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IBM AIX
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october ability run bit architecture cpusipvwebbased system manageraix .. april nfs version ykcompliantaix .may aix .. november aix .. october aix .. july cde .became default gui environment replacing aixwindows desktop.aix .. october aix .august aix ultimedia services introduced multimedia drivers applicationsaix .run rs systems powerpc processors pci busses.aix .
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IBM AIX
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aix .general availability february journaled file system jfs filesystem typeaixwindows desktop based x.desktop ixi limitedaix .early accesslvm logical volume manager incorporated osf hpux linux lvm implementation similar hpux lvm implementation.smit introduced.ibm system releases aix version release announced march available february aix version release .announced february available february february withdrawn december aixesa version release announced march available june withdrawn jun aixesa version release announced december available february withdrawn jun ibm ps releases aix ps v. october withdrawn sale us march patches supporting ibm thinkpad c family notebook computers patches supporting non ps hardware systems aix ps v.. may aix ps v. march aix ps v. march aix ps – user option aix ps – user option aix ps extensions aix ps dos merge aix ps usability services aix ps text formatting system aix ps xwindows aix ps vs fortran aix ps vs pascal aix ps c language aix ps application development toolkit aix ps workstation host interface program aix ps transmission control protocolinternet protocol tcpip aix ps inmail ined innet ftp aix access dos users xwindows ibm dos ibm rt releases aix rt v.. march aix rt v. march aix rt v. march xwindows included installation mediaaix rt v. user interfaces default shell bourne shell aix version changed kornshell ksh version xpg posix compliance.graphical common desktop environment cde aixs default graphical user interface.
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IBM AIX
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part linux affinity free aix toolbox linux applications atla opensource kde plasma workspaces gnome desktop also available.system management interface tool smit system management interface tool aix.allows user navigate menu hierarchy commands rather using command line.invocation typically achieved command smit.experienced system administrators make use f function key generates command line smit invoke complete it.smit also generates log commands performed smit.script file.
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IBM AIX
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smit.script file automatically records commands command flags parameters used.smit.script file used executable shell script rerun system configuration tasks.smit also creates smit.log file contains additional detailed information used programmers extending smit system.smit smitty refer program though smitty invokes textbased version smit invoke x window system based interface possible however smit determines x window system capabilities present present textbased version instead failing.determination x window system capabilities typically performed checking existence display variable.database object data manager odm database system information integrated aix analogous registry microsoft windows.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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good understanding odm essential managing aix systems.data managed odm stored maintained objects associated attributes.interaction odm possible via application programming interface api library programs commandline utilities us odmshow odmget odmadd odmchange odmdelete shell scripts users.smit associated aix commands also used query modify information odm.example information stored odm database arenetwork configurationlogical volume management configurationinstalled software informationinformation logical devices software driverslist aix supported devicesphysical hardware devices installed configurationmenus screens commands smit uses see also aos ibms educationalmarket port .bsdibm powerha systemmirror formerly hacmplist unix systemsnmonoperating systems timelineservice update management assistantvital product data vpd references external links ibm aixmarch extends current day.microsoft sold number email products exchange.microsoft mail v. written microsoft replaced microsoft mail pc networks v. based network courier microsoft acquired.original version exchange server sold public positioned upgrade microsoft mail ..exchange server entirely new x.based client–server mail system single database store also supported x. directory services.development microsoft migrated internal email xenixbased system exchange server april microsoft mailboxes exchange late .the directory used exchange server eventually became microsofts active directory service ldapcompliant directory service.active directory integrated windows foundation windows server domains.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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versions version history exchange server .first release exchange outside microsoft exchange server .march five service packs released next two years.exchange server .initial release may .introduced new exchange administrator console well opening integrated access smtpbased networks first time.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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unlike microsoft mail required standalone smtp relay exchange server .could help addin called internet mail connector communicate directly servers using smtp.version .also introduced new webbased email interface called exchange web access rebranded outlook web access later service pack.along exchange server version .
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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microsoft released version .microsoft outlook version .microsoft exchange client version .microsoft schedule support new features new version exchange server.exchange server .introduced number new features including new version outlook web access calendar support support imap ldap v clients deleted item recovery feature.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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exchange server .initial release nov. released manufacturing.the last version exchange server separate directory smtp nntp services.new version exchange client schedule version .instead version .microsoft outlook released support new features exchange server ..it sold two editions standard enterprise.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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differ database store size mail transport connectors clustering capabilities.standard editionhad gb database size limitation earlier versions exchange server.included site connector ms mail connector internet mail service previously internet mail connector internet news service previously internet news connector well software interoperate ccmail lotus notes novell groupwise.enterprise editionhad increased limit tb although microsofts best practices documentation recommends message store exceed gb.adds x. connector interoperability software snads profs.introduced two node clustering capability.exchange server codenamed platinum version overcame many limitations predecessors.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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example raised maximum sizes databases increased number servers cluster two four.however many customers deterred upgrading requirement full microsoft active directory infrastructure place unlike exchange server .exchange server builtin directory service dependency upon active directory.migration process exchange server .necessitated two systems online time usertomailbox mapping temporary translation process two directories.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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exchange server also added support instant messaging capability later spun microsoft office live communications server.exchange server codenamed titanium version run windows server service pack bit windows server although new features work latter.like windows server exchange server many compatibility modes allow users slowly migrate new system.useful large companies distributed exchange server environments cannot afford downtime expense comes complete migration.it made migration pre versions exchange significantly easier although still involved basic steps many users exchange server .waited release exchange server upgrade.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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upgrade process also required upgrading companys servers windows .customers opted stay combination exchange server .windows nt .longer supported microsoft.one new features exchange server enhanced disaster recovery allows administrators bring server online quickly.done allowing server send receive mail message stores recovered backup.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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features previously available microsoft mobile information server products added core exchange server product like outlook mobile access serverside exchange activesync mobile information server product dropped.also new ability drop inbound email fully processed thus preventing delays message routing system.also improved message mailbox management tools allow administrators execute common chores quickly.others instant messaging exchange conferencing server extracted completely order form separate products.microsoft appears positioning combination microsoft office microsoft office live communications server live meeting sharepoint collaboration software choice.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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exchange server simply email calendaring.exchange server added several basic filtering methods exchange server.sophisticated enough eliminate spam protect dos mailbox flooding attacks.exchange server supported ability block senders address email domain adding domain.com still supported exchange server .new features added filtering methods exchange server areconnection filtering messages blocked dns rbl lists manually specified ip addressesrangesrecipient filtering messages blocked sent manually specified recipients server intranetonly addresses recipients server stopping spammers guessing addressessender id filtering sender id form sender policy framework spfintelligent message filter initially free microsoft addon later part service pack uses heuristic message analysis block messages direct junk email folder microsoft outlook clients.it included windows small business server standard premium editions.editions standard editionsupports two storage groups one storage groups called recovery storage group reserved database recovery operations maximum two databases per storage group.each database limited maximum size gb.beginning release service pack maximum database size gb supports gb default larger sized databases updatedin registry change.enterprise edition allows tb maximum database size supports four storage groups databases per storage group total databases per server.exchange mainstream support ended april .
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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extended support ended april .exchange server released business customers part microsofts rollout wave new products.includes new clustering options x support greater scalability voice mail integration better search support web services better filtering options new outlook web access interface.exchange also dropped support exchange .migrations routing groups admin groups outlook mobile access x. api interfaces amongst features.exchange server v code name e sp v. runs x versions windows server.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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requirement applies supported production environments bit trial version available download testing.hence companies currently running exchange server bit hardware required replace migrate hardware wish upgrade new version.companies currently running exchange server bit capable hardware still required migrate existing exchange servers new server since inplace upgrades supported .the first beta exchange server named exchange e released december limited number beta testers.wider beta made available via technet plus msdn subscriptions march according microsoft exchange team blog.april microsoft announced next version exchange server would called exchange server .exchange server integrated part innovative communications alliance products.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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new features protection antispam antivirus compliance clustering data replication improved security encryptionimproved information worker access improved calendaring unified messaging improved mobility improved web accessimproved experience bit performance scalability commandline shell simplified gui improved deployment role separation simplified routingexchange management shell new commandline shell scripting language system administration based windows powershell.shell users perform every task performed exchange server graphical user interface plus additional tasks program oftenused complex tasks scripts saved shared reused.exchange management shell unique commands manage features microsoft exchange server .unified messaging lets users receive voice mail email faxes mailboxes lets access mailboxes cell phones wireless devices.voice commands given control listen email phone also send basic messages like ill lateincreased database maximum size limit database size limited tb per databaseincreased maximum storage groups mail databases per server standard edition one exchange server standard enterprise edition groups databases exchange server enterprise.configure outlook anywhere formerly known rpc http provides external access microsoft exchange server users.also provides external urls exchange services availability service offline address book.room equipment mailboxes finally resources properly created managed users outlook easily book them.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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editions standard editioncan databases storage groups.supports lcr local continuous replication scr standby continuous replication.enterprise editionthis extended databases storage groups.supports lcr local continuous replication scr standby continuous replication scc single copy clustering ccr clustered continuous replication.exchange server exchange server released manufacturing may reached general availability november .new features dag database availability groups scc ccr lcr site resiliency functionality scr replaced dag.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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provides databaselevel high availability opposed server level supports number copies database number based exchange edition flexible configuration databases copies may added removed without requiring major server reconfiguration.client access server cas high availability client access server role provided using client access server cas arrays.cas array contain multiple client access servers active directory site provide single name endpoint client connections.cas arrays cannot span multiple active directory sites.mailbox server role may combined client access server exchange server clustered mailbox server could combined roles.exchange server mailbox server role may combined client access server andor hub transport roles regardless whether mailbox server participates database availability group.however since database availability groups use windows failover clustering microsoft support combination windows failover clustering windows network load balancing server multirole deployment require use rd party load balancer provide load balancing fault tolerance client access server role.rpc client access introduction rpc client access service outlook clients access mailbox database client access server role.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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abstraction layer allows improved load balancing redundancy minimal client impact event database level switchover failover event.cost savings required hardware exchange server provides cost savings required hardware.storage performance requirements measured iops inputoutput operations per second reduced approximately exchange server approximately exchange server .according case study microsoft able reduce hardware costs migration exchange server exchange server .personal archive exchange server extends large mailbox support introduced exchange server also introduces personal archive feature allow messages retained longer without need thirdparty archival system.personal archive implemented secondary mailbox archiveenabled users exchange server service pack personal archive may located different database primary mailbox may reside different disk desired.backup performed via multiple solutions like handy backup acronis.recoverable items compliance legal search features enhanced.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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formerly known dumpster previous versions exchange special storage area messages deleted deleted items folder permanently deleted regular folder inbox evolved recoverable items folder exchange server .configured appropriately recoverable items folder allows tamper proof storage area users cannot circumvent recoverable items folder bypass legal discovery also provides revision history modified items.administration delegation performed granular level due exchange server implementation role based access control rbac.users administrators given extremely finegrained abilities functions provided within exchange management console exchange management shell outlook web app.example compliance officer may given ability perform cross mailbox discovery searches within outlook web app help desk technician may granted ability set office message employees within company branch administrator remote office may granted permission perform specific exchange management shell commands pertain exchange server branch office.outlook web app includes improvements including example ability users track sent messages printable calendar views premium experience available across multiple browsers including safari firefox.distribution groups moderated meaning distribution groups configured allow users join group moderators permission individual messages sent distribution groups approved denied moderator.shadow redundancy exchange server introduces transport concept called shadow redundancy protects email messages transit.hub transport server edge transport server fails received message processing able deliver next hop server server sending message transport server able detect failure redeliver message different hub transport edge transport server processing... editions several highavailability options consolidated one option exchange server mailbox resiliency offered standard enterprise editions.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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capabilities local continuous replication standby continuous replication cluster continuous replication unified exchange mailbox resiliency capability.capabilities enable simplified approach high availability disaster recovery.standard edition supports databases database limited maximum size tb.enterprise edition supports databases size limit.storage group discontinued exchange onward.in january microsoft exchange server infoworlds technology year award best mail server.dod outlook web app united states militarys web email web.mail.mil still uses version exchange server.exchange server microsoft reached rtm milestone exchange server october .
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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trial version product available microsoft website.new features new features includeoffline support owa emails actions automatically synced next time connectivity restored.client connectivity cas role point connectivity clients exchange .public folders public folders part mailbox databases high availability achieved using dag.site mailboxes brings exchange emails sharepoint documents together.outlook web app offers three different ui layouts optimized desktop tablet mobile phone browsers.ability customize outlook owa integrating apps office marketplace.yes reference agaves addins microsoft partners making available via new office store.new napa tools andor html microsofts preferred ways developers build these.exchange administrative center eac replacement exchange management console webbased exchange administrative center eac.support tb disks multiple databases per disk via data availability group dag management.built basic antimalware protection ability administrators configure manage settings inside eac.note feature turned replaced paired premium services exchange online protection layered protection..new data loss prevention dlp capabilities identifying protecting sensitive data.
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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dlp policies based regulatory standards including pii pci.also new policy tips outlook set inform users potential policy violations.inplace ediscovery run across exchange sharepoint lync skype business single interface.combine roles reduction number available roles two client access server mailbox server role.fast search integrated exchange managed store provide consistent across microsoft servers indexing searching experience.inclusion managed store name rewritten information store processes written c.replication public folders stored mailbox databases take advantage database availability groups replication high availability.data loss prevention capabilities integrated transport rules.exchange server october microsoft announced general availability ga exchange server .new features combine roles reduction number available roles two mailbox server edge transportoutlook web formerly outlook web app ui changesoffice hybrid hybrid configuration wizard hcw included exchange moving become cloudbased application.one chooses configure hybrid deployment exchange youll prompted download install wizard small app.messaging policy compliance new dlp archivingretentionediscovery features.for detail new features see following microsoft technet article whats new exchange exchange server exchange server released october .
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History of Microsoft Exchange Server
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unlike office server products sharepoint skype business exchange server deployed windows server .one key features new release exchange server deployed onto windows server core first time additionally microsoft retired unified messaging feature exchange meaning skype business onpremises customers use alternative solutions voicemail azure cloud voicemail.unified messaging continues exist exchange online requiring exchange plan license.prerelease released th july.new features security support installing exchange server onto windows server coreperformance supports running exchange server processor cores gb ram removed features unified messagingfor detail new features see following microsoft blog article exchange server public preview references
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CUBRID
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name cubrid combination two words cube bridge cube standing space data bridge standing data bridge.license policy cubrid separate license server engine interfaces.server engine adopts apache license .allows distribution modification acquisition source code.cubrid apis gui tools berkeley software distribution license obligation opening derivative works.
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CUBRID
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reason adopting two separate license systems provide complete freedom independent software vendors isv develop distribute cubridbased applications.architecture feature distinguishes cubrid database relational database systems tier clientserver architecture consists database server connection broker application layer.database server database server component cubrid database management system responsible storage operations statement execution.cubrid database server instance mount use single database making interdatabase queries impossible.however one instance run machine.unlike solutions database server compile queries executes queries precompiled custom access specification language.
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CUBRID
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connection broker cubrid connection brokers main roles aremanagement client application connectionscaching relaying information e.g.query resultsquery syntax analysis optimization execution plan generationalso local object pool enables parts execution deferred database server e.g.tuple insertion deletion ddl statements thus lowering database server load.since connection broker bound machine database server cubrid take advantage hardware resources several machines processing queries single database.application layer applications use one available apis connect cubrid connection broker.features high availability cubrid high availability provides loadbalanced faulttolerant continuous service availability sharednothing clustering automated failover manual failback mechanisms.cubrids tier architecture allows native support highavailability twolevel auto failover broker failover server failover.
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CUBRID
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broker failover connecting broker via client api users specify connection url list alternative hosts brokers listening incoming requests.case hardware network operating system software failure one hosts underlying client api automatically fails next host user provided.server failover high availability environment built n masterslave server nodes.slave node communicates master via cubrid heartbeat protocol.master node unresponsive first slave nodes get promoted master role.
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CUBRID
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replication nodes achieved one two modes synchronous asynchronous.administrators specify list server hosts broker connect event failure master node another used.scalability maintainability backup cubrid supports online offline incremental backup.performance apilevel load balancing connection broker configured four different modes readwrite readonly slaveonly preferred host read list alternative hosts user provided via connection url used method balance load.load balancing used client api randomly choose host among specified connection url except one used connect last time.chosen host available selection continue hosts determined unavailable.
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CUBRID
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case driver report error.query plan caching query execution plan cache implemented broker order skip compilation steps often used queries.queries parametrized parsing two queries differ values literal constants share cache entry.storage indexes cubrid support btree indexes singlecolumn multicolumn.following types indexes createdindexes reversed indexesunique indexes reverse unique indexesfunctionbased indexesfiltered indexesthe query optimizer use indexes produce faster execution plans using methods asidentifying covering indexesdescending index scansorder skipgroup skipmultirange limit optimizationsindex loose scanindex skip scan table partitioning cubrid supports horizontal partitioning range hash value lists maximum partitions per table.
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CUBRID
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partitions accessed independently support operations valid normal table.as version .cubrid implements executiontime partition pruning.sql support cubrid implements large subset ansi sql standard extended features later sql standards custom features.window functions cubrid provides support window functions defined sql standard.implemented functions rownumber count min max sum avg stddevpop stddevsamp varpop varsamp rank denserank lead lag ntile.
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CUBRID
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hierarchical queries hierarchical queries using nonstandard start ... connect oracle syntax supported cubrid.number specialized pseudocolumns operators provided controlling behavior query execution.built clickcounter cubrid optimizes common scenario web applications database fields need incremented certain events e.g.page views.contrast usual approach using selectupdate statement combination cubrid increment fields within select statement execution bypassing expensive compiling execution locking overhead associated update statement.
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CUBRID
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java stored procedures stored procedure language supported cubrid java requiring java virtual machine installed system.the virtual machine started managed server used code execution.stored procedure code requires database access must use jdbc driver either using parent transaction issuing new one.regular expression addition like operator cubrid provides regexp operator regular expression pattern matching.default operator case insensitive matching input string modifier binary used case sensitive scenarios.optional alias regexp rlike.in prior version cubrid cubrid support regexp unicode strings.from cubrid cubrid adds following regular expression functions supports unicode strings.regexpcount regexpinstr regexplike regexpreplace regexpsubstr data types variety data types supported cubridfor numeric valuesinteger numerics smallint bit integer bit bigint bitfloating point numerics float bit double bitarbitrary precision numerics numericmonetary values monetary double precision floating pointfor string valuesfixedlength character bit strings char bitvariablelength character bit strings char varying bit varyingfor date time valuesdate values datetime values timedate time values datetime timestamp internally stored unix timestampfor collections set multiset listuser defined enumerations enumfor large objects blob clobfor javascript object notation json supported platforms cubrid available microsoft windows linux distributions bit architectures.interfaces command line cubrid comes builtin commandline interface named csql used execute sql statements cubrid server.the tool used one two modescs clientserver mode connect local remote cubrid serverssa stand alone mode used mainly administration purposes mounts local database emulating server instancecubrids csql also implements internal commands related schema information plan generation debugging transaction control query timing more.
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Smart grid
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programming cubrid provides number languagespecific application programming interfaces c driver also called cci cubrids native driver jdbc phppdo driver odbc oledb ado.net ruby driver python driver node.js driver perl driver.graphical several graphical user interface tools developed cubridcubrid manager query browser database administration tool distributed bsd license macos linux.cubrid admin administration tool distributed bsd license windows.sqlgate query browser tool developed chequer windows.cubrid migration toolkit tool allows data migration oracle mssql mysql previous versions cubrid databases latest cubrid database server.release history applications applications websites added cubrid support powered cubridjooqsofa statisticssiduartscriptellajwhoisserveryii php frameworkredbeanphpdbeaver see also comparison relational database management systemscomparison objectrelational database management systemslist relational database management systems references external links official websitefiber optic routersmart distribution boards circuit breakers integrated home control demand response behind meter utility perspectiveload control switches smart appliances often financed efficiency gains municipal programs e.g.pace financingrenewable energy resources including capacity charge parked electric vehicle batteries larger arrays batteries recycled energy storage.energy efficient resourcessufficient utility grade fiber broadband connect monitor wireless backup.sufficient spare dark capacity ensure failover often leased revenue.electronic power conditioning control production distribution electricity important aspects smart grid.smart grid policy organized europe smart grid european technology platform.policy united states described u.s.c.ch.
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Smart grid
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subch.ix § .rollout smart grid technology also implies fundamental reengineering electricity services industry although typical usage term focused technical infrastructure.concerns smart grid technology mostly focuses smart meters items enabled general security issues.background historical development electricity grid first alternating current power grid system installed great barrington massachusetts.time grid centralized unidirectional system electric power transmission electricity distribution demanddriven control.in th century local grids grew time eventually interconnected economic reliability reasons.electric grids developed countries become large mature highly interconnected thousands central generation power stations delivering power major load centres via high capacity power lines branched divided provide power smaller industrial domestic users entire supply area.
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Smart grid
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topology grid result strong economies scale large coal gas oilfired power stations gw mw gw scale still found costeffective due efficiencyboosting features costeffective stations become large.power stations located strategically close fossil fuel reserves either mines wells else close rail road port supply lines.siting hydroelectric dams mountain areas also strongly influenced structure emerging grid.nuclear power plants sited availability cooling water.finally fossil fuelfired power stations initially polluting sited far economically possible population centres electricity distribution networks permitted it.late electricity grid reached overwhelming majority population developed countries outlying regional areas remaining offgrid.metering electricity consumption necessary peruser basis order allow appropriate billing according highly variable level consumption different users.
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Smart grid
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limited data collection processing capability period growth grid fixedtariff arrangements commonly put place well dualtariff arrangements nighttime power charged lower rate daytime power.motivation dualtariff arrangements lower nighttime demand.dual tariffs made possible use lowcost nighttime electrical power applications maintaining heat banks served smooth daily demand reduce number turbines needed turned overnight thereby improving utilisation profitability generation transmission facilities.metering capabilities grid meant technological limitations degree price signals could propagated system.from growing demand led increasing numbers power stations.areas supply electricity especially peak times could keep demand resulting poor power quality including blackouts power cuts brownouts.
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Smart grid
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increasingly electricity depended industry heating communication lighting entertainment consumers demanded ever higher levels reliability.towards end th century electricity demand patterns established domestic heating airconditioning led daily peaks demand met array peaking power generators would turned short periods day.relatively low utilisation peaking generators commonly gas turbines used due relatively lower capital cost faster startup times together necessary redundancy electricity grid resulted high costs electricity companies passed form increased tariffs.in st century developing countries like china india brazil seen pioneers smart grid deployment.modernization opportunities since early st century opportunities take advantage improvements electronic communication technology resolve limitations costs electrical grid become apparent.technological limitations metering longer force peak power prices averaged passed consumers equally.parallel growing concerns environmental damage fossilfired power stations led desire use large amounts renewable energy.
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Smart grid
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dominant forms wind power solar power highly variable need sophisticated control systems became apparent facilitate connection sources otherwise highly controllable grid.power photovoltaic cells lesser extent wind turbines also significantly called question imperative large centralised power stations.rapidly falling costs point major change centralised grid topology one highly distributed power generated consumed right limits grid.finally growing concern terrorist attack countries led calls robust energy grid less dependent centralised power stations perceived potential attack targets.definition smart grid first official definition smart grid provided energy independence security act eisa approved us congress january signed law president george w. bush december .
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Smart grid
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title xiii bill provides description ten characteristics considered definition smart grid followsit policy united states support modernization nations electricity transmission distribution system maintain reliable secure electricity infrastructure meet future demand growth achieve following together characterize smart grid increased use digital information controls technology improve reliability security efficiency electric grid.dynamic optimization grid operations resources full cybersecurity.deployment integration distributed resources generation including renewable resources.development incorporation demand response demandside resources energyefficiency resources.deployment smart technologies realtime automated interactive technologies optimize physical operation appliances consumer devices metering communications concerning grid operations status distribution automation.
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Smart grid
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integration smart appliances consumer devices.deployment integration advanced electricity storage peakshaving technologies including plugin electric hybrid electric vehicles thermal storage air conditioning.provision consumers timely information control options.development standards communication interoperability appliances equipment connected electric grid including infrastructure serving grid.identification lowering unreasonable unnecessary barriers adoption smart grid technologies practices services.the european union commission task force smart grids also provides smart grid definition asa smart grid electricity network cost efficiently integrate behaviour actions users connected – generators consumers – order ensure economically efficient sustainable power system low losses high levels quality security supply safety.
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Smart grid
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smart grid employs innovative products services together intelligent monitoring control communication selfhealing technologies order tobetter facilitate connection operation generators sizes technologies.allow consumers play part optimising operation system.provide consumers greater information options use supply.significantly reduce environmental impact whole electricity supply system.maintain even improve existing high levels system reliability quality security supply.maintain improve existing services efficiently.a common element definitions application digital processing communications power grid making data flow information management central smart grid.various capabilities result deeply integrated use digital technology power grids.integration new grid information one key issues design smart grids.electric utilities find making three classes transformations improvement infrastructure called strong grid china addition digital layer essence smart grid business process transformation necessary capitalize investments smart technology.much work going electric grid modernization especially substation distribution automation included general concept smart grid.
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Smart grid
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early technological innovations smart grid technologies emerged earlier attempts using electronic control metering monitoring.automatic meter reading used monitoring loads large customers evolved advanced metering infrastructure whose meters could store electricity used different times day.smart meters add continuous communications monitoring done real time used gateway demand responseaware devices smart sockets home.early forms demand side management technologies dynamic demand aware devices passively sensed load grid monitoring changes power supply frequency.devices industrial domestic air conditioners refrigerators heaters adjusted duty cycle avoid activation times grid suffering peak condition.
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Smart grid
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beginning italys telegestore project first network large numbers million homes using smart meters connected via low bandwidth power line communication.experiments used term broadband power lines bpl others used wireless technologies mesh networking promoted reliable connections disparate devices home well supporting metering utilities gas water.monitoring synchronization wide area networks revolutionized early bonneville power administration expanded smart grid research prototype sensors capable rapid analysis anomalies electricity quality large geographic areas.culmination work first operational wide area measurement system wams .countries rapidly integrating technology — china started comprehensive national wams past year economic plan completed .the earliest deployments smart grids include italian system telegestore mesh network austin texas since smart grid boulder colorado .see § deployments attempted deployments below.
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Smart grid
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features smart grid represents full suite current proposed responses challenges electricity supply.diverse range factors numerous competing taxonomies agreement universal definition.nevertheless one possible categorization given here.reliability smart grid makes use technologies state estimation improve fault detection allow selfhealing network without intervention technicians.ensure reliable supply electricity reduced vulnerability natural disasters attack.although multiple routes touted feature smart grid old grid also featured multiple routes.
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Smart grid
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initial power lines grid built using radial model later connectivity guaranteed via multiple routes referred network structure.however created new problem current flow related effects across network exceed limits particular network element could fail current would shunted network elements eventually may fail also causing domino effect.see power outage.technique prevent load shedding rolling blackout voltage reduction brownout.flexibility network topology nextgeneration transmission distribution infrastructure better able handle possible bidirectional energy flows allowing distributed generation photovoltaic panels building roofs also charging tofrom batteries electric cars wind turbines pumped hydroelectric power use fuel cells sources.classic grids designed oneway flow electricity local subnetwork generates power consuming reverse flow raise safety reliability issues.
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Smart grid
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smart grid aims manage situations.efficiency numerous contributions overall improvement efficiency energy infrastructure anticipated deployment smart grid technology particular including demandside management example turning air conditioners shortterm spikes electricity price reducing voltage possible distribution lines archived wayback machine voltagevar optimization vvo eliminating truckrolls meter reading reducing truckrolls improved outage management using data advanced metering infrastructure systems.overall effect less redundancy transmission distribution lines greater utilization generators leading lower power prices.load adjustmentload balancing total load connected power grid vary significantly time.although total load sum many individual choices clients overall load necessarily stable slow varying.
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Smart grid
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example popular television program starts millions televisions start draw current instantly.traditionally respond rapid increase power consumption faster startup time large generator spare generators put dissipative standby mode.smart grid may warn individual television sets another larger customer reduce load temporarily allow time start larger generator continuously case limited resources.using mathematical prediction algorithms possible predict many standby generators need used reach certain failure rate.traditional grid failure rate reduced cost standby generators.
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Smart grid
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smart grid load reduction even small portion clients may eliminate problem.peak curtailmentleveling time use pricing reduce demand high cost peak usage periods communications metering technologies inform smart devices home business energy demand high track much electricity used used.also gives utility companies ability reduce consumption communicating devices directly order prevent system overloads.examples would utility reducing usage group electric vehicle charging stations shifting temperature set points air conditioners city.motivate cut back use perform called peak curtailment peak leveling prices electricity increased high demand periods decreased low demand periods.
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Smart grid
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thought consumers businesses tend consume less high demand periods possible consumers consumer devices aware high price premium using electricity peak periods.could mean making tradeoffs cycling onoff air conditioners running dishwashers pm instead pm.businesses consumers see direct economic benefit using energy offpeak times theory include energy cost operation consumer device building construction decisions hence become energy efficient.sustainability improved flexibility smart grid permits greater penetration highly variable renewable energy sources solar power wind power even without addition energy storage.current network infrastructure built allow many distributed feedin points typically even feedin allowed local distribution level transmissionlevel infrastructure cannot accommodate it.
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Smart grid
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rapid fluctuations distributed generation due cloudy gusty weather present significant challenges power engineers need ensure stable power levels varying output controllable generators gas turbines hydroelectric generators.smart grid technology necessary condition large amounts renewable electricity grid reason.also support vehicletogrid.marketenabling smart grid allows systematic communication suppliers energy price consumers willingnesstopay permits suppliers consumers flexible sophisticated operational strategies.critical loads need pay peak energy prices consumers able strategic use energy.
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Smart grid
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generators greater flexibility able sell energy strategically maximum profit whereas inflexible generators baseload steam turbines wind turbines receive varying tariff based level demand status generators currently operating.overall effect signal awards energy efficiency energy consumption sensitive timevarying limitations supply.domestic level appliances degree energy storage thermal mass refrigerators heat banks heat pumps well placed play market seek minimise energy cost adapting demand lowercost energy support periods.extension dualtariff energy pricing mentioned above.demand response support demand response support allows generators loads interact automated fashion real time coordinating demand flatten spikes.
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Smart grid
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eliminating fraction demand occurs spikes eliminates cost adding reserve generators cuts wear tear extends life equipment allows users cut energy bills telling low priority devices use energy cheapest.currently power grid systems varying degrees communication within control systems highvalue assets generating plants transmission lines substations major energy users.general information flows one way users loads control back utilities.utilities attempt meet demand succeed fail varying degrees brownouts rolling blackout uncontrolled blackout.total amount power demand users wide probability distribution requires spare generating plants standby mode respond rapidly changing power usage.oneway flow information expensive last generating capacity may required little time brownouts outages costly consumers.demand response provided commercial residential loads industrial loads.
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Smart grid
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example alcoas warrick operation participating miso qualified demand response resource trimet aluminium uses smelter shortterm megabattery.latency data flow major concern early smart meter architectures allowing actually long hours delay receiving data preventing possible reaction either supplying demanding devices.platform advanced services industries use robust twoway communications advanced sensors distributed computing technology improve efficiency reliability safety power delivery use.also opens potential entirely new services improvements existing ones fire monitoring alarms shut power make phone calls emergency services etc.provision megabits control power kilobits sell rest amount data required perform monitoring switching ones appliances automatically small compared already reaching even remote homes support voice security internet tv services.many smart grid bandwidth upgrades paid overprovisioning also support consumer services subsidizing communications energyrelated services subsidizing energyrelated services higher rates peak hours communications.
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Smart grid
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particularly true governments run sets services public monopoly.power communications companies generally separate commercial enterprises north america europe required considerable government largevendor effort encourage various enterprises cooperate.like cisco see opportunity providing devices consumers similar long providing industry.others silver spring networks google data integrators rather vendors equipment.ac power control standards suggest powerline networking would primary means communication among smart grid home devices bits may reach home via broadband power lines bpl initially fixed wireless.
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Smart grid
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technology bulk smart grid technologies already used applications manufacturing telecommunications adapted use grid operations.integrated communications areas improvement include substation automation demand response distribution automation supervisory control data acquisition scada energy management systems wireless mesh networks technologies powerline carrier communications fiberoptics.integrated communications allow realtime control information data exchange optimize system reliability asset utilization security.sensing measurement core duties evaluating congestion grid stability monitoring equipment health energy theft prevention control strategies support.technologies include advanced microprocessor meters smart meter meter reading equipment widearea monitoring systems typically based online readings distributed temperature sensing combined real time thermal rating rttr systems electromagnetic signature measurementanalysis timeofuse realtime pricing tools advanced switches cables backscatter radio technology digital protective relays.smart meters.phasor measurement units.many power systems engineering community believe northeast blackout could contained much smaller area wide area phasor measurement network place.distributed power flow control power flow control devices clamp onto existing transmission lines control flow power within.transmission lines enabled devices support greater use renewable energy providing consistent realtime control energy routed within grid.
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Smart grid
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technology enables grid effectively store intermittent energy renewables later use.smart power generation using advanced components smart power generation concept matching electricity generation demand using multiple identical generators start stop operate efficiently chosen load independently others making suitable base load peaking power generation.matching supply demand called load balancing essential stable reliable supply electricity.shortterm deviations balance lead frequency variations prolonged mismatch results blackouts.operators power transmission systems charged balancing task matching power output generators load electrical grid.load balancing task become much challenging increasingly intermittent variable generators wind turbines solar cells added grid forcing producers adapt output much frequently required past.
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Smart grid
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first two dynamic grid stability power plants utilizing concept ordered elering built wärtsilä kiisa estonia kiisa power plant.purpose provide dynamic generation capacity meet sudden unexpected drops electricity supply.scheduled ready total output mw.power system automation enables rapid diagnosis precise solutions specific grid disruptions outages.technologies rely contribute four key areas.three technology categories advanced control methods distributed intelligent agents control systems analytical tools software algorithms highspeed computers operational applications scada substation automation demand response etc.. using artificial intelligence programming techniques fujian power grid china created wide area protection system rapidly able accurately calculate control strategy execute it.
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Smart grid
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voltage stability monitoring control vsmc software uses sensitivitybased successive linear programming method reliably determine optimal control solution.companies disrupting energy market smart grid provides itbased solutions traditional power grid lacking.new solutions pave way new entrants traditionally related energy grid.technology companies disrupting traditional energy market players several ways.develop complex distribution systems meet decentralized power generation due microgrids.
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Smart grid
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additionally increase data collection bringing many new possibilities technology companies deploying transmission grid sensors user level balancing system reserves.technology microgrids makes energy consumption cheaper households buying utilities.additionally residents manage energy consumption easier effectively connection smart meters.however performances reliability microgrids strongly depend continuous interaction power generation storage load requirements.hybrid offering combining renewable energy sources storing energy sources coal gas showing hybrid offering microgrid serving alone.
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Smart grid
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consequences consequence entrance technology companies energy market utilities dsos need create new business models keep current customers create new customers.focus customer engagement strategy dsos focus creating good customer engagement strategies create loyalty trust towards customer.retain attract customers decide produce energy microgrids dsos offer purchase agreements sale surplus energy consumer produces.indifference companies dsos utilities use market experience give consumers energyuse advice efficiency upgrades create excellent customer service.create alliances new entered technology companies instead trying compete companies expertise utilities dsos try create alliances companies create good solutions together.
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Smart grid
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french utility company engie buying service provider ecova opterra energy services.renewable energy sources generation renewable energy often connected distribution level instead transmission grids means dsos manage flows distribute power locally.brings new opportunity dsos expand market selling energy directly consumer.simultaneously challenging utilities producing fossil fuels already trapped high costs aging assets.stricter regulations producing traditional energy resources government increases difficulty stay business increases pressure traditional energy companies make shift renewable energy sources.
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Smart grid
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example utility changing business model produce renewable energy norwegianbased company equinor stateowned oil company heavily investing renewable energy.research major programs intelligrid – created electric power research institute epri intelligrid architecture provides methodology tools recommendations standards technologies utility use planning specifying procuring itbased systems advanced metering distribution automation demand response.architecture also provides living laboratory assessing devices systems technology.several utilities applied intelligrid architecture including southern california edison long island power authority salt river project txu electric delivery.intelligrid consortium publicprivate partnership integrates optimizes global research efforts funds technology rd works integrate technologies disseminates technical information.grid – grid joint vision statement u.s. electrical system developed electric utility industry equipment manufacturers information technology providers federal state government agencies interest groups universities national laboratories.
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Smart grid
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covers generation transmission distribution storage enduse.national electric delivery technologies roadmap implementation document grid vision.roadmap outlines key issues challenges modernizing grid suggests paths government industry take build americas future electric delivery system.modern grid initiative mgi collaborative effort u.s. department energy doe national energy technology laboratory netl utilities consumers researchers grid stakeholders modernize integrate u.s. electrical grid.office electricity delivery energy reliability oe sponsors initiative builds upon grid national electricity delivery technologies roadmap aligned programs gridwise gridworks.gridwise – doe oe program focused developing information technology modernize u.s. electrical grid.working gridwise alliance program invests communications architecture standards simulation analysis tools smart technologies test beds demonstration projects new regulatory institutional market frameworks.
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Smart grid
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gridwise alliance consortium public private electricity sector stakeholders providing forum idea exchanges cooperative efforts meetings policy makers federal state levels.gridwise architecture council gwac formed u.s. department energy promote enable interoperability among many entities interact nations electric power system.gwac members balanced respected team representing many constituencies electricity supply chain users.gwac provides industry guidance tools articulate goal interoperability across electric system identify concepts architectures needed make interoperability possible develop actionable steps facilitate inter operation systems devices institutions encompass nations electric system.gridwise architecture council interoperability context setting framework v .defines necessary guidelines principles.gridworks – doe oe program focused improving reliability electric system modernizing key grid components cables conductors substations protective systems power electronics.
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Smart grid
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programs focus includes coordinating efforts high temperature superconducting systems transmission reliability technologies electric distribution technologies energy storage devices gridwise systems.pacific northwest smart grid demonstration project.project demonstration across five pacific northwest statesidaho montana oregon washington wyoming.involves metered customers contains many key functions future smart grid.solar cities australia solar cities programme included close collaboration energy companies trial smart meters peak offpeak pricing remote switching related efforts.also provided limited funding grid upgrades.smart grid energy research center smerc located university california los angeles dedicated efforts largescale testing smart ev charging network technology.created another platform bidirectional flow information utility consumer enddevices.
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Smart grid
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smerc also developed demand response dr test bed comprises control center demand response automation server dras homeareanetwork han battery energy storage system bess photovoltaic pv panels.technologies installed within los angeles department water power southern california edison territory network ev chargers battery energy storage systems solar panels dc fast charger vehicletogrid vg units.platforms communications control networks enables uclaled projects within area tested partnership two local utilities sce ladwp.smart quart germany smart quart project develops three smart districts develop test showcase technology operate smart grids.project collaboration e.on viessmann gridx hydrogenious together rwth aachen university.planned end three districts supplied locally generated energy largely independent fossil energy sources.
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Smart grid
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smart grid modelling many different concepts used model intelligent power grids.generally studied within framework complex systems.recent brainstorming session power grid considered within context optimal control ecology human cognition glassy dynamics information theory microphysics clouds many others.selection types analyses appeared recent years.protection systems verify supervise themselvespelqim spahiu ian r. evans study introduced concept substation based smart protection hybrid inspection unit.kuramoto oscillatorsthe kuramoto model wellstudied system.power grid described context well.
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Smart grid
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goal keep system balance maintain phase synchronization also known phase locking.nonuniform oscillators also help model different technologies different types power generators patterns consumption on.model also used describe synchronization patterns blinking fireflies.biosystemspower grids related complex biological systems many contexts.one study power grids compared dolphin social network.creatures streamline intensify communication case unusual situation.
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Smart grid
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intercommunications enable survive highly complex.random fuse networksin percolation theory random fuse networks studied.current density might low areas strong others.analysis therefore used smooth potential problems network.instance highspeed computer analysis predict blown fuses correct analyze patterns might lead power outage.difficult humans predict long term patterns complex networks fuse diode networks used instead.smart grid communication networknetwork simulators used simulateemulate network communication effects.
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Smart grid
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typically involves setting lab smart grid devices applications etc.virtual network provided network simulator.neural networksneural networks considered power grid management well.electric power systems classified multiple different ways nonlinear dynamic discrete random.artificial neural networks anns attempt solve difficult problems nonlinear problems.demand forecastingone application anns demand forecasting.
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Smart grid
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order grids operate economically reliably demand forecasting essential used predict amount power consumed load.dependent weather conditions type day random events incidents etc.nonlinear loads though load profile isnt smooth predictable resulting higher uncertainty less accuracy using traditional artificial intelligence models.factors anns consider developing sort models classification load profiles different customer classes based consumption electricity increased responsiveness demand predict real time electricity prices compared conventional grids need input past demand different components peak load base load valley load average load etc.instead joining single input lastly dependence type specific input variables.
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Smart grid
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example last case would given type day whether weekday weekend wouldnt much effect hospital grids itd big factor resident housing grids load profile.markov processesas wind power continues gain popularity becomes necessary ingredient realistic power grid studies.offline storage wind variability supply demand pricing factors modelled mathematical game.goal develop winning strategy.markov processes used model study type system.maximum entropyall methods one way another maximum entropy methods active area research.goes back ideas shannon many researchers studied communication networks.
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Smart grid
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continuing along similar lines today modern wireless network research often considers problem network congestion many algorithms proposed minimize including game theory innovative combinations fdma tdma others.economics market outlook us smart grid industry valued .billion – exceed least .billion.given success smart grids u.s. world market expected grow faster rate surging .
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Smart grid
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billion .billion .segments set benefit smart metering hardware sellers makers software used transmit organize massive amount data collected meters.the size smart grid market valued us billion set expand cagr hit us billion .growing need digitalize power sector driven ageing electrical grid infrastructure stimulate global market size.industry primarily driven favorable government regulations mandates along rising share renewables global energy mix.
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Smart grid
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according international energy agency iea global investments digital electricity infrastructure us billion .a study electric power research institute concludes investment u.s. smart grid cost billion years provide trillion customer benefits time.world economic forum reported transformational investment .trillion members oecd needed next years billion per year modernize expand decentralize electricity infrastructure technical innovation key transformation.study international energy agency estimates current depriciated value us electric grid usd trillion.total cost replacing smart grid estimated usd trillion.
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Smart grid
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smart grids deployed fully across us country expects save usd billion annually.general economics developments customers choose electricity suppliers depending different tariff methods focus transportation costs increased.reduction maintenance replacements costs stimulate advanced control.a smart grid precisely limits electrical power residential level network smallscale distributed energy generation storage devices communicate information operating status needs collect information prices grid conditions move grid beyond central control collaborative network.us uk savings estimates concerns united states department energy study calculated internal modernization us grids smart grid capabilities would save billion dollars next years implemented within years study.well industrial modernization benefits smart grid features could expand energy efficiency beyond grid home coordinating low priority home devices water heaters use power takes advantage desirable energy sources.
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Smart grid
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smart grids also coordinate production power large numbers small power producers owners rooftop solar panels — arrangement would otherwise prove problematic power systems operators local utilities.one important question whether consumers act response market signals.u.s. department energy doe part american recovery reinvestment act smart grid investment grant demonstrations program funded special consumer behavior studies examine acceptance retention response consumers subscribed timebased utility rate programs archived wayback machine involve advanced metering infrastructure customer systems inhome displays programmable communicating thermostats.another concern cost telecommunications fully support smart grids may prohibitive.less expensive communication mechanism proposed using form dynamic demand management devices shave peaks shifting loads reaction grid frequency.grid frequency could used communicate load information without need additional telecommunication network would support economic bargaining quantification contributions.although specific proven smart grid technologies use smart grid aggregate term set related technologies specification generally agreed rather name specific technology.benefits modernized electricity network include ability reduce power consumption consumer side peak hours called demand side management enabling grid connection distributed generation power photovoltaic arrays small wind turbines micro hydro even combined heat power generators buildings incorporating grid energy storage distributed generation load balancing eliminating containing failures widespread power grid cascading failures.
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Smart grid
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increased efficiency reliability smart grid expected save consumers money help reduce co emissions.oppositions concerns opposition concerns centered smart meters items remote control remote disconnect variable rate pricing enabled them.opposition smart meters encountered often marketed smart grid connects smart grid smart meters eyes opponents.specific points opposition concern includeconsumer concerns privacy e.g.use usage data law enforcementsocial concerns fair availability electricityconcern complex rate systems e.g.
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Smart grid
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variable rates remove clarity accountability allowing supplier take advantage customerconcern remotely controllable kill switch incorporated smart meterssocial concerns enron style abuses information leverageconcerns giving government mechanisms control use power using activitiesconcerns rf emissions smart meters security modernization electrical grids smart grids allows optimization everyday processes smart grid online vulnerable cyberattacks.transformers increase voltage electricity created power plants longdistance travel transmission lines distribution lines deliver electricity consumers particularly susceptible.systems rely sensors gather information field deliver control centers algorithms automate analysis decisionmaking processes.decisions sent back field existing equipment execute them.hackers potential disrupt automated control systems severing channels allow generated electricity utilized.
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Smart grid
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called denial service dos attack.also launch integrity attacks corrupt information transmitted along system well desynchronization attacks affect information delivered appropriate location.additionally intruders access via renewable energy generation systems smart meters connected grid taking advantage specialized weaknesses ones whose security prioritized.smart grid large number access points like smart meters defending weak points prove difficult.also concern security infrastructure primarily involving communications technology.
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Smart grid
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concerns chiefly center around communications technology heart smart grid.designed allow realtime contact utilities meters customers homes businesses risk capabilities could exploited criminal even terrorist actions.one key capabilities connectivity ability remotely switch power supplies enabling utilities quickly easily cease modify supplies customers default payment.undoubtedly massive boon energy providers also raises significant security issues.cybercriminals infiltrated u.s. electric grid numerous occasions.
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Smart grid
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aside computer infiltration also concerns computer malware like stuxnet targeted scada systems widely used industry could used attack smart grid network.electricity theft concern u.s. smart meters deployed use rf technology communicate electricity transmission network.people knowledge electronics devise interference devices cause smart meter report lower actual usage.similarly technology employed make appear energy consumer using used another customer increasing bill.the damage wellexecuted sizable cyberattack could extensive longlasting.one incapacitated substation could take nine days year repair depending nature attack.also cause hourslong outage small radius.
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Smart grid
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could immediate effect transportation infrastructure traffic lights routing mechanisms well ventilation equipment underground roadways reliant electricity.additionally infrastructure relies electric grid including wastewater treatment facilities information technology sector communications systems could impacted.the december ukraine power grid cyberattack first recorded kind disrupted services nearly quarter million people bringing substations offline.council foreign relations noted states likely perpetrators attack access resources carry one despite high level difficulty so.cyber intrusions used portions larger offensive military otherwise.security experts warn type event easily scalable grids elsewhere.
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Smart grid
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insurance company lloyds london already modeled outcome cyberattack eastern interconnection potential impact states put million people dark cost countrys economy anywhere billion trillion various damages.according u.s. house representatives subcommittee economic development public buildings emergency management electric grid already seen sizable number cyber intrusions two every five aiming incapacitate it.u.s. department energy prioritized research development decrease electric grids vulnerability cyberattacks citing imminent danger quadrennial energy review.department energy also identified attack resistance selfhealing major keys ensuring todays smart grid futureproof.regulations already place namely critical infrastructure protection standards introduced north america electric reliability council significant number suggestions rather mandates.electricity generation transmission distribution facilities equipment owned private stakeholders complicating task assessing adherence standards.
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Smart grid
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additionally even utilities want fully comply may find expensive so.some experts argue first step increasing cyber defenses smart electric grid completing comprehensive risk analysis existing infrastructure including research software hardware communication processes.additionally intrusions provide valuable information could useful analyze system logs records nature timing.common weaknesses already identified using methods department homeland security include poor code quality improper authentication weak firewall rules.step completed suggest makes sense complete analysis potential consequences aforementioned failures shortcomings.includes immediate consequences well second thirdorder cascading effects parallel systems.
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Smart grid
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finally risk mitigation solutions may include simple remediation infrastructure inadequacies novel strategies deployed address situation.measures include recoding control system algorithms make able resist recover cyberattacks preventive techniques allow efficient detection unusual unauthorized changes data.strategies account human error compromise systems include educating work field wary strange usb drives introduce malware inserted even check contents.other solutions include utilizing transmission substations constrained scada networks policy based data sharing attestation constrained smart meters.transmission substations utilize onetime signature authentication technologies oneway hash chain constructs.constraints since remedied creation fastsigning verification technology bufferingfree data processing.a similar solution constructed constrained scada networks.involves applying hashbased message authentication code byte streams converting randomerror detection available legacy systems mechanism guarantees data authenticity.policybased data sharing utilizes gpsclocksynchronizedfinegrain power grid measurements provide increased grid stability reliability.
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Smart grid
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synchrophasor requirements gathered pmus.attestation constrained smart meters faces slightly different challenge however.one biggest issues attestation constrained smart meters order prevent energy theft similar attacks cyber security providers make sure devices’ software authentic.combat problem architecture constrained smart networks created implemented low level embedded system.challenges adoption utility installs advanced metering system type smart system must make business case investment.components like power system stabilizers pss installed generators expensive require complex integration grids control system needed emergencies effective suppliers network them.
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Smart grid
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without incentive install power suppliers dont.utilities find difficult justify installing communications infrastructure single application e.g.meter reading.utility must typically identify several applications use communications infrastructure – example reading meter monitoring power quality remote connection disconnection customers enabling demand response etc.ideally communications infrastructure support nearterm applications unanticipated applications arise future.
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Smart grid
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regulatory legislative actions also drive utilities implement pieces smart grid puzzle.utility unique set business regulatory legislative drivers guide investments.means utility take different path creating smart grid different utilities create smart grids different adoption rates.some features smart grids draw opposition industries currently hope provide similar services.example competition cable dsl internet providers broadband powerline internet access.providers scada control systems grids intentionally designed proprietary hardware protocols software cannot interoperate systems order tie customers vendor.the incorporation digital communications computer infrastructure grids existing physical infrastructure poses challenges inherent vulnerabilities.
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Smart grid
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according ieee security privacy magazine smart grid require people develop use large computer communication infrastructure supports greater degree situational awareness allows specific command control operations.process necessary support major systems demandresponse widearea measurement control storage transportation electricity automation electric distribution.power theft power loss various smart grid systems dual functions.includes advanced metering infrastructure systems used various software used detect power theft process elimination detect equipment failures taken place.addition primary functions eliminating need human meter reading measuring timeofuse electricity.the worldwide power loss including theft estimated approximately twohundred billion dollars annually.electricity theft also represents major challenge providing reliable electrical service developing countries.
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Smart grid
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deployments attempted deployments enel earliest one largest example smart grid italian system installed enel s.p.a. italy.completed telegestore project highly unusual utility world company designed manufactured meters acted system integrator developed system software.telegestore project widely regarded first commercial scale use smart grid technology home delivers annual savings million euro project cost .billion euro.us dept.
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Smart grid
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energy arra smart grid project one largest deployment programs world todate u.s. dept.energys smart grid program funded american recovery reinvestment act .program required matching funding individual utilities.total billion publicprivate funds invested part program.technologies included advanced metering infrastructure including million advanced smart meters customer interface systems distribution substation automation voltvar optimization systems synchrophasors dynamic line rating cyber security projects advanced distribution management systems energy storage systems renewable energy integration projects.this program consisted investment grants matching demonstration projects consumer acceptance studies workforce education programs.
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Smart grid
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reports individual utility programs well overall impact reports completed second quarter .austin texas us city austin texas working building smart grid since utility first replaced manual meters smart meters communicate via wireless mesh network.currently manages devices realtime smart meters smart thermostats sensors across service area expects supporting devices realtime servicing million consumers businesses.boulder colorado boulder colorado completed first phase smart grid project august .systems use smart meter gateway home automation network han controls smart sockets devices.
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Smart grid
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han designers favor decoupling control functions meter concern future mismatches new standards technologies available fast moving business segment home electronic devices.hydro one hydro one ontario canada midst largescale smart grid initiative deploying standardscompliant communications infrastructure trilliant.end system serve .million customers province ontario.initiative best amr initiative north america award utility planning network.
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Smart grid
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île dyeu île dyeu began year pilot program spring .twentythree houses ker pissot neighborhood surrounding areas interconnected microgrid automated smart grid software engie.sixtyfour solar panels peak capacity .kw installed five houses battery storage capacity kwh installed one house.six houses store excess solar energy hot water heaters.
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Smart grid
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dynamic system apportions energy provided solar panels stored battery hot water heaters system houses.smart grid software dynamically updates energy supply demand minute intervals deciding whether pull energy battery panels store hot water heaters.pilot program first project france.mannheim city mannheim germany using realtime broadband powerline bpl communications model city mannheim moma project.adelaide adelaide australia also plans implement localised green smart grid electricity network tonsley park redevelopment.
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Smart grid
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sydney sydney also australia partnership australian government implemented smart grid smart city program.évora inovgrid innovative project évora portugal aims equip electricity grid information devices automate grid management improve service quality reduce operating costs promote energy efficiency environmental sustainability increase penetration renewable energies electric vehicles.possible control manage state entire electricity distribution grid given instant allowing suppliers energy services companies use technological platform offer consumers information addedvalue energy products services.project install intelligent energy grid places portugal edp cutting edge technological innovation service provision europe.eenergy socalled eenergy projects several german utilities creating first nucleolus six independent model regions.
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