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.357 Magnum
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special revolver designed .magnums higher chamber pressure.case volume factor increase case length .special cartridge originally black powder cartridge .magnum developed using much denser smokeless powder.much credit .s early development given hunter experimenter elmer keith.
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.357 Magnum
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keiths early work loading .special increasingly higherpressure levels made possible availability heavy targetshootingoriented revolvers like smith wesson .heavy duty outdoorsman .caliber revolvers built .caliber frames..hv load used .special cartridge loaded much higher velocity standard .special ammunition.
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.357 Magnum
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.revolvers made using .special size gun barrel bored accept .caliber bullets true bullet diameter .special cylinder bored accept .–.inchdiameter .–.mm cartridges name “ special” originated.
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.357 Magnum
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since frame cylinder barrel much stronger standard .special components capable withstanding much higher pressures..hv round longer available cases equal later .magnum works double pressure standard .
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.357 Magnum
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special..magnum addresses safety issues earlier cartridges lengthening cartridge approximately ⁄ inch .mm preventing highpressure .cartridge chambering fitting firearm designed shorter lowerpressure .
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.357 Magnum
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special.elmer keith also contributed keithstyle bullet increased mass bullet located outside cartridge case leaving room inside case powder.keith bullet also employed large flat meplat thus enabling rapid energy transfer greater wounding properties.time bullet design deform like hollow point result achieves greater penetration.characteristics keith bullet make suitable hunting applications well target shooting.to reassert leading lawenforcement armament provider smith wesson developed .
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.357 Magnum
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magnum douglas b. wesson grandson cofounder daniel b. wesson leading effort within smith wesson along considerable technical assistance phillip b. sharpe member technical division staff national rifle association.new round developed smith wessons existing .special round.used different powder load ultimately case extended ⁄ inch .mm.
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.357 Magnum
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case extension matter safety necessity..special early experimental .magnum cartridges loaded keith identical physical attributes possible load experimental .magnum cartridge .
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.357 Magnum
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special revolver potentially disastrous results.smith wessons solution extending case slightly made impossible chamber magnumpower round gun designed additional pressure.however although .special .magnum chamber colt new army revolvers .
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.357 Magnum
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long colt due straightwalled chambers creates dangerous pressure levels three times new army designed withstand.the choice bullet .magnum cartridge varied development.development smith wesson original keith bullet modified slightly form sharpe bullet based upon keith bullet bearing surface keith bullet keith bullets typically made oversized sized down.winchester however upon experimenting cartridge development modified sharpebullet shape slightly keeping sharpe contour bullet.final choice bullet hence based upon earlier keith sharpe bullets additionally slight differences both.
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.357 Magnum
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dimensions .magnum .milliliter .grain ho cartridge case capacity.the cartridge headspaces rim case.common rifling twist rate cartridge mm .
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.357 Magnum
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six grooves ø lands .mm ø grooves .mm land width .mm primer type small pistol magnum.according c.i.p.rulings .
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.357 Magnum
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magnum cartridge case handle mpa psi pmax piezo pressure.c.i.p.regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination proofed maximum c.i.p.pressure certify sale consumers.means .magnum chambered arms c.i.p.regulated countries currently proof tested mpa psi pe piezo pressure.
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.357 Magnum
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performance cartridge regarded many excellent hunting metallic silhouette selfdefense round.proper loadings also effective large dangerous game bear ungulates however many consider larger powerful magnum cartridges appropriate .magnum .magnum .casull .
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.357 Magnum
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sw magnum .ruger .sw magnum.comparatively .magnum less energy larger magnum revolver loadings smaller diameter high velocity allowing excellent penetration properties.
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.357 Magnum
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fine small mediumgame round sufficient hunt deer reasonable ranges suitable loadings used competent marksman.comparison .magnum higher velocity yards parent case .special muzzle..
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.357 Magnum
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magnums effectiveness game similar .colt much flatter trajectory due higher velocity.used success selfdefence plinking hunting target shooting.the original load grain bullet advertised muzzle velocity fps.muzzle velocity taken using revolver fairly long barrel .” todays loads fairly mild compared original load.revolvers chambered .magnum significant advantage also able chamber fire shorter lesspowerful .
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.357 Magnum
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special cartridge.compared .magnum .special also lower cost recoil noise muzzle flash.ability also fire .
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.357 Magnum
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special makes .revolvers ideal novice shooters yet used firing fullpower .magnum loads want expense buying second lowerpowered gun train with.however .special ammunition generally used .
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.357 Magnum
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magnum semiautomatic handgun rifle since firearms require larger recoil produced firing .magnum round cycle properly.it also become popular dualuse cartridge short light rifles like american old west leveractions.rifle bullet exit barrel feet per second ms making far versatile .carbine .winchester.
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.357 Magnum
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found effective steel car doors ballistic vests metalpenetrating rounds popular united states among highway patrol police organizations..magnum revolver largely replaced modern highcapacity semiautomatic pistols police use still popular backup gun use among outdoorsmen security guards civilians hunting metallic silhouette target shooting selfdefense.mm winchester magnum also known ×mm developed duplicate performance .magnum semiautomatic pistol .
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.357 Magnum
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sig cartridge.some common performance parameters shown table several .magnum loads.bullet weights ranging grains ..g common.
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.357 Magnum
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grains .g jacketed hollow point loads popular selfdefence whereas heavier loads commonly used hunting.loads available energies typically footpounds force joules selected various applications based desired use risk assessments.keyexpansion – expanded bullet diameter ballistic gelatin penetration – penetration depth ballistic gelatinpc – permanent cavity volume ballistic gelatin fbi method tsc – temporary stretch cavity volume ballistic gelatin comparison terms accuracy .magnum least potential precision shooting benchmark .special wadcutter round—indeed good .
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.357 Magnum
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magnum revolver shoot .special wadcutter ammunition good results.accuracy power versatility also capable using lessexpensive milder .special ammunition makes .magnum revolver excellent gun many different disciplines yard precision shooting longrange fallingplate events.
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.357 Magnum
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excellent round considering handloading ammunition economical consistently performs well.the .magnum developed earlier .special.possible .special introduced originally designed use black powder requires twotofive times much powder volume produce velocity bullet much efficient smokeless powder.
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.357 Magnum
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thus .special relatively large bullet case.×mm parabellum introduced originally designed use smokeless powder higher pressures mpa psi pmax piezo pressure.therefore produces considerably energy .despite case less half powder capacity.
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.357 Magnum
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many .special loads use powders similar charge weights case much larger lighttarget loads fastburning powders may fill case perhaps full.filling case slowerburning powders produces much power also much pressure far much pressure older smallerframe revolvers chambered .special.accommodate highpressure highpower loads longer .
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.357 Magnum
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magnum together stronger revolvers designed handle developed.the .sig developed named highlight intended purpose duplicate performance grain .g .magnum loads fired inchbarreled mm revolvers cartridge designed used semiautomatic pistol.synonyms .
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.357 Magnum
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mag.sw magnum×mmr europe see also .remington maximum.supermagsmith wesson model first revolver chambered .magnumtable handgun rifle cartridges references notes external links .
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Hike Messenger
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magnum stopping power handloads.com.magnum ‘do all’ cartridge hunting selfdefense boyko nikolov bulgarianmilitary.comhike work offline sms multiplatform support.app registration uses standard one time password otp based authentication process.abundance lowcost data hike decided go single super app strategy multiple app approach focus core messaging capabilities.numerous hikemoji stickers customized accordingly.version userinterface revised app longer supports features like news mobile payment games jokes.
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Hike Messenger
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per cb insights .billion valuation hike million registered users till august employees working bengaluru delhi.history hike messenger launched globally december founder kavin bharti mittal next couple months introduced features like free text messaging themes stickers hidden chat option revamped user interface.majority users india percent age group .buying us based free voice calling company zip phones hike started providing free voice calling cellular network wifi across globe whatsapp optimizing voice quality using low bandwidth packs minutes per megabyte mb data.
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Hike Messenger
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also purchased startups like tinymogul hoppr later part .getting percent sticker usage traffic hike launched great indian sticker challenge march create stickers.with percent users age beta testing hike messenger app launched december windows phone .universal windows platform app uwp windows windows mobile.hike acquired instalively livestreaming pvt.ltd february behind hyper local social networking app pulse focused instant audio video digitization using lower bandwidth speed made costeffective enterprises create broadcast content remote location.from version .
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Hike Messenger
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became first social messaging app start mobile payment service india.timeline feature came back multiple user requests introduction personalized digital envelope called blue packets sending monetary gifts builtin wallet.acquisition bengaluru based startup creo announced enable thirdparty developers build services top hike platform.hike decided bring billion users online targeting tier tier cities giving localized services.the company decided dump previous super app approach january looking launching multiple specialized apps specific users.may hike announced collaboration indraprastha institute information technology delhi iiitd developing artificial intelligence ai machine learning ml natural language processing nlp speech link prediction deep learning computer vision.
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Hike Messenger
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company launched first standalone app hike sticker chat april separate content app called hike news content.help machine learning hike sticker chat recommend suggest smartly predicts custom stickers different situations mood.hike launched animated sticker valentines day special pack lgbtq community.due multilingual nature indian society qwerty keyboards difficult localize hike planning use machine learning make percent stickerbased chat keyboardless affair help predictive analysis stands percent user conversations platform.hike stickers cover percent vocabulary across languages india future focus text messages symbols achieve percent prediction rate gives seamless experience reducing keyboard dependency.as .hike creating smaller smart team employees game designers cryptoeconomists psychologists understand emerging digital landscape create new type blockchain economy newly launched service called hike land.application features april hike offering unlimited free sms called hike offline credits earned users regular chatting offline use get seamless experience connectivity still major issue many parts india.
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Hike Messenger
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engage percent audience years age group hike introduced features find resonance local market last seen privacy localized sticker packs.also introduced twoway chat theme industryfirst innovation allowing users change chat background friends simultaneously.app also started showing live cricket scores collaboration cricbuzz news casual games social media feed one shopping recharge ticket booking hike wallet.hike brought large file transfer support equipped users share mb files formats discussion increasing size limit gb.with launch version ... january hike implemented support sending uncompressed images quick upload feature optimized g speed.later month hike introduced voice calling feature users.
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Hike Messenger
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september hike launched free group calls support people simultaneous conference call environment.november hike announced launch feature called stories allows people share reallife moments using fun live filters automatically get deleted hours new camera design localized filters.hike .launched august tagline got gang get hike.latest update makes app five times faster highly optimized lowend phones poor network conditions.
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Hike Messenger
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supports photo filters doodles bitesized news updates characters.hike launched news feed hindi language support september cater needs nonenglish population.hike launched version .biggest update windows phone .december changed user interface simpler navigation supported sending unlimited nonmedia files documents format better group admin settings.
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Hike Messenger
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also included ten brandnew chat themes.hike launched microapp feature live two days may mothers day special users add images quotes messages token love customized ecards stickers timeline hike also platforms.october hike messenger rolled beta version video calling feature ahead whatsapp starting android users also lets recipients preview video call deciding take optimized even work g conditions.december hike rolled short second video stories feature directly shared friends posted public timeline different filters collaboration content creators hour time limit automatically deleted.stories feature continues receive constant future updates include enable content public story option private user messaging geotagging.in september hike launched personalized sticker packs graphical stickers colleges covered around colleges december across india used across different geographies highly customized users availability local languages support automatic sticker suggestions application suggests best reply sticker message also allows users nudge feature used ping receiver.hike started supporting user comments friends posts added specific message reply function redesigned camera interface support front flash user mentions help symbol.
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Hike Messenger
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december hike launched group voting bill splitting checklists event reminders group chat supports users ios android platform.hike launched another feature called hike land virtual world beta trial start march use hike moji online users digital avatar hang users built inside hike sticker chat application.mainly targeted restricted towards years age group people.without unveiling much hike land separate website created option reserve spots giving details like name gender phone number link user profile hike sticker chat account though necessity.hike direct hike direct feature based technology known wifi direct initially also called wifi pp got introduced users october enables sharing files music apps videos without live internet connection within meter radius creating wireless network two devices transfer speed mb per minute.
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Hike Messenger
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privacy security reasons hike doesnt show recipients location proximity works two users connected room adding one another contact list.hike wallet june hike announced launch version .multiple new features like user chat themes night mode magic selfie.along builtin wallet partnered yes bank.feature first rolled android users followed ios users later stage.hike collaborated airtel payment bank power digital payment wallet november hike users access airtel payments banks merchant utility payment services know customer kyc infrastructure million transactions happening services like recharge pp.
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Hike Messenger
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hike formed partnership ola cabs bring taxi autorickshaw booking facility february .users also book bus tickets operators pay electricity cooking gas dth landline bills operators hike wallet.support unified payments interface upi based payments hike wallet let users send receive ₹ lakh directly bank account without sharing creditdebit card net banking credentials.users send money upi anyone hike users.nonupi users allows transactions ₹ month maximum cap per transaction ₹.hike id january hike announced launch hike id enhance user privacy features.
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Hike Messenger
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hike id unique custom username removes need sharing phone numbers chat someone.users also search using hike ids.hike id integrated across hikebased services facilitating easy discovery people groups.in survey done hike team million active users percent confirmed like talk others without sharing phone number percent said like skip step saving phone numbers talking others.prompted developers come hike id solution makes easier well secure users chat without share save phone numbers.hike web august launched web app beta version hike sticker chat enable users chat personal computers.
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Hike Messenger
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company also worked feature allow sharing stickers across messaging platforms.hike web created ensuring seamless experience users strong focus privacy security keeping mind hike increased network security aes tls .makes communication web client secure ever.hike moji hike moji digital avatar user based artificial intelligence ai natural language processing nlp machine learning ml generated imagery created taking selfie variety localized indianised expressions customized options like hairstyles different facial features bindis local clothing style nose pins local twist mood.beta version .
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Hike Messenger
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rolled november android ios.officially released wider audience base february .stable release included customized options like skin shades million eyes colours accessories dimples freckles cheeklines more.hike moji generate stickers three language english hindi act default one optional indic language.right language support limited bengali gujarati kanada malayalam marathi tamil telugu.
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Hike Messenger
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user share exclusive hike moji stickers platforms.computer vision deep neural networks enable platform search around trillion combinations facial shape color reflecting users looks within seconds.life like images generated three seconds.hike moji version .beta alone created million plus stickers upon launch control group users.
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Hike Messenger
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stable version .create quintillion combinations stickers seamless addition whatsapp.inspired local diversity country hikemoji largest platform hyper local avatar creation india.privacy security article december published german website spiegel online app testers mediatest digital found analyzing data traffic hike version .. ios transmits messages phone numbers unique device identification number udid unencrypted full access phone address book.called deficiencies hike even undeniable made past whatsapp.hike uses bit secure sockets layer encrypted firewall server exchange media text messages wifi.
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Hike Messenger
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addition user choosing share last seen profile pictures app also supports industry first hidden mode pattern lock feature extended user privacy.june chats calls protected bit advanced encryption standard rivest–shamir–adleman publickey cryptosystems messages stored locally device auto backedup cloud server zero data consumption.used validating identity signing ensuring intended recipient access information sent encryption.data stored hike servers completely encrypted aes algorithm strong key salt stored completely different key management system kms.platform support hike total january company announced launch total customized version android uses proprietary technology called uttp based unstructured supplementary service data ussd protocol supported nearly gsm phones allowed users access services mobile even offline mode without internet.
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Hike Messenger
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hike teamed mobile carriers oems total device makers bundling tweaked version android makes hike default textcall app.the total targeted next billion mobilefirst customers.users access essential services messaging news horoscope recharge wallet cricket scores rail information even without active internet connection services taking less kb mb size.users also buy data packs low ₹ within operating system.hike announced intex technologies karbonn mobiles device partners bsnl aircel telecom service providers.hike announced availability total platform mera pehla smartphone initiative launched airtel india.first batch handsets supporting technology released march .
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Hike Messenger
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wasnt available download google play exclusive handset models produced partner original equipment manufacturers oems.user statistics hike acquired first five million users within three months app launch increased fifteen million september .may user base increased twenty million additional fifteen million joining till august .hike reached seventy million users till october adding additional thirty million within three months august .twenty billion messages shared regularly every month till august grew one billion messages shared every single day december doubled forty billion monthly messages till january users spending minutes per week app.on average users spending minutes per week app viewing .
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Hike Messenger
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news stories average per user per day transferring close million files hike direct terabytes data without use actual internet.january percent internet users india use hike messenger voip platform.hike crossed first hundred million registered users january per founder company ceo kavin bharti mittal added sixty million till may .ten million mobile transactions done hike november percent various recharges percent peer peer transaction pp.breakdown percent pp transactions consists percent upi payments percent blue packets virtual envelopes users insert money send friends personal messages filters percent normal wallet transactions.time around hike also recorded percent month month rise active user base.
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Hike Messenger
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hike messenger announced crossed five million monthly transactions within five months hike wallets launch percent month month growth december increased ten million monthly transactions percent month month growth rate.around users joining hike sticker chat per day company wants quadruple end .initial target capturing percent youth population india wider base tier tier cities since maximum growth coming pune ahmedabad mumbai jaipur.december app two million weekly active users.funding hike raised first round funding million bharti enterprises softbank group april .received second round investment million bharti enterprises softbank group march scale operations crossed million subscribers.
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Hike Messenger
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august hike reached million users raised million funding round led tiger global.raised million series round funding led tencent foxconn august .raising round hike reached valuation .billion became youngest startup india reach unicorn status achieved .years launch.
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Hike Messenger
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controversy around january hike spokesperson told press trust india journalist facebook blocked option advertisements allows people visit hike official website assumed initial technical glitch later facebook confirmed certain products services cant advertised platform stopped hike ads.facebook publicly responded hikes allegations whereas worth noting facebookowned whatsapp rival service hike messaging app indian market.april fools pranks april app pranked users hikecoin modeled bitcoin direct cash transfers announcing photo real monetary note attached sent friends would make physical note invalid.on march hike announced hike smell fictional feature added prank april fools day.users informed using special sensors smartphones could capture attach smells messages.shutdown january company announced end messaging services effective january pm ist sending following text userstoday announcing many years helping deepen friendships shutting hike sticker chat .pm th jan .we thank creating amazing memories us hike sticker chat giving us love trust many yearswe wouldn’t without every one you.hike also announced hike stickers still used messaging platforms like signal whatsapp telegram downloading stickers hike.
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Router on a stick
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references external links official siteeverything hike appmethod intervlan virtual local area networks routing one router connected switch via single cable.router physical connections broadcast domains one vlans require need routing them.devices separate vlans typical lan local area network unable communicate other.therefore often used forward traffic locally attached hosts separate logical routing domains facilitate routing table administration distribution relay.details onearmed routers perform traffic forwarding often implemented virtual local area networks vlans.use single ethernet network interface port part two virtual lans enabling joined.
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Router on a stick
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vlan allows multiple virtual lans coexist physical lan.means two machines attached switch cannot send ethernet frames even though pass wires.need communicate router must placed two vlans forward packets two lans physically isolated.difference router question may contain single ethernet network interface controller nic part vlans.hence onearmed.
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Router on a stick
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uncommon hosts physical medium may assigned addresses different networks.onearmed router could assigned addresses network used forward traffic locally distinct networks remote networks another gateway.onearmed routers also used administration purposes route collection multi hop relay looking glass servers.all traffic goes trunk twice theoretical maximum sum download speed line rate.twoarmed configuration uploading need impact download performance significantly.furthermore performance may worse limits case halfduplexing system limitations.applications cases setup used found servers dedicated prints files segmenting different departments.
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Router on a stick
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example router stick usage found call manager express installation voice ip network cisco ip phone devices need split.enterprise networks implement method separating servers prevent users ‘having equal access privilege resources’.naming network separated virtually router need placed adjacent devices rather placed side network topology.router connected switch single cable.therefore giving eponymous ‘stick’ formation.
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Router on a stick
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institutions abbreviation roas roas used instead router stick.protocol design router stick relies one ethernet link configured ieee .q trunk link.trunk data flows vlans.advantages networks utilise router stick benefit requiring one lan connection used multiple vlans i.e.number vlans limited number lan ports available.
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Router on a stick
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separation network connections respond physical location ports router.thus removes need multiple cable wiring management.as vlans segmented reduces amount traffic flow connection.separating vlans provides enhanced network security.network administrators direct control multiple broadcast domains.event malicious user attempting access switch port limited access network.
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Router on a stick
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segmentation assists restricting sensitive traffic flows within enterprise.certain cases workgroups created.users requiring high level security isolated networks.outside vlans cannot communicate therefore departments made independent other.also third party users cannot access network easily.networks via router stick independent physical locations therefore sensitive data handled without compromise ease.changes networks like adding removing broadcast domain achievable assigning hosts appropriate vlans.
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Router on a stick
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broadcasts networks managed multiple hosts controlled implementing many vlans required.therefore increases number networks simultaneously decreasing size.implementation setup requires one router.disadvantages compared alternative using l layer switching trunk may become source congestion traffic vlans must flow trunk link.modern networks utilise l switch provides greater bandwidth output functionality.network traffic travel trunk twice trunk become major source congestion one trunk connection.
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Router on a stick
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bottleneck mitigated single interface combined interfaces via link aggregation.if router fails backup may become bottleneck network.since vlans must traverse one router great potential insufficient bandwidth provided network connections.before implementing intervlan routing network requires additional configuration virtual implementation.additional latency may induced connecting switch router.layer switches route traffic switches without need router.processes data packets faster routers since data traverses wire speed.modern switches bandwidth ports greater limits improve overall performance network.
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Router on a stick
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see also virtual lanroute servernetwork switch references external links onearmed routermethod intervlan virtual local area networks routing one router connected switch via single cable.router physical connections broadcast domains one vlans require need routing them.devices separate vlans typical lan local area network unable communicate other.therefore often used forward traffic locally attached hosts separate logical routing domains facilitate routing table administration distribution relay.details onearmed routers perform traffic forwarding often implemented virtual local area networks vlans.use single ethernet network interface port part two virtual lans enabling joined.
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Router on a stick
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vlan allows multiple virtual lans coexist physical lan.means two machines attached switch cannot send ethernet frames even though pass wires.need communicate router must placed two vlans forward packets two lans physically isolated.difference router question may contain single ethernet network interface controller nic part vlans.hence onearmed.
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Router on a stick
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uncommon hosts physical medium may assigned addresses different networks.onearmed router could assigned addresses network used forward traffic locally distinct networks remote networks another gateway.onearmed routers also used administration purposes route collection multi hop relay looking glass servers.all traffic goes trunk twice theoretical maximum sum download speed line rate.twoarmed configuration uploading need impact download performance significantly.furthermore performance may worse limits case halfduplexing system limitations.applications cases setup used found servers dedicated prints files segmenting different departments.
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Router on a stick
|
example router stick usage found call manager express installation voice ip network cisco ip phone devices need split.enterprise networks implement method separating servers prevent users ‘having equal access privilege resources’.naming network separated virtually router need placed adjacent devices rather placed side network topology.router connected switch single cable.therefore giving eponymous ‘stick’ formation.
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Router on a stick
|
institutions abbreviation roas roas used instead router stick.protocol design router stick relies one ethernet link configured ieee .q trunk link.trunk data flows vlans.advantages networks utilise router stick benefit requiring one lan connection used multiple vlans i.e.number vlans limited number lan ports available.
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Router on a stick
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separation network connections respond physical location ports router.thus removes need multiple cable wiring management.as vlans segmented reduces amount traffic flow connection.separating vlans provides enhanced network security.network administrators direct control multiple broadcast domains.event malicious user attempting access switch port limited access network.
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Router on a stick
|
segmentation assists restricting sensitive traffic flows within enterprise.certain cases workgroups created.users requiring high level security isolated networks.outside vlans cannot communicate therefore departments made independent other.also third party users cannot access network easily.networks via router stick independent physical locations therefore sensitive data handled without compromise ease.changes networks like adding removing broadcast domain achievable assigning hosts appropriate vlans.
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Router on a stick
|
broadcasts networks managed multiple hosts controlled implementing many vlans required.therefore increases number networks simultaneously decreasing size.implementation setup requires one router.disadvantages compared alternative using l layer switching trunk may become source congestion traffic vlans must flow trunk link.modern networks utilise l switch provides greater bandwidth output functionality.network traffic travel trunk twice trunk become major source congestion one trunk connection.
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Router on a stick
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bottleneck mitigated single interface combined interfaces via link aggregation.if router fails backup may become bottleneck network.since vlans must traverse one router great potential insufficient bandwidth provided network connections.before implementing intervlan routing network requires additional configuration virtual implementation.additional latency may induced connecting switch router.layer switches route traffic switches without need router.processes data packets faster routers since data traverses wire speed.modern switches bandwidth ports greater limits improve overall performance network.
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CryptoLocker
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see also virtual lanroute servernetwork switch references external links onearmed routerattack utilized trojan targeted computers running microsoft windows believed first posted internet september .propagated via infected email attachments via existing gameover zeus botnet.activated malware encrypted certain types files stored local mounted network drives using rsa publickey cryptography private key stored malwares control servers.malware displayed message offered decrypt data payment either bitcoin prepaid cash voucher made stated deadline threatened delete private key deadline passes.deadline met malware offered decrypt data via online service provided malwares operators significantly higher price bitcoin.
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CryptoLocker
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guarantee payment would release encrypted content.although cryptolocker easily removed affected files remained encrypted way researchers considered unfeasible break.many said ransom paid offer way recover files others said paying ransom way recover files backed up.victims claimed paying ransom always lead files decrypted.cryptolocker isolated late may via operation tovar took gameover zeus botnet used distribute malware.operation security firm involved process obtained database private keys used cryptolocker turn used build online tool recovering keys files without paying ransom.believed operators cryptolocker successfully extorted total around million victims trojan.
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CryptoLocker
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instances encryptionbased ransomware followed used cryptolocker name variations otherwise unrelated.operation cryptolocker typically propagated attachment seemingly innocuous email message appears sent legitimate company.zip file attached email message contains executable file filename icon disguised pdf file taking advantage windows default behaviour hiding extension file names disguise real .exe extension.cryptolocker also propagated using gameover zeus trojan botnet.when first run payload installs user profile folder adds key registry causes run startup.attempts contact one several designated command control servers connected server generates bit rsa key pair sends public key back infected computer.
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CryptoLocker
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server may local proxy go others frequently relocated different countries make tracing difficult.the payload encrypts files across local hard drives mapped network drives public key logs file encrypted registry key.process encrypts data files certain extensions including microsoft office opendocument documents pictures autocad files.payload displays message informing user files encrypted demands payment usd euro anonymous prepaid cash voucher i.e.moneypak ukash equivalent amount bitcoin btc within hours starting btc ransom price adjusted .btc operators reflect fluctuating value bitcoin else private key server would destroyed nobody never sic able restore files.
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CryptoLocker
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payment ransom allows user download decryption program preloaded users private key.infected victims claim paid attackers files decrypted.in november operators cryptolocker launched online service claimed allow users decrypt files without cryptolocker program purchase decryption key deadline expired process involved uploading encrypted file site sample waiting service find match site claimed match would found within hours.found user could pay key online hour deadline passed cost increased bitcoin.takedown recovery files june united states department justice officially announced previous weekend operation tovar—a consortium constituting group law enforcement agencies including fbi interpol security software vendors several universities disrupted gameover zeus botnet used distribute cryptolocker malware.department justice also publicly issued indictment russian hacker evgeniy bogachev alleged involvement botnet.as part operation dutch security firm foxit able procure database private keys used cryptolocker august foxit fellow firm fireeye introduced online service allows infected users retrieve private key uploading sample file receive decryption tool.
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CryptoLocker
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mitigation security software designed detect threats might detect cryptolocker encryption underway complete particularly new version unknown protective software distributed.attack suspected detected early stages takes time encryption take place immediate removal malware relatively simple process completed would limit damage data.experts suggested precautionary measures using software security policies block cryptolocker payload launching.due nature cryptolockers operation experts reluctantly suggested paying ransom way recover files cryptolocker absence current backups offline backups made infection inaccessible infected computers cannot attacked cryptolocker.due length key employed cryptolocker experts considered practically impossible use bruteforce attack obtain key needed decrypt files without paying ransom similar trojan gpcode.ak used bit key believed large enough computationally infeasible break without concerted distributed effort discovery flaw could used break encryption.sophos security analyst paul ducklin speculated cryptolockers online decryption service involved dictionary attack encryption using database keys explaining requirement wait hours receive result.
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CryptoLocker
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money paid december zdnet traced four bitcoin addresses posted users infected cryptolocker attempt gauge operators takings.four addresses showed movement btc october december us million time.in survey researchers university kent claimed victims said decided pay ransom proportion much larger expected symantec estimated victims paid dell secureworks estimated .victims paid.following shutdown botnet used distribute cryptolocker calculated .infected paid ransom many able recover files backed others believed lost huge amounts data.
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CryptoLocker
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nonetheless operators believed extorted total around million.clones success cryptolocker spawned number unrelated similarly named ransomware trojans working essentially way including refer cryptolocker—but according security researchers unrelated original cryptolocker.in september clones cryptowall torrentlocker whose payload identifies cryptolocker named use registry key named bit torrent application began spreading australia ransomware uses infected emails purportedly sent government departments e.g.australia post indicate failed parcel delivery payload.evade detection automatic email scanners follow links variant designed require users visit web page enter captcha code payload actually downloaded.symantec determined new variants identified cryptolocker.f tied original.
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IBM AIX
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see also lockypgpcoderwannacrypetya referencesoriginally released ibm rt pc risc workstation aix supported wide variety hardware platforms including ibm rs series later power powerpcbased systems ibm system system mainframes ps personal computers apple network server.currently supported ibm power systems alongside ibm linux.aix based unix system v .bsdcompatible extensions.certified unix unix v marks single unix specification beginning aix versions ..tl respectively.
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IBM AIX
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older versions previously certified unix unix marks.aix first operating system journaling file system ibm continuously enhanced software features processor disk network virtualization dynamic hardware resource allocation including fractional processor units reliability engineering ported mainframe designs.history unix started life atts bell labs research center early running dec minicomputers.operating system use various academic institutions including princeton tom lyon others ported run guest os vm.port would later grow become uts mainframe unix offering ibms competitor amdahl corporation.ibms involvement unix dated assisted bell labs unix port used build host ess switchs software.process ibm made modifications tss hypervisor better support unix.it took ibm offer unix platform ix developed interactive systems corporation intended ibm compete amdahl uts.
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IBM AIX
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operating system offered special facilities interoperating pcix interactiveibms version unix ibm pc compatible hardware licensed per sixteen concurrent users.aix version introduced ibm rt pc workstation based unix system v releases .developing aix ibm interactive systems corporation ibm contracted also incorporated source code ..bsd unix.among variants ibm later produced aix version also known aix based system v release powerbased rs platform.since aix served primary operating system rs series later renamed ibm eserver pseries ibm system p ibm power systems.
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IBM AIX
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aix version introduced added symmetric multiprocessing introduction first rs smp servers continued evolve culminating aix .. .version .slightly modified form also standard operating system apple network server systems sold apple computer complement macintosh line.in late project monterey ibm santa cruz operation planned integrate aix unixware single bitbit multiplatform unix particular emphasis running intel ia itanium architecture cpus.beta test version aix l ia systems released according documents released sco v. ibm lawsuit less forty licenses finished monterey unix ever sold project terminated .sco group alleged among infractions ibm misappropriated licensed source code unix system v release incorporation aix sco subsequently withdrew ibms license develop distribute aix.
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IBM AIX
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ibm maintains license irrevocable continued sell support product litigation adjudicated.aix component sco v. ibm lawsuit sco group filed lawsuit ibm alleging ibm contributed scos intellectual property linux codebase.sco group argued rightful owners copyrights covering unix operating system attempted revoke ibms license sell distribute aix operating system.march jury returned verdict finding novell sco group owns rights unix.aix announced may ran open beta june general availability ga aix .november .major new features aix .
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IBM AIX
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included full rolebased access control workload partitions enable application mobility enhanced security addition aes encryption type nfs v v live partition mobility power hardware.aix .announced april open beta ran general availability aix .september .several new features including better scalability enhanced clustering management capabilities added.aix .
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IBM AIX
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includes new builtin clustering capability called cluster aware aix.aix able organize multiple lpars multipath communications channel neighboring cpus enabling highspeed communication processors.enables multiterabyte memory address range page table access support global petabyte shared memory space aix power clusters software developers program cluster single system without using message passing i.e.semaphorecontrolled interprocess communication.aix administrators use new capability cluster pool aix nodes.
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IBM AIX
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default aix v. pins kernel memory includes support allow applications pin kernel stack.pinning kernel memory kernel stack applications realtime requirements provide performance improvements ensuring kernel memory kernel stack application paged out.aix .announced october released december .principal feature aix .live kernel update capability allows os fixes replace entire aix kernel impact applications live migrating workloads temporary surrogate aix os partition original os partition patched.
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IBM AIX
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aix .also restructured remove obsolete components.networking component bos.net.tcp.client repackaged allow additional installation flexibility.unlike aix .aix .
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IBM AIX
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supported systems based power later processors.supported hardware platforms ibm rt pc original aix sometimes called aixrt developed ibm rt pc workstation ibm conjunction interactive systems corporation previously ported unix system iii ibm pc ibm pcix.according developers aix source initial version consisted one million lines code.installation media consisted eight .m floppy disks.rt based ibm romp microprocessor first commercial risc chip.
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IBM AIX
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based design pioneered ibm research ibm .one novel aspects rt design use microkernel called virtual resource manager vrm.keyboard mouse display disk drives network controlled microkernel.one could hotkey one operating system next using alttab key combination.os turn would get possession keyboard mouse display.besides aix v pick os also included microkernel.much aix v kernel written pl programming language proved troublesome migration aix v. aix v included full tcpip networking well sna two networking file systems nfs licensed sun microsystems distributed services ds.
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IBM AIX
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ds distinction built top sna thereby fully compatible ds ibm mainframe systems midrange systems running os ibm i. graphical user interfaces aix v came xr later xr x versions x window system mit together athena widget set.compilers fortran c available.ibm ps series aix ps also known aix developed locus computing corporation contract ibm.aix ps first released october ran ibm ps personal computers intel compatible processors.the product announced september baseline tag price although utilities like uucp included separate extension package priced .nroff troff aix also sold separately text formatting system package priced .
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IBM AIX
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tcpip stack aix ps retailed another .x window package priced featured graphical environment called aixwindows desktop based ixis x.desktop.c fortran compilers price tag .locus also made available dos merge virtual machine environment aix could run ms dos .applications inside aix dos merge sold separately another .
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IBM AIX
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ibm also offered aix ps dos server program provided file server print server services client computers running pc dos ..the last version ps aix .. released announced add support nonibm nonmicrochannel computers well.support ps aix ended march .ibm mainframes ibm announced aix also developed locus computing.aix ibms fourth attempt offer unixlike functionality mainframe line specifically system prior versions tssbased unix system developed jointly att c. vmbased system named vmix developed jointly interactive systems corporation c. vmbased version tss named ix upgraded compatible unix system v. aix released functional equivalence system v release .bsd well ibm enhancements.introduction esa architecture aix replaced aixesa based osf also ran system platform.
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IBM AIX
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development effort made partly allow ibm compete amdahl uts.unlike aix aixesa ran natively host operating system guest vm.aixesa technically advanced little commercial success partially unix functionality added option existing mainframe operating system mvs mvsesa sp version release openedition continued integral part mvsesa sp version os zos name eventually changing openedition unix system services.ibm also provided openedition vmesa version zvm.ia systems part project monterey ibm released beta test version aix l ia itanium architecture never became official product due lack interest.
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IBM AIX
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apple network servers apple network server ans systems powerpcbased systems designed apple computer numerous highend features standard apple hardware including swappable hard drives redundant power supplies external monitoring capability.systems less based power macintosh hardware available time designed use aix versions .. .. native operating system specialized version specific ans called aix apple network servers.aix compatible network servers ported standard power macintosh hardware.confused aux apples earlier version unix kbased macintoshes.power isapowerpcpower isabased systems release aix version sometimes called aix coincided announcement first powerbased ibm rs models .aix v innovated several ways software side.first operating system introduce idea journaling file system jfs allowed fast boot times avoiding need ensure consistency file systems disks see fsck every reboot.
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IBM AIX
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another innovation shared libraries avoid need static linking application libraries used.resulting smaller binaries used less hardware ram run used less disk space install.besides improving performance boon developers executable binaries could tens kilobytes instead megabyte executable statically linked c library.aix v also scrapped microkernel aix v contentious move resulted v containing pl code somewhat pure v.other notable subsystems includediris gl rendering library progenitor opengl.iris gl licensed ibm sgi still fairly small company sold thousand machines time.
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IBM AIX
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sgi also provided lowend graphics card rs capable drawing gouraudshaded triangles per second.highend graphics card designed ibm followon mainframeattached ibm capable rendering vectors per second.phigs another rendering api popular automotive cadcam circles core catia.full implementation version x window system together motif recommended widget collection window manager.network file systems nfs sun afs andrew file system dfs distributed file system.ncs network computing system licensed apollo computer later acquired hp.dps onscreen display system.notable plan b case xmotif combination failed marketplace.however highly proprietary supported sun next ibm.cemented failure marketplace face open systems challenge xmotif lack capability.as aix runs ibm power system p system system p system eserver p eserver pseries eserver server product lines well ibm bladecenter blades ibm pureflex compute nodes.
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IBM AIX
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addition aix applications run pase subsystem ibm i. power aix features aix .fully exploits systems based power processors include active memory expansion ame feature increases system flexibility system administrators configure logical partitions lpars use less physical memory.example lpar running aix appears os applications configured gb physical memory hardware actually consumes gb physical memory.active memory expansion virtual memory compression system employs memory compression technology transparently compress inmemory data allowing data placed memory thus expanding memory capacity power systems.using active memory expansion improve system use increase systems throughput.
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IBM AIX
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aix automatically manages size memory pages used automatically use kb kb combination page sizes.selftuning feature results optimized performance without administrative effort.power aix features aix .exploits power hardware features including accelerators eightway hardware multithreading.power aix features aix .
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IBM AIX
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exploits power secure boot technology.versions version history powerpowerpc releases aix v. december aix v. october live update interim fixes service packs technology levels – replaces entire aix kernel without impacting applicationsflash based filesystem cachingcluster aware aix automation repository replacement mechanismsriovbacked vnic dedicated vnic virtualized network adapter supportrdsv roce adds support oracle rdsv protocol mellanox connect roce adaptersrequires power newer cpusaix v. september support cores threads single lparthe ability run aix v. v. inside workload partitionan xml profile based system configuration management utilitysupport export fibre channel adapters wparsvios disk support wparcluster aware aixaix event infrastructurerolebased access control rbac domain support multitenant environmentsaix v. november workload partitions wpars operating systemlevel virtualizationlive application mobilitylive partition mobilitysecurityrole based access control rbacaix security expert – system network security hardening toolencrypting jfs filesystemtrusted aixtrusted executionintegrated electronic service agent auto error reportingconcurrent kernel maintenancekernel exploitation power storage keysprobevue dynamic tracingsystems director console aixintegrated filesystem snapshotrequires power newer cpusaix withdrawn marketing effective april support effective april aix l .august end support april nfs version advanced accountingvirtual scsivirtual ethernetexploitation simultaneous multithreading smtmicropartitioning enablementpower exploitationjfs quotasability shrink jfs filesystemkernel scheduler enhanced dynamically increase decrease use virtual processors.aix l .october end support april ability run ibm bladecenter js powerpc minimum level required power hardwarempio fibre channel disksiscsi initiator softwareparticipation dynamic lparconcurrent io cio feature introduced jfs released maintenance level may aix l .may end support april ability run ia architecture processor although never went beyond beta.minimum level required power hardware last release worked micro channel architecturebit kernel installed activated defaultjfsability run logical partition powerthe l stands linux affinitytrusted computing base tcbsupport mirroring stripingaix .. september online backup functionworkload manager wlmintroduction topas utilityaix .. october aix .. april first tcsec security evaluation completed december aix .
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