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censorship at first targeted books that were considered to be serious including scientific and educational texts and texts that were thought to promote polish patriotism only fiction that was free of anti @@ german overtones was permitted banned literature included maps atlases and english and french @@ language publi... |
poles were forbidden under penalty of death to own radios the press was reduced from over 2 @@ 000 publications to a few dozen all censored by the germans all pre @@ war newspapers were closed and the few that were published during the occupation were new creations under the total control of the germans such a thorough... |
music was the least restricted of cultural activities probably because hans frank regarded himself as a fan of serious music in time he ordered the creation of the orchestra and symphony of the general government in its capital kraków numerous musical performances were permitted in cafes and churches and the polish und... |
the development of nazi propaganda in occupied poland can be divided into two main phases initial efforts were directed towards creating a negative image of pre @@ war poland and later efforts were aimed at fostering anti @@ soviet antisemitic and pro @@ german attitudes |
after the soviet invasion of poland ( beginning 17 september 1939 ) that followed the german invasion that had marked the start of world war ii ( beginning 1 september 1939 ) the soviet union annexed the eastern parts ( kresy ) of the second polish republic comprising 201 @@ 015 square kilometres ( 77 @@ 612 sq mi ) an... |
the soviet authorities regarded service to the prewar polish state as a crime against revolution and counter @@ revolutionary activity and arrested many members of the polish intelligentsia politicians civil servants and academics as well as ordinary persons suspected of posing a threat to soviet rule more than a milli... |
the soviets quickly the annexed lands introducing compulsory collectivization they proceeded to confiscate nationalize and redistribute private and state @@ owned polish property in the process they banned political parties and public associations and imprisoned or executed their leaders as enemies of the people in l... |
the soviet authorities sought to remove all trace of the polish history of the area now under their control the name poland was banned polish monuments were torn down all institutions of the dismantled polish state including the lwów university were closed then reopened mostly with new russian directors soviet communis... |
all publications and media were subjected to censorship the soviets sought to recruit polish left @@ wing intellectuals who were willing to cooperate soon after the soviet invasion the writers' association of soviet ukraine created a local chapter in lwów there was a polish @@ language theater and radio station polish ... |
the soviet propaganda @@ motivated support for polish @@ language cultural activities however clashed with the official policy of russification the soviets at first intended to phase out the polish language and so banned polish from schools street signs and other aspects of life this policy was however reversed at time... |
many polish writers collaborated with the soviets writing pro @@ soviet propaganda they included jerzy tadeusz boy @@ żeleński kazimierz janina jan teodor leon zuzanna ginczanka halina mieczysław stefan stanisław jerzy tadeusz juliusz kleiner jan kott karol leopold lewin anatol jerzy leon pasternak jul... |
other polish writers however rejected the soviet persuasions and instead published underground jadwiga jerzy jadwiga @@ beata tadeusz peiper teodor juliusz petry some writers such as władysław after collaborating with the soviets for a few months joined the anti @@ soviet opposition similarly aleksander wa... |
polish culture persisted in underground education publications even theater the polish underground state created a department of education and culture ( under stanisław lorentz ) which along with a department of labor and social welfare ( under jan stanisław jankowski and later stefan mateja ) and a department for elim... |
other important patrons of polish culture included the roman catholic church and polish aristocrats who likewise supported artists and safeguarded polish heritage ( notable patrons included cardinal adam stefan sapieha and a former politician janusz radziwiłł ) some private publishers including stefan zbigniew and th... |
in response to the german closure and censorship of polish schools resistance among teachers led almost immediately to the creation of large @@ scale underground educational activities most notably the secret teaching organization ( tajna organizacja ton ) was created as early as in october 1939 other organizations we... |
in warsaw there were over 70 underground schools with 2 @@ 000 teachers and 21 @@ 000 students underground warsaw university educated 3 @@ 700 students issuing 64 masters and 7 doctoral degrees warsaw under occupation educated 3 @@ 000 students issuing 186 engineering degrees 18 doctoral ones and 16 jagiellonian univ... |
the german attitude to underground education varied depending on whether it took place in the general government or the annexed territories the germans had almost certainly realized the full scale of the polish underground education system by about 1943 but lacked the manpower to put an end to it probably prioritizing ... |
there were over 1 @@ 000 underground newspapers among the most important were the biuletyn informacyjny of armia krajowa and rzeczpospolita of the government delegation for poland in addition to publication of news ( from intercepted western radio transmissions ) there were hundreds of underground publications dedicate... |
the two largest underground publishers were the bureau of information and propaganda of armia krajowa and the government delegation for poland zakłady ( secret military publishing house ) of jerzy ( subordinated to the armia krajowa ) was probably the largest underground publisher in the world in addition to polish... |
under german occupation the professions of polish journalists and writers were virtually eliminated as they had little opportunity to publish their work the underground state's department of culture sponsored various initiatives and individuals enabling them to continue their work and aiding in their publication novels... |
with the censorship of polish theater ( and the virtual end of the polish radio and film industry ) underground theaters were created primarily in warsaw and kraków with shows presented in various underground venues beginning in 1940 the theaters were coordinated by the secret theatrical council four large companies an... |
polish music including orchestras also went underground top polish musicians and directors ( adam zbigniew jan barbara zygmunt jerzy witold lutosławski andrzej panufnik piotr edmund rudnicki eugenia jerzy kazimierz maria bolesław woytowicz mira ) performed in restaurants cafes and private homes with the mos... |
visual arts were practiced underground as well cafes restaurants and private homes were turned into galleries or museums some were closed with their owners staff and patrons harassed arrested or even executed polish underground artists included eryk stanisław @@ stanisław ostoja @@ and konstanty maria some artists... |
during the warsaw uprising ( august october 1944 ) people in polish @@ controlled territory endeavored to recreate the former day @@ to @@ day life of their free country cultural life was vibrant among both soldiers and the civilian population with theaters cinemas post offices newspapers and similar activities availab... |
eugeniusz took some 1 @@ 000 photographs before he died sylwester braun some 3 @@ 000 of which 1 @@ 500 survive jerzy some 1 @@ 000 of which 600 survived |
polish artists also worked abroad outside of occupied europe arkady fiedler based in britain with the polish armed forces in the west wrote about the 303 polish fighter squadron melchior wrote about the polish contribution to the capture of monte cassino in italy other writers working abroad included jan lechoń antoni... |
the wartime attempts to destroy polish culture may have strengthened it instead norman davies wrote in god's playground in 1945 as a prize for untold sacrifices the attachment of the survivors to their native culture was stronger than ever before similarly close @@ knit underground classes from primary schools to uni... |
the experience of world war ii placed its stamp on a generation of polish artists that became known as the generation of the term denotes an entire generation of poles born soon after poland regained independence in 1918 whose adolescence was marked by world war ii in their art they discovered a new poland one forev... |
over the years nearly three @@ quarters of the polish people have emphasized the importance of world war ii to the polish national identity many polish works of art created since the war have centered on events of the war books by tadeusz borowski adolf rudnicki henryk miron hanna krall and others films including tho... |
educational and training programs place special emphasis on the world war ii period and on the occupation events and individuals connected with the war are ubiquitous on tv on radio and in the print media the theme remains an important element in literature and learning in film theater and the fine arts not to mention ... |
the arihant class ( sanskrit for killer of enemies ) is a class of nuclear @@ powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the indian navy they were developed under the us $ 2 @@ 9 billion advanced technology vessel ( atv ) project to design and build nuclear @@ powered submarines |
the lead vessel of the class ins arihant was launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed as ready for operations on 23 february 2016 arihant is the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the united nations security council |
in december 1971 during the indo @@ pakistani war of 1971 the us president richard nixon sent a carrier battle group named task force 74 led by the nuclear @@ powered uss enterprise into the bay of bengal in an attempt to intimidate india in response the soviet union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from vl... |
the indian navy's advanced technology vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s then defence minister george fernandes confirmed the project in 1998 the initial intent of the project was to design nuclear @@ powered fast attack submarines though following nuclear tests conducted... |
the arihant @@ class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the advanced technology vessel ( atv ) project they will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by india the submarines are 112 m ( 367 ft ) long with a beam of 11 m ( 36 ft ) a draught of 10 m ( 33 ft ) displacemen... |
the submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to 12 k @@ 15 missiles with one warhead each ( with a range of 750 km or 470 mi ) or 4 k @@ 4 missiles ( with a range of 3 @@ 500 km or 2 @@ 200 mi ) the submarines are similar to the akula @@ class submarine of russia the indian navy will train on i... |
the submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel the miniaturized version of the reactor was designed and built by the bhabha atomic research centre ( barc ) at the indira gandhi centre for atomic research ( ) in kalpakkam it included a 42 @@ metre ( 138 ft ) section of the s... |
the detailed engineering of the design was implemented at larsen & toubro's submarine design center at their shipbuilding facility tata power sed built the control systems for the submarine the steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by industries the lead vessel underwent a lo... |
exact number of planned submarines remains unclear according to media reports about three to six submarines are planned to be built the first boat of the class ins arihant is expected to be commissioned by 2016 the first four vessels are expected to be commissioned by 2023 in december 2014 the work on a second nuclear ... |
sms markgraf was the third battleship of the four @@ ship könig class she served in the imperial german navy during world war i the battleship was laid down in november 1911 and launched on 4 june 1913 she was formally commissioned into the imperial navy on 1 october 1914 just over two months after the outbreak of war ... |
along with her three sister ships könig grosser kurfürst and kronprinz markgraf took part in most of the fleet actions during the war including the battle of jutland on 31 may and 1 june 1916 at jutland markgraf was the third ship in the german line and heavily engaged by the opposing british grand fleet she sustained ... |
after germany's defeat in the war and the signing of the armistice in november 1918 markgraf and most of the capital ships of the high seas fleet were interned by the royal navy in scapa flow the ships were disarmed and reduced to skeleton crews while the allied powers negotiated the final version of the treaty of vers... |
markgraf was ordered under the provisional name ersatz weissenburg and built at the ag weser shipyard in bremen under construction number 186 her keel was laid in november 1911 and she was launched on 4 june 1913 at her launching ceremony the ship was christened by frederick ii grand duke of baden the head of the royal... |
markgraf displaced 25 @@ 796 t ( 25 @@ 389 long tons ) as built and 28 @@ 600 t ( 28 @@ 100 long tons ) fully loaded with a length of 175 @@ 4 m ( 575 ft 6 in ) a beam of 19 @@ 5 m ( 64 ft 0 in ) and a draft of 9 @@ 19 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) she was powered by three bergmann steam turbines three oil @@ fired and twelve coal ... |
she was armed with ten 30 @@ 5 cm ( 12 @@ 0 in ) sk l / 50 guns arranged in five twin gun turrets two superfiring turrets each fore and aft and one turret amidships between the two funnels her secondary armament consisted of fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @@ 9 in ) sk l / 45 quick @@ firing guns six 8 @@ 8 cm ( 3 @@ 5 in ) sk l / ... |
following her commissioning on 1 october 1914 markgraf conducted sea trials which lasted until 12 december by 10 january 1915 the ship had joined iii battle squadron of the high seas fleet with her three sister ships on 22 january 1915 iii squadron was detached from the fleet to conduct maneuver gunnery and torpedo tra... |
in the aftermath of the loss of sms blücher at the battle of dogger bank kaiser wilhelm ii removed admiral friedrich von ingenohl from his post as fleet commander on 2 february admiral hugo von pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet von pohl carried out a series of sorties with the high seas fleet throughout 1915 ... |
vice admiral reinhard scheer became commander in chief of the high seas fleet on 18 january 1916 when admiral von pohl became too ill from liver cancer to continue in that post scheer proposed a more aggressive policy designed to force a confrontation with the british grand fleet he received approval from the kaiser in... |
markgraf was present during the fleet operation that resulted in the battle of jutland which took place on 31 may and 1 june 1916 the german fleet again sought to draw out and isolate a portion of the grand fleet and destroy it before the main british fleet could retaliate markgraf was the third ship in the german line... |
shortly before 16 00 the battlecruisers of i scouting group encountered the british 1st battlecruiser squadron under the command of vice admiral david beatty the opposing ships began an artillery duel that saw the destruction of indefatigable shortly after 17 00 and queen mary less than half an hour later by this time ... |
markgraf opened fire on the battlecruiser tiger at a range of 21 @@ 000 yards ( 19 @@ 000 m ) markgraf and her two sisters fired their secondary guns on british destroyers attempting to make torpedo attacks against the german fleet markgraf continued to engage tiger until 18 25 by which time the faster battlecruisers m... |
shortly after 19 00 the german cruiser wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the british battlecruiser invincible rear admiral paul behncke in könig attempted to position his four ships to cover the stricken cruiser simultaneously the british iii and iv light cruiser squadrons began a torpedo attack on the germ... |
markgraf then fired on the battlecruiser princess royal and scored two hits the first hit struck the 9 @@ inch armor covering x barbette was deflected downward and exploded after penetrating the 1 @@ inch deck armor the crew for the left gun were killed the turret was disabled and the explosion caused serious damage to... |
around 19 30 admiral john jellicoe's main force of battleships entered the battle orion began firing at markgraf at 19 32 she fired four salvos of 13 @@ 5 @@ inch armor @@ piercing capped ( apc ) shells and scored a hit with the last salvo the shell exploded upon impacting the armor protecting the no 6 15 cm gun casema... |
shortly after 20 00 the german battleships engaged the 2nd light cruiser squadron markgraf fired primarily 15 cm shells in this period markgraf was engaged by agincourt's 12 @@ inch guns which scored a single hit at 20 14 the shell failed to explode and shattered on impact on the 8 @@ inch side armor causing minimal da... |
around 02 45 several british destroyers mounted a torpedo attack against the rear half of the german line markgraf initially held her fire as the identities of the destroyers were unknown but gunners aboard grosser kurfürst correctly identified the vessels as hostile and opened fire while turning away to avoid torpedoe... |
the high seas fleet managed to punch through the british light forces without drawing the attention of jellicoe's battleships and subsequently reached horns reef by 04 00 on 1 june upon reaching wilhelmshaven markgraf went into harbor while several other battleships took up defensive positions in the outer roadstead th... |
following repairs in july 1916 markgraf went into the baltic for trials the ship was then temporarily assigned to the i scouting group for the fleet operation on 18 19 august due to the serious damage incurred by seydlitz and derfflinger at jutland the only battlecruisers available for the operation were von der tann a... |
markgraf was present for the uneventful advance in the direction of sunderland on 18 20 october unit training with the iii squadron followed from 21 october to 2 november two days later the ship formally rejoined iii squadron on the 5th a pair of u @@ boats grounded on the danish coast light forces were sent to recover... |
in early september 1917 following the german conquest of the russian port of riga the german navy decided to eliminate the russian naval forces that still held the gulf of riga the admiralstab ( navy high command ) planned an operation to seize the baltic island of ösel and specifically the russian gun batteries on the... |
opposing the germans were the old russian pre @@ dreadnoughts slava and tsesarevich the armored cruisers bayan admiral makarov and diana 26 destroyers and several torpedo boats and gunboats three british c @@ class submarines where also stationed in the gulf the irben strait the main southern entrance to the gulf of ri... |
the operation began on 12 october when moltke and the four könig @@ class ships covered the landing of ground troops by suppressing the shore batteries covering tagga bay markgraf fired on the battery located on cape after the successful amphibious assault iii squadron steamed to putziger wiek although markgraf remain... |
markgraf struck a pair of mines in quick succession while in the irben strait and took in 260 metric tons ( 260 long tons 290 short tons ) of water the ship continued on to kiel via neufahrwasser in danzig she then went on to wilhelmshaven where the mine damage was repaired the work was completed at the imperial dockya... |
markgraf and her three sisters were to have taken part in a final fleet action at the end of october 1918 days before the armistice was to take effect the bulk of the high seas fleet was to have sortied from their base in wilhelmshaven to engage the british grand fleet scheer by now the grand admiral ( großadmiral ) of... |
following the capitulation of germany in november 1918 most of the high seas fleet ships under the command of rear admiral ludwig von reuter were interned in the british naval base in scapa flow prior to the departure of the german fleet admiral adolf von trotha made clear to von reuter that he could not allow the alli... |
the fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the treaty of versailles von reuter believed that the british intended to seize the german ships on 21 june 1919 which was the deadline for germany to have signed the peace treaty unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd reu... |
markgraf was never raised for scrapping unlike most of the other capital ships that were scuttled markgraf and her two sisters had sunk in deeper water than the other capital ships which made any salvage attempt more difficult the outbreak of world war ii in 1939 put a halt to all salvage operations and after the war i... |
the coldrum long barrow also known as the coldrum stones and the stones is a chambered long barrow located near to the village of trottiscliffe in the south @@ eastern english county of kent constructed circa 4000 bce during britain's early neolithic period today it survives only in a ruined state |
archaeologists have established that the monument was built by pastoralist communities shortly after the introduction of agriculture to britain from continental europe although representing part of an architectural tradition of long barrow building that was widespread across neolithic europe the coldrum stones belong t... |
built out of earth and around fifty local sarsen megaliths the long barrow consisted of a sub @@ rectangular earthen tumulus enclosed by kerb @@ stones within the eastern end of the tumulus was a stone chamber into which human remains were deposited on at least two separate occasions during the early neolithic analysi... |
after the early neolithic the long barrow fell into a state of ruined dilapidation perhaps experiencing deliberate deposition in the late medieval period either by christian zealots or treasure hunters local folklore grew up around the site associating it with the burial of a prince and the countless stones motif the r... |
the coldrum stones are named after a nearby farm coldrum lodge which has since been demolished the monument lies in a rather isolated site north @@ east of the nearby village of trottiscliffe about 500 metres from a prehistoric track known as the pilgrim's way the tomb can be reached along a pathway known as coldrum la... |
the early neolithic was a revolutionary period of british history beginning in the fifth millennium bce it saw a widespread change in lifestyle as the communities living in the british isles adopted agriculture as their primary form of subsistence abandoning the hunter @@ gatherer lifestyle that had characterised the p... |
between 4500 and 3800 bce all of the british isles came to abandon its former mesolithic hunter @@ gatherer lifestyle to be replaced by the new agricultural subsistence of the neolithic age although a common material culture was shared throughout most of the british isles in this period there was great regional variati... |
across western europe the early neolithic marked the first period in which humans built monumental structures in the landscape these were tombs that held the physical remains of the dead and though sometimes constructed out of timber many were built using large stones now known as megaliths individuals were rarely bur... |
the early neolithic people of britain placed far greater emphasis on the ritualised burial of the dead than their mesolithic forebears had done many archaeologists have suggested that this is because early neolithic people adhered to an ancestor cult that venerated the spirits of the dead believing that they could inte... |
in britain these tombs were typically located on prominent hills and slopes overlooking the surrounding landscape perhaps at the junction between different territories archaeologist caroline malone noted that the tombs would have served as one of a variety of markers in the landscape that conveyed information on territ... |
archaeologists have differentiated these early neolithic tombs into a variety of different architectural styles each typically associated with a different region within the british isles passage graves characterised by their narrow passage made of large stones and one or multiple burial chambers covered in earth or sto... |
although now all in a ruinous state and not retaining their original appearance at the time of construction the medway megaliths would have been some of the largest and most visually imposing early neolithic funerary monuments in britain grouped along the river medway as it cuts through the north downs they constitute ... |
they can be divided into two separate clusters one to the west of the river medway and the other on blue bell hill to the east with the distance between the two clusters measuring at between 8 and 10 km the western group includes coldrum long barrow addington long barrow and the chestnuts long barrow the eastern group ... |
the medway long barrows all conformed to the same general design plan and are all aligned on an east to west axis each had a stone chamber at the eastern end of the mound and they each probably had a stone facade flanking the entrance the chambers were constructed from sarsen a dense hard and durable stone that occurs ... |
such common architectural features among these tomb @@ shrines indicate a strong regional cohesion with no direct parallels elsewhere in the british isles for instance they would have been taller than most other tomb @@ shrines in britain with internal heights of up to 10 ft nevertheless as with other regional grouping... |
it seems apparent that the people who built these monuments were influenced by pre @@ existing tomb @@ shrines that they were already aware of whether those people had grown up locally or moved into the medway area from elsewhere is not known based on a stylistic analysis of their architectural designs stuart piggott t... |
the monument originally consisted of a sarsen stone chamber covered by a low earthen mound which was bounded by prostrate slabs as such the archaeologist paul ashbee asserted that the monument could be divided into three particular features the chamber the barrow and the sarsen stone surround it is located on the edge ... |
it had been built using about 50 stones the barrow is sub @@ rectangular in plan and about 20 meters ( 64 feet ) in length at its broader eastern end where the chamber is located the monument measures 15 metres ( 50 feet ) while at the narrower western end it is 12 metres ( 40 feet ) in breadth as such the barrow is a ... |
the chamber of the monument measures 4 @@ 5 metres ( 13 feet ) in length and 1 @@ 7 metres ( 5 feet 6 inches ) in width although it was potentially much larger when originally constructed the chamber's internal height would have been at least 2 metres ( 6 feet 6 inches ) in its current state the northern side of the ch... |
it is possible that there was a facade in front of the chamber as is evident at other chambered tombs in britain such as west kennet long barrow and wayland's smithy it is also possible that there was a portal stone atop the chamber as was apparent at kit's coty house and lower kit's coty house many of the larger slabs... |
the earthen mound that once covered the tomb is now visible only as an undulation approximately 1 foot 6 inches in height in the nineteenth @@ century the mound was higher on the western end of the tomb although this was removed by excavation to reveal the sarsens beneath during the 1920s it is likely that in the early... |
the kerb @@ stones around the tomb display some patterning those on the northern side are mostly rectilinear while those on the southern side are smaller and largely irregular in shape it is probable that there was an ancillary dry @@ stone wall constructed using blocks of ironstone from the geological folkestone beds ... |
a concave line of abrasion and polishing can be found on both one of the central kerb @@ stones on the western end of the monument and a kerb @@ stone on the south @@ east of the monument these have been attributed to the sharpening of flint and other stone axe @@ blades on these sarsens it is possible that these tools... |
coldrum long barrow is comparatively isolated from the other medway megaliths in this it is unique given that the other surviving examples are clustered into two groups however it is possible that another chambered tomb was located nearby a razed elongated earthen mound with an east @@ west orientation is located in a ... |
ashbee suggested that given its size and comparisons with other long barrows such as fussell's lodge the coldrum tomb could have housed the remains of over a hundred individuals excavations conducted in the early 20th century have led to the methodical discovery and removal of what was believed to be the remains of twe... |
a subsequent re @@ analysis of the bones was conducted in the early 21st century and published in the proceedings of the prehistoric society in 2013 the project presented osteological analysis bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to inform on the demography burial prac... |
keith had suggested that the crania he examined displayed similar features which he attributed to the different individuals belonging to one family or several families united by common descent similar observations had been made regarding the crania from other long barrows in britain although martin smith and megan br... |
wysocki's team noted that in all but one case the fracture morphologies are consistent with dry @@ bone breakage three of the skulls exhibited evidence that they had experienced violence a probable adult female had an unhealed injury on the left frontal while an adult of indeterminate sex had an unhealed fracture on th... |
isotope analysis of the remains revealed δ13c values that were typical of those found at many other southern british neolithic sites albeit with significantly higher values of which grew over time although this data is difficult to interpret it was identified as probably reflecting a terrestrial diet high in animal pr... |
radiocarbon dating of the remains suggested early neolithic activity began at the site during 3800 calibrated bce ( 95 probability ) or 3880 cal bce ( 68 probability ) when the first human remains were buried at the site it then suggested that after an interval of either 60 350 years ( 95 probability ) or 140 290 yea... |
cut @@ marks were identified on a number of the bones ( two femora two and one cranium ) with specialists suggesting that these had been created post @@ mortem as the bodies were dismembered and the bones removed from their attached ligaments however they further suggested that the lack of such cut @@ marks on certai... |
this cut @@ marked human bone assemblage represented the largest yet identified from within a neolithic long barrow in southern britain although similar evidence for dismemberment has been found from a number of other neolithic british sites such as west trump and haddenham there are two possibilities for how this m... |
the inclusion of occupational debris over the bones was not unique to the site but common in chambered tombs from southern england on the basis of an example discovered at kit's coty house ashbee thought it apparent that the contents of the coldrum's chamber would have been compartmentalised by medial slabs which serve... |
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