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--- |
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license: apache-2.0 |
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task_categories: |
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- text-classification |
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language: |
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- pt |
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- en |
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- de |
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- es |
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- tr |
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- fr |
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pretty_name: MOL |
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--- |
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# MOL - Context-Aware Multilingual Offensive Lexicon |
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The MOL is the first specialized lexicon for hate speech detection, annotated with contextual information. |
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<b>It consists of 1,000 explicit and implicit (clue-based) human-annotated rationales</b> used with pejorative connotations, manually identified by a linguist and annotated by three experts regarding their contextual dependency (context-dependent or context-independent). |
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For example, the term "stupid" is classified as a <b>context-independent offensive term</b>, as it is predominantly used in pejorative contexts. |
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In contrast, the terms "useless" and "worm" are considered <b>context-dependent offensive terms</b> because they can appear in both non-pejorative contexts—such as "this smartphone is useless" or "the fisherman uses worms for bait"—and pejorative contexts, such as "this last President was useless" or "this human being is such a worm." |
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Each term and expression in the MOL was annotated by three independent annotators, achieving a high inter-annotator agreement score (73% Kappa). |
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Originally developed in Portuguese, MOL was manually translated by native speakers into <b>English, Spanish, French, German, and Turkish</b>, ensuring cultural adaptations in each language. As a result, MOL is available in six different languages. |
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The table below describes the MOL statistics |
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<div align="center"> |
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<table> |
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<tr><th>Contextual Information</th><th>Hate Targets </th></tr> |
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<tr><td> |
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|class|label|total| |
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|--|--|--| |
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|Context-independent offensive|1|612| |
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|Context-depedent offensive|0|387| |
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|Total||1,000| |
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</td><td> |
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|class|total| |
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|--|--| |
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|non-target |864| |
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|partyism|69| |
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|sexism|35| |
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|homophobia|16| |
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|fatphobia|9| |
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|religious intolerance|9| |
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|antisemitism|1| |
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|apology for the dictatorship|5| |
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|racism|4| |
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|antisemitistm|3| |
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|total|1,000| |
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</td></tr></table> |
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</div> |
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# Dataset Description |
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- **Created by:** Francielle Vargas (<https://franciellevargas.github.io/>) |
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- **Funded by:** FAPESP |
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- **Language(s) (NLP):** Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, Germany and Turkish |
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- **Repository:** https://github.com/franciellevargas/MOL |
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- **Paper:** <br> |
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<b>Context-Aware and Expert Data Resources for Brazilian Portuguese Hate Speech Detection</b> <br> |
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Francielle Vargas, Isabelle Carvalho, Thiago A.S. Pardo, Fabrício Benevenuto</i> <br> |
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<i>Natural Language Engineering Journal</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2024. <br> |
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/natural-language-processing/article/contextaware-and-expert-data-resources-for-brazilian-portuguese-hate-speech-detection/7D9019ED5471CD16E320EBED06A6E923# |
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# Dataset Contact |
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francielealvargas@gmail.com |
