Jimi Hendrix	method described piano style thumb playing pianists left hand would play fingers playing melody right hand.spent several years fronting trio developed ability play rhythm chords lead lines together giving audio impression one guitarist performing.first artist incorporate stereophonic phasing effects rock music recordings.holly georgewarren rolling stone wrote hendrix pioneered use instrument electronic sound source.players experimented feedback distortion hendrix turned effects others controlled fluid vocabulary every bit personal blues began.while creating unique musical voice guitar style hendrix synthesized diverse genres including blues rb soul british rock american folk music rock roll jazz.
Jimi Hendrix	musicologist david moskowitz emphasized importance blues music hendrixs playing style according authors steven roby brad schreiber explored outer reaches psychedelic rock.influence evident variety popular music formats contributed significantly development hard rock heavy metal funk postpunk grunge hip hop music.lasting influence modern guitar players difficult overstate techniques delivery abundantly imitated others.despite hectic touring schedule notorious perfectionism prolific recording artist left behind numerous unreleased recordings.years death hendrix remains popular ever annual album sales exceeding year lifetime.as contemporary sly stone hendrix embraced experimentalism white musicians progressive rock late inspired wave progressive soul musicians emerged next decade.
Jimi Hendrix	directly influenced numerous funk funk rock artists including prince george clinton john frusciante red hot chili peppers eddie hazel funkadelic ernie isley isley brothers.hendrix influenced postpunk guitarists john mcgeoch robert smith.grunge guitarists jerry cantrell alice chains mike mccready stone gossard pearl jam cited hendrix influence.hendrixs influence also extends many hip hop artists including de la soul tribe called quest digital underground beastie boys run–d.m.c.miles davis deeply impressed hendrix compared hendrixs improvisational abilities saxophonist john coltrane.
Jimi Hendrix	hendrix also influenced black sabbath industrial artist marilyn manson blues legend stevie ray vaughan randy hansenuli jon roth pop singer halsey kisss ace frehley metallicas kirk hammett aerosmiths brad whitford judas priests richie faulkner instrumental rock guitarist joe satriani kings x singerbassist doug pinnick frank zappadavid bowietalking headsking crimsonnine inch nails hired gun adrian belew heavy metal virtuoso yngwie malmsteen said hendrix created modern electric playing without question ... first.started all.rest history.many hendrix preeminent black rocker according jon caramanica.members soulquarians experimental black music collective active late early influenced creative freedom hendrixs music extensively used electric lady studios work music.
Jimi Hendrix	recognition awards hendrix received several prestigious rock music awards lifetime posthumously.readers melody maker voted pop musician year.rolling stone declared performer year.also city seattle gave keys city.disc music echo newspaper honored world top musician guitar player magazine named rock guitarist year.rolling stone ranked three nonposthumous studio albums experienced axis bold love electric ladyland among greatest albums time.
Jimi Hendrix	ranked hendrix number one list greatest guitarists time number six list greatest artists time.guitar worlds readers voted six hendrixs solos among top greatest guitar solos time purple haze starspangled banner live woodstock machine gun band gypsys little wing voodoo child slight return along watchtower .rolling stone placed seven recordings list greatest songs time purple haze along watchtower voodoo child slight return foxy lady hey joe little wing wind cries mary .also included three hendrixs songs list greatest guitar songs time purple haze voodoo child machine gun .a star hollywood walk fame dedicated hendrix november hollywood boulevard.jimi hendrix experience inducted rock roll hall fame uk music hall fame .
Jimi Hendrix	hendrix inducted native american music hall fame first year.readers rolling stone guitar world ranked hendrix among important musicians th century.debut album experienced one recordings added year u.s. national recording registry library congress preserved time ... part nations audio legacy.seattle november would hendrixs th birthday made jimi hendrix day largely due efforts boyhood friend guitarist sammy drain.the blue plaque identifying hendrixs former residence brook street london next door former residence george frideric handel first issued english heritage commemorate pop star.memorial statue hendrix playing stratocaster stands near corner broadway pine streets seattle.
Jimi Hendrix	may city renamed park near central district jimi hendrix park honor.official historic marker erected site july second atlanta international pop festival near byron georgia.marker text reads part thirty musical acts performed including rock icon jimi hendrix playing largest american audience career.hendrixs music received number hall fame grammy awards starting lifetime achievement award followed two grammys albums experienced electric ladyland axis bold love received grammy .received hall fame grammy award original composition purple haze recording dylans along watchtower.hendrixs rendition starspangled banner honored grammy .the united states postal service issued commemorative postage stamp honoring hendrix .
Jimi Hendrix	august hendrix inducted rhythm blues music hall fame dearborn michigan.james marshall jimi hendrix united states post office renton highlands near seattle mile hendrixs grave memorial renamed hendrix .on june band gypsys inducted rhythm blues music hall fame charles h. wright museum africanamerican history detroit michigan.billy cox last surviving member group hand accept along representatives buddy miles hendrix estates.discography jimi hendrix experienceare experienced axis bold love electric ladyland jimi hendrixband gypsysband gypsys see also electric lady studio guitar sculpture made honour hendrix.notes references bibliography reading documentaries external links official website jimi hendrix discography discogs jimi hendrix experience discography discogsworks jimi hendrix libraries worldcat catalogjimi hendrix collected news commentary guardianjimi hendrix collected news commentary.
Database design	new york times.articles concerning disputes rights hendrix musical publishing estate.los angeles timesfbi records vault – james marshall jimi hendrix vault.fbi.govdesigner determines data must stored data elements interrelate.information begin fit data database model.database management system manages data accordingly.database design involves classifying data identifying interrelationships.theoretical representation data called ontology.ontology theory behind databases design.determining data stored majority cases person design database person expertise area database design rather expertise domain data stored drawn e.g.
Database design	financial information biological information etc.therefore data stored database must determined cooperation person expertise domain aware data must stored within system.this process one generally considered part requirements analysis requires skill part database designer elicit needed information domain knowledge.necessary domain knowledge frequently cannot express clearly system requirements database unaccustomed thinking terms discrete data elements must stored.data stored determined requirement specification.determining data relationships database designer aware data stored within database must determine dependency within data.
Database design	sometimes data changed changing data visible.example list names addresses assuming situation multiple people address one person cannot one address address dependent upon name.provided name list address uniquely determined however inverse hold given address list name cannot uniquely determined multiple people reside address.address determined name address considered dependent name.note common misconception relational model called stating relationships data elements therein.true.
Database design	relational model named based upon mathematical structures known relations.logically structuring data relationships dependencies amongst various pieces information determined possible arrange data logical structure mapped storage objects supported database management system.case relational databases storage objects tables store data rows columns.object database storage objects correspond directly objects used objectoriented programming language used write applications manage access data.relationships may defined attributes object classes involved methods operate object classes.the way mapping generally performed set related data depends upon single object whether real abstract placed table.
Database design	relationships dependent objects stored links various objects.each table may represent implementation either logical object relationship joining one instances one logical objects.relationships tables may stored links connecting child tables parents.since complex logical relationships tables probably links one parent.er diagram entityrelationship model database designs also include er entityrelationship model diagrams.er diagram diagram helps design databases efficient way.attributes er diagrams usually modeled oval name attribute linked entity relationship contains attribute.er models commonly used information system design example used describe information requirements types information stored database conceptual structure design phase.
Database design	design process suggestion microsoft access determine purpose database helps prepare remaining steps.find organize information required gather types information record database product name order number.divide information tables divide information items major entities subjects products orders.subject becomes table.turn information items columns decide information needs stored table.item becomes field displayed column table.example employees table might include fields last name hire date.specify primary keys choose tables primary key.primary key column set columns used uniquely identify row.
Database design	example might product id order id.set table relationships look table decide data one table related data tables.add fields tables create new tables clarify relationships necessary.refine design analyze design errors.create tables add records sample data.check results come tables expected.make adjustments design needed.apply normalization rules apply data normalization rules see tables structured correctly.
Database design	make adjustments tables needed.normalization field relational database design normalization systematic way ensuring database structure suitable generalpurpose querying free certain undesirable characteristics—insertion update deletion anomalies could lead loss data integrity.a standard piece database design guidance designer create fully normalized design selective denormalization subsequently performed performance reasons.tradeoff storage space vs performance.normalized design less data redundancy therefore takes less space store however common data retrieval patterns may need complex joins merges sorts occur takes data read compute cycles.modeling disciplines dimensional modeling approach data warehouse design explicitly recommend nonnormalized designs i.e.
Database design	designs large part adhere nf.normalization consists normal forms nfnfnfboycecodd nf .nfnf nfdocument databases take different approach.document stored database typically would contain one normalized data unit often relationships units well.data units relationships question often retrieved together approach optimizes number retrieves.also simplifies data gets replicated clearly identifiable unit data whose consistency selfcontained.another consideration reading writing single document databases require single transaction important consideration microservices architecture.
Database design	situations often portions document retrieved services via api stored locally efficiency reasons.data units split across services read write support service consumer might require one service calls could result management multiple transactions may preferred.conceptual schema physical design physical design database specifies physical configuration database storage media.includes detailed specification data elements data types indexing options parameters residing dbms data dictionary.detailed design system includes modules databases hardware software specifications system.
Database design	aspects addressed physical layersecurity enduser well administrative security.replication pieces data get copied another database often.multiplemasters single onehighavailability whether configuration activepassive activeactive topology coordination scheme reliability targets etc defined.partitioning database distributed single entity data distributed amongst partitions database partition failure taken account.backup restore schemes.at application level aspects physical design include need define stored procedures materialized query views olap cubes etc.see also references reading s. lightstone t. teorey t. nadeau “physical database design database professionals guide exploiting indexes views storage more” morgan kaufmann press .isbn m. hernandez database design mere mortals handson guide relational database design rd edition addisonwesley professional .isbn external links database normalization basics mike chapple about.comdatabase normalization intro part introduction database normalization.
BIOS	archived original .retrieved .normalization.archived original .retrieved .database design curliebios firmware comes preinstalled ibm pc ibm pc compatibles system board exists uefibased systems too.name originates basic inputoutput system used cpm operating system .bios originally proprietary ibm pc reverse engineered companies phoenix technologies looking create compatible systems.interface original system serves de facto standard.the bios modern pcs initializes tests system hardware components poweron selftest loads boot loader mass storage device initializes operating system.era dos bios provided bios interrupt calls keyboard display storage inputoutput io devices standardized interface application programs operating system.
BIOS	recent operating systems use bios interrupt calls startup.most bios implementations specifically designed work particular computer motherboard model interfacing various devices especially system chipset.originally bios firmware stored rom chip pc motherboard.later computer systems bios contents stored flash memory rewritten without removing chip motherboard.allows easy enduser updates bios firmware new features added bugs fixed also creates possibility computer become infected bios rootkits.furthermore bios upgrade fails could brick motherboard.
BIOS	last version microsoft windows running pcs uses bios firmware windows .unified extensible firmware interface uefi successor legacy pc bios aiming address technical limitations.history c p b c e b copyright c gary a. kildall june … b c k p e r n g e b copyright c gary a. kildall june term bios basic inputoutput system created gary kildall first appeared cpm operating system describing machinespecific part cpm loaded boot time interfaces directly hardware.cpm machine usually simple boot loader rom.versions msdos pc dos drdos contain file called variously io.sys ibmbio.com ibmbio.sys drbios.sys file known dos bios also known dos io system contains lowerlevel hardwarespecific part operating system.together underlying hardwarespecific operating systemindependent system bios resides rom represents analogue cpm bios.the bios originally proprietary ibm pc reverse engineered companies phoenix technologies looking create compatible systems.with introduction ps machines ibm divided system bios real protectedmode portions.realmode portion meant provide backward compatibility existing operating systems dos therefore named cbios compatibility bios whereas abios advanced bios provided new interfaces specifically suited multitasking operating systems os.
BIOS	user interface bios original ibm pc xt interactive user interface.error codes messages displayed screen coded series sounds generated signal errors poweron selftest post proceeded point successfully initializing video display adapter.options ibm pc xt set switches jumpers main board expansion cards.starting around mids became typical bios rom include bios configuration utility bcu bios setup utility accessed system powerup particular key sequence.program allowed user set system configuration options type formerly set using dip switches interactive menu system controlled keyboard.
BIOS	interim period ibmcompatible pcs‍—‌including ibm at‍—‌held configuration settings batterybacked ram used bootable configuration program floppy disk rom set configuration options contained memory.floppy disk supplied computer lost system settings could changed.applied general computers eisa bus configuration program called eisa configuration utility ecu.a modern wintelcompatible computer provides setup routine essentially unchanged nature romresident bios setup utilities late user configure hardware options using keyboard video display.modern wintel machine may store bios configuration settings flash rom perhaps flash rom holds bios itself.operation system startup early intel processors started physical address ffffh.
BIOS	systems later processors provide logic start running bios system rom.system powered reset button pressed cold boot full poweron selftest post run.ctrlaltdelete pressed warm boot special flag value stored nonvolatile bios memory cmos tested bios allows bypass lengthy post memory detection.the post identifies tests initializes system devices cpu chipset ram motherboard video card keyboard mouse hard disk drive optical disc drive hardware including integrated peripherals.early ibm pcs routine post would download program ram keyboard port run it.feature intended factory test diagnostic purposes.boot process option rom scan completed detected rom modules valid checksums called immediately post bios version scan option roms bios calls int h start boot processing.
BIOS	postboot programs loaded also call int h reboot system must careful disable interrupts asynchronous hardware processes may interfere bios rebooting process else system may hang crash rebooting.when int h called bios attempts locate boot loader software boot device hard disk floppy disk cd dvd.loads executes first boot software finds giving control pc.the bios uses boot devices set nonvolatile bios memory cmos earliest pcs dip switches.bios checks device order see bootable attempting load first sector boot sector.sector cannot read bios proceeds next device.sector read successfully bioses also check boot sector signature x xaa last two bytes sector bytes long accepting boot sector considering device bootable.when bootable device found bios transfers control loaded sector.
BIOS	bios interpret contents boot sector possibly check boot sector signature last two bytes.interpretation data structures like partition tables bios parameter blocks done boot program boot sector programs loaded boot process.a nondisk device network adapter attempts booting procedure defined option rom equivalent integrated motherboard bios rom.option roms may also influence supplant boot process defined motherboard bios rom.with el torito optical media boot standard optical drive actually emulates .highdensity floppy disk bios boot purposes.reading first sector cdrom dvdrom simply defined operation like floppy disk hard disk.
BIOS	furthermore complexity medium makes difficult write useful boot program one sector.bootable virtual floppy disk contain software provides access optical medium native format.boot priority user select boot priority implemented bios.example computers hard disk bootable sometimes removablemedia drive higher boot priority user cause removable disk booted.in modern bioses boot priority order configured user.older bioses limited boot priority options selectable earliest bioses fixed priority scheme implemented floppy disk drives first fixed disks i.e.
BIOS	hard disks second typically boot devices supported subject modification rules installed option roms.bios early pc also usually would boot first floppy disk drive first hard disk drive even two drives installed.boot failure original ibm pc xt bootable disk found rom basic started calling int h. since programs used basic rom clone pc makers left computer failed boot disk would display rom basic halt response int h.later computers would display message like bootable disk found would prompt disk inserted key pressed retry boot process.modern bios may display nothing may automatically enter bios configuration utility boot process fails.boot environment environment boot program simple cpu real mode generalpurpose segment registers undefined except ss sp cs dl.
BIOS	csip always points physical address xc.values cs ip actually well defined.bioses use csip xxc others may use xcx.boot programs always loaded fixed address need boot program relocatable.dl may contain drive number used int h boot device.
BIOS	sssp points valid stack presumably large enough support hardware interrupts otherwise ss sp undefined.stack must already set order interrupts serviced interrupts must enabled order system timertick interrupt bios always uses least maintain timeofday count initializes post active keyboard work.keyboard works even bios keyboard service called keystrokes received placed character typeahead buffer maintained bios.boot program must set stack size stack set bios unknown location likewise variable although boot program investigate default stack examining sssp easier shorter unconditionally set new stack.at boot time bios services available memory address x contains interrupt vector table.bios post initialized system timers interrupt controllers dma controllers motherboardchipset hardware necessary bring bios services ready status.
BIOS	dram refresh system dram conventional memory extended memory necessarily expanded memory set running.interrupt vectors corresponding bios interrupts set point appropriate entry points bios hardware interrupt vectors devices initialized bios set point biosprovided isrs interrupts including ones bios generates programs hook set default dummy isr immediately returns.bios maintains reserved block system ram addresses x–xff various parameters initialized post.memory address x used boot program may even overwrite itself.extensions option roms peripheral cards hard disk drive host bus adapters video cards firmware bios extension option rom may part expansion card firmware provide additional functionality bios.
BIOS	code option roms runs bios boots operating system mass storage.roms typically test initialize hardware add new bios services replace existing bios services services.example scsi controller usually bios extension rom adds support hard drives connected controller.extension rom could principle contain operating system could implement entirely different boot process network booting.operation ibmcompatible computer system completely changed removing inserting adapter card rom chip contains bios extension rom.the motherboard bios typically contains code initializing bootstrapping integrated display integrated storage.
BIOS	addition plugin adapter cards scsi raid network interface cards video cards often include bios e.g.video bios complementing replacing system bios code given component.even devices built motherboard behave way option roms part motherboard bios.an addin card requires option rom card supported motherboard bios card needs initialized made accessible bios services operating system loaded usually means required boot process.additional advantage rom early pc systems notably including ibm pcjr rom faster main system ram.modern systems case much reverse bios rom code usually copied shadowed ram run faster.
BIOS	boot procedure expansion rom wishes change way system boots network device scsi adapter cooperative way use bios boot specification bbs api register ability so.expansion roms registered using bbs apis user select among available boot options within bioss user interface.bbs compliant pc bios implementations allow user enter bioss user interface expansion roms finished executing registering bbs api.also expansion rom wishes change way system boots unilaterally simply hook int h interrupts normally called interrupt h int h bios disk service intercept bios boot process.replace bios boot process one merely modify boot sequence inserting boot actions preventing bios detecting certain devices bootable both.bios boot specification promulgated way expansion roms implement boot capability devices supported booting native bios motherboard.
BIOS	initialization motherboard bios completes post bios versions search option rom modules also called bios extension roms execute them.motherboard bios scans extension roms portion upper memory area part x realmode address space address xa runs rom found order.discover memorymapped option roms bios implementation scans realmode address space xc xf kb bytes boundaries looking twobyte rom signature x followed xaa.valid expansion rom signature followed single byte indicating number byte blocks expansion rom occupies real memory next byte option roms entry point also known entry offset.rom valid checksum bios transfers control entry address normal bios extension rom beginning extensions initialization routine.at point extension rom code takes typically testing initializing hardware controls registering interrupt vectors use postboot applications.
BIOS	may use bios services including provided previously initialized option roms provide user configuration interface display diagnostic information anything else requires.possible option rom return bios preempting bioss boot sequence altogether.an option rom normally return bios completing initialization process.option rom returns bios continues searching option roms calling found entire option rom area memory space scanned.physical placement option roms normally reside adapter cards.however original pc perhaps also pc xt spare rom socket motherboard system board ibms terms option rom inserted four roms contain basic interpreter also removed replaced custom roms option roms.
BIOS	ibm pcjr unique among pcs two rom cartridge slots front.cartridges slots map region upper memory area used option roms cartridges contain option rom modules bios would recognize.cartridges also contain types rom modules basic programs handled differently.one pcjr cartridge contain several rom modules different types possibly stored together one rom chip.operating system services bios rom customized particular manufacturers hardware allowing lowlevel services reading keystroke writing sector data diskette provided standardized way programs including operating systems.
BIOS	example ibm pc might either monochrome color display adapter using different display memory addresses hardware single standard bios system call may invoked display character specified position screen text mode graphics mode.the bios provides small library basic inputoutput functions operate peripherals keyboard rudimentary text graphics display functions forth.using msdos bios services could accessed application program msdos executing int h interrupt instruction access disk functions executing one number documented bios interrupt calls access video display keyboard cassette device functions.operating systems executive software designed supersede basic firmware functionality provide replacement software interfaces application software.applications also provide services themselves.began even msdos programmers observed using bios video services graphics display slow.increase speed screen output many programs bypassed bios programmed video display hardware directly.
BIOS	graphics programmers particularly exclusively demoscene observed technical capabilities pc display adapters supported ibm bios could taken advantage without circumventing it.since atcompatible bios ran intel real mode operating systems ran protected mode later processors required hardware device drivers compatible protected mode operation replace bios services.in modern pcs running modern operating systems windows linux bios interrupt calls used booting initial loading operating systems.operating systems first graphical screen displayed input output typically handled bios.boot menu textual menu windows allows users choose operating system boot boot safe mode use last known good configuration displayed bios receives keyboard input bios.many modern pcs still boot run legacy operating systems msdos drdos rely heavily bios console disk io providing system bios csmcapable uefi firmware.processor microcode updates intel processors reprogrammable microcode since p microarchitecture.
BIOS	amd processors reprogrammable microcode since k microarchitecture.bios contain patches processor microcode fix errors initial processor microcode microcode loaded processors sram reprogramming persistent thus loading microcode updates performed time system powered up.without reprogrammable microcode expensive processor swap would required example pentium fdiv bug became expensive fiasco intel required product recall original pentium processors defective microcode could reprogrammed.operating systems update main processor microcode also.identification bioses contain software licensing description table slic digital signature placed inside bios original equipment manufacturer oem example dell.
BIOS	slic inserted acpi data table contains active code.computer manufacturers distribute oem versions microsoft windows microsoft application software use slic authenticate licensing oem windows installation disk system recovery disc containing windows software.systems slic preactivated oem product key verify xml formatted oem certificate slic bios means selfactivating see system locked preinstallation slp.user performs fresh install windows need possession oem key either slp coa digital certificate slic order bypass activation.achieved user performs restore using precustomised image provided oem.power users copy necessary certificate files oem image decode slp product key perform slp activation manually.
BIOS	cracks nongenuine windows distributions usually edit slic emulate order bypass windows activation.overclocking bios implementations allow overclocking action cpu adjusted higher clock rate manufacturer rating guaranteed capability.overclocking may however seriously compromise system reliability insufficiently cooled computers generally shorten component lifespan.overclocking incorrectly performed may also cause components overheat quickly mechanically destroy themselves.modern use older operating systems example msdos rely bios carry inputoutput tasks within pc.calling real mode bios services directly inefficient protected mode long mode operating systems.
BIOS	bios interrupt calls used modern multitasking operating systems initially load.in bios provided protected mode interfaces microsoft windows unixlike operating systems advanced power management apm plug play bios desktop management interface dmi vesa bios extensions vbe e multiprocessor specification mps.starting bioses provide acpi smbios vbe e interfaces modern operating systems.after operating systems load system management mode code still running smram.since bios technology transitional process toward uefi.configuration setup utility historically bios ibm pc xt builtin user interface.bios versions earlier pcs xtclass software configurable instead users set options via dip switches motherboard.
BIOS	later computers including ibmcompatibles cpus batterybacked nonvolatile bios memory cmos ram chip held bios settings.settings videoadapter type memory size harddisk parameters could configured running configuration program disk built rom.special reference diskette inserted ibm configure settings memory size.early bios versions passwords bootdevice selection options.bios hardcoded boot first floppy drive failed first hard disk.access control early atclass machines physical keylock switch hard defeat computer case could opened.
BIOS	anyone could switch computer could boot it.later class computers started integrating bios setup utility rom alongside bios code computers usually boot bios setup utility certain key key combination pressed otherwise bios post boot process executed.a modern bios setup utility text user interface tui graphical user interface gui accessed pressing certain key keyboard pc starts.usually key advertised short time early startup example press del enter setup.actual key depends specific hardware.features present bios setup utility typically includeconfiguring enabling disabling hardware componentssetting system timesetting boot ordersetting various passwords password securing access bios user interface preventing malicious users booting system unauthorized portable storage devices password booting system hardware monitoring modern bios setup screen often features pc health status hardware monitoring tab directly interfaces hardware monitor chip mainboard.makes possible monitor cpu chassis temperature voltage provided power supply unit well monitor control speed fans connected motherboard.once system booted hardware monitoring computer fan control normally done directly hardware monitor chip separate chip interfaced ic smbus come part super io solution interfaced industry standard architecture isa low pin count lpc.
BIOS	operating systems like netbsd envsys openbsd sysctl hw.sensors feature integrated interfacing hardware monitors.however circumstances bios also provides underlying information hardware monitoring acpi case operating system may using acpi perform hardware monitoring.reprogramming modern pcs bios stored rewritable eeprom flash memory allowing contents replaced modified.rewriting contents sometimes termed flashing.done special program usually provided systems manufacturer post bios image hard drive usb flash drive.file containing contents sometimes termed bios image.
BIOS	bios might reflashed order upgrade newer version fix bugs provide improved performance support newer hardware.hardware original ibm pc bios cassette basic stored maskprogrammed readonly memory rom chips sockets motherboard.roms could replaced altered users.allow updates many compatible computers used reprogrammable bios memory devices eprom eeprom later flash memory usually flash devices.according robert braver president bios manufacturer micro firmware flash bios chips became common around electrically erasable prom eeprom chips cheaper easier program standard ultraviolet erasable prom eprom chips.
BIOS	flash chips programmed reprogrammed incircuit eprom chips need removed motherboard reprogramming.bios versions upgraded take advantage newer versions hardware correct bugs previous revisions bioses.beginning ibm pcs supported hardware clock settable bios.century bit allowed manually changing century year happened.bios revisions created nearly bios revisions supported year setting century bit automatically clock rolled past midnight december .the first flash chips attached isa bus.starting bios flash moved lpc bus following new standard implementation known firmware hub fwh.
BIOS	bios flash memory moved spi bus.the size bios capacity rom eeprom media may stored increased time new features added code bios versions exist sizes megabytes.contrast original ibm pc bios contained kb mask rom.modern motherboards including even bigger nand flash memory ics board capable storing whole compact operating systems linux distributions.example asus notebooks included splashtop os embedded nand flash memory ics.however idea including operating system along bios rom pc new microsoft offered rom option msdos included roms pc clones tandy hx.another type firmware chip found ibm pc early compatibles.
BIOS	keyboard interface controlled microcontroller programmable memory.ibm pin socketed device manufacturers used eprom version chip resembled eprom.controller also assigned gate function manage memory onemegabyte range occasionally upgrade keyboard bios necessary take advantage software could use upper memory.the bios may contain components memory reference code mrc responsible memory initialization e.g.spd memory timings initialization.modern bios includesintel management engine amd platform security processor firmware.
BIOS	vendors products ibm published entire listings bios original pc pc xt pc contemporary pc models appendix ibm pc technical reference manual machine type.effect publication bios listings anyone see exactly definitive bios it.in may phoenix software associates released first rombios enabled oems build essentially fully compatible clones without reverseengineer ibm pc bios compaq done portable helping fuel growth pccompatibles industry sales nonibm versions dos.first american megatrends ami bios released .new standards grafted onto bios usually without complete public documentation bios listings.result easy learn intimate details many nonibm additions bios core bios services.most pc motherboard suppliers licensed bios core toolkit commercial third party known independent bios vendor ibv.motherboard manufacturer customized bios suit hardware.
BIOS	reason updated bioses normally obtained directly motherboard manufacturer.former major bios vendors included american megatrends ami insyde software phoenix technologies byosoft award software microid research.microid research award software acquired phoenix technologies phoenix later phased award brand name.general software also acquired phoenix sold bios embedded systems based intel processors.the opensource community increased effort develop replacement proprietary bioses future incarnations opensourced counterpart libreboot coreboot openbiosopen firmware projects.amd provided product specifications chipsets google sponsoring project.
BIOS	motherboard manufacturer tyan offers coreboot next standard bios opteron line motherboards.security eeprom flash memory chips advantageous easily updated user customary hardware manufacturers issue bios updates upgrade products improve compatibility remove bugs.however advantage risk improperly executed aborted bios update could render computer device unusable.avoid situations recent bioses use boot block portion bios runs first must updated separately.code verifies rest bios intact using hash checksums methods transferring control it.
BIOS	boot block detects corruption main bios typically warn user recovery process must initiated booting removable media floppy cd usb flash drive user try flashing bios again.motherboards backup bios sometimes referred dualbios boards recover bios corruptions.there least five known bios attack viruses two demonstration purposes.first one found wild mebromi targeting chinese users.the first bios virus bios meningitis instead erasing bios chips infected them.bios meningitis relatively harmless compared virus like cih.the second bios virus cih also known chernobyl virus able erase flash rom bios content compatible chipsets.cih appeared mid became active april .
BIOS	often infected computers could longer boot people remove flash rom ic motherboard reprogram it.cih targeted thenwidespread intel itx motherboard chipset took advantage fact windows x operating systems also widespread time allowed direct hardware access programs.modern systems vulnerable cih variety chipsets used incompatible intel itx chipset also flash rom ic types.also extra protection accidental bios rewrites form boot blocks protected accidental overwrite dual quad bios equipped systems may event crash use backup bios.also modern operating systems freebsd linux macos windows ntbased windows os like windows windows xp newer allow usermode programs direct hardware access.as result cih become essentially harmless worst causing annoyance infecting executable files triggering antivirus software.bios viruses remain possible however since windows home users without windows vistas uac run applications administrative privileges modern cihlike virus could principle still gain access hardware without first using exploit.
BIOS	operating system openbsd prevents users access grsecurity patch linux kernel also prevents direct hardware access default difference attacker requiring much difficult kernel level exploit reboot machine.the third bios virus technique presented john heasman principal security consultant ukbased nextgeneration security software.black hat security conference showed elevate privileges read physical memory using malicious procedures replaced normal acpi functions stored flash memory.the fourth bios virus technique called persistent bios infection.appeared cansecwest security conference vancouver syscan security conference singapore.researchers anibal sacco alfredo ortega core security technologies demonstrated insert malicious code decompression routines bios allowing nearly full control pc startup even operating system booted.proofofconcept exploit flaw bios implementation involves normal bios flashing procedures.
BIOS	thus requires physical access machine user root.despite requirements ortega underlined profound implications saccos discovery patch driver drop fully working rootkit.even little code remove disable antivirus.mebromi trojan targets computers awardbios microsoft windows antivirus software two chinese companies rising antivirus jiangmin kv antivirus.mebromi installs rootkit infects master boot record.in december interview minutes deborah plunkett information assurance director us national security agency claimed nsa uncovered thwarted possible bios attack foreign nation state targeting us financial system.program cited anonymous sources alleging chinese plot.
BIOS	however followup articles guardian atlantic wired register refuted nsas claims.newer intel platforms intel boot guard ibg technology enabled technology check bios digital signature startup ibg public key fused pch.end users cant disable function.alternatives successors unified extensible firmware interface uefi supplements bios many new machines.initially written intel itanium architecture uefi available x arm architecture platforms specification development driven unified efi forum industry special interest group.efi booting supported microsoft windows versions supporting gpt linux kernel .. later macos intelbased macs.
BIOS	new pc hardware predominantly ships uefi firmware.architecture rootkit safeguard also prevent system running users software changes makes uefi controversial legacy bios replacement open hardware community.also windows requires uefi boot.other alternatives functionality legacy bios x world include coreboot libreboot.some servers workstations use platformindependent open firmware ieee based forth programming language included suns sparc computers ibms rs line powerpc systems chrp motherboards along xbased olpc xo.as least apple removed legacy bios support macbook pro computers.bios utility longer supports legacy option prints legacy mode supported system.intel announced would remove legacy bios support .
BIOS	since new intel platform oem pcs longer support legacy option.see also double bootextended system configuration data escdinputoutput control systemadvanced configuration power interface acpiralf browns interrupt list rbil – interrupts calls interfaces data structures memory port addresses processor opcodes x architecturesystem management bios smbiosunified extensible firmware interface uefi notes references reading ibm personal computer technical reference revised ed.. ibm corporation.march .ibm personal computer technical reference.ibm personal computer hardware reference library.vol.
BIOS	revised ed.. ibm corporation.march ..phoenix technologies ltd. .system bios ibm pcxtat computers compatibles — complete guide rombased system software.phoenix technical reference series st ed.. addison wesley publishing company inc. isbn .phoenix technologies ltd. .
BIOS	cbios ibm ps computers compatibles — complete guide rombased system software dos.phoenix technical reference series st ed.. addison wesley publishing company inc. isbn x.phoenix technologies ltd. .abios ibm ps computers compatibles — complete guide rombased system software os.phoenix technical reference series st ed.. addison wesley publishing company inc. isbn .phoenix technologies ltd. june .system bios ibm pcs compatibles eisa computers — complete guide rombased system software.
BIOS	phoenix technical reference series nd ed.. amsterdam addison wesley publishing company inc. isbn .bios disassembly ninjutsu uncovered st edition freely available book pdf formatmore power firmware free bonus chapter mac os x internals systems approach book external links bios boot specification .pdf.phoenix.com..archived original pdf .how bios works.
BIOS	stuff works..implementing plug play bios using intels boot block flash memory pdf.intel.february .archived original pdf .
BIOS	retrieved .list bios options.techarp.com.archived original .persistent bios infection.phrack.no.
BIOS	..archived original .retrieved .preventing bios failures using intel boot block flash memory pdf.intel.
Nimble Storage	december .archived original pdf .retrieved .nimble subsidiary hewlett packard enterprise.history nimble storage founded january varun mehta umesh maheshwari.nimble announced first product cs series hybrid arrays july tech field day.in september nimble storage secured .million original backers well new investors artis capital management ggv capital.varun mehta chief executive march became vice president engineering suresh vasudevan became ceo.umesh maheshwari became chief technology officer.in october company filed initial public offering new york stock exchange.
Nimble Storage	nimble storage went public nyse december ticker symbol nmbl.in june nimble storage announced cs series arrays allflash shelf well adaptive flash technology.in august nimble storage completed overhaul csseries added cs cs lineup.in november nimble storage released arrays supporting fibre channel protocol.in july nimble storage announced updates adaptive flash platform including nimble smartsecure softwarebased encryption allflash service levels addition rest apis infosightvmvision pervm monitoring integrated data protection.in august nimble storage announces completion federal information processing standard certification national institute standards technology adaptive flash platform.in november nimble storage sixth deloittes ranking fastest growing technology media telecommunications life sciences energy tech companies north america.in december nimble storage announced expanded smartstack technology cisco systems products.on february nimble storage unveiled predictive flash array series combining fast flash performance infosight predictive analytics.on august nimble storage announced af series flash array well updated csseries adaptive flash array portfolio.on october lenovo announced strategic partnership nimble storage.first line offerings partnership thinkagile cx series solution.on march hewlett packard enterprise announced buy nimble storage approx .billion cash.acquisition became final april .products flash arrays nimble storages afseries arrays utilize flash performance well infosight predictive analytics.
Nimble Storage	afseries product lines data centers different configurations based desired workload.product lines af af af af af.adaptive flash arrays nimble csseries iscsi fibre channel storage array product lines data centers available csseries.product lines cs cs cs cs combine hdds ssds hybrid fashion.august nimble storage updated csseries arrays following csh cs cs cs.
Nimble Storage	nimble storage also provides allflash shelf add csseries arrays.secondary flash arrays secondary flash array first new nimble product launched post merger hpe.hybrid system based around standard nimble architecture enhanced dedupe.product intended target backups smartstack reference architectures nimble storage provides smartstack integrated infrastructure technology cisco systems.jointly developed cisco nimble storage smartstack integrates compute network storage resources.
Nimble Storage	smartstack provides cisco validated designs reference architectures address following workloads desktop virtualization vdi server virtualization cloud computing businesscritical applications oracle database applications sap hana.technology nimbleos nimbleos nimbles operating system heavily dependent patented filesystem architecture cache accelerated sequential layout casl.nimbleos includes flexible flash scaling adaptive flash service levels dynamic flashbased read caching writeoptimized data layout inline compression scaletofit flexibility scale snapshots integrated data protection efficient replication deduplication zerocopy clones.infosight predictive analytics infosight nimble storages storage management predictive analytics portal.designed help storage resource management well customer support.infosight consists ofthe infosight engine data collection analysis engine composed data analytics system modeling capabilities predictive algorithms.the infosight portal secure online portal serves window infosight engine.proactive wellness proactive alerts system health performance protection gaps.
.357 Magnum	unified flash fabric nimble storages unified flash fabric unifies nimbles flash adaptive flash arrays single consolidation architecture common data services.architecture built upon existing casl architecture infosight.references external links hpe nimble storage web pagesmith wesson magnum .sw magnum .magnum ×mmr known unofficial metric designation smokeless powder cartridge .inch .mm bullet diameter.created elmer keith phillip b. sharpe douglas b. wesson firearm manufacturers smith wesson winchester.it based upon smith wessons earlier .
.357 Magnum	special cartridge..magnum cartridge introduced use since become widespread.cartridge started magnum era handgun ammunition..
.357 Magnum	magnum cartridge notable highly effective terminal ballistics.design .magnum collaboratively developed period early mids group individuals direct response colts .super automatic.time .
.357 Magnum	super american pistol cartridge capable defeating automobile cover early ballistic vests beginning emerge interwar period.tests time revealed vests defeated handgun bullet traveling less feet per second ms. colts .super automatic edged velocity able penetrate car doors vests bootleggers gangsters employing cover.though .special .magnum would seem different diameter chamberings fact identical .
.357 Magnum	inches .mm bullet diameter..special nomenclature relates previous use heeled bullets .short colt .
.357 Magnum	long colt diameter case.external dimensional difference .special .magnum difference case length done prevent accidentally loading .magnum cartridge .

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