README.md

metadata

license: apache-2.0
task_categories:
  - text-classification
language:
  - pt
  - en
  - de
  - es
  - tr
  - fr
pretty_name: MOL

MOL - Context-Aware Multilingual Offensive Lexicon

The MOL is the first specialized lexicon for hate speech detection, annotated with contextual information.

It consists of 1,000 explicit and implicit (clue-based) human-annotated rationales used with pejorative connotations, manually identified by a linguist and annotated by three experts regarding their contextual dependency (context-dependent or context-independent).

For example, the term "stupid" is classified as a context-independent offensive term, as it is predominantly used in pejorative contexts. In contrast, the terms "useless" and "worm" are considered context-dependent offensive terms because they can appear in both non-pejorative contexts—such as "this smartphone is useless" or "the fisherman uses worms for bait"—and pejorative contexts, such as "this last President was useless" or "this human being is such a worm."

Each term and expression in the MOL was annotated by three independent annotators, achieving a high inter-annotator agreement score (73% Kappa). Originally developed in Portuguese, MOL was manually translated by native speakers into English, Spanish, French, German, and Turkish, ensuring cultural adaptations in each language. As a result, MOL is available in six different languages.

The table below describes the MOL statistics

Contextual Information	Hate Targets
class label total Context-independent offensive 1 612 Context-depedent offensive 0 387 Total 1,000	class total non-target 864 partyism 69 sexism 35 homophobia 16 fatphobia 9 religious intolerance 9 antisemitism 1 apology for the dictatorship 5 racism 4 antisemitistm 3 total 1,000

Dataset Description

• Created by: Francielle Vargas (https://franciellevargas.github.io/)
• Funded by: FAPESP
• Language(s) (NLP): Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, Germany and Turkish
• Repository: https://github.com/franciellevargas/MOL
• Paper:
  Context-Aware and Expert Data Resources for Brazilian Portuguese Hate Speech Detection
  Francielle Vargas, Isabelle Carvalho, Thiago A.S. Pardo, Fabrício Benevenuto
  Natural Language Engineering Journal. Cambridge University Press. 2024.
  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/natural-language-processing/article/contextaware-and-expert-data-resources-for-brazilian-portuguese-hate-speech-detection/7D9019ED5471CD16E320EBED06A6E923#

Dataset Contact

francielealvargas@gmail.com