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Hepburn, Bruce Lee, Marilyn Monroe, Paul Newman, Jack Nicholson, Al Pacino, Sidney Poitier, Meryl Streep, Elizabeth Taylor, James Stewart, and John Wayne are among the most popular Hollywood stars of the 20th century. Oscar Micheaux, Sergei Eisenstein, D. W. Griffith, Cecil B. DeMille, Frank Capra, Howard Hawks, John Ford, Orson Welles, Martin Scorsese, John Huston, Alfred Hitchcock, Akira Kurosawa, Spike Lee, Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, Walt Disney, Stanley Kubrick, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott, Woody Allen, Quentin Tarantino, James Cameron, William Friedkin, Ezz El-Dine Zulficar and George Lucas are among the most important and popular filmmakers of the 20th century. In theater, sometimes referred to as Broadway in New York City, playwrights such as Eugene O'Neill, Samuel Beckett, Edward Albee, Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams introduced innovative language and ideas to the idiom. In musical theater, figures such as Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lerner and Loewe, and Irving Berlin had an enormous impact on both film and the culture in general. Modern Dance is born in America as both a 'rebellion' against centuries-old European ballet, as well as born from the oppression in America. Dancers and choreographers Alvin Ailey, Isadora Duncan, Vaslav Nijinsky, Ruth St. Denis, Mahmoud Reda, Martha Graham, José Limón, Doris Humphrey, Merce Cunningham, and Paul Taylor re-defined movement, struggling to bring it back to its 'natural' roots and along with Jazz, created a solely American art form. Alvin Ailey is credited with popularizing modern dance and revolutionizing African-American participation in 20th-century concert dance. His company gained the nickname "Cultural Ambassador to the World" because of its extensive international touring. Ailey's choreographic masterpiece Revelations is believed to be the best known and most often seen modern dance performance. Video games Video games—due to the great technological steps forward in computing since the second post-war period—are the new form of entertainment emerged in the 20th century alongside films. While already conceptualized in the 1940s–50s, video games only emerged as an industry during the 1970s, and then exploded into social and cultural phenomenon such as the golden age of arcade video games, with notable releases such as Taito's Space Invaders, Atari's Asteroids, and Namco's Pac-Man, the worldwide success of Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. and the release in the 1990s of Sony PlayStation console, the first one to break the record of 100 million units sold. Video game design becomes a discipline and a job. Some game designers in this century stand out for their work, as Shigeru Miyamoto, Hideo Kojima, Sid Meier and Will Wright. Art and architecture The art world experienced the development of new styles and explorations such as fauvism, expressionism, Dadaism, cubism, de stijl, surrealism, abstract expressionism, color field, pop art, minimal art, lyrical abstraction, and conceptual art. The modern art movement revolutionized art and culture and set the stage for both Modernism and its counterpart postmodern art as well as other contemporary art practices. Art Nouveau began as advanced architecture and design but fell out of fashion after World War I. The style was dynamic and inventive but unsuited to the depression of the Great War. In Europe, modern architecture departed from the decorated styles of the Victorian era. Streamlined forms inspired by machines became commonplace, enabled by developments in building materials and technologies. Before World War II, many European architects moved to the United States, where modern architecture continued to develop. The automobile increased the mobility of people in the Western countries in the early-to-mid-century, and in many other places by the end of the 20th century. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. Sport The popularity of sport increased considerably—both as an activity for all, and as entertainment, particularly on television. The modern Olympic Games, first held in 1896, grew to include tens of thousands of athletes in dozens of sports. The FIFA World Cup was first held in 1930, and was held every four years after World War II. Science Mathematics Multiple new fields of mathematics were developed in the 20th century. In the first part of the 20th century, measure theory, functional analysis, and topology were established, and significant developments were made in fields such as abstract algebra and probability. The development of set theory and formal logic led to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Later in the 20th century, the development of computers led to the establishment of a theory of computation. Other computationally-intense results include the study of fractals and a proof of the four color theorem in 1976. Physics New areas of physics, like special relativity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics, were developed during the first half of the century. In the process, the internal structure of atoms came to be clearly understood, followed by the discovery of elementary particles. It was found that all the known forces can be traced to only four fundamental interactions. It was discovered further that two forces, electromagnetism and weak interaction, can be merged in the electroweak interaction, leaving only three different fundamental interactions. Discovery of nuclear reactions, in particular nuclear fusion, finally revealed the source of solar energy. Radiocarbon dating was invented, and became a powerful technique for determining the age of prehistoric animals and plants as well as historical objects. Astronomy A much better understanding of the evolution of the universe was achieved, its age (about 13.8 billion years) was determined, and the Big Bang theory on its origin was proposed and generally accepted. The age of the Solar System, including Earth, was determined, and it turned out to be much older than believed earlier: more than 4 billion years, rather than the 20 million years suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1862. The planets of the Solar System and their moons were closely observed via numerous space probes. Pluto was discovered in 1930 on the edge of the solar system, although in the early 21st century, it was reclassified as a dwarf planet instead of a planet proper, leaving eight planets. No trace of life was discovered on any of the other planets in the Solar System (or elsewhere in the universe), although it remained undetermined whether some forms of primitive life might exist, or might have existed, somewhere. Extrasolar planets were observed for the first time. Biology Genetics was unanimously accepted and significantly developed. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the Human Genome Project (not finished in the 20th century) and cloning the first mammal in 1996. The role of sexual reproduction in evolution was understood, and bacterial conjugation was discovered. The convergence of various sciences for the formulation of the modern evolutionary synthesis (produced between 1936 and 1947), providing a widely accepted account of evolution. Medicine Placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded clinical trials became a powerful tool for testing new medicines. Antibiotics drastically reduced mortality from bacterial diseases and their prevalence. A vaccine was developed for polio, ending a worldwide epidemic. Effective vaccines were also developed for a number of other serious infectious diseases, including influenza, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), chickenpox, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B. Epidemiology and vaccination led to the eradication of the smallpox virus in humans. X-rays became powerful diagnostic tool for wide spectrum of diseases, from bone fractures to cancer. In the 1960s, computerized tomography was invented. Other important diagnostic tools developed were sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Development of vitamins virtually eliminated scurvy and other vitamin-deficiency diseases from industrialized societies. New psychiatric drugs were developed. These include antipsychotics for treating hallucinations and delusions, and antidepressants for treating depression. The role of tobacco smoking in the causation of cancer and other diseases was proven during the 1950s (see British Doctors Study). New methods for cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, were developed. As a result, cancer could often be cured or placed in remission. The development of blood typing and blood banking made blood transfusion safe and widely available. The invention and development of immunosuppressive drugs and tissue typing made organ and tissue transplantation a clinical reality. New methods for heart surgery were developed, including pacemakers and artificial hearts. Cocaine and heroin were widely illegalized after being found to be addictive and destructive. Psychoactive drugs such as LSD and MDMA were discovered and subsequently prohibited in many countries. Prohibition of drugs caused a growth in the black market drug industry, and expanded enforcement led to a larger prison population in some countries. Contraceptive drugs were developed, which reduced population growth rates in industrialized countries, as well as decreased the taboo of premarital sex throughout many western countries. The development of medical insulin during the 1920s helped raise the life expectancy of diabetics to three times of what it had been earlier. Vaccines, hygiene and clean water improved health and decreased mortality rates, especially among infants and the young. Notable diseases An influenza pandemic, Spanish Flu, killed anywhere from 17 to 100 million people between 1918 and 1919. A new viral disease, called the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, arose in Africa and subsequently killed millions of people throughout the world. HIV leads to a syndrome called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. Treatments for HIV remained inaccessible to many people living with AIDS and HIV in developing countries, and a cure has yet to be discovered. Because of increased life spans, the prevalence of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other diseases of old age increased slightly. Sedentary lifestyles, due to labor-saving devices and technology, along with the increase in home entertainment and technology such as television, video games, and the internet contributed to an "epidemic" of obesity, at first in the rich countries, but by the end of the 20th century spreading to the developing world. Energy and the environment The dominant use of fossil sources and nuclear power, considered the conventional energy sources. Widespread use of petroleum in industry—both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane—led to the geopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of geopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. (For example, oil was a factor in Japan's decision to go to war against the United States in 1941, and the oil cartel, OPEC, used an oil embargo of sorts in the wake of the Yom Kippur War in the 1970s). The increase in fossil fuel consumption also fueled a major scientific controversy over its effect on air pollution, global warming, and global climate change. Pesticides, herbicides and other toxic chemicals accumulated in the environment, including in the bodies of humans and other animals. Population growth and worldwide deforestation diminished the quality of the environment. In the last third of the century, concern about humankind's impact on the Earth's environment made environmentalism popular. In many countries, especially in Europe, the movement was channeled into politics through Green parties. Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate. Engineering and technology One of the prominent traits of the 20th century was the dramatic growth of technology. Organized research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, electronics, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. Basic home appliances including washing machines, clothes dryers, furnaces, exercise machines, refrigerators, freezers, electric stoves and vacuum cleaners became popular from the 1920s through the 1950s. Radios were popularized as a form of entertainment during the 1920s, which extended to television during the 1950s. The first airplane, the Wright Flyer, was flown in 1903. With the engineering of the faster jet engine in the 1940s, mass air travel became commercially viable. The assembly line made mass production of the automobile viable. By the end of the 20th century, billions of people had automobiles for personal transportation. The combination of the automobile, motor boats and air travel allowed for unprecedented personal mobility. In western nations, motor vehicle accidents became the greatest cause of death for young people. However, expansion of divided highways reduced the death rate. The triode tube was invented. New materials, most notably stainless steel, Velcro, silicone, teflon, and plastics such as polystyrene, PVC, polyethylene, and nylon came into widespread use for many various applications. These materials typically have tremendous performance gains in strength, temperature, chemical resistance, or mechanical properties over those known prior to the 20th century. Aluminum became an inexpensive metal and became second only to iron in use. Thousands of chemicals were developed for industrial processing and home use. Space exploration The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union gave a peaceful outlet to the political and military tensions of the Cold War, leading to the first human spaceflight with the Soviet Union's Vostok 1 mission in 1961, and man's first landing on another world—the Moon—with America's Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Later, the first space station was launched by the Soviet space program. The United States developed the first reusable spacecraft system with the Space Shuttle program, first launched in 1981. As the century ended, a permanent manned presence in space was being founded with the ongoing construction of the International Space Station. In addition to human spaceflight, unmanned space probes became a practical and relatively inexpensive form of exploration. The first orbiting space probe, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth. These satellites greatly advanced navigation, communications, military intelligence, geology, climate, and numerous other fields. Also, by the end of the 20th century, unmanned probes had visited the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and various asteroids and comets. The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, greatly expanded our understanding of the Universe and brought brilliant images to TV and computer screens around the world. The Global Positioning System, a series of satellites that allow land-based receivers to determine their exact location, was developed and deployed. Digital revolution A technological revolution began in the late 20th century, variously called the Digital Revolution, the information revolution, the electronics revolution, the microelectronic revolution, the Information Age, the silicon revolution, the Silicon Age, and/or the third industrial revolution. The first transistor was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947. However, early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on a mass-production basis, which limited them to a number of specialised applications. The MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, in November 1959. It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses. The widespread adoption of MOSFETs revolutionized the electronics industry, becoming the fundamental building block of the Digital Revolution and "the base technology" of the late 20th to early 21st centuries. The MOSFET went on to become the most widely manufactured device in history. Semiconductor materials were discovered, and methods of production and purification developed for use in electronic devices. Silicon became one of the purest substances ever produced. The wide adoption of the MOSFET led to silicon becoming the dominant manufacturing material during the late 20th century to early 21st century, a period that has been called the Silicon Age, similar to how the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age were defined by the dominant materials during their respective ages of civilization. The MOS integrated circuit chip (a silicon integrated circuit chip built from MOSFETs) revolutionized electronics and computers. The MOS chip was invented in the early 1960s. The silicon-gate MOS chip later developed by Federico Faggin in 1968 was the basis for the first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971. MOS integrated circuits and microprocessors led to the microcomputer revolution, the proliferation of the personal computer in the 1980s, and then cell phones and the public-use Internet in the 1990s. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) image sensors, which first began appearing in the late 1960s, led to the | Greeks in the Ottoman Empire during World War I, spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). Rising nationalism and increasing national awareness were among the many causes of World War I (1914–1918), the first of two wars to involve many major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia/USSR, the British Empire and the United States. World War I led to the creation of many new countries, especially in Eastern Europe. At the time, it was said by many to be the "war to end all wars". After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, and with the advent of new birth control techniques, women became more independent throughout the century. Industrial warfare greatly increased in its scale and complexity during the first half of the 20th century. Notable developments included chemical warfare, the introduction of military aviation and the widespread use of submarines. The introduction of nuclear warfare in the mid-20th century marked the definite transition to modern warfare. Civil wars occurred in many nations. A violent civil war broke out in Spain in 1936 when General Francisco Franco rebelled against the Second Spanish Republic. Many consider this war as a testing battleground for World War II, as the fascist armies bombed some Spanish territories. The Great Depression in the 1930s led to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe. World War II (1939–1945) involved Eastern Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. Civilians also suffered greatly in World War II, due to the aerial bombing of cities on both sides, and the German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust. During World War I, in the Russian Revolution of 1917, 300 years of Romanov reign were ended and the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, established the world's first Communist state. After the Soviet Union's involvement in World War II, communism became a major force in global politics, notably in Eastern Europe, China, Indochina and Cuba, where communist parties gained near-absolute power. The Cold War (1947–1989) caused an arms race and increasing competition between the two major players in the world: the Soviet Union and the United States. This competition included the development and improvement of nuclear weapons and the Space Race. This led to the proxy wars with the Western bloc, including wars in Korea (1950–1953) and Vietnam (1957–1975). The Soviet authorities caused the deaths of millions of their own citizens in order to eliminate domestic opposition. More than 18 million people passed through the Gulag, with a further 6 million being exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. The civil rights movement in the United States and the movement against apartheid in South Africa challenged racial segregation in those countries. The two world wars led to efforts to increase international cooperation, notably through the founding of the League of Nations after World War I, and its successor, the United Nations, after World War II. Nationalist movements in the subcontinent led to the independence and partition of Jawaharlal Nehru-led India and Muhammad Ali Jinnah-led Pakistan. Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolence and Indian independence movement against the British Empire influenced many political movements around the world, including the civil rights movement in the U.S., and freedom movements in South Africa and Burma. The creation of Israel in 1948, a Jewish state in the Middle East, at the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, fueled many regional conflicts. These were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the other countries of the predominantly Arab region. The end of colonialism led to the independence of many African and Asian countries. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the United States, the USSR, or China for defense. After a long period of civil wars and conflicts with western powers, China's last imperial dynasty ended in 1912. The resulting republic was replaced, after another civil war, by a communist People's Republic in 1949. At the end of the 20th century, though still ruled by a communist party, China's economic system had largely transformed to capitalism. The Great Chinese Famine was a direct cause of the death of tens of millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962. It is thought to be the largest famine in human history. The Vietnam War caused two million deaths, changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North-South relations. The Soviet War in Afghanistan caused one million deaths and contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union. The revolutions of 1989 released Eastern and Central Europe from Soviet supremacy. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia dissolved, the latter violently over several years, into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism. Meanwhile, East Germany and West Germany were reunified in 1990. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, culminating in the deaths of hundreds of civilian protesters, were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. Led mainly by students and intellectuals, the protests occurred in a year that saw the collapse of a number of communist governments around the world. European integration began in earnest in the 1950s, and eventually led to the European Union, a political and economic union that comprised 15 countries at the end of the 20th century. Culture and entertainment As the century began, Paris was the artistic capital of the world, where both French and foreign writers, composers and visual artists gathered. By the end of the century New York City had become the artistic capital of the world. Theater, films, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many films and much music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world. 1953 saw the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, an iconic figure of the century. Visual culture became more dominant not only in films but in comics and television as well. During the century a new skilled understanding of narrativist imagery was developed. Computer games and internet surfing became new and popular form of entertainment during the last 25 years of the century. In literature, science fiction, fantasy (with well-developed fictional worlds, rich in detail), and alternative history fiction gained unprecedented popularity. Detective fiction gained unprecedented popularity in the interwar period. In the United States in 1961 Grove Press published Tropic of Cancer a novel by Henry Miller redefining pornography and censorship in publishing in America. Music The invention of music recording technologies such as the phonograph record, and dissemination technologies such as radio broadcasting, massively expanded the audience for music. Prior to the 20th century, music was generally only experienced in live performances. Many new genres of music were established during the 20th century. Igor Stravinsky revolutionized classical composition. In the 1920s, Arnold Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone technique, which became widely influential on 20th-century composers. In classical music, composition branched out into many completely new domains, including dodecaphony, aleatoric (chance) music, and minimalism. Tango was created in Argentina and became extremely popular in the rest of the Americas and Europe. Blues and jazz music became popularized during the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s in the United States. Country music develops in the 1920s and 1930s in the United States. Blues and country went on to influence rock and roll in the 1950s, which along with folk music, increased in popularity with the British Invasion of the mid-to-late 1960s. Rock soon branched into many different genres, including folk rock, heavy metal, punk rock, and alternative rock and became the dominant genre of popular music. This was challenged with the rise of hip hop in the 1980s and 1990s. Other genres such as house, techno, reggae, and soul all developed during the latter half of the century and went through various periods of popularity. Synthesizers began to be employed widely in music and crossed over into the mainstream with new wave music in the 1980s. Electronic instruments have been widely deployed in all manners of popular music and has led to the development of such genres as house, synth-pop, electronic dance music, and industrial. Film, television and theatre Film as an artistic medium was created in the 20th century. The first modern movie theatre was established in Pittsburgh in 1905. Hollywood developed as the center of American film production. While the first films were in black and white, technicolor was developed in the 1920s to allow for color films. Sound films were developed, with the first full-length feature film, The Jazz Singer, released in 1927. The Academy Awards were established in 1929. Animation was also developed in the 1920s, with the first full-length cel animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, released in 1937. Computer-generated imagery was developed in the 1980s, with the first full-length CGI-animated film Toy Story was released in 1995. Julie Andrews, Harry Belafonte, Humphrey Bogart, Marlon Brando, James Cagney, Charlie Chaplin, Sean Connery, Tom Cruise, James Dean, Robert De Niro, Harrison Ford, Clark Gable, Cary Grant, Audrey Hepburn, Katharine Hepburn, Bruce Lee, Marilyn Monroe, Paul Newman, Jack Nicholson, Al Pacino, Sidney Poitier, Meryl Streep, Elizabeth Taylor, James Stewart, and John Wayne are among the most popular Hollywood stars of the 20th century. Oscar Micheaux, Sergei Eisenstein, D. W. Griffith, Cecil B. DeMille, Frank Capra, Howard Hawks, John Ford, Orson Welles, Martin Scorsese, John Huston, Alfred Hitchcock, Akira Kurosawa, Spike Lee, Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, Walt Disney, Stanley Kubrick, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott, Woody Allen, Quentin Tarantino, James Cameron, William Friedkin, Ezz El-Dine Zulficar and George Lucas are among the most important and popular filmmakers of the 20th century. In theater, sometimes referred to as Broadway in New York City, playwrights such as Eugene O'Neill, Samuel Beckett, Edward Albee, Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams introduced innovative language and ideas to the idiom. In musical theater, figures such as Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lerner and Loewe, and Irving Berlin had an enormous impact on both film and the culture in general. Modern Dance is born in America as both a 'rebellion' against centuries-old European ballet, as well as born from the oppression in America. Dancers and choreographers Alvin Ailey, Isadora Duncan, Vaslav Nijinsky, Ruth St. Denis, Mahmoud Reda, Martha Graham, José Limón, Doris Humphrey, Merce Cunningham, and Paul Taylor re-defined movement, struggling to bring it back to its 'natural' roots and along with Jazz, created a solely American art form. Alvin Ailey is credited with popularizing modern dance and revolutionizing African-American participation in 20th-century concert dance. His company gained the nickname "Cultural Ambassador to the World" because of its extensive international touring. Ailey's choreographic masterpiece Revelations is believed to be the best known and most often seen modern dance performance. Video games Video games—due to the great technological steps forward in computing since the second post-war period—are the new form of entertainment emerged in the 20th century alongside films. While already conceptualized in the 1940s–50s, video games only emerged as an industry during the 1970s, and then exploded into social and cultural phenomenon such as the golden age of arcade video games, with notable releases such as Taito's Space Invaders, Atari's Asteroids, and Namco's Pac-Man, the worldwide success of Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. and the release in the 1990s of Sony PlayStation console, the first one to break the record of 100 million units sold. Video game design becomes a discipline and a job. Some game designers in this century stand out for their work, as Shigeru Miyamoto, Hideo Kojima, Sid Meier and Will Wright. Art and architecture The art world experienced the development of new styles and explorations such as fauvism, expressionism, Dadaism, cubism, de stijl, surrealism, abstract expressionism, color field, pop art, minimal art, lyrical abstraction, and conceptual art. The modern art movement revolutionized art and culture and set the stage for both Modernism and its counterpart postmodern art as well as other contemporary art practices. Art Nouveau began as advanced architecture and design but fell out of fashion after World War I. The style was dynamic and inventive but unsuited to the depression of the Great War. In Europe, modern architecture departed from the decorated styles of the Victorian era. Streamlined forms inspired by machines became commonplace, enabled by developments in building materials and technologies. Before World War II, many European architects moved to the United States, where modern architecture continued to develop. The automobile increased the mobility of people in the Western countries in the early-to-mid-century, and in many other places by the end of the 20th century. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. Sport The popularity of sport increased considerably—both as an activity for all, and as entertainment, particularly on television. The modern Olympic Games, first held in 1896, grew to include tens of thousands of athletes in dozens of sports. The FIFA World Cup was first held in 1930, and was held every four years after World War II. Science Mathematics Multiple new fields of mathematics were developed in the 20th century. In the first part of the 20th century, measure theory, functional analysis, and topology were established, and significant developments were made in fields such as abstract algebra and probability. The development of set theory and formal logic led to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Later in the 20th century, the development of computers led to the establishment of a theory of computation. Other computationally-intense results include the study of fractals and a proof of the four color theorem in 1976. Physics New areas of physics, like special relativity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics, were developed during the first half of the century. In the process, the internal structure of atoms came to be clearly understood, followed by the discovery of elementary particles. It was found that all the known forces can be traced to only four fundamental interactions. It was discovered further that two forces, electromagnetism and weak interaction, can be merged in the electroweak interaction, leaving only three different fundamental interactions. Discovery of nuclear reactions, in particular nuclear fusion, finally revealed the source of solar energy. Radiocarbon dating was invented, and became a powerful technique for determining the age of prehistoric animals and plants as well as historical objects. Astronomy A much better understanding of the evolution of the universe was achieved, its age (about 13.8 billion years) was determined, and the Big Bang theory on its origin was proposed and generally accepted. The age of the Solar System, including Earth, was determined, and it turned out to be much older than believed earlier: more than 4 billion years, rather than the 20 million years suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1862. The planets of the Solar System and their moons were closely observed via numerous space probes. Pluto was discovered in 1930 on the edge of the solar system, although in the early 21st century, it was reclassified as a dwarf planet instead of a planet proper, leaving eight planets. No trace of life was discovered on any of the other planets in the Solar System (or elsewhere in the universe), although it remained undetermined whether some forms of primitive life might exist, or might have existed, somewhere. Extrasolar planets were observed for the first time. Biology Genetics was unanimously accepted and significantly developed. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the Human Genome Project (not finished in the 20th century) and cloning the first mammal in 1996. The role of sexual reproduction in evolution was understood, and bacterial conjugation was discovered. The convergence of various sciences for the formulation of the modern evolutionary synthesis (produced between 1936 and 1947), providing a widely accepted account of evolution. Medicine Placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded clinical trials became a powerful tool for testing new medicines. Antibiotics drastically reduced mortality from bacterial diseases and their prevalence. A vaccine was developed for polio, ending a worldwide epidemic. Effective vaccines were also developed for a number of other serious infectious diseases, including influenza, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), chickenpox, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B. Epidemiology and vaccination led to the eradication of the smallpox virus in humans. X-rays became powerful diagnostic tool for wide spectrum of diseases, from bone fractures to cancer. In the 1960s, computerized tomography was invented. Other important diagnostic tools developed were sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Development of vitamins virtually eliminated scurvy and other vitamin-deficiency diseases from industrialized societies. New psychiatric drugs were developed. These include antipsychotics for treating hallucinations and delusions, and antidepressants for treating depression. The role of tobacco smoking in the causation of cancer and other diseases was proven during the 1950s (see British Doctors Study). New methods for cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, were developed. As a result, cancer could often be cured or placed in remission. The development of blood typing and blood banking made blood transfusion safe and widely available. The invention and development of immunosuppressive drugs and tissue typing made organ and tissue transplantation a clinical reality. New methods for heart surgery were developed, including pacemakers and artificial hearts. Cocaine and heroin were widely illegalized after being found to be addictive and destructive. Psychoactive drugs such as LSD and MDMA were discovered and subsequently prohibited in many countries. Prohibition of drugs caused a growth in the black market drug industry, and expanded enforcement led to a larger prison population in some countries. Contraceptive drugs were developed, which reduced population growth rates in industrialized countries, as well as decreased the taboo of premarital sex throughout many western countries. The development of medical insulin during the 1920s helped raise the life expectancy of diabetics to three times of what it had been earlier. Vaccines, hygiene and clean water improved health and decreased mortality rates, especially among infants and the young. Notable diseases An influenza pandemic, Spanish Flu, killed anywhere from 17 to 100 million people between 1918 and 1919. A new viral disease, called the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, arose in Africa and subsequently killed millions of people throughout the world. HIV leads to a syndrome called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. Treatments for HIV remained inaccessible to many people living with AIDS and HIV in developing countries, and a cure has yet to be discovered. Because of increased life spans, the prevalence of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other diseases of old age increased slightly. Sedentary lifestyles, due to labor-saving devices and technology, along with the increase in home entertainment and technology such as television, video games, and the internet contributed to an "epidemic" of obesity, at first in the rich countries, but by the end of the 20th century spreading to the developing world. Energy and the environment The dominant use of fossil sources and nuclear power, considered the conventional energy sources. Widespread use of petroleum in industry—both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane—led to the geopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of geopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. (For example, oil was a factor in Japan's decision to go to war against the United States in 1941, and the oil cartel, OPEC, used an oil embargo of sorts in the wake of the Yom Kippur War in the 1970s). The increase in fossil fuel consumption also fueled a major scientific controversy over its effect on air pollution, global warming, and global climate change. Pesticides, herbicides and other toxic chemicals accumulated in the environment, including in the bodies of humans and other animals. Population growth and worldwide deforestation diminished the quality of the environment. In the last third of the century, concern about humankind's impact on the Earth's environment made environmentalism popular. In many countries, especially in Europe, the movement was channeled into politics through Green parties. Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate. Engineering and technology One of the prominent traits of the 20th century was the dramatic growth of technology. Organized research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, electronics, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. Basic home appliances including washing machines, clothes dryers, furnaces, exercise machines, refrigerators, freezers, electric stoves and vacuum cleaners became popular from the 1920s through the 1950s. Radios were popularized as a form of entertainment during the 1920s, which extended to television during the 1950s. The first airplane, the Wright Flyer, was flown in 1903. With the engineering of the faster jet engine in the 1940s, mass air travel became commercially viable. The assembly line made mass production of the automobile viable. By the end of the 20th century, billions of people had automobiles for personal transportation. The combination of the automobile, motor boats and air travel allowed for unprecedented personal mobility. In western nations, motor vehicle accidents became the greatest cause of death |
Throughout the 20th century in the developed world, the leading causes of death transitioned from infectious diseases such as influenza, to degenerative diseases such as cancer or diabetes. In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was influenza with 202.2 deaths per 100,000 people followed by tuberculosis with 194.4, which is a curable illness today. In the middle of 20th century America, the leading cause of death was heart disease with 355.5 deaths per 100,000 followed by cancer at 139.8 deaths per 100,000. Although death rates dropped significantly in the latter part of the 20th century, the leading killers are still constant. The United States saw 192.9 people per 100,000 die from heart disease in 2010 followed by cancer with 185.9 people per 100,000. The world population in the 20th century experienced a large amount of death due to two major world wars. World War II was responsible for the most war related deaths in the 1900s with a death toll between 40,000,000 and 85,000,000 deaths. Other predominate wars in the 1900s include World War I with up to 65,000,000 deaths, the Russian Civil War with up to 9,000,000 deaths, the Afghan Civil War with up to 2,000,000 deaths, and the Mexican Revolution with up to 2,000,000 deaths. Several other major wars took place in the 20th century, such as the Iran–Iraq War, the Soviet–Afghan War, the second Sudanese civil war, the Korean War and the Vietnam war. It is estimated that traffic collisions caused the death of around 60 million people during the 20th century. Ageing population A natural population increase occurs when birth rates are higher than death rates. Recently and most notably, the years immediately after World War II saw an | as cancer or diabetes. In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was influenza with 202.2 deaths per 100,000 people followed by tuberculosis with 194.4, which is a curable illness today. In the middle of 20th century America, the leading cause of death was heart disease with 355.5 deaths per 100,000 followed by cancer at 139.8 deaths per 100,000. Although death rates dropped significantly in the latter part of the 20th century, the leading killers are still constant. The United States saw 192.9 people per 100,000 die from heart disease in 2010 followed by cancer with 185.9 people per 100,000. The world population in the 20th century experienced a large amount of death due to two major world wars. World War II was responsible for the most war related deaths in the 1900s with a death toll between 40,000,000 and 85,000,000 deaths. Other predominate wars in the 1900s include World War I with up to 65,000,000 deaths, the Russian Civil War with up to 9,000,000 deaths, the Afghan Civil War with up to 2,000,000 deaths, and the Mexican Revolution with up to 2,000,000 deaths. Several other major wars took place in the 20th century, such as the Iran–Iraq War, the Soviet–Afghan War, the second Sudanese civil war, the Korean War |
Varangian army. The Emirate of Sicily is divided and fragmented into small fiefdoms. The Arab nobles of Palermo restore the regime of the Kalbids (approximate date). August 22 - 23 – Battle of Brůdek: Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia defeats the German forces under King Henry III (the Black) in the Bohemian Forest. Peter Delyan leads a rebellion against the Byzantine Empire and is proclaimed by the Bulgarian nobles as emperor (tsar) Peter II in Belgrade. Britain March 17 – King Harold Harefoot dies at Oxford at the age of 24. His illegitimate son Ælfwine Haroldsson is left in his grandmother's care, Ælfgifu of Northampton. June 17 – Harthacnut lands at Sandwich and reclaims the throne of England which has been taken by Harald Harefoot (see 1035). August 14 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth, who succeeds him as king of Scotland. Islamic world May 23 – Battle of Dandanaqan: The Turkmen Seljuqs defeat the Ghaznavid forces (50,000 men) led by Sultan Mas'ud I at Dandanaqan, a fortress city in the desert near Merv. By topic Religion Weihenstephan Abbey (Kloster Weihenstephan) in Germany, founds the oldest operating brewery. The Shalu Monastery is founded by the Buddhist monk Chetsun Sherab Jungnay in Tibet. Births February 22 – Rashi, French rabbi and writer (d. 1105) July 12 – Yun Gwan, Korean general (d. 1111) | the Knights Hospitaller (d. 1120) Bonfilius, bishop of Foligno (approximate date) Conrad I, count of Luxembourg (approximate date) Elimar I (or Egilmar), count of Oldenburg (d. 1112) Ernulf, French Benedictine monk and bishop (d. 1124) Gebhard III, bishop of Constance (approximate date) Geoffrey III, French nobleman (approximate date) Géza I (Magnus), king of Hungary (approximate date) Guglielmo Embriaco, Genoese merchant (d. 1102) Haziga of Diessen, German countess (approximate date) Harald III, king of Denmark (approximate date) Herman I, margrave of Baden (approximate date) Hugh I, French nobleman (approximate date) Hugh of Die, French bishop (approximate date) Ibn Aqil, Persian theologian and jurist (d. 1119) Ida of Lorraine, French countess (approximate date) Ivo of Chartres, French bishop (approximate date) Ladislaus I, king of Hungary (approximate date) Oddone Frangipane, Italian monk and hermit (d. 1127) Odo I (or Eudes), French nobleman (d. 1086) Roger I, Norman nobleman (approximate date) Sikelgaita, Lombard duchess of Apulia (d. 1090) Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman (d. 1094) Xiao Guanyin, empress of the Liao Dynasty (d. 1075) Zayn al-Din Gorgani, Persian physician (d. 1136) Deaths January |
the Tuareg contingent at Tombouctou (or Timbuktu) and capturing the city. He develops both his own capital, Gao, and the main centres of Mali, Timbuktu and Djenné, into major cities. Ali Ber controls trade along the Niger River with a navy of war vessels. 1462: Mehmed the Conqueror is driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula at The Night Attack. 1464: Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville. 1465: The 1465 Moroccan revolt ends in the murder of the last Marinid Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Haqq II. 1466: Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girishawardhana as ruler of Majapahit. 1467: Uzun Hasan defeats the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh. 1467–1615: The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan. 1469: The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile leads to the unification of Spain. 1469: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquers some parts of Bohemia. 1469: Birth of Guru Nanak Dev. Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is revered by Hindus and Muslim Sufis across the Indian subcontinent. 1469: Reign of Axayacatl begins in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan as the sixth tlatoani and emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance. 1470s 1470: The Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeat the Tatars of the Golden Horde at the Battle of Lipnic. 1471: The kingdom of Champa suffers a massive defeat by the Vietnamese king Lê Thánh Tông. 1472: Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya becomes the first Wattasid Sultan of Morocco. 1474–1477: Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine and Sigismund II of Habsburg against the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. 1478: Muscovy conquers Novgorod. 1478: Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends. 1478: The Great Mosque of Demak is the oldest mosque in Java, built by the Wali Songo during the reign of Sultan Raden Patah. 1479: Battle of Breadfield, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary defeated the Turks. 1480s 1480: After the Great standing on the Ugra river, Muscovy gained independence from the Great Horde. 1481: Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first auto-da-fé. 1481: Reign of Tizoc begins as the seventh tlatoani of Tenochtitlan and the emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance. 1485: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary captured Vienna, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ran away. 1485: Henry VII defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth and becomes King of England. 1485: Ivan III of Russia conquered Tver. 1485: Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty. 1486: Sher Shah Suri, is born in Sasaram, Bihar. 1486: Reign of Ahuitzotl begins as the eighth tlatoani of Tenochtitlan and emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance. 1488: Portuguese Navigator Bartolomeu Dias sails around the Cape of Good Hope. 1490-1500 1492: The death of Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in the Songhai Empire, and his son was soon dethroned by Mamadou Toure who ascended the throne in 1493 under the name Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the history of West Africa. The empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when the now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son, Askia Musa. 1492: Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks the end of the Spanish Reconquista and Al-Andalus. 1492: Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Catholicism; 40,000–200,000 leave. 1492: Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas from Spain. 1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves. 1494–1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states. 1497–1499: Vasco da Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back. 1499: Ottoman fleet defeats Venetians at the Battle of Zonchio. 1499: University “Alcalá de Henares” in Madrid, Spain is built. 1499: Michelangelo's Pietà in St. Peter's Basilica is made in Rome 1500: Islam becomes the dominant religion across the Indonesian archipelago. 1500: Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali. 1500: Charles of Ghent (future Lord of the Netherlands, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor) was born. 1500: Guru Nanak begins the spreading of Sikhism, the fifth-largest religion in the world. 1500: Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas. 1500: Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal. 1500: The Ottoman fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians at the Second Battle of Lepanto. Inventions, discoveries, introductions List of 15th century inventions Renaissance affects philosophy, science and art. Rise of Modern English language from Middle English. Introduction | banking and accounting were founded in Italy. Constantinople, known as the Capital of the World and the Capital of the Byzantine Empire (today's Turkey), fell to the emerging Muslim Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. This led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, while Johannes Gutenberg's invention of a mechanical movable type began the printing press. These two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance. The Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) became dissolved through the Christian Reconquista, followed by the forced conversions and the Muslim rebellion, ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule and returning Spain, Portugal and Southern France to Christian rulers. The search for the wealth and prosperity of India's Bengal Sultanate led to the colonization of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the Portuguese voyages by Vasco da Gama, which linked Europe with the Indian subcontinent, ushering the period of Iberian empires. The Hundred Years' War ended with a decisive French victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century. In Asia, the Timurid Empire collapsed, and the Afghan Pashtun Lodi dynasty was founded under the Delhi Sultanate. Under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle. In Africa, the spread of Islam lead to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century, leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teetered on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire. In the Americas, both the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire reached the peak of their influence, but the European colonization of the Americas changed the course of modern history. Events 1401–1409 1401: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day central India. 1402: Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. 1402: Sultanate of Malacca founded by Parameswara. 1402: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire. 1403–1413: Ottoman Interregnum, a civil war between the four sons of Bayezid I. 1403: The Yongle Emperor moves the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing. 1404–1406: Regreg War, Majapahit civil war of secession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. 1405: The Sultanate of Sulu is established by Sharif ul-Hāshim. 1405–1433: During the Ming treasure voyages, Admiral Zheng He of China sails through the Indian Ocean to Malacca, India, Ceylon, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa to spread China's influence and sovereignty. 1405–1407: The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri. (to 1433) 1408: The last recorded event to occur in the Norse settlements of Greenland was a wedding in Hvalsey in the Eastern Settlement in 1408. 1410s 1410: The Battle of Grunwald is the decisive battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the Teutonic Knights. 1410–1413: Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland. 1410-1415: The last Welsh war of independence, led by Owain Glyndŵr. 1414: Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor of Multan, takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty. 1415: Henry the Navigator leads the conquest of Ceuta from the Moors marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. 1415: Battle of Agincourt fought between the Kingdom of England and France. 1415: Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic at the Council of Constance. 1417: A large goodwill mission led by three kings of Sulu, the Eastern King Paduka Pahala, the Western king Maharaja Kolamating and Cave king Paduka Prabhu as well as 340 members of their delegation, in what is now the southern Philippines, ploughed through the Pacific Ocean to China to pay tribute to the Yongle emperor of the Ming Dynasty. 1417: The East king of Sulu, Paduka Pahala, on their way home, suddenly died in Dezhou, a city in east China's Shandong province. The Yongle Emperor Zhu Di commissioned artisans to build a tomb for the king. 1419–1433: The Hussite Wars in Bohemia. 1420s 1420: Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City is completed in Beijing. 1424: James I returns to Scotland after being held hostage under three Kings of England since 1406. 1424: Deva Raya II succeeds his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire. 1425: Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by Pope Martin V. 1427: Reign of Itzcoatl begins as the fourth tlatoani of Tenochtitlan and the first emperor of the Aztec Empire. 1429: Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans and turns the tide of the Hundred Years' War. 1429: Queen Suhita succeeds her father Wikramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit. 1430s 1430: Rajah Lontok and Dayang Kalangitan become co-regent rulers of the ancient kingdom of Tondo. 1431 January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France under English occupation. March 3 – Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, to become the 207th pope. March 26 – The trial of Joan of Arc begins. May 30 – Nineteen-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake. June 16 – the Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating anti-Polish alliance September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists. October 30 – Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille. December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France. 1438: Pachacuti founds the Inca Empire. 1440s 1440: Eton College founded by Henry VI. 1440s: The Golden Horde breaks up into the Siberia Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Great Horde. 1440–1469: Under Moctezuma I, the Aztecs become the dominant power in Mesoamerica. 1440: Oba Ewuare comes to power in the West African city of Benin, and turns it into an empire. 1440: Reign of Moctezuma I begins as the fifth tlatoani of Tenochtitlan and emperor of the Aztec Empire. 1441: Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter, dies. 1441: Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish the European slave trade with a shipment of African slaves sent directly from Africa to Portugal. 1441: A civil war between the Tutul Xiues and Cocom breaks out in the League of Mayapan. As a consequence, the league begins to disintegrate. 1442: Leonardo Bruni defines Middle Ages and Modern times. 1443: Abdur Razzaq visits India. 1443: King Sejong the Great publishes the hangul, the native phonetic alphabet system for the Korean language. 1444: The Albanian league is established in Lezha, Skanderbeg is elected leader. A war begins against the Ottoman Empire. An Albanian state is set up and lasts until 1479. 1444: Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats the Polish and Hungarian armies under Władysław III of Poland and János Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna. 1445: The Kazan Khanate defeats the Grand Duchy of Moscow at the Battle of Suzdal. 1446: Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire. 1447: Wijaya Parakrama Wardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit. 1449: Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born. 1449: Esen Tayisi leads an Oirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Battle of Tumu Fortress. 1450s 1450s: Machu Picchu constructed. 1450: Dayang Kalangitan became the Queen regnant of the ancient kingdom of Tondo that started Tondo's political dominance over Luzon. 1451: |
Russia. 1542: War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII is allied with the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied with the French. 1542: Akbar The Great is born in the Rajput Umarkot Fort 1542: Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the island of Samar and Leyte Las Islas Filipinas honoring Philip II of Spain and became the official name of the archipelago. 1543: Ethiopian/Portuguese troops decisively defeat the Adal-Ottoman Muslim army led by Imam Ahmad Gragn at the Battle of Wayna Daga; Imam Ahmad Gragn is killed at this battle. 1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun 1543: The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan. 1544: The French defeat an Imperial–Spanish army at the Battle of Ceresole. 1544: Battle of the Shirts in Scotland. The Frasers and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship; reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive. 1545: Songhai forces sack the Malian capital of Niani 1545: The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent (in northern Italy). 1546: Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica. 1546: Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547) 1547: Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehall on 28 January at the age of 55. 1547: Francis I dies in the Château de Rambouillet on 31 March at the age of 52. 1547: Edward VI becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20 February at the age of 9. 1547: Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Mühlberg. 1547: Grand Prince Ivan the Terrible is crowned tsar of (All) Russia, thenceforth becoming the first Russian tsar. 1548: Battle of Uedahara: Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo. 1548: Askia Daoud, who reigned from 1548 to 1583, establishes public libraries in Timbuktu (in present-day Mali). 1548: The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast; these Hai jin laws came during the Wokou wars with Japanese pirates. 1549: Tomé de Sousa establishes Salvador in Bahia, north-east of Brazil. 1549: Arya Penangsang with the support of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, avenges the death of Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by Keris Kyai Satan Kober (in present-day Indonesia). 1550s 1550: The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul. 1550: Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and besiege Beijing. 1550–1551: Valladolid debate concerning the human rights of the Indigenous people of the Americas. 1551: Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease. 1551: North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. 1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan in central Asia. 1552: Jesuit China Mission, Francis Xavier dies. 1553: Mary Tudor becomes the first queen regnant of England and restores the Church of England under Papal authority. 1553: The Portuguese found a settlement at Macau. 1554: Missionaries José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega establishes São Paulo, southeast Brazil. 1554: Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London upon the orders of Mary I for suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt rebellion. 1555: The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company. 1556: Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustration of the Hochelaga. 1556: The Shaanxi earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake during the Ming dynasty. 1556: Georgius Agricola, the "Father of Mineralogy", publishes his De re metallica. 1556: Akbar defeats Hemu at the Second battle of Panipat. 1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate. 1556–1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests (in the Indian subcontinent). 1556: Mir Chakar Khan Rind captures Delhi with Humayun. 1556: Pomponio Algerio, radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of the Roman inquisition. 1557: Habsburg Spain declares bankruptcy. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596. 1557: The Portuguese settle in Macau (on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from present-day Hong Kong). 1557: The Ottomans capture Massawa, all but isolating Ethiopia from the rest of the world. 1558: Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25. 1558–1603: The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance. 1558–1583: Livonian War between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Russia. 1558: After 200 years, the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France. 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude. 1559: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) protests the Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese. 1560s 1560: Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba. 1560: Elizabeth Bathory is born in Nyirbator, Hungary. 1560: By winning the Battle of Okehazama, Oda Nobunaga becomes one of the pre-eminent warlords of Japan. 1560: Jeanne d'Albret declares Calvinism the official religion of Navarre. 1560: Lazarus Church, Macau 1561: Sir Francis Bacon is born in London. 1561: The fourth battle of Kawanakajima between the Uesugi and Takeda at Hachimanbara takes place. 1561: Guido de Bres draws up the Belgic Confession of Protestant faith. 1562: Mughal emperor Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput Hindu caste. 1562–98: French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots. 1562: Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux in the French Wars of Religion. 1562: Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population. 1563: Plague outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan England. In London alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease. 1564: Galileo Galilei born on February 15 1564: William Shakespeare baptized 26 April 1565: Deccan sultanates defeat the Vijayanagara Empireat the Battle of Talikota. 1565: Mir Chakar Khan Rind dies at aged 97. 1565: Estácio de Sá establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. 1565: The Hospitallers, a Crusading Order, defeat the Ottoman Empire at the siege of Malta (1565). 1565: Miguel López de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred years. 1565: Spanish navigator Andres de Urdaneta discovers the maritime route from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, also known as the tornaviaje. 1565: Royal Exchange is founded by Thomas Gresham. 1566: Suleiman the Magnificent, ruler of the Ottoman Empire, dies on September 7, during the battle of Szigetvar. 1566–1648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands. 1566: Da le Balle Contrade d'Oriente, composed by Cipriano de Rore. 1567: After 45 years' reign, Jiajing Emperor died in the Forbidden City, Longqing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty. 1567: Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned by Elizabeth I. 1568: The Transylvanian Diet, under the patronage of the prince John Sigismund Zápolya, the former king of Hungary, inspired by the teachings of Ferenc Dávid, the founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, promulgates the Edict of Torda, the first law of freedom of religion and of conscience in the World. 1568–1571: Morisco Revolt in Spain. 1568–1600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan. 1568: Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and son in-law Sutawijaya, who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty of Indonesia, to kill Arya Penangsang. 1569: Rising of the North in England. 1569: Mercator 1569 world map published by Gerardus Mercator. 1569: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795. 1569: Peace treaty signed by Sultan Hairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portugal. 1570s 1570: Ivan the Terrible, tsar of Russia, orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod. 1570: Pope Pius V issues Regnans in Excelsis, a papal bull excommunicating all who obeyed Elizabeth I and calling on all Catholics to rebel against her. 1570: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) is killed by the Portuguese. Babullah becomes the next Sultan. 1571: Pope Pius V completes the Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Turks. 1571: The Spanish-led Holy League navy destroys the Ottoman Empire navy at the Battle of Lepanto. 1571: Crimean Tatars attack and sack Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin. 1571: American Indians kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be Jamestown, Virginia. 1571: Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila, Philippines as the capital of the Spanish East Indies. 1572: Brielle is taken from Habsburg Spain by Protestant Watergeuzen in the Capture of Brielle, in the Eighty Years' War. 1572: Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba, Peru, and execute him in Cuzco. 1572: Jeanne d'Albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre. 1572: Catherine de' Medici instigates the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre which takes the lives of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny and thousands of Huguenots. The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside. 1572: First edition of the epic The Lusiads of Luís Vaz de Camões, three years after the author returned from the East. 1572: The 9 years old Taizi, Zhu Yijun ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty, known as Wanli Emperor. 1573: After heavy losses on both sides the siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory. 1574: in the Eighty Years' War the capital of Zeeland, Middelburg declares for the Protestants. 1574: After a siege of 4 months the siege of Leiden ends in a comprehensive Dutch rebel victory. 1575: Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress. 1575: Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Babullah defeated the Portuguese. 1576: Tahmasp I, Safavid shah, dies. 1576: The Battle of Haldighati is fought between the ruler of Mewar, Maharana Pratap and the Mughal Empire's forces under Emperor Akbar led by Raja Man Singh. 1576: Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers. 1577–80: Francis Drake circles the world. 1577: Ki Ageng Pemanahan built his palace in Pasargede or Kotagede. 1578: King Sebastian of Portugal is killed at the Battle of Alcazarquivir. 1578: The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon. 1578: Sonam Gyatso is conferred the title of Dalai Lama by Tumed Mongol ruler, Altan Khan. Recognised as the reincarnation of two previous Lamas, Sonam Gyatso becomes the third Dalai Lama in the lineage. 1579: The Union of Utrecht unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later Dutch Republic. 1579: The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands, a foundation for the later states of the Spanish Netherlands, the Austrian Netherlands and Belgium. 1579: The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit in Ternate on his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon. 1580s 1580: Drake's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions influences Philip II of Spain to build up the Spanish Armada. English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded. 1580: Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II. The struggle for the throne of Portugal ends the Portuguese Empire. The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years, i.e. until 1640. 1580–1587: Nagasaki comes under control of the Jesuits. 1581: Dutch Act of Abjuration, declaring abjuring allegiance to Philip II of Spain. 1581: Bayinnaung dies at the age of 65. 1582: Oda Nobunaga commits seppuku during the Honnō-ji Incident coup by his general, Akechi Mitsuhide. 1582: Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar. The last day of the Julian calendar was Thursday, 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582 1582: Yermak Timofeyevich conquers the Siberia Khanate on behalf of the Stroganovs. 1583: Denmark builds the world's first theme park, Bakken. 1583: Death of Sultan Babullah of Ternate. 1584–1585: After the siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam. According to Luc-Normand Tellier, "At its peak, between 1510 and 1557, Antwerp concentrated about 40% of the world trade...It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Americas." 1584: Ki Ageng Pemanahan died. Sultan Pajang raised Sutawijaya, son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan as the new ruler in Mataram, titled "Loring Ngabehi Market" (because of his home in the north of the market). 1585: Akbar annexes Kashmir and adds it to the Kabul Subah 1585: Colony at Roanoke founded in North America. 1585–1604: The Anglo-Spanish War is fought on both sides of the Atlantic. 1587: Mary, Queen of Scots is executed by Elizabeth I. 1587: The reign of Abbas I marks the zenith of the Safavid dynasty. 1587: Troops that would invade Pajang Mataram Sultanate storm ravaged the eruption of Mount Merapi. Sutawijaya and his men survived. 1588: Mataram into the kingdom with Sutawijaya as Sultan, titled "Senapati Ingalaga Sayidin Panatagama" means the warlord and cleric Manager Religious Life. 1588: England repulses the Spanish Armada. 1589: Spain repulses the English Armada. 1589: Catherine de' Medici dies at aged 69. 1590-1600 1590: Siege of Odawara: the Go-Hojo clan surrender to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Japan is unified. 1591: Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow. 1591: In Mali, Moroccan forces of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur led by Judar Pasha defeat the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi. 1592–1593: John Stow reports 10,675 plague deaths in London, a city of approximately 200,000 people. 1592–1598: Korea, with the help of Ming Dynasty China, repels two Japanese invasions. 1593–1606: The Long War between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Turks. 1594: St. Paul's College, Macau, founded by Alessandro Valignano. 1595: First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman. 1596: Birth of René Descartes. 1596: June, de Houtman's expedition reaches Banten the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians. It then sails east along the north coast of Java losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura. 1597: Romeo and Juliet is published. 1597: Cornelis de Houtman's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit. 1598: The Edict of Nantes ends the French Wars of Religion. 1598: Abbas I moves Safavids capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1598. 1598–1613: Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles. 1598: The Portuguese require an armada of 90 | Indonesia), and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast. 1520: The Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor (in present-day Indonesia) as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca. 1521: Belgrade (in present-day Serbia) is captured by the Ottoman Empire. 1521: After building fortifications at Tuen Mun, the Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty China, but are expelled by Chinese naval forces. 1521: Philippines encountered by Ferdinand Magellan. He was later killed in the Battle of Mactan in central Philippines in the same year. 1521: Jiajing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty, China. 1521: November, Ferdinand Magellan's expedition reaches Maluku (in present-day Indonesia) and after trade with Ternate returns to Europe with a load of cloves. 1521: Pati Unus leads the invasion of Malacca (in present-day Malaysia) against the Portuguese occupation. Pati Unus was killed in this battle, and was succeeded by his brother, sultan Trenggana. 1522: Rhodes falls to the Ottomans of Suleiman the Magnificent. 1522: The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) and begin construction of a fort. 1522: August, Luso-Sundanese Treaty signed between Portugal and Sunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in Sunda Kelapa. 1523: Sweden gains independence from the Kalmar Union. 1523: The Cacao bean is introduced to Spain by Hernán Cortés 1524–1525: German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire. 1524 – Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland. 1524 – Ismail I, the founder of Safavid dynasty, dies and Tahmasp I becomes king. 1525: Timurid Empire forces under Babur defeat the Lodi dynasty at the First Battle of Panipat, end of the Delhi Sultanate. 1525: German and Spanish forces defeat France at the Battle of Pavia, Francis I of France is captured. 1526: The Ottomans defeat the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács. 1526: Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, dominates India until 1857. 1527: Sack of Rome with Pope Clement VII escaping and the Swiss Guards defending the Vatican being killed. The sack of the city of Rome considered the end of the Italian Renaissance. 1527: Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. 1527: The last ruler of Majapahit falls from power. This state (located in present-day Indonesia) was finally extinguished at the hands of the Demak. A large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of the royalty moved east to the island of Bali; however, the power and the seat of government transferred to Demak under the leadership of Pangeran, later Sultan Fatah. 1527: June 22, The Javanese Prince Fatahillah of the Cirebon Sultanate successfully defeated the Portuguese armed forces at the site of the Sunda Kelapa Harbor. The city was then renamed Jayakarta, meaning "a glorious victory." This eventful day came to be acknowledged as Jakarta's Founding Anniversary. 1527: Mughal Empire forces defeat the Rajput led by Rana Sanga of Mewar at the Battle of Khanwa 1529: The Austrians defeat the Ottoman Empire at the siege of Vienna. 1529: Treaty of Zaragoza defined the antimeridian of Tordesillas attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and Philippines to Spain. 1529: Imam Ahmad Gragn defeats the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit II in the Battle of Shimbra Kure, the opening clash of the Ethiopian–Adal War. 1530s 1531–32: The Church of England breaks away from the Catholic Church and recognizes King Henry VIII as the head of the Church. 1531: The Inca Civil War is fought between the two brothers, Atahualpa and Huáscar. 1532: Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. 1532: Foundation of São Vicente, the first permanent Portuguese settlement in the Americas. 1533: Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England. 1533: Elizabeth Tudor is born. 1534: Jacques Cartier claims Canada for France. 1534: The Ottomans capture Baghdad from the Safavids. 1534: Affair of the Placards – Francis becomes more active in repression of French Protestants. 1535: The Münster Rebellion, an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establish a theocracy, ends in bloodshed. 1535: The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon. Hairun becomes the next sultan. 1536: Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle, in England. 1536: In England, Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery and treason. 1536: Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. 1536: Foundation of Buenos Aires (in present-day Argentina) by Pedro de Mendoza. 1537: The Portuguese establish Recife in Pernambuco, north-east of Brazil. 1537: William Tyndale's partial translation of the Bible into English is published, which would eventually be incorporated into the King James Bible. 1538: Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founds Bogotá. 1538: Spanish–Venetian fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Preveza. 1539: Hernando de Soto explores inland North America. 1540s 1540: The Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits, is founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III. 1540: Sher Shah Suri founds the Suri dynasty in South Asia, an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) of the house of Sur, who supplanted the Mughal dynasty as rulers of North India during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal emperor Humayun. Sher Shah Suri decisively defeats Humayun in the Battle of Bilgram (May 17, 1540). 1541: Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. 1541: An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain (Habsburg) is unsuccessful. 1541: Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana. 1541: Capture of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire. 1541: Sahib I Giray of Crimea invades Russia. 1542: War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII is allied with the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied with the French. 1542: Akbar The Great is born in the Rajput Umarkot Fort 1542: Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the island of Samar and Leyte Las Islas Filipinas honoring Philip II of Spain and became the official name of the archipelago. 1543: Ethiopian/Portuguese troops decisively defeat the Adal-Ottoman Muslim army led by Imam Ahmad Gragn at the Battle of Wayna Daga; Imam Ahmad Gragn is killed at this battle. 1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun 1543: The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan. 1544: The French defeat an Imperial–Spanish army at the Battle of Ceresole. 1544: Battle of the Shirts in Scotland. The Frasers and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship; reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive. 1545: Songhai forces sack the Malian capital of Niani 1545: The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent (in northern Italy). 1546: Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica. 1546: Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547) 1547: Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehall on 28 January at the age of 55. 1547: Francis I dies in the Château de Rambouillet on 31 March at the age of 52. 1547: Edward VI becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20 February at the age of 9. 1547: Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Mühlberg. 1547: Grand Prince Ivan the Terrible is crowned tsar of (All) Russia, thenceforth becoming the first Russian tsar. 1548: Battle of Uedahara: Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo. 1548: Askia Daoud, who reigned from 1548 to 1583, establishes public libraries in Timbuktu (in present-day Mali). 1548: The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast; these Hai jin laws came during the Wokou wars with Japanese pirates. 1549: Tomé de Sousa establishes Salvador in Bahia, north-east of Brazil. 1549: Arya Penangsang with the support of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, avenges the death of Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by Keris Kyai Satan Kober (in present-day Indonesia). 1550s 1550: The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul. 1550: Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and besiege Beijing. 1550–1551: Valladolid debate concerning the human rights of the Indigenous people of the Americas. 1551: Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease. 1551: North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. 1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan in central Asia. 1552: Jesuit China Mission, Francis Xavier dies. 1553: Mary Tudor becomes the first queen regnant of England and restores the Church of England under Papal authority. 1553: The Portuguese found a settlement at Macau. 1554: Missionaries José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega establishes São Paulo, southeast Brazil. 1554: Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London upon the orders of Mary I for suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt rebellion. 1555: The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company. 1556: Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustration of the Hochelaga. 1556: The Shaanxi earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake during the Ming dynasty. 1556: Georgius Agricola, the "Father of Mineralogy", publishes his De re metallica. 1556: Akbar defeats Hemu at the Second battle of Panipat. 1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate. 1556–1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests (in the Indian subcontinent). 1556: Mir Chakar Khan Rind captures Delhi with Humayun. 1556: Pomponio Algerio, radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of the Roman inquisition. 1557: Habsburg Spain declares bankruptcy. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596. 1557: The Portuguese settle in Macau (on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from present-day Hong Kong). 1557: The Ottomans capture Massawa, all but isolating Ethiopia from the rest of the world. 1558: Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25. 1558–1603: The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance. 1558–1583: Livonian War between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Russia. 1558: After 200 years, the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France. 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude. 1559: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) protests the Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese. 1560s 1560: Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba. 1560: Elizabeth Bathory is born in Nyirbator, Hungary. 1560: By winning the Battle of Okehazama, Oda Nobunaga becomes one of the pre-eminent warlords of Japan. 1560: Jeanne d'Albret declares Calvinism the official religion of Navarre. 1560: Lazarus Church, Macau 1561: Sir Francis Bacon is born in London. 1561: The fourth battle of Kawanakajima between the Uesugi and Takeda at Hachimanbara takes place. 1561: Guido de Bres draws up the Belgic Confession of Protestant faith. 1562: Mughal emperor Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput Hindu caste. 1562–98: French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots. 1562: Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux in the French Wars of Religion. 1562: Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population. 1563: Plague outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan England. In London alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease. 1564: Galileo Galilei born on February 15 1564: William Shakespeare baptized 26 April 1565: Deccan sultanates defeat the Vijayanagara Empireat the Battle of Talikota. 1565: Mir Chakar Khan Rind dies at aged 97. 1565: Estácio de Sá establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. 1565: The Hospitallers, a Crusading Order, defeat the Ottoman Empire at the siege of Malta (1565). 1565: Miguel López de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred years. 1565: Spanish navigator Andres de Urdaneta discovers the maritime route from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, also known as the tornaviaje. 1565: Royal Exchange is founded by Thomas Gresham. 1566: Suleiman the Magnificent, ruler of the Ottoman Empire, dies on September 7, during the battle of Szigetvar. 1566–1648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands. 1566: Da le Balle Contrade d'Oriente, composed by Cipriano de Rore. 1567: After 45 years' reign, Jiajing Emperor died in the Forbidden City, Longqing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty. 1567: Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned by Elizabeth I. 1568: The Transylvanian Diet, under the patronage of the prince John Sigismund Zápolya, the former king of Hungary, inspired by the teachings of Ferenc Dávid, the founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, promulgates the Edict of Torda, the first law of freedom of religion and of conscience in the World. 1568–1571: Morisco Revolt in Spain. 1568–1600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan. 1568: Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and son in-law Sutawijaya, who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty of Indonesia, to kill Arya Penangsang. 1569: Rising of the North in England. 1569: Mercator 1569 world map published by Gerardus Mercator. 1569: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795. 1569: Peace treaty signed by Sultan Hairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portugal. 1570s 1570: Ivan the Terrible, tsar of Russia, orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod. 1570: Pope Pius V issues Regnans in Excelsis, a papal bull excommunicating all who obeyed Elizabeth I and calling on all Catholics to rebel against her. 1570: Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) is killed by the Portuguese. Babullah becomes the next Sultan. 1571: Pope Pius V completes the Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Turks. 1571: The Spanish-led Holy League navy destroys the Ottoman Empire navy at the Battle of Lepanto. 1571: Crimean Tatars attack and sack Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin. 1571: American Indians kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be Jamestown, Virginia. 1571: Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila, Philippines as the capital of the Spanish East Indies. 1572: Brielle is taken from Habsburg Spain by Protestant Watergeuzen in the Capture of Brielle, in the Eighty Years' War. 1572: Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba, Peru, and execute him in Cuzco. 1572: Jeanne d'Albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre. 1572: Catherine de' Medici instigates the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre which takes the lives of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny and thousands of Huguenots. The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside. 1572: First edition of the epic The Lusiads of Luís Vaz de Camões, three years after the author returned from the East. 1572: The 9 years old Taizi, Zhu Yijun ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty, known as Wanli Emperor. 1573: After heavy losses on both sides the siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory. 1574: in the Eighty Years' War the capital of Zeeland, Middelburg declares for the Protestants. 1574: After a siege of 4 months the siege of Leiden ends in a comprehensive Dutch rebel victory. 1575: Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress. 1575: Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Babullah defeated the Portuguese. 1576: Tahmasp I, Safavid shah, dies. 1576: The Battle of Haldighati is fought between the ruler of Mewar, Maharana Pratap and the Mughal Empire's forces under Emperor Akbar led by Raja Man Singh. 1576: Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers. 1577–80: Francis |
the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers. 1648–1653: Fronde civil war in France. 1648–1657: The Khmelnytsky Uprising – a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland. 1648–1667: The Deluge wars leave Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins. 1648–1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia. 1649: King Charles I is executed for High treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death. 1649–1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. 1651–1700 1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester. 1656–1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier. 1655–1661: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power. 1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire. 1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration. 1660: The Royal Society is founded 1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins. 1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary. 1664: The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep the peace for 20 years. 1665: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope. 1665: Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila. 1665–1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces. 1666: The Great Fire of London. 1667: The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. 1667–1668: The War of Devolution; France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt. 1667–1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe. 1672–1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673). 1672–1674: The Third Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces 1672–1676: Polish–Ottoman War. 1672–1678: Franco-Dutch War. 1674: Shivaji forms the Maratha Empire, which lasts until 1818. 1676–1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars. 1678: The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire. 1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692. 1682: Chateau de Versailles, Saint-Gobain 1682 – In North America, the French explorer Robert La Salle claims all the land east of the Mississippi River. 1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan. 1683: The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Siege of Vienna. 1683–1699: The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by the Habsburgs. 1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. 1688: The Siege of Derry. 1688: Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century. 1688–1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy. 1688–1691: The War of the Two Kings in Ireland. 1688–1697: The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years' War. 1689: The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite and Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire. 1689: The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated. 1689: Bill of Rights 1689: John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration 1690: The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. 1692: Port Royal in Jamaica is struck by an earthquake and a tsunami. Approximately 2,000 people die and 2,300 are injured. 1692–1694: Famine in France kills two million. 1693: The College of William and Mary is founded in Williamsburg, Virginia, by a royal charter. 1694: The Bank of England is established. 1695: The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry Every's capture of the Ganj-i-Sawai. 1696–1697: Famine in Finland wipes out almost one-third of the population. 1697–1699: Grand Embassy of Peter the Great 1699: Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the Scientific revolution. Banknotes reintroduced in Europe. Ice cream. Tea and coffee become popular in Europe. Central Banking in France and modern Finance by Scottish economist John Law. Minarets, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), are built. 1604: Supernova SN 1604 is observed in the Milky Way. 1605: Johannes Kepler starts investigating elliptical orbits of planets. 1605: Johann Carolus of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper. 1608: Refracting telescopes first appear. Dutch spectacle-maker Hans Lippershey tries to obtain a patent on one, spreading word of the invention. 1610: The Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc of France. 1610: Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius observe Jupiter's Galilean moons. 1611: King James Bible or 'Authorized Version' first published. 1612: The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin Bourgeois. 1614: John Napier introduces the logarithm to simplify calculations. 1616: Niccolò Zucchi describes experiments with a bronze parabolic mirror trying to make a reflecting telescope. 1620: Cornelis Drebbel, funded by James I of England, builds the first 'submarine' made of wood and greased leather. 1623: The first English dictionary, 'English Dictionarie' is published by Henry Cockeram, listing difficult words with definitions. 1628: William Harvey publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the circulatory system. 1637: Dutch Bible published. 1637: Teatro San Cassiano, the first public opera house, opened in Venice. 1637: Pierre de Fermat formulates his so-called Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995. 1637: Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing, the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint mechanism. 1642: Blaise Pascal invents the mechanical calculator called Pascal's calculator. 1642: Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images. 1643: Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents the mercury barometer. 1645: Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy invents the first rotating stage. 1651: Giovanni Riccioli renames the lunar maria. 1656: Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn. 1657: Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the learnings of Galileo Galilei. 1659: Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars. 1662: Christopher Merret presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine. 1663: James Gregory publishes designs for a reflecting telescope. 1669: The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton. 1676: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria. 1676: First measurement of the speed of light. 1679: Binary system developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. 1684: Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics. References Further reading Chang, Chun-shu, and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang. Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-Century China" (1998). Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free Reid, A. J. S. Trade and State Power in | politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the English monarch became a symbolic figurehead and Parliament was the dominant force in government – a contrast to most of Europe, in particular France. By the end of the century, Europeans were aware of logarithms, electricity, the telescope and microscope, calculus, universal gravitation, Newton's Laws of Motion, air pressure and calculating machines due to the work of the first scientists of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, René Descartes, Pierre Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It was also a period of development of culture in general (especially theater, music, visual arts and philosophy). Events 1601–1650 1601: In the Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system. 1601–1603: The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia. 1602: Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World (坤輿萬國全圖, Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries. 1602: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies. Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age. 1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. 1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of shōgun, establishing the Tokugawa shogunate. This begins the Edo period, which will last until 1868. 1603: In Nagasaki, the Portuguese Jesuit missionary João Rodrigues publishes Nippo Jisho, the first dictionary of Japanese to a European language (Portuguese) 1605: The King of Gowa, a Makassarese kingdom in South Sulawesi, converts to Islam. 1605-1627: The reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir after the death of emperor Akbar. 1606: The Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and Austria is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok—Austria abandons Transylvania. 1606: Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary. 1607: Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland. 1607: Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of Aceh (r. 1607–1637). He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western Malay Archipelago. 1610: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian–Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow. 1610: King Henry IV of France is assassinated by François Ravaillac. 1611: The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in Asia, established by the Dominican Order in Manila 1611: The first publication of the King James Bible. 1612: Cotswold Olympic Games, Robert Dover 1613: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov, which rules until 1917. 1613–1617: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Tatars dozens of times. 1613: The Dutch East India Company is forced to evacuate Gresik because of the Mataram siege of neighboring Surabaya. The VOC enters into negotiations with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in Jepara. 1614–1615: The Siege of Osaka (last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate) ends. 1616: The last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled. 1616: English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies. 1618: The Defenestration of Prague. 1618: The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48. 1618: The Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples the Ming dynasty. 1619: European slaving reaches America when the first Africans are brought to the present-day United States. 1619: Dutch East India Company, English East India Company, and Sultanate of Banten all fighting over port city of Jayakarta. VOC forces storm the city and withstand a months-long siege by the combined English, Bantenese, and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by Jan |
1766: Christian VII becomes king of Denmark. He was king of Denmark to 1808. 1766–1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars. 1767: Taksin expels Burmese invaders and reunites Thailand under an authoritarian regime. 1768–1772: War of the Bar Confederation. 1768–1774: Russo-Turkish War. 1769: Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California. 1769–1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia. 1769–1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one-third of the Bengal population. 1769: The French East India Company dissolves, only to be revived in 1785. 1769: French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant. (to 1772) 1770–1771: Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands. 1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow. 1771: The Kalmyk Khanate dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Qing Dzungaria. 1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch. 1772–1779: Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War. 1772–1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years. 1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history. 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China. 1775: Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine. 1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War. 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War. 1776: Several Kongsi Republics are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of Borneo. They are some of the first democracies in Asia. 1776–1777: A Spanish-Portuguese War occurs over land in the South American frontiers. 1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt. 1776: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. 1776: Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations. 1778: James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands. 1778: Franco-American alliance signed. 1778: Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administrated by the newly-established La Plata Viceroyalty. 1778: Vietnam is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the Tay Son brothers. 1779–1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic. 1779–1783: Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world to the combined Franco-Spanish navy. 1779: Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of Karim Khan Zand. 1780: Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru. 1781: The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers. 1781–1785: Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848). 1782: The Thonburi Kingdom of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup. 1783: The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War. 1783: Russian annexation of Crimea. 1785–1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia. 1785–1795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans. 1785–1787: The Maratha-Mysore War concludes with an exchange of territories in the Deccan. 1786–1787: Mozart premieres The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni 1787: The Tuareg occupies Timbuktu until the 19th century. 1787–1792: Russo-Turkish War. 1788: First Fleet arrives in Australia 1788–1790: Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790). 1788–1789: A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled Vietnamese king in northern Vietnam ends in disaster. 1789: George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797. 1789–1799: French Revolution. 1789: The Liège Revolution. 1789: The Brabant Revolution. 1789: The Inconfidência Mineira, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes 1791: Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. 1791–1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition. 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution. 1791 Mozart premieres The Magic Flute 1792–1802: The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars, which last from 1803–1815. 1792: The New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded. 1792: Polish–Russian War of 1792. 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery. 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the population. 1793–1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution. 1794–1816: The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, which were a series of incidents between settlers and New South Wales Corps and the Aboriginal Australian clans of the Hawkesbury river in Sydney, Australia. 1795: The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem. 1795: The Battle of Nuʻuanu in the final days of King Kamehameha I's wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands. 1795–1796: Iran invades and devastates Georgia, prompting Russia to intervene and march on Tehran. 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning monarchs. 1796: War of the First Coalition: The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander. 1796: The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon and South Africa. 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China. 1798: The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland. 1798–1800: The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France. 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved. 1799: Austro-Russian forces under Alexander Suvorov liberates much of Italy and Switzerland from French occupation. 1799: Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution. 1799: Death of the Qianlong Emperor after 60 years of rule over China. His favorite official, Heshen, is ordered to commit suicide. 1800: 1 January, The bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies are established. Inventions, discoveries, introductions 1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori 1711: Tuning fork was invented by John Shore 1712: Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen 1714: Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 1717: Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft c. 1730: Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America 1733: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay 1736: Europeans encountered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman 1741: Vitus Bering discovers Alaska 1745: Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor 1751: Jacques de Vaucanson perfects the first precision lathe 1752: Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin 1753: The first Clock to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by Benjamin Banneker. 1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple, Chengde, China. 1764: Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies 1761: The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison 1763: Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability 1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands 1774: Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen 1775: Joseph Priestley first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas" 1776: First improved steam engines installed by James Watt 1776: Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy 1777: Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller 1779: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz 1781: William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus 1784: Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin 1784: Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand 1785: Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright 1785: Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans 1786: Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle 1787: Jacques Charles discovers Charles's law 1789: Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry 1798: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination 1798: The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder 1799: Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon's troops Literary and philosophical achievements 1703: The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first performed 1704–1717: One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe. 1704: A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published 1712: The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope (publication of first version) 1719: Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe 1725: The New Science by Giambattista Vico 1726: Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift 1728: The Dunciad by Alexander Pope (publication of first version) 1744: A Little Pretty Pocket-Book becomes one of the first books marketed for children 1748: Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), popular Japanese puppet play, composed 1748: Clarissa by Samuel Richardson 1749: The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding 1751: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published 1751–1785: The French Encyclopédie 1755: A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson 1759: Candide by Voltaire 1759: The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith 1759–1767: Tristram Shandy | territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Qing Dzungaria. 1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch. 1772–1779: Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War. 1772–1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years. 1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history. 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China. 1775: Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine. 1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War. 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War. 1776: Several Kongsi Republics are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of Borneo. They are some of the first democracies in Asia. 1776–1777: A Spanish-Portuguese War occurs over land in the South American frontiers. 1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt. 1776: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. 1776: Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations. 1778: James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands. 1778: Franco-American alliance signed. 1778: Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administrated by the newly-established La Plata Viceroyalty. 1778: Vietnam is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the Tay Son brothers. 1779–1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic. 1779–1783: Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world to the combined Franco-Spanish navy. 1779: Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of Karim Khan Zand. 1780: Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru. 1781: The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers. 1781–1785: Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848). 1782: The Thonburi Kingdom of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup. 1783: The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War. 1783: Russian annexation of Crimea. 1785–1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia. 1785–1795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans. 1785–1787: The Maratha-Mysore War concludes with an exchange of territories in the Deccan. 1786–1787: Mozart premieres The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni 1787: The Tuareg occupies Timbuktu until the 19th century. 1787–1792: Russo-Turkish War. 1788: First Fleet arrives in Australia 1788–1790: Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790). 1788–1789: A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled Vietnamese king in northern Vietnam ends in disaster. 1789: George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797. 1789–1799: French Revolution. 1789: The Liège Revolution. 1789: The Brabant Revolution. 1789: The Inconfidência Mineira, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes 1791: Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. 1791–1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition. 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution. 1791 Mozart premieres The Magic Flute 1792–1802: The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars, which last from 1803–1815. 1792: The New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded. 1792: Polish–Russian War of 1792. 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery. 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the population. 1793–1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution. 1794–1816: The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, which were a series of incidents between settlers and New South Wales Corps and the Aboriginal Australian clans of the Hawkesbury river in Sydney, Australia. 1795: The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem. 1795: The Battle of Nuʻuanu in the final days of King Kamehameha I's wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands. 1795–1796: Iran invades and devastates Georgia, prompting Russia to intervene and march on Tehran. 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning monarchs. 1796: War of the First Coalition: The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander. 1796: The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon and South Africa. 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China. 1798: The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland. 1798–1800: The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France. 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved. 1799: Austro-Russian forces under Alexander Suvorov liberates much of Italy and Switzerland from French occupation. 1799: Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution. 1799: Death of the Qianlong Emperor after 60 years of rule over China. His favorite official, Heshen, is ordered to commit suicide. 1800: 1 January, The bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies are established. Inventions, discoveries, introductions 1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori 1711: Tuning fork was invented by John Shore 1712: Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen 1714: Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 1717: Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft c. 1730: Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America 1733: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay 1736: Europeans encountered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman 1741: Vitus Bering discovers Alaska 1745: Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor 1751: Jacques de Vaucanson perfects the first precision lathe 1752: Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin 1753: The first Clock to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by Benjamin Banneker. 1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple, Chengde, China. 1764: Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies 1761: The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison 1763: Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability 1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands 1774: Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen 1775: |
than the tiny ones found on 1940s models occurred during 1950–52. In 1954, RCA intro Bell Telephone Labs produced the first Solar battery. In 1954, a yard of contact paper could be purchased for only 59 cents. Polypropylene was invented in 1954. In 1955, Jonas Salk invented a polio vaccine which was given to more than seven million American students. In 1956, a solar powered wrist watch was invented. A surprise came in 1957: a satellite named Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviets. The space race began 4 months later as the United States launched a smaller satellite. Charles H. Townes builds the Maser in 1953 at the Columbia University. The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth on October 4, 1957. The United States conducts its first hydrogen bomb explosion test. The invention of the modern Solar cell. The first Passenger jets enter service. The U.S. uses Federal prisons, mental institutions and pharmacological testing volunteers to test drugs like LSD and chlorpromazine. Also started experimenting with the transorbital lobotomy. President Harry S. Truman inaugurated transcontinental television service on September 4, 1951, when he made a speech to the nation. AT&T carried his address from San Francisco and it was viewed from the west coast to the east coast at the same time. Science Francis Crick and James Watson discover the double-helix structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin contributed to the discovery of the double-helix structure. An immunization vaccine is produced for polio. The first successful ultrasound test of the heart activity. CERN is established. The world's first nuclear power plant is opened in Obninsk near Moscow. NASA is organized. The first human cervical cancer cells were cultured outside a body in 1951, from Henrietta Lacks. The cells are known as HeLa cells and are the first and most commonly used immortalised cell line. First transistor computer, built at the University of Manchester in November 1953. Popular culture Music Popular music in the early 1950s was essentially a continuation of the crooner sound of the previous decade, with less emphasis on the jazz-influenced big band style and more emphasis on a conservative, operatic, symphonic style of music. Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Frankie Laine, Patti Page, Judy Garland, Johnnie Ray, Kay Starr, Perry Como, Bing Crosby, Rosemary Clooney, Dean Martin, Georgia Gibbs, Eddie Fisher, Teresa Brewer, Dinah Shore, Kitty Kallen, Joni James, Peggy Lee, Julie London, Toni Arden, June Valli, Doris Day, Arthur Godfrey, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Guy Mitchell, Nat King Cole, and vocal groups like the Mills Brothers, The Ink Spots, The Four Lads, The Four Aces, The Chordettes, The Fontane Sisters, The Hilltoppers and the Ames Brothers. Jo Stafford's "You Belong To Me" was the #1 song of 1952 on the Billboard Top 100 chart. The middle of the decade saw a change in the popular music landscape as classic pop was swept off the charts by rock-and-roll. Crooners such as Eddie Fisher, Perry Como, and Patti Page, who had dominated the first half of the decade, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed by the decade's end. doo-wop entered the pop charts in the 1950s. Its popularity soon spawns the parody "Who Put the Bomp". Rock-n-roll emerged in the mid-1950s with Sam Cooke, Elvis Presley, Jackie Wilson, Gene Vincent, Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Little Richard, James Brown, Bo Diddley, Buddy Holly, Bobby Darin, Ritchie Valens, Duane Eddy, Eddie Cochran, Brenda Lee, Bobby Vee, Connie Francis, Johnny Mathis, Neil Sedaka, Pat Boone and Ricky Nelson being notable exponents. In the mid-1950s, Elvis Presley became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. Chuck Berry, with "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958), refined and developed the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, focusing on teen life and introducing guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music. Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Everly Brothers, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Conway Twitty, Johnny Horton, and Marty Robbins were Rockabilly musicians. Doo-wop was another popular genre at the time. Popular Doo Wop and Rock-n-Roll bands of the mid to late 1950s include The Platters, The Flamingos, The Dells, The Silhouettes, Frankie Lymon and The Teenagers, Little Anthony and The Imperials, Danny & the Juniors, The Coasters, The Drifters, The Del-Vikings and Dion and the Belmonts. The new music differed from previous styles in that it was primarily targeted at the teenager market, which became a distinct entity for the first time in the 1950s as growing prosperity meant that young people did not have to grow up as quickly or be expected to support a family. Rock-and-roll proved to be a difficult phenomenon for older Americans to accept and there were widespread accusations of it being a communist-orchestrated scheme to corrupt the youth, although rock and roll was extremely market based and capitalistic. Jazz stars in the 1950s who came into prominence in their genres called bebop, hard bop, cool jazz and the blues, at this time included Lester Young, Ben Webster, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, Charles Mingus, Art Tatum, Bill Evans, Ahmad Jamal, Oscar Peterson, Gil Evans, Jerry Mulligan, Cannonball Adderley, Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Art Blakey, Max Roach, the Miles Davis Quintet, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Ella Fitzgerald, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Nina Simone, and Billie Holiday. The American folk music revival became a phenomenon in the United States in the 1950s to mid-1960s with the initial success of The Weavers who popularized the genre. Their sound, and their broad repertoire of traditional folk material and topical songs inspired other groups such as the Kingston Trio, the Chad Mitchell Trio, The New Christy Minstrels, and the "collegiate folk" groups such as The Brothers Four, The Four Freshmen, The Four Preps, and The Highwaymen. All featured tight vocal harmonies and a repertoire at least initially rooted in folk music and topical songs. On 3 February 1959, a chartered plane transporting the three American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson goes down in foggy conditions near Clear Lake, Iowa, killing all four occupants on board, including pilot Roger Peterson. The tragedy is later termed "The Day the Music Died", popularized in Don McLean's 1972 song "American Pie". This event, combined with the conscription of Elvis Presley into the US Army, is often taken to mark the point where the era of 1950s rock-and-roll ended. Television The 1950s are known as The Golden Age of Television by some people. Sales of TV sets rose tremendously in the 1950s and by 1950 4.4 million families in America had a television set. Americans devoted most of their free time to watching television broadcasts. People spent so much time watching TV, that movie attendance dropped and so did the number of radio listeners. Television revolutionized the way Americans see themselves and the world around them. TV affects all aspects of American culture. "Television affects what we wear, the music we listen to, what we eat, and the news we receive." Film European cinema experienced a renaissance in the 1950s following the deprivations of World War II. Italian director Federico Fellini won the first foreign language film Academy Award with La Strada and garnered another Academy Award with Nights of Cabiria. In 1955, Swedish director Ingmar Bergman earned a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival with Smiles of a Summer Night and followed the film with masterpieces The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries. Jean Cocteau's Orphée, a film central to his Orphic Trilogy, starred Jean Marais and was released in 1950. French director Claude Chabrol's Le Beau Serge is now widely considered the first film of the French New Wave. Notable European film stars of the period include Brigitte Bardot, Sophia Loren, Marcello Mastroianni, Max von Sydow, and Jean-Paul Belmondo. Japanese cinema reached its zenith with films from director Akira Kurosawa including Rashomon, Ikiru, Seven Samurai, Throne of Blood, and The Hidden Fortress. Other distinguished Japanese directors of the period were Yasujirō Ozu and Kenji Mizoguchi. Russian fantasy director Aleksandr Ptushko's mythological epics Sadko, Ilya Muromets, and Sampo were internationally acclaimed as was Ballad of a Soldier, a 1959 Soviet film directed by Grigory Chukhray. In Hollywood, the epic Ben-Hur grabbed a record 11 Academy Awards in 1959 and its success gave a new lease of life to motion picture studio MGM. Beginning in 1953, with Shane and The Robe, widescreen motion pictures became the norm. The "Golden Era" of 3-D cinematography transpired during the 1950s. Animated films in the 1950s presented by Walt Disney included Alice in Wonderland, Cinderella, Peter Pan and Lady and the Tramp, followed by Sleeping Beauty. Art movements In the early 1950s Abstract expressionism and artists Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning were enormously influential. However, by the late 1950s Color Field painting and Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko's paintings became more in focus to the next generation. Pop art used the iconography of television, photography, comics, cinema and advertising. With its roots in dadaism, it started to take form towards the end of the 1950s when some European artists started to make the symbols and products of the world of advertising and propaganda the main subject of their artistic work. This return of figurative art, in opposition to the abstract expressionism that dominated the aesthetic scene since the end of World War II was dominated by Great Britain until the early 1960s when Andy Warhol, the most known artist of this movement began to show Pop Art in galleries in the United States. Fashion The 1950s saw the birth of the teenager and with it rock n roll and youth fashion dominating the fashion industry. In the UK the Teddy boy became both style icons and anti-authoritarian figures. While in America Greasers had a similar social position. Previously teenagers dressed similarly to their parents but now a rebellious and different youth style was being developed. This was particularly noticeable in the overtly sexual nature of their dress. Men wore tight trousers, leather jackets and emphasis was on slicked, greasy hair. New ideas meant new designers who had a concept of what was fashion. Fashion started gaining a voice and style when Christian Dior created “The New Look” collection. The 1950s was not only about spending on luxurious brands but also the idea of being comfortable was created. It was a time where resources were available and it was a new type of fashion. Designers were creating collections with different materials such as: taffeta, nylon, rayon, wool and leather that allowed different colors and patterns. People started wearing artificial fibers because it was easier to take care of and it was price effective. It was a time where shopping was part of a lifestyle. Different designers emerged or made a comeback on the 1950s because as mention before it was a time for fashion and ideas. The most important designers from the time were: Christian Dior: everything started in 1947 after World War II was over. Christian Dior found that there were a lot of resources in the market. He created the famous and inspirational collection named “The New Look.” This consisted on the idea of creating voluminous dresses that would not only represent wealth but also show power on women. This collection was the first collection to use 80 yards of fabric. He introduced the idea of the hourglass shape for women; wide shoulders, tight waistline and then voluminous full skirts. Dior was a revolutionary and he was the major influence for the next collections. He is known for always developing new ideas and designs, which led to a rapid expansion and becoming worldwide known. He had pressure to create innovative designs for each collection and Dior did manage to provide that to the consumers. He not only made the hourglass shape very famous but he also developed the H-line as well as the A and Y-Lines. Dior was a very important designer, he changed the way fashion was looked on the world but most importantly he reestablished Paris as a fashion capital. Cristobal Balenciaga: Cristobal Balenciaga a Spanish designer who opened his first couture house in 1915. In 1936, he went to Paris in order to avoid the Spanish Civil War, there he had inspiration for his fashion collections. His designs were an inspiration for emerging designers of the time. His legacy is as important as the one from Dior, revolutionaries. He was known for creating sack dresses, heavy volumes and balloon skirts. For him everything started when he worked for Marquesa de Casa Torre who became his patron and main source of inspiration. Marquesa de Casa Torre helped Balenciaga enter the world of couture. His first suit was very dramatic. The suit consisted on cutout and cut-ins the waist over a slim skirt, something not seen before. Balenciaga was a revolutionary designer who was not afraid to cut and let loose because he had everything under control. In the 1950s and 1960s his designs were well known for attention to color and texture. He was creating different silhouettes for women, in 1955 he created the tunic, 1957 the sack dress and 1958 the Empire styles. He was known for moving from tailored designs to shapeless allowing him to show portion and balance on the bodies. Showing that his designs evolved with time and maintained his ideologies. Coco Chanel: Her style was well known over the world and her idea of having functional luxurious clothing influenced other designers from the era. Chanel believed that luxurious should come from being comfortable that is why her designers were so unique and different from the time period, she also achieved her looks by adding accessories such as pearl necklaces. Chanel believed that even though Dior designs were revolutionary for the time period they did not managed to represent the women of the time. She believed women had to wear something to represent their survival to another war and their active roles in society. Coming back from a closed house of fashion was not easy for Chanel and competing against younger designers. The Chanel suit was known as a status symbol for wealthy and powerful women. Chanel influenced over the years and her brand is still one of the most influential brands for fashion. Sports Inaugural season of Formula One Olympics 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland 1952 Winter Olympics held in Oslo, Norway 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia 1956 Winter Olympics held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy FIFA World Cups 1950 World Cup hosted by Brazil, won by Uruguay 1954 World Cup hosted by Switzerland, won by West Germany 1958 World Cup hosted by Sweden, won by Brazil The 1958 World Cup is notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17-year-old Pelé. People Politics Aleksey Innokentevich Antonov, Chief of General Staff of the Unified Armed Forces Warsaw Treaty Organization Eugene R. Black, President World Bank William Sterling Cole, Director-general International Atomic Energy Agency Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Secretary-general Latin Union André François-Poncet, Chairman of the Standing Commission International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Louis Goffin, Secretary-general Western European Union Walter Hallstein, President of the European Commission Fritz Hess, Director Universal Postal Union Ivan Stepanovich Konev, Commander-in-chief of the Unified Armed Forces Warsaw Treaty Organization Henri St. Leger, Secretary-general International Organization for Standardization Robert C. Lonati, Secretary-general World Tourism Organization David A. Morse, Director-general International Labour Organization Arnold Duncan McNair, Baron McNair, President of the European Court of Human Rights Ove Nielsen, Secretary-general International Maritime Organization Maurice Pate, Executive Director United Nations Children's Fund Robert Schuman, President of the European Parliamentary Assembly Gustav Swoboda, Chief of the Secretariat World Meteorological Organization José Guillermo Trabanino Guerrero, Secretary-general Organization of Central American States Eric Wyndham White, Executive Secretary World Trade Organization Actors / Entertainers Abbott and Costello Julie Adams Eddie Albert Jack Albertson Steve Allen June Allyson Dev Anand Desi Arnaz James Arness Edward Arnold Fred Astaire Gene Autry Richard Attenborough Lauren Bacall Carroll Baker Lucille Ball Martin Balsam Anne Bancroft Brigitte Bardot Richard Basehart Anne Baxter Harry Belafonte Jean-Paul Belmondo Jack Benny Milton Berle Ingrid Bergman Charles Bickford Vivian Blaine Robert Blake Ann Blyth Richard Boone Stephen Boyd Ray Bolger Dirk Bogarde Humphrey Bogart Ernest Borgnine Marlon Brando Walter Brennan Lloyd Bridges Charles Bronson Mel Brooks Lenny Bruce Yul Brynner Edgar Buchanan Richard Burton George Burns Raymond Burr Sid Caesar James Cagney Rory Calhoun Claudia Cardinale Yvonne De Carlo Leslie Caron Art Carney John Carradine Diahann Carroll Johnny Carson John Cassavetes Jeff Chandler Carol Channing Cyd Charisse Lee Van Cleef Montgomery Clift Rosemary Clooney Lee J. Cobb Claudette Colbert Nat "King" Cole Joan Collins Sean Connery Gary Cooper William Conrad Joseph Cotten Jeanne Crain Joan Crawford Bing Crosby Tony Curtis Peter Cushing Robert Cummings Arlene Dahl Dorothy Dandridge Danielle Darrieux Linda Darnell Bette Davis Nancy Davis Sammy Davis Jr. Doris Day James Dean Ruby Dee Sandra Dee William Demarest Richard Denning Brandon deWilde Angie Dickinson Marlene Dietrich Troy Donahue Mamie Van Doren Diana Dors Bobby Driscoll Kirk Douglas Clint Eastwood Barbara Eden Anita Ekberg María Félix Mel Ferrer José Ferrer Peter Finch Barry Fitzgerald Rhonda Fleming Jo Van Fleet Errol Flynn Nina Foch Henry Fonda Joan Fontaine John Forsythe Glenn Ford Anne Francis William Frawley Annette Funicello Louis de Funès Clark Gable Eva Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor Ava Gardner James Garner Judy Garland Vittorio Gassman John Gielgud Jackie Gleason Paulette Goddard Betty Grable Gloria Grahame Cary Grant Farley Granger Stewart Granger Kathryn Grayson Lorne Greene John Gregson Virginia Grey Alec Guinness Edmund Gwenn Tony Hancock Julie Harris Rex Harrison Laurence Harvey Olivia de Havilland Sterling Hayden Helen Hayes Susan Hayward Rita Hayworth Van Heflin Audrey Hepburn Katharine Hepburn Charlton Heston William Holden Judy Holliday Stanley Holloway James Hong Dennis Hopper Bob Hope Rock Hudson Jeffrey Hunter Tab Hunter Burl Ives Pedro Infante John Ireland Anne Jeffreys Van Johnson Glynis Johns Carolyn Jones Jennifer Jones Shirley Jones Katy Jurado Boris Karloff Danny Kaye Howard Keel Brian Keith Gene Kelly Grace Kelly Deborah Kerr Eartha Kitt Jack Klugman Don Knotts Dilip Kumar Kishore Kumar Meena Kumari Alan Ladd Burt Lancaster Angela Lansbury Piper Laurie Peter Lawford Cloris Leachman Christopher Lee Ruta Lee Janet Leigh Jack Lemmon Jerry Lewis Norman Lloyd June Lockhart Gina Lollobrigida Julie London Sophia Loren Peter Lorre Jack Lord Ida Lupino Darren McGavin Gordon MacRae Fred MacMurray Shirley MacLaine Jayne Mansfield Karl Malden Dorothy Malone Jean Marais Fredric March Dean Martin Lee Marvin Groucho Marx Giulietta Masina James Mason Marcello Mastroianni Jerry Mathers Walter Matthau Victor Mature Virginia Mayo Joel McCrea Dorothy McGuire John McIntire Steve McQueen Audrey Meadows Jayne Meadows Ralph Meeker Adolphe Menjou Burgess Meredith Toshiro Mifune Ray Milland John Mills Vera Miles Sal Mineo Carmen Miranda Cameron Mitchel Robert Mitchum Marilyn Monroe Yves Montand Ricardo Montalbán Agnes Moorehead Elizabeth Montgomery Roger Moore Jeanne Moreau Rita Moreno Harry Morgan Vic Morrow Audie Murphy Don Murray Patricia Neal Jorge Negrete Ricky Nelson Paul Newman Barbara Nichols Leslie Nielsen David Niven Kim Novak Edmond O'Brien Donald O'Connor Maureen O'Hara Maureen O'Sullivan Laurence Olivier Geraldine Page Janis Paige Eleanor Parker Jack Palance Gregory Peck George Peppard Anthony Perkins Jean Peters Donald Pleasence Christopher Plummer Sidney Poitier Dick Powell Jane Powell Tyrone Power Elvis Presley Robert Preston Vincent Price Jon Provost Anthony Quinn Tony Randall Ronald Reagan Donna Reed George Reeves Steve Reeves Carl Reiner Tommy Rettig Debbie Reynolds Thelma Ritter Jason Robards Cliff Robertson Edward G. Robinson Ginger Rogers Roy Rogers Cesar Romero Mickey Rooney Barbara Rush Jane Russell Rosalind Russell Eva Marie Saint George Sanders John Saxon Maximilian Schell Romy Schneider Gordon Scott Lizabeth Scott Randolph Scott Peter Sellers Omar Sharif Dinah Shore Takashi Shimura Vittorio De Sica Simone Signoret Jean Simmons Frank Sinatra Red Skelton Ann Sothern Alberto Sordi Robert Stack Kim Stanley Barbara Stanwyck Rod Steiger Jan Sterling James Stewart Dean Stockwell Lewis Stone Woody Strode Barry Sullivan Ed Sullivan Max von Sydow Lyle Talbot Russ Tamblyn Elizabeth Taylor Robert Taylor Rod Taylor Gene Tierney Spencer Tracy Lana Turner Vivian Vance Robert Wagner Eli Wallach John Wayne Jack Webb Orson Welles Betty White Stuart Whitman James Whitmore Richard Widmark Esther Williams Marie Windsor Shelley Winters Natalie Wood Joanne Woodward Teresa Wright Jane Wyman Keenan Wynn Loretta Young Robert Young Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Filmmakers Michelangelo Antonioni Mario Bava Ingmar Bergman Luis Buñuel Jean Cocteau Luigi Comencini Charles Crichton George Cukor Michael Curtiz Jean Delannoy Walt Disney Stanley Donen Blake Edwards Federico Fellini Richard Fleischer John Frankenheimer John Ford Lucio Fulci Pietro Germi Jean-Luc Godard Henry Hathaway Howard Hawks Alfred Hitchcock Howard Hughes John Huston Elia Kazan Keisuke Kinoshita Stanley Kubrick Akira Kurosawa Fritz Lang David Lean Anthony Mann Joseph L. Mankiewicz Jean-Pierre Melville Kenji Mizoguchi Mario Monicelli Yasujirō Ozu Otto Preminger Nicholas Ray Dino Risi Jacques Rivette Roberto Rossellini Vittorio De Sica Don Siegel J. Lee Thompson Andrzej Wajda Orson Welles Billy Wilder Robert Wise William Wyler Musicians Black Ace Buddy Ace Johnny Ace Arthur Alexander Lee Allen Gene Allison Marian Anderson Pink Anderson Paul Anka Louis Armstrong Eddy Arnold Chet Atkins Gene Autry Frankie Avalon Charles Aznavour LaVern Baker Pearl Bailey Hank Ballard Bobby Bare Count Basie Sidney Bechet Harry Belafonte Jesse Belvin Tex Beneke Boyd Bennett Tony Bennett Chuck Berry Richard Berry Bill Black Otis Blackwell Scrapper Blackwell Blind Blake Art Blakey Bobby Bland Johnny Bond Pat Boone The Big Bopper Jimmy Bowen Calvin Boze Jackie Brenston Teresa Brewer Big Bill Broonzy Charles Brown Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown James Brown Nappy Brown Roy Brown Ruth Brown Tommy Brown Dave Brubeck Jimmy Bryant Sonny Burgess Solomon Burke Johnny Burnette James Burton Sam Butera Erskine Butterfield Maria Callas Cab Calloway Glen Campbell Martha Carson Goree Carter Johnny Cash Bobby Charles Ray Charles Boozoo Chavis Chubby Checker Clifton Chenier June Christy Eugene Church Dee Clark Petula Clark Joe Clay Jack Clement Patsy Cline Rosemary Clooney Eddie Cochran Nat "King" Cole John Coltrane Perry Como James Cotton Floyd Council Pee Wee Crayton Bing Crosby Bob Crosby Gary Crosby Arthur Crudup Mac Curtis Dick Dale Dick Dale (singer) Dalida Bobby Darin Hal David Jimmie Davis Miles Davis Sammy Davis, Jr. Bobby Day Doris Day Bo Diddley Willie Dixon Carl Dobkins, Jr. Bill Doggett Fats Domino Lonnie Donegan Jimmy Dorsey Lee Dorsey Tommy Dorsey K. C. Douglas Rusty Draper Champion Jack Dupree Jimmy Durante Leroy Van Dyke Jack Earls Duke Ellington Billy "The Kid" Emerson Werly Fairburn Charlie Feathers H-Bomb Ferguson Eddie Fisher Sonny Fisher Toni Fisher Ella Fitzgerald Mary Ford Tennessee Ernie Ford Helen Forrest Connie Francis Alan Freed Ernie Freeman Frank Frost Johnny Fuller Billy Fury Earl Gaines Hank Garland Judy Garland Clarence Garlow Georgia Gibbs Dizzy Gillespie Dick Glasser Arthur Godfrey Benny Goodman Roscoe Gordon Eydie Gormé Charlie Gracie Gogi Grant Jack Guthrie Roy Hamilton Lionel Hampton Pat Hare Slim Harpo Homer Harris Peppermint Harris Wynonie Harris Hawkshaw Hawkins Screamin' Jay Hawkins Al Hibbler Chuck Higgins Earl Hines Silas Hogan Smokey Hogg Ron Holden Billie Holiday Buddy Holly John Lee Hooker Lightnin' Hopkins Lena Horne Johnny Horton David Houston Joe Houston Ivory Joe Hunter Tab Hunter Burl Ives Bull Moose Jackson Mahalia Jackson Elmore James Etta James Harry James Homesick James Joni James Sonny James Waylon Jennings Kris Jensen Dr. John Little Willie John Hank Jones Jimmy Jones Louis Jordan Don Julian Kitty Kallen Chris Kenner Anita Kerr Albert King B.B. King Ben E. King Earl King Freddie King Pee Wee King Saunders King Eartha Kitt Christine Kittrell Baker Knight Sonny Knight Buddy Knox Gene Krupa Frankie Laine Major Lance Mario Lanza Ellis Larkins Brenda Lee Dickie Lee Peggy Lee Lazy Lester Jerry Lee Lewis Smiley Lewis Little Willie Littlefield Julie London Joe Hill Louis Willie Love Robin Luke Frankie Lymon Loretta Lynn Carl Mann Dean Martin Grady Martin Janis Martin Johnny Mathis Jimmy McCracklin Skeets McDonald Big Jay McNeely Clyde McPhatter Max Merritt Big Maceo Merriweather Amos Milburn Chuck Miller Mitch Miller Ned Miller Roy Milton Garnet Mimms Charles Mingus Carmen Miranda Bobby Mitchell Guy Mitchell Thelonious Monk Bill Monroe Vaughn Monroe Wes Montgomery Benny Moré Moon Mullican Rose Murphy Jimmy Nelson Ricky Nelson Sandy Nelson Robert Nighthawk Willie Nix Jimmy Nolen Nervous Norvus Donald O'Conner St. Louis Jimmy Oden Odetta Gene O'Quin Roy Orbison Johnny Otis Patti Page Charlie Parker Junior Parker Dolly Parton Les Paul Art Pepper Carl Perkins Oscar Peterson Phil Phillips Sam Phillips Édith Piaf Webb | opened in Obninsk near Moscow. NASA is organized. The first human cervical cancer cells were cultured outside a body in 1951, from Henrietta Lacks. The cells are known as HeLa cells and are the first and most commonly used immortalised cell line. First transistor computer, built at the University of Manchester in November 1953. Popular culture Music Popular music in the early 1950s was essentially a continuation of the crooner sound of the previous decade, with less emphasis on the jazz-influenced big band style and more emphasis on a conservative, operatic, symphonic style of music. Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Frankie Laine, Patti Page, Judy Garland, Johnnie Ray, Kay Starr, Perry Como, Bing Crosby, Rosemary Clooney, Dean Martin, Georgia Gibbs, Eddie Fisher, Teresa Brewer, Dinah Shore, Kitty Kallen, Joni James, Peggy Lee, Julie London, Toni Arden, June Valli, Doris Day, Arthur Godfrey, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Guy Mitchell, Nat King Cole, and vocal groups like the Mills Brothers, The Ink Spots, The Four Lads, The Four Aces, The Chordettes, The Fontane Sisters, The Hilltoppers and the Ames Brothers. Jo Stafford's "You Belong To Me" was the #1 song of 1952 on the Billboard Top 100 chart. The middle of the decade saw a change in the popular music landscape as classic pop was swept off the charts by rock-and-roll. Crooners such as Eddie Fisher, Perry Como, and Patti Page, who had dominated the first half of the decade, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed by the decade's end. doo-wop entered the pop charts in the 1950s. Its popularity soon spawns the parody "Who Put the Bomp". Rock-n-roll emerged in the mid-1950s with Sam Cooke, Elvis Presley, Jackie Wilson, Gene Vincent, Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Little Richard, James Brown, Bo Diddley, Buddy Holly, Bobby Darin, Ritchie Valens, Duane Eddy, Eddie Cochran, Brenda Lee, Bobby Vee, Connie Francis, Johnny Mathis, Neil Sedaka, Pat Boone and Ricky Nelson being notable exponents. In the mid-1950s, Elvis Presley became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. Chuck Berry, with "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958), refined and developed the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, focusing on teen life and introducing guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music. Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Everly Brothers, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Conway Twitty, Johnny Horton, and Marty Robbins were Rockabilly musicians. Doo-wop was another popular genre at the time. Popular Doo Wop and Rock-n-Roll bands of the mid to late 1950s include The Platters, The Flamingos, The Dells, The Silhouettes, Frankie Lymon and The Teenagers, Little Anthony and The Imperials, Danny & the Juniors, The Coasters, The Drifters, The Del-Vikings and Dion and the Belmonts. The new music differed from previous styles in that it was primarily targeted at the teenager market, which became a distinct entity for the first time in the 1950s as growing prosperity meant that young people did not have to grow up as quickly or be expected to support a family. Rock-and-roll proved to be a difficult phenomenon for older Americans to accept and there were widespread accusations of it being a communist-orchestrated scheme to corrupt the youth, although rock and roll was extremely market based and capitalistic. Jazz stars in the 1950s who came into prominence in their genres called bebop, hard bop, cool jazz and the blues, at this time included Lester Young, Ben Webster, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, Charles Mingus, Art Tatum, Bill Evans, Ahmad Jamal, Oscar Peterson, Gil Evans, Jerry Mulligan, Cannonball Adderley, Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Art Blakey, Max Roach, the Miles Davis Quintet, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Ella Fitzgerald, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Nina Simone, and Billie Holiday. The American folk music revival became a phenomenon in the United States in the 1950s to mid-1960s with the initial success of The Weavers who popularized the genre. Their sound, and their broad repertoire of traditional folk material and topical songs inspired other groups such as the Kingston Trio, the Chad Mitchell Trio, The New Christy Minstrels, and the "collegiate folk" groups such as The Brothers Four, The Four Freshmen, The Four Preps, and The Highwaymen. All featured tight vocal harmonies and a repertoire at least initially rooted in folk music and topical songs. On 3 February 1959, a chartered plane transporting the three American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson goes down in foggy conditions near Clear Lake, Iowa, killing all four occupants on board, including pilot Roger Peterson. The tragedy is later termed "The Day the Music Died", popularized in Don McLean's 1972 song "American Pie". This event, combined with the conscription of Elvis Presley into the US Army, is often taken to mark the point where the era of 1950s rock-and-roll ended. Television The 1950s are known as The Golden Age of Television by some people. Sales of TV sets rose tremendously in the 1950s and by 1950 4.4 million families in America had a television set. Americans devoted most of their free time to watching television broadcasts. People spent so much time watching TV, that movie attendance dropped and so did the number of radio listeners. Television revolutionized the way Americans see themselves and the world around them. TV affects all aspects of American culture. "Television affects what we wear, the music we listen to, what we eat, and the news we receive." Film European cinema experienced a renaissance in the 1950s following the deprivations of World War II. Italian director Federico Fellini won the first foreign language film Academy Award with La Strada and garnered another Academy Award with Nights of Cabiria. In 1955, Swedish director Ingmar Bergman earned a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival with Smiles of a Summer Night and followed the film with masterpieces The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries. Jean Cocteau's Orphée, a film central to his Orphic Trilogy, starred Jean Marais and was released in 1950. French director Claude Chabrol's Le Beau Serge is now widely considered the first film of the French New Wave. Notable European film stars of the period include Brigitte Bardot, Sophia Loren, Marcello Mastroianni, Max von Sydow, and Jean-Paul Belmondo. Japanese cinema reached its zenith with films from director Akira Kurosawa including Rashomon, Ikiru, Seven Samurai, Throne of Blood, and The Hidden Fortress. Other distinguished Japanese directors of the period were Yasujirō Ozu and Kenji Mizoguchi. Russian fantasy director Aleksandr Ptushko's mythological epics Sadko, Ilya Muromets, and Sampo were internationally acclaimed as was Ballad of a Soldier, a 1959 Soviet film directed by Grigory Chukhray. In Hollywood, the epic Ben-Hur grabbed a record 11 Academy Awards in 1959 and its success gave a new lease of life to motion picture studio MGM. Beginning in 1953, with Shane and The Robe, widescreen motion pictures became the norm. The "Golden Era" of 3-D cinematography transpired during the 1950s. Animated films in the 1950s presented by Walt Disney included Alice in Wonderland, Cinderella, Peter Pan and Lady and the Tramp, followed by Sleeping Beauty. Art movements In the early 1950s Abstract expressionism and artists Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning were enormously influential. However, by the late 1950s Color Field painting and Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko's paintings became more in focus to the next generation. Pop art used the iconography of television, photography, comics, cinema and advertising. With its roots in dadaism, it started to take form towards the end of the 1950s when some European artists started to make the symbols and products of the world of advertising and propaganda the main subject of their artistic work. This return of figurative art, in opposition to the abstract expressionism that dominated the aesthetic scene since the end of World War II was dominated by Great Britain until the early 1960s when Andy Warhol, the most known artist of this movement began to show Pop Art in galleries in the United States. Fashion The 1950s saw the birth of the teenager and with it rock n roll and youth fashion dominating the fashion industry. In the UK the Teddy boy became both style icons and anti-authoritarian figures. While in America Greasers had a similar social position. Previously teenagers dressed similarly to their parents but now a rebellious and different youth style was being developed. This was particularly noticeable in the overtly sexual nature of their dress. Men wore tight trousers, leather jackets and emphasis was on slicked, greasy hair. New ideas meant new designers who had a concept of what was fashion. Fashion started gaining a voice and style when Christian Dior created “The New Look” collection. The 1950s was not only about spending on luxurious brands but also the idea of being comfortable was created. It was a time where resources were available and it was a new type of fashion. Designers were creating collections with different materials such as: taffeta, nylon, rayon, wool and leather that allowed different colors and patterns. People started wearing artificial fibers because it was easier to take care of and it was price effective. It was a time where shopping was part of a lifestyle. Different designers emerged or made a comeback on the 1950s because as mention before it was a time for fashion and ideas. The most important designers from the time were: Christian Dior: everything started in 1947 after World War II was over. Christian Dior found that there were a lot of resources in the market. He created the famous and inspirational collection named “The New Look.” This consisted on the idea of creating voluminous dresses that would not only represent wealth but also show power on women. This collection was the first collection to use 80 yards of fabric. He introduced the idea of the hourglass shape for women; wide shoulders, tight waistline and then voluminous full skirts. Dior was a revolutionary and he was the major influence for the next collections. He is known for always developing new ideas and designs, which led to a rapid expansion and becoming worldwide known. He had pressure to create innovative designs for each collection and Dior did manage to provide that to the consumers. He not only made the hourglass shape very famous but he also developed the H-line as well as the A and Y-Lines. Dior was a very important designer, he changed the way fashion was looked on the world but most importantly he reestablished Paris as a fashion capital. Cristobal Balenciaga: Cristobal Balenciaga a Spanish designer who opened his first couture house in 1915. In 1936, he went to Paris in order to avoid the Spanish Civil War, there he had inspiration for his fashion collections. His designs were an inspiration for emerging designers of the time. His legacy is as important as the one from Dior, revolutionaries. He was known for creating sack dresses, heavy volumes and balloon skirts. For him everything started when he worked for Marquesa de Casa Torre who became his patron and main source of inspiration. Marquesa de Casa Torre helped Balenciaga enter the world of couture. His first suit was very dramatic. The suit consisted on cutout and cut-ins the waist over a slim skirt, something not seen before. Balenciaga was a revolutionary designer who was not afraid to cut and let loose because he had everything under control. In the 1950s and 1960s his designs were well known for attention to color and texture. He was creating different silhouettes for women, in 1955 he created the tunic, 1957 the sack dress and 1958 the Empire styles. He was known for moving from tailored designs to shapeless allowing him to show portion and balance on the bodies. Showing that his designs evolved with time and maintained his ideologies. Coco Chanel: Her style was well known over the world and her idea of having functional luxurious clothing influenced other designers from the era. Chanel believed that luxurious should come from being comfortable that is why her designers were so unique and different from the time period, she also achieved her looks by adding accessories such as pearl necklaces. Chanel believed that even though Dior designs were revolutionary for the time period they did not managed to represent the women of the time. She believed women had to wear something to represent their survival to another war and their active roles in society. Coming back from a closed house of fashion was not easy for Chanel and competing against younger designers. The Chanel suit was known as a status symbol for wealthy and powerful women. Chanel influenced over the years and her brand is still one of the most influential brands for fashion. Sports Inaugural season of Formula One Olympics 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland 1952 Winter Olympics held in Oslo, Norway 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia 1956 Winter Olympics held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy FIFA World Cups 1950 World Cup hosted by Brazil, won by Uruguay 1954 World Cup hosted by Switzerland, won by West Germany 1958 World Cup hosted by Sweden, won by Brazil The 1958 World Cup is notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17-year-old Pelé. People Politics Aleksey Innokentevich Antonov, Chief of General Staff of the Unified Armed Forces Warsaw Treaty Organization Eugene R. Black, President World Bank William Sterling Cole, Director-general International Atomic Energy Agency Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Secretary-general Latin Union André François-Poncet, Chairman of the Standing Commission International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Louis Goffin, Secretary-general Western European Union Walter Hallstein, President of the European Commission Fritz Hess, Director Universal Postal Union Ivan Stepanovich Konev, Commander-in-chief of the Unified Armed Forces Warsaw Treaty Organization Henri St. Leger, Secretary-general International Organization for Standardization Robert C. Lonati, Secretary-general World Tourism Organization David A. Morse, Director-general International Labour Organization Arnold Duncan McNair, Baron McNair, President of the European Court of Human Rights Ove Nielsen, Secretary-general International Maritime Organization Maurice Pate, Executive Director United Nations Children's Fund Robert Schuman, President of the European Parliamentary Assembly Gustav Swoboda, Chief of the Secretariat World Meteorological Organization José Guillermo Trabanino Guerrero, Secretary-general Organization of Central American States Eric Wyndham White, Executive Secretary World Trade Organization Actors / Entertainers Abbott and Costello Julie Adams Eddie Albert Jack Albertson Steve Allen June Allyson Dev Anand Desi Arnaz James Arness Edward Arnold Fred Astaire Gene Autry Richard Attenborough Lauren Bacall Carroll Baker Lucille Ball Martin Balsam Anne Bancroft Brigitte Bardot Richard Basehart Anne Baxter Harry Belafonte Jean-Paul Belmondo Jack Benny Milton Berle Ingrid Bergman Charles Bickford Vivian Blaine Robert Blake Ann Blyth Richard Boone Stephen Boyd Ray Bolger Dirk Bogarde Humphrey Bogart Ernest Borgnine Marlon Brando Walter Brennan Lloyd Bridges Charles Bronson Mel Brooks Lenny Bruce Yul Brynner Edgar Buchanan Richard Burton George Burns Raymond Burr Sid Caesar James Cagney Rory Calhoun Claudia Cardinale Yvonne De Carlo Leslie Caron Art Carney John Carradine Diahann Carroll Johnny Carson John Cassavetes Jeff Chandler Carol Channing Cyd Charisse Lee Van Cleef Montgomery Clift Rosemary Clooney Lee J. Cobb Claudette Colbert Nat "King" Cole Joan Collins Sean Connery Gary Cooper William Conrad Joseph Cotten Jeanne Crain Joan Crawford Bing Crosby Tony Curtis Peter Cushing Robert Cummings Arlene Dahl Dorothy Dandridge Danielle Darrieux Linda Darnell Bette Davis Nancy Davis Sammy Davis Jr. Doris Day James Dean Ruby Dee Sandra Dee William Demarest Richard Denning Brandon deWilde Angie Dickinson Marlene Dietrich Troy Donahue Mamie Van Doren Diana Dors Bobby Driscoll Kirk Douglas Clint Eastwood Barbara Eden Anita Ekberg María Félix Mel Ferrer José Ferrer Peter Finch Barry Fitzgerald Rhonda Fleming Jo Van Fleet Errol Flynn Nina Foch Henry Fonda Joan Fontaine John Forsythe Glenn Ford Anne Francis William Frawley Annette Funicello Louis de Funès Clark Gable Eva Gabor Zsa Zsa Gabor Ava Gardner James Garner Judy Garland Vittorio Gassman John Gielgud Jackie Gleason Paulette Goddard Betty Grable Gloria Grahame Cary Grant Farley Granger Stewart Granger Kathryn Grayson Lorne Greene John Gregson Virginia Grey Alec Guinness Edmund Gwenn Tony Hancock Julie Harris Rex Harrison Laurence Harvey Olivia de Havilland Sterling Hayden Helen Hayes Susan Hayward Rita Hayworth Van Heflin Audrey Hepburn Katharine Hepburn Charlton Heston William Holden Judy Holliday Stanley Holloway James Hong Dennis Hopper Bob Hope Rock Hudson Jeffrey Hunter Tab Hunter Burl Ives Pedro Infante John Ireland Anne Jeffreys Van Johnson Glynis Johns Carolyn Jones Jennifer Jones Shirley Jones Katy Jurado Boris Karloff Danny Kaye Howard Keel Brian Keith Gene Kelly Grace Kelly Deborah Kerr Eartha Kitt Jack Klugman Don Knotts Dilip Kumar Kishore Kumar Meena Kumari Alan Ladd Burt Lancaster Angela Lansbury Piper Laurie Peter Lawford Cloris Leachman Christopher Lee Ruta Lee Janet Leigh Jack Lemmon Jerry Lewis Norman Lloyd June Lockhart Gina Lollobrigida Julie London Sophia Loren Peter Lorre Jack Lord Ida Lupino Darren McGavin Gordon MacRae Fred MacMurray Shirley MacLaine Jayne Mansfield Karl Malden Dorothy Malone Jean Marais Fredric March Dean Martin Lee Marvin Groucho Marx Giulietta Masina James Mason Marcello Mastroianni Jerry Mathers Walter Matthau Victor Mature Virginia Mayo Joel McCrea Dorothy McGuire John McIntire Steve McQueen Audrey Meadows Jayne Meadows Ralph Meeker Adolphe Menjou Burgess Meredith Toshiro Mifune Ray Milland John Mills Vera Miles Sal Mineo Carmen Miranda Cameron Mitchel Robert Mitchum Marilyn Monroe Yves Montand Ricardo Montalbán Agnes Moorehead Elizabeth Montgomery Roger Moore Jeanne Moreau Rita Moreno Harry Morgan Vic Morrow Audie Murphy Don Murray Patricia Neal Jorge Negrete Ricky Nelson Paul Newman Barbara Nichols Leslie Nielsen David Niven Kim Novak Edmond O'Brien Donald O'Connor Maureen O'Hara Maureen O'Sullivan Laurence Olivier Geraldine Page Janis Paige Eleanor Parker Jack Palance Gregory Peck George Peppard Anthony Perkins Jean Peters Donald Pleasence Christopher Plummer Sidney Poitier Dick Powell Jane Powell Tyrone Power Elvis Presley Robert Preston Vincent Price Jon Provost Anthony Quinn Tony Randall Ronald Reagan Donna Reed George Reeves Steve Reeves Carl Reiner Tommy Rettig Debbie Reynolds Thelma Ritter Jason Robards Cliff Robertson Edward G. Robinson Ginger Rogers Roy Rogers Cesar Romero Mickey Rooney Barbara Rush Jane Russell Rosalind Russell Eva Marie Saint George Sanders John Saxon Maximilian Schell Romy Schneider Gordon Scott Lizabeth Scott Randolph Scott Peter Sellers Omar Sharif Dinah Shore Takashi Shimura Vittorio De Sica Simone Signoret Jean Simmons Frank Sinatra Red Skelton Ann Sothern Alberto Sordi Robert Stack Kim Stanley Barbara Stanwyck Rod Steiger Jan Sterling James Stewart Dean Stockwell Lewis Stone Woody Strode Barry Sullivan Ed Sullivan Max von Sydow Lyle Talbot Russ Tamblyn Elizabeth Taylor Robert Taylor Rod Taylor Gene Tierney Spencer Tracy Lana Turner Vivian Vance Robert Wagner Eli Wallach John Wayne Jack Webb Orson Welles Betty White Stuart Whitman James Whitmore Richard Widmark Esther Williams Marie Windsor Shelley Winters Natalie Wood Joanne Woodward Teresa Wright Jane Wyman Keenan Wynn Loretta Young Robert Young Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Filmmakers Michelangelo Antonioni Mario Bava Ingmar Bergman Luis Buñuel Jean Cocteau Luigi Comencini Charles Crichton George Cukor Michael Curtiz Jean Delannoy Walt Disney Stanley Donen Blake Edwards Federico Fellini Richard Fleischer John Frankenheimer John Ford Lucio Fulci Pietro Germi Jean-Luc Godard Henry Hathaway Howard Hawks Alfred Hitchcock Howard Hughes John Huston Elia Kazan Keisuke Kinoshita Stanley Kubrick Akira Kurosawa Fritz Lang David Lean Anthony Mann Joseph L. Mankiewicz Jean-Pierre Melville Kenji Mizoguchi Mario Monicelli Yasujirō Ozu Otto Preminger Nicholas Ray Dino Risi Jacques Rivette Roberto Rossellini Vittorio De Sica Don Siegel J. Lee Thompson Andrzej Wajda Orson Welles Billy Wilder Robert Wise William Wyler Musicians Black Ace Buddy Ace Johnny Ace Arthur Alexander Lee Allen Gene Allison Marian Anderson Pink Anderson Paul Anka Louis Armstrong Eddy Arnold Chet Atkins Gene Autry Frankie Avalon Charles Aznavour LaVern Baker Pearl Bailey Hank Ballard Bobby Bare Count Basie Sidney Bechet Harry Belafonte Jesse Belvin Tex Beneke Boyd Bennett Tony Bennett Chuck Berry Richard Berry Bill Black Otis Blackwell Scrapper Blackwell Blind Blake Art Blakey Bobby Bland Johnny Bond Pat Boone The Big Bopper Jimmy Bowen Calvin Boze Jackie Brenston Teresa Brewer Big Bill Broonzy Charles Brown Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown James Brown Nappy Brown Roy Brown Ruth Brown Tommy Brown Dave Brubeck Jimmy Bryant Sonny Burgess Solomon Burke Johnny Burnette James Burton Sam Butera Erskine Butterfield Maria Callas Cab Calloway Glen Campbell Martha Carson Goree Carter Johnny Cash Bobby Charles Ray Charles Boozoo Chavis Chubby Checker Clifton Chenier June Christy Eugene Church Dee Clark Petula Clark Joe Clay Jack Clement Patsy Cline Rosemary Clooney Eddie Cochran Nat "King" Cole John Coltrane Perry Como James Cotton Floyd Council Pee Wee Crayton Bing Crosby Bob Crosby Gary Crosby Arthur Crudup Mac Curtis Dick Dale Dick Dale (singer) Dalida Bobby Darin Hal David Jimmie Davis Miles Davis Sammy Davis, Jr. Bobby Day Doris Day Bo Diddley Willie Dixon Carl Dobkins, Jr. Bill Doggett Fats Domino Lonnie Donegan Jimmy Dorsey Lee Dorsey Tommy Dorsey K. C. Douglas Rusty Draper Champion Jack Dupree Jimmy Durante Leroy Van Dyke Jack Earls Duke Ellington Billy "The Kid" Emerson Werly Fairburn Charlie Feathers H-Bomb Ferguson Eddie Fisher Sonny Fisher Toni Fisher Ella Fitzgerald |
in 1877 Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan Anglo-Zulu War (11 January – 5 July 1879) War of the Pacific (1879–1884), fought over resource-rich territory along the Pacific coast between Chile and an alliance of Bolivia and Peru Colonization, decolonization, and independence The British Empire continued to grow, with the 1870s marking the beginning of the New Imperialism. Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire. The Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains. Passive resistance was used to prevent the confiscation of Māori land at Parihaka in New Zealand. Political and social events The German Empire and Alliance System emerged. Racial and economic politics at the height of America's Reconstruction Era were bitter, pessimistic, and sometimes violent. The Gilded Age began in 1877, lasting until 1896. The First Spanish Republic rises and promptly ends (1873–1874). The first Ottoman Constitution is promulgated in 1876, starting the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878). Contested US presidential election of 1876 Science and technology The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. The 6.35mm headphone jack was invented in 1878 and is still widely used today. The first version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. The steam drill is invented in 1879. Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy. 1873 Weltausstellung in Vienna, 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and 1878 Exposition universelle in Paris. Environment Atlas bear became extinct. Yellowstone National Park was established. Popular culture Literature and arts Jules Verne (France) publishes Around The World in Eighty Days Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other | Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire Third Anglo-Ashanti War, also known as the "First Ashanti Expedition" (1873–1874), ended with the destruction of the royal palace at Kumasi and the signing of the Treaty of Fomena, which secured British trading rights in the area The Third Carlist War (1872–1876), the last of the Carlist Wars in Spain Ethiopian–Egyptian War (1874–1876), a resource conflict over access to the Nile River basin between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt, resulting in an Ethiopian victory Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), resulted in Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro becoming completely independent from the Ottoman Empire, while Bulgaria became autonomous In the United States, post-Civil War Reconstruction continued until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877 Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan Anglo-Zulu War (11 January – 5 July 1879) War of the Pacific (1879–1884), fought over resource-rich territory along the Pacific coast between Chile and an alliance of Bolivia and Peru Colonization, decolonization, and independence The British Empire continued to grow, with the 1870s marking the beginning of the New Imperialism. Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire. The Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains. Passive resistance was used to prevent the confiscation of Māori land at Parihaka in New Zealand. Political and social events The German Empire and Alliance System emerged. Racial and economic politics at the height of America's Reconstruction Era were bitter, pessimistic, and sometimes violent. The Gilded Age began in 1877, lasting until 1896. The First Spanish Republic rises and promptly ends |
in the U.S.; 3,145 die, and 21,269 are left with mild to disabling paralysis. The Nordic Council agrees to the unrestricted transport of people, goods and services throughout the Nordic Countries. The National Prohibition Foundation is incorporated in Indiana. Supramar launched the first commercial high-speed craft, a hydrofoil. Säynätsalo Town Hall in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto, is completed. The influential multistory residential building, Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, France, designed by Le Corbusier, is completed. The American Embassy School of New Delhi is founded. Swedish paratrooper training school Fallskärmsjägarna (FJS) is established. 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd's record of I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus is released, selling 3 million records. Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the professional wrestling promotion that will later evolve into the modern day WWE, is founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt. During the Mau Mau Uprising, the poisonous latex of the African milk bush is used to kill cattle, in an incident of Biological warfare. Births January January 1 Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar Jury Zacharanka, Belarusian politician January 2 Makoto Nakajima, Japanese bureaucrat, Commissioner of the Japan Patent Office Ng Man-tat, Hong Kong actor Elvira Saadi, Soviet gymnast January 3 – Jim Ross, American wrestling announcer January 7 – Sammo Hung, Hong Kong martial arts superstar, producer and director January 9 – Marek Belka, 11th Prime Minister of Poland January 12 Charles Faulkner, American life coach, motivational speaker, trader and author Walter Mosley, American author January 14 Maureen Dowd, American journalist Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, 60th Prime Minister of Romania January 15 – Boris Blank, Swiss musician January 15 – Skay Beilinson, Argentinian guitar player January 16 – H.R.H. Prince Ahmed Fuad Farouk (Fuad II), the last King of Egypt & Sudan, Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur January 17 – Ryuichi Sakamoto, Japanese musician, composer, producer, and actor (Yellow Magic Orchestra) January 18 – Wim Rijsbergen, Dutch footballer January 19 Beau Weaver, American male voice actor Bruce Jay Nelson, American computer scientist (d. 1999) Michel Plante, Canadian ice hockey left winger Nadiuska, German television actress January 20 – Dave Fennoy, African-American voice actor January 21 Marco Camenisch, Swiss environmental activist Louis Menand, American writer, critic January 22 – Ace Vergel, Filipino actor (d. 2007) January 24 – Raymond Domenech, French football player, manager January 25 Sara Mandiano, French singer, songwriter Peter Tatchell, Australian-born British human rights activist Lee Strobel, an American Christian author and a former investigative journalist. January 27 Brian Gottfried, American tennis player Asma Jahangir, Pakistani human rights activist, lawyer (d. 2018) January 28 – Tomokazu Miura, Japanese actor January 29 – Klaus-Peter Hanisch, German footballer (d. 2009) January 30 – Valery Khalilov, Russian military band conductor (d. 2016) January 31 – Jan Hofer, German journalist, broadcast news analyst, and television presenter February February 1 – Stan Kasten, American baseball executive, President of the Washington Nationals February 2 – Park Geun-hye, President of South Korea February 4 Abdalá Bucaram, 38th President of Ecuador Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister of New Zealand February 5 – Mark Fuhrman, American police detective, author and radio host February 7 John Hickenlooper, American politician, 42nd Governor of Colorado Wyngard Tracy, Filipino talent manager (d. 2010) Tony Liu, Chinese actor February 8 Daisuke Gōri, Japanese voice actor (d. 2010) Nora Miao, Hong Kong actress February 10 – Lee Hsien Loong, 3rd Prime Minister of Singapore February 12 – Simon MacCorkindale, English actor (d. 2010) February 14 Sushma Swaraj, Indian politician (d. 2019) Nancy Keenan, American president of NARAL February 15 Nikolai Sorokin, Soviet, Russian actor, theatre director (d. 2013) Tomislav Nikolić, 4th President of Serbia February 16 – James Ingram, African-American R&B musician (d. 2019) February 17 Garry Chalk, British voice actor Javier Urruticoechea, Spanish footballer (d. 2001) February 19 Gary Seear, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 2018) Amy Tan, American novelist (The Joy Luck Club) February 20 – João Calvão da Silva, Portuguese politician (d. 2018) February 21 Vitaly Churkin, Russian diplomat (d. 2017) Elisha Obed, Bahamian boxer (d. 2018) February 22 William Frist, U.S. Senator, heart surgeon Saufatu Sopoanga, 8th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. 2020) Marcos Caruso, Brazilian author, director, screenwriter and actor February 23 – Miyuki Nakajima, Japanese singer-songwriter February 24 – Maxine Chernoff, American poet, novelist and editor February 25 – Joey Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcycle racer (d. 2000) February 29 Gary the Retard, American member of The Wack Pack (The Howard Stern Show) Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush, American television's first female African-American primetime weather anchor March March 1 – Martin O'Neill, Northern Irish footballer, manager March 2 – Laraine Newman, American comedian (Saturday Night Live) March 4 Scott Hicks, Australian film director Ronn Moss, American actor Umberto Tozzi, Italian singer March 7 – Viv Richards, West Indian cricketer March 10 – Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwean politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Zimbabwe (d. 2018) March 11 – Douglas Adams, English author (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy) (d. 2001) March 13 Ágnes Rapai, Hungarian writer Wolfgang Rihm, German composer March 15 – Howard Devoto, British singer March 16 Alice Hoffman, American novelist Philippe Kahn, French-American businessman, inventor March 17 – Perla, Paraguayan-Brazilian singer March 18 - Mike Webster, American football player (d. 2002) March 19 – Harvey Weinstein, American film producer March 22 – Bob Costas, American sports announcer March 23 Kim Stanley Robinson, American author Rex Tillerson, United States Secretary of State Villano III, Mexican professional wrestler (d. 2018) March 24 – Reinhard Genzel, German astrophysicist, Nobel Prize recipient March 25 Jung Chang, Chinese-born author, historian Antanas Mockus, Colombian mathematician, politician March 26 – Didier Pironi, French racing driver (d. 1987) March 27 – Maria Schneider, French actress (d. 2011) March 28 – Keith Ashfield, Canadian politician (d. 2018) March 29 – Teofilo Stevenson, Cuban boxer (d. 2012) March 30 – Peter Knights, Australian footballer, coach March 31 Dermot Morgan, Irish actor, comedian (d. 1998) Vanessa del Rio, American actress Frank De Martini, American architect (d. 2001) April April 1 Poh Ah Tiam, Malaysian politician, businessman and community leader (d. 2007) Annette O'Toole, American actress Bernard Stiegler, French philosopher (d. 2020) April 2 – Lennart Fagerlund, Swedish cyclist April 4 Rosemarie Ackermann, German athlete Gary Moore, Northern Irish musician (d. 2011) Karen Magnussen, Canadian figure skater Pat Burns, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2010) April 5 – Mitch Pileggi, American actor April 6 – Marilu Henner, American actress (Taxi) and writer April 7 – Nichita Danilov, Romanian writer April 10 – Steven Seagal, American actor (Under Siege) April 11 Peter Windsor, British sports reporter Qamar Zaman, Pakistani squash player April 12 – Ralph Wiley, American sports journalist (d. 2004) April 14 – Mickey O'Sullivan, Irish sportsman April 15 Glenn Shadix, American actor (d. 2010) Sam McMurray, American actor April 16 Bill Belichick, American football coach Chaz Jankel, English singer, multi-instrumentalist Billy West, American voice actor Dušan Pavél, Bosnian politicians and rugby union April 17 Joe Alaskey, American voice actor (d. 2016) Željko Ražnatović, Serbian mobster, paramilitary leader (d. 2000) April 19 – Alexis Arguello, Nicaraguan boxer, politician (d. 2009) April 20 – Eric Pickles, British politician April 21 – Cheryl Gillan, British politician (d. 2021) April 22 – Marilyn Chambers, American porn actress (Behind the Green Door) (d. 2009) April 24 – Jean-Paul Gaultier, French Haute couture, Prêt-à-Porter fashion designer April 25 Lane Caudell, American actor Ketil Bjørnstad, Norwegian pianist Vladislav Tretiak, Russian icehockey player April 26 – Spice Williams-Crosby, American actress, stunt performer April 27 – George Gervin, American basketball player April 28 Gerald Barry, Irish composer Mary McDonnell, American actress April 29 – Dave Valentin, American Latin jazz flautist (d. 2017) May May 1 – Michael Thornton, British Member of Parliament (MP) for Eastleigh May 2 Campbell McComas, Australian impersonator, broadcaster Christine Baranski, American actress Isla St Clair, Scottish singer May 3 Leonid Khachiyan, Russian-born mathematician Allan Wells, Scottish athlete May 4 – Michael Barrymore, British comedian, TV presenter May 6 Gregg Henry, American actor, musician Michael O'Hare, American actor (d. 2012) May 8 – Ronnie Dapo, American child actor May 10 Roland Kaiser, German singer Manuel Mora Morales, Spanish director, writer May 11 Shohreh Aghdashloo, Iranian actress Frances Fisher, British-born American actress Mike Lupica, American sports journalist Renaud, French composer May 12 – Christopher Gaze, British voice actor May 13 – John Kasich, Governor of Ohio May 14 Robert Zemeckis, American film director (Back to the Future) David Byrne, Scottish singer-songwriter (Talking Heads) May 15 – Chazz Palminteri, American actor May 18 Diane Duane, American writer Ryūzaburō Ōtomo, Japanese voice actor George Strait, American country musician May 19 – Bert van Marwijk, Dutch football manager May 20 – Roger Milla, Cameroonian footballer May 21 – Mr. T, African-American actor (The A-Team) May 23 – Anne-Marie David, French singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1973 winner May 24 – Sybil Danning, Austrian actress May 26 – David Meece, American Christian musician May 28 – Victoria Cunningham, American actress, Playboy Playmate June June 4 Scott Wesley Brown, American Christian musician Bronisław Komorowski, President of Poland June 7 Hubert Auriol, French racing driver (d. 2021) Liam Neeson, Northern Irish actor (Schindler's List) Orhan Pamuk, Turkish writer, Nobel Prize winner June 9 – Yukihiro Takahashi, Japanese musician, singer (Yellow Magic Orchestra) June 14 – Pat Summitt, American basketball coach (d. 2016) June 16 George Papandreou, Greek politician Gino Vannelli, Canadian singer, songwriter June 17 Sergio Marchionne, Italian-Canadian executive (d. 2018) Sarbjit Singh Chadha, Indian enka singer Mike Milbury, American ice hockey player, coach and executive June 18 Idriss Déby Itno, President of Chad (d. 2021) Carol Kane, American actress Miriam Flynn, American actress, voice actress Isabella Rossellini, Italian model, actress June 20 John Goodman, American actor (Roseanne) Kōichi Mashimo, Japanese anime director Vikram Seth, Indian novelist June 21 Dave Downs, American professional baseball player Jeremy Coney, New Zealand cricket captain Marcella Detroit, American singer (Shakespears Sister) June 22 Phil Nicholls, English professional footballer Franco Cucinotta, Italian professional footballer Graham Greene, Canadian actor Alastair Stewart, British newsreader Santokh Singh, Malaysian footballer June 23 Marv Kellum, American football player Peter Whiteside, British modern pentathlete June 24 Ladislas Lozano, French-Spanish football coach, retired player Stephen Pusey, British-born artist June 25 Péter Erdő, Hungarian cardinal Tim Finn, New Zealand singer, songwriter Leonard Lance, American politician June 26 Michele McDonald, American nurse, model and beauty pageant titleholder (d. 2020) Simon Mann, British Army officer, mercenary William Arthur Pailes, American astronaut June 27 Douglas Unger, American novelist Mary Rosenblum, American science fiction and mystery author (d. 2018) June 28 – Pietro Mennea, Italian athlete (d. 2013) June 29 – Joe Johnson, English snooker player June 30 Stein Olav Hestad, Norwegian footballer Patrick Pinney, American actor, voice actor David Garrison, American actor July July 1 Brian George, Israeli-English actor, voice artist, comedian and singer David Arkenstone, American composer, performer Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor, comedian (Saturday Night Live) Robert Baer, American author Dale Hayes, South African professional golfer Leon "Ndugu" Chancler, American drummer (d. 2018) July 2 Linda M. Godwin, American scientist Ahmed Ouyahia, Algerian politician Marco Piccinini, Monegasque sport personality, businessman, and politician July 3 Laura Branigan, American singer, actress (Self Control) (d. 2004) Lu Colombo, Italian singer Andy Fraser, English musician (d. 2015) Rohinton Mistry, Indian writer July 4 Álvaro Uribe, President of Colombia John Waite, English singer, musician July 5 – Hillbilly Jim, American professional wrestler, radio host July 6 Grant Goodeve, American male voice actor Adi Shamir, Modern cryptographer Ani Yudhoyono, 6th First Lady of Indonesia (d. 2019) Kim Chul-soo, South Korean footballer Jennifer Savidge, American actress July 7 Li Hongzhi, Chinese-American founder, spiritual leader of Falun Gong Alain Cortes, French modern pentathlete Cheryl Gould, American journalist July 8 Marianne Williamson, American spiritual teacher, author and lecturer Ahmed Nazif, Prime Minister of Egypt Knud Arne Jürgensen, Danish music, theater and ballet historian July 9 – John Tesh, American composer, musician, and television host (Entertainment Tonight) July 10 Yōko Asagami, Japanese voice actress Evelio Leonardia, Filipino politician Anam Ramanarayana Reddy, Indian politician July 11 – Stephen Lang, American actor July 12 Voja Antonić, Serbian inventor, writer Liz Mitchell, Jamaican-born singer (Boney M.) July 13 – Ricardo Boechat, Argentine-Brazilian journalist, anchor and radio announcer (d. 2019) July 14 – Yutaka Mizutani, Japanese actor, singer July 15 Marky Ramone, American musician Terry O'Quinn, American actor Yuriko Koike, Japanese politician (Governor of Tokyo) July 16 – Stewart Copeland, American rock musician (The Police) July 17 – David Hasselhoff, American actor (Knight Rider) July 18 – Albert Camille Vital, Malagasy Army officer, politician and civil engineer July 19 – Allen Collins, American rock musician (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (d. 1990) July 21 – Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah, Malaysian Minister of Finance July 23 – John Rutsey, Canadian musician (d. 2008) July 24 Kamrul Hasan Bhuiyan, Bangladeshi military officer, writer (d. 2018) Gus Van Sant, American film director July 25 – Eduardo Souto de Moura, Portuguese Architect July 26 — Hezi Leskali, Israeli poet and artist (d. 1994) July 28 – Vajiralongkorn, King of Thailand (Rama X) July 31 – João Barreiros, Portuguese author August August 1 – Zoran Đinđić, Serbian politician (d. 2003) August 2 – Arthur "Art" James, American former MLB baseball outfielder August 3 – Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentine footballer August 4 Estanislau da Silva, East Timorese politician Moya Brennan, Irish singer August 5 Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia Louis Walsh, Irish music producer, reality TV show judge August 6 – Wojciech Fortuna, Polish ski jumper August 8 – Jostein Gaarder, Norwegian author August 12 – Charlie Whiting, British motorsports director (d. 2019) August 15 – Ahmed Zulfikar, Egyptian entrepreneur (d. 2010) August 16 – Reginald VelJohnson, American actor August 17 – Guillermo Vilas, Argentine tennis player August 18 Patrick Swayze, American actor and dancer (d. 2009) Pete Richens, British screenwriter (d. 2018) August 19 – Jonathan Frakes, American actor (Star Trek: The Next Generation) August 21 Joe Strummer, British rock musician (The Clash) (d. 2002) Jiří Paroubek, 6th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic August 23 – Steven Allan Brown, American punk rock musician (Tuxedomoon) August 24 – Linton Kwesi Johnson, Jamaican-born musician, poet August 25 Geoff Downes, British keyboardist (Asia) Charles M. Rice, American virologist, Nobel Prize recipient August 26 Bryon Baltimore, Canadian ice hockey player Michael Jeter, American film, stage, and television actor (d. 2003) August 27 Martin Manley, American sports writer and statistician Paul Reubens, American actor, writer and comedian (Pee-Wee Herman) Roger Stone, American lobbyist August 28 Rita Dove, American poet (1987 Pulitzer Prize, United States Poet Laureate 1993–95) Wendelin Wiedeking, German businessman August 31 Eli Gorenstein, Israeli actor, voice actor and cellist Lee Hyla, American composer Hilary Farr, British-Canadian actress, designer September September 2 Jimmy Connors, American tennis player Yuen Wah – Hong Kong martial actor September 4 – Rishi Kapoor, Indian actor (d. 2020) September 6 – Lucky Enam, Bangladeshi television, theater actress September 8 – Patrick Prosser, Scottish computer scientist September 9 – Angela Cartwright, British-American child actress, photographer and painter (Lost in Space) September 10 – Paulo Betti, Brazilian actor September 12 Sergey Karaganov, Russian political scientist Neil Peart, Canadian rock drummer (Rush) (d. 2020) September 16 Karen Muir, South African swimmer (d. 2013) Fatos Nano, Albanian prime minister Mickey Rourke, American film actor, former boxer September 17 – Harold Solomon, American tennis player September 18 – Nile Rodgers, African-American musician, songwriter, composer, and guitarist September 19 – George Warrington, president of Amtrak (1998–2002); executive director of NJ Transit (2002–07) (d. 2007) September 20 – Manuel Zelaya, President of Honduras September 21 – Anneliese Michel, German Roman Catholic believed possessed by demons (d. 1976) September 22 Oliver Mtukudzi, Zimbabwean musician (d. 2019) Bob Goodlatte, U.S. Congressman from Virginia September 23 Jim Morrison, American baseball player Peter Schrank, political cartoonist September 24 Joseph Patrick Kennedy II, American politician Mark Sandman, American rock musician, artist (d. 1999) September 25 Jimmy Garvin, American professional wrestler bell hooks, American author, academic, feminist, and social activist (d. 2021) Christopher Reeve, American actor, activist (Superman) (d. 2004) September 26 – Predrag Miletić, Serbian actor September 27 Didier Dubois, French mathematician Katie Fforde, British writer September 28 – Sylvia Kristel, Dutch actress (d. 2012) September 29 Max Sandlin, American politician Gábor Csupó, Hungarian-American animator, writer, director, producer and graphic designer September 30 – Jack Wild, English actor (H.R. Pufnstuf) (d. 2006) October October 2 – Robin Riker, American actress, author October 5 Clive Barker, British author Harold Faltermeyer, German musician Imran Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan Duncan Regehr, Canadian actor October 6 – Matthew Sweeney, Irish poet (d. 2018) October 7 Ivo Gregurević, Croatian actor (d. 2019) Mary Badham, American actress Vladimir Putin, Russian war criminal Ludmilla Tourischeva, Soviet gymnast October 9 – Sharon Osbourne, English actress, TV host and author October 12 – Advent Bangun, Indonesian karateka, actor (d. 2018) October 13 Mundo Earwood, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2014) Beverly Johnson, African-American model, actress and businesswoman John Lone, Hong Kong actor Richard Malanjum, Malaysian jurist and lawyer October 14 Harry Anderson, American actor, comedian, and magician (Night Court) (d. 2018) Kaija Saariaho, Finnish composer Nikolai Andrianov, Soviet gymnast (d. 2011) Rick Aviles, American actor (d. 1995) October 16 – Ron Taylor, American actor (d. 2002) October 18 Andy Johnson, American football player (d. 2018) Chuck Lorre, American sitcom creator October 19 – Verónica Castro, Mexican actress, entertainer October 20 – Eliane Giardini, Brazilian actress October 21 – Patti Davis, American actress and author October 22 – Jeff Goldblum, American actor October 23 – Steven Tandy, Australian stage, television and film actor October 24 Mark Gray, American country singer, songwriter (d. 2016) David Weber, American science-fiction, fantasy author October 26 – Andrew Motion, English poet October 27 Roberto Benigni, Italian actor, screenwriter, and film director Hazel Dean, British pop, dance musician Francis Fukuyama, American political scientist Topi Sorsakoski, Finnish singer October 28 – Annie Potts, American actress November November 2 – Laurence D. Fink, American business investor November 3 David Ho, Taiwanese-American AIDS researcher Michael Shea, American child actor Roseanne Barr, American actress, comedian (Roseanne) Jim Cummings, American voice actor November 4 Vittorio Amandola, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2010) Jeff Lorber, American jazz keyboardist, composer and record producer November 5 Oleh Blokhin, Ukrainian football player and manager Brian Muehl, American puppeteer Bill Walton, American basketball player, commentator November 6 – Michael Cunningham, American writer November 7 Geraldo Alckmin, Brazilian politician David Petraeus, American general November 8 Jan Raas, Dutch professional cyclist Alfre Woodard, African-American actress, producer and political activist November 9 – Gladys Requena, Venezuelan politician November 13 – Art Malik, Pakistani-born British actor November 14 Bill Farmer, American voice actor, comedian Maggie Roswell, American actress November 15 – Randy Savage, American professional wrestler (d. 2011) November 16 Roger Bisby, English journalist Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese game designer November 17 Ties Kruize, Dutch field hockey player Cyril Ramaphosa, President of South Africa November 18 – John Parr, English singer, songwriter and guitarist November 23 – Sharon O'Neill, New Zealand singer-songwriter and pianist November 24 – Ilja Richter, German actor, voice actor, television presenter, singer and author November 27 – Buddy Rose, American professional wrestler (d. 2009) November 28 – S. Epatha Merkerson, African-American actress (Law and Order) November 29 – John D. Barrow, English cosmologist, theoretical physicist and mathematician (d. 2020) November 30 Keith Giffen, American comic book writer, artist Mandy Patinkin, American actor, singer December December 1 Rick Scott, American politician, 45th Governor of Florida, U.S. Senator (Florida) Pegi Young, American singer, songwriter, educator, and philanthropist (d. 2019) Stephen Poliakoff, British playwright, director and scriptwriter December 2 – Peter Kingsbery, American singer, songwriter (Cock Robin) December 3 Bruno Jonas, German Kabarett artist, actor Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, Malaysian politician December 6 Chuck Baker, American Major League Baseball player Nicolas Bréhal, French novelist, literary critic Charles Bronson, English criminal (has been referred to as the "most violent prisoner in Britain") Edward Etzel, American Olympic Champion Joe Harris, American football linebacker Christian Kulik, Polish football player Craig Newmark, American businessman, founded Craigslist Shio Satō, Japanese manga artist Jeff Schneider, American Major League Baseball pitcher David L. Spector, American cell, molecular biologist December 8 – Richard Walsh, English actor December 9 – Michael Dorn, African-American actor (Star Trek: The Next Generation) December 10 – Susan Dey, American actress December 12 Harbance Singh (Herb) Dhaliwal, Canadian politician Sarah Douglas, English actress Cathy Rigby, American actress and gymnast December 13 Karl Howman, English actor Junkyard Dog, American pro wrestler (d. 1998) December 15 Julie Taymor, American film, theater, and opera director, costume designer Hwang Woo-suk, South Korean biomedical scientist Allan Simonsen, Danish footballer, coach December 16 – Joel Garner, West Indian cricketer December 20 Ray Bumatai, American musician, singer, recording artist and actor (d. 2005) Jenny Agutter, English actress Faisal Al-Fayez, Prime Minister of Jordan December 25 CCH Pounder, Guyanese–American actress Isa Bakar, Malaysian football player (d. 2010) Youssouf Ouédraogo, 6th Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (d. 2017) December 26 Jon Glover, British actor Riki Sorsa, Finnish singer (d. 2016) December 27 Jay Hill, Canadian politician David Knopfler, British musician Tovah Feldshuh, American actress December 28 Arun Jaitley, Indian politician (d. 2019) Hemant Shesh, Indian Hindi Writer December 29 Efron Etkin, Israeli actor and voice actor (d. 2012) Külliki Saldre, Estonian actress Philip Hearnshaw, Australian filmmaker (d. 2012) December 30 – June Anderson, American soprano Deaths January January 1 – Henri Albert Hartmann, French surgeon (b. 1860) January 2 – Gustave Francq, Canadian typographer and trade unionist (b. 1871) January 4 – Constant Permeke, Belgian painter (b. 1886) January 5 – Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1869) January 6 – Sofoklis Dousmanis, Greek naval officer (b. 1868) January 8 – Antonia Maury, American astronomer (b. 1866) January 9 – Andrea Cassulo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and missionary (b. 1869) January 11 Stanisław Stempowski, Polish politician (b. 1870) Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, French general, posthumous Marshal of France (b. 1889) January 14 – Almas Ildyrym, Soviet poet (b. 1907) January 16 – Paolo Grilli, Italian sculptor and painter (b. 1857) January 18 – Curly Howard, American actor and comedian (The Three Stooges) (b. 1903) January 19 – Archduke Maximilian Eugen of Austria (b. 1895) January 22 – Andrés Luna de San Pedro, Filipino architect (b. 1887) January 24 – Duke York, American actor (b. 1908) January 25 Sveinn Björnsson, 1st President of Iceland (b. 1881) François Gagnepain, French botanist (b. 1866) Polly Moran, American actress (b. 1883) January 26 Zubeida Begum, Indian actress (b. 1926) André Cheron, American actor (b. 1880) Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic, Prime Minister of the Mongolian People's Republic (b. 1895) January 27 – Fannie Ward, American actress (b. 1872) January 28 Thomas Hicks, American runner (b. 1876) Nicolae Constantin Batzaria, Ottoman statesman, Romanian writer (b. 1874) February February 2 João Guilherme Fischer, Brazilian diplomat and scientist (b. 1876) Charles de Rochefort, French actor (b. 1879) Patriarch Callistratus of Georgia (b. 1866) February 3 – Harold L. Ickes, United States Secretary of the Interior (b. 1874) February 4 – Federico Henríquez y Carvajal, Dominican writer (b. 1848) February 6 Ioan Carlaonț, Romanian general (b. 1885) King George VI of the United Kingdom (b. 1895) February 7 Sebastião da Gama, Portuguese poet (b. 1924) Philip G. Epstein, American screenwriter (b. 1909) Pete Henry, American football player (Canton Bulldogs) and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1897) February 9 – Arthur Hayes-Sadler, British admiral (b. 1865) February 11 – Matija Murko, Yugoslav scholar (b. 1861) February 14 Molly Malone, American actress (b. 1888) John Sheehan, American actor (b. 1885) February 15 – Enzo de Muro Lomanto, Italian tenor (b. 1902) February 17 – Edvige Carboni, Italian Roman Catholic laywoman, mystic and venerable (b. 1880) February 18 – Enrique Jardiel Poncela, Spanish playwright and novelist (b. 1901) February 19 Lawrence Grant, British actor (b. 1870) Knut Hamsun, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859) February 20 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, 28th President of Ecuador (b. 1888) February 21 – Francis Xavier Ford, American Roman Catholic bishop, missionary, servant of God and reverend (b. 1892) February 24 – Tadeusz Vetulani, Polish agriculturalist (b. 1897) February 26 Theodoros Pangalos, Greek general and politician, dictator and President of Greece (b. 1878) Josef Thorak, Austrian-born German sculptor (b. 1889) February 27 – Helena Concannon, Irish historian, writer, scholar and politician (b. 1878) February 28 - Albert Forster, Gauleiter of Danzig during WW2 executed for war crimes (b. 1902) February 29 – Quo Tai-chi, Chinese diplomat (b. 1888) March March 1 Masao Kume, Japanese playwright, novelist and poet (b. 1891) Gregory La Cava, American film director (b. 1892) March 2 – Ole E. Benson, American politician (b. 1866) March 3 – Antonieta de Barros, Brazilian journalist and politician (b. 1901) March 5 – Sir Charles Sherrington, British physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857) March 7 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru (b. 1893) March 9 – Alexandra Kollontai, Russian revolutionary (b. 1872) March 12 Hugh Herbert, American actor and comedian (b. 1887) Duke Siegfried August in Bavaria (b. 1876) March 13 – Võ Thị Sáu, Vietnamese schoolgirl (b. 1933) March 18 – Isaak Mazepa, Soviet politician (b. 1884) March 19 – Robert Guérin, French administrator, 1st President of FIFA (b. 1876) March 21 – Andries Jan Pieters, Dutch criminal (b. 1916) March 22 Uncle Dave Macon, American musician (b. 1870) Don Stephen Senanayake, 1st Prime Minister of Ceylon (b. 1884) March 26 – J.P. McGowan, Australian actor and director (b. 1880) March 28 – Sir Fraser Russell, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1876) March 30 – Sir Jigme Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (b. 1905) March 31 Bo McMillin, American football player and coach (b. 1895) Walter Schellenberg, German Nazi intelligence official (b. 1910) Roland West, American film | September September 2 Jimmy Connors, American tennis player Yuen Wah – Hong Kong martial actor September 4 – Rishi Kapoor, Indian actor (d. 2020) September 6 – Lucky Enam, Bangladeshi television, theater actress September 8 – Patrick Prosser, Scottish computer scientist September 9 – Angela Cartwright, British-American child actress, photographer and painter (Lost in Space) September 10 – Paulo Betti, Brazilian actor September 12 Sergey Karaganov, Russian political scientist Neil Peart, Canadian rock drummer (Rush) (d. 2020) September 16 Karen Muir, South African swimmer (d. 2013) Fatos Nano, Albanian prime minister Mickey Rourke, American film actor, former boxer September 17 – Harold Solomon, American tennis player September 18 – Nile Rodgers, African-American musician, songwriter, composer, and guitarist September 19 – George Warrington, president of Amtrak (1998–2002); executive director of NJ Transit (2002–07) (d. 2007) September 20 – Manuel Zelaya, President of Honduras September 21 – Anneliese Michel, German Roman Catholic believed possessed by demons (d. 1976) September 22 Oliver Mtukudzi, Zimbabwean musician (d. 2019) Bob Goodlatte, U.S. Congressman from Virginia September 23 Jim Morrison, American baseball player Peter Schrank, political cartoonist September 24 Joseph Patrick Kennedy II, American politician Mark Sandman, American rock musician, artist (d. 1999) September 25 Jimmy Garvin, American professional wrestler bell hooks, American author, academic, feminist, and social activist (d. 2021) Christopher Reeve, American actor, activist (Superman) (d. 2004) September 26 – Predrag Miletić, Serbian actor September 27 Didier Dubois, French mathematician Katie Fforde, British writer September 28 – Sylvia Kristel, Dutch actress (d. 2012) September 29 Max Sandlin, American politician Gábor Csupó, Hungarian-American animator, writer, director, producer and graphic designer September 30 – Jack Wild, English actor (H.R. Pufnstuf) (d. 2006) October October 2 – Robin Riker, American actress, author October 5 Clive Barker, British author Harold Faltermeyer, German musician Imran Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan Duncan Regehr, Canadian actor October 6 – Matthew Sweeney, Irish poet (d. 2018) October 7 Ivo Gregurević, Croatian actor (d. 2019) Mary Badham, American actress Vladimir Putin, Russian war criminal Ludmilla Tourischeva, Soviet gymnast October 9 – Sharon Osbourne, English actress, TV host and author October 12 – Advent Bangun, Indonesian karateka, actor (d. 2018) October 13 Mundo Earwood, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2014) Beverly Johnson, African-American model, actress and businesswoman John Lone, Hong Kong actor Richard Malanjum, Malaysian jurist and lawyer October 14 Harry Anderson, American actor, comedian, and magician (Night Court) (d. 2018) Kaija Saariaho, Finnish composer Nikolai Andrianov, Soviet gymnast (d. 2011) Rick Aviles, American actor (d. 1995) October 16 – Ron Taylor, American actor (d. 2002) October 18 Andy Johnson, American football player (d. 2018) Chuck Lorre, American sitcom creator October 19 – Verónica Castro, Mexican actress, entertainer October 20 – Eliane Giardini, Brazilian actress October 21 – Patti Davis, American actress and author October 22 – Jeff Goldblum, American actor October 23 – Steven Tandy, Australian stage, television and film actor October 24 Mark Gray, American country singer, songwriter (d. 2016) David Weber, American science-fiction, fantasy author October 26 – Andrew Motion, English poet October 27 Roberto Benigni, Italian actor, screenwriter, and film director Hazel Dean, British pop, dance musician Francis Fukuyama, American political scientist Topi Sorsakoski, Finnish singer October 28 – Annie Potts, American actress November November 2 – Laurence D. Fink, American business investor November 3 David Ho, Taiwanese-American AIDS researcher Michael Shea, American child actor Roseanne Barr, American actress, comedian (Roseanne) Jim Cummings, American voice actor November 4 Vittorio Amandola, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2010) Jeff Lorber, American jazz keyboardist, composer and record producer November 5 Oleh Blokhin, Ukrainian football player and manager Brian Muehl, American puppeteer Bill Walton, American basketball player, commentator November 6 – Michael Cunningham, American writer November 7 Geraldo Alckmin, Brazilian politician David Petraeus, American general November 8 Jan Raas, Dutch professional cyclist Alfre Woodard, African-American actress, producer and political activist November 9 – Gladys Requena, Venezuelan politician November 13 – Art Malik, Pakistani-born British actor November 14 Bill Farmer, American voice actor, comedian Maggie Roswell, American actress November 15 – Randy Savage, American professional wrestler (d. 2011) November 16 Roger Bisby, English journalist Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese game designer November 17 Ties Kruize, Dutch field hockey player Cyril Ramaphosa, President of South Africa November 18 – John Parr, English singer, songwriter and guitarist November 23 – Sharon O'Neill, New Zealand singer-songwriter and pianist November 24 – Ilja Richter, German actor, voice actor, television presenter, singer and author November 27 – Buddy Rose, American professional wrestler (d. 2009) November 28 – S. Epatha Merkerson, African-American actress (Law and Order) November 29 – John D. Barrow, English cosmologist, theoretical physicist and mathematician (d. 2020) November 30 Keith Giffen, American comic book writer, artist Mandy Patinkin, American actor, singer December December 1 Rick Scott, American politician, 45th Governor of Florida, U.S. Senator (Florida) Pegi Young, American singer, songwriter, educator, and philanthropist (d. 2019) Stephen Poliakoff, British playwright, director and scriptwriter December 2 – Peter Kingsbery, American singer, songwriter (Cock Robin) December 3 Bruno Jonas, German Kabarett artist, actor Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, Malaysian politician December 6 Chuck Baker, American Major League Baseball player Nicolas Bréhal, French novelist, literary critic Charles Bronson, English criminal (has been referred to as the "most violent prisoner in Britain") Edward Etzel, American Olympic Champion Joe Harris, American football linebacker Christian Kulik, Polish football player Craig Newmark, American businessman, founded Craigslist Shio Satō, Japanese manga artist Jeff Schneider, American Major League Baseball pitcher David L. Spector, American cell, molecular biologist December 8 – Richard Walsh, English actor December 9 – Michael Dorn, African-American actor (Star Trek: The Next Generation) December 10 – Susan Dey, American actress December 12 Harbance Singh (Herb) Dhaliwal, Canadian politician Sarah Douglas, English actress Cathy Rigby, American actress and gymnast December 13 Karl Howman, English actor Junkyard Dog, American pro wrestler (d. 1998) December 15 Julie Taymor, American film, theater, and opera director, costume designer Hwang Woo-suk, South Korean biomedical scientist Allan Simonsen, Danish footballer, coach December 16 – Joel Garner, West Indian cricketer December 20 Ray Bumatai, American musician, singer, recording artist and actor (d. 2005) Jenny Agutter, English actress Faisal Al-Fayez, Prime Minister of Jordan December 25 CCH Pounder, Guyanese–American actress Isa Bakar, Malaysian football player (d. 2010) Youssouf Ouédraogo, 6th Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (d. 2017) December 26 Jon Glover, British actor Riki Sorsa, Finnish singer (d. 2016) December 27 Jay Hill, Canadian politician David Knopfler, British musician Tovah Feldshuh, American actress December 28 Arun Jaitley, Indian politician (d. 2019) Hemant Shesh, Indian Hindi Writer December 29 Efron Etkin, Israeli actor and voice actor (d. 2012) Külliki Saldre, Estonian actress Philip Hearnshaw, Australian filmmaker (d. 2012) December 30 – June Anderson, American soprano Deaths January January 1 – Henri Albert Hartmann, French surgeon (b. 1860) January 2 – Gustave Francq, Canadian typographer and trade unionist (b. 1871) January 4 – Constant Permeke, Belgian painter (b. 1886) January 5 – Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1869) January 6 – Sofoklis Dousmanis, Greek naval officer (b. 1868) January 8 – Antonia Maury, American astronomer (b. 1866) January 9 – Andrea Cassulo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and missionary (b. 1869) January 11 Stanisław Stempowski, Polish politician (b. 1870) Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, French general, posthumous Marshal of France (b. 1889) January 14 – Almas Ildyrym, Soviet poet (b. 1907) January 16 – Paolo Grilli, Italian sculptor and painter (b. 1857) January 18 – Curly Howard, American actor and comedian (The Three Stooges) (b. 1903) January 19 – Archduke Maximilian Eugen of Austria (b. 1895) January 22 – Andrés Luna de San Pedro, Filipino architect (b. 1887) January 24 – Duke York, American actor (b. 1908) January 25 Sveinn Björnsson, 1st President of Iceland (b. 1881) François Gagnepain, French botanist (b. 1866) Polly Moran, American actress (b. 1883) January 26 Zubeida Begum, Indian actress (b. 1926) André Cheron, American actor (b. 1880) Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic, Prime Minister of the Mongolian People's Republic (b. 1895) January 27 – Fannie Ward, American actress (b. 1872) January 28 Thomas Hicks, American runner (b. 1876) Nicolae Constantin Batzaria, Ottoman statesman, Romanian writer (b. 1874) February February 2 João Guilherme Fischer, Brazilian diplomat and scientist (b. 1876) Charles de Rochefort, French actor (b. 1879) Patriarch Callistratus of Georgia (b. 1866) February 3 – Harold L. Ickes, United States Secretary of the Interior (b. 1874) February 4 – Federico Henríquez y Carvajal, Dominican writer (b. 1848) February 6 Ioan Carlaonț, Romanian general (b. 1885) King George VI of the United Kingdom (b. 1895) February 7 Sebastião da Gama, Portuguese poet (b. 1924) Philip G. Epstein, American screenwriter (b. 1909) Pete Henry, American football player (Canton Bulldogs) and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1897) February 9 – Arthur Hayes-Sadler, British admiral (b. 1865) February 11 – Matija Murko, Yugoslav scholar (b. 1861) February 14 Molly Malone, American actress (b. 1888) John Sheehan, American actor (b. 1885) February 15 – Enzo de Muro Lomanto, Italian tenor (b. 1902) February 17 – Edvige Carboni, Italian Roman Catholic laywoman, mystic and venerable (b. 1880) February 18 – Enrique Jardiel Poncela, Spanish playwright and novelist (b. 1901) February 19 Lawrence Grant, British actor (b. 1870) Knut Hamsun, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859) February 20 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, 28th President of Ecuador (b. 1888) February 21 – Francis Xavier Ford, American Roman Catholic bishop, missionary, servant of God and reverend (b. 1892) February 24 – Tadeusz Vetulani, Polish agriculturalist (b. 1897) February 26 Theodoros Pangalos, Greek general and politician, dictator and President of Greece (b. 1878) Josef Thorak, Austrian-born German sculptor (b. 1889) February 27 – Helena Concannon, Irish historian, writer, scholar and politician (b. 1878) February 28 - Albert Forster, Gauleiter of Danzig during WW2 executed for war crimes (b. 1902) February 29 – Quo Tai-chi, Chinese diplomat (b. 1888) March March 1 Masao Kume, Japanese playwright, novelist and poet (b. 1891) Gregory La Cava, American film director (b. 1892) March 2 – Ole E. Benson, American politician (b. 1866) March 3 – Antonieta de Barros, Brazilian journalist and politician (b. 1901) March 5 – Sir Charles Sherrington, British physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857) March 7 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru (b. 1893) March 9 – Alexandra Kollontai, Russian revolutionary (b. 1872) March 12 Hugh Herbert, American actor and comedian (b. 1887) Duke Siegfried August in Bavaria (b. 1876) March 13 – Võ Thị Sáu, Vietnamese schoolgirl (b. 1933) March 18 – Isaak Mazepa, Soviet politician (b. 1884) March 19 – Robert Guérin, French administrator, 1st President of FIFA (b. 1876) March 21 – Andries Jan Pieters, Dutch criminal (b. 1916) March 22 Uncle Dave Macon, American musician (b. 1870) Don Stephen Senanayake, 1st Prime Minister of Ceylon (b. 1884) March 26 – J.P. McGowan, Australian actor and director (b. 1880) March 28 – Sir Fraser Russell, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1876) March 30 – Sir Jigme Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (b. 1905) March 31 Bo McMillin, American football player and coach (b. 1895) Walter Schellenberg, German Nazi intelligence official (b. 1910) Roland West, American film director (b. 1885) Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (b. 1877) April April 1 – Ferenc Molnár, Hungarian novelist and dramatist (b. 1878) April 2 Antonio Cortis, Spanish tenor (b. 1891) Julio Enrique Moreno, acting President of Ecuador (b. 1879) April 3 – Miina Sillanpää, Finnish politician (b. 1866) April 5 Charles Collett, British chief mechanical engineer (Great Western Railway) (b. 1871) Sir John Tilley, British diplomat (b. 1869) April 8 – Tadeusz Estreicher, Polish cryogenics pioneer (b. 1871) April 10 – Frederic Austin, British teacher and composer (b. 1872) April 15 Bruno Barilli, Italian actor and composer (b. 1880) Viktor Chernov, Russian revolutionary, leader of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party (b. 1873) April 19 – Steve Conway, British singer (b. 1921) April 21 Leslie Banks, British actor (b. 1890) Sir Stafford Cripps, British Labour politician, former Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1889) April 23 Nikolai Alekseev, Soviet-born Greek Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1869) Julius Freed, American inventor and banker (b. 1887) April 27 – Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician (b. 1865) April 29 – Manuel Portela Valladares, Spanish political figure (b. 1868) April 30 – Shigenori Kuroda, Japanese general (b. 1887) May May 2 Lagertha Broch, Norwegian illustrator (b. 1864) Matrona Nikonova, Soviet Orthodox nun and saint (b. 1881) May 3 – Juan Carlos Blanco Acevedo, Uruguayan politician (b. 1879) May 5 – Alberto Savinio, Italian writer (b. 1891) May 6 – Maria Montessori, Italian educator (b. 1870) May 7 – Juan Bautista Pérez, Venezuelan lawyer, magistrate and politician, 43rd President of Venezuela (b. 1869) May 8 – William Fox, Austro-Hungarian-born film producer (b. 1879) May 9 – Canada Lee, American actor (b. 1907) May 10 Clark L. Hull, American psychologist (b. |
Ernest Laszlo, Hungarian-born American cinematographer (b. 1898) January 7 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902) January 9 – Sir Deighton Lisle Ward, 4th Governor-General of Barbados (b. 1909) January 11 – Jack La Rue, American actor (b. 1902) January 13 – Ray Moore, American comic writer (b. 1905) January 14 Brooks Atkinson, American theater critic (b. 1894) Saad Haddad, Lebanese military officer and militia leader (b. 1936) Ray Kroc, American entrepreneur (b. 1902) January 17 Kostas Giannidis, Greek composer (b. 1903) George Rigaud, Argentinian actor (b. 1905) January 20 – Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (b. 1904) January 21 Archduke Gottfried of Austria (b. 1902) Jackie Wilson, American singer (b. 1934) January 22 – Sir Count Michael Gonzi, Maltese Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1885) January 29 – Frances Goodrich, American screenwriter (b. 1890) January 30 – Luke Kelly, lead singer of Irish band The Dubliners (b. 1940) January 31 – George Harmon Coxe, American writer (b. 1901) February February 4 – Alan Buchanan, British Anglican bishop (b. 1905) February 5 – El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (b. 1917) February 6 – Jorge Guillén, Spanish poet (b. 1893) February 8 Karel Miljon, Dutch boxer (b. 1903) Philippe Ariès, French medievalist and historian (b. 1914) February 9 – Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1914) February 10 David Von Erich, American professional wrestler (b. 1958) Claudia Zobel, Filipina actress (b. 1965) February 11 – John Comer, English actor (b. 1924) February 12 Anna Anderson, Pretender to the Russian throne (b. 1896) Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (b. 1914) Tom Keating, English art restorer (b. 1917) February 13 – Naomi Uemura, Japanese adventurer (b. 1941) February 15 – Ethel Merman, American singer and actress (b. 1908) February 20 – Giuseppe Colombo, Italian scientist (b. 1920) February 21 – Mikhail Sholokhov, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905) February 22 Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah, Pakistani religious leader of Allo Mahar Shrif. (b. 1911) David Vetter, American plastic bubble patient (b. 1971) Jessamyn West, American writer. (b. 1902) February 24 – Tyrone Mitchell, American murderer (b. 1955) March March 1 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (b. 1914) March 5 Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone (b. 1913) William Powell, American actor (b. 1892) March 6 – Henry Wilcoxon, British actor (b. 1905) March 10 – June Marlowe, American actress (b. 1903) March 14 – Aurelio Peccei, Italian industrialist and philanthropist, co-founder of the Club of Rome (b. 1908) March 15 – Ken Carpenter, American Olympic athlete (b. 1913) Konstantin Badygin, Soviet Naval officer and explorer (b. 1910) March 12 – Arnold Ridley, English playwright and actor (b. 1896) March 16 – John Hoagland, American photographer (b. 1947) March 18 Charley Lau, American baseball player (b. 1933) Paul Francis Webster, American lyricist (b. 1907) March 20 – Stan Coveleski, American baseball player and member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1889) March 21 - August Frank, Nazi German official, SS leader and convict at the Nuremberg trials (b. 1898) March 23 Shauna Grant, American porn actress (b. 1963) Peter Kolosimo, Italian journalist and writer (b. 1922) March 24 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (b. 1891) March 26 – Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinean politician, 1st President of Guinea (b. 1922) March 27 – Jack Donohue, American film screenwriter and director (b. 1908) March 28 Ben Washam, American animator (b. 1915) Benjamin Mays, American Baptist minister and civil rights leader (b. 1894) March 30 – Karl Rahner, German Jesuit priest and theologian (b. 1904) March 31 – Jack Howarth, English actor (b. 1896) April April 1 Marvin Gaye, American singer (b. 1939) Elizabeth Goudge, English writer (b. 1900) April 5 Arthur "Bomber" Harris, British air marshall (b. 1892) Giuseppe Tucci, Italian scholar of oriental cultures (b. 1894) April 7 – Frank Church, American politician, U.S senator from 1957 to 1981 (b. 1924) April 8 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1894) April 9 – Willem Sandberg, Dutch typographer (b. 1897) April 12 – Edward Sokoine, 2nd Prime Minister of Tanzania (b. 1938) April 15 Tommy Cooper, Welsh comedian and magician (b. 1921) William Empson, English poet and critic (b. 1906) April 16 – Byron Haskin, American film and television director (b. 1899) April 17 – Mark W. Clark, American general (b. 1896) April 19 – Machito, Cuban jazz musician (b. 1908) April 20 – Otto Arosemena, 32nd President of Ecuador (b. 1925) April 21 – Marcel Janco, Romanian-Israeli artist (b. 1895) April 22 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (b. 1902) April 23 – Roland Penrose, English artist, historian and poet (b. 1900) April 26 Count Basie, American musician and composer (b. 1904) May McAvoy, American actress (b. 1899) April 30 – Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, Colombian lawyer and politician (b. 1946) May May 2 Jack Barry, American television host and producer (b. 1918) Bob Clampett, American cartoonist (b. 1913) May 4 – Diana Dors, English actress (b. 1931) May 6 – Mary Cain, American newspaper editor and politician (b. 1904) May 8 – Lila Wallace, American publisher (b. 1889) May 12 – Charlie Stubbs, English footballer (b. 1920) May 15 – Lionel Robbins, British economist (b. 1898) May 16 Andy Kaufman, American comedian (b. 1949) Irwin Shaw, American author (b. 1913) May 19 – Sir John Betjeman, English diplomat and poet (b. 1906) May 20 – Ólafur Jóhannesson, 15th Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1913) May 21 Andrea Leeds, American actress (b. 1914) Ann Little, American actress (b. 1891) May 22 Rambai Barni, Queen consort of King Prajadhipok of Thailand (b. 1904) Karl-August Fagerholm, 20th Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1901) John Marley, American actor (b. 1907) May 24 – Vincent J. McMahon, professional wrestling promoter WWF (b. 1914) May 26 – Elizabeth Peer, American journalist (b. 1936) May 27 – Vasilije Mokranjac, Serbian composer (b. 1923) May 28 Eric Morecambe, British comedian (b. 1926) D'Urville Martin, American actor and director (b. 1939) June June 5 – Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin, 42nd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1926) June 6 – Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, Sikh theologian, Most powerful Sikh leader of the 20th century (b. 1947) June 11 – Enrico Berlinguer, General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party (b. 1922) June 15 Ned Glass, American actor (b. 1906) Meredith Willson, American composer (b. 1902) June 19 – Lee Krasner, American painter (b. 1908) June 20 – Estelle Winwood, English actress (b. 1883) June 22 – Joseph Losey, American film director (b. 1909) June 24 – William Keighley, American film director (b. 1889) June 25 – Michel Foucault, French philosopher (b. 1926) June 26 – Carl Foreman, American screenwriter (b. 1914) June 28 Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician and Military Chief of Staff (b. 1917) Claude Chevalley, French mathematician (b. 1909) June 30 Henri Fabre, pioneer French aviator & inventor (b. 1882) Lillian Hellman, American playwright (b. 1905) July July 1 – Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainian founder of the Feldenkrais Method (b. 1904) July 3 – Raoul Salan, French general (b. 1899) July 7 – Dame Flora Robson, English actress (b. 1902) July 8 Brassaï, Hungarian-born photographer (b. 1899) Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, Spanish historian and politician (b. 1893) July 17 – Karl Wolff, German Nazi SS Officer (b. 1900) July 19 – Faina Ranevskaya, Soviet and Russian actress (b. 1896) July 25 – Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926) July 26 George Gallup, American statistician and opinion pollster (b. 1901) Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906) July 27 – James Mason, English actor (b. 1909) July 28 – Bess Flowers, American actress (b. 1898) July 30 - Maurice Tremlett, English cricketer (b 1924) August August 2 – Quirino Cristiani, Argentine animated film director (b. 1896) August 4 – Mary Miles Minter, American actress (b. 1902) August 5 – Richard Burton, Welsh actor (b. 1925) August 8 – Richard Deacon, American actor (b. 1922) August 11 – Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian–German chess player (b. 1916) August 13 Clyde Cook, Australian actor (b. 1891) Tigran Petrosian, Georgian chess player (b. 1929) August 14 – J. B. Priestley, British novelist and playwright (b. 1894) August 25 Truman Capote, American writer (b. 1924) Viktor Chukarin, Russian Olympic gymnast (b. 1921) August 28 – Mohammed Naguib, 30th Prime Minister of Egypt and 1st President of Egypt (b. 1901) August 29 – Pierre Gemayel, Lebanese politician, founder of the Kataeb Party (b. 1905) September September 1 – Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset, Duchess of Parma (b. 1898) September 5 Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1917) Jane Roberts, American writer (b. 1929) September 6 – Ernest Tubb, American singer (b. 1914) September 7 – Joe Cronin, American baseball player and member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1906) September 8 – Frank Lowson, English Test Cricketer 1951–1955 (b.1925) September 9 – Yılmaz Güney, Turkish film director (b. 1937) September 10 – Ismael Merlo, Spanish actor (b. 1918) September 12 – Yvon Petra, French tennis player (b. 1916) September 14 Richard Brautigan, American counter-culture author (b. 1935) Janet Gaynor, American Academy Award-winning actress (b. 1906) September 16 – Vincenzo Cotroni, Italian-Canadian mobster (b. 1911) September 17 – Richard Basehart, American actor (b. 1914) September 20 – Steve Goodman, American folk musician and songwriter (b. 1948) September 24 – Neil Hamilton, American actor (b. 1899) September 25 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (b. 1897) September 27 – Toke Townley, English actor (b. 1912) October October 1 Walter Alston, American baseball player and manager (Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1911) Blagoje Marjanović, Yugoslav football player and manager (b. 1907) October 4 – Bernhard, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1901) October 5 – Leonard Rossiter, British actor (b. 1926) October 6 – George Gaylord Simpson, American paleontologist (b. 1902) October 9 – Heinz von Cleve, German stage and film actor (b. 1897) October 12 – Sir Anthony Berry, British politician murdered by the IRA in the Brighton hotel bombing (b. 1925) October 13 – George Kelly, American baseball player (New York Giants) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1895) October 14 – Sir Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1918) October 16 – Peggy Ann Garner, American actress (b. 1932) October 18 – Jon-Erik Hexum, American actor (b. 1957) October 19 Henri Michaux, Belgian writer and painter (b. 1899) Jerzy Popiełuszko, Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1947) (Murdered) October 20 Carl Ferdinand Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896) Paul Dirac, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902) October 21 Adolf Fischer, German actor (b. 1900) François Truffaut, French film director (b. 1932) October 23 David Gorcey, American actor (b. 1921) Oskar Werner, Austrian actor (b. 1922) October 24 – Walter Woolf King, American singer and actor (b. 1899) October 25 – Pascale Ogier, French actress (b. 1958) October 30 – June Duprez, English actress (b. 1918) October 31 Eduardo De Filippo, Italian actor (b. 1900) Indira Gandhi, Indian politician and political figure, 3rd Prime Minister of India (assassinated) (b. 1917) November November 11 – Martin Luther King Sr., American Baptist pastor, missionary, and an early figure in the civil rights movement (b. 1899) November 16 Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (b. 1906) Leonard Rose, American cellist (leukemia) (b. 1918) November 20 Trygve Bratteli, Norwegian politician, 19th Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1910) Carlo Campanini, Italian actor (b. 1906) November 23 – Paul Dahlke, German actor (b. 1904) December December 4 – Jack Mercer, American voice artist (b. 1910) December 6 - Lucie Odier, Swiss nurse and humanitarian activist (b. 1886) December 7 – Jeanne Cagney, American actress (b. 1919) December 8 – Luther Adler, American actor (b. 1903) December 9 – Ivor Moreton, British singer and pianist (b. 1908) December 11 Oskar Seidlin, Silesian-born Jewish-American literary scholar (b. 1911) George Waggner, American film director (b. 1894) December 13 – Clemente de la Cerda, Venezuelan director (b. 1935) December 14 – Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898) December 15 – Jan Peerce, American tenor (b. 1904) December 16 Karl Deichgräber, German classical philologist (b. 1903) J. Roderick MacArthur, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1920) December 20 Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (b. 1946) Stanley Milgram, American psychologist (b. 1933) Dmitriy Ustinov, Soviet Army officer and Minister of Defense (b. 1908) December 24 Ian Hendry, English actor (b. 1931) Peter Lawford, English-American actor and socialite (b. 1923) December 26 – Sheila Andrews, American country music singer (b. 1953) December 28 – Sam Peckinpah, American film director (b. 1925) December 29 – Leo Robin, American composer (b. 1900) Nobel Prizes Physics – Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer Chemistry – Robert Bruce Merrifield Medicine – Niels Kaj Jerne, Georges J. F. Köhler, César Milstein Literature – Jaroslav Seifert Peace – Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Richard Stone 1984 in fiction The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, published in 1949, is set in this year. The video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories takes place in 1984. The Transformers franchise starts in 1984 with the Transformers toy line. Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain takes place in this year. The Terminator takes place on May 12 of this year. The Saturday school detention of The Breakfast Club takes place on March 24, 1984. Season 2 of the Netflix original television series Stranger Things takes place in 1984. Horror film Summer of 84 takes place in 1984. Interactive film Black Mirror: Bandersnatch takes place in 1984. Wonder Woman 1984 takes place in 1984. One of the storylines in season 1 of Why Women Kill is set in 1984. American Horror Story: 1984 takes place in 1984. The first part of Episode 1 of Not for Broadcast is set in 1984. References Leap | celebrity and actress Christy Carlson Romano, American actress and singer Fernando Torres, Spanish football player March 21 – Sopho Gelovani, Georgian singer March 22 – Didit Hediprasetyo, Indonesian fashion designer and socialite March 24 Chris Bosh, American basketball player Park Bom, South Korean singer March 25 – Katharine McPhee, American Idol finalist March 26 – Stéphanie Lapointe, Canadian singer March 30 Helena Mattsson, Swedish actress Justin Moore, American country music singer Anna Nalick, American singer Samantha Stosur, Australian tennis player April April 1 – Murali Vijay, Indian cricketer April 3 – Allana Slater, Australian gymnast April 4 – Haitham Ahmed Zaki, Egyptian actor (d. 2019) April 5 Marshall Allman, American actor Aram Mp3, Armenian singer-songwriter, comedian and showman Saba Qamar, Pakistani actress and model Phil Wickham, American musician April 8 Austin Ejide, Nigerian footballer Ezra Koenig, American musician April 9 Linda Chung, Canadian TVB actress and singer Adam Loewen, Canadian pitcher April 10 – Mandy Moore, American singer-songwriter, and actress April 11 Kelli Garner, American actress Nikola Karabatić, French handball player April 12 – Luisel Ramos, Uruguayan model (d. 2006) April 13 – Hiro Mizushima, Japanese actor and writer April 14 Kyle Coetzer, Scottish cricketer Adán Sánchez, American singer (d. 2004) April 15 – Zizan Razak, Malaysian comedian April 16 Jaiden Abbott, Anguillan football player Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, American author Claire Foy, English actress April 17 – Rosanna Davison, Irish model, Miss World 2003 April 18 – America Ferrera, American actress, producer, and director April 19 Lee Da-hae, South Korean actress Dmitry Trunenkov, Russian Olympic bobsledder April 20 Andre Charles, Grenadian footballer John Jairo Castillo, Colombian football player Tyson Griffin, American MMA fighter April 22 – Amelle Berrabah, British singer April 23 – Alexandra Kosteniuk, Russian chess player April 24 – Tyson Ritter, American singer-songwriter April 25 – Melonie Diaz, American actress April 26 – Emily Wickersham, American actress April 27 Fabien Gilot, French Olympic swimmer Patrick Stump, American musician and singer-songwriter (Fall Out Boy) April 29 Taylor Cole, American actress and model Kirby Cote, Canadian Paralympic swimmer Paulius Jankūnas, Lithuanian basketball player Lina Krasnoroutskaya, Russian tennis player and commentator Vassilis Xanthopoulos, Greek basketball player May May 1 Kerry Bishé, American actress Alexander Farnerud, Swedish footballer May 3 Cheryl Burke, American professional dancer Morgan Kibby, American actress and singer-songwriter May 4 Little Boots, British pop singer Sarah Meier, Swiss figure skater May 5 – Chris Birchall, Trinidadian footballer May 7 Kevin Owens, Canadian professional wrestler Alex Smith, American football player May 8 Francesco Servino, Italian journalist and activist Martin Compston, Scottish actor and former professional footballer May 10 – Pe'er Tasi, Israeli singer May 11 – Andrés Iniesta, Spanish footballer May 12 – Sajjad Anoushiravani, Iranian weightlifter May 13 – Hannah New, English actress and model May 14 Gary Ablett Jr., Australian rules footballer Olly Murs, English singer Mark Zuckerberg, American founder and CEO of Facebook May 17 Jayson Blair, American actor Alejandro Edda, Mexican-American actor Andreas Kofler, Austrian ski jumper Passenger, English singer and songwriter Christine Robinson, Canadian water polo player May 18 – Yuri Kolovorotny, former Russian professional football player May 20 Dilara Kazimova, Azerbaijani singer and actress Naturi Naughton, American singer and actress May 21 Jackson Pearce, American novelist Gary Woodland, American golfer May 23 – Adam Wylie, American actor May 24 – Monica Bergamelli, Italian artistic gymnast May 25 Kyle Brodziak, Canadian ice hockey player Emma Marrone, Italian pop/rock singer Kostas Martakis, Greek singer, model and occasional actor Nikolai Pokotylo, Russian singer Marion Raven, Norwegian singer and songwriter Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, Miss Iceland, crowned Miss World 2005 May 29 Carmelo Anthony, African-American basketball player Nia Jax, Australian-born American professional wrestler Aleksei Tishchenko, Russian Olympic boxer May 31 Milorad Čavić, Serbian swimmer Yael Grobglas, Israeli actress June June 1 Olivier Tielemans, Dutch racing driver Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar, Mongolian judoka June 4 Jillian Murray, American actress Rainie Yang, Taiwanese singer June 5 – Iris van Herpen, Dutch fashion designer June 8 Andrea Casiraghi, Prince of Monaco Javier Mascherano, Argentinian footballer June 9 – Wesley Sneijder, Dutch footballer June 13 Bérengère Schuh, French archer Phillip Van Dyke, American actor June 15 – Tim Lincecum, American baseball player June 16 Emiri Miyasaka, Japanese model Rick Nash, Canadian hockey player June 17 – John Gallagher Jr., American actor, singer, and dancer June 19 – Paul Dano, American actor and producer June 21 Kim Ho-jun, South Korean football player Zabit Samedov, Azerbaijani kickboxer Erick Silva, Brazilian mixed martial artist June 22 – Janko Tipsarević, Serbian tennis player June 23 – Duffy, Welsh singer June 24 Javier Ambrossi, Spanish actor, stage director and film director JJ Redick, American basketball player June 25 Lauren Bush, American model and producer Killian Donnelly, Irish musical theatre performer June 26 Raymond Felton, American basketball player Assan Jatta, Gambian football striker Aubrey Plaza, American actress Deron Williams, American basketball player Eddie Wineland, American mixed martial artist June 27 Son Ho-jun, South Korean singer and actor Khloé Kardashian, American television personality June 28 – Eric Friedman, American musician and songwriter June 30 Fantasia Barrino, American singer Nikos Oikonomopoulos, Greek singer Yu Koshikawa, Japanese volleyball player July July – James Holzhauer, American game show champion July 1 Jason Reeves, American singer-songwriter and musician Donald Thomas, Bahamian high jumper Heo Jae-won, South Korean football player July 2 Johnny Weir, American figure skater, fashion designer, and television commentator Vinny Magalhães, Brazilian mixed martial artist July 3 – Syed Rasel, Bangladeshi cricketer July 4 Jin Akanishi, Japanese singer and actor Lee Je-hoon, South Korean actor July 5 Yu Yamada, Japanese model, actress, and singer Yeon Woo-jin, South Korean actor Danay García, Cuban actress and model July 6 – Lauren Harris, British rock musician July 7 Oleksiy Honcharuk, Ukrainian politician AG Coco, Malaysian musician Mohammad Ashraful, Bangladeshi cricketer July 9 – LA Tenorio, Filipino professional basketball player July 10 Laurent Recouderc, French tennis player Mark González, South African-Chilean footballer Óscar Escandón, Colombian boxer María Julia Mantilla, Peruvian actress, dancer, model, teacher, and beauty queen July 11 Tiffiny Hall, Australian author, journalist and television personality Tanith Belbin White, Canadian-American figure skater Joe Pavelski, American hockey player Serinda Swan, Canadian actress Rachael Taylor, Australian actress July 12 Gareth Gates, English singer Amanda Hocking, American fantasy novelist Natalie Martinez, American actress and model Michael McGovern, Northern Irish footballer Sami Zayn, Syrian Canadian professional wrestler July 13 – Pio Marmaï, French actor July 15 Vincent Wan, Hong Kong actor Rustam Totrov, Russian Greco-Roman wrestler Lars Øvrebø, Norwegian football player July 16 – Sašo Bertoncelj, Slovenian male artistic gymnast July 17 – Mohamed Bouchaïb, Libya-Algerian actor July 18 Sam Sexton, British professional boxer Liv Boeree, English poker player and TV presenter Josh Harding, Canadian hockey player July 19 Lasse Gjertsen, Norwegian videographer Andrea Libman, Canadian actress Diana Mocanu, Romanian swimmer Zhu Zhu, Chinese actress and singer July 20 – Huang Yi-hua, Taiwanese table tennis player July 21 Sarah Greene, Irish actress and singer Iris Strubegger, Austrian model July 23 – Brandon Roy, American basketball player July 26 – Kyriakos Ioannou, Cypriot high jumper July 27 – Taylor Schilling, American actress July 28 Ali Krieger, American soccer player Zach Parise, American hockey player John David Washington, American actor and former American football player July 30 Anna Bessonova, Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast Gina Rodriguez, American actress and producer August August 1 Danny Tidwell, American dancer (d. 2020) Bastian Schweinsteiger, German football player August 2 – Giampaolo Pazzini, Italian footballer August 3 – Ryan Lochte, American swimmer August 5 – Helene Fischer, German singer and entertainer August 10 – Ryan Eggold, American film and television actor August 11 – Melky Cabrera, American baseball player August 12 – Sherone Simpson, Jamaican athlete August 13 – James Morrison, English singer-songwriter and guitarist August 14 Clay Buchholz, American Major League Baseball pitcher Robin Söderling, Swedish tennis player August 17 – Liam Heath, British sprint canoeist August 20 Mirai Moriyama, Japanese actor Tsokye Karchung, Bhutanese beauty queen, Miss Bhutan 2008 August 21 – Alizée Jacotey, French singer August 23 Glen Johnson, English footballer Ashley Williams, Welsh footballer August 24 Charlie Villanueva, American basketball player Yesung, South Korean singer, songwriter, actor, radio personality and MC August 25 – Kenan Sofuoğlu, Turkish professional motorcycle racer August 28 – Sarah Roemer, American model and actress August 31 – Charl Schwartzel, South African golfer September September 1 – Joe Trohman, American singer-songwriter, composer, and guitarist (Fall Out Boy) September 2 – Danson Tang, Taiwanese actor, model, and singer September 3 André Cardoso, Portuguese cyclist Garrett Hedlund, American actor September 4 Camila Bordonaba, Argentine actress, singer-songwriter, dancer, musician, and former model Kyle Mooney, American comedian September 6 Igor Maksymenko, Ukrainian kickboxer Orsi Kocsis, Hungarian model Abby Martin, American journalist September 7 Kate Miner, American actress and musician Farveez Maharoof, Sri Lankan cricketer Vera Zvonareva, Russian tennis player September 8 – Daniele Hypolito, Brazilian artistic gymnast September 10 – Luke Treadaway, English actor and singer September 14 – André de Vanny, Australian actor September 15 – Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, British Prince September 16 Sabrina Bryan, American actress and singer Katie Melua, Georgian-English singer Ali Fedotowsky, American television personality September 18 Nina Arianda, American actress Dizzee Rascal, English rapper September 19 Young Greatness, American rapper (d. 2018) Lydia Hearst, American actress and fashion model Kevin Zegers, Canadian actor September 20 Brian Joubert, French figure skater Soundarya Rajinikanth, Indian graphic designer, producer, and director Holly Weber, American actress and model September 21 – Ben Wildman-Tobriner, American Olympic swimmer Wale, American rapper September 22 Theresa Fu, Hong Kong singer and actress Godfrey Gao, Taiwanese-Canadian model and actor (d. 2019) Laura Vandervoort, Canadian actress September 23 Kate French, American television and film actress and model Matt Kemp, American baseball player Anneliese van der Pol, Dutch-American actress and singer September 25 Annabelle Wallis, English actress CariDee English, American fashion model and TV personality Zach Woods, American actor and comedian September 27 – Avril Lavigne, Canadian rock musician September 28 Helen Oyeyemi, British novelist Melody Thornton, American singer Ryan Zimmerman, American baseball player September 29 – Per Mertesacker, German football player September 30 – Keisha Buchanan, British singer October October 1 Beck Bennett, American actor and comedian Josh Brener, American actor Matt Cain, American baseball player Mónica Spear, Venezuelan actress, Miss Venezuela 2004 (d. 2014) October 2 – Marion Bartoli, French professional tennis player October 3 Ashlee Simpson, American singer and actress Yoon Eun-hye, Korean singer, model, actress and entertainer Laura Weissbecker, French actress Jessica Parker Kennedy, Canadian actress October 4 Lena Katina, Russian singer Álvaro Parente, Portuguese racing driver October 5 Glenn McMillan, Australian actor Brooke Valentine, American urban musician October 6 Joanna Pacitti, American singer Magdalena Frackowiak, Polish model October 7 Ikuta Toma, Japanese drama actor Andy Bean, American actor October 10 Pavel Durov, Russian entrepreneur Chiaki Kuriyama, Japanese actress Steve Turner, Australian rugby league player October 11 – Martha MacIsaac, Canadian actress October 12 – Emmanuel Kipchirchir Mutai, Kenyan long-distance runner October 13 Kathrin Fricke, German web- and video-artist, known as Coldmirror Anton Kushnir, Belarusian Olympic freestyle skier October 16 Ben Smith, Australian rugby league player Shayne Ward, British singer October 17 Chris Lowell, American actor Randall Munroe, American programmer and webcomic artist October 18 Hollie Dunaway, American female boxer Robert Harting, German discus thrower Esperanza Spalding, American singer Lindsey Vonn, American alpine skier October 20 – Mitch Lucker, American heavy metal singer (d. 2012) October 23 Izabel Goulart, Brazilian model Meghan McCain, American author October 24 Ben Giroux, American actor and director Erin Lucas, American actress October 25 – Katy Perry, American singer and television judge October 26 Sasha Cohen, American figure skater Jefferson Farfán, Peruvian footballer October 27 Kelly Osbourne, English singer and television personality Irfan Pathan, Indian cricketer October 28 – Obafemi Martins, Nigerian footballer October 29 – Eric Staal, Canadian hockey player November November 1 Miloš Krasić, Serbian footballer Natalia Tena, English actress and singer November 2 Julia Stegner, German model Tamara Hope, Canadian actress and singer November 3 Ryo Nishikido, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor Mina Fukui, Japanese actress, tarento and gravure model November 4 Dustin Brown, American hockey player Ayila Yussuf, Nigerian footballer November 5 Jon Cornish, Canadian football player Tobias Enström, Swedish ice hockey player Baruto Kaito, Estonian sumo wrestler Eliud Kipchoge, Kenyan long-distance runner Nikolay Zherdev, Ukrainian-Russian ice hockey player November 6 – Sebastian Schachten, German footballer November 7 Mihkel Aksalu, Estonian footballer Jonathan Bornstein, American-Israeli soccer player Amelia Vega, Miss Universe 2003 November 8 Kuntal Chandra, Bangladeshi cricketer (d. 2012) Steven Webb, English actor November 9 Delta Goodrem, Australian actress and singer Ku Hye-sun, South Korean actress and singer French Montana, Moroccan-Americans rapper November 10 Britt Irvin, Canadian actress and singer Ludovic Obraniak, Polish footballer November 11 – Birkir Már Sævarsson, Icelandic footballer November 12 Omarion, American singer-songwriter and actor Dara, South Korean singer and model Yan Zi, Chinese tennis player November 14 – Marija Šerifović, Serbian singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2007 winner November 15 – Hevrin Khalaf, Kurdish-Syrian politician and civil engineer (d. 2019) November 16 – Kimberly J. Brown, American actress November 17 Park Han-byul, South Korean actress Lauren Maltby, American actress and psychologist November 18 – Thelma Assis, Brazilian doctor, presenter and dancer November 20 – Jeremy Jordan, American actor and singer November 21 – Jena Malone, American actress, musician, and photographer November 22 – Scarlett Johansson, American actress and singer November 23 Jarah Mariano, American model Lucas Grabeel, American actor, singer, songwriter, and producer November 24 – Maria Höfl-Riesch, German alpine skier November 25 Ian Lacey, Australian rugby league player Gaspard Ulliel, French actor (d. 2022) November 26 – Antonio Puerta, Spanish footballer (d. 2007) November 27 – Sanna Nielsen, Swedish pop singer November 28 Alan Ritchson, American actor, model, and singer Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player Marc-André Fleury, Canadian hockey player Trey Songz, African-American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer, and actor Mary Elizabeth Winstead, American actress and singer November 30 – Alan Hutton, Scottish footballer December December 1 – Ajuma Ameh-Otache, Nigerian footballer (d. 2018) December 3 – Avraam Papadopoulos, Greek football player December 4 – Lindsay Felton, American actress December 5 – Lauren London, American actress and model December 6 – Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland, Swedish princess December 7 – Robert Kubica, Polish Formula One racing driver December 8 Sam Hunt, American singer-songwriter December 10 – Tom Hern, New Zealand actor December 11 Xosha Roquemore, American actress Sandra Echeverría, Mexican actress, singer and model December 12 – Daniel Agger, Danish football (soccer) player December 13 – Santi Cazorla, Spanish football player December 14 Chris Brunt, Northern Irish footballer Jackson Rathbone, American actor and singer December 15 Kirsty Lee Allan, Australian actress and fashion model Martin Škrtel, Slovak footballer Yu Fengtong, Chinese speed skater December 16 – Theo James, English actor and singer December 17 Asuka Fukuda, Japanese singer Tennessee Thomas, British-born American drummer and actor Shannon Woodward, American actress December 18 – Tiffany Mulheron, Scottish actress December 20 – Bob Morley, Australian actor December 22 Basshunter, Swedish singer, record producer and DJ Greg Finley, American actor December 23 – Alison Sudol, American singer, songwriter, and actress (aka A Fine Frenzy) December 25 Francisco Vargas, Mexican professional boxer Jessica Origliasso, Australian singer-songwriter, actress, and fashion designer Lisa Origliasso, Australian singer-songwriter, actress, and fashion designer December 26 – Jenny Shakeshaft, American actress and model December 27 – Rocío Guirao Díaz, Argentinian model December 28 Martin Kaymer, German golfer Raditya Dika, Indonesian writer, comedian, and filmmaker December 30 – LeBron James, American basketball player Date unknown Pasang Lhamu Sherpa Akita, Nepali Sherpa mountaineer Deaths January January 1 Billy Hill, British gangster (b. 1911) Alexis Korner, British blues musician and broadcaster (b. 1928) January 5 – Giuseppe Fava, Italian writer (b. 1925) January 6 – Ernest Laszlo, Hungarian-born American cinematographer (b. 1898) January 7 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902) January 9 – Sir Deighton Lisle Ward, 4th Governor-General of Barbados (b. 1909) January 11 – Jack La Rue, American actor (b. 1902) January 13 – Ray Moore, American comic writer (b. 1905) January 14 Brooks Atkinson, American theater critic (b. 1894) Saad Haddad, Lebanese military officer and militia leader (b. 1936) Ray Kroc, American entrepreneur (b. 1902) January 17 Kostas Giannidis, Greek composer (b. 1903) George Rigaud, Argentinian actor (b. 1905) January 20 – Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (b. 1904) January 21 Archduke Gottfried of Austria (b. 1902) Jackie Wilson, American singer (b. 1934) January 22 – Sir Count Michael Gonzi, Maltese Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1885) January 29 – Frances Goodrich, American screenwriter (b. 1890) January 30 – Luke Kelly, lead singer of Irish band The Dubliners (b. 1940) January 31 – George Harmon Coxe, American writer (b. 1901) February February 4 – Alan Buchanan, British Anglican bishop (b. 1905) February 5 – El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (b. 1917) February 6 – Jorge Guillén, Spanish poet (b. 1893) February 8 Karel Miljon, Dutch boxer (b. 1903) Philippe Ariès, French medievalist and historian (b. 1914) February 9 – Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1914) February 10 David Von Erich, American professional wrestler (b. 1958) Claudia Zobel, Filipina actress (b. 1965) February 11 – John Comer, English actor (b. 1924) February 12 Anna Anderson, Pretender to the Russian throne (b. 1896) Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (b. 1914) Tom Keating, English art restorer (b. 1917) February 13 – Naomi Uemura, Japanese adventurer (b. 1941) February 15 – Ethel Merman, American |
as Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens (together called "the Four Horsemen of New Atheism" in a taped 2007 discussion they held on their criticisms of religion, a name that has stuck), along with Victor J. Stenger, Lawrence M. Krauss and A.C. Grayling. Several best-selling books by these authors, published between 2004 and 2007, form the basis for much of the discussion of New Atheism. Several groups promoting no religious faith or opposing religious faith altogether – including the Freedom From Religion Foundation, American Atheists, Camp Quest, and the Rational Response Squad – have witnessed large increases in membership numbers in recent years, and the number of secularist student organizations at American colleges and universities increased during the 2000s. David Bario of the Columbia News Service wrote: Under the Bush administration, organizations that promote abstinence and encourage teens to sign virginity pledges or wear purity rings have received federal grants. The Silver Ring Thing, a subsidiary of a Pennsylvania evangelical church, has received more than $1 million from the government to promote abstinence and to sell its rings in the United States and abroad. Prominent events and trends during the 2000s: Increasing Islamophobia and Islamophobic incidents during the 2000s associated with the September 11 attacks or with the increased presence of Muslims in the Western world.Achcar, Gilbert. The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives, p. 283 In 2000, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that Scientology is a religion for legal purposes. In 2001, lawsuits were filed in the United States and Ireland, alleging that some priests had sexually abused minors and that their superiors had conspired to conceal and otherwise abet their criminal misconduct. In 2004, the John Jay report tabulated a total of 4,392 priests and deacons in the U.S. against whom allegations of sexual abuse had been made. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (i.e. government-operated) primary and secondary schools; and came into effect on September 2, 2004. June 27, 2005, – The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on in a 5–4 decision, that a Ten Commandments display at the McCreary County courthouse in Whitley City, Kentucky and a Ten Commandments display at the Pulaski County courthouse—were unconstitutional: McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union France created in 2006 the first French parliamentary commission on cult activities which led to a report registering a number of cults considered as dangerous. Supporters of such movements have criticized the report on the grounds of the respect of religious freedom. Proponents of the measure contend that only dangerous cults have been listed as such, and state secularism ensures religious freedom in France. November 2009 – Minaret controversy in Switzerland: A referendum, a constitutional amendment banning the construction of new Mosque minarets was approved, sparking reactions from governments and political parties throughout of the world. 2009 – In Pope Benedict XVI's third encyclical Caritas in Veritate, he warns that a purely technocrat mindset where decisions are made only on grounds of efficiency will not deliver true development. Technical decisions must not be divorced from ethics. Benedict discusses bioethics and states that practices such as abortion, eugenics and euthanasia are morally hazardous and that accepting them can lead to greater tolerance for various forms of moral degradation. He turns to another consequence of the technocratic mindset, the viewing of people's personalities in purely psychological terms at the exclusion of the spiritual, which he says can lead to people feeling empty and abandoned even in prosperous societies. Population and social issues The decade saw further expansion of LGBT rights, with many European, Oceanic, and American countries recognizing civil unions and partnerships and a number of countries extending civil marriage to same-sex couples. The Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001. By the end of 2009, same-sex marriage was legal and performed in 10 countries worldwide, although only in some jurisdictions in Mexico and the United States. Population continued to grow in most countries, in particular in developing countries, though overall the rate slowed. According to United Nations estimates, world population reached six billion in late 1999, and continued to climb to 6.8 billion in late 2009. In 2007 the population of the United States reached 300 million inhabitants, and Japan's population peaked at 127 million before going into decline. In a 2003 memo to a staff member, Britain's Charles, Prince of Wales wrote: Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. In 2001, 46.4% of people in sub-Saharan Africa were living in extreme poverty. Nearly half of all Indian children are undernourished, however, even among the wealthiest fifth one third of children are malnourished. 5 A Day is the name of a number of programs in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany, to encourage the consumption of at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day, following a recommendation by the World Health Organization that individuals consume at least 400g of vegetables daily. The programme was introduced by the UK Department of Health in the winter of 2002–2003, and received some adverse media attention because of the high and rising costs of fresh fruit and vegetables. After ten years, research suggested that few people were meeting the target. The London congestion charge is a fee charged on most motor vehicles operating within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) in central London between 07:00 and 18:00 Monday to Friday. It is not charged at weekends, public holidays or between Christmas Day and New Year's Day (inclusive).[1] The charge, which was introduced on February 17, 2003, remains one of the largest congestion charge zones in the world. On December 3, 2003, New Zealand passed legislation to progressively implement a smoking ban in schools, school grounds, and workplaces by December 2004. On March 29, 2004, Ireland implemented a nationwide ban on smoking in all workplaces. In Norway, similar legislation was put into force on June 1 the same year. Smoking was banned in all public places in the whole of the United Kingdom in 2007, when England became the final region to have the legislation come into effect (the age limit for buying tobacco was also raised from 16 to 18 on October 1, 2007). From 2004 to 2009, the UK's Merseyside police officers, conducted 1,389 section 60 stop and searches (without reasonable suspicion), rising to 23,138 within five years. In 2005 the cost of alcohol dependence and abuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year, more than cancer and obesity. The number of antidepressants prescribed by the NHS in the United Kingdom almost doubled during one decade, authorities reported in 2010. In 2009, 39.1 million prescriptions for drugs to tackle depression were issued in England, compared with 20.1 million issued in 1999. In the United States a 2005 independent report stated that 11% of women and 5% of men in the non-institutionalized population (2002) take antidepressants. The use of antidepressants in the United States doubled over one decade, from 1996 to 2005. Antidepressant drugs were prescribed to 13 million in 1996 and to 27 million people by 2005. In 2008, more than 164 million prescriptions were written. In the UK, the number of weddings in 2006 was the lowest for 110 years. Jamie Oliver, is a British chef, restaurateur, media personality, known for his food-focused television shows and cookbooks. In 2006, Oliver began a formal campaign to ban unhealthy food in British schools and to get children eating nutritious food instead. Oliver's efforts to bring radical change to the school meals system, chronicled in the series Jamie's School Dinners, challenged the junk-food culture by showing schools they could serve healthy, cost-efficient meals that kids enjoyed eating. Jamie's efforts brought the subject of school dinners to the political forefront and changed the types of food served in schools. In 2006, nearly 11 million Plastic surgery procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. In November 2006, the Office of Communications (Ofcom) announced that it would ban television advertisements for junk food before, during and after television programming aimed at under-16s in the United Kingdom. These regulations were originally outlined in a proposal earlier in the year. This move has been criticized on both ends of the scale; while the Food and Drink Federation labelled the ban "over the top", others have said the restrictions do not go far enough (particularly due to the fact that soap operas would be exempt from the ban). On April 1, 2007, junk food advertisements were banned from programmes aimed at four to nine-year-olds. Such advertisements broadcast during programmes "aimed at, or which would appeal to," ten to fifteen-year-olds will continue to be phased out over the coming months, with a full ban coming into effect on January 1, 2009. November 10, 2006 – referring to the UK's annual poppy appeal, British journalist and presenter Jon Snow condemned the attitude of those who insist remembrance poppies are worn. He claimed: there is a rather unpleasant breed of poppy fascism out there. In January 2007, the British Retail Consortium announced that major UK retailers, including Asda, Boots, Co-op, Iceland, Marks and Spencer, Sainsbury's, Tesco and Waitrose intended to cease adding trans fatty acids to their own products by the end of 2007. In October 2008 AFP reported on the further expansion of killings of albinos to the Ruyigi region of Burundi. Body parts of the victims are then smuggled to Tanzania, where they are used for witch doctor rituals and potions. Albinos have become "a commercial good", commented Nicodeme Gahimbare in Ruyigi, who established a local safe haven in his fortified house. A 2009 study found a 30% increase in Chinese diabetes over 7 years. AIDS continued to expand during the decade, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa. New diseases of animal origin appeared for a short time, such as the bird flu in 2007. Swine flu was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in 2009. Environment and climate change Climate change and global warming became household words in the 2000s. Predictions tools made significant progress during the decade, UN-sponsored organisations such as the IPCC gained influence, and studies such as the Stern report influenced public support for paying the political and economic costs of countering climate change. The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s might have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade. The NASA and the NOAA later echoed the WMO's findings. Major natural disasters became more frequent and helped change public opinion. One of the deadliest heat waves in human history happened during the 2000s, mostly in Europe, with the 2003 European heat wave killing 37,451 people over the summer months. In February 2009, a series of highly destructive bushfires started in Victoria, Australia, lasting into the next month. While the fires are believed to have been caused by arson, they were widely reported as having been fueled by an excessive heatwave that was due in part to climate change. It has also been alleged that climate change was a cause of increased storms intensity, notably in the case of Hurricane Katrina. International actions Climate change became a major issue for governments, populations and scientists. Debates on global warming and its causes made significant progress, as climate change denials were refuted by most scientific studies. Decisive reports such as the Stern Review and the 2007 IPCC Report almost established a climate change consensus. NGOs' actions and the commitment of political personalities (such as former U.S. Vice President Al Gore) also urged to international reactions against climate change. Documentary films An Inconvenient Truth and Home may have had a decisive impact. Under the auspices of The UN Convention on Climate Change the Kyoto Protocol (aimed at combating global warming) entered into force on February 16, 2005. As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol. In addition The UN Convention on Climate Change helped coordinate the efforts of the international community to fight potentially disastrous effects of human activity on the planet and launched negotiations to set an ambitious program of carbon emission reduction that began in 2007 with the Bali Road Map. However, the representatives of the then 192 member countries of the United Nations gathered in December 2009 for the Copenhagen Conference failed to reach a binding agreement to reduce carbon emissions because of divisions between regional areas. However, as environmental technologies were to make up a potential market, some countries made large investments in renewable energies, energy conservation and sustainable transport. Many governments launched national plans to promote sustainable energy. In 2003, the European Union members created an emission trading scheme, and in 2007 they assembled a climate and energy package to reduce further their carbon emission and improve their energy-efficiency. In 2009, the United States Obama administration set up the Green New Deal, a plan to create millions of jobs in sectors related to environmentalism. The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003 requires local authorities in England to provide every household with a separate collection of at least two types of recyclable materials by 2010. Culture Architecture Commercialization and globalization resulted in mass migration of people from rural areas to urban areas resulting in high-profile skyscrapers in Asia and Europe. In Asia skyscrapers were constructed in India, China, Thailand, South Korea, and Japan. The Millennium Bridge, London officially known as the London Millennium Footbridge, is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking Bankside with the city. Londoners nicknamed the bridge the "Wobbly Bridge" after participants in a charity walk on behalf of Save the Children to open the bridge felt an unexpected, and, for some, uncomfortable, swaying motion on the first two days after the bridge opened. The bridge was closed later that day, and after two days of limited access the bridge was closed for almost two years while modifications were made to eliminate the wobble entirely. It was reopened in 2002. 30 St Mary Axe (informally also known as "the Gherkin" and previously the Swiss Re Building) is a skyscraper in London's financial district, the City of London, completed in December 2003 and opened at the end of May 2004. The building has become an iconic symbol of London and is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of modern architecture. Wembley Stadium is a football stadium located in Wembley Park, in the Borough of Brent, London, England. It opened in 2007 and was built on the site of the previous 1923 Wembley Stadium. The earlier Wembley stadium, originally called the Empire Stadium, was often referred to as "The Twin Towers" and was one of the world's most famous football stadia until its demolition in 2003. A major redevelopment of London's Trafalgar Square led by WS Atkins with Foster and Partners as sub-consultants was completed in 2003. The work involved closing the main eastbound road along the north side, diverting the traffic around the other three sides of the square, demolishing the central section of the northern retaining wall and inserting a wide set of steps leading up to a pedestrianised terrace in front of the National Gallery. The construction includes two lifts for disabled access, public toilets, and a small café. Previously, access between the square and the Gallery was by two crossings at the northeast and northwest corners of the square. Taipei 101 became the tallest building in the world ever built after it officially opened on December 31, 2004, a record it held until the opening of the Burj Khalifa (Formerly known as Burj Dubai) in January 2010, standing at . Fine arts Lucian Freud was a German-born British painter. Known chiefly for his thickly impastoed portrait and figure paintings, he was widely considered the pre-eminent British artist of his time. During a period from May 2000 to December 2001, Freud painted Queen Elizabeth II. There was criticism of this portrayal of the Queen in some sections of the British media. The highest selling tabloid newspaper, The Sun, was particularly condemnatory, describing the portrait as "a travesty". The Hockney–Falco thesis is a controversial theory of art history, advanced by artist David Hockney and physicist Charles M. Falco, suggesting that advances in realism and accuracy in the history of Western art since the Renaissance were primarily the result of optical aids such as the camera obscura, camera lucida, and curved mirrors, rather than solely due to the development of artistic technique and skill. In a 2001 book, Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, Hockney analyzed the work of the Old Masters and argued that the level of accuracy represented in their work is impossible to create by "eyeballing it". Since then, Hockney and Falco have produced a number of publications on positive evidence of the use of optical aids, and the historical plausibility of such methods. Rolf Harris is an Australian entertainer. He is a musician, a singer-songwriter, a composer, a painter, and a television personality. In 2005 he painted an official portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, which was the subject of a special episode of Rolf on Art. Harris's portrait of The Queen was voted by readers of the Radio Times the third favourite portrait of her. The royal portrait was exhibited at Buckingham Palace, the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, and was exhibited on a tour of public galleries in the UK. In April–June 2003, the English visual artists often known as The Chapman Brothers, held a solo show at Modern Art Oxford entitled The Rape of Creativity in which "the enfants terribles of Britart, bought a mint collection of Goya's most celebrated prints – and set about systematically defacing them". The Francisco Goya prints referred to his Disasters of War set of 80 etchings. The duo named their newly defaced works Insult to Injury. BBC described more of the exhibition's art: "Drawings of mutant Ronald McDonalds, a bronze sculpture of a painting showing a sad-faced Hitler in clown make-up and a major installation featuring a knackered old caravan and fake dog turds." The Daily Telegraph commented that the Chapman brothers had "managed to raise the hackles of art historians by violating something much more sacred to the art world than the human body – another work of art" As a protest against this piece, Aaron Barschak (who later gate-crashed Prince William's 21st birthday party dressed as Osama bin Laden in a frock) threw a pot of red paint over Jake Chapman during a talk he was giving in May 2003. On May 5, 2004, a 1905 painting titled Garçon à la Pipe (English: Boy with a Pipe) by Pablo Picasso was sold for US$104,168,000 at Sotheby's auction in New York City. At the time, it broke the record for the amount paid for an auctioned painting (when inflation is ignored). The amount, US$104 million, includes the auction price of US$93 million plus the auction house's commission of about US$11 million. Many art critics have stated that the painting's high sale price has much more to do with the artist's name than with the merit or historical importance of the painting. The Washington Posts articleBoy with Pipe or Garcon a la Pipe, 1905 (archived), The Artist Pablo Picasso on the sale contained the following characterisation of the reaction: On May 24, 2004, more than 100 artworks from the famous collection of art collector and sponsor of the Young British Artists (YBAs) Charles Saatchi's were destroyed in a warehouse fire on an industrial estate in Leyton, east London. Modern art classics such as Tracey Emin's tent and works by Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas and Gary Hume were lost. Works by Patrick Caulfield, Craigie Horsfield and 20 pieces by Martin Maloney were also destroyed. They represent some of the cream of the so-named "Britart" movement of celebrated modern artists. In 2004, during Channel 5 (UK)'s 'Big Art Challenge' television program, despite declaring: "I hold video and photography in profound contempt." English art critic Brian Sewell noted for artistic conservatism and has been described as "Britain's most famous and controversial art critic". and went on to at least 3 times hail video artist (and ultimately the competition's winner) Chris Boyd (aged 21) a "genius". In June 2007, the English artist, entrepreneur and art collector Damien Hirst gained the European record for the most expensive work of art by a living artist, when his Lullaby Spring, (a 3-metre-wide steel cabinet with 6,136 pills) sold for 19.2 million dollars. In September 2008, Damien Hirst took an unprecedented move for a living artist by selling a complete show, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby's by auction and by-passing his long-standing galleries. The auction exceeded all predictions, raising £111 million ($198 million), breaking the record for a one-artist auction. December 9, 2009 – when the most expensive drawing by an Old Master ever, was sold in an auction. Titled 'Head of a Muse' by Raphael; costing £29,200,000 ($47,788,400), at Christie's, London, UK. Literature Carol Ann Duffy, CBE, FRSL (born December 23, 1955) is a British poet and playwright. She is Professor of Contemporary Poetry at Manchester Metropolitan University, and was appointed Britain's poet laureate in May 2009. She is the first woman, the first Scot, and the first openly LGBT person to hold the position. The phenomenally successful Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling is concluded in July 2007 (having been first published in 1997), although the film franchise continues until 2011; several spin-off productions are announced in the early 2010s. The Harry Potter series is to date the best-selling book series in world history, with only seven main volumes (and three supplemental works) published and four hundred and fifty million copies sold. The film franchise is also currently the third highest-grossing film franchise in history, with eight films (all but the final two of which were released in the 2000s) and $8,539,253,704 in sales. Popular culture Film The usage of computer-generated imagery became more widespread in films during the 2000s. Documentary and mockumentary films, such as March of the Penguins, Borat, and Super Size Me, were popular in the 2000s. 2004's Fahrenheit 9/11 by Michael Moore is the highest-grossing documentary of all time. Online films became popular, and conversion to digital cinema started. Critically acclaimed movies released in the decade including highlights such as Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and Lost in Translation (2003). December 2009's Avatar, an American science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron, made extensive use of cutting edge motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats). It was also released in "4D" in select South Korean theaters. 3D films became more and more successful throughout the 2000s, culminating in the unprecedented success of 3D presentations of Avatar. Roger Ebert, described by Forbes as "the most powerful pundit in America", was skeptical of the resurgence of 3D effects in film, which he found unrealistic and distracting. In August 2004, American horror author Stephen King, in a column, criticized what he saw as a growing trend of leniency towards films from critics. His main criticism was that films, citing Spider-Man 2 as an example, were constantly given four star ratings that they did not deserve: "Formerly reliable critics who seem to have gone remarkably soft – not to say softhearted and sometimes softheaded – in their old age." In July 2005, it was reported that the Scottish actor and producer Sir Sean Connery had decided to retire, due to disillusionment with the "idiots now in Hollywood"' Telling The New Zealand Herald: "I'm fed up with the idiots... the ever-widening gap between people who know how to make movies and the people who greenlight the movies." The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, a 2003 epic fantasy-drama film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won all the categories for which it was nominated. The film is tied for largest number of awards won with Ben-Hur (1959) and Titanic (1997). The Passion of the Christ, a 2004 American film directed by Mel Gibson and starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ, was highly controversial and received mixed reviews; however, it was a major commercial hit, grossing in excess of $600 million worldwide during its theatrical release. The superhero film genre experienced renewed and intense interest throughout the 2000s. With high ticket and DVD sales, several new superhero films were released every year. The X-Men, Batman and Spider-Man series were particularly prominent, and other films in the genre included Daredevil (2003), The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003), Hulk (2003), Hellboy (2004), The Incredibles (2004), Fantastic Four (2005), Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), and Watchmen (2009). Some media commentators attributed the increased popularity of such franchises to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11 terrorist attacks, although others argued advances in special effects technology played a more significant role. Animated feature film market changed radically. computer animated films became hugely popular following the release of Shrek, as traditional animation immediately faded into obscurity. Following the failures of The Road to El Dorado, Rugrats Go Wild, Aloha, Scooby-Doo!, Eight Crazy Nights, The Wild Thornberrys Movie, Scooby-Doo in Where's My Mummy and Looney Tunes: Back in Action, studios have stopped their production of traditional 2D animated films, and changed their focus into CGI animation. The only three traditional animated films that did well at the first half of the decade were Rugrats in Paris: The Movie, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron and The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. 20th Century Fox Animation's works in that decade include the Ice Age series, Robots and Horton Hears a Who! which were all made by its Blue Sky Studios subsidiary, and Titan A.E., Waking Life, The Simpsons Movie and Fantastic Mr. Fox Stop motion animated works in that decade which mostly use live-action or computer animation methods included Chicken Run, Team America: World Police, Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Corpse Bride, Flushed Away, Coraline and Mary and Max. Independent animated works in that decade included The Triplets of Belleville, Terkel in Trouble, Laura's Star, A Scanner Darkly, Renaissance, Persepolis, Sita Sings the Blues, The Secret of Kells and A Town Called Panic.Award winnersThe 20 highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing)Avatar, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, The Dark Knight, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Shrek 2, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Spider-Man 3, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Finding Nemo, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and Shrek the Third.The top 15 highest-grossing film series of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing)Harry Potter film series, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Pirates of the Caribbean film series, Spider-Man film series, Shrek film series, Ice Age film series, Transformers film series, X-Men film series, Batman film series' Batman Begins and The Dark Knight, Star Wars Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons, The Matrix film series' The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, The Chronicles of Narnia film series, Mission: Impossible film series' and The Mummy film series. Music In the 2000s, the Internet allowed consumers unprecedented access to music. The Internet also allowed more artists to distribute music relatively inexpensively and independently without the previously necessary financial support of a record label. Music sales began to decline following the year 2000, a state of affairs generally attributed to unlicensed uploading and downloading of sound files to the Internet, a practice which became more widely prevalent during this time. Business relationships called 360 deals—an arrangement in which a company provides support for an artist, and, in exchange, the artist pays the company a percentage of revenue earned not only from sales of recorded music, but also live performances and publishing—became a popular response by record labels to the loss of music sales attributed to online copyright infringement. Eminem was named the artist of the decade by Billboard. In the 2000s, hip hop reached a commercial peak and heavily influenced various aspects of popular culture, dominating the musical landscape of the decade. The best-selling musical artist of the decade was American rapper Eminem, who sold 32 million albums. Other popular hip hop artists included Jay-Z, Nas, Busta Rhymes, Kanye West, Ludacris, Common, Ja Rule, Mos Def, DMX, Missy Elliot, OutKast, Lil John, Fat Joe, Cam'ron, Pharrell, Gorillaz, Snoop Dogg, Twista, 50 Cent, Nelly, Lil Wayne, T.I. and The Game. The genre was extremely diverse stylistically, including subgenres such as gangsta rap and crunk. Many hip hop albums were released to widespread critical acclaim. R&B also gained prominence throughout the decade, and included artists such as D'Angelo, Aaliyah, Usher, Akon, Black Eyed Peas, R. Kelly, Amy Winehouse, Mary J. Blige, Jamie Foxx, John Legend and Alicia Keys. In the early and mid 2000s, disco-inspired dance genres became popular; many french house and funky house songs broke into the charts. Popular tracks such as Daft Punk’s "One More Time" Fonzerelli’s "Moonlight Party", Kylie Minogue's "Spinning Around", Jamiroquai's "Little L", Michael Gray’s “The Weekend” and Freemasons "Love on My Mind". For Latin music Shakira dominated the charts with Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 being the 2nd best selling Spanish album of all-time and the best selling Spanish album of the 2000s being 11x platinum to date. Billboard magazine named Eminem as the artist with the best performance on the Billboard charts and Beyoncé as the "female artist of the decade", with Nickelback as the "band of the decade". In the UK, the biggest selling artist of the decade is Robbie Williams*and the biggest selling band of the decade is Westlife. American recording artist Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, creating the largest global public mourning since the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.Scott, Jeffry. "Jackson memorial second most-watched in TV history" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 8, 2009. On August 25, 2001, Aaliyah Haughton – an American recording artist, dancer, actress and model and eight others, were killed in an airplane crash in The Bahamas after filming the music video for the single "Rock the Boat". On April 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes an American: rapper, dancer, and singer-songwriter, best known as a member of the R&B/hip hop girl group TLC by her stage name Left Eye, was killed in a car crash in La Ceiba, Honduras. On October 30, 2002, Jason William Mizell (Jam Master Jay) of the hip hop group Run-D.M.C was shot and killed in a Merrick Boulevard recording studio in Jamaica, Queens. On December 25, 2006, James Brown – an American recording artist known as the "Godfather of Soul", died of pneumonia at the age of 73. On September 12, 2003, Johnny Cash – an American musician known as the "Man in Black", died of diabetes at the age of 71. On June 10, 2004, Ray Charles – an American musician and one of the pioneers of soul music, died of liver failure at the age of 73. On November 29, 2001, George Harrison – an English musician best known of the guitarist of the Beatles, died of lung cancer at the age of 58. Innovator, inventor, performer and guitar virtuoso Les Paul also died on August 12, 2009, at the age of 94. In 2002, Robbie Williams signed a record-breaking £80 million contract with EMI. So far it is the biggest music deal in British history. In alternative rock, the garage rock revival and post-punk revival entered the mainstream, with bands such as The Strokes, Interpol, The Killers, Arctic Monkeys, Bloc Party, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The White Stripes seeing commercial success. Indie rock also saw a proliferation in the 2000s with numerous bands experiencing commercial success, including Modest Mouse, TV on the Radio, Franz Ferdinand, Death Cab for Cutie, Arcade Fire, Vampire Weekend, LCD Soundsystem, The Shins, Wilco, Bright Eyes, Spoon, The Decemberists, Broken Social Scene and many more. Other genres such as post-grunge, post-Britpop, nu metal and metalcore also achieved notability during the decade. Popular metal or hard rock bands consisted of Avenged Sevenfold, Bullet for My Valentine, Disturbed, Breaking Benjamin, Linkin Park, Slipknot, Mudvayne, Tenacious D, System of a Down, Mastodon, The Mars Volta, Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age, Three Days Grace, Godsmack, Shinedown, 36 Crazyfists, Killswitch Engage, Evanescence, Tool, Deftones, Opeth, and Seether. Pop-punk and emo-pop became popular in the decade, with bands like The Offspring, Green Day, Good Charlotte, Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco. The 2000s gave rise to a new trend in music production with the growing use of auto-tune. The effect was first popularized in the early 2000s by Eiffel 65 with their 1998 hit song "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", which came to global prominence in 2000. It was also used in certain tracks off critically acclaimed 2001 albums from Daft Punk (with Discovery) and Radiohead (with Amnesiac). By 2008, auto-tune was part of the music mainstream with artists such as Lil Wayne, T-Pain and Kanye West utilizing it in their hit albums Tha Carter III, Three Ringz and 808s & Heartbreak respectively. Towards the end of the decade, electronic dance music began to dominate western charts (as it would proceed to in the following decade), and in turn helped contribute to a diminishing amount of rock music in the mainstream. Hip hop music also saw a decline in the mainstream in the late 2000s because of electronic music's rising popularity. According to The Guardian, music styles during the 2000s changed very little from how they were in the latter half of the 1990s. The 2000s had a profound impact on the condition of music distribution. Recent advents in digital technology have fundamentally altered industry and marketing practices as well as players in unusual rapidity. According to Nielsen Soundscan, by 2009 CDs accounted for 79 percent of album sales, with 20 percent coming from digital, representing both a 10 percent drop and gain for both formats in 2 years. Grime is a style of music that emerged from Bow, East London, England in the early 2000s, primarily as a development of UK garage, drum & bass, hip hop and dancehall. Pioneers of the style include English rappers Dizzee Rascal, Wiley, Roll Deep and Skepta. Michael Jackson's final album, Invincible, released on October 30, 2001, and costing $30m to record, was the most expensive record ever made. The general socio-political fallout of Iraq War also extended to popular music. In July 2002, the release of English musician George Michael's song "Shoot the Dog" proved to be controversial. It was critical of George W. Bush and Tony Blair in the lead up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The video showed a cartoon version of Michael astride a nuclear missile in the Middle East and Tony and Cherie Blair in bed with President Bush. The Dixie Chicks are an American country music band. During a London concert ten days before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, lead vocalist Maines said, "we don't want this war, this violence, and we're ashamed that the President of the United States [George W. Bush] is from Texas". The positive reaction to this statement from the British audience contrasted with the boycotts that ensued in the U.S., where "the band was assaulted by talk-show conservatives", while their albums were discarded in public protest. The original music video for the title song from American pop singer Madonna's American Life album was banned as music television stations thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. She also made her widely considered "comeback" album with her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor which topped the charts worldwide in a record 40 countries. As of 2016 the album has sold more than 11 million copies worldwide. Madonna also made history by completing her Sticky & Sweet Tour which became the highest-grossing tour by a female artist and the tenth highest-grossing tour by an artist during 2008–2009. Live 8 was a string of benefit concerts that took place on July 2, 2005, in the G8 states and in South Africa. They were timed to precede the G8 conference and summit held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland from July 6 to 8, 2005; they also coincided with the 20th anniversary of Live Aid. Run in support of the aims of the UK's Make Poverty History campaign and the Global Call for Action Against Poverty, ten simultaneous concerts were held on July 2 and one on July 6. On July 7, the G8 leaders pledged to double 2004 levels of aid to poor nations from US$25 billion to US$50 billion by the year 2010. Half of the money was to go to Africa. More than 1,000 musicians performed at the concerts, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks. In November 2006, the Rolling Stones' 'A Bigger Bang' tour was declared the highest-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million. In December 2009, a campaign was launched on Facebook by Jon and Tracy Morter, from South Woodham Ferrers, which generated publicity in the UK and took the 1992 Rage Against the Machine track "Killing in the Name" to the Christmas Number One slot in the UK Singles Chart, which had been occupied the four consecutive years from 2005 by winners from the TV show The X Factor. Rage's Zack de la Rocha spoke to BBC1 upon hearing the news, stating that: "...We want to thank everyone that participated in this incredible, organic, grass-roots campaign. It says more about the spontaneous action taken by young people throughout the UK to topple this very sterile pop monopoly." During the late 2000s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place. This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware. Country pop saw continued success from the revival period of the 1990s, with new artists like Carrie Underwood and Taylor Swift bringing global appeal to the genre in the second half of the decade. Much of the 2000s in hip hop was characterized as the "bling era", referring to the material commodities that were popular from the early-to-mid part of the decade. However, by the end of the decade, an antecedent emotional rap subgenre gained prominence, with musical projects like Kanye West's fourth studio album 808s & Heartbreak (2008), Kid Cudi's debut album Man on the Moon: The End of Day (2009), and Drake's career catalyzing mixtape So Far Gone (2009) garnering significant popularity and ushering in a new era of hip hop. Reunions The original five members of the English new wave band Duran Duran reunited in the early 2000s. On February 23, 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited to perform in public for the first time in a decade, singing "The Sound of Silence" as the opening act of the Grammy Awards. On May 9, 2006, British five-piece vocal pop Take That returned to the recorded music scene after more than ten years of absence, signing with Polydor Records. The band's comeback album, Beautiful World, entered the UK album chart at no. 1. On December 10, 2007, English rock band Led Zeppelin reunited for the one-off Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at The O2 Arena in London. According to Guinness World Records 2009, Led Zeppelin set the world record for the "Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert" as 20 million requests for the reunion show were rendered online. Internet Prominent websites and apps launched during the decade were Wikipedia (2001), Google Earth (2001), Internet Archive (2001), iTunes (2001), MySpace (2003), 4chan (2003), Facebook (2004), Flickr (2004), Mozilla Firefox (2004), YouTube (2005), Google Maps (2005), Reddit (2005), Twitter (2006), Google Chrome (2008), Spotify (2008), Waze (2009). Wisdom of the crowd – during the decade, the benefits of the "Wisdom of the crowd" are pushed into the spotlight by social information sites such as Wikipedia, Yahoo! Answers, Reddit and other web resources that rely on human opinion. Fashion Fashion trends of the decade drew much inspiration from 1960s, 1970s and 1980s styles. Hair styles included the bleached and spiked hair for boys and men and long and straight hair for girls and women continued, as well as many other hairstyles from the mid-late 1990s. Kelly Clarkson made chunky highlights fashionable in 2002 on American Idol and lasted until about 2007. Both women and men highlighted their hair until the late 2000s. The decade started with the futuristic Y2K fashion which was built on hype surrounding the new millennium. This dark, slinky style remained popular until 9/11 occurred and casual fashions had made a comeback once again. Baggy cargo pants were extremely popular among both sexes throughout the early and mid 2000s until about late 2007. Bell-bottoms were the dominant pant style for women until about 2006 when fitted pants began rising in popularity. The late 1990s-style baggy pants remained popular throughout the early 2000s, but by 2003 boot-cut pants and jeans became the standard among men until about 2008. The 2000s saw a revival of 1980s fashion trends such as velour tracksuits in the early 2000s (an early 1980s fashion), and tapered pants in the later years (a late 1980s fashion). Skinny jeans became a staple clothing for young women and men. By 2009 with the Jerkin' movement playing a large part in the popularization of skinny jeans. Mass brands Gap and Levi launched their own lines for skinny jeans. Throughout the early and mid 2000s, adults and children wore Skechers shoes. The company used many celebrities to their advantage, including Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Carrie Underwood, and Ashlee Simpson. By the late 2000s, flatter and more compact shoes came into style as chunky sneakers were no longer the mode. "Geek chic" refers to a minor fashion trend that arose in the mid-2000s in which young individuals adopted stereotypically "geeky" fashions, such as oversized black Horn-rimmed glasses, suspenders/braces, and highwater trousers. The glasses—worn with non-prescription lenses or without lenses—quickly became the defining aspect of the trend, with the media identifying various celebrities as "trying geek" or "going geek" for their wearing such glasses, such as David Beckham, Justin Timberlake and Myleene Klass. Meanwhile, in the sports world, many NBA players wore "geek glasses" during post-game interviews, drawing comparisons to Steve Urkel. Emo fashion became popular amongst teenagers for most of the 2000s, associated with the success of bands tied to the subculture (many of whom started at the beginning of the 2000s and rose to fame during the middle part of the decade, such as Brand New, The Used, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, Paramore, Panic! at the Disco and more). The style is commonly identified with wearing black/dark coloured skinny jeans, T-shirts bearing the name of emo music groups and long side-swept bangs, often covering one or both eyes. The Scene subculture that emerged in the mid-late 2000s drew much inspiration from Emo style. Hip hop fashion was popular throughout the 2000s with clothing and shoe brands such as Rocawear, Phat Farm, G-Unit clothing, Billionaire Boys Club, Dipset clothing, Pelle Pelle, BAPE, Nike, Fubu, and Air Jordan. Followers of Hip Hop wore oversized shorts, jewelry, NFL and NBA jerseys, pants, and T-shirts. By the late 2000s this gave way more to fitted and vibrantly colored clothing, with men wearing skinny jeans as influenced by the Hyphy and Jerkin' movements. In cosmetic applications, a Botox injection, consisting of a small dose of Botulinum toxin, can be used to prevent development of wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles. As of 2007, it is the most common cosmetic operation, with 4.6 million procedures in the United States, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Journalism "It was, we were soon told, 'the day that changed everything', the 21st century's defining moment, the watershed by which we would forever divide world history: before, and after, 9/11." ~ The Guardian The BBC's foreign correspondent John Simpson on Rupert Murdoch (March 15, 2010): He says this Murdochisation of national discourse, which was at its height in the UK with The Sun in the 1980s, has now migrated to the US. "Murdoch encouraged an ugly tone, which he has now imported into the US and which we see every day on Fox News, with all its concomitant effects on American public life – that fierce hostility between right and left that never used to be there, not to anything remotely like the same extent." October 2001, Canadian author and social activist known for her political analyses Naomi Klein's book titled Fences and Windows: May 15, 2003, Fox News Channel's (which grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant cable news network in the United States.) political commentator Bill O'Reilly's "The Talking Points Memo", from his The O'Reilly Factor television talk show: A poll released in 2004, by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, found that 21 percent of people aged 18 to 29 cited The Daily Show (an American late night satirical television program airing each Monday through Thursday) and Saturday Night Live (an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show) as a place where they regularly learned presidential campaign news. By contrast, 23 percent of the young people mentioned ABC, CBS or NBC's nightly news broadcasts as a source. When the same question was asked in 2000, Pew found only 9 percent of young people pointing to the comedy shows, and 39 percent to the network news shows. One newspaper, Newsday, has The Daily Show's host Jon Stewart, listed atop a list of the 20 media players who will most influence the upcoming presidential campaign. Random conversations with nine people, aged 19 to 26, waiting to see a taping of The Daily Show, revealed two who admitted they learned much about the news from the program. None said they regularly watched the network evening news shows. The Guardian, is a British national daily newspaper. In August 2004, for the US presidential election, The Guardian's daily "G2" supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. G2 editor Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against US President George W. Bush. The paper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on October 21, 2004, after first publishing a column of complaints from Bush supporters about the campaign under the headline "Dear Limey assholes". The public backlash against the campaign likely contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County. March 2005 – Twenty MPs signed a British House of Commons motion condemning the BBC Newsnight presenter Jeremy Paxman for saying that "a sort of Scottish Raj" was running the UK. Mr Paxman likened the dominance of Scots at Westminster to past British rule in India. August 1, 2007 – News Corp. and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement. The US$5 billion sale added the largest newspaper in the United States, by circulation The Wall Street Journal to Rupert Murdoch's news empire. August 30, 2008 – three years before the 2011 England riots, The Socialist Worker wrote: "Those who have responded to the tragedy of knife crime by calling for police crackdowns ought to take note. The criminalisation of a generation of black youth will undoubtedly lead to explosions of anger in the future, just as it did a generation ago with the riots that swept Britain's inner cities." Ann Coulter is an American conservative social and political commentator, eight-time best-selling author, syndicated columnist, and lawyer. She frequently appears on television, radio, and as a speaker at public and private events. As the 2008 US presidential campaign was getting under way, Coulter was criticised for statements she made at the 2007 Conservative Political Action Conference about presidential candidate John Edwards: In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments". Print media The decade saw the steady decline of sales of print media such as books, magazines, and newspapers, as the main conveyors of information and advertisements, in favor of the Internet and other digital forms of information. News blogs grew in readership and popularity; cable news and other online media outlets became competitive in attracting advertising revenues and capable journalists and writers are joining online organizations. Books became available online, and electronic devices such as Amazon Kindle threatened the popularity of printed books.Times Online, The decline and fall of books. Retrieved December 4, 2009. According to the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), the decade showed a continuous increase in reading, although circulation of newspapers has declined. Radio The 2000s saw a decrease in the popularity of radio as more listeners starting using MP3 players in their cars to customize driving music. Satellite radio receivers started selling at a much higher rate, which allowed listeners to pay a subscription fee for thousands of ad-free stations. Clear Channel Communications was the largest provider of radio entertainment in the United States with over 900 stations nationwide. Many radio stations began streaming their content over the Internet, allowing a market expansion far beyond the reaches of a radio transmitter. During the 2000s, FM radio faced its toughest competition ever for in-car entertainment. iPod, satellite radio, and HD radio were all new options for commuters. CD players had a steady decline in popularity throughout the 2000s but stayed prevalent in most vehicles, while cassette tapes became virtually obsolete. August 27, 2001 – Hot 97 shock jock Star (real name Troi Torain) was suspended indefinitely for mocking R&B singer Aaliyah's death on the air. by playing a tape of a woman screaming while a crash is heard in the background. Close to 32,000 people signed a "No More Star" online petition. In a 2008 edition of his (American) radio show, John Gibson commented on Australian actor Heath Ledger's death the day before. He opened the segment with funeral music and played a clip of Jake Gyllenhaal's famous line "I wish I knew how to quit you" from Ledger's film Brokeback Mountain; he then said "Well, I guess he found out how to quit you." Among other remarks, Gibson called Ledger a "weirdo" with "a serious drug problem". The next day, he addressed outcry over his remarks by saying that they were in the context of jokes he had been making for months about Brokeback Mountain, and that "There's no point in passing up a good joke." Gibson later apologized on his television and radio shows.The John Gibson Show, Fox News Radio, January 24, 2008 Television American television in the 2000s saw the sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with numerous competition shows such as American Idol, Dancing with the Stars, Survivor and The Apprentice attracting large audiences, as well as documentary or narrative style shows such as Big Brother, The Hills, The Real Housewives, Cheaters, among many others. Australian television in the 2000s also saw a sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with their own version of shows such as Big Brother and Dancing With The Stars, other shows in the country also saw an increase with comedy such as Spicks and Specks and game show Bert's Family Feud. The decade has since seen a steady decline in the number of sitcoms and an increase in reality shows, crime and medical dramas, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, House M.D., and Grey's Anatomy, paranormal/crime shows like Medium (2005–2011) and Ghost Whisperer (2005–2010), and action/drama shows, including 24 and Lost. Comedy-dramas became more serious, dealing with such hot button issues, such as drugs, teenage pregnancy, and gay rights. Popular comedy-drama programs include Desperate Housewives, Ugly Betty, and Glee. Adult-oriented animated programming also continued a sharp upturn in popularity with controversial cartoons like *South Park (1997–present), Family Guy (1999–2002, 2005–present) and Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013, 2023–present) along with the longtime running cartoon The Simpsons (1989–present), while new animated adult series were also produced in that decade such as American Dad!, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Robot Chicken, Archer, Drawn Together, The Cleveland Show, Sealab 2021 and Total Drama. The decade also saw the return of prime time soap operas, a genre that had been popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, including Dawson's Creek (1998–2003), The O.C. (2003–2007) and One Tree Hill (2003–2012). Desperate Housewives (2004–2012) was perhaps the most popular television series of this genre since Dallas and Dynasty in the 1980s; ER started in 1994 and ended its run in 2009, after 15 years. South Park controversies: Action for Children's Television founder Peggy Charren, despite being an outspoken opponent of censorship, claims that South Parks use of language and racial slurs represents the depravity of Western civilization, and is "dangerous to the democracy". The series was repeated in 2001 along with a new show. It tackled paedophilia and the moral panic in parts of the British media following the murder of Sarah Payne, focusing on the name-and-shame campaign conducted by the News of the World in its wake. The WWE made a split in 2002 for the brands Raw and Smackdown!, also known as the WWE Brand Extension. This resulted in the WWE's purchase of their two biggest competitors, WCW and ECW. The brand extension would last until 2011. It also saw the rise of popular wrestlers like John Cena, Randy Orton, Dave Bautista, Jeff Hardy, CM Punk, Chris Jericho, Edge and Brock Lesnar. The 2001 World Series between the New York Yankees and Arizona Diamondbacks became the first World Series to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Super Bowl XXXVI between the New England Patriots and the St. Louis Rams became the first Super Bowl to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks. The X Factor in the UK has been subject to much controversy and criticism since its launch in September 2004. Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy: Super Bowl XXXVIII, which was broadcast live on February 1, 2004, from Houston, Texas, on the CBS television network in the United States, was noted for a controversial halftime show in which singer Janet Jackson's breast, adorned with a nipple shield, was exposed by singer Justin Timberlake for about half a second, in what was later referred to as a "wardrobe malfunction". The incident, sometimes referred to as Nipplegate, was widely discussed. Along with the rest of the halftime show, it led to an immediate crackdown and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting. Chappelle's Show was one of the most popular shows of the decade. Upon its release in 2004, the first-season DVD set became the best-selling TV series set of all time. January 2005 – Jerry Springer: The Opera was the subject of controversy, when its UK television broadcast on BBC Two elicited 55,000 complaints. The most complained about television event ever. In May 2005, UK viewers inundated the Advertising Standards Authority with complaints regarding the continuous airing of the latest Crazy Frog advertisements. The intensity of the advertising was unprecedented in British television history. According to The Guardian, Jamster bought 73,716 spots across all TV channels in May alone — an average of nearly 2,378 slots daily — at a cost of about £8 million, just under half of which was spent on ITV. 87% of the population saw the Crazy Frog adverts an average of 26 times, 15% of the adverts appeared twice during the same advertising break and 66% were in consecutive ad breaks. An estimated 10% of the population saw the advert more than 60 times. This led to many members of the population finding the crazy frog, as its original name suggests, immensely irritating. Blue Peter (the world's longest-running children's television programme) rigged a phone-in competition supporting the UNICEF "Shoe Biz Appeal" on November 27, 2006. The person who appeared to be calling in the competition was actually a Blue Peter Team Player who was visiting that day. The visitor pretended to be a caller from an outside line who had won the phone-in and the chance to select a prize. The competition was rigged due to a technical error with receiving the calls. In July 2007, Blue Peter was given a £50,000 fine, by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) as a result of rigging the competition. I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! is a reality television game show series, originally created in the United Kingdom, and licensed globally to other countries. In its 2009 series, celebrity chef Gino D'Acampo killed, cooked and ate a rat. The Australian RSPCA investigated the incident and sought to prosecute D'Acampo and actor Stuart Manning for animal cruelty after this episode of the show was aired. ITV was fined £1,600 and the two celebrities involved were not prosecuted for animal cruelty despite being charged with the offense by the New South Wales Police. Although there were less in this decade than there were in the 1990s, the 2000s still saw many popular and notable sitcoms, including 3rd Rock from the Sun, Two Guys and a Girl, Just Shoot Me!, The Drew Carey Show, Frasier, Friends, That '70s Show, Becker, Spin City, Dharma & Greg, Will & Grace, Yes, Dear, According to Jim, 8 Simple Rules, Less than Perfect, Still Standing, George Lopez, Grounded for Life, Hope & Faith, My Wife and Kids, Sex and the City, Everybody Loves Raymond, Malcolm in the Middle, Girlfriends, The King of Queens, Arrested Development, How I Met Your Mother, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm, What I Like About You, Reba, The Office, Entourage, My Name is Earl, Everybody Hates Chris, The New Adventures of Old Christine, Rules of Engagement, Two and a Half Men, 'Til Death, The Big Bang Theory, Samantha Who?, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and 30 Rock, among many others. A trend seen in several sitcoms of the late 2000s was the absence of a laugh track. The decade also saw the rise of premium cable dramas such as The Sopranos, The Wire, Battlestar Galactica, Deadwood, Mad Men, and Breaking Bad. The critic Daniel Mendelsohn wrote a critique of Mad Men in which he also claimed this last decade was a golden age for episodic television, citing Battlestar Galactica, The Wire, and the network series Friday Night Lights as especially deserving of critical and popular attention. Ended series The PBS series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood aired its final episode on August 31, 2001. Two years later, its host and creator, Fred Rogers, died from stomach cancer. Tomorrow's World was a long-running BBC television series, showcasing new developments in the world of science and technology. First aired on July 7, 1965, on BBC1, it ran for 38 years until it was cancelled in early 2003. That '70s Show was an American television period sitcom based on the 1970s decade. The 1970s retro style permeated the 2000s decade. The show ended on May 18, 2006. Brookside is a British soap opera set in Liverpool, England. The series began on the launch night of Channel 4 on November 2, 1982, and ran for 21 years until November 4, 2003. In January 2004, the BBC cancelled the Kilroy show (which had run for 18 years), after an article entitled 'We owe Arabs nothing' written by its host Robert Kilroy-Silk was published in the Sunday Express tabloid newspaper. Friends is an American sitcom which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004. Friends received positive reviews throughout its run, and its series finale ("The Last One") ranked as the fifth most watched overall television series finale as well as the most watched single television episode of the 2000s on U.S. television. Frasier, a spin-off TV series of Cheers (that ended in 1993), is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for eleven seasons from September 16, 1993, to May 13, 2004, (only a week after the broadcast of the final episode of Friends). It was one of the most successful spin-off and popular series in television history, as well as one of the most critically acclaimed comedy series. On June 20, 2006, after 42 years, British music chart show Top of the Pops was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on July 30, 2006. Grandstand is a British television sport program. Broadcast between 1958 and 2007, it was one of the BBC's longest running sports shows. After 30 years, British television drama series Grange Hill (originally made by the BBC) was cancelled and the last episode was shown on September 15, 2008. Series returns The Flower Pot Men is a British children's programme, produced by BBC television, first transmitted in 1952, and repeated regularly for more than twenty years, which was produced in a new version in 2000. Absolutely Fabulous, also known as Ab Fab, is a British sitcom. The show has had an extended and sporadic run. The first three series were broadcast on the BBC from 1992 to 1995, followed by a series finale in the form of a two-part television film entitled The Last Shout in 1996. Its creator Jennifer Saunders revived the show for a fourth series in 2001. Gadget and the Gadgetinis is a spinoff of the classic series Inspector Gadget (1983–1986), developed by DiC in cooperation with Haim Saban's SIP Animation and produced from 2001 to 2003. There are 52 episodes. Basil Brush from 1962 to 1984, The Basil Brush Show from 2002 to 2007. Basil Brush is a fictional anthropomorphic red fox, best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet. Shooting Stars is a British television comedy panel game broadcast on BBC Two as a pilot in 1993, then as 3 full series from 1995 to 1997, then on BBC Choice from January to December 2002 with 2 series before returning to BBC Two for another 3 series from 2008 until its cancellation in 2011. Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The show is a significant part of British popular culture. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005. Family Fortunes is a British game show, based on the American game show Family Feud. The programme ran on ITV from January 6, 1980, to December 6, 2002, before being revived by the same channel in 2006 under the title of All Star Family Fortunes. Revived episodes are currently being shown on ITV on Sunday evenings and have been presented by Vernon Kay since 2006. Gladiators is a British television entertainment series, produced by LWT for ITV, and broadcast between October 10, 1992, and January 1, 2000. It is an adaptation of the American format American Gladiators. The success of the British series spawned further adaptations in Australia and Sweden. The series was revived in 2008, before again being cancelled in 2009. Rab C. Nesbitt is a British sitcom which began in 1988. The first series began on September 27, 1990, and continued for seven more, ending on June 18, 1999, and returning with a one-off special on December 23, 2008. Red Dwarf is a British comedy franchise which primarily comprises ten series (including a ninth mini-series named Back To Earth) of a television science fiction sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 and on Dave in 2009.Primetime Emmy Award for Best DramaVideo games The world of video games reached the 6th generation of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2, the Xbox, and the GameCube, which started technically in 1998 with the release of Sega's Dreamcast, although some consider the true start in 2000 with the release of Sony's PlayStation 2. The 6th gen remained popular throughout the decade, but decreased somewhat in popularity after its 7th gen successors released technically starting in November 2005 with the release of Microsoft's Xbox 360, however, most people agree that 2006 is a 6th gen year since most games being released still released on 6th gen including the Xbox even though the 360 was already released, and the PlayStation 3 and the Wii didn't release until late 2006 which most people consider to be the true start of the 7th gen. It reached 7th Generation in the form of consoles like the Wii, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 by the mid-2000s. The number-one-selling game console of the decade, the PlayStation 2, was released in 2000 and remained popular up to the end of the decade, even after the PlayStation 3 was released. The PlayStation 2 was discontinued in January 2013. MMORPGs, originating in the mid-to-late 1990s, become a popular PC trend and virtual online worlds become a reality as games such as RuneScape (2001), Final Fantasy XI (2002), Eve Online (2003), Star Wars Galaxies: An Empire Divided (2003), World of Warcraft (2004), and Everquest II (2004), The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007) and Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning (2008) are released. These worlds come complete with their own economies and social organization as directed by the players as a whole. The persistent online worlds allow the games to remain popular for many years. World of Warcraft, premiered in 2004, remains one of the most popular games in PC gaming and is still being developed into the 2010s. The Grand Theft Auto series sparked a fad of Mature-rated video games based on including gang warfare, drug use, and perceived "senseless violence" into gameplay. Though violent video games date back to the early 1990s, they became much more common after 2000. Despite the controversy, the 2004 game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the best selling PlayStation 2 game of all time, with 17.33 million copies sold for that console alone, from a total of 21.5 million in all formats by 2009; as of 2011, 27.5 million copies of San Andreas were sold worldwide. The Nintendo DS launched in Japan in 2004 and by 2005 was available globally. All Nintendo DS models combined have sold over 154.02 million units, thus making it the best selling handheld of all time and the second best selling video game console of all time behind the PlayStation 2. The Call of Duty series was extremely popular during the 2000s, the diverse shooter franchise released multiple games throughout the 2000s that were positively critically reviewed and commercially successful. Gears of War was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful third-person shooter franchise that released two games during the mid-late 2000s. Gears of War 1 was released in 2006 and was the first installment to the franchise, it was universally critically acclaimed and went on to sell over 5 million copies. The second installment to the franchise Gears of War 2 was released in 2008 and received widespread critical acclaim and also went on to sell over 5 million copies. Manhunt 2, a controversial stealth-based psychological horror video game published by Rockstar Games, was suspended by Take-Two Interactive (Rockstar's parent company) when it was refused classification in the United Kingdom, Italy and Ireland, and given an Adults Only (AO) rating in the United States. As neither Sony, Microsoft or Nintendo allow AO titles on their systems, it made Rockstar bring the game down to a Mature (M) game and release in October 2007. The sixth generation sparked a rise in first person shooter games led by Halo: Combat Evolved, which changed the formula of the first person shooter. Halo 2 started online console gaming and was on top of the Xbox Live charts until its successor, Halo 3 (for Xbox 360), took over. Some other popular first-person shooters during the 2000s include the Medal of Honor series, with Medal of Honor: Frontlines release in 2002 bringing the first game in the series to 6th generation consoles. In the late 2000s, motion controlled video games grew in popularity, from the PlayStation 2's EyeToy to Nintendo's successful Wii console. During the decade 3D video games become the staple of the video-game industry, with 2D games nearly fading from the market. Partially 3D and fully 2D games were still common in the industry early in the decade, but these have now become rare as developers look almost exclusively for fully 3D games to satisfy the increasing demand for them in the market. An exception to this trend is the indie gaming community, which often produces games featuring 'old-school' or retro gaming elements, such as Minecraft and Shadow Complex. These games, which are not developed by the industry giants, are often available in the form of downloadable content from services such as Microsoft's Xbox Live or Apple's App Store and usually cost much less than more major releases. Dance Dance Revolution was released in Japan and later the United States, where it became immensely popular among teenagers. Another music game, Guitar Hero, was released in North America in 2005 and had a huge cultural impact on both the music and video games industries. It became a worldwide billion-dollar franchise within three years, spawning several sequels and leading to the creation of a competing franchise, Rock Band. Japanese media giant Nintendo released 9 out of the 10 top selling games of the 2000s, further establishing the company's dominance over the market. Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999, and reached a low of $866 million in 2004. Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared, replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades. Cross-platform Game engines originating in the very late-1990s, became extremely popular in the 2000s, as they allowed development for indie games for digital distribution. Noteworthy software include GameMaker and Unity. Well-known indie games made in that decade include I Wanna Be the Guy, Spelunky, Braid, Clean Asia!, Castle Crashers, World of Goo, Dino Run, The Impossible Game and Alien Hominid. Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year. In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country. The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide. Sega Corporation, usually styled as SEGA, is a Japanese multinational video game software developer and an arcade software and hardware development company headquartered in Japan, with various offices around the world. Sega previously developed and manufactured its own brand of home video game consoles from 1983 to 2001, but a restructure was announced on January 31, 2001, that ceased continued production of its existing home console (Dreamcast), effectively exiting the company from the home console business. In spite of that, SEGA would go on to produce several videogames such as Super Monkey Ball franchise, the Sega Ages 2500 PlayStation 2 games, Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA, Sonic Adventure 2, Sonic Heroes, Rez, Shadow the Hedgehog, Virtua Fighter 4, After Burner Climax, Valkyria Chronicles, Sonic Pinball Party, Bayonetta, Jet Set Radio, Puyo Pop Fever, Thunder Force VI, Shenmue II, Phantasy Star Online, Yakuza 2, Gunstar Super Heroes, Astro Boy: Omega Factor, OutRun 2006: Coast 2 Coast and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games. Neo Geo is a family of video game hardware developed by SNK. The brand originated in 1990 with the release of an arcade system, the Neo Geo MVS and its home console counterpart, the Neo Geo AES. The Neo Geo brand was officially discontinued in 2004.Game of the Yearfrom the Game Developers Choice Awards starting in 2001 (awards are given to games of the previous calendar year).Best selling games of every year'''In some years, sources disagree on the best-selling game.2000: Pokémon Stadium or Pokémon Crystal 2001: Madden NFL 2002 or Grand Theft Auto III 2002: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City 2003: Madden NFL 2004 or Call of Duty 2004: Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 2005: Madden NFL 06 or Nintendogs 2006: Madden NFL 07 2007: Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock or Wii Sports 2008: Rock Band (video game) or Wii Play 2009: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 or Wii Sports Writing The decade saw the rise of digital media as opposed to the use of print, and the steady decline of printed books in countries where e-readers had become available. The deaths of John Updike, Hunter S. Thompson, and other authors marked the end of various major writing careers influential during the late 20th century. Popular book series such as Harry Potter, Twilight and Dan Brown's "Robert Langdon" (consisting of Angels & Demons, The Da Vinci Code, and The Lost Symbol) saw increased interest in various genres such as fantasy, romance, vampire fiction, and detective fiction, as well as young adult fiction in general. Manga (also known as Japanese comics) became popular among the international audience, mostly in English-speaking countries. Such popular manga works include Lucky Star, Fullmetal Alchemist and Naruto. On July 19, 2001, English author and former politician, Jeffrey Archer, was found guilty of perjury and perverting the course of justice at a 1987 libel trial. He was sentenced to four years' imprisonment.Peter Pan in Scarlet is a novel by Geraldine McCaughrean. It is an official sequel to Scottish author and dramatist J. M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy, authorised by Great Ormond Street Hospital, to whom Barrie granted all rights to the character and original writings in 1929. McCaughrean was selected following a competition launched in 2004, in which novelists were invited to submit a sample chapter and plot outline. J. K. Rowling was the best-selling author in the decade overall thanks to the Harry Potter book series, although she did not not pen the best-selling book (at least in the UK), being second to The Da Vinci Code, which had 5.2 million in the UK by 2009 and 80 million worldwide by 2012. Sports The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics, followed the centennial anniversary of the modern era Olympic Games, held in Atlanta in 1996. The Athens 2004 Summer Olympics, were a strong symbol, for modern Olympic Games were inspired by the competitions organized in Ancient Greece. Finally, the Beijing Games saw the emergence of China as a major sports power, with the highest number of titles for the first time. The 2002 Salt Lake City and the 2006 Turin Winter Olympic Games were also major events, though slightly less popular. A number of concerns and controversies over the 2008 Summer Olympics surfaced before, during, and after the 2008 Summer Olympics, and which received major media coverage. Leading up to the Olympics, there were concerns about human rights in China, such that many high-profile individuals, such as politicians and celebrities, announced intentions to boycott the games to protest China's role in the Darfur conflict, and Myanmar, its stance towards Tibet, or other aspects of its human rights record. In a 2008 Time article entitled "Why Nobody's Boycotting Beijing", Vivienne Walt wrote: 'Leaders in power are more mindful of China's colossal clout in an increasingly shaky world economy, and therefore of the importance of keeping good relations with its government.' One of the most prominent events of the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing was the achievement of Michael Phelps the American swimmer, frequently cited as the greatest swimmer and one of the greatest Olympians of all time. He has won 14 career Olympic gold medals, the most by any Olympian. As of August 2, 2009, Phelps has broken thirty-seven world records in swimming. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics, his eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972. Usain Bolt of Jamaica dominated the male sprinting events at the Beijing Olympics, in which he broke three world records, | countries which are the two most populous countries in the world provide huge pools from which to find talent and as because both countries are low cost sourcing countries. As a result of this growth, many of these developing countries accumulated capital and started investing abroad. Other countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Australia, Brazil and Russia, benefited from increased demand for their mineral and energy resources that global growth generated. The hollowing out of manufacturing was felt in Japan and parts of the United States and Europe which had not been able to develop successful innovative industries. Opponents point out that the practice of offshore outsourcing by countries with higher wages leads to the reduction of their own domestic employment and domestic investment. As a result, many customer service jobs as well as jobs in the information technology sectors (data processing, computer programming, and technical support) in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have been or are potentially affected. While global trade rose in the decade (partially driven by China's entry into the WTO in 2001), there was little progress in the multilateral trading system. International trade continued to expand during the decade as emerging economies and developing countries, in particular China and South-Asian countries, benefited low wages costs and most often undervalued currencies. However, global negotiations to reduce tariffs did not make much progress, as member countries of the World Trade Organization did not succeed in finding agreements to stretch the extent of free trade. The Doha Round of negotiations, launched in 2001 by the WTO to promote development, failed to be completed because of growing tensions between regional areas. Nor did the Cancún Conference in 2003 find a consensus on services trade and agricultural subsidies. The comparative rise of China, India, and other developing countries also contributed to their growing clout in international fora. In 2009, it was determined that the G20, originally a forum of finance ministers and central bank governors, would replace the G8 as the main economic council. 2007 Chinese export recalls– In 2007, a series of product recalls and import bans were imposed by the product safety institutions of the United States, Canada, the European Union, Australia and New Zealand against products manufactured in and exported from the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC) because of numerous alleged consumer safety issues. Events in the confidence crisis included recalls on consumer goods such as pet food, toys, toothpaste, lipstick, and a ban on certain types of seafood. Also included are reports on the poor crash safety of Chinese automobiles, slated to enter the American and European markets in 2008. This created adverse consequences for the confidence in the safety and quality of mainland Chinese manufactured goods in the global economy. The age of turbulence The decade was marked by two financial and economic crises. In 2001, the Dot-com bubble burst, causing turmoil in financial markets and a decline in economic activity in the developed economies, in particular in the United States. However, the impact of the crisis on the activity was limited thanks to the intervention of the central banks, notably the U.S. Federal Reserve System. Indeed, Alan Greenspan, leader of the Federal Reserve until 2006, cut the interest rates several times to avoid a severe recession, allowing an economic revival in the U.S. As the Federal Reserve maintained low interest rates to favor economic growth, a housing bubble began to appear in the United States. In 2007, the rise in interest rates and the collapse of the housing market caused a wave of loan payment failures in the U.S. The subsequent mortgage crisis caused a global financial crisis, because the subprime mortgages had been securitized and sold to international banks and investment funds. Despite the extensive intervention of central banks, including partial and total nationalization of major European banks, the crisis of sovereign debt became particularly acute, first in Iceland, though as events of the early 2010s would show, it was not an isolated European example. Economic activity was severely affected around the world in 2008 and 2009, with disastrous consequences for carmakers. In 2007, the UK's Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown, delivered his final Mansion House speech as Chancellor before he moved into Number 10. Addressing financiers: "A new world order has been created", Everyone needed to follow the city's "great example", "an era that history will record as the beginning of a new Golden Age". Reactions of governments in all developed and developing countries against the economic slowdown were largely inspired by keynesian economics. The end of the decade was characterized by a Keynesian resurgence, while the influence and media popularity of left-wing economists Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman (Nobel Prize recipients in 2001 and 2008, respectively) did not stop growing during the decade. Several international summits were organized to find solutions against the economic crisis and to impose greater control on the financial markets. The G-20 became in 2008 and 2009 a major organization, as leaders of the member countries held two major summits in Washington in November 2008 and in London in April 2009 to regulate the banking and financial sectors, and also succeeding in coordinating their economic action and in avoiding protectionist reactions. Energy crisis From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation-adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under $25/barrel. During 2003, the price rose above $30, reached $60 by August 11, 2005, and peaked at $147.30 in July 2008. Commentators attributed these price increases to many factors, including reports from the United States Department of Energy and others showing a decline in petroleum reserves, worries over peak oil, Middle East tension, and oil price speculation. For a time, geopolitical events and natural disasters indirectly related to the global oil market had strong short-term effects on oil prices. These events and disasters included North Korean missile tests, the 2006 conflict between Israel and Lebanon, worries over Iranian nuclear plants in 2006 and Hurricane Katrina. By 2008, such pressures appeared to have an insignificant impact on oil prices given the onset of the global recession. The recession caused demand for energy to shrink in late 2008 and early 2009 and the price plunged as well. However, it surged back in May 2009, bringing it back to November 2008 levels. Many fast-growing economies throughout the world, especially in Asia, also were a major factor in the rapidly increasing demand for fossil fuels, which—along with fewer new petroleum finds, greater extraction costs, and political turmoil—forced two other trends: a soar in the price of petroleum products and a push by governments and businesses to promote the development of environmentally friendly technology (known informally as "green" technology). However, a side-effect of the push by some industrial nations to "go green" and utilize biofuels was a decrease in the supply of food and a subsequent increase in the price of the same. It partially caused the 2007 food price crisis, which seriously affected the world's poorer nations with an even more severe shortage of food. The rise of the euro A common currency for most EU member states, the euro, was established electronically in 1999, officially tying all the currencies of each participating nation to each other. The new currency was put into circulation in 2002 and the old currencies were phased out. Only three countries of the then 15 member states decided not to join the euro (the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden). In 2004 the EU undertook a major eastward enlargement, admitting 10 new member states (eight of which were former communist states). Two more, Bulgaria and Romania, joined in 2007, establishing a union of 27 nations. The euro has since become the second largest reserve currency and the second most traded currency in the world after the US$. , with more than €790 billion in circulation, the euro was the currency with the highest combined value of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the US$. Science and technology Science These are the 10 most significant scientific researches by year based on the annual award Breakthrough of the Year made by the AAAS journal, Science. Scientific Marks by Field Archaeology 2003 – Fossils of a new dwarf species of human, Homo floresiensis, were discovered on the island of Flores, Indonesia. (report published initially October 2004). 2009 – Discovery of Ardipithecus ramidus a species of Hominin classified as an australopithecine of the genus Ardipithecus. A. kadabba was considered to be a subspecies of A. ramidus until 2004. Biology 2001 – The world's first self-contained artificial heart was implanted in Robert Tools. 2002 – The 2002–2004 SARS outbreak occurred in China and Hong Kong (The big major cities/country). 2003 – The Human Genome Project was completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy. 2005 – National Geographic Society and IBM established The Genographic Project, which aims to trace the ancestry of every living human down to a single male ancestor. 2005 – Surgeons in France carried out the first successful partial human face transplant. 2005 – Equipped with genome data and field observations of organisms from microbes to mammals, biologists made huge strides toward understanding the mechanisms by which living creatures evolve. 2006 – Australian scientist Ian Frazer developed a vaccine for the Human Papillomavirus, a common cause of cervical cancer. 2007 – RNA, long upstaged by its more glamorous sibling, DNA, is turning out to have star qualities of its own. Science hails these electrifying discoveries, which are prompting biologists to overhaul their vision of the cell and its evolution. 2008 – By inserting genes that turn back a cell's developmental clock, researchers are gaining insights into disease and the biology of how a cell decides its fate. 2008 – Launch of the 1000 Genomes Project an international research effort to establish by far the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation. 2009 – Launch of the Human Connectome Project to build a network map that will shed light on the anatomical and functional connectivity within the healthy human brain, as well as to produce a body of data that will facilitate research into brain disorders. 2009 – A new strain of H1N1 virus caused in Mexico and US; spread to the world. The name was swine flu, which was the 2009 swine flu pandemic. Mathematics 2006 – Grigori Perelman is a Russian mathematician who has made landmark contributions to Riemannian geometry and geometric topology. In 2003, he proved Thurston's geometrization conjecture. This consequently solved in the affirmative the Poincaré conjecture, posed in 1904, which before its solution was viewed as one of the most important and difficult open problems in topology. In August 2006, Perelman was awarded the Fields Medal for "his contributions to geometry and his revolutionary insights into the analytical and geometric structure of the Ricci flow." Perelman declined to accept the award or to appear at the congress, stating: "I'm not interested in money or fame, I don't want to be on display like an animal in a zoo." On December 22, 2006, the journal Science recognized Perelman's proof of the Poincaré conjecture as the scientific "Breakthrough of the Year", the first such recognition in the area of mathematics. The Poincaré conjecture is one of the seven Millennium Problems and the first to be solved. Physics 2001 – Scientists assembled molecules into basic circuits, raising hopes for a new world of nanoelectronics. If researchers can wire these circuits into intricate computer chip architectures, this new generation of molecular electronics will undoubtedly provide computing power to launch scientific breakthroughs for decades. 2008 – CERN's Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator ever made, was completed in 2008. Space 2000 – Beginning on November 2, 2000, the International Space Station has remained continuously inhabited. The Space Shuttles helped make it the largest space station in history, despite one of the Shuttles disintegrating upon re-entry in 2003. By the end of 2009 the station was supporting 5 long-duration crew members. 2001 – Space tourism/Private spaceflight begins with American Dennis Tito, paying Russia US$20 million for a week-long stay to the International Space Station. 2004 – The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission successfully reached the surface of Mars in 2004, and sent detailed data and images of the landscape there back to Earth. Opportunity discovers evidence that an area of Mars was once covered in water. Both rovers were each expected to last only 90 days, however both completely exceeded expectations and continued to explore through the end of the decade and beyond. 2004 – Scaled Composites' SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately built and operated manned spacecraft to achieve spaceflight. 2006 – As a result of the discovery of Eris, a Kuiper Belt object larger than Pluto, Pluto is demoted to a "dwarf planet" after being considered a planet for 76 years, redefining the solar system to have eight planets and three dwarf planets. 2009 – After having analyzed the data from the LCROSS lunar impact, in 2009 NASA announced that the discovery of a "significant" quantity of water in the Moon's Cabeus crater. 2009 – Astrophysicists studying the universe confirm its age at 13.7 billion years, discover that it will most likely expand forever without limit, and conclude that only 4% of the universe's contents are ordinary matter (the other 96% being still-mysterious dark matter, dark energy, and dark flow). Technology Automobiles Automotive navigation systems become widely popular making it possible to direct vehicles to any destination in real-time as well as detect traffic and suggest alternate routes with the use of GPS navigation devices. Greater interest in future energy development due to global warming and the potential exhaustion of crude oil. Photovoltaics increase in popularity as a result. The Hybrid vehicles market, which became somewhat popular towards the middle of the decade, underwent major advances notably typified by such cars as the Toyota Prius, Ford Escape, and the Honda Insight though by December 2010 they accounted for less than 0.5% of the world cars. Many more computers and other technologies were implemented in vehicles throughout the decade such as: Xenon HID headlights, GPS, DVD players, self-diagnosing systems, memory systems for car settings, back-up sensors and cameras, in-car media systems, MP3 player compatibility, USB drive compatibility, keyless start and entry, satellite radio, voice-activation, cellphone connectivity, HUD (Head-Up-Display) and infrared cameras. In addition, more safety features were implemented in vehicles throughout the decade such as: advanced pre-collision safety systems, Backup cameras, Blind spot monitor, Adaptive cruise control, Adaptive headlamps, Automatic parking, Lane departure warning systems and the Advanced Automatic Collision Notification system Onstar (on all GM models). The sale of Crossovers (CUVs), a type of car-based unibody sports utility vehicle, increased in the 2000s. By 2006, the segment came into strong visibility in the U.S., when crossover sales "made up more than 50% of the overall SUV market". Communications The popularity of mobile phones and text messaging surged in the 2000s in the Western world. The advent of text messaging made possible new forms of interaction that were not possible before, leading to positive implications such as having the ability to receive information on the move. Nevertheless, it also led to negative social implications such as "cyberbullying" and the rise of traffic collisions caused by drivers who were distracted as they were texting while driving. Mobile internet, first launched in Japan with the i-mode in 1999, became increasingly popular with people in developed countries throughout the decade, thanks to improving cell phone capabilities and advances in mobile telecommunications technology, such as 3G. E-mail continued to be popular throughout the decade. It began to replace "snail mail" (also known, more neutrally, as paper mail, postal mail, land mail, or simply mail or post) as the primary way of sending letters and other messages to people in faraway locations, though it has been available since 1971. Social networking sites arose as a new way for people to stay in touch no matter where they are, as long as they have an internet connection. The first social networking sites were Friendster, Myspace, Facebook, and Twitter in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2006, respectively. Myspace was the most popular social networking website until June 2009 when Facebook overtook Myspace in the number of American users. Smartphones, which combine mobile phones with the features of personal digital assistants and portable media players, first emerged in the 1990s but did not become very popular until the late 2000s. Smartphones are rich in features and often have high resolution touchscreens and web browsers. The first modern smartphone was the iPhone. It was released on June 29, 2007, in the United States, and in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland and Austria in November 2007. It was the first smartphone to not include a physical keyboard, solely utilizing a touch screen and a home button. Due to the major success of broadband Internet connections, Voice over IP begins to gain popularity as a replacement for traditional telephone lines. Computing and Internet In the 2000s, the Internet became a mainstay, strengthening its grip on Western society while becoming increasingly available in the developing world. A huge jump in broadband internet usage globally – for example, from 6% of U.S. internet users in June 2000 to what one mid-decade study predicted would be 62% by 2010. By February 2007, over 80% of U.S. Internet users were connected via broadband and broadband internet has been almost a required standard for quality internet browsing. Wireless internet became prominent by the end of the decade, as well as internet access in devices besides computers, such as mobile phones and gaming consoles. Email became a standard form of interpersonal written communication, with popular addresses available to the public on Hotmail (now Outlook.com), Gmail and Yahoo! Mail. Normalisation became increasingly important as massive standardized corpora and lexicons of spoken and written language became widely available to laypeople, just as documents from the paperless office were archived and retrieved with increasing efficiency using XML-based markup. Peer-to-peer technology gained massive popularity with file sharing systems enabling users to share any audio, video and data files or anything in digital format, as well as with applications which share real-time data, such as telephony traffic. VPNs (virtual private networks) became likewise accessible to the general public, and data encryption remained a major issue for the stability of web commerce. Boom in music downloading and the use of data compression to quickly transfer music over the Internet, with a corresponding rise of portable digital audio players. As a result, the entertainment industry struggled through the decade to find digital delivery systems for music, movies, and other media that reduce copyright infringement and preserve profit. The USB flash drive replaces the floppy disk as the preferred form of low-capacity mobile data storage. In February 2003, Dell announced floppy drives would no longer be pre-installed on Dell Dimension home computers, although they were still available as a selectable option and purchasable as an aftermarket OEM add-on. On January 29, 2007, PC World stated that only 2% of the computers they sold contained built-in floppy disk drives; once present stocks were exhausted, no more standard floppies would be sold. During the decade, Windows 2000, XP, Microsoft Office 2003, Vista and Office 2007 (and later Windows 7) become the ubiquitous industry standards in personal computer software until the end of the decade, when Apple began to slowly gain market share. Windows ME and Microsoft Office XP were also released during the decade. With the advent of the Web 2.0, dynamic technology became widely accessible, and by the mid-2000s, PHP and MySQL became (with Apache and nginx) the backbone of many sites, making programming knowledge unnecessary to publish to the web. Blogs, portals, and wikis become common electronic dissemination methods for professionals, amateurs, and businesses to conduct knowledge management typified by success of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia which launched on January 15, 2001, grew rapidly and became the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet as well as the best known wiki in the world and the largest encyclopedia in the world. Open-source software, such as the Linux operating system, the Mozilla Firefox web browser and VLC media player, gain ground. Internet commerce became standard for reservations; stock trading; promotion of music, arts, literature, and film; shopping; and other activities. During this decade certain websites and search engines became prominent worldwide as transmitters of goods, services and information. Some of the most popular and successful online sites or search engines of the 2000s included Google, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon, eBay, MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. More and more businesses began providing paperless services, clients accessing bills and bank statements directly through a web interface. In 2007, the fast food chain McDonald's announced the introduction of free high speed wireless internet access at most of its 1,200 restaurants by the end of the year in a move which will make it the UK's biggest provider of such a service. Electronics GPS (Global Positioning System) became very popular especially in the tracking of items or people, and the use in cars (see Automotive navigation systems). Games that utilized the system, such as geocaching, emerged and became popular. Green laser pointers appeared on the market circa 2000, and are the most common type of DPSS lasers (also called DPSSFD for "diode pumped solid state frequency-doubled"). In late 2004 and early 2005, came a significant increase in reported incidents linked to laser pointers – see Lasers and aviation safety. The wave of incidents may have been triggered in part by "copycats" who read press accounts of laser pointer incidents. In one case, David Banach of New Jersey was charged under federal Patriot Act anti-terrorism laws, after he allegedly shone a laser pointer at aircraft. Chip and PIN is the brand name adopted by the banking industries in the United Kingdom and Ireland for the rollout of the EMV smart card payment system for credit, debit and ATM cards. Chip and PIN was trialled in Northampton, England from May 2003, and as a result was rolled out nationwide in the United Kingdom in 2004 with advertisements in the press and national television touting the "Safety in Numbers" slogan. In 2009, Tesco (a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer) opened its first UK branch at which service robots were the only option at the checkout, in Kingsley, Northampton – its US chain, Fresh & Easy, already operates several branches like this. September 7, 2009, an EU watchdog warns of an "alarming increase" in cash machine fraud by organised criminal gangs across Europe using sophisticated skimming technology, together with an explosion in ram-raiding attacks on ATMs. ATM crime in Europe jumped to €485m (£423m) in 2008 following a 149% rise in attacks on cash machines. Gangs are turning to Bluetooth wireless technology to transmit card and personal identification number (PIN) details to nearby laptops and using increasingly sophisticated techniques to skim cards. Portable laptops became popular during the late 2000s. More conventional smash-and-grab attacks are also on the rise, says Enisa, the European Network and Information Security Agency. It reports a 32% rise in physical attacks on ATMs, ranging from ram raids to the use of rotary saws, blowtorches and diamond drills. It blames the increase on gangs from eastern Europe. Robotics The U.S. Army used increasingly effective unmanned aerial vehicles in war zones, such as Afghanistan. Emerging use of robotics, especially telerobotics in medicine, particularly for surgery. Home automation and home robotics advance in North America; iRobot's "Roomba" is the most successful domestic robot and has sold 1.5 million units. Transportation Competition between Airbus and Boeing, the two largest remaining airliner manufacturers, intensified, with pan-European Airbus outselling American Boeing for the first time during this decade. Airbus launched the double-decker Airbus A380, the largest passenger aircraft ever to enter production. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the first mass-production aircraft manufactured primarily with composite materials, had its maiden flight. Production of the Boeing 757, Boeing's largest single-aisle airliner, ended with no replacement. Concorde a turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner or supersonic transport (SST), was retired in 2003 due to a general downturn in the aviation industry after the type's only crash in 2000, the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001 and a decision by Airbus, the successor firm of Aerospatiale and BAC, to discontinue maintenance support. December 9, 2005 – The London Transport Executive AEC Routemaster double-decker bus was officially withdrawn from 51 years general service in the UK. In the 2008 London mayoral election campaign, prospective mayor Boris Johnson made several commitments to change the London Buses vehicle policy, namely to introduce a new Routemaster, and remove the bendy buses. High-speed rail projects opened across Asia and Europe, and rail services saw record passenger numbers. The Acela Express, the first full high-speed service in North America, started on the Northeast Corridor in 2000. The Qinhuangdao–Shenyang High-Speed Railway opened, becoming the first high-speed railway in China. High Speed 1, the first true high-speed line in the United Kingdom, opened in stages between 2003 and 2007, cutting travel times between Paris, Brussels and London considerably. Taiwan High Speed Rail opened in 2007, connecting cities down the island's west coast. HSL-Zuid opened in 2009, linking Amsterdam to the European high-speed network for the first time. Video Digital cameras become widely popular due to rapid decreases in size and cost while photo resolution steadily increases. As a result, the digital cameras largely supplanted the analog cameras and the integration into mobile phones increase greatly. Since 2007, digital cameras started being manufactured with the face recognition feature built in. Flat panel displays started becoming widely popular in the second half of the decade displacing cathode ray tubes. Handheld projectors enter the market and are then integrated into cellphones. DVR devices such as TiVo became popular, making it possible to record television broadcasts to a hard drive-based digital storage medium and allowing many additional features including the option to fast-forward through commercials or to use an automatic Commercial skipping feature. This feature created controversy, with major television networks and movie studios claiming it violates copyright and should be banned. With the commercial skipping feature, many television channels place advertisements on the bottom on the TV screen. VOD technology became widely available among cable users worldwide, enabling the users to select and watch video content from a large variety of available content stored on a central server, as well as gaining the possibility to freeze the image, as well as fast-forward and rewind the VOD content. DVDs, and subsequently Blu-ray Discs, replace VCR technology as the common standard in homes and at video stores. Free Internet video portals like YouTube, Hulu, and Internet TV software solutions like Joost became new popular alternatives to TV broadcasts. TV becomes available on the networks run by some mobile phone providers, such as Verizon Wireless's Vcast. "High-definition television" becomes very popular towards the second half of the decade, with the increase of HD television channels and the conversion from analog to digital signals. Miscellaneous The e-cigarette was invented at the beginning of the decade. Religion and irreligion New Atheism is the name given to the ideas promoted by a collection of modern atheist writers who have advocated the view that "religion should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises." The term is commonly associated with individuals such as Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens (together called "the Four Horsemen of New Atheism" in a taped 2007 discussion they held on their criticisms of religion, a name that has stuck), along with Victor J. Stenger, Lawrence M. Krauss and A.C. Grayling. Several best-selling books by these authors, published between 2004 and 2007, form the basis for much of the discussion of New Atheism. Several groups promoting no religious faith or opposing religious faith altogether – including the Freedom From Religion Foundation, American Atheists, Camp Quest, and the Rational Response Squad – have witnessed large increases in membership numbers in recent years, and the number of secularist student organizations at American colleges and universities increased during the 2000s. David Bario of the Columbia News Service wrote: Under the Bush administration, organizations that promote abstinence and encourage teens to sign virginity pledges or wear purity rings have received federal grants. The Silver Ring Thing, a subsidiary of a Pennsylvania evangelical church, has received more than $1 million from the government to promote abstinence and to sell its rings in the United States and abroad. Prominent events and trends during the 2000s: Increasing Islamophobia and Islamophobic incidents during the 2000s associated with the September 11 attacks or with the increased presence of Muslims in the Western world.Achcar, Gilbert. The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives, p. 283 In 2000, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that Scientology is a religion for legal purposes. In 2001, lawsuits were filed in the United States and Ireland, alleging that some priests had sexually abused minors and that their superiors had conspired to conceal and otherwise abet their criminal misconduct. In 2004, the John Jay report tabulated a total of 4,392 priests and deacons in the U.S. against whom allegations of sexual abuse had been made. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (i.e. government-operated) primary and secondary schools; and came into effect on September 2, 2004. June 27, 2005, – The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on in a 5–4 decision, that a Ten Commandments display at the McCreary County courthouse in Whitley City, Kentucky and a Ten Commandments display at the Pulaski County courthouse—were unconstitutional: McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union France created in 2006 the first French parliamentary commission on cult activities which led to a report registering a number of cults considered as dangerous. Supporters of such movements have criticized the report on the grounds of the respect of religious freedom. Proponents of the measure contend that only dangerous cults have been listed as such, and state secularism ensures religious freedom in France. November 2009 – Minaret controversy in Switzerland: A referendum, a constitutional amendment banning the construction of new Mosque minarets was approved, sparking reactions from governments and political parties throughout of the world. 2009 – In Pope Benedict XVI's third encyclical Caritas in Veritate, he warns that a purely technocrat mindset where decisions are made only on grounds of efficiency will not deliver true development. Technical decisions must not be divorced from ethics. Benedict discusses bioethics and states that practices such as abortion, eugenics and euthanasia are morally hazardous and that accepting them can lead to greater tolerance for various forms of moral degradation. He turns to another consequence of the technocratic mindset, the viewing of people's personalities in purely psychological terms at the exclusion of the spiritual, which he says can lead to people feeling empty and abandoned even in prosperous societies. Population and social issues The decade saw further expansion of LGBT rights, with many European, Oceanic, and American countries recognizing civil unions and partnerships and a number of countries extending civil marriage to same-sex couples. The Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001. By the end of 2009, same-sex marriage was legal and performed in 10 countries worldwide, although only in some jurisdictions in Mexico and the United States. Population continued to grow in most countries, in particular in developing countries, though overall the rate slowed. According to United Nations estimates, world population reached six billion in late 1999, and continued to climb to 6.8 billion in late 2009. In 2007 the population of the United States reached 300 million inhabitants, and Japan's population peaked at 127 million before going into decline. In a 2003 memo to a staff member, Britain's Charles, Prince of Wales wrote: Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. In 2001, 46.4% of people in sub-Saharan Africa were living in extreme poverty. Nearly half of all Indian children are undernourished, however, even among the wealthiest fifth one third of children are malnourished. 5 A Day is the name of a number of programs in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany, to encourage the consumption of at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day, following a recommendation by the World Health Organization that individuals consume at least 400g of vegetables daily. The programme was introduced by the UK Department of Health in the winter of 2002–2003, and received some adverse media attention because of the high and rising costs of fresh fruit and vegetables. After ten years, research suggested that few people were meeting the target. The London congestion charge is a fee charged on most motor vehicles operating within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) in central London between 07:00 and 18:00 Monday to Friday. It is not charged at weekends, public holidays or between Christmas Day and New Year's Day (inclusive).[1] The charge, which was introduced on February 17, 2003, remains one of the largest congestion charge zones in the world. On December 3, 2003, New Zealand passed legislation to progressively implement a smoking ban in schools, school grounds, and workplaces by December 2004. On March 29, 2004, Ireland implemented a nationwide ban on smoking in all workplaces. In Norway, similar legislation was put into force on June 1 the same year. Smoking was banned in all public places in the whole of the United Kingdom in 2007, when England became the final region to have the legislation come into effect (the age limit for buying tobacco was also raised from 16 to 18 on October 1, 2007). From 2004 to 2009, the UK's Merseyside police officers, conducted 1,389 section 60 stop and searches (without reasonable suspicion), rising to 23,138 within five years. In 2005 the cost of alcohol dependence and abuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year, more than cancer and obesity. The number of antidepressants prescribed by the NHS in the United Kingdom almost doubled during one decade, authorities reported in 2010. In 2009, 39.1 million prescriptions for drugs to tackle depression were issued in England, compared with 20.1 million issued in 1999. In the United States a 2005 independent report stated that 11% of women and 5% of men in the non-institutionalized population (2002) take antidepressants. The use of antidepressants in the United States doubled over one decade, from 1996 to 2005. Antidepressant drugs were prescribed to 13 million in 1996 and to 27 million people by 2005. In 2008, more than 164 million prescriptions were written. In the UK, the number of weddings in 2006 was the lowest for 110 years. Jamie Oliver, is a British chef, restaurateur, media personality, known for his food-focused television shows and cookbooks. In 2006, Oliver began a formal campaign to ban unhealthy food in British schools and to get children eating nutritious food instead. Oliver's efforts to bring radical change to the school meals system, chronicled in the series Jamie's School Dinners, challenged the junk-food culture by showing schools they could serve healthy, cost-efficient meals that kids enjoyed eating. Jamie's efforts brought the subject of school dinners to the political forefront and changed the types of food served in schools. In 2006, nearly 11 million Plastic surgery procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. In November 2006, the Office of Communications (Ofcom) announced that it would ban television advertisements for junk food before, during and after television programming aimed at under-16s in the United Kingdom. These regulations were originally outlined in a proposal earlier in the year. This move has been criticized on both ends of the scale; while the Food and Drink Federation labelled the ban "over the top", others have said the restrictions do not go far enough (particularly due to the fact that soap operas would be exempt from the ban). On April 1, 2007, junk food advertisements were banned from programmes aimed at four to nine-year-olds. Such advertisements broadcast during programmes "aimed at, or which would appeal to," ten to fifteen-year-olds will continue to be phased out over the coming months, with a full ban coming into effect on January 1, 2009. November 10, 2006 – referring to the UK's annual poppy appeal, British journalist and presenter Jon Snow condemned the attitude of those who insist remembrance poppies are worn. He claimed: there is a rather unpleasant breed of poppy fascism out there. In January 2007, the British Retail Consortium announced that major UK retailers, including Asda, Boots, Co-op, Iceland, Marks and Spencer, Sainsbury's, Tesco and Waitrose intended to cease adding trans fatty acids to their own products by the end of 2007. In October 2008 AFP reported on the further expansion of killings of albinos to the Ruyigi region of Burundi. Body parts of the victims are then smuggled to Tanzania, where they are used for witch doctor rituals and potions. Albinos have become "a commercial good", commented Nicodeme Gahimbare in Ruyigi, who established a local safe haven in his fortified house. A 2009 study found a 30% increase in Chinese diabetes over 7 years. AIDS continued to expand during the decade, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa. New diseases of animal origin appeared for a short time, such as the bird flu in 2007. Swine flu was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in 2009. Environment and climate change Climate change and global warming became household words in the 2000s. Predictions tools made significant progress during the decade, UN-sponsored organisations such as the IPCC gained influence, and studies such as the Stern report influenced public support for paying the political and economic costs of countering climate change. The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s might have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade. The NASA and the NOAA later echoed the WMO's findings. Major natural disasters became more frequent and helped change public opinion. One of the deadliest heat waves in human history happened during the 2000s, mostly in Europe, with the 2003 European heat wave killing 37,451 people over the summer months. In February 2009, a series of highly destructive bushfires started in Victoria, Australia, lasting into the next month. While the fires are believed to have been caused by arson, they were widely reported as having been fueled by an excessive heatwave that was due in part to climate change. It has also been alleged that climate change was a cause of increased storms intensity, notably in the case of Hurricane Katrina. International actions Climate change became a major issue for governments, populations and scientists. Debates on global warming and its causes made significant progress, as climate change denials were refuted by most scientific studies. Decisive reports such as the Stern Review and the 2007 IPCC Report almost established a climate change consensus. NGOs' actions and the commitment of political personalities (such as former U.S. Vice President Al Gore) also urged to international reactions against climate change. Documentary films An Inconvenient Truth and Home may have had a decisive impact. Under the auspices of The UN Convention on Climate Change the Kyoto Protocol (aimed at combating global warming) entered into force on February 16, 2005. As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol. In addition The UN Convention on Climate Change helped coordinate the efforts of the international community to fight potentially disastrous effects of human activity on the planet and launched negotiations to set an ambitious program of carbon emission reduction that began in 2007 with the Bali Road Map. However, the representatives of the then 192 member countries of the United Nations gathered in December 2009 for the Copenhagen Conference failed to reach a binding agreement to reduce carbon emissions because of divisions between regional areas. However, as environmental technologies were to make up a potential market, some countries made large investments in renewable energies, energy conservation and sustainable transport. Many governments launched national plans to promote sustainable energy. In 2003, the European Union members created an emission trading scheme, and in 2007 they assembled a climate and energy package to reduce further their carbon emission and improve their energy-efficiency. In 2009, the United States Obama administration set up the Green New Deal, a plan to create millions of jobs in sectors related to environmentalism. The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003 requires local authorities in England to provide every household with a separate collection of at least two types of recyclable materials by 2010. Culture Architecture Commercialization and globalization resulted in mass migration of people from rural areas to urban areas resulting in high-profile skyscrapers in Asia and Europe. In Asia skyscrapers were constructed in India, China, Thailand, South Korea, and Japan. The Millennium Bridge, London officially known as the London Millennium Footbridge, is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking Bankside with the city. Londoners nicknamed the bridge the "Wobbly Bridge" after participants in a charity walk on behalf of Save the Children to open the bridge felt an unexpected, and, for some, uncomfortable, swaying motion on the first two days after the bridge opened. The bridge was closed later that day, and after two days of limited access the bridge was closed for almost two years while modifications were made to eliminate the wobble entirely. It was reopened in 2002. 30 St Mary Axe (informally also known as "the Gherkin" and previously the Swiss Re Building) is a skyscraper in London's financial district, the City of London, completed in December 2003 and opened at the end of May 2004. The building has become an iconic symbol of London and is one of |
(XXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 26th Year of the Anno Domini (AD) designation, the 26th year of the 1st millennium, the 26th year of the 1st century, and the 6th year of the 3rd decade. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Sabinus (or, less frequently, year 779 | became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Pontius Pilate is appointed as prefect of Judea. Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri, leaving the Praetorian Guard under Lucius Aelius Sejanus in charge of the Roman Empire and the city of |
(1949), Yankee Doodle Dandy directed by Michael Curtiz (1942), and Notorious directed by Alfred Hitchcock, (1946). The Walt Disney Studios released the animated feature films Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo (1941), Fantasia (1940), and Bambi (1942). Although the 1940s was a decade dominated by World War II, important and noteworthy films about a wide variety of subjects were made during that era. Hollywood was instrumental in producing dozens of classic films during the 1940s, several of which were about the war and some are on most lists of all-time great films. European cinema survived although obviously curtailed during wartime and yet many films of high quality were made in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Soviet Union and elsewhere in Europe. The cinema of Japan also survived. Akira Kurosawa and other directors managed to produce significant films during the 1940s. Polish filmmakers in Great Britain created anti-nazi color film Calling mr. Smith (1943) about current nazi crimes in occupied Europe during the war and about lies of nazi propaganda. Film Noir, a film style that incorporated crime dramas with dark images, became largely prevalent during the decade. Films such as The Maltese Falcon and The Big Sleep are considered classics and helped launch the careers of legendary actors such as Humphrey Bogart and Ava Gardner. The genre has been widely copied since its initial inception. In France during the war the tour de force Children of Paradise directed by Marcel Carné (1945), was shot in Nazi occupied Paris. Memorable films from post-war England include David Lean's Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948), Carol Reed's Odd Man Out (1947) and The Third Man (1949), and Powell and Pressburger's A Matter of Life and Death (1946), Black Narcissus (1946) and The Red Shoes (1948), Laurence Olivier's Hamlet, the first non-American film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture and Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) directed by Robert Hamer. Italian neorealism of the 1940s produced poignant movies made in post-war Italy. Roma, città aperta directed by Roberto Rossellini (1945), Sciuscià directed by Vittorio De Sica (1946), Paisà directed by Roberto Rossellini (1946), La terra trema directed by Luchino Visconti (1948), The Bicycle Thief directed by Vittorio De Sica (1948), and Bitter Rice directed by Giuseppe De Santis (1949), are some well-known examples. In Japanese cinema, The 47 Ronin is a 1941 black and white two-part Japanese film directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail (1945), and the post-war Drunken Angel (1948), and Stray Dog (1949), directed by Akira Kurosawa are considered important early works leading to his first masterpieces of the 1950s. Drunken Angel (1948), marked the beginning of the successful collaboration between Kurosawa and actor Toshiro Mifune that lasted until 1965. Music Bing Crosby was the best selling pop artist of the 1940s. Crosby was the leading figure of the crooner sound as well as its most iconic, defining artist. By the 1940s, he was an entertainment superstar who mastered all of the major media formats of the day, movies, radio, and recorded music. The most popular music style during the 1940s was swing, which prevailed during World War II. In the later periods of the 1940s, less swing was prominent and crooners like Frank Sinatra, along with genres such as bebop and the earliest traces of rock and roll, were the prevalent genre. Literature For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway in 1940. The Myth of Sisyphus by Albert Camus in 1942. The Stranger by Albert Camus in 1942. The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry in 1943. Anti-Semite and Jew by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1943. The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand in 1943. No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1944. Pippi Longstocking by Astrid Lindgren in 1945. The Diary of Anne Frank by Anne Frank in 1947. Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller in 1949. Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell in 1949. The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams in 1944. Fashion As the 1940s went through times of hardship during and after WWII, the solution was significant rationing and fashion items and fabrics were no exception. Fashion became more utilitarian or function and comfortability over style. Besides this rationing, as a tribute, women's fashion also changed to reflect that and it was seen in the new silhouette that is featured suits. In order to feminize this, certain elements were added such as the straight knee-length skirts and accessories to complete the look. Even with the challenges imposed by shortages in rayon, nylon, wool, leather, rubber, metal (for snaps, buckles, and embellishments), and even the amount of fabric that could be used in any one garment, the fashion industry's wheels kept chugging slowly along, producing what it could. After the fall of France in 1940, Hollywood drove fashion in the United States almost entirely, with the exception of a few trends coming from war torn London in 1944 and 1945, as America's own rationing hit full force, and the idea of function seemed to overtake fashion, if only for a few short months until the end of the war. Fabrics shifted dramatically as rationing and wartime shortages controlled import items such as silk and furs. Floral prints seem to dominate the early 1940s, with the mid-to-late 1940s also seeing what is sometimes referred to as "atomic prints" or geometric patterns and shapes. The color of fashion seemed to even go to war, with patriotic nautical themes and dark greens and khakis dominating the color palettes, as trousers and wedges slowly replaced the dresses and more traditional heels due to shortages in stockings and gasoline. The most common characteristics of this fashion were the straight skirt, pleats, front fullness, squared shoulders with v-necks or high necks, slim sleeves and the most favorited necklines were sailor, mandarin and scalloped. People Military leaders Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring Field Marshal Erich von Manstein Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt Marshal Ion Antonescu General Hideki Tōjō General Kuniaki Koiso Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Fleet Admiral Osami Nagano Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov Field Marshal Ivan Konev General Dwight D. Eisenhower General George Marshall General Douglas MacArthur General Omar Bradley General George S. Patton Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King Field Marshal Harold Alexander Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery Général d'Armée Jean de Lattre de Tassigny Brigadier general Charles de Gaulle General Henri Winkelman General Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld Activists and religious leaders Joel Brand Behic Erkin Varian Fry Mohandas Gandhi Billy Graham Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog Muhammad Ali Jinnah Necdet Kent Aristides de Sousa Mendes Pope Pius XII Martha Sharp Waitstill Sharp Chiune Sugihara Raoul Wallenberg Politics Abdel Rahman Azzam Pasha, Secretary-general Arab League Georgi Mikhailov Dimitrov, Chairman of the Executive Committee Communist International Camille Gutt, Managing Director International Monetary Fund Jacques Camille Paris, Secretary-general Council of Europe Edward Warner, President of the Council International Civil Aviation Organization John G. Winant, Director International Labour Organization Actors / Entertainers Fred Allen Don Ameche Dana Andrews Edward Arnold Jean Arthur Fred Astaire Mary Astor Lauren Bacall Josephine Baker Lucille Ball Tallulah Bankhead Joseph Barbera Carl Barks Anne Baxter Ralph Bellamy Jack Benny William Bendix Ingrid Bergman Charles Bickford Vivian Blaine Humphrey Bogart Charles Boyer Walter Brennan Fanny Brice Lloyd Bridges Edgar Buchanan James Cagney Cab Calloway Yvonne De Carlo John Carradine Lon Chaney, Jr. Charlie Chaplin Montgomery Clift Charles Coburn Claudette Colbert Ronald Colman Gary Cooper Katharine Cornell Abbott and Costello Joseph Cotten Joan Crawford Bing Crosby Dorothy Dandridge Linda Darnell Bette Davis Doris Day Olivia de Havilland William Demarest Richard Denning Marlene Dietrich Walt Disney Kirk Douglas Irene Dunne Duke Ellington Alice Faye José Ferrer Larry Fine Barry Fitzgerald Errol Flynn Henry Fonda Joan Fontaine Clark Gable Ava Gardner Judy Garland Greer Garson Paulette Goddard Betty Grable Gloria Grahame Cary Grant Kathryn Grayson Virginia Grey Sydney Greenstreet Edmund Gwenn Carl Stuart Hamblen William Hanna Olivia de Havilland Helen Hayes Susan Hayward Rita Hayworth Van Heflin Katharine Hepburn William Holden Bob Hope Lena Horne Curly Howard Moe Howard Shemp Howard Walter Huston Pedro Infante Burl Ives Anne Jeffreys Van Johnson Glynis Johns Jennifer Jones Boris Karloff Danny Kaye Gene Kelly Deborah Kerr Alan Ladd Veronica Lake Hedy Lamarr Dorothy Lamour Burt Lancaster Laurel and Hardy Charles Laughton Peter Lawford Janet Leigh Vivien Leigh Norman Lloyd Gene Lockhart June Lockhart Carole Lombard Peter Lorre Myrna Loy Vera Lynn Ida Lupino Fred MacMurray Victor Mature Fredric March Herbert Marshall James Mason Burgess Meredith Ray Milland Carmen Miranda Marilyn Monroe Dennis Morgan Frank Morgan Harry Morgan Jorge Negrete Margaret O'Brien Maureen O'Hara Laurence Olivier Janis Paige Gregory Peck Walter Pidgeon Dick Powell Eleanor Powell William Powell Tyrone Power Robert Preston Anthony Quinn Claude Rains Basil Rathbone Ronald Reagan Donna Reed George Reeves Michael Redgrave Dolores del Río Edward G. Robinson Ginger Rogers Roy Rogers Cesar Romero Mickey Rooney Rosalind Russell George Sanders Joseph Schildkraut Lizabeth Scott Randolph Scott Jean Simmons Frank Sinatra Red Skelton Barbara Stanwyck James Stewart Lewis Stone Barry Sullivan Ed Sullivan Lyle Talbot Elizabeth Taylor Robert Taylor Shirley Temple The Three Stooges Gene Tierney Spencer Tracy Lana Turner Robert Walker John Wayne Orson Welles Richard Widmark Cornel Wilde Jane Wyman Keenan Wynn Loretta Young Musicians Marian Anderson Louis Armstrong Eddy Arnold Gene Autry Pearl Bailey Benny Carter Ray Charles Charlie Barnet Count Basie Irving Berlin Al Bowlly Les Brown Erskine Butterfield Sammy Cahn Cab Calloway Nat King Cole Perry Como Bing Crosby Bob Crosby Miles Davis Willie Dixon Jimmy Dorsey Tommy Dorsey K. C. Douglas Champion Jack Dupree Billy Eckstine Duke Ellington H-Bomb Ferguson Ella Fitzgerald Ira Gershwin Dizzy Gillespie Benny Goodman Stéphane Grappelli Homer Harris Screamin' Jay Hawkins Richard Hayman Dick Haymes Earl Hines Billie Holiday John Lee Hooker Lena Horne Betty Hutton Sir Lancelot Big Joe Turner Bull Moose Jackson Mahalia Jackson Harry James Louis Jordan Blind Willie Johnson Al Jolson Kitty Kallen Danny Kaye Sammy Kaye Stan Kenton B.B. King Evelyn Knight Gene Krupa Frankie Laine Mario Lanza Peggy Lee Dean Martin Grady Martin Johnny Mercer Amos Milburn Glenn Miller Roy Milton Charles Mingus Thelonious Monk Vaughn Monroe Benny Moré Ray Noble Charlie Parker Les Paul Édith Piaf Cole Porter Bud Powell Louis Prima Django Reinhardt Pete Johnson Max Roach Marty Robbins Paul Robeson | 1949. Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had a profound effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. The consequences of the war lingered well into the second half of the decade, with a war-weary Europe divided between the jostling spheres of influence of the Western world and the Soviet Union, leading to the beginning of the Cold War. To some degree internal and external tensions in the post-war era were managed by new institutions, including the United Nations, the welfare state, and the Bretton Woods system, facilitating the post–World War II economic expansion, which lasted well into the 1970s. The conditions of the post-war world encouraged decolonization and the emergence of new states and governments, with India, Pakistan, Israel, Vietnam, and others declaring independence, although rarely without bloodshed. The decade also witnessed the early beginnings of new technologies (such as computers, nuclear power, and jet propulsion), often first developed in tandem with the war effort, and later adapted and improved upon in the post-war era. Politics and wars Wars World War II (1939–1945) Nazi Germany invades Poland, Denmark, Norway, Benelux, and the French Third Republic from 1939 to 1941. Soviet Union invades Poland, Finland, occupies Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Romanian region of Bessarabia from 1939 to 1941. Germany faces the United Kingdom in the Battle of Britain (1940). It was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign up until that date. Germany attacks the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941). The United States enters World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. It would face the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War. Germany, Italy, and Japan suffer defeats at Stalingrad, El Alamein, and Midway in 1942 and 1943. Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 was the largest Jewish uprising in Nazi-occupied Poland. Warsaw Uprising against Nazis in 1944 in Poland was the single largest military effort taken by any European resistance movement during World War II.The United States Army Air Forces send support for Poles on September 18, 1944, when flight of 110 B-17s of the 3 division Eighth Air Force airdropped supply for soldiers. Normandy landings. The forces of the Western Allies land on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France (June 6, 1944). Yalta Conference, wartime meeting from February 4, 1945, to February 11, 1945, among the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization, intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. The Holocaust, also known as The Shoah (Hebrew: , Latinized ha'shoah; Yiddish: , Latinized or ) is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, its allies, and collaborators. Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' systematic murder of millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, the Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities, gay men, and political and religious opponents. By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people. The German Instrument of Surrender signed (May 7–8, 1945). Victory in Europe Day. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and August 9, 1945); Surrender of Japan on August 15. World War II officially ends on September 2, 1945. Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Arab–Israeli conflict (Early 20th century–present) 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) – The war was fought between the newly declared State of Israel and its Arab neighbours. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine in mid-May 1948. After the Arab rejection of the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (UN General Assembly Resolution 181) that would have created an Arab state and a Jewish state side by side, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria attacked the state of Israel. In its conclusion, Israel managed to defeat the Arab armies. Major political changes Establishment of the United Nations Charter (June 26, 1945) effective (October 24, 1945). Establishment of the defence alliance NATO April 4, 1949. Internal conflicts 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. Victory of Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. Beginning of Greek Civil War, which extends from 1946 to 1949. Decolonization and independence 1944 – Iceland declares independence from Denmark. 1945 – Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands (effective in 1949 after a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle). 1945 - Korea is liberated after Japan surrenders 1946 – The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon dissolves to the independent states of Syria and Lebanon. The French settlers are forced to evacuate the French colony in Syria. 1947 – The Partition of the Presidencies and provinces of British India into a secular Union of India and a predominantly Muslim Dominion of Pakistan. 1948 – British rule in Burma ends. The State of Israel is established. 1949 – The People's Republic of China is officially proclaimed. Prominent political events Economics The Bretton Woods Conference was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. The conference was held from July 1–22, 1944. It established the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and created the Bretton Woods system. Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: August 20, 1940 – Leon Trotsky, a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician is attacked by Ramón Mercader using an ice axe. Trotsky died the next day from exsanguination and shock. December 24, 1942 – François Darlan, French Admiral and political figure is assassinated by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle in Algiers, French Algeria. January 30, 1948 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian activist and leader of the Indian independence movement is killed by Nathuram Godse. Science and technology Technology The Atanasoff-Berry computer is now considered one of the first electronic digital computing device built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937–1942. Construction in early 1941 of the Heath Robinson Bombe & the Colossus computer, which was used by British codebreakers at Bletchley Park and satellite stations nearby to read Enigma encrypted German messages during World War II. This was operational until 1946 when it was destroyed under orders from Winston Churchill. This is now widely regarded as the first operational computer which in a model rebuild still today has a remarkable computing speed. The Z3 as world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine was built. The first test of technology for an atomic weapon (Trinity test) as part of the Manhattan Project. The sound barrier was broken in October, 1947. The transistor was invented in December, 1947 at Bell Labs. The development of radar. The development of ballistic missiles. The development of jet aircraft. The Jeep. The development of commercial television. The Slinky. The microwave oven. The invention of Velcro. The invention of Tupperware. The invention of the Frisbee The invention of hydraulic fracturing Science Physics: the development of quantum theory and nuclear physics. Mathematics: the development of game theory and cryptography. In 1947, Thor Heyerdahl's raft Kon-Tiki crossed the Pacific Ocean from Peru to Tahiti proving the practical possibility that people from South America could have settled Polynesia in pre-Columbian times, rather than South-East Asia as it was previously believed Willard Libby developed radiocarbon dating—a process that revolutionized archaeology. The development of the modern evolutionary synthesis. Popular culture Film Oscar winners: Rebecca (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), Mrs. Miniver (1942), Casablanca (1943), Going My Way (1944), The Lost Weekend (1945), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Hamlet (1948), All the King's Men (1949). Some of Hollywood's most notable blockbuster films of the 1940s include: The Maltese Falcon directed by John Huston (1941), It's a Wonderful Life directed by Frank Capra (1946), Double Indemnity directed by Billy Wilder (1944), Meet Me in St. Louis directed by Vincente Minnelli (1944), Casablanca directed by Michael Curtiz (1942), Citizen Kane directed by Orson Welles (1941), The Great Dictator directed by Charlie Chaplin (1940), The Big Sleep directed by Howard Hawks (1946), The Lady Eve directed by Preston Sturges (1941), The Shop Around the Corner directed by Ernst Lubitsch (1940), White Heat directed by Raoul Walsh (1949), Yankee Doodle Dandy directed by Michael Curtiz (1942), and Notorious directed by Alfred Hitchcock, (1946). The Walt Disney Studios released the animated feature films Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo (1941), Fantasia (1940), and Bambi (1942). Although the 1940s was a decade dominated by World War II, important and noteworthy films about a wide variety of subjects were made during that era. Hollywood was instrumental in producing dozens of classic films during the 1940s, several of which were about the war and some are on most lists of all-time great films. European cinema survived although obviously curtailed during wartime and yet many films of high quality were made in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Soviet Union and elsewhere in Europe. The cinema of Japan also survived. Akira Kurosawa and other directors managed to produce significant films during the 1940s. Polish filmmakers in Great Britain created anti-nazi color film Calling mr. Smith (1943) about current nazi crimes in occupied Europe during the war and about lies of nazi propaganda. Film Noir, a film style |
of the United Nations. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations (effective July 1 1948). November 16 In Brussels, 15,000 people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of Belgian Nazi criminals. Great Britain begins withdrawing its troops from Palestine. November 17–December 23 – John Bardeen and Walter Brattain working under William Shockley at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States demonstrate the transistor effect, a key element for the electronics revolution of the 20th century. November 17 – The Screen Actors Guild implements an anti-Communist loyalty oath. November 18 – Ballantyne's fire: A fire in Ballantynes department store in Christchurch, New Zealand, kills 41 people. November 20 Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh: Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II), the daughter of George VI of the United Kingdom, marries The Duke of Edinburgh at Westminster Abbey in London. Paul Ramadier resigns as Prime Minister of France. He is succeeded by Robert Schuman, who calls in 80,000 army reservists to quell rioting miners in France. November 21 – The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in Havana, Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members complete the Havana Charter. November 24 – McCarthyism: The United States House of Representatives votes 346–17 to approve citations of Contempt of Congress against the "Hollywood Ten", after the screenwriters and directors refuse to co-operate with the House Un-American Activities Committee concerning allegations of communist influences in the movie business. The ten men are blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios on the following day. November 25 The New Zealand Parliament ratifies the Statute of Westminster, and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The new Pakistan Army and Pashtun mercenaries overrun Mirpur in Kashmir, resulting in the death of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs. November 27 – In Paris, France, police occupy the editorial offices of the communist newspapers. November 29 – The United Nations General Assembly votes for the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which will partition Mandatory Palestine between Arab and Jewish regions, resulting in the creation of the State of Israel. December December – 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo, organised by the new Syrian government, result in some 75 Jews murdered and a Jewish exodus. December 2–4 – 1947 Aden riots: Yemeni Arabs attack Mizrahi Jews. December 2 – 1947 Jerusalem riots: Arabs protest against the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. December 3 French communist strikers derail the Paris-Tourcoing express train because of false rumors that it is transporting soldiers; 21 people are killed. The Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire, starring Marlon Brando in his first great role, opens at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway in New York City; Jessica Tandy also stars as Blanche Du Bois. December 4 – French Interior Minister Jules S. Moch takes emergency measures against his country's rioters, after six days of violent arguments in the National Assembly. December 6 Arturo Toscanini conducts a concert performance of the first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello, for a broadcast on NBC Radio in the United States. The second half of the opera is broadcast a week later. Women are admitted to full membership of the University of Cambridge in England. following a vote in September. December 9 – French labor unions call off the general strike, and re-commence negotiations with the French government. December 12 – The Iranian Royal Army takes back power in the Azerbaijan province. December 14 – Santiago Bernabeu Stadium is officially inaugurated in Madrid, and hosts its first match. December 21 – During the mass migration of Hindus and Muslims between the new states of India and Pakistan, 400,000 are slaughtered. December 22 – The Italian Constituent Assembly votes to accept the new Constitution of Italy. December 30 The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter aircraft (NATO reporting name Fagot) makes its first flight in the Soviet Union. King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate and the Romanian monarchy is abolished. Date unknown Raytheon produces the first commercial microwave oven, in the United States. Global casual fashion brand H&M (Hennes & Mauritz) is founded, and a first Hennes outlet store opens in Västmanland, Sweden. Births January January 1 F. R. David, Tunisian-born French singer Vladimir Titov, Russian cosmonaut Frances Yip, Hong Kong singer January 6 Sandy Denny, British singer (d. 1978) Ian Millar, Canadian dressage rider January 8 David Bowie, English singer, songwriter, and actor (d. 2016) Samuel Schmid, Swiss Federal Councillor January 10 – Peer Steinbrück, German politician January 13 – Carles Rexach, Spanish-Catalan footballer and coach January 15 – Andrea Martin, Canadian-American actress (Second City Television) January 16 Juliet Berto, French actress, director and screenwriter (d. 1990) Apasra Hongsakula, Thai model, Miss Universe 1965 Harvey Proctor, British Conservative politician January 18 – Takeshi Kitano, Japanese film director, actor January 20 – Cyrille Guimard, French road racing cyclist January 21 – Jill Eikenberry, American actress January 23 Tom Carper, American politician Megawati Sukarnoputri, President of Indonesia January 24 Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian footballer (d. 2012) Michio Kaku, American theoretical physicist Warren Zevon, American rock musician (Werewolves of London) (d. 2003) January 25 – Tostão (Eduardo Gonçalves de Andrade), Brazilian footballer January 26 – Michel Sardou, French singer and actor January 27 – Björn Afzelius, Swedish singer, songwriter and guitarist (Hoola Bandoola Band) (d. 1999) January 29 – Linda B. Buck, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine January 30 – Steve Marriott, British rock musician (d. 1991) January 31 – Jonathan Banks, American actor February February 1 – Mike Brant, Israeli singer and songwriter (d. 1975) February 2 – Farrah Fawcett, American actress (Charlie's Angels) (d. 2009) February 3 Paul Auster, American novelist Dave Davies, English musician (The Kinks) Melanie Safka, American rock singer February 4 Halina Aszkiełowicz-Wojno, Polish volleyball player (d. 2018) Dennis C. Blair, American admiral, Director of National Intelligence Dan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States John Campbell Brown, Scottish astronomer (d. 2019) February 5 – Regina Duarte, Brazilian actress; former Special Secretary of Culture of Brazil February 7 – Wayne Allwine, American voice actor (d. 2009) February 10 – Louise Arbour, Canadian jurist February 11 Yukio Hatoyama, 60th Prime Minister of Japan Roy Moore, American politician Derek Shulman, Scottish musician (Gentle Giant) February 13 – Mike Krzyzewski, American basketball player and coach February 15 John Adams, American composer Wenche Myhre, Norwegian actress, singer Ádám Nádasdy, Hungarian linguist and poet February 16 – Veríssimo Correia Seabra, Bissau-Guinean military commander (d. 2004) February 18 Princess Christina of the Netherlands (d. 2019) José Luis Cuerda, Spanish filmmaker, screenwriter and producer (d. 2020) February 19 – Gustavo Rodríguez, Venezuelan actor (d. 2014) February 20 Peter Osgood, English footballer (d. 2006) Peter Strauss, American actor February 21 Victor Sokolov, Russian dissident journalist and priest (d. 2006) Renata Sorrah, Brazilian actress February 24 Rupert Holmes, British-born American singer-songwriter (The Pina Colada Song) Edward James Olmos, Hispanic-American actor, director, producer and activist Juval Aviv, Israeli-American security consultant and former Mossad agent February 25 Lee Evans, American Olympic athlete (d. 2021) Doug Yule, American rock singer (The Velvet Underground) February 26 – Sandie Shaw, British singer February 27 – Gidon Kremer, Latvian violinist February 28 – Stephanie Beacham, English actress March March 1 – Alan Thicke, Canadian actor and television host (d. 2016) March 2 – Yuri Bogatyryov, Soviet actor (d. 1989) March 3 – Óscar Washington Tabárez, Uruguayan football manager and former player March 4 Jan Garbarek, Norwegian musician Gunnar Hansen, Icelandic actor (d. 2015) March 6 Kiki Dee, English pop singer (Don't Go Breaking My Heart) Dick Fosbury, American athlete Teru Miyamoto, Japanese author Rob Reiner, American actor, comedian, producer, director and activist (All in the Family) John Stossel, American journalist March 7 – Walter Röhrl, German racing driver March 8 Carole Bayer Sager, American singer, songwriter Michael S. Hart, American author, inventor (d. 2011) March 9 – Ryszard Peryt, Polish conductor, librettist (d. 2019) March 10 – Kim Campbell, Prime Minister of Canada March 11 – Geoff Hunt, Australian squash player March 12 Kalervo Palsa, Finnish artist Mitt Romney, American businessman, politician, Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 presidential candidate, and US Senator (R-Ut.) March 13 – Beat Richner, Swiss pediatrician, cellist (d. 2018) March 15 – Ry Cooder, American guitarist March 16 Baek Yoon-sik, South Korean actor Ramzan Paskayev, Chechen accordionist March 17 Yury Chernavsky, Russian-born composer, producer Zhandra Rodríguez, Venezuelan ballet dancer March 18 – Tamara Griesser Pečar, Slovenian historian March 19 – Glenn Close, American actress March 21 – Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (d. 2017) March 22 – James Patterson, American author March 24 Mike Kellie, English rock musician (d. 2017) Louise Lanctôt, Canadian terrorist and writer Alan Sugar, English entrepreneur March 25 – Elton John, English singer-songwriter and composer March 26 – Subhash Kak, Indian-American author March 31 Wong Choon Wah, Malaysian footballer (d. 2014) César Gaviria, Colombian economist, politician and 28th President of Colombia April April 1 Alain Connes, French mathematician Ingrid Steeger, German actress, comedian Tzipi Shavit, actress April 2 Paquita la del Barrio, Mexican singer, actress Emmylou Harris, American singer, songwriter Camille Paglia, American literary critic April 4 – Eliseo Soriano, Philippine preacher April 5 – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 14th President of the Philippines, daughter of former president Diosdado Macapagal April 6 – John Ratzenberger, American actor (Cheers) April 7 – Florian Schneider, German musician (d. 2020) April 9 – Ken Lewis, American former CEO, president, and chairman of Bank of America April 10 – Bunny Wailer, Jamaican reggae musician (d. 2021) April 12 Tom Clancy, American author (d. 2013) David Letterman, American talk show host April 13 – Mike Chapman, Australian-born songwriter, record producer April 15 – Lois Chiles, American actress April 16 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, African-American pro basketball player, actor (Airplane!) Gerry Rafferty, Scottish singer, songwriter (Baker Street) (d. 2011) April 18 Kathy Acker, American author (d. 1997) Jerzy Stuhr, Polish actor, director James Woods, American actor April 19 – Murray Perahia, American pianist April 20 Daud Ibrahim, Malaysian cyclist (d. 2010) Hector, Finnish rock musician April 21 – Iggy Pop, American rock musician April 24 – Josep Borrell, Spanish minister, MEP and EU High Representative April 25 Johan Cruyff, Dutch footballer and coach (d. 2016) Jeffrey DeMunn, American actor April 27 - Pete Ham, Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 1975) April 29 Olavo de Carvalho, Brazilian journalist, essayist and professor of philosophy Tommy James, American rock singer, producer May May 1 – Jacob Bekenstein, Mexico-born Israeli-American theoretical physicist (d. 2015) May 4 – Theda Skocpol, American sociologist May 5 – Malam Bacai Sanhá, Guinea-Bissau politician (d. 2012) May 6 – Martha Nussbaum, American philosopher May 8 – H. Robert Horvitz, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine May 9 – Yukiya Amano, Japanese international civil servant (d. 2019) May 10 – Caroline B. Cooney, American author May 11 Walter Selke, German physicist Butch Trucks, American drummer (The Allman Brothers Band) (d. 2017) May 12 – Michael Ignatieff, Canadian politician, philosopher and historian May 13 – Stephen R. Donaldson, American novelist May 14 José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, Colombian drug lord (d. 1989) Tamara Dobson, African-American actress, fashion model (d. 2006) Ana Martín, Mexican actress, singer producer and former model (Miss Mexico 1963) May 15 – Muhyiddin Yassin, Prime Minister of Malaysia May 17 – Hawa Abdi, Somali activist and doctor (d. 2020) May 18 – John Bruton, 10th Taoiseach of Ireland May 19 – Paul Brady, Northern Irish singer, songwriter May 21 – Lolit Solis, Filipina talent manager (host of Startalk, CelebriTV) May 24 – Maude Barlow, Canadian author, activist and National Chairperson of The Council of Canadians May 26 – Glenn Turner, New Zealand cricket captain May 27 Peter DeFazio, American politician Branko Oblak, Slovenian football player and coach May 28 – Pedro Giachino, Argentine Navy officer (d. 1982) June June 1 Jonathan Pryce, Welsh actor Ronnie Wood, English rock musician (The Faces, The Rolling Stones) June 2 – Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, Punjabi saint, Sikh theologian, military leader (d. 1984) June 3 – Dave Alexander, American musician (d. 1975) June 4 – Viktor Klima, Chancellor of Austria June 5 Laurie Anderson, American experimental performance artist, composer and musician Jojon, Indonesian comedian, actor (d. 2014) June 6 David Blunkett, British politician Robert Englund, American actor (V, A Nightmare on Elm Street) Ada Kok, Dutch swimmer June 8 – Eric F. Wieschaus, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine June 9 Françoise Demulder, French war photographer (d. 2008) Robert Indermaur, Swiss painter and sculptor June 10 – Ken Singleton, American baseball player June 15 – John Hoagland, American war photographer (d. 1984) June 19 Paula Koivuniemi, Finnish singer Salman Rushdie, Indian-born British author (The Satanic Verses) June 20 – Candy Clark, American actress June 21 Rachel Adato, Israeli gynaecologist, lawyer and politician Shirin Ebadi, Iranian activist, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Fernando Savater, Spanish philosopher, author June 22 Bruno Latour, French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Natalya Varley, Soviet, Russian film, theater actress Murray Webb, New Zealand caricature artist, test cricketer David Jones, Northern Irish European Tour golfer Octavia E. Butler, American author (d. 2006) Trevor Blades, English cricketer Pete Maravich, American basketball player (d. 1988) Jerry John Rawlings, 2-time President of Ghana (d. 2020) June 23 Zvi Rosen, Israeli international footballer Bryan Brown, Australian actor Thor Hansen, Norwegian-born professional poker player Ed Werenich, Canadian curler June 24 Mick Fleetwood, British musician (Fleetwood Mac) Helena Vondráčková, Czech singer Peter Weller, American actor and director June 25 – Jimmie Walker, African-American actor June 26 – Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Afghan politician June 27 Hans Ooft, Dutch football player, manager Abdel Djaadaoui, Algerian footballer June 29 – David Chiang, Hong Kong actor June 30 – Jean-Yves Le Drian, French minister July July 1 Marc Benno, American singer, songwriter and guitarist Arantxa Urretabizkaia, Basque writer, screenwriter and actress Sharad Yadav, Indian politician July 2 – Larry David, American actor, writer, producer and director (Curb Your Enthusiasm) July 3 Betty Buckley, American actress, singer Mike Burton, American swimmer Rob Rensenbrink, Dutch football player (d. 2020) Jana Švandová, Czech actress July 4 Francisco Fernández de Cevallos, Mexican politician Eva Goës, Swedish politician Carla Panerai, Italian sprinter July 5 – Toos Beumer, Dutch swimmer July 6 – Shelley Hack, American model, actress, producer, political and media advisor July 7 Richard Beckinsale, English actor (d. 1979) King Gyanendra of Nepal Felix Standaert, Belgian diplomat July 9 Haruomi Hosono, Japanese musician (Yellow Magic Orchestra) Mitch Mitchell, English rock drummer (d. 2008) O. J. Simpson, African-American football player and actor July 10 Allen Fong, Hong Kong film director Arlo Guthrie, American folk singer (Alice's Restaurant) July 11 – Riad Ismat, Syrian writer, critic and theatre director July 12 Gareth Edwards, Welsh rugby union player Lenka Termerová, Czech actress July 14 – Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius July 15 – Roky Erickson, American singer-songwriter (d. 2019) July 16 Roelf Meyer, South African politician, businessman July 17 | Air Station Atsugi, Japan, killing all 41 on board in the worst aviation accident in Japanese history up to this time. Douglas DC-4 Mainliner Lake Tahoe, operating as United Airlines Flight 521, fails to become airborne while attempting to take off from LaGuardia Airport in New York City, runs off the end of the runway, and slams into an embankment, killing 42 of the 48 people on board in the worst aviation disaster in American history until the following day. May 30 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 605: A Douglas C-54 Skymaster crashes near Bainbridge, Maryland, killing all 53 aboard (49 passengers, 4 crew), in America's worst commercial aviation disaster to that date. May 31 Ferenc Nagy, the democratically elected prime Minister of Hungary, is forced into resign and go exile under pressure from the Soviet-backed Hungarian Communist Party led by Mátyás Rákosi. The fellow traveler Lajos Dinnyés replaces him, which grants the Communists effective control of the Hungarian government. Alcide de Gasperi forms a new government in Italy, the first postwar Italian government not to include members of the Italian Communist Party. June June – The Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is introduced. June 5 – U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall outlines the Marshall Plan for American reconstruction and relief aid to Europe, in a speech at Harvard University. June 7 – The Romanian Army founds the association football club CCA (Clubul Central al Armatei – The Army's Central Club), which will become the most successful Romanian football team during its time as CSA Steaua București. June 10 – SAAB in Sweden produces its first automobile. June 11–15 – The first Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod is held in Wales. June 15 – The Estado Novo in Portugal orders 11 military officers and 19 university professors, who are accused of revolutionary activity, to resign. June 21 Seaman Harold Dahl claims to have seen six unidentified flying objects (UFOs) near Maury Island in Puget Sound, Washington. The next morning, Dahl reports the first modern so-called "Men in Black" encounter. The Parliament of Canada votes unanimously to pass several laws regarding displaced foreign refugees. June 23 – The United States Senate follows the House of Representatives, in overriding President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft–Hartley Act. June 24 – Kenneth Arnold makes the first widely reported UFO sighting near Mount Rainier, Washington. June 25 – The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank is published for the first time as Het Achterhuis: Dagboekbrieven 14 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944 ("The Annex: Diary Notes from 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944") in Amsterdam, two years after the writer's death in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. July July 1 – The United States begins the National Malaria Eradication Program, successfully eradicating malaria in 1951. July 6 1947 Sylhet referendum: A referendum is held in Sylhet to decide its fate in the Partition of India. The first prototype AK-47 assault rifles are built to the design of Mikhail Kalashnikov. July 8 – Roswell UFO incident: A supposedly downed extraterrestrial spacecraft is reportedly found near Roswell, New Mexico. July 9 – King George VI of the United Kingdom announces the engagement of his daughter Princess Elizabeth to Lt. Philip Mountbatten. July 11 – The ship Exodus leaves France for Palestine, with 4,500 Jewish Holocaust survivor refugees on board. July 17 Indian passenger ship is capsized by a cyclone at Mumbai, India, with 625 people killed. Alleged date when Raoul Wallenberg dies in a Soviet prison. It is not announced until February 6, 1957. There will be reported sightings of him until 1987. July 18 Following wide media and UNSCOP coverage, the Exodus is captured by British troops, and refused entry into Palestine at the port of Haifa. President Harry S. Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act into law, which places the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate next in the line of succession, after the vice president. July 19 – Burmese nationalist Aung San, and six members of his newly formed cabinet, are assassinated during a cabinet meeting. July 26 – Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into law to create the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council. July 27–28 – English endurance swimmer Tom Blower becomes the first person to swim the North Channel, from Donaghadee in Northern Ireland to Portpatrick in Scotland. July 29 – After being shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment, the ENIAC computer in the United States is turned back on again, and remains in continuous operation until October 2, 1955. August August 1 – Indonesian airline Garuda Indonesia is established. August 2 – 1947 BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust accident: A British South American Airways Avro Lancastrian airliner crashes into a mountain during a flight from Buenos Aires, Argentina to Santiago, Chile (the wreckage will not be found until 1998). August 5 – The Netherlands ends Operation Product, the first of its major politionele acties (military "police actions") in Indonesia. August 7 Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft, the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands, after a 101-day, 4,300 mile, voyage across the Eastern Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could have traveled to the Central Pacific islands from South America. The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). August 14 The Muslim majority regions formed by the Partition of India gain independence from the British Empire as the Dominion of Pakistan. While the transition is officially at midnight on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with India on the 15th, because the Pakistan Standard Time is 30 minutes behind the standard time of India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes the first governor-general of Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan takes office as the first prime minister of Pakistan. August 15 The greater Indian subcontinent, with a mixed population of Hindu, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Zoroasters, Jews, Christians, Muslims and others formed by the Partition of India, gains independence from the British Empire, as the Dominion of India. Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as the first prime minister of India, taking his oath from Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India (but no longer viceroy). August 16 – In Greece, General Markos Vafiadis takes over the government until 1949. August 23 – The prime minister of Greece, Dimitrios Maximos, resigns. August 27 – The French government lowers the daily bread ration to 200 grams, causing riots in Verdun and Le Mans. August 30 – A fire at a movie theater in Rueil, a suburb of Paris, France, kills 83 people. August 31 – In Hungary, communists fail to gain a majority in parliamentary elections (despite widespread fraud) and turn to direct action as part of the country's transition to Communism (1944–1949). September September 9 Women's suffrage is agreed by Argentina's Congress. A moth lodged in a relay is found to be the cause of a malfunction in the Harvard Mark II electromechanical computer, logged as the "First actual case of bug being found." September 13 – Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru suggests the exchange of four million Hindus and Muslims between India and Pakistan. September 15–16 – Typhoon Kathleen strikes the Bōsō Peninsula and the entire Kantō region in Japan. Heavy rains cause the Arakawa and Tone Rivers to overflow and embankment collapse. The resulting floods and debris flow kill between 1,077 and 1,920 people, injuring 1,547 and leaving 853 missing. September 17–21 – The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane in southeastern Florida, and also in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana causes widespread damage, and kills 50 people. September 18 – In the United States: The National Security Act of 1947 becomes effective on this day, creating the United States Air Force, National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. The Department of War becomes the Department of the Army, a branch of the new Department of Defense. September 22 – The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform) is founded by the International Communist Movement. September 30 – Pakistan and Yemen join the United Nations. October October The House Un-American Activities Committee begins its investigations into communism in Hollywood. First recorded use of the word computer in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine. October 1 – The North American F-86 Sabre jet fighter aircraft makes its first flight. October 5 – President Harry S. Truman delivers the first televised White House address, speaking on the world food crises. October 14 1947 Jammu massacres: Extremist Hindus and Sikhs kill 20,000–100,000 Muslims in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. United States Air Force test pilot Captain Chuck Yeager flies a Bell X-1 rocket plane faster than the speed of sound, the first time it has been accomplished. October 20 – A war begins in Kashmir, along the border between India and Pakistan, initiating the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. Also, Pakistan establishes diplomatic relations with the United States of America. October 24 – The first Azad Kashmir Government is established within Pakistan, headed by Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan. October 30 – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the foundation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is established. November November 2 – In Long Beach, California, designer and airplane pilot Howard Hughes carries out the one and only flight of the Hughes H-4 Hercules ("Spruce Goose"), the largest fixed-wing aircraft ever built and flown. This flight only lasts 8 minutes. November 6 – The television program Meet the Press makes its debut, on the NBC-TV network in the United States. November 9 – Junagadh is invaded by the Indian army. November 10 – The arrest of four steel workers in Marseille begins a French communist riot, that also spreads to Paris. November 13 Wataru Misaka makes the roster of the New York Knicks to become the first person of color to play in modern professional basketball, just months after Jackie Robinson has broken the color barrier in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Misaka has led the Utah Utes to the 1944 NCAA and 1947 NIT championships. The Soviet Union completes development of the AK-47 assault rifle; it will be adopted by the Soviet Army in 1949 and become the most produced assault rifle in history. November 15 The International Telecommunication Union becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations (effective July 1 1948). November 16 In Brussels, 15,000 people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of Belgian Nazi criminals. Great Britain begins withdrawing its troops from Palestine. November 17–December 23 – John Bardeen and Walter Brattain working under William Shockley at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States demonstrate the transistor effect, a key element for the electronics revolution of the 20th century. November 17 – The Screen Actors Guild implements an anti-Communist loyalty oath. November 18 – Ballantyne's fire: A fire in Ballantynes department store in Christchurch, New Zealand, kills 41 people. November 20 Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh: Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II), the daughter of George VI of the United Kingdom, marries The Duke of Edinburgh at Westminster Abbey in London. Paul Ramadier resigns as Prime Minister of France. He is succeeded by Robert Schuman, who calls in 80,000 army reservists to quell rioting miners in France. November 21 – The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in Havana, Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members complete the Havana Charter. November 24 – McCarthyism: The United States House of Representatives votes 346–17 to approve citations of Contempt of Congress against the "Hollywood Ten", after the screenwriters and directors refuse to co-operate with the House Un-American Activities Committee concerning allegations of communist influences in the movie business. The ten men are blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios on the following day. November 25 The New Zealand Parliament ratifies the Statute of Westminster, and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The new Pakistan Army and Pashtun mercenaries overrun Mirpur in Kashmir, resulting in the death of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs. November 27 – In Paris, France, police occupy the editorial offices of the communist newspapers. November 29 – The United Nations General Assembly votes for the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which will partition Mandatory Palestine between Arab and Jewish regions, resulting in the creation of the State of Israel. December December – 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo, organised by the new Syrian government, result in some 75 Jews murdered and a Jewish exodus. December 2–4 – 1947 Aden riots: Yemeni Arabs attack Mizrahi Jews. December 2 – 1947 Jerusalem riots: Arabs protest against the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. December 3 French communist strikers derail the Paris-Tourcoing express train because of false rumors that it is transporting soldiers; 21 people are killed. The Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire, starring Marlon Brando in his first great role, opens at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway in New York City; Jessica Tandy also stars as Blanche Du Bois. December 4 – French Interior Minister Jules S. Moch takes emergency measures against his country's rioters, after six days of violent arguments in the National Assembly. December 6 Arturo Toscanini conducts a concert performance of the first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello, for a broadcast on NBC Radio in the United States. The second half of the opera is broadcast a week later. Women are admitted to full membership of the University of Cambridge in England. following a vote in September. December 9 – French labor unions call off the general strike, and re-commence negotiations with the French government. December 12 – The Iranian Royal Army takes back power in the Azerbaijan province. December 14 – Santiago Bernabeu Stadium is officially inaugurated in Madrid, and hosts its first match. December 21 – During the mass migration of Hindus and Muslims between the new states of India and Pakistan, 400,000 are slaughtered. December 22 – The Italian Constituent Assembly votes to accept the new Constitution of Italy. December 30 The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter aircraft (NATO reporting name Fagot) makes its first flight in the Soviet Union. King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate and the Romanian monarchy is abolished. Date unknown Raytheon produces the first commercial microwave oven, in the United States. Global casual fashion brand H&M (Hennes & Mauritz) is founded, and a first Hennes outlet store opens in Västmanland, Sweden. Births January January 1 F. R. David, Tunisian-born French singer Vladimir Titov, Russian cosmonaut Frances Yip, Hong Kong singer January 6 Sandy Denny, British singer (d. 1978) Ian Millar, Canadian dressage rider January 8 David Bowie, English singer, songwriter, and actor (d. 2016) Samuel Schmid, Swiss Federal Councillor January 10 – Peer Steinbrück, German politician January 13 – Carles Rexach, Spanish-Catalan footballer and coach January 15 – Andrea Martin, Canadian-American actress (Second City Television) January 16 Juliet Berto, French actress, director and screenwriter (d. 1990) Apasra Hongsakula, Thai model, Miss Universe 1965 Harvey Proctor, British Conservative politician January 18 – Takeshi Kitano, Japanese film director, actor January 20 – Cyrille Guimard, French road racing cyclist January 21 – Jill Eikenberry, American actress January 23 Tom Carper, American politician Megawati Sukarnoputri, President of Indonesia January 24 Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian footballer (d. 2012) Michio Kaku, American theoretical physicist Warren Zevon, American rock musician (Werewolves of London) (d. 2003) January 25 – Tostão (Eduardo Gonçalves de Andrade), Brazilian footballer January 26 – Michel Sardou, French singer and actor January 27 – Björn Afzelius, Swedish singer, songwriter and guitarist (Hoola Bandoola Band) (d. 1999) January 29 – Linda B. Buck, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine January 30 – Steve Marriott, British rock musician (d. 1991) January 31 – Jonathan Banks, American actor February February 1 – Mike Brant, Israeli singer and songwriter (d. 1975) February 2 – Farrah Fawcett, American actress (Charlie's Angels) (d. 2009) February 3 Paul Auster, American novelist Dave Davies, English musician (The Kinks) Melanie Safka, American rock singer February 4 Halina Aszkiełowicz-Wojno, Polish volleyball player (d. 2018) Dennis C. Blair, American admiral, Director of National Intelligence Dan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States John Campbell Brown, Scottish astronomer (d. 2019) February 5 – Regina Duarte, Brazilian actress; former Special Secretary of Culture of Brazil February 7 – Wayne Allwine, American voice actor (d. 2009) February 10 – Louise Arbour, Canadian jurist February 11 Yukio Hatoyama, 60th Prime Minister of Japan Roy Moore, American politician Derek Shulman, Scottish musician (Gentle Giant) February 13 – Mike Krzyzewski, American basketball player and coach February 15 John Adams, American composer Wenche Myhre, Norwegian actress, singer Ádám Nádasdy, Hungarian linguist and poet February 16 – Veríssimo Correia Seabra, Bissau-Guinean military commander (d. 2004) February 18 Princess Christina of the Netherlands (d. 2019) José Luis Cuerda, Spanish filmmaker, screenwriter and producer (d. 2020) February 19 – Gustavo Rodríguez, Venezuelan actor (d. 2014) February 20 Peter Osgood, English footballer (d. 2006) Peter Strauss, American actor February 21 Victor Sokolov, Russian dissident journalist and priest (d. 2006) Renata Sorrah, Brazilian actress February 24 Rupert Holmes, British-born American singer-songwriter (The Pina Colada Song) Edward James Olmos, Hispanic-American actor, director, producer and activist Juval Aviv, Israeli-American security consultant and former Mossad agent February 25 Lee Evans, American Olympic athlete (d. 2021) Doug Yule, American rock singer (The Velvet Underground) February 26 – Sandie Shaw, British singer February 27 – Gidon Kremer, Latvian violinist February 28 – Stephanie Beacham, English actress March March 1 – Alan Thicke, Canadian actor and television host (d. 2016) March 2 – Yuri Bogatyryov, Soviet actor (d. 1989) March 3 – Óscar Washington Tabárez, Uruguayan football manager and former player March 4 Jan Garbarek, Norwegian musician Gunnar Hansen, Icelandic actor (d. 2015) March 6 Kiki Dee, English pop singer (Don't Go Breaking My Heart) Dick Fosbury, American athlete Teru Miyamoto, Japanese author Rob Reiner, American actor, comedian, producer, director and activist (All in the Family) John Stossel, American journalist March 7 – Walter Röhrl, German racing driver March 8 Carole Bayer Sager, American singer, songwriter Michael S. Hart, American author, inventor (d. 2011) March 9 – Ryszard Peryt, Polish conductor, librettist (d. 2019) March 10 – Kim Campbell, Prime Minister of Canada March 11 – Geoff Hunt, Australian squash player March 12 Kalervo Palsa, Finnish artist Mitt Romney, American businessman, politician, Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 presidential candidate, and US Senator (R-Ut.) March 13 – Beat Richner, Swiss pediatrician, cellist (d. 2018) March 15 – Ry Cooder, American guitarist March 16 Baek Yoon-sik, South Korean actor Ramzan Paskayev, Chechen accordionist March 17 Yury Chernavsky, Russian-born composer, producer Zhandra Rodríguez, Venezuelan ballet dancer March 18 – Tamara Griesser Pečar, Slovenian historian March 19 – Glenn Close, American actress March 21 – Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (d. 2017) March 22 – James Patterson, American author March 24 Mike Kellie, English rock musician (d. 2017) Louise Lanctôt, Canadian terrorist and writer Alan Sugar, English entrepreneur March 25 – Elton John, English singer-songwriter and composer March 26 – Subhash Kak, Indian-American author March 31 Wong Choon Wah, Malaysian footballer (d. 2014) César Gaviria, Colombian economist, politician and 28th President of Colombia April April 1 Alain Connes, French mathematician Ingrid Steeger, German actress, comedian Tzipi Shavit, actress April 2 Paquita la del Barrio, Mexican singer, actress Emmylou Harris, American singer, songwriter Camille Paglia, American literary critic April 4 – Eliseo Soriano, Philippine preacher April 5 – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 14th President of the Philippines, daughter of former president Diosdado Macapagal April 6 – John Ratzenberger, American actor (Cheers) April 7 – Florian Schneider, German musician (d. 2020) April 9 – Ken Lewis, American former CEO, president, and chairman of Bank of America April 10 – Bunny Wailer, Jamaican reggae musician (d. 2021) April 12 Tom Clancy, American author (d. 2013) David Letterman, American talk show host April 13 – Mike Chapman, Australian-born songwriter, record producer April 15 – Lois Chiles, American actress April 16 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, African-American pro basketball player, actor (Airplane!) Gerry Rafferty, Scottish singer, songwriter (Baker Street) (d. 2011) April 18 Kathy Acker, American author (d. 1997) Jerzy Stuhr, Polish actor, director James Woods, American actor April 19 – Murray Perahia, American pianist April 20 Daud Ibrahim, Malaysian cyclist (d. 2010) Hector, Finnish rock musician April 21 – Iggy Pop, American rock musician April 24 – Josep Borrell, Spanish minister, MEP and EU High Representative April 25 Johan Cruyff, Dutch footballer and coach (d. 2016) Jeffrey DeMunn, American actor April 27 - Pete Ham, Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 1975) April 29 Olavo de Carvalho, Brazilian journalist, essayist and professor of philosophy Tommy James, American rock singer, producer May May 1 – Jacob Bekenstein, Mexico-born Israeli-American theoretical physicist (d. 2015) May 4 – Theda Skocpol, American sociologist May 5 – Malam Bacai Sanhá, Guinea-Bissau politician (d. 2012) May 6 – Martha Nussbaum, American philosopher May 8 – H. Robert Horvitz, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine May 9 – Yukiya Amano, Japanese international civil servant (d. 2019) May 10 – Caroline B. Cooney, American author May 11 Walter Selke, German physicist Butch Trucks, American drummer (The Allman Brothers Band) (d. 2017) May 12 – Michael Ignatieff, Canadian politician, philosopher and historian May 13 – Stephen R. Donaldson, American novelist May 14 José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, Colombian drug lord (d. 1989) Tamara Dobson, African-American actress, fashion model (d. 2006) Ana Martín, Mexican actress, singer producer and former model (Miss Mexico 1963) May 15 – Muhyiddin Yassin, Prime Minister of Malaysia May 17 – Hawa Abdi, Somali activist and doctor (d. 2020) May 18 – John Bruton, 10th Taoiseach of Ireland May 19 – Paul Brady, Northern Irish singer, songwriter May 21 – Lolit Solis, Filipina talent manager (host of Startalk, CelebriTV) May 24 – Maude Barlow, Canadian author, activist and National Chairperson of The Council of Canadians May 26 – Glenn Turner, New Zealand cricket captain May 27 Peter DeFazio, American politician Branko Oblak, Slovenian football player and coach May 28 – Pedro Giachino, Argentine Navy officer (d. 1982) June June 1 Jonathan Pryce, Welsh actor Ronnie Wood, English rock musician (The Faces, The Rolling Stones) June 2 – Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, Punjabi saint, Sikh theologian, military leader (d. 1984) June 3 – Dave Alexander, American musician (d. 1975) June 4 – Viktor Klima, Chancellor of Austria June 5 Laurie Anderson, American experimental performance artist, composer and musician Jojon, Indonesian comedian, actor (d. 2014) June 6 David Blunkett, British politician Robert Englund, American actor (V, A Nightmare on Elm Street) Ada Kok, Dutch swimmer June 8 – Eric F. Wieschaus, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine June 9 Françoise Demulder, French war photographer (d. 2008) Robert Indermaur, Swiss painter and sculptor June 10 – Ken Singleton, American baseball player June 15 – John Hoagland, American war photographer (d. 1984) June 19 Paula Koivuniemi, Finnish singer Salman Rushdie, Indian-born British author (The Satanic Verses) June 20 – Candy Clark, American actress June 21 Rachel Adato, Israeli gynaecologist, lawyer and politician Shirin Ebadi, Iranian activist, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Fernando Savater, Spanish philosopher, author June 22 Bruno Latour, French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Natalya Varley, Soviet, Russian film, theater actress Murray Webb, New Zealand caricature |
(d. 1711) July 18 – Francis Pemberton, English judge, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (d. 1697) August 6 – Charles Kerr, 2nd Earl of Ancram, English politician (d. 1690) August 11 – John Strode, English politician (d. 1679) August 22 – Jean Regnault de Segrais, French poet and novelist born in Caen (d. 1701) August 23 – Anna Elisabeth of Saxe-Lauenburg, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1688) August 24 – Petronella de la Court, Dutch art collector (d. 1707) August 25 – François de la Chaise, French churchman (d. 1709) August 27 – Koxinga, Chinese military leader (d. 1662) September 1 – Simón González de Acosta, Spanish colonial governor (d. 1653) September 10 – Thomas Sydenham, English physician (d. 1689) September 12 – Wingfield Cromwell, 2nd Earl of Ardglass, English nobleman (d. 1668) September 15 – Francesco Provenzale, Italian Baroque composer and teacher (d. 1704) October–December October 5 (bapt.) – Gaspar de Witte, Flemish painter (d. 1681) October 9 – Murad Bakhsh, Mughal prince (d. 1661) October 19 – Robert Danvers, English politician (d. 1674) October 20 – Jan Albertsz Rotius, Dutch painter (d. 1666) October 21 – Edward Harley, English politician (d. 1700) October 26 – Dosoftei, Moldavian Metropolitan (d. 1693) October 30 – Paul Pellisson, French author (d. 1693) November 2 – Sir Thomas Myddelton, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1663) November 3 – Jean II d'Estrées, French noble (d. 1707) November 16 – Barent Fabritius, Dutch painter (d. 1673) November 28 – Angélique de Saint-Jean Arnauld d'Andilly, French Jansenist nun (d. 1684) December 16 – Queen Jangnyeol, Korean royal consort (d. 1688) December 17 – Juriaen Jacobsze, Dutch painter (d. 1685) December 18 – John Hull, merchant and mintmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1683) December 25 – Angelus Silesius, German writer (d. 1677) Date unknown Torii Tadaharu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1651) Louise de Prie, French royal governess (d. 1709) Approximate date Female Greenland shark (still alive in 21st century). Deaths January–March January 3 – Jacopo Inghirami, Tuscan admiral (b. 1565) January 17 – Tamás Erdődy, Hungarian noble, Ban of Croatia (b. 1558) January 24 – Martin Becanus, Belgian Jesuit priest (b. 1563) February 4 Thomas Humphrey, English politician (b. 1554) Vicente Espinel, Spanish writer (b. 1550) February 6 – Lamoral, 1st Prince of Ligne (b. 1563) February 7 – Cort Aslakssøn, Norwegian astronomer (b. 1564) February 12 – George Heriot, Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist (b. 1563) February 13 – Stephen Gosson, English satirist (b. 1554) February 16 – Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (b. 1574) February 17 – Juan de Mariana, Spanish historian (b. 1536) February 18 – Francis Ros, first Latin Archbishop of Angamaly-Cranganore (b. 1559) February 19 – Thomas Fleming, English politician (b. 1572) February 21 – John Adolph, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg, Duke of Norburg at Als (b. 1576) February 24 – Paul Laurentius, German divine (b. 1554) February 28 – Clemens Timpler, German philosopher (b. 1563) March 15 – Louis of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b. 1607) March 27 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1578) March 28 – Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, English noble (b. 1589) April–June April 13 – William Bishop, first Roman Catholic bishop after the English Reformation (b. 1553) April 17 – Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Catholic nun who became a member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (b. 1565) May 12 – John Rashleigh, English politician (b. 1554) May 27 – Diego Ramírez de Arellano, Spanish sailor and cosmographer (b. c. 1580) June 2 – Jacques l'Hermite, Dutch admiral and explorer (b. 1582) June 4 – Rombertus van Uylenburgh, Dutch lawyer (b. 1554) July–September July – Alonso Fajardo de Entenza, governor of the Philippines July 17 – Johan van Dorth, Dutch noble (b. 1574) July 22 – García de Silva Figueroa, Spanish diplomat and traveller (b. 1550) July 31 – Henry II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1563) August 4 – Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Viceroy of Sicily (b. 1588) August 25 – Luis Sotelo, Spanish Franciscan friar (b. 1574) September – Marco Antonio de Dominis, Dalmatian archbishop and apostate (b. 1560) September 7 – Carew Reynell, English politician (b. 1563) September 13 – Ketevan the Martyr, queen of Kakheti | – Sir Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Baronet, English baronet (d. 1669) April 26 – Johann Leusden, Dutch Calvinist theologian (d. 1699) May 13 – Aleksander Kazimierz Sapieha, Polish nobleman and archbishop (d. 1671) May 23 – William Duckett, English politician (d. 1686) May 30 – Leopold Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard, German noble (d. 1662) June 11 – Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, French cleric and natural philosopher (d. 1706) June 15 – Hiob Ludolf, German orientalist (d. 1704) June 16 – William Bradford, American political and military leader (d. 1703) June 20 – Henry Albin, English minister (d. 1696) June 26 – James Scudamore, English politician (d. 1668) July–September July – George Fox, English founder of the Quakers (d. 1691) July 11 – John Collins, English academic and politician (d. 1711) July 18 – Francis Pemberton, English judge, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (d. 1697) August 6 – Charles Kerr, 2nd Earl of Ancram, English politician (d. 1690) August 11 – John Strode, English politician (d. 1679) August 22 – Jean Regnault de Segrais, French poet and novelist born in Caen (d. 1701) August 23 – Anna Elisabeth of Saxe-Lauenburg, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1688) August 24 – Petronella de la Court, Dutch art collector (d. 1707) August 25 – François de la Chaise, French churchman (d. 1709) August 27 – Koxinga, Chinese military leader (d. 1662) September 1 – Simón González de Acosta, Spanish colonial governor (d. 1653) September 10 – Thomas Sydenham, English physician (d. 1689) September 12 – Wingfield Cromwell, 2nd Earl of Ardglass, English nobleman (d. 1668) September 15 – Francesco Provenzale, Italian Baroque composer and teacher (d. 1704) October–December October 5 (bapt.) – Gaspar de Witte, Flemish painter (d. 1681) October 9 – Murad Bakhsh, Mughal prince (d. 1661) October 19 – Robert Danvers, English politician (d. 1674) October 20 – Jan Albertsz Rotius, Dutch painter (d. 1666) October 21 – Edward Harley, English politician (d. 1700) October 26 – Dosoftei, Moldavian Metropolitan (d. 1693) October 30 – Paul Pellisson, French author (d. 1693) November 2 – Sir Thomas Myddelton, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1663) November 3 – Jean II d'Estrées, French noble (d. 1707) November 16 – Barent Fabritius, Dutch painter (d. 1673) November 28 – Angélique de Saint-Jean Arnauld d'Andilly, French Jansenist nun (d. 1684) December 16 – Queen Jangnyeol, Korean royal consort (d. 1688) December 17 – Juriaen Jacobsze, Dutch painter (d. 1685) December 18 – John Hull, merchant and mintmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1683) December 25 – Angelus Silesius, German writer (d. 1677) Date unknown Torii Tadaharu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1651) Louise de Prie, French royal governess (d. 1709) Approximate date Female Greenland shark (still alive in 21st century). Deaths January–March January 3 – Jacopo Inghirami, Tuscan admiral (b. 1565) January 17 – Tamás Erdődy, Hungarian noble, Ban of Croatia (b. 1558) January 24 – Martin Becanus, Belgian Jesuit priest (b. 1563) February 4 Thomas Humphrey, English politician (b. 1554) Vicente Espinel, Spanish writer (b. 1550) February 6 – Lamoral, 1st Prince of Ligne (b. 1563) February 7 – Cort Aslakssøn, Norwegian astronomer (b. 1564) February 12 – George Heriot, Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist (b. 1563) February 13 – Stephen Gosson, English satirist (b. 1554) February 16 – Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (b. 1574) February 17 – Juan de Mariana, Spanish historian (b. 1536) February 18 – Francis Ros, first Latin Archbishop of Angamaly-Cranganore (b. 1559) February 19 – Thomas Fleming, English politician (b. 1572) February 21 – John Adolph, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg, Duke of Norburg at Als (b. 1576) February 24 – Paul Laurentius, German divine (b. 1554) February 28 – Clemens Timpler, German philosopher (b. 1563) March 15 – Louis of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b. 1607) March 27 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1578) March 28 – Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, English noble (b. 1589) April–June April 13 – William Bishop, first Roman Catholic bishop after the English Reformation (b. 1553) April 17 – Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Catholic nun who became a member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (b. 1565) May 12 – John Rashleigh, English politician (b. 1554) May 27 – Diego Ramírez de Arellano, Spanish sailor and cosmographer (b. c. 1580) June 2 – Jacques l'Hermite, Dutch admiral and explorer (b. 1582) June 4 – Rombertus van Uylenburgh, Dutch lawyer (b. 1554) July–September July – Alonso Fajardo de Entenza, governor of the Philippines July 17 – Johan van Dorth, Dutch noble (b. 1574) July 22 – García de Silva Figueroa, Spanish diplomat and traveller (b. 1550) July 31 – Henry II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1563) August 4 – Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Viceroy of Sicily (b. 1588) August 25 – Luis Sotelo, Spanish Franciscan friar (b. 1574) September – Marco Antonio de Dominis, Dalmatian archbishop and apostate (b. 1560) September 7 – Carew Reynell, English politician (b. 1563) September 13 – Ketevan the Martyr, queen of Kakheti (b. c. 1560) September 17 – Gilles du Monin, Belgian Jesuit historian (b. 1565) September 18 – Pedro Osores de Ulloa, Royal Governor of Chile (b. 1554) September 23 – Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech, Dutch Golden Age painter (b. 1592) September 25 – Fronton du Duc, French Jesuit theologian (b. 1558) September 29 – Simón de Rojas, Spanish saint |
September 7 – Maria Klara of Dietrichstein, German noblewoman (d. 1667) September 8 – Simon Patrick, English theologian and bishop (d. 1707) September 16 – Leopold Wilhelm, Margrave of Baden-Baden, Imperial Field Marshal (d. 1671) September 27 – William Douglas, 2nd Lord Mordington, eldest son and heir of Sir James Douglas (d. 1671) September 28 – Elizabeth Maitland, Duchess of Lauderdale, influential British noblewoman (d. 1698) October–December October 4 – Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1712) October 5 – George II, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1662–1699) (d. 1699) October 6 – Géraud de Cordemoy, French historian, philosopher and lawyer (d. 1684) October 17 – Samuel Danforth, American Puritan minister, preacher, poet, astronomer, missionary (d. 1674) October 23 – Francis Marsh, Irish bishop (d. 1693) November 8 Matthew Marvin, Jr., Connecticut settler (d. 1712) César-Pierre Richelet, French grammarian and lexicographer (d. 1698) November 30 – Cesare Pronti, Italian painter (d. 1708) December 8 – Queen Christina of Sweden (d. 1689) December 10 – George Christian, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (1669–1671) (d. 1677) December 12 – Giovanni Francesco Ginetti, nephew of Cardinal Marzio Ginetti (d. 1691) December 18 – William Stanhope, English politician (d. 1703) December 20 – Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff, German statesman (d. 1692) December 21 – Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch, son of Walter Scott (d. 1651) December 31 – Ladislaus, Count Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1652) Deaths January 2 – Maria Buynosova-Rostovskaya (b. 1590) January 19 – Ruqaiya Sultan Begum (b. 1542) January 23 – Decio Carafa, Archbishop of Naples who had previously served as papal nuncio to the Spanish Netherlands (1606–1607) and to Habsburg Spain (1607–1611) (b. 1556) January 24 – Samuel Argall, English adventurer and naval officer (b. 1580) c. January? – Patrick Galloway, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (b. c. 1551) February 7 – William V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1548) February 11 – Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician (b. 1552) February 20 – John Dowland, English composer and lutenist (b. 1563) February 21 – Odoardo Farnese, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1573) March 3 – William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, England (b. 1552) March 10 – John Dormer, English Member of Parliament (b. 1556) March 19 – Pierre Coton, French Jesuit and royal confessor (b. 1564) April 5 – Anna Koltovskaya (b. c. 1552) April 9 – Francis Bacon, English scientist and statesman (b. 1561) April 11 – Marino Ghetaldi, Croatian mathematician and physicist (b. 1568) May 4 – Arthur Lake, Bishop of Bath and Wells, English bishop, Bible translator (b. 1569) May 17 – Joan Pau Pujol, Catalan composer (b. 1570) May 28 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (b. 1561) June 7 – Anne of Saint Bartholomew, Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun (b. 1550) June 16 Albert, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, joint ruler of Nassau-Dillenburg 1623–1626 (b. 1596) Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader (b. 1599) June 29 – Scipione Cobelluzzi, Italian cardinal and archivist (b. 1564) June 30 – Honda Tadatoki (b. 1596) July 13 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (b. 1563) July 15 – Isabella Brant, Flemish artists' model, first wife of painter Peter Paul Rubens (b. 1591) July 19 – Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German regent (b. 1573) July 27 – Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1577) August 13 – Maria of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess Consort of Saxe-Lauenburg (1582–1619) (b. 1566) August 15 – Girolamo Asteo, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Veroli (1608–1626) (b. 1562) August 23 – Francesco Cereo de Mayda, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lavello (1621–1626) (b. 1568) August 25 – Alfonso Pozzi, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Borgo San Donnino (1620–1626) (b. 1582) August 28 – Isabella of Savoy, Italian noble (b. 1591) September 2 – Antonio Franco, Italian Catholic bishop, prelate of Santa Lucia del Mela (b. 1585) September 16 – Denis-Simon de Marquemont, French cardinal and archbishop (b. 1572) September 17 – Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz from 1604 to 1626 (b. 1553) September 21 – François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières, Constable of France (b. 1543) September 22 – Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil, Irish Franciscan theologian and Archbishop of Armagh (b. 1571) September 25 – Lancelot Andrewes, English scholar (b. 1555) September 26 – Wakisaka Yasuharu, Japanese warrior (b. 1554) September 30 – Nurhaci, Chinese chieftain (b. 1559) October 1 – Lady Abahai (b. 1590) October 2 – Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (b. 1567) October 10 – William Hockmere, English politician (b. 1581) October 13 – Domingo de Oña, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Gaeta (1605–1626) (b. 1560) October 28 – Muhammad Parviz, Mughal emperor (b. 1589) October 29 – Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1587) October 30 – Willebrord Snell, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (b. 1580) November 21 – Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel, countess consort of Nassau-Saarbrücke (b. 1567) November 25 – Edward Alleyn, English actor (b. 1566) November 29 – Ernst von Mansfeld, German soldier (b. c. 1580) December 6 – John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German duke (b. 1594) December 8 – John Davies, English poet and politician (b. 1569) December 10 – Edmund Gunter, English mathematician (b. 1581) December 28 Gábor | Dutch emigrants. February 2 – King Charles I of England is crowned, but without his wife, Henrietta Maria, who declines to participate in a non-Catholic ceremony. February 2–10 – Battle of Ningyuan in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China: With a much smaller force, the Ming dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji. February 5 – The Huguenot rebels and the French government sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the second Huguenot rebellion. February 11 – Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia and Patriarch Afonso Mendes declare the primacy of the Roman See over the Ethiopian Church, and Roman Catholicism the state religion of Ethiopia. April 25 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Dessau Bridge – Albrecht von Wallenstein defeats Ernst von Mansfelds army. May 4 – Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherland, for the Dutch West India Company. May 24 – Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from a Native American tribe (Lenape or Shinnecock) for trade goods, valued at 60 guilders ($24.00). May 30 – Wanggongchang Explosion in Beijing, China: a gunpowder factory explosion destroys part of the city and kills 20,000. June 15 – King Charles I of England dissolves the English Parliament. July–December August 1 – Eighty Years' War: Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz retakes Oldenzaal, forcing Spain to withdraw from Overijssel. August 27 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lutter – Tilly defeats King Christian IV of Denmark's army. September 30 – Nurhaci, chief of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing dynasty, dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji. November 6 (O.S.) – The ship Arms of Amsterdam arrives in Europe from New Netherland (left September 23) with the news: "They have purchased the Island Manhattes [Manhattan] from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders." November 18 – The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, on the 1,300th anniversary of the previous church in 326. December 1 – Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh, tyrannical Governor of Jerusalem, is forced out. December 20 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Transylvanian monarch Bethlen Gabor sign the Peace of Pressburg. Date unknown 1626 influenza pandemic begins in Asia, then spreads into Europe, Africa, North America, and South America The Würzburg and Bamberg witch trials, which will lead to the mass executions of hundreds of people until 1630/31, begin. Samuel de Champlain decides to build Cap tourmente (Kap toor-mont) Farm to raise livestock to provide food for settlers in Quebec, rather than depending on supplies sent from France.</onlyinclude> Births January–March January 9 – Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, French founder of the Trappist Order (d. 1700) January 13 – Johann Philipp of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1669) January 25 – Edward Evelyn, British politician (d. 1692) February 5 – Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné, French aristocrat and writer (d. 1696) February 7 – Fabian von Fersen, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1677) February 18 – Francesco Redi, Italian physician (d. 1697) March 3 – John Hele, English politician (d. 1661) March 9 – Lorentz Mortensen Angell, Norwegian merchant and landowner (d. 1697) March 10 – Cornelis Van Caukercken, Flemish engraver, printseller (d. 1680) March 12 – John Aubrey, English antiquary and writer (d. 1697) March 16 – Cornelius Van Steenwyk, American politician (d. 1684) March 21 – Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur, Spanish Catholic saint, missionary to Guatemala (d. 1667) March 30 – Atto Melani, Italian opera singer (d. 1714) April–June April 16 – Robert Harley, English politician (d. 1673) April 10 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, German count in the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1682) April 23 – Maurice Henry, Prince of Nassau-Hadamar (1653–1679) (d. 1679) April 25 – Sigmund von Birken, German Baroque poet (d. 1681) May 10 – Jan Jacobszoon Hinlopen, Dutch art collector and merchant (d. 1666) May 12 – Louis Hennepin, Roman Catholic priest, missionary of the Franciscan Recollet Order (French (d. 1704) May 14 – Willem Joseph van Ghent, Dutch admiral (d. 1672) May 16 – Andrea Carlone, Italian painter (d. 1697) May 17 – Countess Palatine Eleonora Catherine of Zweibrücken, sister of King Charles X of Sweden (d. 1692) May 21 – Wolfgang Carl Briegel, German organist and composer (d. 1712) May 27 – William II, Prince of Orange (d. 1650) June 8 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, member of England's House of Lords (d. 1695) June 9 – Sir John Newton, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1699) June 18 – John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt, |
23 – Hester Davenport, English stage actress (d. 1717) March 25 – Anna Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, English countess (d. 1702) March 28 – Henry Wolrad, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1645–1664) (d. 1664) March 29 – Emich Christian of Leiningen-Dagsburg, Lord of Broich, Oberstein and Bürgel (d. 1702) March 31 – Ephraim Curtis, American colonial military officer (d. 1684) April–June April 15 – Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1691) April 21 – Simon de la Loubère, French diplomat (d. 1729) April 27 – Francisque Millet, Flemish-French painter (d. 1679) April 30 – Christian Weise, German writer, dramatist, poet, pedagogue and librarian (d. 1708) May 5 – James Tyrrell, English barrister and writer (d. 1718) June 8 – Frescheville Holles, English Member of Parliament (d. 1672) June 12 – Alexander Seton, 3rd Earl of Dunfermline, earl in the Peerage of Scotland (d. 1677) June 13 – Queen Myeongseong, Korean royal consort (d. 1684) June 18 – Paul Tallement the Younger, French writer (d. 1712) June 20 – George Hickes, English minister and scholar (d. 1715) June 28 – Jacob de Graeff, member of the De Graeff-family from the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1690) July–September July 3 – Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière, military officer of New France (d. 1722) July 7 – Gregorio II Boncompagni, Italian nobleman, 5th Duke of Sora (d. 1707) July 25 – Louis I, Prince of Monaco, Monegasque prince (d. 1701) August 3 – Robert Austen, English politician (d. 1696) August 12 – Andrea Scacciati, Italian painter (d. 1710) August 14 – Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1723) September 1 – Angelo Paoli, Italian beatified (d. 1720) September 5 – Maria of Orange-Nassau, Dutch princess (d. 1688) September 6 – Georg Christoph Bach, German composer (d. 1697) September 23 – Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1678) October–December October 12 – Abraham van Calraet, Dutch painter (d. 1722) November 4 – Zheng Jing, Chinese pirate (d. 1681) November 5 – Nils Gyldenstolpe, Swedish count, official and diplomat (d. 1709) November 9 – Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, of Whitehaven, English politician (d. 1706) November 11 – André Charles Boulle, French cabinet-maker (d. 1732) November 16 – Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest, Dutch admiral (d. 1706) November 24 – Anne Hilarion de Tourville, French naval commander under King Louis XIV (d. 1701) November 30 – Andrea Pozzo, Jesuit Brother, architect and painter (d. 1709) December 6 Johann Christoph Bach, German composer and organist (d. 1703) Gerard Callenburgh, Dutch admiral (d. 1722) December 8 – Nicolas Roland, French priest and founder (d. 1678) December 13 – Friedrich Seyler, Swiss theologian (d. 1708) December 17 Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias, Spanish general (d. 1716) Francis de Geronimo, Italian priest (d. 1716) December 23 – John Holt, English politician (d. 1710) December 25 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727) December 30 Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (d. 1707) François Roger de Gaignières, French genealogist, antiquary, collector (d. 1715) Date unknown Abdul-Qādir Bīdel, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1720) Bonaventure Giffard, English Catholic priest (d. 1734) Albert Janse Ryckman, Mayor of Albany, prominent brewermaster (d. 1737) Marie Anne de La Trémoille, princesse des Ursins, politically active Spanish court official (d. 1722) Deaths January 8 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist (b. 1564) January 12 – Johann Ernst, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1641–1642) (b. 1613) January 13 – Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noblewoman (b. 1592) January 21 – Alban Roe, English Benedictine martyr (b. 1583) February 7 – William | – First English Civil War – Battle of Turnham Green: The Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army, and fail to take London. November 24 – Abel Tasman becomes the first European to discover the island Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania). First week of December – First English Civil War – Battle of Muster Green: A small Parliamentarian army routes a small Royalist army after fighting on Muster Green, Haywards Heath. December 13 – Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand. December 25 (O.S.) – Birth of English polymath Isaac Newton at Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth in Lincolnshire. Date unknown The Dutch drive Spain from Taiwan. The village of Bro (Broo), Sweden is granted city rights for the second time, and takes the name Kristinehamn (literally "Christina's port") after the then Swedish monarch, Queen Christina. Rembrandt finishes his painting, The Night Watch. The Manchu, under their leader Hong Taiji, raid the Ming Chinese province of Shandong from their base in Manchuria. Two years later Beijing falls to rebels, the Chongzhen Emperor commits suicide, and the Shunzhi Emperor becomes the first Qing Emperor to rule over China proper. 1642 Yellow River flood: Some 300,000 people die, when the Ming Dynasty army in China intentionally breaks the dams and dykes of the Yellow River, to break the siege by the large rebel force of Li Zicheng. Isaac Aboab da Fonseca is appointed rabbi in Pernambuco, Brazil, thus becoming the first rabbi of the Americas. Births January–March January 2 Johannes van Haensbergen, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1705) Mehmed IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1648-1687) (d. 1693) January 3 – Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón, Spanish-born Peruvian Catholic bishop (d. 1730) January 4 – Philippe Pierson, Belgian Jesuit missionary (d. 1688) January 5 – Johann Philipp Jeningen, German Catholic priest from Eichstätt, Bavaria (d. 1704) January 6 Julien Garnier, French Jesuit missionary to Canada (d. 1730) Gisbert Steenwick, Dutch musician (d. 1679) January 11 Johann Friedrich Alberti, German composer and organist (d. 1710) Mary Carleton, Englishwoman who used false identities (d. 1673) January 26 – Evert Collier, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1708) February 3 – Philip Aranda, Spanish Jesuit theologian (d. 1695) February 18 – Marie Champmeslé, French actress (d. 1698) March 2 – Claudio Coello, Spanish Baroque painter (d. 1693) March 4 – Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski, Polish noble (d. 1702) |
July 1 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–58) – Treaty of Cardis: Russia surrenders to Sweden all captured territories. August 6 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague, whereby New Holland is formally ceded to Portugal by the Dutch Republic. September 5 – Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes. October 6 – Guru Har Krishan becomes eighth of the ten Sikh gurus, and at age 5 the youngest, following the death of his father Guru Har Rai. October 31 – Death of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha ends his rule as vizier of the Ottoman Empire. November 4 – Battle of Kushliki: Polish–Lithuanian forces defeat the Russian army. Date unknown The first modern bank notes are issued in Stockholm, Sweden. Great Clearance in China: evacuation of Guangdong is required. Births January 15 – James Barry, Irish politician (d. 1725) January 21 – Peter Le Neve, English herald and antiquary (d. 1729) January 22 – Joseph Fleuriau d'Armenonville, French politician (d. 1728) January 25 – Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten, German general (d. 1728) January 25 – Antonio I, Prince of Monaco, Monegasque prince (d. 1731) January 30 – Charles Rollin, French historian (d. 1741) February 12 – Daniel d'Auger de Subercase, French naval officer, governor of Newfoundland (d. 1732) February 20 – William Digby, 5th Baron Digby, English politician, baron (d. 1752) February 24 – Alexandre-François Desportes, French painter (d. 1743) February 25 – Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex, English Countess (d. 1721) February 28 – Tripo Kokolja, Venetian painter (d. 1713) March 19 – Francesco Gasparini, Italian composer and teacher (d. 1727) March 25 – Paul de Rapin, French historian (d. 1725) April 11 – Antoine Coypel, French painter (d. 1722) April 13 – Jacques L'enfant, French Protestant pastor (d. 1728) April 14 – Sir Thomas Molyneux, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1733) April 16 – Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, English poet and statesman (d. 1715) April 21 – Georg Joseph Kamel, Jesuit missionary and botanist (d. 1706) April 23 – Issachar Berend Lehmann, German-Jewish banker, Court Jew in Hanover (d. 1730) April 30 – Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti (d. 1685) May 3 – Antonio Vallisneri, Italian scientist (d. 1730) May 7 – Sophie Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt, only Duchess by marriage of Saxe-Eisenberg (d. 1712) May 7 – George Clarke, English politician, architect (d. 1736) May 25 – Claude Buffier, French philosopher and historian (d. 1737) June 1 – Louis Bartholomew Załuski, Polish cardinal, Auxiliary Bishop of Przemysl (d. 1721) June 1 – | Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, English statesman (d. 1724) December 8 – Kenneth Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth, Scottish Jacobite nobleman (d. 1701) December 18 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish scientist and inventor (d. 1751) date unknown – Rijkuo-Maja, Sámi noaidi (d. 1757) Deaths January 19 – Thomas Venner, English Fifth Monarchist (executed) January 25 – John Hele, English politician (b. 1626) January 29 – Bartolomeo Gennari, Italian painter (b. 1594) February 2 – Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (b. 1596) February 5 – Shunzhi Emperor of China (b. 1638) February 7 – Shah Shuja, second son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (b. 1616) March 1 – Richard Zouch, English jurist (b. 1590) March 9 – Cardinal Mazarin, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1602) March 23 – Pieter de Molijn, Dutch painter (b. 1595) April 4 – Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, Scottish soldier(b. c. 1580) April 5 – John Webster, colonial settler and governor of Connecticut (b. 1590) April 7 – William Brereton, English soldier and politician (b. 1604) April 11 – Lady Mary Bankes, English defender of Corfe Castle (b. 1598) April 19 – Joachim Gersdorff, Danish politician (b. 1611) May 5 – Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1660) May 27 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Scottish dissenter (beheaded) (b. 1607) June 3 – Gottfried Scheidt, German composer (b. 1593) June 6 – Martino Martini, Italian Jesuit missionary (b. 1614) June 11 – George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1626–1661) (b. 1605) June 13 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (b. 1595) June 21 – Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter of High Baroque Classicism (b. 1599) July 7 – Adriaan Heereboord, Dutch philosopher (b. 1613) July 9 – Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (b. 1616) July 17 – Alonso Perez de Leon, Spanish conquistador, explorer, man of letters (b. 1608) August 6 – Marie Angélique Arnauld, French abbess of the Abbey of Port-Royal (b. 1591) August 7 – Jin Shengtan, Chinese editor, writer and critic (b. 1608) August 16 – Thomas Fuller, English churchman and historian (b. 1608) August 18 – Robert Gordon of Straloch, Scottish cartographer (b. 1580) August 23 – Tokugawa Yorifusa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1603) September 7 – James Livingstone, 1st Viscount Kilsyth of Scotland (b. 1616) September 8 – Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden, English baron (b. 1588) September 11 – Jan Fyt, Flemish Baroque painter (b. 1611) October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy, sister of Blaise Pascal (b. 1625) October 6 – Guru Har Rai, Sikh guru (b. 1630) October 9 – Sir John Norwich, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1613) October 15 – Jean de La Haye, French preacher and biblical scholar (b. 1593) October 25 – Lucas de Wael, Flemish painter (b. 1591) October 28 Agustín Moreto y Cavana, Spanish |
is exposed and subdued. June 25 – The Marine Society is founded in London, the world's oldest seafarers' charity. June 29 – Seven Years' War: Siege of Fort St Philip at Port Mahón: The British garrison in Menorca surrenders to the French after two months' siege by the Duke of Richelieu. July–September July 30 – Bartolomeo Rastrelli presents the newly built Catherine Palace at Tsarskoye Selo to Empress Elizabeth of Russia and her court. August 14 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War – Fort Oswego falls to the French. August 29 – Frederick II of Prussia invades Saxony, beginning the Third Silesian War within the Seven Years' War on the European continent. September 2 – Abu l-Hasan Ali I, Bey of Tunis is forcibly removed after 23 years as the ruler of the North African emirate by his cousins, who are avenging the overthrow and execution of their father, Husayn in 1735. Hasan Ali surrenders to the rebels and is imprisoned in Algiers, then executed on September 22 on orders of the new Bey of Tunis, Muhammad I ar-Rashid. October–December October 1 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Lobositz – Frederick defeats an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian Ulysses, Reichsgraf von Browne. October 14 – An "Agreement of Friendship and Trade" is signed by Sultan Osman III and King Frederick V. Denmark appoints an extraordinary representative to the Ottoman Empire. November 16 – Thomas Pelham-Holles, the Duke of Newcastle, is forced to resign as Prime Minister of Great Britain after the British lose the Battle of Minorca to the French. The office of Prime Minister remains vacant for eight months with William Pitt and the Duke of Devonshire leading the cabinet. December – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Militias of the Royal Colony of North Carolina build a fort on the province's western frontier to protect it against natives allied with the French. The fort is named Fort Dobbs in honor of North Carolina Governor Arthur Dobbs, who persuaded the North Carolina legislature to fund the construction a year earlier. December 14 – The play Douglas is performed for the first time in Edinburgh, with overwhelming success, in spite of the opposition of the local church presbytery, who summon Alexander Carlyle to answer for having attended its representation. However, it fails in its early promise to set up a new Scottish dramatic tradition. Date unknown Frederick II of Prussia forces his country's peasants to grow the unpopular and obscure potato. The first chocolate-candy factory begins operations in Germany. The town of Gus-Khrustalny is established in Russia, with the setting up of a crystal glass factory. Leopold Mozart publishes his book on his method for learning to play the violin, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule. Births January 19 – Guillaume-Antoine Olivier, French entomologist (d. 1814) January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1791) February 6 – Aaron Burr, 3rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1836) February 20 – Angelica Schuyler Church, American socialite, daughter of Genl.Philip Schuyler, sister to Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1814) March 3 – William Godwin, English writer (d. 1836) March 4 – Sir Henry Raeburn, Scottish painter (d. 1823) May 10 – Singu Min, king of Myanmar (k. 1782) May 18 – Ignaz Aurelius Fessler, Hungarian-born court councillor, minister to Czar Alexander I of Russia (d. 1839) May 27 – King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (d. 1825) May 31 – Abbé Faria, Luso-Goan Catholic monk, student of hypnotism (d. 1819) June 6 – John Trumbull, American painter (d. 1843) June 20 – Joseph Martin Kraus, German-Swedish composer (d. 1792) July 7 – Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm, Swedish statesman (d. 1813) July 31 – Dheeran Chinnamalai, Tamil king (d. 1805) August 1 – Pierre Louis Prieur, French politician (d. 1827) August 29 – Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde, Austrian field marshal, statesman (d. 1845) September 7 – Willem Bilderdijk, Dutch author (d. 1831) September 23 – John Loudon McAdam, Scottish engineer, road-builder (d. 1836) October 21 – Philippine Engelhard, German writer, scholar (d. | and reinstate absolute monarchy in Sweden with the support of the Hovpartiet, is exposed and subdued. June 25 – The Marine Society is founded in London, the world's oldest seafarers' charity. June 29 – Seven Years' War: Siege of Fort St Philip at Port Mahón: The British garrison in Menorca surrenders to the French after two months' siege by the Duke of Richelieu. July–September July 30 – Bartolomeo Rastrelli presents the newly built Catherine Palace at Tsarskoye Selo to Empress Elizabeth of Russia and her court. August 14 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War – Fort Oswego falls to the French. August 29 – Frederick II of Prussia invades Saxony, beginning the Third Silesian War within the Seven Years' War on the European continent. September 2 – Abu l-Hasan Ali I, Bey of Tunis is forcibly removed after 23 years as the ruler of the North African emirate by his cousins, who are avenging the overthrow and execution of their father, Husayn in 1735. Hasan Ali surrenders to the rebels and is imprisoned in Algiers, then executed on September 22 on orders of the new Bey of Tunis, Muhammad I ar-Rashid. October–December October 1 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Lobositz – Frederick defeats an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian Ulysses, Reichsgraf von Browne. October 14 – An "Agreement of Friendship and Trade" is signed by Sultan Osman III and King Frederick V. Denmark appoints an extraordinary representative to the Ottoman Empire. November 16 – Thomas Pelham-Holles, the Duke of Newcastle, is forced to resign as Prime Minister of Great Britain after the British lose the Battle of Minorca to the French. The office of Prime Minister remains vacant for eight months with William Pitt and the Duke of Devonshire leading the cabinet. December – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Militias of the Royal Colony of North Carolina build a fort on the province's western frontier to protect it against natives allied with the French. The fort is named Fort Dobbs in honor of North Carolina Governor Arthur Dobbs, who persuaded the North Carolina legislature to fund the construction a year earlier. December 14 – The play Douglas is performed for the first time in Edinburgh, with overwhelming success, in spite of the opposition of the local church presbytery, who summon Alexander Carlyle to answer for having attended its representation. However, it fails in its early promise to set up a new Scottish dramatic tradition. Date unknown Frederick II of Prussia forces his country's peasants to grow the unpopular and obscure potato. The first chocolate-candy factory begins operations in Germany. The town of Gus-Khrustalny is established in Russia, with the setting up of a crystal glass factory. Leopold Mozart publishes his book on his method for learning to play the violin, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule. Births January 19 – Guillaume-Antoine Olivier, French entomologist (d. 1814) January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1791) February 6 – Aaron Burr, 3rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1836) February 20 – Angelica Schuyler Church, American socialite, daughter of Genl.Philip Schuyler, sister to Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1814) March 3 – William Godwin, English writer (d. 1836) March 4 – Sir Henry Raeburn, Scottish painter (d. 1823) May 10 – Singu Min, king of Myanmar (k. 1782) May 18 – Ignaz Aurelius Fessler, Hungarian-born court councillor, minister to Czar Alexander I of Russia (d. 1839) May 27 – King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (d. 1825) May 31 – Abbé Faria, Luso-Goan Catholic monk, student of hypnotism (d. 1819) June 6 – John Trumbull, American painter (d. 1843) June 20 – Joseph Martin Kraus, German-Swedish composer (d. 1792) July 7 – Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm, Swedish statesman (d. 1813) July 31 – Dheeran Chinnamalai, Tamil king (d. 1805) August 1 – Pierre Louis Prieur, French politician (d. 1827) August 29 – Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde, Austrian field marshal, statesman (d. 1845) September 7 – |
Chief Mihsihkinaahkwa (Little Turtle) and by Shawnee warriors commanded by War Chief Weyapiersenwah (Blue Jacket) rout the forces of General Arthur St. Clair and kill 630 U.S. soldiers, along with hundreds of civilians. December 4 – The first issue of The Observer, the world's first Sunday newspaper, is published in London. December 5 – Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dies aged 35 at his home in Vienna, perhaps of acute rheumatic fever, and is buried two days later. December 15 – Ratification by the states of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution is completed, creating the United States Bill of Rights. Two additional amendments remain pending, and one of these is finally ratified in 1992, becoming the Twenty-seventh Amendment. December 23 – The Pale of Settlement is established by ukase of Catherine the Great, specifying those areas of the Russian Empire in which Jews are permitted permanent residency. Date unknown The first American ship reaches Japan. The School for the Indigent Blind, the oldest continuously operating specialist school of its kind in the world, is founded in Liverpool, England, by blind ex-merchant seaman, writer and abolitionist Edward Rushton. Camembert cheese reputedly first made by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. The Dar Hassan Pacha (palace) in the Casbah of Algiers is completed. Births January 15 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer (d. 1872) January 28 – Ferdinand Hérold, French composer (d. 1833) February 12 – Peter Cooper, American industrialist, inventor and philanthropist (d. 1883) February 21 Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (d. 1857) John Mercer, English chemist, industrialist (d. 1866) March 20 – Marie Ellenrieder, German painter (d. 1863) March 31 – Franciszek Mirecki, Polish composer, conductor and teacher (d. 1862 April 3 – Anne Lister, landowner, diarist, mountaineer and traveller, "the first modern lesbian" (d. 1840) April 23 – James Buchanan, American lawyer, politician, and 15th president of the United States. (d. 1868) April 27 – Samuel Morse, American inventor (d. 1872) June 1 – John Nelson, American lawyer (d. 1860) June 30 – Félix Savart, French physicist (d. 1841) July 26 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer, pianist (d. 1844) September 5 – Giacomo Meyerbeer, German composer (d. 1864) September 21 – István Széchenyi, Hungarian politician, writer (d. 1860) September 22 – Michael Faraday, British scientist (d. 1867) September 23 Johann Franz Encke, German astronomer (d. 1865) Theodor Körner, German author, soldier (d. 1813) September 26 – Théodore Géricault, French painter (d. 1824) October 29 – John Elliotson, British physician (d. 1868) November 11 – Josef Munzinger, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1855) December 7 – Ferenc Novák, Hungarian Slovene song collector and priest (d. 1836) December 26 – Charles Babbage, British mathematician, inventor (d. 1871) approximate date – Enriqueta Favez, Swiss-born physician, surgeon (d. 1856) Deaths January 11 – William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh hymnist (b. 1717) January 23 – Johann Phillip Fabricius, German missionary (b. 1711) March 2 – John Wesley, English founder of Methodism (b. 1703) March 10 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1722–1791), England (b. 1722) March 14 – Johann Salomo Semler, German historian, Bible commentator (b. 1725) March 31 – Ralph Verney, 2nd Earl Verney of Ireland (b. 1714) April 2 – Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, French revolutionary leader (b. 1749) April 19 – Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723) April 24 – Benjamin Harrison V, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (b. 1726) May 9 – Francis Hopkinson, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (b. 1737) June 5 – Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-born British colonial governor (b. 1718) June 10 – Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (b. 1720) June 17 – Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, English Methodist leader (b. 1707) June 30 – Jean-Baptiste Descamps, Flemish painter and art historian (b. 1714) July 9 – Jacques-Nicolas Tardieu, French engraver (b. 1716) July 17 – Martin Dobrizhoffer, Austrian Jesuit missionary (b. 1717) July 25 – Isaac Low, American delegate to the Continental | Act 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada. February 8 – The Bank of the United States, based in Philadelphia, is incorporated by the federal government with a 20-year charter and started with $10,000,000 capital. February 21 – The United States opens diplomatic relations with Portugal. March 2 – French Revolution: The abolition of guilds is enacted. A mechanical semaphore line for rapid long-distance communication is demonstrated by Claude Chappe in Paris. March 4 – Vermont is admitted, as the 14th U.S. state. March 13 – Thomas Paine's chief work Rights of Man (first part) is published in London. March – French Revolution: In France, the National Constituent Assembly accepts the recommendation of its Commission of Weights and Measures, that the nation should adopt the metric system. April–June April 21 – The first of forty boundary stones, delineating the borders of the new District of Columbia in the United States, is laid at Jones Point Light, in Alexandria, Virginia. May 3 – The Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth proclaims the Constitution of May 3, 1791, the first modern codified constitution in Europe. June 20 – French Revolution – Flight to Varennes: The French Royal Family is captured when they try to flee in disguise. June 21 – The Ordnance Survey is founded in Great Britain. July–September July 8 – Austrian composer Joseph Haydn, on a visit to England, is awarded an honorary doctorate of music at the University of Oxford. July 11 – The ashes of Voltaire are transferred to the Panthéon in Paris. July 14–17 – Priestley Riots against Dissenters in Birmingham, England. July 17 – French Revolution: The Champ de Mars massacre occurs in Paris. August 4 – The Treaty of Sistova is signed, ending the Ottoman–Habsburg wars. August 6 – The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin (Prussia) is finished. August 7 – George Hammond is appointed as Great Britain's first minister to the United States. August 21 – Haitian Revolution: A slave rebellion breaks out in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. August 26 – John Fitch is granted a patent for the steamboat in the United States. August 27 Declaration of Pillnitz: A proclamation by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, affirms their wish to "put the King of France in a state to strengthen the bases of monarchic government." Third Anglo-Mysore War: Battle of Tellicherry: Off the south-west coast of India, a British Royal Navy patrol forces a French convoy bound for Mysore to surrender. September 5 – An ordinance is written barring the game of baseball within 80 yards of the Meeting House in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the first known reference to the game of baseball in North America. Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen is written by activist Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. September 6 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera seria, La clemenza di Tito, premières at the Estates Theatre in Prague to mark the coronation of Leopold II as King of Bohemia. September 9 – The capital of the United States, Washington, D.C., is named after the incumbent 1st President George Washington. September 12 – The first serious secondary education school open to girls in Denmark, the Døtreskolen af 1791, is founded in Copenhagen. September 13 – French Revolution: Louis XVI of France accepts the final version of the completed constitution. September 14 – French Revolution: The Papal States lose Avignon to Revolutionary France. September 25 – Mission Santa Cruz is founded by Basque Franciscan Father Fermín Lasuén, becoming the 12th mission in the California mission chain. September 28 – French Revolution: The law on Jewish emancipation is promulgated in France, the first such legislation in modern Europe. September 30 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's singspiel opera The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte) premières at the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna. October–December October 1 – French Revolution: The Legislative Assembly (France) convenes. October 9 – Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad is founded by Father Fermín Lasuén, becoming the 13th mission in the California mission chain. October 28 – French Revolution: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen is published in France. November |
English Royalist soldier (d. 1657) July 24 – Sir Philip Wodehouse, 3rd Baronet, English baronet (d. 1681) August 4 – John Tradescant the Younger, British botanist (d. 1662) August 15 – Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1652) August 16 – Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches, German Imperial field marshal (d. 1682) August 20 – Ludovicus a S. Carolo, French monk (d. 1670) August 30 – Alonso Perez de Leon, Spanish conquistador, explorer, man of letters (d. 1661) September 1 – Giacomo Torelli, Italian stage designer, engineer, and architect (d. 1678) September 15 – Niccolò Albergati-Ludovisi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1687) September 17 – Cesare Facchinetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1683) September 19 – Alfonso Litta, Cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (d. 1679) September 20 Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena, Spanish general (d. 1668) Jean-Jacques Olier, French Catholic priest (d. 1657) October–December October 3 – Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine, French noble (d. 1657) October 15 – Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician (d. 1647) October 18 – John Conant, English theologian, clergyman, and academic administrator (d. 1694) November 5 – Margareta Huitfeldt, Norwegian-Swedish noble (d. 1683) November 9 – Tiberio Fiorilli, Italian actor (d. 1694) November 10 – Eleanor of Anhalt-Zerbst, duchess by marriage of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg (d. 1681) November 13 (bapt.) – John Desborough, English soldier and politician (d. 1680) November 16 – Johann Freinsheim, German classical scholar, critic (d. 1660) November 23 – Francisco Manuel de Mello, Portuguese writer (d. 1666) December 6 – George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, English soldier (d. 1670) December 8 – Vendela Skytte, Swedish noble (d. 1629) December 9 – John Milton, English poet (d. 1674) December 15 Joachim Lütkemann, German theologian (d. 1655) John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet, English earl (d. 1664) Date unknown Thomas Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, English churchman (d. 1691) Eudoxia Streshneva, Tsarina of Mikhail I of Russia (d. 1645) Ayşe Sultan and/or Hanzade Sultan, Ottoman princesses, daughters of Ahmed I Deaths January–March January 4 – Peter Edgcumbe, English politician (b. 1536) January 18 – Jacques Couet, French pastor (b. 1546) January 19 – Bernard Maciejowski, Polish Catholic archbishop (b. 1548) January 28 – Enrique Henríquez, Portuguese theologian (b. 1536) January 29 – Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg, son of George of Mömpelgard and his wife Barbara of Hesse (b. 1557) February 13 – Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, Lithuanian prince (b. 1526) February 26 – John Still, English Bishop of Bath and Wells, famed as a preacher (b. c. 1543) February 27 – Henri, Duke of Montpensier, French noble (b. 1573) March 12 – Kōriki Kiyonaga, Japanese warlord (b. 1530) March 16 – Seonjo of Joseon, King of Joseon (b. 1552) March 29 Laurence Tomson, English Calvinist theologian (b. 1539) Tsugaru Tamenobu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1550) April–June April 8 – Magdalen Dacre, English noble (b. 1538) April 9 – Pomponio Torelli, Italian writer (b. 1539) April 18 – Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1542) April 19 – Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (b. 1536) April 29 – Maria Anna of Bavaria (b. 1551) May 11 – Giovanni Luca Conforti, Italian composer and singer (b. 1560) May 14 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1542) May 15 – Archibald Napier, Scottish landowner (b. 1534) May 22 – Juan Bautista Villalpando, Spanish architect and mathematician (b. 1552) June 1 – Marie Eleonore of Cleves, Duchess consort of Prussia (1573–1608) (b. 1550) June 4 – Francis Caracciolo, Italian Catholic priest (b. 1563) June 5 – Ippolito Andreasi, Italian painter (b. 1548) June | Colony of Virginia, Powhatan releases Captain John Smith. January 2 – The first of the Jamestown supply missions returns to the Colony of Virginia with Christopher Newport commanding the John and Francis and the Phoenix bringing about 100 new settlers to supplement the 38 survivors he finds at Jamestown. January 7 – At Jamestown, Virginia, fire destroys "all the houses in the fort"; the fort is repaired in March. January 17 – Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia defeats an Oromo army at Ebenat; 12,000 Oromo are reportedly killed at a cost of 400 Amhara. January 23 – Treaty of The Hague, a defensive alliance between France and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, signed. March 18 – Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, at the ancient city of Axum. April 10 – Jamestown supply missions: Christopher Newport again sails for England, carrying Powhatan's tribesman Namontack for a visit to London. April 19 – The Burning of Derry launches O'Doherty's Rebellion in the Kingdom of Ireland. April 20 – Old Bushmills Distillery is first licensed to distil whiskey at Bushmills, County Antrim, Ireland by King James I. May 8 – A newly nationalized silver mine in Scotland at Hilderston, West Lothian is re-opened by Bevis Bulmer. May 14 – The Protestant Union is founded in Auhausen. July–December July 3 – The settlement of Quebec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain. August 24 – The first official English representative to India, Captain William Hawkins, lands at Surat. September 10 – John Smith is elected council president of Jamestown, and begins expanding the fort. September 21 – The University of Oviedo in Spain is founded. October 1 – The second of the Jamestown supply missions, which set out in July from England, arrives at Jamestown, Virginia, with Christopher Newport commanding the Mary and Margaret carrying 70 settlers, bringing the population back up to 120; the passengers include two women and some skilled artisans, mostly from continental Europe, to develop industries. October 2 – Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch Parliament. December – Jamestown supply missions: Christopher Newport returns from Jamestown to England carrying cargo with "tryals of Pitch, Tarre, Glasse, Frankincense, Sope Ashes ..." Date unknown Spring – The Scrooby Congregation of Protestant English Separatists successfully flees to the Dutch Republic from the Humber, origin of the Pilgrim Fathers who in 1620 move on to North America. The first cheques are used in the Dutch Republic. The Uniform Land-Tax Law is imposed in Korea. Five royal schools in Ulster are given a Royal Charter by King James I. Births January–March January 10 – Henry Winthrop, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company (d. 1630) January 14 – Francis Hawley, 1st Baron Hawley, English politician (d. 1684) January 21 – Theaurau John Tany, English Christian mystic (d. 1659) January 26 – Johannes Heinrich Ursinus, German Lutheran scholar (d. 1667) January 28 – Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (d. 1679) January 30 – John Oxenbridge, English Nonconformist divine (d. 1674) February 5 – Gaspar Schott, German Jesuit scholar (d. 1666) February |
carol "Silent Night" (Stille Nacht), with words by the priest Josef Mohr, set to music by organist Franz Xaver Gruber, is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria. Date unknown Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo. The first edition of the Farmers' Almanac is published in the United States. The first Serbian dictionary is published by Vuk Karadžić. Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band is formed in Whitefield, near Manchester in the north of England, by this date. The Barakzai brothers expel Mahmud Shah and the Sadozais out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves. Births January–June January 30 – Artúr Görgey, Hungarian military general, politician (d. 1916) February 4 – Emperor Norton, San Francisco eccentric and visionary (d. 1880) February 13 – Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Acting First Lady of the United States (d. 1877) February 14 – Frederick Douglass (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. 1895) February 18 – Pedro Figueredo, Cuban poet, musician, and freedom writer (d. 1870) March 11 – Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, French chemist (d. 1881) March 15 – Mariano Álvarez, Filipino general (d. 1924) March 22 – John Ainsworth Horrocks, English-born explorer of South Australia (d. 1846) March 24 – William E. Le Roy, American admiral (d. 1888) March 28 – Wade Hampton III, Confederate soldier and South Carolinian politician (d. 1902) April 4 – Thomas Mayne Reid, Irish-American novelist (d. 1883) April 6 – Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Norwegian journalist and poet (d. 1870) April 8 – King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906) August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892) April 17 – Emperor Alexander II of Russia (d. 1881) April 19 – Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet, English writer, Liberal Party politician (d. 1883) May 5 – Karl Marx, German political philosopher, co-author of The Communist Manifesto (d. 1883) May 27 – Amelia Bloomer, American dress reformer, women's rights activist (d. 1894) June 3 – Louis Faidherbe, French general and colonial administrator (d. 1889) June 17 Sophie of Württemberg, Dutch queen (d. 1877) Charles Gounod, French composer (d. 1893) June 18 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (d. 1878) July–December July 1 – Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, obstetrician (d. 1865) July 18 Celadon Leeds Daboll, American merchant, inventor (d. 1866) Louis Gerhard De Geer, 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1896) July 22 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (d. 1891) July 27 – Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (d. 1902) July 30 Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848) Jan Heemskerk, 2-time Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1897) August 11 – Méry von Bruiningk, Estonian democrat (d. 1853) August 24 – Shiv Dayal Singh, Founder and first SatGuru of RadhaSoami Faith (d. 1878) September 1 – José María Castro Madriz, first President of Costa Rica, founder of the republic (d. 1892) September 12 – Richard Jordan Gatling, American inventor, gunsmith (d. 1903) September 27 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (d. 1884) October 8 – John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (d. 1905) October 12 – Maximilian Cercha, Polish painter and drawer (d. 1907) October 15 – Irvin McDowell, American general (d. 1885) October 18 Francis Dutton, Germany-born Premier of South Australia (d. 1877) Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (d. 1883) November 5 – Benjamin Franklin Butler, American lawyer, politician, and general (d. 1893) November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883) | Geer, 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1896) July 22 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (d. 1891) July 27 – Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (d. 1902) July 30 Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848) Jan Heemskerk, 2-time Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1897) August 11 – Méry von Bruiningk, Estonian democrat (d. 1853) August 24 – Shiv Dayal Singh, Founder and first SatGuru of RadhaSoami Faith (d. 1878) September 1 – José María Castro Madriz, first President of Costa Rica, founder of the republic (d. 1892) September 12 – Richard Jordan Gatling, American inventor, gunsmith (d. 1903) September 27 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (d. 1884) October 8 – John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (d. 1905) October 12 – Maximilian Cercha, Polish painter and drawer (d. 1907) October 15 – Irvin McDowell, American general (d. 1885) October 18 Francis Dutton, Germany-born Premier of South Australia (d. 1877) Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (d. 1883) November 5 – Benjamin Franklin Butler, American lawyer, politician, and general (d. 1893) November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883) November 23 – József Szlávy, 6th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1900) November 29 – George Brown, Canadian politician (d. 1880) December 13 – Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (d. 1882) December 18 – Max Joseph von Pettenkofer, German chemist and hygienist (d. 1901) December 24 – James Prescott Joule, English physicist (d. 1889) December 27 – J. Lawrence Smith, American chemist (d. 1883) Date unknown Dimitrie Brătianu, 15th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1892) Deaths January–June January 2 – Martha Christina Tiahahu, Moluccan freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. 1800) January 11 – Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (b. 1743) February 5 – Charles XIII/Charles II, King of Sweden and Norway (b. 1748) February 13 – George Rogers Clark, American Revolutionary leader (b. 1752) February 15 – Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian general (b. 1746) February 21 – David Humphreys, American diplomat (b. 1752) March 24 – Humphry Repton, English garden designer (b. 1752) April 16 – Nikolaus von Krufft, Austrian composer and civil servant (b. 1779) May 2 – Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1762) May 10 – Paul Revere, American patriot, silversmith (b. 1735) May 13 – Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (b. 1736) May 26 – Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian military commander (b. 1761) June 12 – Egwale Seyon, Emperor of Ethiopia June 24 – Alexander Kurakin, Russian diplomat (b. 1752) July–December July 28 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and geometer (d. 1746) August 4 – Tom Molineaux, African-American boxer (b. 1784) August 5 – Sir John Barrington, 9th Baronet of Great Britain (b. 1752) August 11 – Robert Carr Brackenbury, English Methodist preacher (b. 1752) August 12 – Nikolay Novikov, Russian writer (b. 1744) August 22 – Warren Hastings, English Governor-General of India (b. 1732) August 24 James Carr (Massachusetts politician), U.S. Congressman (b. 1777) George Thicknesse, 19th Baron Audley (b. 1758) August 31 – Arthur St. Clair, American soldier, politician (b. 1737) September 1 – Robert Calder, British naval officer (b. 1745) September 9 – Seymour |
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares its independence from Austria-Hungary. October 30 The Martin Declaration is published, including Slovakia in the formation of the Czecho-Slovak state. The Armistice of Mudros ends conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I, and grants independence to the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. October 31 – The Hungarian government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire. November November 1 The Polish–Ukrainian War is inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Galicia, with a capital at Lwów. Serbian forces recapture Belgrade. Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead. November 3 WWI: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the Allies, at the Villa Giusti in Padua. Poland declares its independence from Russia. German Revolution: Sailors in the German fleet at Kiel mutiny, and throughout northern Germany soldiers and workers begin to establish revolutionary councils, on the Russian soviet model. November 4 – WWI: The Armistice of Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary, on the Italian Front. November 6 – A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin. November 7 – King Ludwig of Bavaria flees his country. November 8 – The German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser. The German Armistice delegation arrives at the Forest of Compiègne in France. November 9 Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands. The German Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony. Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic. British battleship is sunk by a German submarine off Trafalgar, with the loss of around fifty lives (the last major naval engagement of WWI). November 11 End of WWI: Armistice of 11 November 1918 – Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies, between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in the "Compiègne Wagon", Marshal Foch's railroad car, in the Forest of Compiègne in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. At 10:59 U.S. soldier Henry Gunther becomes (probably) the last killed in action. Poland regains independence, after 123 years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief. Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power, but does not abdicate. November 12 – Austria becomes a republic. November 13 The Allied Occupation of Constantinople begins. Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, relinquishes all governing duties. November 14 Czechoslovakia becomes a republic. The Second Polish Republic is proclaimed with Józef Piłsudski as head of state. The provisional government of Baden proclaims the "Free People's Republic of Baden" (Freie Volksrepublik Baden). Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, is forced from his throne, leading to the establishment of the People's State of Hesse. Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin abdicates his throne, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, announces he is ceasing to rule Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Coburg. German East African troops are informed of the November 11 armistice. November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria. November 18 – Latvia declares its independence from Russia. November 20 – U-boats start to rendezvous off Harwich, to begin the surrender of the High Seas Fleet to the British Royal Navy; in the following week the German warships are escorted to internment in Scapa Flow. November 21 – Lwów pogrom: Polish troops, volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians and Jews in Lwów, Galicia. November 22 The Spartacist League founds the German Communist Party. The Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war, King Albert I having commanded the Allied Army group in the autumn Courtrai offensive, which liberated his country. Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, abdicates; the Grand Duchy of Baden gives way to the Republic of Baden. November 23 – British military government of Palestine begins. November 25 – General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German commander in German East Africa, signs a ceasefire at Abercorn in Northern Rhodesia. November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly ('Great National Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro') votes for a "union of the people" between the kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia and for deposition of the exiled King Nicholas I of Montenegro. November 28 – Estonian War of Independence: The Red Army invades Estonia, starting the war. The Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established as a Soviet puppet state in Narva on the next day. November 29 – Serbia annexes Montenegro, suspending the latter's existence as a sovereign state for nearly the entirety of the following 88 years. November 30 – Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. December December 1 By the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union, Iceland regains independence, but remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland until 1944. New voting laws in Sweden makes votes no longer dependent on taxable assets, each adult having one vote. The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later becomes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed, in particular ending Serbia's existence as a sovereign state for the next 87 years (it would not regain its sovereignty until 2006). December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to Europe while holding office. December 5 – Estonian War of Independence: The British light cruiser strikes a mine and sinks near Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea, killing 11 sailors. December 14 Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse renounces the Finnish throne. Portuguese President Sidónio Pais is assassinated. December 16 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by the Russian SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War. December 17 – Darwin Rebellion in Australia: Disaffected workers march on Government House, Darwin, demanding the resignation of the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth. December 20 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic. December 21 – Estonian War of Independence: The Red Army captures Tartu, Estonia. December 25 – Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, is formed in Germany as a nationalist veterans' organization. December 27 – Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19): Poles in Greater Poland (the former Grand Duchy of Posen) rise up against the Germans, ignited by a patriotic speech made in Poznań by pianist and politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski. December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory in Irish seats in the Irish general election (part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election), following the counting of votes, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons. December 31 – A British-brokered ceasefire ends the two weeks of fighting in the Georgian–Armenian War. Date unknown The Native American Church is formally founded in Oklahoma. The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to promote repeal of Prohibition in the United States. United Business Media is founded in London, as United Newspapers Ltd. Around 1,000 pilot whales are stranded in the Chatham Islands. Births January January 1 Nat Jaffe, American swing jazz pianist (d. 1945) Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2000) January 2 – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse, German typographer, calligrapher and book-binder (d. 2019) January 9 – Alma Ziegler, American female professional baseball player (d. 2005) January 10 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (d. 2008) January 11 – Kassim Al-Rimawi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1982) January 12 – Mike Laffin, Canadian politician, dentist (d. 2019) January 14 – Dimitri Tsafendas, South African criminal (d. 1999) January 15 João Figueiredo, 30th President of Brazil (d. 1999) Ira B. Harkey Jr., American newspaper editor (d. 2006) Gamal Abdel Nasser, 2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970) Deryck Stapleton, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2018) January 16 Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005) Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer (d. 2009) Stirling Silliphant, American writer, producer (d. 1996) January 17 Kamal Amrohi, Indian director, screenwriter (d. 1993) George M. Leader, American politician (d. 2013) January 19 Peter Hobbs, American actor (d. 2011) John H. Johnson, African-American publisher, founder of Ebony (d. 2005) January 20 Juan García Esquivel, Mexican bandleader (d. 2002) Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist (d. 2013) January 21 Chichay, Filipino actress (d. 1993) Richard Winters, U.S. Army officer (d. 2011) January 22 – Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015) January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999) January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal televangelist (d. 2009) January 25 – Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster (d. 2010) January 26 Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian communist politician and leader (d. 1989) Philip José Farmer, American writer (d. 2009) Vito Scotti, American character actor (d. 1996) January 27 Skitch Henderson, English-born musician, bandleader (d. 2005) Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963) January 29 Luis Aguilar, Mexican actor, and singer (d. 1997) John Forsythe, American actor (Dynasty) (d. 2010) January 30 – Bazilije Pandžić, Croatian historian, archivist and orientalist (d. 2019) January 31 – Millie Dunn Veasey, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2018) February February 1 Carlos Fayt, Argentine lawyer, politician and academic (d. 2016) Dame Muriel Spark, Scottish author (d. 2006) February 2 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011) February 3 Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the "Rat Pack" (d. 2007) Martin Greenberg, American poet and translator (d. 2021) Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994) February 4 Clive Bossom, British politician (d. 2017) Ida Lupino, Anglo-American actress, screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1995) February 6 – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author (d. 2007) February 7 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999) February 8 Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler, novelty singer (Pencil Neck Geek) (d. 2003) Walter Newton Read, American lawyer, second chairman of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (d. 2001) February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) February 14 – William L. Snyder, American film producer (d. 1998) February 15 Allan Arbus, American actor (M*A*S*H) (d. 2013) Smilja Avramov, Serbian academic, authority and educator in international law (d. 2018) William T. Young, American businessman (d. 2004) February 16 – Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 2013) February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999) February 19 – Fay McKenzie, American silent film actress (d. 2019) February 21 – Robert E. Thacker, American aviator and test pilot (d. 2020) February 22 Charlie Finley, American owner of the Oakland A's (1960–80) (d. 1996) Don Pardo, American television announcer (Saturday Night Live) (d. 2014) Robert Pershing Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940) February 25 Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996) Miguel Gallastegui, Spanish pelotari (d. 2019) Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995) February 26 Herbert Blaize, 6th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1989) Lloyd Geering, New Zealand theologian Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985) February 28 – Alfred Burke, English actor (d. 2011) March March 1 Franz Becker, German footballer (d. 1965) Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973) João Goulart, 24th President of Brazil (d. 1976) James N. Morgan, American economist (d. 2018) March 2 – Martin Flannery, British politician (d. 2006) March 3 Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007) Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000) March 4 – Margaret Osborne duPont, American female tennis player (d. 2012) March 5 Shlomo Lorincz, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2009) James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002) March 9 George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967) Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006) March 10 – Günther Rall, German ace fighter pilot (d. 2009) March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956) March 12 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989) March 13 – Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player, coach (d. 2006) March 14 – John McCallum, Australian actor (d. 2010) March 15 – William McIntyre, Canadian Puisne Justice (d. 2009) March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) March 17 – Viviane Gauthier, Haitian dancer (d. 2017) March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005) March 20 – Jack Barry, American television game show host, producer (d. 1984) March 22 – Cheddi Jagan, 4th President of Guyana (d. 1997) March 23 Naoki Kazu, Japanese soccer player (d. 1940s) Stick McGhee, American jump blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 1961) Émile Derlin Zinsou, President of Benin (d. 2016) March 25 – Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995) March 26 – Lloyd McCuiston, American politician (d. 2021) March 28 – Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Costa Rican lawyer, politician, and diplomat (d. 2018) March 29 Pearl Bailey, African-American singer, actress (d. 1990) Shirley Jameson, American female baseball player (d. 1993) Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992) April April 1 – Milt Earnhart, American politician (d. 2020) April 6 Alfredo Ovando Candía , 48th President of Bolivia (d. 1982) George Corones, Australian Masters swimmer (d. 2020) April 7 – Bobby Doerr, American baseball player (d. 2017) April 8 Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011) Charles P. Roland, American historian April 9 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008) April 10 – H. S. Doreswamy, Indian activist, journalist (d. 2021) April 11 – Jean-Claude Servan-Schreiber, French journalist, politician (d. 2018) April 14 – Mary Healy, American actress, variety entertainer and singer (d. 2015) April 15 – Edmund Jones, American politician (d. 2019) April 16 Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002) Murray Westgate, Canadian actor (d. 2018) April 17 William Holden, American actor (d. 1981) Frank Popper, French historian (d. 2020) Anne Shirley, American actress (d. 1993) April 18 Gabriel Axel, Danish film director (d. 2014) Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese screenwriter (d. 2018) Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of CliffsNotes (d. 2001) Claudio Teehankee, Filipino lawyer (d. 1989) April 20 Edward L. Beach, Jr., American naval officer, author (d. 2002) Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) April 22 William Jay Smith, American poet (d. 2015) Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (d. 2008) April 24 – Lou Dorfsman, American graphic designer (d. 2008) April 26 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (d. 2004) April 27 – John Rice, American baseball umpire (d. 2011) April 28 Mildred Persinger, American feminist (d. 2018) Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler, East German journalist, host of the television show Der schwarze Kanal (d. 2001) Rodger Wilton Young, United States Army soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (d. 1943) April 29 George Allen, American football coach (d. 1990) Nils Ostensson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 1949) May May 1 Jack Paar, American television show host (The Tonight Show) (d. 2004) Li Yaowen, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 2018) May 3 – Richard Dudman, American reporter, editorial writer (St. Louis Post-Dispatch) (d. 2017) May 4 Kakuei Tanaka, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993) Ana Enriqueta Terán, Venezuelan poet (d. 2017) May 5 – Egidio Galea, Maltese Roman Catholic priest (d. 2005) May 6 Henrietta Boggs, Costa Rican-American author, journalist and activist (d. 2020) Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, 1st President of the United Arab Emirates (d. 2004) May 9 Russell M. Carneal, American politician, judge (d. 1998) Orville Freeman, American politician (d. 2003) Mike Wallace, American journalist (d. 2012) May 10 T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician (d. 2018) George Welch, American aviator (d. 1954) May 11 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) May 13 – Caesar Anthonio Zeppeli, Italian Hamon user (d. 1939) May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953) May 15 Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (d. 2008) Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (d. 2009) May 16 – Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000) May 17 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (d. 2005) May 18 Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011) Joe Krush, American illustrator May 19 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist (d. 2000) May 20 – Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) May 23 Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player, politician (d. 2007) Naomi Replansky, American poet May 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone, 45th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2019) May 28 Norbert Franck, Luxembourgian swimmer (d. 2006) Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990) May 30 Károly Doncsecz, Slovenian potter (d. 2002) Martin Lundstrom, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2016) May 31 – Margaret Todd, Canadian female golfer (d. 2019) June June 2 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American writer, storyteller (d. 2011) June 4 Ray Steiner Cline, American government official (d. 1996) Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997) June 6 Kenneth Connor, English comedy stage, radio, film and television actor (d. 1993) Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) June 8 – Robert Preston, American actor (The Music Man) (d. 1987) June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011) June 10 Wood Moy, American actor (d. 2017) Patachou, French singer (d. 2015) June 11 – Hugo Scheltema, Dutch diplomat (d. 1996) June 12 – Jerry A. Moore Jr., American politician (d. 2017) June 15 – François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (d. 1975) June 17 Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, British life peer (d. 2017) Ajahn Chah Subaddho, Buddhist teacher (d. 1992) Raúl Padilla (alias El Chato), Mexican actor (d. 1994) June 18 Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003) Angel Martín Taboas, Puerto Rican-American politician Elisabeth Waldo, American violinist, composer June 21 Allan Lindberg, Swedish pole vaulter (d. 2004) Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer, author and artist (d. 2020) Adriana Sivieri, Argentine-born Italian film actress Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1955) Josephine Webb, American engineer June 22 Cicely Saunders, English Anglican nurse, social worker, physician and writer (d. 2005) Yeoh Ghim Seng, Singaporean politician, acting President of Singapore (d. 1993) June 23 – Paul Ashbee, British archaeologist (d. 2009) June 24 Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2000) Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean politician (d. 2012) June 25 Lady Cynthia Postan, English horticulturist (d. 2017) Sid Tepper, American songwriter (d. 2015) June 26 Ellen Liiger, Estonian actress (d. 1987) Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter pilot (d. 2007) Leo Rosner, Polish-born Austrian Jewish musician (d. 2008) June 27 Willy Breinholst, Danish humorist, writer (d. 2009) Adolph Kiefer, American former competition swimmer (d. 2017) June 28 – Marshall Brown, American professional basketball player (d. 2008) June 29 Gene La Rocque, U.S. admiral (d. 2016) Heini Lohrer, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 2011) June 30 – Jackie Roberts, Welsh footballer (d. 2001) July July 1 Ahmed Deedat, South African writer, public speaker (d. 2005) Pedro Yap, Filipino lawyer (d. 2003) Ralph Young, American singer, actor (d. 2008) July 2 Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter, sculptor (d. 2008) Indumati Bhattacharya, Indian politician (d. 1990) July 3 Shirley Adelson Siegel, American activist and lawyer (d. 2020) Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006) Benjamin C. Thompson, American architect (d. 2002) Lorenzo Robledo, Spanish actor (d. 2006) July 4 King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga (d. 2006) Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010) Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006) Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002) Joe Fortunato, American football, basketball, and baseball coach (d. 2004) Pauline Phillips, American advice columnist, popularly known as Abigail Van Buren (d. 2013) July 5 Brian James, Australian actor (d. 2009) Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general, politician (d. 2012) Nikos Papatakis, Greek Ethiopian-born naturalised French filmmaker (d. 2010) George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005) Miguel Ángel Sanz Bocos, Spanish fighter pilot (d. 2018) July 6 Sebastian Cabot, English actor (d. 1977) J. Dewey Daane, American economist (d. 2017) Herm Fuetsch, American professional basketball player (d. 2010) Francisco Moncion, Dominican-American dancer, charter member of New York City Ballet (d. 1995) July 7 Jing Shuping, Chinese businessman (d. 2009) Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach (d. 2016) July 8 Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009) Edward B. Giller, U.S. major general (d. 2017) Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008) Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member, pilot (d. 2002) Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000) July 9 – Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (d. 1999) July 10 Frank L. Lambert, American professor emeritus of chemistry at Occidental College (d. 2018) Chuck Stevens, American major baseball (d. 2018) July 11 – Venetia Burney, English woman known for being the first person to suggest the name Pluto for the planet in 1930 (d. 2009) July 12 Mary Glen-Haig, British Olympic fencer (d. 2014) Doris Grumbach, American novelist, memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist Vivian Mason, American actress (d. 2009) Paul Stenn, American football offensive tackle (d. 2003) Alice Van-Springsteen, American stuntwoman, jockey (d. 2008) July 13 Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955) Ted Oldfield, English footballer (d. 2006) July 14 T. M. Aluko, Nigerian writer (d. 2010) Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (d. 2007) Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer, systems scientist (d. 2016) July 15 Paddy Bassett, New Zealand scientist (d. 2019) Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003) Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa, British soldier, politician, television executive and writer (d. 2009) Arthur Dimmock, English writer, journalist and historian (d. 2007) Brenda Milner, Canadian neuropsychologist July 16 Denis Edward Arnold, English soldier (d. 2015) Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor (d. 1989) Pituka de Foronda, Spanish actress (d. 1999) John Everitt Frost DFC & Bar, World War II SAAF fighter pilot (MIA 16 June 1942) Samuel Victor Perry, British biochemist (d. 2009) Leonard T. Schroeder, American colonel (d. 2009) Jim Vickers-Willis, Australian journalist (d. 2008) July 17 Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003) Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist (d. 2017) July 18 Lia Dorana, Dutch comedian, actress (d. 2010) James Duesenberry, American economist (d. 2009) Warren Hair, American professional basketball player (d. 2006) Nelson Mandela, 1st President of South Africa and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2013) July 20 Auður Laxness, Icelandic writer, craftsperson (d. 2012) Edward S. Little, American diplomat (d. 2004) Eric Longworth, British actor (d. 2008) Cindy Walker, American songwriter, country singer (d. 2006) July 21 – Elsa Kobberstad, Norwegian schoolteacher, politician (d. 2007) July 22 Stanley Lebergott, American government economist (d. 2009) Lila Zali, Georgian-born American prima ballerina (d. 2003) July 23 Abraham Bueno de Mesquita, Dutch comedian, actor (d. 2005) Carl T. Langford, American politician (d. 2011) Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player (d. 1999) July 24 Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic, sociologist (d. 2017) Irving London, American hematologist and geneticist (d. 2018) Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist (d. 2012) July 25 Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986) Alexander McKee, British journalist, military historian and diver, discoverer of the Mary Rose (d. 1992) July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984) July 28 – Penaia Ganilau, 1st President of Fiji (d. 1993) July 29 Frank Miller, American singer (d. 2015) Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (d. 1968) July 30 John L. Cason, American actor (d. 1961) Jimmy Robinson, American actor (d. 1967) July 31 Vicente Almeida d'Eça, Portuguese colonial administrator (d. 2018) Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010) August August 1 Artur Brauner, German film producer and entrepreneur (d. 2019) Zhou Xuan, Chinese singer, actress (d. 1957) August 2 – Dada Vaswani, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2018) August 3 Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999) Cheng Kaijia, Chinese nuclear physicist and engineer (d. 2018) August 4 – Noel Willman, Irish actor (d. 1988) August 5 Kondapalli Koteswaramma, Indian communist leader, feminist, revolutionary and writer (d. 2018) Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. 2004) August 6 – Charles Coulston Gillispie, American historian (d. 2015) August 11 – Thomas A. Bird, British WWII army officer, architect (d. 2017) August 12 – Roy C. Bennett, American songwriter (d. 2015) August 13 Noor Hassanali, 2nd President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2006) Tao Porchon-Lynch, American yoga master and author (d. 2020) Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, two time Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) August 19 – Shankar Dayal Sharma, 9th President of India (d. 1999) August 20 – Crystal Bennett, British archaeologist, pioneering researcher on Jordan (d. 1987) August 21 – Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli physicist (d. 2010) August 22 Said Mohamed Djohar, President of the Comoros (d. 2006) Martin Pope, American physical chemist August 23 – Bernard Fisher, American surgeon (d. 2019) August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer, conductor (d. 1990) August 26 Hutton Gibson, American religion writer, father of actor Mel Gibson (d. 2020) Katherine Johnson, African-American physicist, space scientist | WWI: The Armistice of Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary, on the Italian Front. November 6 – A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin. November 7 – King Ludwig of Bavaria flees his country. November 8 – The German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser. The German Armistice delegation arrives at the Forest of Compiègne in France. November 9 Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands. The German Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony. Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic. British battleship is sunk by a German submarine off Trafalgar, with the loss of around fifty lives (the last major naval engagement of WWI). November 11 End of WWI: Armistice of 11 November 1918 – Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies, between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in the "Compiègne Wagon", Marshal Foch's railroad car, in the Forest of Compiègne in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. At 10:59 U.S. soldier Henry Gunther becomes (probably) the last killed in action. Poland regains independence, after 123 years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief. Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power, but does not abdicate. November 12 – Austria becomes a republic. November 13 The Allied Occupation of Constantinople begins. Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, relinquishes all governing duties. November 14 Czechoslovakia becomes a republic. The Second Polish Republic is proclaimed with Józef Piłsudski as head of state. The provisional government of Baden proclaims the "Free People's Republic of Baden" (Freie Volksrepublik Baden). Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, is forced from his throne, leading to the establishment of the People's State of Hesse. Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin abdicates his throne, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, announces he is ceasing to rule Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Coburg. German East African troops are informed of the November 11 armistice. November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria. November 18 – Latvia declares its independence from Russia. November 20 – U-boats start to rendezvous off Harwich, to begin the surrender of the High Seas Fleet to the British Royal Navy; in the following week the German warships are escorted to internment in Scapa Flow. November 21 – Lwów pogrom: Polish troops, volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians and Jews in Lwów, Galicia. November 22 The Spartacist League founds the German Communist Party. The Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war, King Albert I having commanded the Allied Army group in the autumn Courtrai offensive, which liberated his country. Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, abdicates; the Grand Duchy of Baden gives way to the Republic of Baden. November 23 – British military government of Palestine begins. November 25 – General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German commander in German East Africa, signs a ceasefire at Abercorn in Northern Rhodesia. November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly ('Great National Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro') votes for a "union of the people" between the kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia and for deposition of the exiled King Nicholas I of Montenegro. November 28 – Estonian War of Independence: The Red Army invades Estonia, starting the war. The Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established as a Soviet puppet state in Narva on the next day. November 29 – Serbia annexes Montenegro, suspending the latter's existence as a sovereign state for nearly the entirety of the following 88 years. November 30 – Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. December December 1 By the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union, Iceland regains independence, but remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland until 1944. New voting laws in Sweden makes votes no longer dependent on taxable assets, each adult having one vote. The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later becomes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed, in particular ending Serbia's existence as a sovereign state for the next 87 years (it would not regain its sovereignty until 2006). December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to Europe while holding office. December 5 – Estonian War of Independence: The British light cruiser strikes a mine and sinks near Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea, killing 11 sailors. December 14 Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse renounces the Finnish throne. Portuguese President Sidónio Pais is assassinated. December 16 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by the Russian SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War. December 17 – Darwin Rebellion in Australia: Disaffected workers march on Government House, Darwin, demanding the resignation of the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth. December 20 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic. December 21 – Estonian War of Independence: The Red Army captures Tartu, Estonia. December 25 – Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, is formed in Germany as a nationalist veterans' organization. December 27 – Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19): Poles in Greater Poland (the former Grand Duchy of Posen) rise up against the Germans, ignited by a patriotic speech made in Poznań by pianist and politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski. December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory in Irish seats in the Irish general election (part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election), following the counting of votes, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons. December 31 – A British-brokered ceasefire ends the two weeks of fighting in the Georgian–Armenian War. Date unknown The Native American Church is formally founded in Oklahoma. The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to promote repeal of Prohibition in the United States. United Business Media is founded in London, as United Newspapers Ltd. Around 1,000 pilot whales are stranded in the Chatham Islands. Births January January 1 Nat Jaffe, American swing jazz pianist (d. 1945) Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2000) January 2 – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse, German typographer, calligrapher and book-binder (d. 2019) January 9 – Alma Ziegler, American female professional baseball player (d. 2005) January 10 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (d. 2008) January 11 – Kassim Al-Rimawi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1982) January 12 – Mike Laffin, Canadian politician, dentist (d. 2019) January 14 – Dimitri Tsafendas, South African criminal (d. 1999) January 15 João Figueiredo, 30th President of Brazil (d. 1999) Ira B. Harkey Jr., American newspaper editor (d. 2006) Gamal Abdel Nasser, 2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970) Deryck Stapleton, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2018) January 16 Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005) Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer (d. 2009) Stirling Silliphant, American writer, producer (d. 1996) January 17 Kamal Amrohi, Indian director, screenwriter (d. 1993) George M. Leader, American politician (d. 2013) January 19 Peter Hobbs, American actor (d. 2011) John H. Johnson, African-American publisher, founder of Ebony (d. 2005) January 20 Juan García Esquivel, Mexican bandleader (d. 2002) Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist (d. 2013) January 21 Chichay, Filipino actress (d. 1993) Richard Winters, U.S. Army officer (d. 2011) January 22 – Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015) January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999) January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal televangelist (d. 2009) January 25 – Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster (d. 2010) January 26 Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian communist politician and leader (d. 1989) Philip José Farmer, American writer (d. 2009) Vito Scotti, American character actor (d. 1996) January 27 Skitch Henderson, English-born musician, bandleader (d. 2005) Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963) January 29 Luis Aguilar, Mexican actor, and singer (d. 1997) John Forsythe, American actor (Dynasty) (d. 2010) January 30 – Bazilije Pandžić, Croatian historian, archivist and orientalist (d. 2019) January 31 – Millie Dunn Veasey, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2018) February February 1 Carlos Fayt, Argentine lawyer, politician and academic (d. 2016) Dame Muriel Spark, Scottish author (d. 2006) February 2 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011) February 3 Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the "Rat Pack" (d. 2007) Martin Greenberg, American poet and translator (d. 2021) Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994) February 4 Clive Bossom, British politician (d. 2017) Ida Lupino, Anglo-American actress, screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1995) February 6 – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author (d. 2007) February 7 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999) February 8 Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler, novelty singer (Pencil Neck Geek) (d. 2003) Walter Newton Read, American lawyer, second chairman of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (d. 2001) February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) February 14 – William L. Snyder, American film producer (d. 1998) February 15 Allan Arbus, American actor (M*A*S*H) (d. 2013) Smilja Avramov, Serbian academic, authority and educator in international law (d. 2018) William T. Young, American businessman (d. 2004) February 16 – Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 2013) February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999) February 19 – Fay McKenzie, American silent film actress (d. 2019) February 21 – Robert E. Thacker, American aviator and test pilot (d. 2020) February 22 Charlie Finley, American owner of the Oakland A's (1960–80) (d. 1996) Don Pardo, American television announcer (Saturday Night Live) (d. 2014) Robert Pershing Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940) February 25 Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996) Miguel Gallastegui, Spanish pelotari (d. 2019) Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995) February 26 Herbert Blaize, 6th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1989) Lloyd Geering, New Zealand theologian Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985) February 28 – Alfred Burke, English actor (d. 2011) March March 1 Franz Becker, German footballer (d. 1965) Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973) João Goulart, 24th President of Brazil (d. 1976) James N. Morgan, American economist (d. 2018) March 2 – Martin Flannery, British politician (d. 2006) March 3 Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007) Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000) March 4 – Margaret Osborne duPont, American female tennis player (d. 2012) March 5 Shlomo Lorincz, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2009) James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002) March 9 George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967) Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006) March 10 – Günther Rall, German ace fighter pilot (d. 2009) March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956) March 12 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989) March 13 – Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player, coach (d. 2006) March 14 – John McCallum, Australian actor (d. 2010) March 15 – William McIntyre, Canadian Puisne Justice (d. 2009) March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) March 17 – Viviane Gauthier, Haitian dancer (d. 2017) March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005) March 20 – Jack Barry, American television game show host, producer (d. 1984) March 22 – Cheddi Jagan, 4th President of Guyana (d. 1997) March 23 Naoki Kazu, Japanese soccer player (d. 1940s) Stick McGhee, American jump blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 1961) Émile Derlin Zinsou, President of Benin (d. 2016) March 25 – Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995) March 26 – Lloyd McCuiston, American politician (d. 2021) March 28 – Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Costa Rican lawyer, politician, and diplomat (d. 2018) March 29 Pearl Bailey, African-American singer, actress (d. 1990) Shirley Jameson, American female baseball player (d. 1993) Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992) April April 1 – Milt Earnhart, American politician (d. 2020) April 6 Alfredo Ovando Candía , 48th President of Bolivia (d. 1982) George Corones, Australian Masters swimmer (d. 2020) April 7 – Bobby Doerr, American baseball player (d. 2017) April 8 Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011) Charles P. Roland, American historian April 9 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008) April 10 – H. S. Doreswamy, Indian activist, journalist (d. 2021) April 11 – Jean-Claude Servan-Schreiber, French journalist, politician (d. 2018) April 14 – Mary Healy, American actress, variety entertainer and singer (d. 2015) April 15 – Edmund Jones, American politician (d. 2019) April 16 Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002) Murray Westgate, Canadian actor (d. 2018) April 17 William Holden, American actor (d. 1981) Frank Popper, French historian (d. 2020) Anne Shirley, American actress (d. 1993) April 18 Gabriel Axel, Danish film director (d. 2014) Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese screenwriter (d. 2018) Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of CliffsNotes (d. 2001) Claudio Teehankee, Filipino lawyer (d. 1989) April 20 Edward L. Beach, Jr., American naval officer, author (d. 2002) Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) April 22 William Jay Smith, American poet (d. 2015) Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (d. 2008) April 24 – Lou Dorfsman, American graphic designer (d. 2008) April 26 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (d. 2004) April 27 – John Rice, American baseball umpire (d. 2011) April 28 Mildred Persinger, American feminist (d. 2018) Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler, East German journalist, host of the television show Der schwarze Kanal (d. 2001) Rodger Wilton Young, United States Army soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (d. 1943) April 29 George Allen, American football coach (d. 1990) Nils Ostensson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 1949) May May 1 Jack Paar, American television show host (The Tonight Show) (d. 2004) Li Yaowen, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 2018) May 3 – Richard Dudman, American reporter, editorial writer (St. Louis Post-Dispatch) (d. 2017) May 4 Kakuei Tanaka, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993) Ana Enriqueta Terán, Venezuelan poet (d. 2017) May 5 – Egidio Galea, Maltese Roman Catholic priest (d. 2005) May 6 Henrietta Boggs, Costa Rican-American author, journalist and activist (d. 2020) Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, 1st President of the United Arab Emirates (d. 2004) May 9 Russell M. Carneal, American politician, judge (d. 1998) Orville Freeman, American politician (d. 2003) Mike Wallace, American journalist (d. 2012) May 10 T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician (d. 2018) George Welch, American aviator (d. 1954) May 11 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) May 13 – Caesar Anthonio Zeppeli, Italian Hamon user (d. 1939) May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953) May 15 Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (d. 2008) Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (d. 2009) May 16 – Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000) May 17 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (d. 2005) May 18 Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011) Joe Krush, American illustrator May 19 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist (d. 2000) May 20 – Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) May 23 Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player, politician (d. 2007) Naomi Replansky, American poet May 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone, 45th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2019) May 28 Norbert Franck, Luxembourgian swimmer (d. 2006) Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990) May 30 Károly Doncsecz, Slovenian potter (d. 2002) Martin Lundstrom, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2016) May 31 – Margaret Todd, Canadian female golfer (d. 2019) June June 2 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American writer, storyteller (d. 2011) June 4 Ray Steiner Cline, American government official (d. 1996) Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997) June 6 Kenneth Connor, English comedy stage, radio, film and television actor (d. 1993) Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) June 8 – Robert Preston, American actor (The Music Man) (d. 1987) June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011) June 10 Wood Moy, American actor (d. 2017) Patachou, French singer (d. 2015) June 11 – Hugo Scheltema, Dutch diplomat (d. 1996) June 12 – Jerry A. Moore Jr., American politician (d. 2017) June 15 – François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (d. 1975) June 17 Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, British life peer (d. 2017) Ajahn Chah Subaddho, Buddhist teacher (d. 1992) Raúl Padilla (alias El Chato), Mexican actor (d. 1994) June 18 Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003) Angel Martín Taboas, Puerto Rican-American politician Elisabeth Waldo, American violinist, composer June 21 Allan Lindberg, Swedish pole vaulter (d. 2004) Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer, author and artist (d. 2020) Adriana Sivieri, Argentine-born Italian film actress Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1955) Josephine Webb, American engineer June 22 Cicely Saunders, English Anglican nurse, social worker, physician and writer (d. 2005) Yeoh Ghim Seng, Singaporean politician, acting President of Singapore (d. 1993) June 23 – Paul Ashbee, British archaeologist (d. 2009) June 24 Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2000) Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean politician (d. 2012) June 25 Lady Cynthia Postan, English horticulturist (d. 2017) Sid Tepper, American songwriter (d. 2015) June 26 Ellen Liiger, Estonian actress (d. 1987) Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter pilot (d. 2007) Leo Rosner, Polish-born Austrian Jewish musician (d. 2008) June 27 Willy Breinholst, Danish humorist, writer (d. 2009) Adolph Kiefer, American former competition swimmer (d. 2017) June 28 – Marshall Brown, American professional basketball player (d. 2008) June 29 Gene La Rocque, U.S. admiral (d. 2016) Heini Lohrer, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 2011) June 30 – Jackie Roberts, Welsh footballer (d. 2001) July July 1 Ahmed Deedat, South African writer, public speaker (d. 2005) Pedro Yap, Filipino lawyer (d. 2003) Ralph Young, American singer, actor (d. 2008) July 2 Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter, sculptor (d. 2008) Indumati Bhattacharya, Indian politician (d. 1990) July 3 Shirley Adelson Siegel, American activist and lawyer (d. 2020) Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006) Benjamin C. Thompson, American architect (d. 2002) Lorenzo Robledo, Spanish actor (d. 2006) July 4 King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga (d. 2006) Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010) Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006) Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002) Joe Fortunato, American football, basketball, and baseball coach (d. 2004) Pauline Phillips, American advice columnist, popularly known as Abigail Van Buren (d. 2013) July 5 Brian James, Australian actor (d. 2009) Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general, politician (d. 2012) Nikos Papatakis, Greek Ethiopian-born naturalised French filmmaker (d. 2010) George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005) Miguel Ángel Sanz Bocos, Spanish fighter pilot (d. 2018) July 6 Sebastian Cabot, English actor (d. 1977) J. Dewey Daane, American economist (d. 2017) Herm Fuetsch, American professional basketball player (d. 2010) Francisco Moncion, Dominican-American dancer, charter member of New York City Ballet (d. 1995) July 7 Jing Shuping, Chinese businessman (d. 2009) Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach (d. 2016) July 8 Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009) Edward B. Giller, U.S. major general (d. 2017) Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008) Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member, pilot (d. 2002) Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000) July 9 – Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (d. 1999) July 10 Frank L. Lambert, American professor emeritus of chemistry at Occidental College (d. 2018) Chuck Stevens, American major baseball (d. 2018) July 11 – Venetia Burney, English woman known for being the first person to suggest the name Pluto for the planet in 1930 (d. 2009) July 12 Mary Glen-Haig, British Olympic fencer (d. 2014) Doris Grumbach, American novelist, memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist Vivian Mason, American actress (d. 2009) Paul Stenn, American football offensive tackle (d. 2003) Alice Van-Springsteen, American stuntwoman, jockey (d. 2008) July 13 Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955) Ted Oldfield, English footballer (d. 2006) July 14 T. M. Aluko, Nigerian writer (d. 2010) Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (d. 2007) Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer, systems scientist (d. 2016) July 15 Paddy Bassett, New Zealand scientist (d. 2019) Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003) Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa, British soldier, politician, television executive and writer (d. 2009) Arthur Dimmock, English writer, journalist and historian (d. 2007) Brenda Milner, Canadian neuropsychologist July 16 Denis Edward Arnold, English soldier (d. 2015) Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor (d. 1989) Pituka de Foronda, Spanish actress (d. 1999) John Everitt Frost DFC & Bar, World War II SAAF fighter pilot (MIA 16 June 1942) Samuel Victor Perry, British biochemist (d. 2009) Leonard T. Schroeder, American colonel (d. 2009) Jim Vickers-Willis, Australian journalist (d. 2008) July 17 Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003) Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist (d. 2017) July 18 Lia Dorana, Dutch comedian, actress (d. 2010) James Duesenberry, American economist (d. 2009) Warren Hair, American professional basketball player (d. 2006) Nelson Mandela, 1st President of South Africa and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2013) July 20 Auður Laxness, Icelandic writer, craftsperson (d. 2012) Edward S. Little, American diplomat (d. 2004) Eric Longworth, British actor (d. 2008) Cindy Walker, American songwriter, country singer (d. 2006) July 21 – Elsa Kobberstad, Norwegian schoolteacher, politician (d. 2007) July 22 Stanley Lebergott, American government economist (d. 2009) Lila Zali, Georgian-born American prima ballerina (d. 2003) July 23 Abraham Bueno de Mesquita, Dutch comedian, actor (d. 2005) Carl T. Langford, American politician (d. 2011) Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player (d. 1999) July 24 Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic, sociologist (d. 2017) Irving London, American hematologist and geneticist (d. 2018) Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist (d. 2012) July 25 Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986) Alexander McKee, British journalist, military historian and diver, discoverer of the Mary Rose (d. 1992) July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984) July 28 – Penaia Ganilau, 1st President of Fiji (d. 1993) July 29 Frank Miller, American singer (d. 2015) Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (d. 1968) July 30 John L. Cason, American actor (d. 1961) Jimmy Robinson, American actor (d. 1967) July 31 Vicente Almeida d'Eça, Portuguese colonial administrator (d. 2018) Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010) August August 1 Artur Brauner, German film producer and entrepreneur (d. 2019) Zhou Xuan, Chinese singer, actress (d. 1957) August 2 – Dada Vaswani, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2018) August 3 Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999) Cheng Kaijia, Chinese nuclear physicist and engineer (d. 2018) August 4 – Noel Willman, Irish actor (d. 1988) August 5 Kondapalli Koteswaramma, Indian communist leader, feminist, revolutionary and writer (d. 2018) Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. 2004) August 6 – Charles Coulston Gillispie, American historian (d. 2015) August 11 – Thomas A. Bird, British WWII army officer, architect (d. 2017) August 12 – Roy C. Bennett, American songwriter (d. 2015) August 13 Noor Hassanali, 2nd President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2006) Tao Porchon-Lynch, American yoga master and author (d. 2020) Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, two time Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) August 19 – Shankar Dayal Sharma, 9th President of India (d. 1999) August 20 – Crystal Bennett, British archaeologist, pioneering researcher on Jordan (d. 1987) August 21 – Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli physicist (d. 2010) August 22 Said Mohamed Djohar, President of the Comoros (d. 2006) Martin Pope, American physical chemist August 23 – Bernard Fisher, American surgeon (d. 2019) August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer, conductor (d. 1990) August 26 Hutton Gibson, American religion writer, father of actor Mel Gibson (d. 2020) Katherine Johnson, African-American physicist, space scientist and mathematician (d. 2020) Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiróz, Brazilian sociologist (d. 2018) August 27 Simeon Booker, American journalist (d. 2017) Chang Yun Chung, Chinese-born billionaire shipping magnate (d. 2020) Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1966 to 1967 (d. 2001) August 28 – Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, 37th President of Argentina (d. 1996) August 29 Clemens C. J. Roothaan, Dutch physicist (d. 2019) Brian Stonehouse, English painter, WWII spy (d. 1998) August 30 – Ted Williams, American baseball player (d. 2002) August 31 Griffin Bell, American politician (d. 2009) Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist, librettist (d. 1986) Kenny Washington, African-American football player (d. 1971) September September 1 James D. Martin, American politician (d. 2017) Phyllis Wallbank, English educationalist (d. 2020) September 3 – Helen Wagner, American soap opera actress (d. 2010) September 4 John Carrick, Australian politician (d. 2018) Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (d. 2009) Gerald Wilson, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2014) September 6 Hugh Gillis, American politician (d. 2013) Ludwig Hörmann, German cyclist (d. 2001) September 8 – Derek Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) September 9 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of Italy (d. 2012) September 13 Ray Charles, American musician, singer and songwriter (d. 2015) Rosemary Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy (d. 2005) Eric McClintock, Australian businessman, public servant (d. 2018) September 14 – James George, Canadian diplomat (d. 2020) September 15 – Nipsey Russell, American comedian, poet, and dancer (d. 2005) September 16 – Ismail Mohd Ali, Malaysian politician (d. 1998) September 17 – Chaim Herzog, 6th President of Israel 1983–1993 (d. 1997) September 19 – Joseph Zeller, American politician (d. 2018) September 21 – John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist, advocate (d. 2007) September 22 – Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (d. 1988) September 24 – Emerante Morse, Haitian singer, dancer and folklorist (d. 2018) September 26 Peng Chang-kuei, Taiwanese chef (d. 2016) Harry Yee, American bartender John Zacherle, American television and radio host, singer, and voice actor (d. 2016) September 27 Sotero Laurel, Filipino politician and educator (d. 2009) Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1984) September 28 Ángel Labruna, Argentine soccer player, manager (d. 1983) Ida Schuster, Scottish actress (d. 2020) Arnold Stang, American comic actor (d. 2009) September 30 Giovanni Canestri, Italian cardinal (d. 2015) Aldo Parisot, Brazilian-American cellist and educator (d. 2018) October October 4 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) October 6 – Goh Keng Swee, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2010) October 8 – Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) October 9 E. Howard Hunt, American Watergate break-in coordinator (d. 2007) Bebo Valdés, Cuban pianist, bandleader, composer and arranger (d. 2013) October 13 Jack MacGowran, Irish film actor (d. 1973) Robert Walker, American actor (d. 1951) October 14 – Thelma Coyne Long, Australian tennis player (d. 2015) October 16 Louis Althusser, French philosopher (d. 1990) Géori Boué, French operatic singer (d. 2017) Henri Vernes, Belgian author (d. 2021) October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987) October 18 Konstantinos Mitsotakis, former Greek Prime Minister (d. 2017) Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter and actor, known for his role in Emergency! (d. 1999) October 19 – Robert S. Strauss, American politician, Democratic National Committee Chairman (d. 2014) October 22 Fred Caligiuri, American baseball player (d. 2018) René de Obaldia, French playwright and poet (d. 2022) October 23 – Augusta Dabney, American actress (d. 2008) October 25 Francisco Griéguez, Spanish WWII soldier (d. 2018) Milton Selzer, American actor (d. 2006) October 26 – Marc Hodler, Swiss lawyer (d. 2006) October 27 Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (d. 2003) Gérard Tremblay, Canadian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2019) Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005) October 29 – Diana Serra Cary, American actress (d. 2020) October 31 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007) November November 1 – Ken Miles, British sports car racing engineer and driver (d. 1966) November 2 – Raimon Panikkar, Spanish theologian (d. 2010) November 3 Bob Feller, American baseball player (d. 2010) Ann Hutchinson Guest, American movement, dance researcher Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007) Russell B. Long, United States Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003) Dean Riesner, American film, television screenwriter (d. 2002) November 4 Art Carney, American actor, best known for his role in The Honeymooners (d. 2003) Cameron Mitchell, American actor, best known for his role in The High Chaparral (d. 1994) November 7 Paul Aussaresses, French general (d. 2013) Fred Cusick, American ice hockey broadcaster (d. 2009) Billy Graham, American evangelist, spiritual adviser to several U.S. Presidents (d. 2018) November 8 Bob Schiller, American screenwriter (d. 2017) Teoh Seng Khoon, Malaysian badminton player (d. 2018) Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer (d. 2015) November 9 Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice President of the United States (d. 1996) Su Beng, Taiwanese dissident and political activist (d. 2019) Thomas Ferebee, United States Air Force colonel (d. 2000) Choi Hong Hi, South Korean general, martial artist (d. 2002) November 10 Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) John Henry Moss, American baseball executive, politician (d. 2009) November 11 – Louise Tobin, American singer November 14 – John Bromwich, Australian tennis player (d. 1999) November 15 – Vittore Bocchetta, Italian sculptor, painter and academic (d. 2021) November 18 – Nicolás Kingman Riofrío, Ecuadorian journalist, writer and politician (d. 2018) November 21 – Dorothy Maguire Chapman, American professional baseball player (d. 1981) November 26 – Patricio Aylwin, 32nd President of Chile (d. 2016) November 27 – Borys Paton, Ukrainian scientist (d. 2020) November 28 – Jack H. Harris, American film producer, distributor and actor (d. 2017) November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, American author (d. 2007) November 30 – Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., American actor (The FBI) (d. 2014) December December 3 – Abdul Haris Nasution, Indonesian general (d. 2000) December 6 Tauba Biterman, Polish Holocaust survivor (d. 2019) Nick Drahos, American football player (d. 2018) December 7 Jórunn Viðar, Icelandic pianist, composer (d. 2017) Liu Yichang, Hong Kong writer and novelist (d. 2018) December 8 – Gérard Souzay, French baritone (d. 2004) December 10 Fergus Anckorn, British magician (d. 2018) Anatoly Tarasov, Russian ice-hockey player and coach (d. 1995) December 11 John W. Reed, American legal scholar (d. 2018) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate |
army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000 deserted; the government of Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29. November 20 WWI: Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using tanks, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back. The Ukraine is declared a republic. November 22 – In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the National Hockey Association suspends operations. November 23 – The Bolsheviks release the full text of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 in Izvestia and Pravda; it is printed in the Manchester Guardian on November 26. November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the September 11 attacks in 2001). November 25 – WWI: Battle of Ngomano – German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano, on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania. November 26 – The National Hockey League is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association. November 28 – WWI: The Bolsheviks offer peace terms to the Germans. December December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress. December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916). December 6 The Senate of Finland officially declares the country's independence from Russia. Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity nuclear test in 1945). WWI: U.S. Navy destroyer is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine , killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war. December 9 – WWI – Battle of Jerusalem: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force accepts the surrender of Jerusalem by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group. December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force into Jerusalem on foot through, the Jaffa Gate. December 17 – The Raad van Vlaanderen proclaims the independence of Flanders. December 20 (N.S.) (December 7, O.S.) – The Cheka, a predecessor to the KGB, is established in Russia. December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) from the Petrograd Governorate, to the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams's Why Marry?, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City. December 26 – United States President Woodrow Wilson uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently. December 30 – WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous Yildirim Army Group counterattacks. Date unknown The first edition of the World Book Encyclopedia – simply known as The World Book – is published by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company, and is one of the first American encyclopedias to cover the major areas of knowledge to a mass audience. Women are permitted to stand in national elections in the Netherlands. The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing. Nakajima Aircraft Company, as predecessor of Subaru, a car manufacturing company in Japan, founded in Ota, Gunma Prefecture. Births January January 2 Albin F. Irzyk, American Brigadier General (d. 2018) Vera Zorina, German dancer, actress (d. 2003) K. M. Mathew, Indian newspaper editor (d. 2010) January 3 Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (d. 2004) Liu Zhonghua, Chinese military officer (d. 2018) Jesse White, American actor (d. 1997) D. J. Finney, British statistician (d. 2018) January 5 Adolfo Consolini, Italian discus thrower (d. 1969) Lucienne Day, British textile designer (d. 2010) Francis L. Kellogg, American diplomat, prominent socialite (d. 2006) Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of Ronald Reagan (d. 2007) January 6 – Koo Chen-fu, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d. 2005) January 10 Saul Cherniack, Canadian politician, lawyer (d. 2018) Jerry Wexler, American record producer (d. 2008) January 12 – Jimmy Skinner, American hockey coach (d. 2007) January 15 – K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor, comedian (d. 1994) January 16 – Carl Karcher, American founder of the Carl's Jr. hamburger chain (d. 2008) January 17 – M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister, actor (d. 1987) January 19 – Graham Higman, British mathematician (d. 2008) January 21 – Erling Persson, Swedish businessman, founder of H&M (d. 2002) January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012) January 25 Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003) Jânio Quadros, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992) January 26 William Verity Jr., 27th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 2007) Louis Zamperini, American prisoner of war (World War II), Olympic distance athlete (1936), and Christian evangelist (d. 2014) January 27 – Tufton Beamish, Baron Chelwood, British army officer and politician (d. 1989) January 29 – John Raitt, American actor, singer (d. 2005) February February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader (d. 2018) February 3 – Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d. 1994) February 4 – Yahya Khan, 3rd President of Pakistan (d. 1980) February 5 – Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (d. 2012) February 6 John Franzese, Italian-born American prisoner (d. 2020) Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 2016) Arnold Spielberg, American electrical engineer and father of Steven Spielberg (d. 2020) February 9 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d. 2008) February 11 T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976) Sidney Sheldon, American author, television writer (d. 2007) February 12 – Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player (d. 2009) February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011) February 15 – Meg Wyllie, American actress (d. 2002) February 17 Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002) Whang-od, Filipino mambabatok or tattoo artist February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009) February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967) February 20 Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist, composer (d. 2019) Wilma Vinsant, American flight nurse who served during WWII (d. 1945) February 21 – Lucille Bremer, American actress, dancer (d. 1996) February 23 – Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, 2-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1985) February 25 Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993) Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009) February 26 – Robert Taft Jr., American politician (d. 1993) February 27 John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993) Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress, singer and folk song collector (d. 2012) February 28 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 2007) March March 1 Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977) Dinah Shore, American actress (d. 1994) March 2 Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician, and television producer; co-founder of Desilu Productions (d. 1986) Babiker Awadalla, 8th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2019) Laurie Baker, English architect (d. 2007) Max Webb, Polish-American real estate developer and philanthropist (d. 2018) March 3 – Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952) March 4 – Clyde McCullough, American baseball catcher (d. 1982) March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, 39th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2006) March 6 Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977) Will Eisner, American cartoonist (d. 2005) March 8 – George H. Gay Jr., United States Navy officer (d. 1994) March 11 – James Megellas, United States Army officer (d. 2020) March 12 Giovanni Benedetti, Italian Catholic prelate (d. 2017) Leonard Chess, Polish-American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d. 1969) Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011) March 16 – Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian royal and politician (d. 2018) March 18 – Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Romanian politician (d. 2017) March 19 Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950) Peggy Ahern, American actress (d. 2012) Sardon Jubir, Malaysian politician (d. 1985) March 20 Haddon Donald, New Zealand Army Lieutenant Colonel and politician (d. 2018) Dame Vera Lynn, English actress, singer (d. 2020) March 21 Anton Coppola, American opera conductor, composer (d. 2020) Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984) March 22 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004) March 23 – Kenneth Tobey, American actor (d. 2002) March 24 Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d. 2007) John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997) March 26 – Rufus Thomas, American singer (d. 2001) March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002) April April 1 Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997) Leon Janney, American actor (d. 1980) April 2 – Dabbs Greer, American actor (d. 2007) April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994) April 7 – R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012) April 8 John Whitney, American animator, composer, and pioneer in computer animation (d. 1995) Hubertus Ernst, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) April 9 – Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002) April 10 – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) April 11 – Morton Sobell, American spy (d. 2018) April 12 – Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav politician (d. 1977) April 13 Robert O. Anderson, American businessman, founder of Atlantic Richfield Oil Co. (d. 2007) Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011) Li Rui, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2019) April 14 Valerie Hobson, British actress (d. 1998) Marvin Miller, American baseball executive (d. 2012) April 15 – Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982) April 16 – Barry Nelson, American actor (d. 2007) April 22 Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016) Ambrose Schindler, American football player, actor (d. 2018) April 23 – Dorian Leigh, American model (d. 2008) April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996) April 26 I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect (d. 2019) Virgil Trucks, American baseball player (d. 2013) April 28 Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999) Robert Cornthwaite, American actor (d. 2006) April 29 Bernard Blossac, French fashion illustrator (d. 2002) Celeste Holm, American actress (d. 2012) Maya Deren, Russian-American experimental filmmaker (d. 1961) April 30 – Bea Wain, American singer (d. 2017) May May 1 John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, best known for his role in General Hospital (d. 1996) Ulric Cross, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero (d. 2013) Danielle Darrieux, French singer, actress (d. 2017) Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator (d. 2012) May 3 José Del Vecchio, Venezuelan physician, youth baseball promoter (d. 1990) George Gaynes, Finland-born American actor (d. 2016) Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012) May 6 – Morihiro Higashikuni, Japanese prince (d. 1969) May 7 – David Tomlinson, English actor (d. 2000) May 8 John Anderson, Jr., American politician (d. 2014) Kenneth N. Taylor, translator of The Living Bible (d. 2005) May 12 – Frank Clair, Canadian football coach (d. 2005) May 14 – Lou Harrison, American composer (d. 2003) May 15 Eleanor Maccoby, American psychologist (d. 2018) Jerzy Duszyński, Polish actor (d. 1978) May 16 – Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer, photographer (d. 1986) May 20 – Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d. 2005) May 21 – Raymond Burr, Canadian actor, best known for his role in Perry Mason (d. 1993) May 22 Sid Melton, American actor (d. 2011) Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999) May 24 – Florence Knoll, American architect, furniture designer (d. 2019) May 25 – Theodore Hesburgh, American priest, educator (d. 2015) May 28 Papa John Creach, African-American fiddler (d. 1994) Marshall Reed, American film, television actor (d. 1980) May 29 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963) May 31 – Zilka Salaberry, Brazilian actress (d. 2005) June June 1 – William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) June 2 – Max Showalter, American actor, musician (d. 2000) June 3 – Leo Gorcey, American actor (d. 1969) June 4 Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004) Howard Metzenbaum, American Jewish Senator from Ohio (d. 2008) June 6 – Kirk Kerkorian, Armenian-American businessman, billionaire (d. 2015) June 7 Gwendolyn Brooks, African-American writer (d. 2000) Dean Martin, American actor, singer (d. 1995) June 8 George D. Wallace, American actor (d. 2005) Byron White, American football player and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2002) June 9 – Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-born British historian (d. 2012) June 10 DeWitt Hale, American politician (d. 2018) Ruari McLean, Scottish-born typographer (d. 2006) Al Schwimmer, American-Israeli businessman (d. 2011) June 13 – Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan writer (d. 2005) June 14 Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist, writer Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician (d. 2007) June 15 John Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) Lash LaRue, American cowboy actor (d. 1996) June 16 Phaedon Gizikis, President of Greece (d. 1999) Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001) Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009) June 17 Ben Bubar, American presidential candidate (d. 1995) Huang Feili, Chinese conductor, musical educator (d. 2017) June 18 Richard Boone, American actor (d. 1981) Ross Elliott, American actor (d. 1999) Erik Ortvad, Danish artist (d. 2008) June 19 Robert Baker Aitken, American Zen Buddhist teacher (d. 2010) Robert Karnes, American actor (d. 1979) June 21 – Leslie Shepard, British author, archivist and curator (d. 2004) June 24 Lucy Jarvis, American television producer (d. 2020) Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer, political activist and politician (d. 2013) June 25 Nils Karlsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012) Claude Seignolle, French author (d. 2018) June 26 – Idriz Ajeti, Albanian albanologist (d. 2019) June 29 – Ling Yun, Chinese politician (d. 2018) June 30 Susan Hayward, American actress (d. 1975) Lena Horne, American singer, actress (d. 2010) Willa Kim, American costume designer, actress (d. 2016) July July 1 Shyam Saran Negi, Indian schoolteacher Virginia Dale, American actress, dancer (d. 1994) Álvaro Domecq y Díez, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2005) Humphry Osmond, British psychiatrist (d. 2004) July 2 – André Lafargue, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. 2017) July 3 – Donald Wills Douglas Jr., American industrialist, sportsman (d. 2004) July 4 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947) July 5 – Kathleen Gemberling Adkison, American abstract painter (d. 2010) July 6 Heribert Barrera, Spanish chemist, politician (d. 2011) Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner, athletics coach (d. 2004) July 7 Larry O'Brien, American politician, former NBA commissioner (d. 1990) Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003) July 8 – Pamela Brown, English actress (d. 1975) July 9 Krystyna Dańko, Polish orphan, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2019) Peter Moyes, Australian educator (d. 2007) Frank Wayne, American television game show producer (d. 1988) July 10 Şeref Alemdar, Turkish basketball player (d. unknown) Don Herbert, American television personality, better known as Mr. Wizard (d. 2007) Dayton S. Mak, U.S. diplomat (d. 2018) Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998) July 11 – Per Carleson, Swedish épée fencer (d. 2004) July 12 Luigi Gorrini, Italian soldier, pilot (d. 2014) Andrew Wyeth, American painter (d. 2009) Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Indian statesman (d. 2006) July 14 – Frank Vigar, English cricketer (d. 2004) July 15 Robert Conquest, British historian (d. 2015) Reidar Liaklev, Norwegian speed skater (d. 2006) Joan Roberts, American actress (d. 2012) July 16 – Alex Urban, American football player (d. 2007) July 17 Gus Arriola, Mexican-American comic strip cartoonist, animator (d. 2008) Lou Boudreau, American professional baseball player, manager (d. 2001) Phyllis Diller, American actress, comedian (d. 2012) Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015) Generoso Jiménez, Cuban trombone player (d. 2007) July 18 Henri Salvador, French singer (d. 2008) Paul Streeten, Austrian-born British economics professor (d. 2019) July 19 – William Scranton, American politician (d. 2013) July 20 Harold Faragher, English cricketer (d. 2006) Paul Hubschmid, Swiss actor (d. 2001) July 21 Alan B. Gold, Canadian lawyer, jurist (d. 2005) Sidney Leviss, American Democratic politician (d. 2007) July 22 Larry Hooper, American singer, musician (d. 1983) Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1984) July 23 – Omar Yoke Lin Ong, Malaysian politician, diplomat and businessman (d. 2010) July 24 Henri Betti, French composer, pianist (d. 2005) Clarence F. Stephens, American mathematician, educator (d. 2018) July 25 – Fritz Honegger, 79th President of Switzerland (d. 1999) July 26 – Lorna Gray, American actress (d. 2017) July 27 – Wu Zhonghua, Chinese physicist, pioneered three-dimensional flow theory (d. 1992) July 29 – Rochus Misch, German bodyguard of Adolf Hitler (d. 2013) July 30 – Keith Rae, Australian rules footballer (d. 2021) August August 3 – Les Elgart, American bandleader (d. 1995) August 6 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997) August 7 – Raja Perempuan Zainab, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1993) August 8 – Earl Cameron, Bermudian actor (d. 2020) August 9 – Jao Tsung-I, Chinese-born Hong Kong scholar, poet, calligrapher and painter (d. 2018) August 11 Vasiľ Biľak, former Slovak Communist leader (d. 2014) Dik Browne, American cartoonist, creator of Hägar the Horrible (d. 1989) Jack Smith, American football end (d. 2015) August 12 – Marjorie Reynolds, American actress (d. 1997) August 14 – Marty Glickman, American sports announcer (d. 2001) August 15 Jack Lynch, 5th Prime Minister of Ireland (d. 1999) Óscar Romero, Salvadoran Roman Catholic Archbishop (d. 1980) August 17 – Zvi Keren, American-born Israeli pianist, musicologist and composer (d. 2008) August 18 – Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2006) August 21 – Esther Cooper Jackson, African-American civil rights activist August 22 John Lee Hooker, African-American musician (d. 2001) Raymond G. Perelman, American businessman (d. 2019) August 23 Hu Chengzhi, Chinese palaeontologist, palaeoanthropologist (d. 2018) Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Mexican biologist (d. 1996) August 25 Mel Ferrer, Cuban-American actor, film director, producer (d. 2008) Lisbeth Movin, Danish actress (d. 2011) Lou van Burg, Dutch television personality, game show host (d. 1986) August 26 – William French Smith, 74th United States Attorney General (d. 1990) August 28 – Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994) August 29 – Isabel Sanford, African-American actress, best known for her role in The Jeffersons (d. 2004) August 30 – Denis Healey, English politician, author (d. 2015) September September 5 – Art Rupe, American music industry executive, record producer September 6 – Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. 2008) September 7 Xerardo Fernández Albor, Spanish politician and physician (d. 2018) Leonard Cheshire, British war hero (d. 1992) John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) Tetsuo Hamuro, Japanese swimmer (d. 2005) September 10 – Miguel Serrano, Chilean diplomat, explorer and journalist (d. 2009) September 11 Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008) Herbert Lom, Czech-born British actor (d. 2012) Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989) Jessica Mitford, Anglo-American writer (d. 1996) Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer, racehorse owner (d. 2001) September 13 – Robert Ward, American composer (d. 2013) September 15 Carola B. Eisenberg, American psychiatrist, educator (d. 2021) Buddy Jeannette, American basketball player, coach (d. 1998) September 17 – Henry Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1992) September 18 – June Foray, American voice actress best known for "Rocky and Bullwinkle" (d. 2017) September 20 Red Auerbach, American basketball coach, official (d. 2006) Fernando Rey, Spanish actor (d. 1994) September 22 – Anna Campori, Italian actress (d. 2018) September 23 Asima Chatterjee, Indian chemist (d. 2006) El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (d. 1984) September 24 – Otto Günsche, German general (d. 2003) September 25 – Johnny Sain, American baseball player (d. 2006) September 26 – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese phenomenologist and Marxist philosopher (d. 1993) September 27 – Louis Auchincloss, American novelist (d. 2010) September 28 – Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (d. 2005) October October 2 Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013) Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994) Francis Jackson, English organist, composer (d. 2022) October 3 – Les Schwab, American businessman (d. 2007) October 5 – Allen Ludden, American game show host (d. 1981) October 6 – Fannie Lou Hamer, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1977) October 7 – June Allyson, American actress (d. 2006) October 8 Danny Murtaugh, American baseball player, manager (d. 1976) Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) October 9 – Don Marion Davis, American child actor (d. 2020) October 10 – Thelonious Monk, African-American jazz pianist (d. 1982) October 11 – J. Edward McKinley, American actor (d. 2004) October 13 – George Virl Osmond, Osmond family patriarch (d. 2007) October 15 Adele Stimmel Chase, American artist (d. 2000) Jan Miner, American actress (d. 2004) Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., American historian, political commentator (d. 2007) October 16 – Alice Pearce, American actress (d. 1966) October 17 Martin Donnelly, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999) Marsha Hunt, American actress October 19 – Walter Munk, Austrian-born American oceanographer (d. 2019) October 20 Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973) Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat and writer (d. 2013) X. M. Sellathambu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1984) October 21 Dizzy Gillespie, African-American musician (d. 1993) Geoffrey Langlands, British army officer and educator (d. 2019) October 22 – Joan Fontaine, British-born actress (d. 2013) October 24 – Fang Huai, Chinese military officer and major general of PLA (d. 2019) October 27 – Oliver Tambo, South African activist, revolutionary (d. 1993) October 28 Shams Pahlavi, Iranian royal (d. 1996) Jack Soo, Japanese-American actor (d. 1979) October 30 Paul Eberhard, Swiss bobsledder Maurice Trintignant, French race car driver (d. 2005) October 31 – Gordon Steege, Australian military officer (d. 2013) November November 1 Clarence E. Miller, American politician (d. 2011) Erich Rudorffer, German fighter ace (d. 2016) November 2 Durward Knowles, Bahamian sailor, Olympic champion (d. 2018) Ann Rutherford, Canadian actress (d. 2012) November 3 – Chung Sze-yuen, Hong Kong politician (d. 2018) November 4 Leonardo Cimino, American actor (d. 2012) Virginia Field, British-born actress (d. 1992) November 5 – Jacqueline Auriol, French aviator (d. 2000) November 6 – Harlan Warde, American actor (d. 1980) November 10 – Koun Wick, Cambodian statesman and diplomat (d. 1999) November 11 Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (d. 1944) Tony F. Schneider, American naval officer (d. 2010) November 12 Hedley Jones, Jamaican musician (d. 2017) Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, Malaysian judge (d. 2000) Jo Stafford, American traditional pop singer (d. 2008) November 13 – Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria, Austrian-born Spanish and Italian princess (d. 2017) November 14 – Park Chung-hee, former president of South Korea (d. 1979) November 18 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor, singer (d. 1957) November 19 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984) November 20 – Robert Byrd, U.S. senator from West Virginia, President pro tempore of the United States Senate (d. 2010) November 22 – Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012) November 24 – Shabtai Rosenne, British-born Israeli diplomat, jurist (d. 2010) November 28 Orville Rogers, American pilot, competitive runner (d. 2019) Xiang Shouzhi, Chinese general (d. 2017) November 29 – Pierre Gaspard-Huit, French film director, screenwriter (d. 2017) December December 4 – Arthur B. Singer, American wildlife artist (d. 1990) December 5 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011) December 6 – Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977) | home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities". November 5 (N.S.) (October 23, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in Tallinn, Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, two days before the October Revolution in Petrograd. November 6 WWI – Second Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passchendaele in Belgium (the battle concludes on November 10). WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria is launched by the British XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps, against the central Ottoman defences protecting the Gaza to Beersheba Road. Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers, to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government. November 7 (N.S.) (October 25, O.S.) – October Revolution in Russia: The workers of the Petrograd Soviet in Russia, led by the Bolshevik Party and leader Vladimir Lenin, storm the Winter Palace and successfully destroy the Kerensky Provisional Government after less than eight months of rule. This immediately triggers the Russian Civil War. Iran (which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allied Forces after the October Revolution. WWI – Third Battle of Gaza: The British Army XXI Corps occupies Gaza, after the Ottoman garrison withdraws. WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria continues, when the XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line. Women's Suffrage in the United States: Women win the right to vote in New York State. November 8 (N.S.) (October 26, O.S.) – Following the October Revolution, Alexandra Kollontai is appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the Council of People's Commissars of the Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the first woman cabinet minister in Europe. November 13 – WWI: Battle of Mughar Ridge: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks retreating Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000 Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and of Palestine territory. The ANZAC Mounted Division (Desert Mounted Corps) successfully fights the Battle of Ayun Kara, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong German rearguards. November 15 "Night of Terror" in the United States: Influential suffragettes from the Silent Sentinels are deliberately subjected to physical assaults by guards while imprisoned. The Parliament of Finland passes another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring Finland independent. (N.S.) (November 2, O.S.) – The Provincial Assembly of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself the highest legal body in Estonia, in opposition to Bolsheviks. November 16 WWI: Battle of Ayun Kara: The ANZAC Mounted Division occupies Jaffa. Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France. November 17 WWI: Action of 17 November 1917: United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson capture Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-58 off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then scuttled). WWI: The Battle of Jerusalem (1917) begins, with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force launching attacks against Ottoman forces in the Judean Hills. The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals is founded in the United Kingdom. November 19 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto ends with Austrian and German forces driving the Italian army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000 deserted; the government of Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29. November 20 WWI: Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using tanks, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back. The Ukraine is declared a republic. November 22 – In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the National Hockey Association suspends operations. November 23 – The Bolsheviks release the full text of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 in Izvestia and Pravda; it is printed in the Manchester Guardian on November 26. November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the September 11 attacks in 2001). November 25 – WWI: Battle of Ngomano – German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano, on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania. November 26 – The National Hockey League is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association. November 28 – WWI: The Bolsheviks offer peace terms to the Germans. December December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress. December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916). December 6 The Senate of Finland officially declares the country's independence from Russia. Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity nuclear test in 1945). WWI: U.S. Navy destroyer is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine , killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war. December 9 – WWI – Battle of Jerusalem: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force accepts the surrender of Jerusalem by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group. December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force into Jerusalem on foot through, the Jaffa Gate. December 17 – The Raad van Vlaanderen proclaims the independence of Flanders. December 20 (N.S.) (December 7, O.S.) – The Cheka, a predecessor to the KGB, is established in Russia. December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) from the Petrograd Governorate, to the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams's Why Marry?, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City. December 26 – United States President Woodrow Wilson uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently. December 30 – WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous Yildirim Army Group counterattacks. Date unknown The first edition of the World Book Encyclopedia – simply known as The World Book – is published by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company, and is one of the first American encyclopedias to cover the major areas of knowledge to a mass audience. Women are permitted to stand in national elections in the Netherlands. The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing. Nakajima Aircraft Company, as predecessor of Subaru, a car manufacturing company in Japan, founded in Ota, Gunma Prefecture. Births January January 2 Albin F. Irzyk, American Brigadier General (d. 2018) Vera Zorina, German dancer, actress (d. 2003) K. M. Mathew, Indian newspaper editor (d. 2010) January 3 Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (d. 2004) Liu Zhonghua, Chinese military officer (d. 2018) Jesse White, American actor (d. 1997) D. J. Finney, British statistician (d. 2018) January 5 Adolfo Consolini, Italian discus thrower (d. 1969) Lucienne Day, British textile designer (d. 2010) Francis L. Kellogg, American diplomat, prominent socialite (d. 2006) Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of Ronald Reagan (d. 2007) January 6 – Koo Chen-fu, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d. 2005) January 10 Saul Cherniack, Canadian politician, lawyer (d. 2018) Jerry Wexler, American record producer (d. 2008) January 12 – Jimmy Skinner, American hockey coach (d. 2007) January 15 – K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor, comedian (d. 1994) January 16 – Carl Karcher, American founder of the Carl's Jr. hamburger chain (d. 2008) January 17 – M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister, actor (d. 1987) January 19 – Graham Higman, British mathematician (d. 2008) January 21 – Erling Persson, Swedish businessman, founder of H&M (d. 2002) January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012) January 25 Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003) Jânio Quadros, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992) January 26 William Verity Jr., 27th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 2007) Louis Zamperini, American prisoner of war (World War II), Olympic distance athlete (1936), and Christian evangelist (d. 2014) January 27 – Tufton Beamish, Baron Chelwood, British army officer and politician (d. 1989) January 29 – John Raitt, American actor, singer (d. 2005) February February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader (d. 2018) February 3 – Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d. 1994) February 4 – Yahya Khan, 3rd President of Pakistan (d. 1980) February 5 – Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (d. 2012) February 6 John Franzese, Italian-born American prisoner (d. 2020) Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 2016) Arnold Spielberg, American electrical engineer and father of Steven Spielberg (d. 2020) February 9 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d. 2008) February 11 T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976) Sidney Sheldon, American author, television writer (d. 2007) February 12 – Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player (d. 2009) February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011) February 15 – Meg Wyllie, American actress (d. 2002) February 17 Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002) Whang-od, Filipino mambabatok or tattoo artist February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009) February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967) February 20 Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist, composer (d. 2019) Wilma Vinsant, American flight nurse who served during WWII (d. 1945) February 21 – Lucille Bremer, American actress, dancer (d. 1996) February 23 – Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, 2-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1985) February 25 Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993) Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009) February 26 – Robert Taft Jr., American politician (d. 1993) February 27 John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993) Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress, singer and folk song collector (d. 2012) February 28 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 2007) March March 1 Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977) Dinah Shore, American actress (d. 1994) March 2 Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician, and television producer; co-founder of Desilu Productions (d. 1986) Babiker Awadalla, 8th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2019) Laurie Baker, English architect (d. 2007) Max Webb, Polish-American real estate developer and philanthropist (d. 2018) March 3 – Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952) March 4 – Clyde McCullough, American baseball catcher (d. 1982) March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, 39th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2006) March 6 Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977) Will Eisner, American cartoonist (d. 2005) March 8 – George H. Gay Jr., United States Navy officer (d. 1994) March 11 – James Megellas, United States Army officer (d. 2020) March 12 Giovanni Benedetti, Italian Catholic prelate (d. 2017) Leonard Chess, Polish-American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d. 1969) Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011) March 16 – Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian royal and politician (d. 2018) March 18 – Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Romanian politician (d. 2017) March 19 Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950) Peggy Ahern, American actress (d. 2012) Sardon Jubir, Malaysian politician (d. 1985) March 20 Haddon Donald, New Zealand Army Lieutenant Colonel and politician (d. 2018) Dame Vera Lynn, English actress, singer (d. 2020) March 21 Anton Coppola, American opera conductor, composer (d. 2020) Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984) March 22 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004) March 23 – Kenneth Tobey, American actor (d. 2002) March 24 Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d. 2007) John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997) March 26 – Rufus Thomas, American singer (d. 2001) March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002) April April 1 Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997) Leon Janney, American actor (d. 1980) April 2 – Dabbs Greer, American actor (d. 2007) April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994) April 7 – R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012) April 8 John Whitney, American animator, composer, and pioneer in computer animation (d. 1995) Hubertus Ernst, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) April 9 – Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002) April 10 – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) April 11 – Morton Sobell, American spy (d. 2018) April 12 – Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav politician (d. 1977) April 13 Robert O. Anderson, American businessman, founder of Atlantic Richfield Oil Co. (d. 2007) Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011) Li Rui, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2019) April 14 Valerie Hobson, British actress (d. 1998) Marvin Miller, American baseball executive (d. 2012) April 15 – Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982) April 16 – Barry Nelson, American actor (d. 2007) April 22 Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016) Ambrose Schindler, American football player, actor (d. 2018) April 23 – Dorian Leigh, American model (d. 2008) April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996) April 26 I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect (d. 2019) Virgil Trucks, American baseball player (d. 2013) April 28 Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999) Robert Cornthwaite, American actor (d. 2006) April 29 Bernard Blossac, French fashion illustrator (d. 2002) Celeste Holm, American actress (d. 2012) Maya Deren, Russian-American experimental filmmaker (d. 1961) April 30 – Bea Wain, American singer (d. 2017) May May 1 John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, best known for his role in General Hospital (d. 1996) Ulric Cross, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero (d. |
Rocky Mountains from the eastern side (the Spanish conquistadors had seen the Rockies from the west side). January 8 – King Augustus III of Poland, acting in his capacity as Elector of Saxony, signs an agreement with Austria pledging help in war in return for part of Silesia to be conveyed to Saxony. January 12 The Verendryes, and two members of the Mandan Indian tribe, reach the foot of the mountains, near the site of what is now Helena, Montana. An earthquake strikes the Philippines January 16 –Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury turns his effects over to King Louis XV of France, 13 days before his death on January 29. January 23 –With mediation by France, Sweden and Russia begin peace negotiations at Åbo to end the Russo-Swedish War. By August 17, Sweden cedes all of its claims to southern Finland. February 21 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson, premieres in London. March 2 – A British expeditionary fleet under Sir Charles Knowles is defeated by the Spanish in the Battle of La Guaira. April–June April 1 – Pope Benedict XIV issues a new bull, barring agreements by spouses to not appeal annulments of marriages April 2 – The Verendrye brothers bury a tablet claiming the Great Plains of North America for King Louis XV of France. A schoolgirl in Pierre, South Dakota, unearths the tablet 170 years later on February 16, 1913. April 3 – Prithvi Narayan Shah becomes the new King of the Gorkha Kingdom and begins a campaign to unify the 54 different principalities in the Himalayas under his rule as part of the unification of Nepal April 9 – The Verendrye brothers make the first contact since 1722 between Europeans and the Sioux Indians, whom they refer to as Les Gens de la Fleche Collee ("the people of the sheathed arrow). April 13 – The British East India Company ship Princess Louisa is wrecked off the coast of Maio Island in the Cape Verde Islands, killing 49 of her 179 crew. April 18 – The trustees of the English Province of Georgia vote to inaugurate public schools in the corporate territory. May 10 – In New France, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville ends his final term (multiple times over 43 years) as Governor of colonial French Louisiana, which he helped colonize; he is succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil (for the next 10 years) and returns to France. May 30 – The Dalecarlian rebellion (1743) breaks out in Sweden. June 27 (June 16 O.S.) – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria: British forces, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeat a French army under the duc de Noailles; King George II of Great Britain (and Elector of Brunswick) leads his own troops, the last British king to do so. July–September July 3 – As a concession to Russia, Sweden's parliament ratifies the election of Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, a great-grandson of King Charles XI, to be heir to the throne of Sweden. Adolphus becomes king on the death of King Frederick on April 5, 1751, marking the end of the Hesse-Kassel dynasty and the start of the dynasty of the Holstein-Gottorp that will rule Sweden from 1751 to 1818 July 13 – All 276 people on board the Dutch East India Company ship Hollandia drown after the ship strikes a rock off of the Isles of Scilly in England near Cornwall. The wreckage is located in 1971. July 20 – Lord Anson captures the Philippine galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga and its treasure of 1,313,843 Spanish dollars at Manila along with a treasure of 2 1/2 million dollars, and proceeds back toward Mexico, then returns to Britain in 1744 July 23 – James Oglethorpe departs from Georgia to England and returns there in September. July 28 – France and the Allies of Britain conclude a treaty to provide care for each other's wounded. July 31 – At a summit in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the British colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania conclude a treaty with the Six Nations, conceding that the member tribes are entitled to the territory west of the Appalachian mountains and north of the Ohio River. August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo. August 24 – The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrendered to the Russians in Helsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath. August 27 – Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain. September 11 – Russian noble Natalia Lopukhina is flogged in front of the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg, bringing a conclusion to the "Lopukhina Affair" plotted by France and the Duchy of Holstein. September 13 – The Treaty of Worms is signed between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia. October–December October 19 – Louis Maria Colons, one of nine French Canadians who had attempted to colonize territory in what is now New Mexico, is executed for attempting to persuade the Pueblo Indians to rise up against the Spanish colonial | in England near Cornwall. The wreckage is located in 1971. July 20 – Lord Anson captures the Philippine galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga and its treasure of 1,313,843 Spanish dollars at Manila along with a treasure of 2 1/2 million dollars, and proceeds back toward Mexico, then returns to Britain in 1744 July 23 – James Oglethorpe departs from Georgia to England and returns there in September. July 28 – France and the Allies of Britain conclude a treaty to provide care for each other's wounded. July 31 – At a summit in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the British colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania conclude a treaty with the Six Nations, conceding that the member tribes are entitled to the territory west of the Appalachian mountains and north of the Ohio River. August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo. August 24 – The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrendered to the Russians in Helsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath. August 27 – Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain. September 11 – Russian noble Natalia Lopukhina is flogged in front of the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg, bringing a conclusion to the "Lopukhina Affair" plotted by France and the Duchy of Holstein. September 13 – The Treaty of Worms is signed between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia. October–December October 19 – Louis Maria Colons, one of nine French Canadians who had attempted to colonize territory in what is now New Mexico, is executed for attempting to persuade the Pueblo Indians to rise up against the Spanish colonial government. October 21 – Benjamin Franklin's view of a lunar eclipse from Philadelphia is spoiled by a rainstorm; several days later, he learns that residents of Boston received the same storm hours after the eclipse, demonstrating that weather moves from west to east. October 23 – After almost six weeks, Nader Shah of Persia lifts the siege of Mosul. November 5 – Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury are organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle. December 3 – Ecuadorian scientist Pedro Vicente Maldonado departs from Brazil in order to purchase the most state-of-the-art equipment for the French Geodesic Mission December 9 – At Haarlem, Dutch astronomer Dirk Klinkenberg becomes the first to observe the Great Comet of 1744. Swiss astronomer Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux discovers it independently on December 13. Both scientists are given credit for its discovery December 10 – King Louis XV of France informs King Philip V of Spain of his intent to try to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the United Kingdom. James Francis Edward Stuart was briefly the Crown Prince of England and Scotland until his father, King James II, was deposed in 1688 and, as Pretender to the Throne, would become King James III if the attack, planned for January 1, 1744 succeeds. December 11 – Princess Louise of Great Britain, daughter of King George II, weds Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway. Undated Capodimonte porcelain is first manufactured, in Naples. Probable date – The last wolf in Scotland is shot, in Killiecrankie. Births January 1 – Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Harburn, British admiral (d. 1802) January 18 – Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, French philosopher, "le philosophe inconnu" (d. 1803) January 25 – Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher (d. 1819) February 13 – Sir Joseph Banks, British naturalist and botanist (d. 1820) February 14 – George Morgan, American merchant and Indian agent (d. 1810) February 19 – Luigi Boccherini, Italian composer (d. 1805) February 23 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1818 February 28 – René Just Haüy, French "father of modern crystallography" (d. 1822) March – Joseph Brant, Mohawk leader (d. 1807) March 4 – Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (d. 1818) March 14 – Hannah Cowley, English dramatist and poet (d. 1809) March 28 (March 17 O.S.) – Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, Russian princess, courtier and patron of the arts and sciences (d. 1810) April – Etta Palm d'Aelders, Dutch-French feminist (d. 1799) April 1 – Richard Butler American general (d. 1793) April 13 – Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States, author of the Declaration of American Independence (d. 1826) May 14 – Louis Lebègue Duportail French military leader in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1802) May 17 – Seth Warner American revolutionary hero (d. 1784) May 20 – Toussaint Louverture, Haitian rebel (d. 1803) May 24 – Jean-Paul Marat, French revolutionary, doctor and scientist (d. 1793) June 2 – Alessandro Cagliostro, Italian Freemason (d. 1795) June 3 José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, Spanish viceroy of Peru (d. 1821) Lucia Galeazzi Galvani, Italian scientist (d. 1788) August 7 - Susan Carnegie, writer and founder of the first public asylum in Scotland |
3 – King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway (d. 1872) May 4 – Frederic Edwin Church, American painter (d. 1900) May 7 – Varina Davis, First Lady of the Confederate States of America (d. 1906) May 8 – Miguel Ângelo Lupi, Portuguese painter (d. 1883) May 24 – Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin, Swiss international women's rights activist, pacifist (d. 1899) May 26 – Richard Christopher Carrington, English astronomer (d. 1875) May 28 – Benjamin Gratz Brown, American politician (d. 1885) June 24 – George Goyder, surveyor-general of South Australia (d. 1898) June 26 – Warren F. Daniell, American politician (d. 1913) June 30 – Ozra Amander Hadley, American politician (d. 1915) July–December July 4 Stephen Foster, American songwriter, poet (d. 1864) Green Clay Smith, American temperance movement leader (d. 1895) July 8 – Benjamin Grierson, American Civil War general (d. 1911) July 31 – William S. Clark, American chemist, 3rd President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (d. 1886) August 7 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic (d. 1889) August 11 – Andrew Jackson Davis, American spiritualist (d. 1910) August 21 – Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist, professor (d. 1903) September 8 – Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1891) September 17 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (d. 1866) October 8 – Emily Blackwell, American physician (d. 1910) November 24 – Carlo Collodi, Italian writer (d. 1890) November 27 – Jonathan Young, United States Navy commodore (d. 1885) December 3 – George B. McClellan, American general, politician (d. 1885) December 8 - John Brown, Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (d. 1883) Date unknown Cetshwayo kaMpande, Zulu king (d. 1884) Deaths January–June January 3 Marie Le Masson Le Golft, French naturalist (b. 1750) Louis-Gabriel Suchet, French marshal (b. 1770) January 17 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer (b. 1806) January 23 – Abraham Woodhull, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1750) February 17 – John Manners-Sutton, British politician (b. 1752) March 10 – King John VI of Portugal (b. 1767) March 29 – Johann Heinrich Voss, German poet (b. 1751) April 11 – Anton Walter, Austrian piano maker (b. 1752) April 25 – Karl Ludwig von Phull, German military leader (b. 1757) May 4 – Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan, Spanish colonial governor in Cuba (b. 1757) May 7 – Sophie Hagman, Swedish ballerina, royal mistress (b. 1758) May 16 Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna, consort of Alexander I of Russia (b. 1779) Joseph Holt, 1798 United Irish rebel general (b. 1756) June 3 – Nikolay Karamzin, Russian language reformer (b. 1766) June 5 – Carl Maria von Weber, German composer (b. 1786) June 7 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German optician (b. 1787) July–December July 4 John Adams, 90, 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735) Thomas Jefferson, 83, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743) July 5 Joseph Proust, French chemist (b. 1754) Stamford Raffles, British colonial governor, founder of Singapore (b. 1781) July | Mexican Texas make the first attempt to secede from Mexico, establishing the Republic of Fredonia, which will survive for just over a month. December 25 The Eggnog Riot breaks out at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York during the early morning hours. Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound, to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near Albany. Date unknown The first railway tunnel is built en route between Liverpool and Manchester, in England. The British East India Company colony of the Straits Settlements is established. Aniline is first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo, by Otto Unverdorben. Ludwig van Beethoven composes the Große Fuge. Mahmud II's council orders the janissaries to drill in the European manner. Births January–June January 1 – Mikhail Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman, general (d. 1888) January 12 – William Chapman Ralston, American banker, financier (d. 1875) January 15 – Marie Pasteur, French chemist (d. 1910) January 24 – William Daniel, American temperance movement leader (d. 1897) January 26 – Louis Favre, Swiss engineer (d. 1879) January 27 Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Russian writer (d. 1889) Richard Taylor, American Confederate general (d. 1879) January 30 – Robert F. R. Lewis, American naval officer (d. 1881) February 3 – Walter Bagehot, English economist and journalist (d. 1877) February 7 – James Edward Jouett, American admiral (d. 1902) February 9 – John A. Logan, American soldier, political leader (d. 1886) February 15 – George Johnstone Stoney, Anglo-Irish physicist (d. 1911) February 16 Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen, Danish chemist (d. 1909) Joseph Victor von Scheffel, German poet (d. 1886) Julia Grant, First Lady of the United States (d. 1902) March 3 – Joseph Wharton, American industrialist (d. 1909) March 4 John Buford, American general (d. 1863) Theodore Judah, American railroad engineer (d. 1863) March 24 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, American feminist (d. 1898) March 29 – Wilhelm Liebknecht, German journalist, politician (d. 1900) April 3 – Cyrus K. Holliday, cofounder of Topeka, Kansas, first president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (d. 1900) April 6 – Gustave Moreau, French painter (d. 1898) May 3 – King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway (d. 1872) May 4 – Frederic Edwin Church, American painter (d. 1900) May 7 – Varina Davis, First Lady of the Confederate States of America (d. 1906) May 8 – Miguel Ângelo Lupi, Portuguese painter (d. 1883) May 24 – Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin, Swiss international women's rights activist, pacifist (d. 1899) May 26 – Richard Christopher Carrington, English astronomer (d. 1875) May 28 – Benjamin Gratz Brown, American politician (d. 1885) June 24 – George Goyder, surveyor-general of South Australia (d. 1898) June 26 – Warren F. Daniell, American politician (d. 1913) June 30 – Ozra Amander Hadley, American politician (d. 1915) July–December July 4 Stephen Foster, American songwriter, poet (d. 1864) Green Clay Smith, American temperance movement leader (d. 1895) July 8 – Benjamin Grierson, American Civil War general (d. 1911) July 31 – William S. Clark, American chemist, 3rd President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (d. 1886) August 7 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic (d. 1889) August 11 – Andrew Jackson Davis, American spiritualist (d. 1910) August 21 – Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist, professor (d. 1903) September 8 – Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1891) September 17 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (d. 1866) October 8 – Emily Blackwell, American physician (d. 1910) November 24 – Carlo Collodi, Italian writer (d. 1890) November 27 – Jonathan Young, United States Navy commodore (d. 1885) December 3 – George B. McClellan, American general, politician (d. 1885) December 8 - John Brown, Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (d. 1883) Date unknown Cetshwayo kaMpande, Zulu king (d. 1884) Deaths January–June January 3 Marie Le Masson Le Golft, French naturalist (b. 1750) Louis-Gabriel Suchet, French marshal (b. 1770) January 17 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer (b. 1806) January 23 – Abraham Woodhull, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1750) February 17 – John Manners-Sutton, British politician (b. 1752) March 10 – King John VI of Portugal (b. 1767) March |
and Mexico. September 17 – Russian troops withdraw from Poland. September 19 – 1993 Polish parliamentary election: A coalition of the Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party led by Waldemar Pawlak comes into power. September 22 – Big Bayou Canot train disaster: A bridge collapses as the Amtrak Sunset Limited crosses it, killing 47. September 23 – The International Olympic Committee selects Sydney, Australia, to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. September 24 – The Cambodian monarchy is restored, with Norodom Sihanouk as king. September 26 The first mission in Biosphere 2 ends after two years. PoSAT-1 (the first Portuguese satellite) is launched on board French rocket Ariane 4. September 27 – War in Abkhazia: Fall of Sukhumi – Eduard Shevardnadze accuses Russia of passive complicity. September 30 – The 6.2 Latur earthquake shakes Maharashtra, India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) killing 9,748 and injuring 30,000. October October 3–4– Battle of Mogadishu: The U.S. Army conducts Operation Gothic Serpent in the city of Mogadishu, Somalia, using Task Force Ranger. Two U.S. Army UH-60 Blackhawks are shot down and the operation leaves over 1,000 Somalians dead and over 74 Americans wounded in action, 18 killed and 1 captured. October 4 – The Russian constitutional crisis culminates with Russian military and security forces, using tanks and clearing the White House of Russia Parliament building by force, quashing a mass uprising against President Boris Yeltsin. October 5 – China performs a nuclear test, ending a worldwide de facto moratorium. October 10 – The South Korean ferry Seohae capsizes off Pusan, South Korea; 292 are killed. October 11–28 – The UNMIH is prevented from entering Haiti by its military-led regime. On October 18, United Nations economic sanctions (abolished in August) are reinstated. U.S. President Bill Clinton sends 6 American warships to enforce them. October 13 1993 Greek legislative election: Andreas Papandreou begins his second term as Prime Minister of Greece. The fifth summit of the Francophonie opens in Mauritius. The 1993 Finisterre earthquakes in Papua New Guinea kills at least 60 due to landslides. October 19 – Benazir Bhutto becomes the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time. October 21 – A coup in Burundi results in the death of president Melchior Ndadaye and sparks the Burundi Civil War. October 25 – 1993 Canadian federal election: Jean Chrétien and his Liberal Party defeat the governing Progressive Conservative Party, which falls to a historic low of two seats. November November 1 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union. November 4 – Jean Chretien becomes the 20th Prime Minister of Canada. November 5 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Railways Act 1993, setting out the procedures for privatisation of British Rail. November 9 – Bosnian Croat forces destroy the Stari Most, or Old Bridge of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by tank fire. November 12 – London Convention: Marine dumping of radioactive waste is outlawed. November 17–22 – The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) passes the legislative houses in the United States, Canada and Mexico. November 17 – In Nigeria, General Sani Abacha ousts the government of Ernest Shonekan in a military coup. November 18 In a status referendum, Puerto Rico residents vote with a slim margin to maintain Commonwealth status. The first meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit opens in Seattle. November 20 – An Avioimpex Yakovlev Yak-42D crashes into Mount Trojani near Ohrid, Macedonia. All 8 crew members and 115 of the 116 passengers are killed. November 28 – The Observer reveals that a channel of communications has existed between the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the British government, despite the government's persistent denials. November 30 An agreement establishing the Permanent Commission for East African Co-operation is signed. U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. December December 2 STS-61: NASA launches the Space Shuttle Endeavour on a mission to repair an optical flaw in the Hubble Space Telescope. Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar is gunned down by police. December 5 Omar Bongo is re-elected as President of Gabon in the country's first multiparty elections. Rafael Caldera Rodríguez is elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president Ramón José Velásquez. December 7 In Garden City, New York, six people are murdered and 19 injured in the Long Island Rail Road massacre, a racially motivated mass shooting perpetrated by Colin Ferguson, a black Jamaican immigrant. The 32-member Transitional Executive Committee holds its first meeting in Cape Town, marking the first meeting of an official government body in South Africa with Black members. President of Ivory Coast Félix Houphouët-Boigny dies at 88, the oldest African head of state. He is succeeded four days later by Henri Konan Bédié. December 8 – U.S. President Bill Clinton signs into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. December 10 – id Software's Doom is released, becoming a landmark title in first-person shooter video games. December 11 One of the three blocks of the Highland Towers near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia collapses, killing 48. 1993 Chilean presidential election: Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected with 58% of the vote. December 13 Former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and is succeeded as leader by Jean Charest. The Majilis of Kazakhstan approves the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and agrees to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR. December 15 – The Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) talks reach a successful conclusion after seven years. December 17 – Brazil's Supreme Court rules that former President Fernando Collor de Mello may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption. December 20 The United Nations General Assembly votes to appoint a U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. The first corrected images from the Hubble Telescope are taken. December 21 – The Hungarian Parliament elects Péter Boross Prime Minister of Hungary following the death of József Antall on December 12. December 30 The Congress Party gains a parliamentary majority in India after the defection of 10 Janata Dal party lawmakers. Representatives of Israel and the Holy See sign the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations. Argentina passes a measure allowing President Carlos Menem and all future presidents to run for a second consecutive term. It also shortens presidential terms to 4 years and removes the requirement for the president to be Roman Catholic. Date unknown 1992–1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak occurs in the United States when 732 people, mostly children, are infected with the Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacterium originating from undercooked beef patties in hamburgers; four die. Severe floods hit South Asia, killing over 4,000 people in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Wildfires in California destroy over and 700 homes. Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time becomes the longest-running book on the bestseller list of The Sunday Times ever. Births January January 1 – Larry Nance Jr., American basketball player January 2 – Bryson Tiller, American singer-songwriter January 4 – Scott Redding, English Grand Prix motorcycle racer January 6 – Jesús Manuel Corona, Mexican footballer January 7 – Jan Oblak, Slovenian footballer January 9 Ashley Argota, American actress and singer Katarina Johnson-Thompson, English heptathlete Aminata Savadogo, Latvian singer-songwriter January 12 D.O., South Korean singer and actor Zayn Malik, British singer January 13 – Max Whitlock, English artistic gymnast January 14 – Mariya Lasitskene, Russian track and field athlete January 15 – Paulina Vega, Colombian model and television presenter January 22 Netta Barzilai, Israeli singer Rio Haryanto, Indonesian racing driver Ardi Idrus, Indonesian footballer January 25 – Iris Mittenaere, French beauty queen and model January 28 John Brooks, German-born American soccer player Will Poulter, English actor January 29 – Kyary Pamyu Pamyu, Japanese model, blogger, and recording artist February February 6 – Tinashe, American actress and singer February 7 – Diego Laxalt, Uruguayan footballer February 9 – Parimarjan Negi, Indian chess prodigy February 10 – Mia Khalifa, Lebanese-American media personality February 11 Monifa Jansen, Curaçaoan model Karl Geiger, German ski-jumper February 12 – Rafinha, Brazilian football player February 15 – Ravi, South Korean rapper and songwriter February 17 Elhaida Dani, Albanian singer-songwriter Marc Márquez, Spanish four time MotoGP world champion February 19 – Victoria Justice, American actress and singer February 23 – Kasumi Ishikawa, Japanese table tennis player February 28 – Emmelie de Forest, Danish singer and songwriter March March 1 – Juan Bernat, Spanish footballer March 2 Pandelela Rinong, Malaysian diver Mariya Yaremchuk, Ukrainian pop singer March 3 – Antonio Rüdiger, German footballer March 4 – Bobbi Kristina Brown, American media personality and singer (d. 2015) March 5 Fred, Brazilian footballer Harry Maguire, English footballer March 9 – Suga, South Korean rapper and songwriter March 10 – Peniel, South Korean based rapper March 11 Jodie Comer, English actress Anthony Davis, American basketball player March 14 – Anna Ewers, German model March 15 Alia Bhatt, British-born Indian actress and singer Paul Pogba, French footballer Mark Scheifele, Canadian ice hockey player March 18 – Mana Iwabuchi, Japanese footballer March 19 – Hakim Ziyech, Moroccan footballer March 20 – Sloane Stephens, American tennis player March 23 – Lee Hyun-woo, South Korean actor and singer March 24 – Gustavo Henrique, Brazilian footballer March 29 – Thorgan Hazard, Belgian footballer March 30 Anitta, Brazilian singer and dancer Ji Soo, South Korean actor April April 2 Shin Jae-ha, South Korean actor Keshorn Walcott, Trinidadian javelin thrower April 10 – Sofia Carson, American actress and singer April 12 – Ryan Nugent-Hopkins, Canadian ice hockey player April 14 Vivien Cardone, American actress Josephine Skriver, Danish model April 15 – Felipe Anderson, Brazilian footballer April 16 Chance the Rapper, American rapper Mirai Nagasu, Japanese-American figure skater April 22 Hwayoung, Korean rapper, dancer, model, and actress Hyoyoung, Korean model, actress, and singer April 24 – Ben Davies, Welsh footballer April 25 – Raphaël Varane, French footballer April 28 – Eva Samková, Czech snowboarder April 30 – Arnór Ingvi Traustason, Icelandic footballer May May 2 – Isyana Sarasvati, Indonesian singer and songwriter May 6 – Naomi Scott, English actress, singer and musician May 8 – Kayla Williams, American gymnast May 9 – Ryosuke Yamada, Japanese idol May 10 Tímea Babos, Hungarian tennis player Spencer Fox, American actor, musician, and singer Halston Sage, American actress May 11 – Maurice Harkless, American-Puerto Rican basketball player May 13 Romelu Lukaku, Belgian football player Stefan Kraft, Austrian ski jumper Debby Ryan, American actress and singer Tones and I, Australian singer-songwriter May 14 Miranda Cosgrove, American actress and singer Kristina Mladenovic, French tennis player May 16 IU, South Korean singer-songwriter and actress Atticus Mitchell, Canadian actor and musician May 18 – Jessica Watson, Australian sailor May 20 Juanmi, Spanish footballer Caroline Zhang, American figure skater May 25 – Andrés Felipe Roa, Colombian footballer May 27 – Mikel Agu, Nigerian football player May 28 – Jonnie Peacock, English Paralympic athlete May 29 Richard Carapaz, Ecuadorian cyclist Jana Čepelová, Slovak tennis player June June 3 – Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, American theoretical physicist June 6 Frida Gustavsson, Swedish model Ashley Spencer, American track and field athlete June 7 Swae Lee, American singer, rapper and songwriter George Ezra, English singer-songwriter Jordan Fry, American actor Amanda Leighton, American actress Park Ji-yeon, South Korean singer and actress June 10 – Scott McLaughlin, New Zealander race car driver June 12 – Robbie Henshaw, Irish rugby union player June 13 Thomas Partey, Ghanaian footballer Denis Ten, Kazakhstani figure skater (d. 2018) June 14 – Gunna, American rapper June 15 – Carolina Marín, Spanish badminton player June 16 Park Bo-gum, South Korean actor Alex Len, Ukrainian basketball player June 17 – Jean Marie Froget, Mauritian swimmer June 19 – KSI, British YouTube personality June 20 – Sead Kolašinac, German-Bosinian footballer June 21 Caroline Brasch Nielsen, Danish model Matej Palčič, Slovenian footballer June 22 – Loris Karius, German footballer June 25 – Barney Clark, British actor June 26 – Ariana Grande, American singer, songwriter, and actress June 27 Adair Cardoso, Brazilian singer and composer Gabriela Gunčíková, Czech singer Camila Queiroz, Brazilian actress June 28 Bradley Beal, American basketball player Beanie Feldstein, American actress Jung Dae-hyun, South Korean singer June 29 Harrison Gilbertson, Australian actor James Sanderson, Gibraltarian swimmer Alyssa Valdez, Filipino volleyball player June 30 – Alexander Evtushenko, Russian racing cyclist July July 1 – Raini Rodriguez, American actress and singer July 2 Yassine Meriah, Tunisian footballer Ieva Zasimauskaitė, Lithuanian singer Saweetie, American rapper July 3 Mathias Anderle, American singer-songwriter and actor Roy Kim, South Korean singer-songwriter Vincent Lacoste, French actor PartyNextDoor, Canadian rapper, singer-songwriter, and record producer July 4 – Mate Pavić, Croatian tennis player July 6 – Jana Burčeska, Macedonian singer July 7 Ally Brooke, American singer Shakhram Giyasov, Uzbekistani boxer July 8 – Ergys Kaçe, Albanian footballer July 9 Mitch Larkin, Australian swimmer Bret Loehr, American actor DeAndre Yedlin, American soccer player July 10 Carlon Jeffery, American actor Florian Sénéchal, French racing cyclist July 11 – Rebecca Bross, American gymnast July 13 Daniel Bentley, English footballer July 14 – Sayaka Yamamoto, Japanese singer July 16 Alexander Ipatov, Ukrainian-Turkish chess grandmaster Katie McGlynn, English actress Ganna Rizatdinova, Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast July 18 Alex Esmail, British actor and wrestler Taemin, South Korean singer-songwriter, actor, and dancer. July 20 Steven Adams, New Zealand basketball player Alycia Debnam-Carey, Australian actress Lucas Digne, French footballer Debrah Scarlett, Norwegian-Swiss singer July 21 Haziq Kamaruddin, Malaysian archer Luksika Kumkhum, Thai tennis player July 24 – Rouzbeh Cheshmi, Iranian footballer July 26 Elizabeth Gillies, American actress Taylor Momsen, American singer, songwriter, and model Stormzy, English rapper July 27 Alexandra Mardell, English actress Jordan Spieth, American golfer July 28 Harry Kane, English footballer Cher Lloyd, English singer July 30 – Andre Gomes, Portuguese footballer August August 1 – Leon Thomas III, American actor and singer August 10 – Andre Drummond, American basketball player August 11 Gita Gutawa, Indonesian soprano, actress, and songwriter Alireza Jahanbakhsh, Iranian footballer Alyson Stoner, American actress, singer and dancer August 12 Ewa Farna, Polish singer Luna, South Korean singer, musical actress, and television presenter August 13 Artur Gachinski, Russian figure skater Johnny Gaudreau, American ice hockey player August 14 – Cassi Thomson, Australian actress and singer August 15 Clinton N'Jie, Cameroonian footballer Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, English footballer August 16 – Cameron Monaghan, American actor August 17 Cinta Laura, Indonesian-German actress and singer Ederson Moraes, Brazilian football goalkeeper Sarah Sjöström, Swedish swimmer Yoo Seung-ho, South Korean actor August 18 Jung Eun-ji, South Korean singer, songwriter, actress, and voice actress Maia Mitchell, Australian actress and singer August 20 – Laura Glauser, French handballer August 24 – Marina Rajčić, Montenegrin handballer August 26 – Keke Palmer, American actress and singer August 28 Sora Amamiya, Japanese voice actress Shira Naor, Israeli actress August 29 Lucas Cruikshank, American comedian, actor, & YouTuber Liam Payne, British singer-songwriter August 30 – Paco Alcácer, Spanish footballer August 31 – Haruka Imai, Japanese figure skater September September 1 Mario Lemina, Gabonese–French footballer Ilona Mitrecey, French singer Silje Norendal, Norwegian snowboarder September 2 – Montana Cox, Australian model September 3 – Dominic Thiem, Austrian tennis player September 4 – Yannick Carrasco, Belgian footballer September 5 – Gage Golightly, American actress September 10 – Ruggero Pasquarelli, Italian singer and actor September 12 – Kelsea Ballerini, American singer September 13 Aisha Dee, Australian actress Niall Horan, Irish singer-songwriter September 15 Dennis Schröder, German basketball player JP Tokoto, American basketball player September 16 – Bryson DeChambeau, American golfer September 17 – Sofiane Boufal, French-Moroccan footballer September 18 – Patrick Schwarzenegger, American actor and model September 20 – Julian Draxler, German footballer September 21 – Ante Rebić, Croatian footballer September 23 – Pontus Åberg, Swedish ice hockey player September 24 Sonya Deville, American professional wrestler Ben Platt, American actor and singer September 25 Rosalía, Spanish singer, songwriter and record producer Abdel Nader, Egyptian-American basketball player September 26 – Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, American basketball player September 27 Patrick Mölleken, German actor, dubber, and voice-over artist Monica Puig, Puerto Rican tennis player September 28 – Jodie Williams, British sprint runner September 29 Hongbin, South Korean singer and actor Milad Mohammadi, Iranian footballer Carlos Salcedo, Mexican footballer October October 1 – Christian Bravo, Chilean footballer October 2 Michy Batshuayi, Belgian footballer Lasha Talakhadze, Georgian weightlifter Tara Lynne Barr, American actress October 6 – Adam Gemili, British sprinter October 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, Spanish professional tennis player Barbara Palvin, Hungarian model Molly Quinn, American actress Angus T. Jones, American actor October 9 Lauren Davis, American tennis player Scotty McCreery, American singer October 11 – Brandon Flynn, American actor October 13 – Tiffany Trump, American socialite and model October 16 Wílmar Barrios, Colombian footballer Caroline Garcia, French tennis player October 19 – Youna Dufournet, French artistic gymnast October 23 Fabinho, Brazilian footballer Taylor Spreitler, American actress October 29 – India Eisley, American actress October 30 – Marcus Mariota, American football player October 31 Nadine Lustre, Filipino actress Letitia Wright, Guyanese-British actress November November 4 – Elisabeth Seitz, German artistic gymnast November 13 – Julia Michaels, American singer and songwriter November 14 Tabata Amaral, Brazilian political scientist, education activist and politician Luis Gil, American soccer player Samuel Umtiti, Cameroonian-French footballer November 15 Paulo Dybala, Argentine footballer Melitina Staniouta, Belarusian individual rhythmic gymnast November 16 Pete Davidson, American comedian and actor Dakota Earnest, American gymnast November 17 – Taylor Gold, American Olympic snowboarder November 19 – Suso, Spanish footballer November 21 – Elena Myers, American motorcycle racer November 22 – Adèle Exarchopoulos, French actress November 25 – Danny Kent, English motorcycle racer November 28 David Nofoaluma, Australian-Samoan rugby league player Stephanie Park, Canadian paralympic wheelchair basketball player November 29 – David Lambert, American actor November 30 Yuri Chinen, Japanese idol Mia Goth, English actress and model December December 5 – Ross Barkley, English footballer December 7 – Jasmine V, American singer December 8 – AnnaSophia Robb, American actress, singer and model December 11 – Yalitza Aparicio, Mexican actress and educator December 16 Thiago Braz da Silva, Brazilian athlete December 17 – Kiersey Clemons, American actress and singer December 18 Ana Porgras, Romanian artistic gymnast Riria, Japanese actress December 20 Andrea Belotti, Italian footballer Isabel Durant, Australian actress Yana Egorian, Russian sabre fencer December 22 Raphaël Guerreiro, Portuguese footballer Meghan Trainor, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer December 25 Ariadna Gutiérrez, Colombian actress, television host, and model Emi Takei, Japanese actress, fashion model, and singer December 27 – Olivia Cooke, English actress Unknown date Nadia Murad, Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist Deaths January January 5 Juan Benet, Spanish writer (b. 1927) Yuri Bezmenov, Soviet KGB informant (b. 1939) January 6 Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (b. 1922) Dizzy Gillespie, American jazz musician (b. 1917) Richard Mortensen, Danish painter (b. 1910) Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer (b. 1938) January 9 – Paul Hasluck, Australian politician, 17th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1905) January 10 – Luther Gulick, expert on public administration (b. 1892) January 13 Camargo Guarnieri, Brazilian composer (b. 1907) René Pleven, French politician, 88th Prime Minister of France (b. 1901) January 15 – Sammy Cahn, American lyricist (b. 1913) January 16 Glenn Corbett, American actor (b. 1930) Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Icelandic strongman (b. 1960) January 18 – Eleanor Burford, English writer (b. 1906) January 20 – Audrey Hepburn, Belgian-born British actress (b. 1929) January 21 Charlie Gehringer, American baseball player (b. 1903) Leo Löwenthal, German sociologist (b. 1900) January 22 Kōbō Abe, Japanese author (b. 1924) Jim Pollard, American professional basketball player and coach (b. 1922) January 23 Thomas A. Dorsey, American musician and Christian evangelist, "Father of Gospel Music" (b. 1899) | residents vote with a slim margin to maintain Commonwealth status. The first meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit opens in Seattle. November 20 – An Avioimpex Yakovlev Yak-42D crashes into Mount Trojani near Ohrid, Macedonia. All 8 crew members and 115 of the 116 passengers are killed. November 28 – The Observer reveals that a channel of communications has existed between the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the British government, despite the government's persistent denials. November 30 An agreement establishing the Permanent Commission for East African Co-operation is signed. U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. December December 2 STS-61: NASA launches the Space Shuttle Endeavour on a mission to repair an optical flaw in the Hubble Space Telescope. Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar is gunned down by police. December 5 Omar Bongo is re-elected as President of Gabon in the country's first multiparty elections. Rafael Caldera Rodríguez is elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president Ramón José Velásquez. December 7 In Garden City, New York, six people are murdered and 19 injured in the Long Island Rail Road massacre, a racially motivated mass shooting perpetrated by Colin Ferguson, a black Jamaican immigrant. The 32-member Transitional Executive Committee holds its first meeting in Cape Town, marking the first meeting of an official government body in South Africa with Black members. President of Ivory Coast Félix Houphouët-Boigny dies at 88, the oldest African head of state. He is succeeded four days later by Henri Konan Bédié. December 8 – U.S. President Bill Clinton signs into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. December 10 – id Software's Doom is released, becoming a landmark title in first-person shooter video games. December 11 One of the three blocks of the Highland Towers near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia collapses, killing 48. 1993 Chilean presidential election: Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected with 58% of the vote. December 13 Former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and is succeeded as leader by Jean Charest. The Majilis of Kazakhstan approves the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and agrees to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR. December 15 – The Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) talks reach a successful conclusion after seven years. December 17 – Brazil's Supreme Court rules that former President Fernando Collor de Mello may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption. December 20 The United Nations General Assembly votes to appoint a U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. The first corrected images from the Hubble Telescope are taken. December 21 – The Hungarian Parliament elects Péter Boross Prime Minister of Hungary following the death of József Antall on December 12. December 30 The Congress Party gains a parliamentary majority in India after the defection of 10 Janata Dal party lawmakers. Representatives of Israel and the Holy See sign the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations. Argentina passes a measure allowing President Carlos Menem and all future presidents to run for a second consecutive term. It also shortens presidential terms to 4 years and removes the requirement for the president to be Roman Catholic. Date unknown 1992–1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak occurs in the United States when 732 people, mostly children, are infected with the Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacterium originating from undercooked beef patties in hamburgers; four die. Severe floods hit South Asia, killing over 4,000 people in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Wildfires in California destroy over and 700 homes. Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time becomes the longest-running book on the bestseller list of The Sunday Times ever. Births January January 1 – Larry Nance Jr., American basketball player January 2 – Bryson Tiller, American singer-songwriter January 4 – Scott Redding, English Grand Prix motorcycle racer January 6 – Jesús Manuel Corona, Mexican footballer January 7 – Jan Oblak, Slovenian footballer January 9 Ashley Argota, American actress and singer Katarina Johnson-Thompson, English heptathlete Aminata Savadogo, Latvian singer-songwriter January 12 D.O., South Korean singer and actor Zayn Malik, British singer January 13 – Max Whitlock, English artistic gymnast January 14 – Mariya Lasitskene, Russian track and field athlete January 15 – Paulina Vega, Colombian model and television presenter January 22 Netta Barzilai, Israeli singer Rio Haryanto, Indonesian racing driver Ardi Idrus, Indonesian footballer January 25 – Iris Mittenaere, French beauty queen and model January 28 John Brooks, German-born American soccer player Will Poulter, English actor January 29 – Kyary Pamyu Pamyu, Japanese model, blogger, and recording artist February February 6 – Tinashe, American actress and singer February 7 – Diego Laxalt, Uruguayan footballer February 9 – Parimarjan Negi, Indian chess prodigy February 10 – Mia Khalifa, Lebanese-American media personality February 11 Monifa Jansen, Curaçaoan model Karl Geiger, German ski-jumper February 12 – Rafinha, Brazilian football player February 15 – Ravi, South Korean rapper and songwriter February 17 Elhaida Dani, Albanian singer-songwriter Marc Márquez, Spanish four time MotoGP world champion February 19 – Victoria Justice, American actress and singer February 23 – Kasumi Ishikawa, Japanese table tennis player February 28 – Emmelie de Forest, Danish singer and songwriter March March 1 – Juan Bernat, Spanish footballer March 2 Pandelela Rinong, Malaysian diver Mariya Yaremchuk, Ukrainian pop singer March 3 – Antonio Rüdiger, German footballer March 4 – Bobbi Kristina Brown, American media personality and singer (d. 2015) March 5 Fred, Brazilian footballer Harry Maguire, English footballer March 9 – Suga, South Korean rapper and songwriter March 10 – Peniel, South Korean based rapper March 11 Jodie Comer, English actress Anthony Davis, American basketball player March 14 – Anna Ewers, German model March 15 Alia Bhatt, British-born Indian actress and singer Paul Pogba, French footballer Mark Scheifele, Canadian ice hockey player March 18 – Mana Iwabuchi, Japanese footballer March 19 – Hakim Ziyech, Moroccan footballer March 20 – Sloane Stephens, American tennis player March 23 – Lee Hyun-woo, South Korean actor and singer March 24 – Gustavo Henrique, Brazilian footballer March 29 – Thorgan Hazard, Belgian footballer March 30 Anitta, Brazilian singer and dancer Ji Soo, South Korean actor April April 2 Shin Jae-ha, South Korean actor Keshorn Walcott, Trinidadian javelin thrower April 10 – Sofia Carson, American actress and singer April 12 – Ryan Nugent-Hopkins, Canadian ice hockey player April 14 Vivien Cardone, American actress Josephine Skriver, Danish model April 15 – Felipe Anderson, Brazilian footballer April 16 Chance the Rapper, American rapper Mirai Nagasu, Japanese-American figure skater April 22 Hwayoung, Korean rapper, dancer, model, and actress Hyoyoung, Korean model, actress, and singer April 24 – Ben Davies, Welsh footballer April 25 – Raphaël Varane, French footballer April 28 – Eva Samková, Czech snowboarder April 30 – Arnór Ingvi Traustason, Icelandic footballer May May 2 – Isyana Sarasvati, Indonesian singer and songwriter May 6 – Naomi Scott, English actress, singer and musician May 8 – Kayla Williams, American gymnast May 9 – Ryosuke Yamada, Japanese idol May 10 Tímea Babos, Hungarian tennis player Spencer Fox, American actor, musician, and singer Halston Sage, American actress May 11 – Maurice Harkless, American-Puerto Rican basketball player May 13 Romelu Lukaku, Belgian football player Stefan Kraft, Austrian ski jumper Debby Ryan, American actress and singer Tones and I, Australian singer-songwriter May 14 Miranda Cosgrove, American actress and singer Kristina Mladenovic, French tennis player May 16 IU, South Korean singer-songwriter and actress Atticus Mitchell, Canadian actor and musician May 18 – Jessica Watson, Australian sailor May 20 Juanmi, Spanish footballer Caroline Zhang, American figure skater May 25 – Andrés Felipe Roa, Colombian footballer May 27 – Mikel Agu, Nigerian football player May 28 – Jonnie Peacock, English Paralympic athlete May 29 Richard Carapaz, Ecuadorian cyclist Jana Čepelová, Slovak tennis player June June 3 – Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, American theoretical physicist June 6 Frida Gustavsson, Swedish model Ashley Spencer, American track and field athlete June 7 Swae Lee, American singer, rapper and songwriter George Ezra, English singer-songwriter Jordan Fry, American actor Amanda Leighton, American actress Park Ji-yeon, South Korean singer and actress June 10 – Scott McLaughlin, New Zealander race car driver June 12 – Robbie Henshaw, Irish rugby union player June 13 Thomas Partey, Ghanaian footballer Denis Ten, Kazakhstani figure skater (d. 2018) June 14 – Gunna, American rapper June 15 – Carolina Marín, Spanish badminton player June 16 Park Bo-gum, South Korean actor Alex Len, Ukrainian basketball player June 17 – Jean Marie Froget, Mauritian swimmer June 19 – KSI, British YouTube personality June 20 – Sead Kolašinac, German-Bosinian footballer June 21 Caroline Brasch Nielsen, Danish model Matej Palčič, Slovenian footballer June 22 – Loris Karius, German footballer June 25 – Barney Clark, British actor June 26 – Ariana Grande, American singer, songwriter, and actress June 27 Adair Cardoso, Brazilian singer and composer Gabriela Gunčíková, Czech singer Camila Queiroz, Brazilian actress June 28 Bradley Beal, American basketball player Beanie Feldstein, American actress Jung Dae-hyun, South Korean singer June 29 Harrison Gilbertson, Australian actor James Sanderson, Gibraltarian swimmer Alyssa Valdez, Filipino volleyball player June 30 – Alexander Evtushenko, Russian racing cyclist July July 1 – Raini Rodriguez, American actress and singer July 2 Yassine Meriah, Tunisian footballer Ieva Zasimauskaitė, Lithuanian singer Saweetie, American rapper July 3 Mathias Anderle, American singer-songwriter and actor Roy Kim, South Korean singer-songwriter Vincent Lacoste, French actor PartyNextDoor, Canadian rapper, singer-songwriter, and record producer July 4 – Mate Pavić, Croatian tennis player July 6 – Jana Burčeska, Macedonian singer July 7 Ally Brooke, American singer Shakhram Giyasov, Uzbekistani boxer July 8 – Ergys Kaçe, Albanian footballer July 9 Mitch Larkin, Australian swimmer Bret Loehr, American actor DeAndre Yedlin, American soccer player July 10 Carlon Jeffery, American actor Florian Sénéchal, French racing cyclist July 11 – Rebecca Bross, American gymnast July 13 Daniel Bentley, English footballer July 14 – Sayaka Yamamoto, Japanese singer July 16 Alexander Ipatov, Ukrainian-Turkish chess grandmaster Katie McGlynn, English actress Ganna Rizatdinova, Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast July 18 Alex Esmail, British actor and wrestler Taemin, South Korean singer-songwriter, actor, and dancer. July 20 Steven Adams, New Zealand basketball player Alycia Debnam-Carey, Australian actress Lucas Digne, French footballer Debrah Scarlett, Norwegian-Swiss singer July 21 Haziq Kamaruddin, Malaysian archer Luksika Kumkhum, Thai tennis player July 24 – Rouzbeh Cheshmi, Iranian footballer July 26 Elizabeth Gillies, American actress Taylor Momsen, American singer, songwriter, and model Stormzy, English rapper July 27 Alexandra Mardell, English actress Jordan Spieth, American golfer July 28 Harry Kane, English footballer Cher Lloyd, English singer July 30 – Andre Gomes, Portuguese footballer August August 1 – Leon Thomas III, American actor and singer August 10 – Andre Drummond, American basketball player August 11 Gita Gutawa, Indonesian soprano, actress, and songwriter Alireza Jahanbakhsh, Iranian footballer Alyson Stoner, American actress, singer and dancer August 12 Ewa Farna, Polish singer Luna, South Korean singer, musical actress, and television presenter August 13 Artur Gachinski, Russian figure skater Johnny Gaudreau, American ice hockey player August 14 – Cassi Thomson, Australian actress and singer August 15 Clinton N'Jie, Cameroonian footballer Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, English footballer August 16 – Cameron Monaghan, American actor August 17 Cinta Laura, Indonesian-German actress and singer Ederson Moraes, Brazilian football goalkeeper Sarah Sjöström, Swedish swimmer Yoo Seung-ho, South Korean actor August 18 Jung Eun-ji, South Korean singer, songwriter, actress, and voice actress Maia Mitchell, Australian actress and singer August 20 – Laura Glauser, French handballer August 24 – Marina Rajčić, Montenegrin handballer August 26 – Keke Palmer, American actress and singer August 28 Sora Amamiya, Japanese voice actress Shira Naor, Israeli actress August 29 Lucas Cruikshank, American comedian, actor, & YouTuber Liam Payne, British singer-songwriter August 30 – Paco Alcácer, Spanish footballer August 31 – Haruka Imai, Japanese figure skater September September 1 Mario Lemina, Gabonese–French footballer Ilona Mitrecey, French singer Silje Norendal, Norwegian snowboarder September 2 – Montana Cox, Australian model September 3 – Dominic Thiem, Austrian tennis player September 4 – Yannick Carrasco, Belgian footballer September 5 – Gage Golightly, American actress September 10 – Ruggero Pasquarelli, Italian singer and actor September 12 – Kelsea Ballerini, American singer September 13 Aisha Dee, Australian actress Niall Horan, Irish singer-songwriter September 15 Dennis Schröder, German basketball player JP Tokoto, American basketball player September 16 – Bryson DeChambeau, American golfer September 17 – Sofiane Boufal, French-Moroccan footballer September 18 – Patrick Schwarzenegger, American actor and model September 20 – Julian Draxler, German footballer September 21 – Ante Rebić, Croatian footballer September 23 – Pontus Åberg, Swedish ice hockey player September 24 Sonya Deville, American professional wrestler Ben Platt, American actor and singer September 25 Rosalía, Spanish singer, songwriter and record producer Abdel Nader, Egyptian-American basketball player September 26 – Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, American basketball player September 27 Patrick Mölleken, German actor, dubber, and voice-over artist Monica Puig, Puerto Rican tennis player September 28 – Jodie Williams, British sprint runner September 29 Hongbin, South Korean singer and actor Milad Mohammadi, Iranian footballer Carlos Salcedo, Mexican footballer October October 1 – Christian Bravo, Chilean footballer October 2 Michy Batshuayi, Belgian footballer Lasha Talakhadze, Georgian weightlifter Tara Lynne Barr, American actress October 6 – Adam Gemili, British sprinter October 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, Spanish professional tennis player Barbara Palvin, Hungarian model Molly Quinn, American actress Angus T. Jones, American actor October 9 Lauren Davis, American tennis player Scotty McCreery, American singer October 11 – Brandon Flynn, American actor October 13 – Tiffany Trump, American socialite and model October 16 Wílmar Barrios, Colombian footballer Caroline Garcia, French tennis player October 19 – Youna Dufournet, French artistic gymnast October 23 Fabinho, Brazilian footballer Taylor Spreitler, American actress October 29 – India Eisley, American actress October 30 – Marcus Mariota, American football player October 31 Nadine Lustre, Filipino actress Letitia Wright, Guyanese-British actress November November 4 – Elisabeth Seitz, German artistic gymnast November 13 – Julia Michaels, American singer and songwriter November 14 Tabata Amaral, Brazilian political scientist, education activist and politician Luis Gil, American soccer player Samuel Umtiti, Cameroonian-French footballer November 15 Paulo Dybala, Argentine footballer Melitina Staniouta, Belarusian individual rhythmic gymnast November 16 Pete Davidson, American comedian and actor Dakota Earnest, American gymnast November 17 – Taylor Gold, American Olympic snowboarder November 19 – Suso, Spanish footballer November 21 – Elena Myers, American motorcycle racer November 22 – Adèle Exarchopoulos, French actress November 25 – Danny Kent, English motorcycle racer November 28 David Nofoaluma, Australian-Samoan rugby league player Stephanie Park, Canadian paralympic wheelchair basketball player November 29 – David Lambert, American actor November 30 Yuri Chinen, Japanese idol Mia Goth, English actress and model December December 5 – Ross Barkley, English footballer December 7 – Jasmine V, American singer December 8 – AnnaSophia Robb, American actress, singer and model December 11 – Yalitza Aparicio, Mexican actress and educator December 16 Thiago Braz da Silva, Brazilian athlete December 17 – Kiersey Clemons, American actress and singer December 18 Ana Porgras, Romanian artistic gymnast Riria, Japanese actress December 20 Andrea Belotti, Italian footballer Isabel Durant, Australian actress Yana Egorian, Russian sabre fencer December 22 Raphaël Guerreiro, Portuguese footballer Meghan Trainor, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer December 25 Ariadna Gutiérrez, Colombian actress, television host, and model Emi Takei, Japanese actress, fashion model, and singer December 27 – Olivia Cooke, English actress Unknown date Nadia Murad, Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist Deaths January January 5 Juan Benet, Spanish writer (b. 1927) Yuri Bezmenov, Soviet KGB informant (b. 1939) January 6 Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (b. 1922) Dizzy Gillespie, American jazz musician (b. 1917) Richard Mortensen, Danish painter (b. 1910) Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer (b. 1938) January 9 – Paul Hasluck, Australian politician, 17th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1905) January 10 – Luther Gulick, expert on public administration (b. 1892) January 13 Camargo Guarnieri, Brazilian composer (b. 1907) René Pleven, French politician, 88th Prime Minister of France (b. 1901) January 15 – Sammy Cahn, American lyricist (b. 1913) January 16 Glenn Corbett, American actor (b. 1930) Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Icelandic strongman (b. 1960) January 18 – Eleanor Burford, English writer (b. 1906) January 20 – Audrey Hepburn, Belgian-born British actress (b. 1929) January 21 Charlie Gehringer, American baseball player (b. 1903) Leo Löwenthal, German sociologist (b. 1900) January 22 Kōbō Abe, Japanese author (b. 1924) Jim Pollard, American professional basketball player and coach (b. 1922) January 23 Thomas A. Dorsey, American musician and Christian evangelist, "Father of Gospel Music" (b. 1899) Keith Laumer, American science fiction author (b. 1925) January 24 Gustav Ernesaks, Estonian composer and a choir conductor (b. 1908) Thurgood Marshall, American jurist, first African-American on the Supreme Court (b. 1908) Uğur Mumcu, Turkish journalist and writer (b. 1942) January 25 – Hedi Amara Nouira, Tunisian politician, 11th Prime Minister of Tunisia (b. 1911) January 26 Baron Axel von dem Bussche, German military officer, member of the anti-Hitler Resistance (b. 1919) Jan Gies, Dutch resistance fighter (b. 1905) Robert Jacobsen Danish artist (b. 1912) Jeanne Sauvé, Canadian politician, 23rd Governor General of Canada (b. 1922) January 27 – André the Giant, French professional wrestler (b. 1946) January 30 – Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia (b. 1921) February February 2 – Alexander Schneider, Lithuanian violinist (b. 1908) February 3 – Karel Goeyvaerts, Belgian composer (b. 1923) February 5 Hans Jonas, German philosopher (b. 1903) Joseph L. Mankiewicz, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1909) February 6 – Arthur Ashe, American tennis player (b. 1943) February 9 – Saburo Okita, Japanese politician, Foreign Minister of Japan (b. 1914) February 10 Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, Prime Minister of France (b. 1914) Fred Hollows, New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist (b. 1929) February 11 – Robert W. Holley, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922) February 18 – Kerry Von Erich, American professional wrestler (b. 1960) February 20 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (b. 1916) February 21 – Inge Lehmann, Danish seismologist and geophysicist (b. 1888) February 22 – Jean Lecanuet, French politician (b. 1920) February 23 Phillip Terry, American actor (b. 1909) Robert Triffin, Belgian economist (b. 1911) February 24 – Bobby Moore, English footballer (b. 1941) February 25 – Eddie Constantine, American-born French actor and singer (b. 1917) February 27 – Lillian Gish, American actress (b. 1893) February 28 Ishirō Honda, Japanese film director (b. 1911) Ruby Keeler, American actress (b. 1909) March March 3 Albert Sabin, American biologist, developer of the oral polio vaccine (b. 1906) Carlos Montoya, Spanish flamenco guitarist and a founder of the modern-day popular flamenco style of music (b. 1903) March 5 – Cyril Collard, French filmmaker (b. 1957) March 8 – Billy Eckstine, American musician (b. 1914) March 10 – Dino Bravo, Italian-Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1949) March 12 – Wang Zhen, Chinese politician, Vice President of the PRC (b. 1908) March 15 – Ricardo Arias, Panamanian politician, 29th President of Panama (b. 1912) March 16 – Muhammad Khan Junejo, Pakistani politician, 10th Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1932) March 17 – Helen Hayes, American actress (b. 1900) March 20 Polykarp Kusch, German-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911) Paul László, Hungarian-born architect (b. 1900) March 24 – John Hersey, American writer and journalist (b. 1914) March 27 Kate Reid, Canadian actress (b. 1930) Kamal Hassan Aly, Egyptian politician, 43rd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1921) March 30 Andrée Brunet, French pair skater (b. 1901) Richard Diebenkorn, American painter (b. 1922) March 31 Brandon Lee, American actor (b. 1965) Mitchell Parish, American lyricist (b. 1900) Nicanor Zabaleta, Spanish harpist (b. 1907) April April 1 Juan de Borbón y Battenberg, Spanish royal, Count of Barcelona (b. 1913) Alan Kulwicki, U.S. race car driver (b. 1954) José María Lemus, Salvadorian politician and military officer, 33rd President of El Salvador (b. 1911) April 5 – Divya Bharti, Indian film actress (b. 1974) April 8 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897) April 10 Chris Hani, South African politician (b. 1942) Donald Broadbent, British psychologist (b. 1926) April 11 – Rahmon Nabiyev, Tajik politician and Communist leader, 2nd President of Tajikistan (b. 1930) April 13 – Wallace Stegner, American writer (b. 1909) April 15 Leslie Charteris, British author (b. 1907) John Tuzo Wilson, Canadian geophysicist and geologist (b. 1908) April 17 |
makes landfall in the Caribbean and lands on Guanahani, but he believes he has reached the East Indies. October 28 – Christopher Columbus lands in Cuba. November 3 – The Peace of Étaples is signed between England and France, ending French support for Perkin Warbeck, the pretender to the English throne. All English-held territory in France (with the exception of Calais) is returned to France. November 7 – The Ensisheim meteorite, a meteorite, lands in a wheat field near the village of Ensisheim in Alsace. December 5 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola. December 25 – Columbus' ship Santa María runs aground off Cap-Haïtien, and is lost. Unknown dates Martin Behaim constructs the first surviving globe of Earth, the Erdapfel. As Columbus would only return from his voyage in 1493, this globe does not show the New World yet. The first arboretum to be designed and planted is the Arboretum Trsteno, near Dubrovnik in Croatia. Russians build the Ivangorod Fortress, on the eastern banks of the Narva River. In Ming dynasty China, the commercial transportation of grain to the northern border, in exchange for salt certificates, is monetized. Ermysted's Grammar School, Skipton, North Yorkshire, is founded. Marsilio Ficino publishes his translation and commentary of Plotinus. Stiegl brewery first recorded in Salzburg. Births January 22 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (d. 1535) March 4 – Francesco de Layolle, Italian composer (d. c. 1540) March 21 – John II, Count Palatine of Simmern, Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (d. 1557) March 27 – Adam Ries, German mathematician (d. 1559) April 4 – Ambrosius Blarer, influential reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland (d. 1564) April 6 – Maud Green, English noble (d. 1531) April 11 – Marguerite de Navarre, queen of Henry II of Navarre (d. 1549) April 20 – Pietro Aretino, Italian author (d. 1556) April 24 – Duchess Sabina of Bavaria (d. 1564) May 8 – Andrea Alciato, Italian jurist and writer (d. 1550) August 1 – Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1566) August 8 – Matteo Tafuri, Italian alchemist (d. 1582) September 12 – | for Perkin Warbeck, the pretender to the English throne. All English-held territory in France (with the exception of Calais) is returned to France. November 7 – The Ensisheim meteorite, a meteorite, lands in a wheat field near the village of Ensisheim in Alsace. December 5 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola. December 25 – Columbus' ship Santa María runs aground off Cap-Haïtien, and is lost. Unknown dates Martin Behaim constructs the first surviving globe of Earth, the Erdapfel. As Columbus would only return from his voyage in 1493, this globe does not show the New World yet. The first arboretum to be designed and planted is the Arboretum Trsteno, near Dubrovnik in Croatia. Russians build the Ivangorod Fortress, on the eastern banks of the Narva River. In Ming dynasty China, the commercial transportation of grain to the northern border, in exchange for salt certificates, is monetized. Ermysted's Grammar School, Skipton, North Yorkshire, is founded. Marsilio Ficino publishes his translation and commentary of Plotinus. Stiegl brewery first recorded in Salzburg. Births January 22 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (d. 1535) March 4 – Francesco de Layolle, Italian composer (d. c. 1540) March 21 – John II, Count Palatine of Simmern, Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (d. 1557) March 27 – Adam Ries, German mathematician (d. 1559) April 4 – Ambrosius Blarer, influential reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland (d. 1564) April 6 – Maud Green, English noble (d. 1531) April 11 – Marguerite de Navarre, queen of Henry II of Navarre (d. 1549) April 20 – Pietro Aretino, Italian author (d. 1556) April 24 – Duchess Sabina of Bavaria (d. 1564) May 8 – Andrea Alciato, Italian jurist and writer (d. 1550) August 1 – Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1566) August 8 – Matteo Tafuri, Italian alchemist (d. 1582) September 12 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (d. 1519) September 29 – Chamaraja Wodeyar III, King of Mysore (d. 1553) October 1 – Georg Rörer, German theologian (d. 1557) October 11 – Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France, French noble (d. 1495) October 30 – Anne d'Alençon, French noblewoman (d. 1562) November 12 – Johan Rantzau, German general (d. 1565) November 27 – Donato Giannotti, Italian writer (d. 1573) date unknown Argula von Grumbach, German Protestant reformer (d. 1554) Berchtold Haller, Swiss reformer (d. 1536) Amago Kunihisa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1554) Giacomo Aconcio, Italian pioneer of religious tolerance (d. 1566) Hirate Masahide, Japanese retainer and tutor of Oda Nobunaga (d. 1553) Edward Wotton, English physician and zoologist (d. 1555) probable Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland (d. 1543) Fernan Perez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (d. 1531) Polidoro da Caravaggio, Italian painter (d. 1543) Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Spanish historian (d. 1584) Deaths January 25 – |
23 John Bardeen, American physicist, twice awarded the Nobel Prize (died 1991) Hélène Boucher, French aviator (died 1934) May 25 – Theodore Roethke, American poet (died 1963) May 26 Robert Morley, British actor (died 1992) Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, 1st Prime Minister of South Vietnam (died 1976) May 28 – Ian Fleming, English novelist (died 1964) May 30 Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1995) Mel Blanc, American voice actor (died 1989) May 31 – Don Ameche, American actor (died 1993) June June 11 – Francisco Marto, Portuguese saint (died 1919) June 12 – Marina Semyonova, Russian ballerina (died 2010) June 21 – Yun Bong-gil, Korean resister against the Japanese occupation of Korea (died 1932) June 24 Hugo Distler, German composer (died 1942) Alfons Rebane, Estonian military commander (died 1976) June 25 – Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher, academic (died 2000) June 26 Salvador Allende, President of Chile (died 1973) Estrellita Castro, Spanish singer and actress (died 1983) June 29 – Leroy Anderson, American composer (died 1975) July July 1 – Luis Regueiro, Spanish footballer (died 1995) July 2 – Thurgood Marshall, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1993) July 5 – Henri of Orléans, Count of Paris, Orléanist claimant to the throne of France (died 1999) July 8 Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman, philanthropist, public servant and politician, 41st Vice President of the United States (died 1979) Kaii Higashiyama, Japanese painter and writer (died 1999) July 12 Alois Hudec, Czechoslovak gymnast, Olympic champion (died 1997) Milton Berle, American comedian (died 2002) July 13 – Garfield Todd, 5th Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia (died 2002) July 17 – Mohammad Natsir, Indonesian scholar and politician; 5th Prime Minister of Indonesia (died 1993) July 18 – Lupe Vélez, Mexican actress, dancer and singer (died 1944) July 23 – Karl Swenson, American actor (died 1978) August August 4 – Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (died 1994) August 5 – Harold Holt, 17th Prime Minister of Australia (died 1967) August 6 – Helen Jacobs, American tennis player and commander (died 1997) August 8 Arthur Goldberg, American politician, diplomat, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1990) Chivu Stoica, 48th Prime Minister of Romania (died 1975) August 10 – Lauri Lehtinen, Finnish Olympic athlete (died 1973) August 13 – Gene Raymond, American actor (died 1998) August 18 – Edgar Faure, 2-time Prime Minister of France (died 1988) August 21 M. M. Kaye, British writer (died 2004) Tom Tully, American actor (died 1982) August 22 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (died 2004) August 27 Donald Bradman, Australian cricketer (died 2001) Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States (died 1973) August 28 – Robert Merle, French writer (died 2004) August 30 Leonor Fini, Argentine artist (died 1996) Fred MacMurray, American actor (died 1991) August 31 – William Saroyan, American writer (died 1981) September September 2 – Dorothea Leighton, American social psychiatrist, founder of the field of medical anthropology (died 1989) September 3 – Lev Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (died 1988) September 4 – Richard Wright, African-American author (died 1960) September 5 Ahmed Balafrej, Moroccan politician, Foreign Minister and 2nd Prime Minister of Morocco (died 1990) Cecilia Seghizzi, Italian composer, painter (died 2019) September 7 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon, medical researcher (died 2008) September 13 – Mae Questel, American actress (died 1998) September 18 – Viktor Ambartsumian, Soviet Armenian scientist (died 1996) September 19 – Mika Waltari, Finnish author (died 1979) September 21 – Charles Upham, New Zealand soldier, twice winner of the Victoria Cross (died 1994) September 25 – Eugen Suchoň, Slovak composer (died 1993) September 29 – Eddie Tolan, American athlete (died 1967) September 30 – David Oistrakh, Ukrainian-born violinist (died 1974) October October 6 – Carole Lombard, American actress (died 1942) October 7 – Baek Du-jin, Korean politician, 4th Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) (died 1993) October 15 – John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian economist (died 2006) October 16 – Enver Hoxha, Albanian communist dictator (died 1985) October 21 – Jorge Oteiza, Spanish painter (died 2003) October 23 – Ilya Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1990) October 27 – Lee Krasner, American painter (died 1984) October 28 – Arturo Frondizi, 35th President of Argentina (died 1995) October 30 – Dmitriy Ustinov, Soviet Army officer, Minister of Defense (died 1984) November November 3 – Giovanni Leone, 68th Prime Minister of Italy, 6th President of Italy (died 2001) November 4 – Joseph Rotblat, Polish physicist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (died 2005) November 14 – Joseph McCarthy, American politician (died 1957) November 16 – Sœur Emmanuelle, French nun (died 2008) November 18 – Imogene Coca, American actress (died 2001) November 20 – Alistair Cooke, English-born American journalist (died 2004) November 24 – Libertad Lamarque, Argentine-Mexican actress, singer (died 2000) November 28 – Claude Lévi-Strauss, Belgian-born French anthropologist (died 2009) December December 4 – Alfred Hershey, American bacteriologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1997) December 6 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (died 1934) December 9 – Aden Adde, 1st president of Somalia (died 2007) December 10 – Olivier Messiaen, French composer (died 1992) December 11 Carlos Arias Navarro, Spanish politician, 71st President of Spain (died 1989) Elliott Carter, American composer (died 2012) Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese film director and screenwriter (died 2015) Hákun Djurhuus, 4th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (died 1987) Alfred Proksch, Austrian Olympic athlete (died 2011) December 14 – Laurence Naismith, English actor (died 1992) December 16 – Hans Schaffner, 69th President of Switzerland (died 2004) December 17 – Willard Libby, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1980) December 28 – Lew Ayres, American actor (died 1996) December 31 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Nazi-hunter (died 2005) Date unknown Takieddin el-Solh, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (died 1988) Suleiman Nabulsi, 12th Prime Minister of Jordan (died 1976) Deaths January–March January 9 – Wilhelm Busch, German painter, poet (born 1832) January 14 – Holger Drachmann, Danish poet (born 1846) January 17 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1835) January 23 – Edward MacDowell, American composer (born 1860) January 25 – Ouida, English writer (born 1839) February 1 King Carlos I of Portugal (born 1863) Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (born 1887) February 17 Annie Ryder Gracey, American missionary (born 1836) Baron Ignaz von Plener, 3rd Minister-President of Cisleithania (born 1810) February 22 – Eliza A. Pittsinger, "The California Poetess" (born 1837) February 29 John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, 1st Governor-General of Australia (born 1860) Pat Garrett, Sheriff in the Old West; shot Billy the Kid in 1881 (born 1850) March 3 – Sidney Hill, English philanthropist (born 1829) March 11 – Edmondo De Amicis, Italian novelist (born 1846) March 24 – Eduard von Pestel, Prussian military officer and German general (born 1821) March 27 – Charles N. Sims, American Methodist preacher, third chancellor of Syracuse University (born 1835) March 29 – Esther Pugh, American temperance reformer (born 1834) March 30 – Chester Gillette, American murderer (executed) (born 1883) April–June April 20 – Henry Chadwick, English-born American baseball writer (born 1824) April 22 Qasim Amin, Egyptian writer (born 1863) Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1836) April 26 – Karl Möbius, German ecologist (born 1825) May 2 – Prince Yamashina Kikumaro, Japanese prince (born 1873) May 17 – Carl Koldewey, German explorer (born 1837) May 23 – François Coppée, French poet, playwright and novelist (born 1842) May 24 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (born 1821) May 26 – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Sikh Empire-born founder of the Ahmadiyya movement in Islam (born 1835) June 2 – Sir Redvers Buller, British general, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1839) June 5 – Jef Lambeaux, Belgian sculptor (born 1852) June 13 – Henry Lomb, German-American optician, founder of Bausch & Lomb (born 1828) June 14 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, Governor-General of Canada, founder of the Stanley Cup (born 1841) June 20 – Federico Chueca, Spanish composer (born 1846) June 21 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer (born 1844) June 24 – Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (born 1837) July–September July 3 – Joel Chandler Harris, American author (born 1848) July 5 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian writer | May 8 – Arturo de Córdova, Mexican actor (died 1973) May 17 – Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub, Sudanese author, 6th Prime Minister of Sudan (died 1976) May 19 – Percy Williams, Canadian athlete (died 1982) May 20 – James Stewart, American actor (died 1997) May 23 John Bardeen, American physicist, twice awarded the Nobel Prize (died 1991) Hélène Boucher, French aviator (died 1934) May 25 – Theodore Roethke, American poet (died 1963) May 26 Robert Morley, British actor (died 1992) Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, 1st Prime Minister of South Vietnam (died 1976) May 28 – Ian Fleming, English novelist (died 1964) May 30 Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1995) Mel Blanc, American voice actor (died 1989) May 31 – Don Ameche, American actor (died 1993) June June 11 – Francisco Marto, Portuguese saint (died 1919) June 12 – Marina Semyonova, Russian ballerina (died 2010) June 21 – Yun Bong-gil, Korean resister against the Japanese occupation of Korea (died 1932) June 24 Hugo Distler, German composer (died 1942) Alfons Rebane, Estonian military commander (died 1976) June 25 – Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher, academic (died 2000) June 26 Salvador Allende, President of Chile (died 1973) Estrellita Castro, Spanish singer and actress (died 1983) June 29 – Leroy Anderson, American composer (died 1975) July July 1 – Luis Regueiro, Spanish footballer (died 1995) July 2 – Thurgood Marshall, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1993) July 5 – Henri of Orléans, Count of Paris, Orléanist claimant to the throne of France (died 1999) July 8 Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman, philanthropist, public servant and politician, 41st Vice President of the United States (died 1979) Kaii Higashiyama, Japanese painter and writer (died 1999) July 12 Alois Hudec, Czechoslovak gymnast, Olympic champion (died 1997) Milton Berle, American comedian (died 2002) July 13 – Garfield Todd, 5th Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia (died 2002) July 17 – Mohammad Natsir, Indonesian scholar and politician; 5th Prime Minister of Indonesia (died 1993) July 18 – Lupe Vélez, Mexican actress, dancer and singer (died 1944) July 23 – Karl Swenson, American actor (died 1978) August August 4 – Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (died 1994) August 5 – Harold Holt, 17th Prime Minister of Australia (died 1967) August 6 – Helen Jacobs, American tennis player and commander (died 1997) August 8 Arthur Goldberg, American politician, diplomat, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1990) Chivu Stoica, 48th Prime Minister of Romania (died 1975) August 10 – Lauri Lehtinen, Finnish Olympic athlete (died 1973) August 13 – Gene Raymond, American actor (died 1998) August 18 – Edgar Faure, 2-time Prime Minister of France (died 1988) August 21 M. M. Kaye, British writer (died 2004) Tom Tully, American actor (died 1982) August 22 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (died 2004) August 27 Donald Bradman, Australian cricketer (died 2001) Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States (died 1973) August 28 – Robert Merle, French writer (died 2004) August 30 Leonor Fini, Argentine artist (died 1996) Fred MacMurray, American actor (died 1991) August 31 – William Saroyan, American writer (died 1981) September September 2 – Dorothea Leighton, American social psychiatrist, founder of the field of medical anthropology (died 1989) September 3 – Lev Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (died 1988) September 4 – Richard Wright, African-American author (died 1960) September 5 Ahmed Balafrej, Moroccan politician, Foreign Minister and 2nd Prime Minister of Morocco (died 1990) Cecilia Seghizzi, Italian composer, painter (died 2019) September 7 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon, medical researcher (died 2008) September 13 – Mae Questel, American actress (died 1998) September 18 – Viktor Ambartsumian, Soviet Armenian scientist (died 1996) September 19 – Mika Waltari, Finnish author (died 1979) September 21 – Charles Upham, New Zealand soldier, twice winner of the Victoria Cross (died 1994) September 25 – Eugen Suchoň, Slovak composer (died 1993) September 29 – Eddie Tolan, American athlete (died 1967) September 30 – David Oistrakh, Ukrainian-born violinist (died 1974) October October 6 – Carole Lombard, American actress (died 1942) October 7 – Baek Du-jin, Korean politician, 4th Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) (died 1993) October 15 – John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian economist (died 2006) October 16 – Enver Hoxha, Albanian communist dictator (died 1985) October 21 – Jorge Oteiza, Spanish painter (died 2003) October 23 – Ilya Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1990) October 27 – Lee Krasner, American painter (died 1984) October 28 – Arturo Frondizi, 35th President of Argentina (died 1995) October 30 – Dmitriy Ustinov, Soviet Army officer, Minister of Defense (died 1984) November November 3 – Giovanni Leone, 68th Prime Minister of Italy, 6th President of Italy (died 2001) November 4 – Joseph Rotblat, Polish physicist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (died 2005) November 14 – Joseph McCarthy, American politician (died 1957) November 16 – Sœur Emmanuelle, French nun (died 2008) November 18 – Imogene Coca, American actress (died 2001) November 20 – Alistair Cooke, English-born American journalist (died 2004) November 24 – Libertad Lamarque, Argentine-Mexican actress, singer (died 2000) November 28 – Claude Lévi-Strauss, Belgian-born French anthropologist (died 2009) December December 4 – Alfred Hershey, American bacteriologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1997) December 6 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (died 1934) December 9 – Aden Adde, 1st president of Somalia (died 2007) December 10 – Olivier Messiaen, French composer (died 1992) December 11 Carlos Arias Navarro, Spanish politician, 71st President of Spain (died 1989) Elliott Carter, American composer (died 2012) Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese film director and screenwriter (died 2015) Hákun Djurhuus, 4th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (died 1987) Alfred Proksch, Austrian Olympic athlete (died 2011) December 14 – Laurence Naismith, English actor (died 1992) December 16 – Hans Schaffner, 69th President of Switzerland (died 2004) December 17 – Willard Libby, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1980) December 28 – Lew Ayres, American actor (died 1996) December 31 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Nazi-hunter (died 2005) Date unknown Takieddin el-Solh, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (died 1988) Suleiman Nabulsi, 12th Prime Minister of Jordan (died 1976) Deaths January–March January 9 – Wilhelm Busch, German painter, poet (born 1832) January 14 – Holger Drachmann, Danish poet (born 1846) January 17 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1835) January 23 – Edward MacDowell, American composer (born 1860) January 25 – Ouida, English writer (born 1839) February 1 King Carlos I of Portugal (born 1863) Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (born 1887) February 17 Annie Ryder Gracey, American missionary (born 1836) Baron Ignaz von Plener, 3rd Minister-President of Cisleithania (born 1810) February 22 – Eliza A. Pittsinger, "The California Poetess" (born 1837) February 29 John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, 1st Governor-General of Australia (born 1860) Pat Garrett, Sheriff in the Old West; shot Billy the Kid in 1881 (born 1850) March 3 – Sidney Hill, English philanthropist (born 1829) March 11 – Edmondo De Amicis, Italian novelist (born 1846) March 24 – Eduard von Pestel, Prussian military officer and German general (born 1821) March 27 – Charles N. Sims, American Methodist preacher, third chancellor of Syracuse University (born 1835) March 29 – Esther Pugh, American temperance reformer (born 1834) March 30 – Chester Gillette, American murderer (executed) (born 1883) April–June April 20 – Henry Chadwick, English-born American baseball writer (born 1824) April 22 Qasim Amin, Egyptian writer (born 1863) Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1836) April 26 – Karl Möbius, German ecologist (born 1825) May 2 – Prince Yamashina Kikumaro, Japanese prince (born 1873) May 17 – Carl Koldewey, German explorer (born 1837) May 23 – François Coppée, French poet, playwright and novelist (born 1842) May 24 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (born 1821) May 26 – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Sikh Empire-born founder of the Ahmadiyya movement in Islam (born 1835) June 2 – Sir Redvers Buller, British general, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1839) June 5 – Jef Lambeaux, Belgian sculptor (born 1852) June 13 – Henry Lomb, German-American optician, founder of Bausch & Lomb (born 1828) June 14 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, Governor-General of Canada, founder of the Stanley Cup (born 1841) June 20 – Federico Chueca, Spanish composer (born 1846) June 21 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer (born 1844) June 24 – Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (born 1837) July–September July 3 – Joel Chandler Harris, American author (born 1848) July 5 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian writer (born 1833) July 6 – Felipe Calderón y Roca, Filipino politician (born 1868) July 19 – Ignacio de Veintemilla, 11th President of Ecuador (born 1828) July 20 – Demetrius Vikelas, 1st President of the International Olympic Committee (born 1835) July 22 – Sir Randal Cremer, English politician and pacifist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1828) July 24 – Sigismondo Savona, Maltese educator and politician (born 1835) August 4 – Radoje Domanović, Serbian writer (born 1873) August 7 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, 12th Prime Minister of Italy (born 1839) August 24 – Éleuthère Mascart, French physicist (born 1837) August 25 – Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1852) August 26 – Tony Pastor, American theater impresario (born 1837) August 31 – Leslie Green, British architect (born 1875) September 17 – Thomas Selfridge, United States Army officer, first person killed in an airplane crash (born 1882) September 20 – Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish violinist, composer (born 1844) September 21 Ernest Fenollosa, Spanish-born American art historian and philosopher (died 1908) Sir Arnold Kemball, British army officer and diplomat (born 1820) Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, 3rd President of Spain (born 1838) September 25 – Frank Robison, American baseball executive, early owner of the St. Louis Cardinals (born 1852) September 29 – Machado de Assis, Brazilian author (born 1839) October–December October 11 – Rita Cetina Gutiérrez, Mexican educator, poet and activist (born 1846) October 16 – John Berthier, French Roman Catholic priest, missionary and servant of God (born 1840) October 18 – Nozu Michitsura, Japanese general (born 1840) October 26 – Enomoto Takeaki, Japanese samurai, admiral (born 1836) October 30 – Caroline Schermerhorn Astor, American socialite (born 1830) November 3 – Harro Magnussen, German sculptor (born 1861) November 4 Richard Gerstl, Austrian artist (born 1883) Tomás Estrada Palma, 1st President of Cuba (born 1832) November 7 Butch Cassidy, American outlaw (born 1866) Sundance Kid, American outlaw (born 1867) November 8 Josephine E. Keating, American literary critic and musician (born 1838) Victorien Sardou, French dramatist (born 1831) November 14 – Emperor Guangxu of China (born 1871) November 15 – |
committee. December 16 – In Japan, over 700 children suffer epilectic attacks due to an episode of the anime Pokémon. December 18 – In Australia, 20th Century Fox releases a feature-length film about a children's group named The Wiggles called The Wiggles Movie. December 19 Janet Jagan (widow of Cheddi Jagan) takes office in Guyana. James Cameron's Titanic, the then highest-grossing film of all time, premieres in the U.S. SilkAir Flight 185 crashes into the Musi River, near Palembang in Indonesia, killing 104. December 21 – Brazil beats Australia 6–0 in the Confederations Cup final. December 24 – 50–100 villagers are killed in the Sid El-Antri massacre in Algeria. December 27 – Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated in Northern Ireland, inside Long Kesh prison. December 29 – Hong Kong begins to kill all the chickens within its territory (1.25 million) to stop the spread of a potentially deadly influenza strain. December 30 – Wilaya of Relizane massacres of December 30, 1997: In the worst incident in Algeria's insurgency, 400 are killed from four villages in the wilaya of Relizane. Date unknown The Toyota Prius, the first hybrid vehicle to go into full production, is unveiled in Japan on October 24, and goes on sale in Japan on December 9. It comes to U.S. showrooms on July 11, 2000. Births January January 1 Chidozie Awaziem, Nigerian footballer Chloé Dygert American professional cyclist January 2 – Gabriel Carlsson, Swedish ice hockey player January 4 – Pauline Schäfer, German gymnast January 5 – Mikhail Vorobyev, Russian ice hockey player January 7 – Lamar Jackson, American football player January 9 – Elvira Herman, Belarusian athlete January 11 – Cody Simpson, Australian singer-songwriter January 12 – Felix Sandström, Swedish ice hockey player January 13 Egan Bernal, Colombian road bicycle racer Connor McDavid, Canadian ice hockey player January 14 – Francesco Bagnaia, Italian motorcycle racer January 15 – Valentina Zenere, Argentine actress, model, and singer January 17 – Jake Paul, American actor January 18 – Denis Malgin, Swiss ice hockey player January 21 Jeremy Shada, American actor, voice actor, singer and musician Yang Yang, Chinese paralympic swimmer January 22 – Kole Sherwood, American ice hockey player January 23 Sophie Hahn, English paralympic sprinter Lexie Priessman, American artistic gymnast Ramadan Sobhi, Egyptian footballer Gudaf Tsegay, Ethiopian middle-distance runner January 25 – Noah Hanifin, American ice hockey player January 26 – Gedion Zelalem, American soccer player January 28 – Jeffrey Viel, Canadian ice hockey player January 29 Joel Eriksson Ek, Swedish ice hockey player Jack Roslovic, American ice hockey player January 30 – Shim Suk-hee, South Korean speed skater January 31 – Anatoliy Ryapolov, Russian long jumper February February 2 – Jaheel Hyde, Jamaican sprinter February 3 – Lewis Cook, English footballer February 7 – Anhelina Kalinina, Ukrainian tennis player February 8 – Kathryn Newton, American actress February 10 Josh Jackson, American basketball player Lilly King, American swimmer Chloë Grace Moretz, American actress Rozaliya Nasretdinova, Russian swimmer February 11 Nasty C, South African rapper Rosé, New Zealand singer February 14 – Breel Embolo, Swiss footballer February 22 – Anton Chupkov, Russian swimmer February 23 Érick Aguirre, Mexican footballer Jamal Murray, Canadian basketball player February 24 – César Montes, Mexican footballer February 25 Isabelle Fuhrman, American actress Santiago Ascacíbar, Argentinian footballer Katsiaryna Halkina, Belarusian rhythmic gymnast February 26 – Zheng Siwei, Chinese badminton player March March 2 – Becky G, American singer March 3 Camila Cabello, Cuban-American singer Jaime Carreño, Chilean footballer David Neres, Brazilian footballer March 4 – Matisse Thybulle, American basketball player March 6 – Alisha Boe, Norwegian actress March 8 Irene Ekelund, Swedish sprinter Jurina Matsui, Japanese singer March 10 – Belinda Bencic, Swiss tennis player March 13 – Rúben Neves, Portuguese footballer March 14 Simone Biles, American gymnast Dawid Kownacki, Polish footballer March 17 Konrad Bukowiecki, Polish athlete Katie Ledecky, American swimmer March 18 Ciara Bravo, American actress, voice artist, singer, and comedian Mario Burke, Barbadian sprinter March 19 – Rūta Meilutytė, Lithuanian swimmer March 20 – Bobby Cheng, Australian chess champion March 21 – Martina Stoessel, Argentine actress, singer, dancer, and model March 22 – Harry Wilson, Welsh footballer March 23 – Thiago Maia, Brazilian footballer March 27 A-Reece, South African hip hop artist Lisa, Thai rapper, singer, dancer, and model March 30 Gideon Adlon, American actress Cha Eun-woo, South Korean singer April April 1 – Asa Butterfield, English actor April 3 – Gabriel Jesus, Brazilian footballer April 6 – Pavel Zacha, Czech ice hockey player April 8 Kim Woo-jin, South Korean singer Roquan Smith, American football player April 9 – Michael Špaček, Czech ice hockey player April 10 – Alla Sosnitskaya, Russian artistic gymnast April 11 Max Clegg, English speedway racer Mélovin, Ukrainian singer-songwriter April 12 – Katelyn Ohashi, American artistic gymnast April 14 – D. J. Moore, American football player April 15 Jesse Little, American stock car racing driver Maisie Williams, English actress April 16 – Daniel Rioli, Australian rules footballer April 18 Donny van de Beek, Dutch footballer Matthias Blübaum, German chess grandmaster April 19 – Malcolm Perry, American football player April 20 – Alexander Zverev, German tennis player April 21 – Mikel Oyarzabal, Spanish footballer April 23 Zach Apple, American swimmer Kim Hae-jin, South Korean figure skater Peng Cheng, Chinese figure skater April 24 Kirill Aleshin, Russian ice dancer Arturo Deliser, Panamanian sprinter Lydia Ko, South Korean-born New Zealand golfer Veronika Kudermetova, Russian tennis player April 26 – Moritz Wagner, German basketball player April 27 – Livio Loi, Belgian motorcycle racer April 28 – Denzel Ward, American football player April 29 – Ekaterina Baturina, Russian artistic gymnast April 30 – T. J. Leaf, American basketball player May May 2 BamBam, Thai singer Blake Rutherford, American baseball first baseman and outfielder May 3 Desiigner, American hip hop artist Dwayne Haskins, American football player Ivana Jorović, Serbian tennis player May 4 Nicolas Prattes, Brazilian actor Jon Teske, American basketball player Ben Dolic, Slovenian singer May 5 – Mitch Marner, Canadian ice hockey player May 6 – Duncan Scott, Scottish swimmer May 7 Daria Kasatkina, Russian tennis player Youri Tielemans, Belgian footballer May 10 Richarlison, Brazilian footballer Enes Ünal, Turkish footballer May 11 – Lana Condor, American actress and dancer May 12 Frenkie de Jong, Dutch footballer Morgan Lake, English athlete Odeya Rush, Israeli-born American actress May 14 – Manushi Chhillar, Indian model, actress and beauty pageant titleholder won Miss World 2017 May 15 – Ousmane Dembélé, French footballer May 19 Oliver Kylington, Swedish ice hockey player Víctor Robles, Dominican baseball outfielder May 21 – Kevin Quinn, American actor May 22 – Lauri Markkanen, Finnish basketball player May 23 – Joe Gomez, English footballer May 26 – Julian Yee, Malaysian figure skater May 27 – Daron Payne, American football player May 30 – Jake Short, American actor May 31 – Cupcakke, American rapper June June 1 – Youssef En-Nesyri, Moroccan footballer June 5 Sam Darnold, American football quarterback Henry Onyekuru, Nigerian footballer June 6 – Grant Shoults, American swimmer June 7 – David Montgomery, American football player June 8 – Jeļena Ostapenko, Latvian tennis player June 9 – Shen Duo, Chinese swimmer June 10 – Sviatoslav Mykhailiuk, Ukrainian basketball player June 11 Kodak Black, American hip-hop artist Julia Lavrentieva, Ukrainian pair skater John Hunter Nemechek, American stock car racing driver June 13 Katie Lou Samuelson, American basketball player Yuta Watanabe, Japanese badminton player June 15 – Madison Kocian, American artistic gymnast June 17 – KJ Apa, New Zealand actor June 21 Rebecca Black, American singer Derrius Guice, American football player June 22 Lorenzo Dalla Porta, Italian motorcycle racer Dinah Jane, American singer June 23 Chen Qingchen, Chinese badminton player Antoine Olivier Pilon, French-Canadian actor June 25 Rodrigo Bentancur, Uruguayan footballer Bassem Srarfi, Tunisian footballer June 27 H.E.R., American singer Shannon Purser, American actress June 28 – Shakur Stevenson, American boxer June 29 – Jia Yifan, Chinese badminton player June 30 Avika Gor, Indian actress Iryna Shymanovich, Russian tennis player July July 1 – Grigoriy Oparin, Russian chess grandmaster July 2 – Marquese Chriss, American basketball player July 3 – Georgios Papagiannis, Greek basketball player July 4 Daniela Nieves, Venezuelan-American actress Jason Spevack, Canadian actor and filmmaker July 8 – Bryce Love, American football player and sprinter July 10 Ebba Andersson, Swedish cross-country skier Marilena Kirchner, German volksmusik and schlager singer July 12 – Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani activist and Nobel Prize laureate July 13 – Leo Howard, American actor and martial artist July 14 – Cengiz Ünder, Turkish footballer July 17 – Amadou Diawara, Guinese footballer July 18 Bam Adebayo, American basketball player Chiara Kreuzer, Austrian ski jumper Kwon Jin-ah, South Korean singer Noah Lyles, American sprinter Fionn Whitehead, English actor July 19 Kang Young-seo, South Korean alpine skier Zach Werenski, American ice hockey player July 22 – Field Cate, American actor July 24 Emre Mor, Turkish footballer Cailee Spaeny, American actress and singer Andreas Varady, Slovak jazz guitarist July 25 – Kayli Barker, American racing driver July 26 – Ewa Swoboda, Polish track and field sprinter July 27 – Craig Wighton, Scottish footballer July 28 – Bilal Ould-Chikh, Dutch-Moroccan footballer July 30 Teófimo López, American boxer Finneas O'Connell, American musician and actor August August 1 Kévin Aymoz, French figure skater Yomif Kejelcha, Ethiopian long-distance runner August 2 Ke Jie, Chinese professional go player Triston McKenzie, American baseball pitcher Christina Robinson, American actress August 3 Daniel Crowley, English footballer Ronald Jones II, American football player Key Glock, American rapper August 4 – Cinzia Zehnder, Swiss footballer August 5 Braxton Garrett, American baseball pitcher Olivia Holt, American actress and singer Wang Yibo, Chinese/Korean pop idol, dancer, singer and actor Adam Irigoyen, American actor Laura Waem, Belgian artistic gymnast August 6 – Sander Svendsen, Norwegian footballer August 7 – Kyler Murray, American football player August 8 – Corpse Husband, American internet personality August 9 – Leon Bailey, Jamaican footballer August 10 – Kylie Jenner, American reality television personality August 16 Greyson Chance, American singer, songwriter and pianist Piper Curda, American actress Tilly Keeper, English actress August 18 Josephine Langford, Australian actress Renato Sanches, Portuguese footballer August 19 – Maria Titova, Russian rhythmic gymnast August 22 – Lautaro Martínez, Argentine footballer August 23 – Lil Yachty, American rapper, singer and songwriter August 24 – Alan Walker, British-Norwegian music producer August 25 Bryana Salaz, American singer and actress Markus Thormeyer, Canadian swimmer Mike Weber, American football player August 28 Bazzi, American singer-songwriter Emilia McCarthy, Canadian actress August 29 – Ainsley Maitland-Niles, English footballer August 30 – Dana Gaier, American actress September September 1 Jungkook, South Korean singer, member of BTS Maria Stavitskaia, Russian figure skater September 2 – Brandon Ingram, American basketball player September 3 Hana Kimura, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2020) Salome Pazhava, Georgian rhythmic gymnast September 6 Mallory Comerford, American swimmer Tsukushi, Japanese wrestler September 7 – Dean-Charles Chapman, English actor September 12 Almida de Val, Swedish curler Sydney Sweeney, American actress September 13 – Leah Keiser, American figure skater September 14 – Benjamin Ingrosso, Swedish singer-songwriter September 15 Jonatan Christie, Indonesian badminton player Forrest Whitley, American baseball pitcher September 16 Zsanett Kaján, Hungarian footballer Elena Kampouris, American actress Jackie Young, American basketball player September 17 Luke Greenbank, British swimmer Guan Xiaotong, Chinese actress Auston Matthews, American ice hockey player September 18 – Alisson Perticheto, Filipina figure skater September 20 – Aurélie Fanchette, Seychellois swimmer September 23 – John Collins, American basketball player September 24 – Malaya Watson, American singer and tuba player September 30 Yana Kudryavtseva, Russian rhythmic gymnast Max Verstappen, Dutch racing driver October October 1 – Jade Bird, English singer-songwriter October 2 – Tammy Abraham, English footballer October 3 Jin Boyang, Chinese figure skater Jonathan Isaac, American professional basketball player Jo-Ane van Dyk, South African javelin thrower October 4 – Seamus O'Connor, Irish snowboarder October 6 Kasper Dolberg, Danish footballer Tsao Chih-i, Taiwanese figure skater October 7 – Kira Kosarin, American actress and singer October 8 Steven Bergwijn, Dutch footballer Bella Thorne, American actress and singer October 9 – Angelica Moser, Swiss athlete October 10 – Grace Rolek, American actress October 16 Charles Leclerc, Monégasque racing driver Naomi Osaka, Japanese tennis player October 24 Claudia Fragapane, British artistic gymnast Park So-youn, South Korean figure skater October 25 – Federico Chiesa, Italian footballer October 27 Lonzo Ball, American basketball player Li Meiyi, Chinese pair skater October 28 – Sierra McCormick, American actress October 29 – Ale Müller, Mexican actress and singer October 31 Sydney Park, American actress and comedian Marcus Rashford, English footballer November November 1 Max Burkholder, American actor Alex Wolff, American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor November 3 – Lázaro Martínez, Cuban triple jumper November 4 Bea Binene, Filipino actress Stratos Iordanoglou, Greek basketball player November 6 – Hero Fiennes Tiffin, English actor and model November 10 – Daniel James, English-born Welsh footballer November 14 – Ivanna Sakhno, Ukrainian actress November 17 – Jacob Eason, American football player November 19 – Rachel Parsons, American ice dancer November 23 – Akari Takeuchi, Japanese singer November 29 Agata Kryger, Polish figure skater Ye Qiuyu, Chinese tennis player November 30 – Liu Huixia, Chinese diver December December 3 – Rashan Gary, American football linebacker December 5 Khaleel Ahmed, Indian cricketer Clara Rugaard, Danish actress and singer Sophie Simnett, English actress December 8 – Ilaria Käslin, Swiss artistic gymnast December 11 – Taylor Hickson, Canadian actress and singer December 14 – DK Metcalf, American football wide receiver December 15 – Magdalena Fręch, Polish tennis player December 16 Zara Larsson, Swedish singer and songwriter Bassam Al-Rawi, Iraqi-born Qatari footballer December 17 – Shoma Uno, Japanese figure skater December 18 – Ronald Acuña Jr., Venezuelan baseball outfielder December 20 De'Aaron Fox, American basketball player Suzuka Nakamoto, Japanese singer December 21 – Charlie McAvoy, American ice hockey player December 22 – Taylor Rapp, American football player December 23 Luka Jović, Serbian footballer Park Yoo-na, South Korean actress December 24 – Oreoluwa Cherebin, Grenadian swimmer December 27 Ana Konjuh, Croatian tennis player Zhao Ziquan, Chinese figure skater Vachirawit Chivaaree, Thai actor and singer December 30 – Anastasiya Malyavina, Ukrainian swimmer Deaths January January 1 – Townes Van Zandt, American folk singer (b. 1944) January 5 Bertil, Swedish prince, Duke of Halland (b. 1912) Burton Lane, American composer and lyricist (b. 1912) January 6 Teiichi Matsumaru, Japanese footballer (b. 1909) Catherine Scorsese, Italian-American actress (b. 1912) January 8 – Melvin Calvin, American chemist (b. 1911) January 9 Edward Osóbka-Morawski, Polish politician (b. 1909) Jesse White, American actor (b. 1917) January 10 Sheldon Leonard, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1907) Alexander R. Todd, Scottish chemist (b. 1907) January 12 – Charles Brenton Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher (b. 1901) January 14 – King Hu, Chinese film director and actor (b. 1932) January 17 Amha Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1916) Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (b. 1906) January 18 Adriana Caselotti, American actress, voice actress and singer (b. 1916) Paul Tsongas, American politician (b. 1941) January 19 – James Dickey, American poet and novelist (b. 1923) January 21 Colonel Tom Parker, Dutch-born celebrity manager (b. 1909) Polly Ann Young, American actress (b. 1908) January 25 – Jeane Dixon, American astrologer (b. 1904) January 28 – Mikel Koliqi, Albanian cardinal (b. 1900) January 29 – Osvaldo Soriano, Argentine journalist and writer (b. 1943) February February 1 – Marjorie Reynolds, American actress (b. 1917) February 5 – Pamela Harriman, American diplomat (b. 1920) February 9 Brian Connolly, Scottish musician (b. 1945) Barry Evans, English actor (b. 1943) February 10 – Milton Cato, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (b. 1915) February 16 Bozorg Alavi, Iranian writer and novelist (b. 1904) Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese-American experimental physicist (b. 1912) February 19 – Deng Xiaoping, Chinese revolutionary, communist leader, and statesman (b. 1904) February 21 – Josef Posipal, Romanian-born German footballer (b. 1927) February 22 - Joey Aiuppa, American mobster (b. 1907) February 23 – Tony Williams, American musician (b. 1945) February 26 – David Doyle, American actor (b. 1929) March March 4 – Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (b. 1916) March 6 Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (b. 1918) Michael Manley, 2-Time Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1924) March 7 Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist (b. 1912) Martin Kippenberger, German artist (b. 1953) March 9 The Notorious B.I.G., American rapper (b. 1972) Terry Nation, Welsh screenwriter (b. 1930) Jean-Dominique Bauby, French journalist and author (b. 1952) March 10 – LaVern Baker, American singer (b. 1929) March 11 – Lars Ahlin, Swedish author and aesthetician (b. 1915) March | the Vietnam War, and dedicates the Laos Memorial in honor of Hmong and other "Secret War" veterans. May 16 President Mobutu Sese Seko is exiled from Zaire. U.S. President Bill Clinton issues a formal apology to the surviving victims of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male and their families. May 17 – Troops of Laurent Kabila march into Kinshasa. May 23 – Mohammad Khatami wins the 1997 Iranian presidential election and becomes the first Iranian Reformist president. May 25 – A military coup in Sierra Leone replaces President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah with Major Johnny Paul Koroma. May 27 – The second-deadliest tornado of the 1990s hits in Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 people. May 31 – The 13-kilometer Confederation Bridge, the world's longest bridge spanning ice-covered waters, opens between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Canada. June June 1 Socialist Party-led Centre-left coalition won the second-round in 1997 French legislative elections, began with the third Cohabitation (1997–2002). Hugo Banzer wins the Presidential elections in Bolivia. June 2 – In Denver, Colorado, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. June 10 – Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot orders the killing of his defense chief, Son Sen, and 11 of Sen's family members, before Pol Pot flees his northern stronghold. June 11 – In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons votes for a total ban on handguns. June 13 – A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. June 16 – About 50 people are killed in the Daïat Labguer (M'sila) massacre in Algeria. June 21 – The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) plays its first game at The Great Western Forum in Los Angeles. June 25 A massive eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat leads to evacuation and eventual abandonment of the capital, Plymouth. An unmanned Progress spacecraft collides with the Russian space station Mir. June 26 – Bertie Ahern is appointed as the 10th Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland and Mary Harney is appointed as the 16th, and first female, Tánaiste, after their parties, Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats respectively, win the 1997 General Election. June 26 – Bloomsbury Publishing publishes J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in London. July July – The 1997 Central European flood occurs across Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. July 1 – The United Kingdom hands sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. July 2 – The Bank of Thailand floats the baht, triggering the Asian financial crisis. July 4 – NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars. July 5 In Cambodia, Hun Sen of the Cambodian People's Party overthrows Norodom Ranariddh in a coup. The Egyptian Islamic Group announces a cessation-of-violence initiative. July 8 – NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999. July 10 – In London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neanderthal skeleton, which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution, placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. July 11 – Thailand's worst hotel fire at Pattaya kills 90. July 13 – The remains of Che Guevara are returned to Cuba for burial, alongside some of his comrades. Guevara and his comrades were executed on October 9 1967 in Bolivia. July 15 – Spree killer Andrew Cunanan shoots fashion designer Gianni Versace dead outside Versace's Miami residence. July 17 – The F. W. Woolworth Company closes after 117 years in business. July 25 – K. R. Narayanan is sworn in as India's 10th president and the first member of the Dalit caste to hold this office. July 27 – About 50 are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria. July 30 – 18 people are killed in the Thredbo landslide in the Snowy Mountains resort in Australia. August August 1 – Boeing and McDonnell Douglas complete a merger. August 3 – Between 40 and 76 villagers are killed in the Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria. August 3 – 11 – Two of the three islands of the Union of the Comoros – Anjouan and Mohéli – attempt to revert to colonial rule by France. The plan fails when the French government of President Jacques Chirac refuses to recolonize them resulting in the two islands being reintegrated into the Comoros over the next two years. August 4 – Jeanne Calment, the oldest person ever, dies at age 122 years 164 days in Arles, France. August 6 – Korean Air Flight 801 crash lands west of Guam International Airport, resulting in the deaths of 228 people. August 14 - Pakistan celebrates 50 years of independence from the United Kingdom. August 15 - India celebrates 50 years of independence from the United Kingdom. August 20 – More than 60 are killed, 15 kidnapped in the Souhane massacre in Algeria. August 26 60–100 are killed in the Beni Ali massacre in Algeria. The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning is set up in Northern Ireland, as part of a peace process. August 29 – Over 98 (and possibly up to 400) are killed in the Rais massacre in Algeria. August 31 – Death of Diana, Princess of Wales: Diana, Princess of Wales is taken to a hospital after a car accident shortly after midnight, in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris. She is pronounced dead at 4:00 am. September September 1 Dublin Regulation on treatment of applications for right of asylum under European Union law first comes into force. September 5 Over 87 are killed in the Beni Messous massacre in Algeria. The International Olympic Committee picks Athens, Greece, to be the host city for the 2004 Summer Olympics. September 6 – The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, takes place at Westminster Abbey, watched by over two billion people worldwide. September 11 – Scotland votes in favour of a devolved Parliament forming the Scottish Parliament less than two years later September 13 – Iraq disarmament crisis: An Iraqi military officer attacks an UNSCOM weapons inspector on board an UNSCOM helicopter, while the inspector attempts to take photographs of unauthorized movement of Iraqi vehicles inside a site designated for inspection. September 15 – The Norwegian parliamentary election was held in Norway. September 17 – Iraq disarmament crisis: While waiting for access to a site, UNSCOM inspectors witness and videotape Iraqi guards moving files, burning documents, and dumping waste cans into a nearby river. September 18 Wales votes in favour of devolution and the formation of a National Assembly for Wales. Al-Qaeda carries out a terrorist attack in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. September 19 – 53 are killed in the Guelb El-Kebir massacre in Algeria. September 21 The Islamic Salvation Army, the Islamic Salvation Fronts' armed wing, declares a unilateral ceasefire in Algeria. St. Olaf's Church, a stone church from the 16th century in Tyrvää, Finland, is burnt down. September 25 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM inspector Dr. Diane Seaman catches several Iraqi men sneaking out the back door of an inspection site, with log books for the creation of prohibited bacteria and chemicals. September 26 Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashes while on approach to Medan, North Sumatra, during the 1997 Southeast Asian haze, killing all 234 people on board. This becomes the deadliest aviation accident in Indonesian history. An earthquake strikes the Italian regions of Umbria and Marche, causing part of the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi to collapse. October October 2 – British scientists Moira Bruce and John Collinge, with their colleagues, independently show that the new variant form of the Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is the same disease as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. October 3 – President of Paraguay, Juan Carlos Wasmosy, orders the arrest of political opponent Lino Oviedo. October 4 – Loomis Fargo Bank Robbery: The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history ($17.3 million, mostly in small bills) occurs at the Charlotte, North Carolina office of Wells Fargo. An FBI investigation eventually results in 24 convictions and the recovery of approximately 95% of the stolen cash. October 12 – Sidi Daoud massacre: 43 are killed at a false roadblock in Algeria. October 15 Andy Green sets the first supersonic land speed record for the ThrustSSC team, led by Richard Noble of the UK. ThrustSSC goes through the flying mile course at Black Rock Desert, Nevada at an average speed of 1,227.985 km/h (763.035 mph). NASA launches the Cassini–Huygens probe to Saturn. October 16 – The first color photograph appears on the front page of The New York Times. October 17 – The remains of Che Guevara are laid to rest with full military honours in a specially built mausoleum in the city of Santa Clara, Cuba, where he had won the decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution 39 years before. October 22 – Danish escaped criminal Steen Christensen robs the Hotel Palace in Helsinki, Finland, killing two police officers while evading capture. October 29 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq says it will begin shooting down Lockheed U-2 surveillance planes being used by UNSCOM inspectors. November November 11 – Telecom companies WorldCom and MCI Communications announce a US$37 billion merger to form MCI WorldCom, the largest merger in U.S. history. November 12 – Mary McAleese is elected the eighth President of Ireland in succession to Mary Robinson, the first time in the world that one woman has succeeded another as elected head of state. November 13 – Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. November 17 – In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut. November 19 – In Des Moines, Iowa, Bobbi McCaughey gives birth to septuplets in the second known case where all seven babies are born alive, and the first in which all survive infancy. November 27 – NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission is launched, the start of the satellite component of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System. December December 1 – In the Indian state of Bihar, Ranvir Sena attacks the CPI(ML) Party Unity stronghold Lakshmanpur-Bathe, killing 63 lower caste people. December 3 – In Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, representatives from 121 countries sign a treaty prohibiting the manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel land mines. However, the United States, the People's Republic of China, Russia, South Korea and 32 other nations do not sign and/or ratify the treaty. December 10 – The capital of Kazakhstan is moved from Almaty to Astana. December 11 – The Kyoto Protocol is adopted by a United Nations committee. December 16 – In Japan, over 700 children suffer epilectic attacks due to an episode of the anime Pokémon. December 18 – In Australia, 20th Century Fox releases a feature-length film about a children's group named The Wiggles called The Wiggles Movie. December 19 Janet Jagan (widow of Cheddi Jagan) takes office in Guyana. James Cameron's Titanic, the then highest-grossing film of all time, premieres in the U.S. SilkAir Flight 185 crashes into the Musi River, near Palembang in Indonesia, killing 104. December 21 – Brazil beats Australia 6–0 in the Confederations Cup final. December 24 – 50–100 villagers are killed in the Sid El-Antri massacre in Algeria. December 27 – Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated in Northern Ireland, inside Long Kesh prison. December 29 – Hong Kong begins to kill all the chickens within its territory (1.25 million) to stop the spread of a potentially deadly influenza strain. December 30 – Wilaya of Relizane massacres of December 30, 1997: In the worst incident in Algeria's insurgency, 400 are killed from four villages in the wilaya of Relizane. Date unknown The Toyota Prius, the first hybrid vehicle to go into full production, is unveiled in Japan on October 24, and goes on sale in Japan on December 9. It comes to U.S. showrooms on July 11, 2000. Births January January 1 Chidozie Awaziem, Nigerian footballer Chloé Dygert American professional cyclist January 2 – Gabriel Carlsson, Swedish ice hockey player January 4 – Pauline Schäfer, German gymnast January 5 – Mikhail Vorobyev, Russian ice hockey player January 7 – Lamar Jackson, American football player January 9 – Elvira Herman, Belarusian athlete January 11 – Cody Simpson, Australian singer-songwriter January 12 – Felix Sandström, Swedish ice hockey player January 13 Egan Bernal, Colombian road bicycle racer Connor McDavid, Canadian ice hockey player January 14 – Francesco Bagnaia, Italian motorcycle racer January 15 – Valentina Zenere, Argentine actress, model, and singer January 17 – Jake Paul, American actor January 18 – Denis Malgin, Swiss ice hockey player January 21 Jeremy Shada, American actor, voice actor, singer and musician Yang Yang, Chinese paralympic swimmer January 22 – Kole Sherwood, American ice hockey player January 23 Sophie Hahn, English paralympic sprinter Lexie Priessman, American artistic gymnast Ramadan Sobhi, Egyptian footballer Gudaf Tsegay, Ethiopian middle-distance runner January 25 – Noah Hanifin, American ice hockey player January 26 – Gedion Zelalem, American soccer player January 28 – Jeffrey Viel, Canadian ice hockey player January 29 Joel Eriksson Ek, Swedish ice hockey player Jack Roslovic, American ice hockey player January 30 – Shim Suk-hee, South Korean speed skater January 31 – Anatoliy Ryapolov, Russian long jumper February February 2 – Jaheel Hyde, Jamaican sprinter February 3 – Lewis Cook, English footballer February 7 – Anhelina Kalinina, Ukrainian tennis player February 8 – Kathryn Newton, American actress February 10 Josh Jackson, American basketball player Lilly King, American swimmer Chloë Grace Moretz, American actress Rozaliya Nasretdinova, Russian swimmer February 11 Nasty C, South African rapper Rosé, New Zealand singer February 14 – Breel Embolo, Swiss footballer February 22 – Anton Chupkov, Russian swimmer February 23 Érick Aguirre, Mexican footballer Jamal Murray, Canadian basketball player February 24 – César Montes, Mexican footballer February 25 Isabelle Fuhrman, American actress Santiago Ascacíbar, Argentinian footballer Katsiaryna Halkina, Belarusian rhythmic gymnast February 26 – Zheng Siwei, Chinese badminton player March March 2 – Becky G, American singer March 3 Camila Cabello, Cuban-American singer Jaime Carreño, Chilean footballer David Neres, Brazilian footballer March 4 – Matisse Thybulle, American basketball player March 6 – Alisha Boe, Norwegian actress March 8 Irene Ekelund, Swedish sprinter Jurina Matsui, Japanese singer March 10 – Belinda Bencic, Swiss tennis player March 13 – Rúben Neves, Portuguese footballer March 14 Simone Biles, American gymnast Dawid Kownacki, Polish footballer March 17 Konrad Bukowiecki, Polish athlete Katie Ledecky, American swimmer March 18 Ciara Bravo, American actress, voice artist, singer, and comedian Mario Burke, Barbadian sprinter March 19 – Rūta Meilutytė, Lithuanian swimmer March 20 – Bobby Cheng, Australian chess champion March 21 – Martina Stoessel, Argentine actress, singer, dancer, and model March 22 – Harry Wilson, Welsh footballer March 23 – Thiago Maia, Brazilian footballer March 27 A-Reece, South African hip hop artist Lisa, Thai rapper, singer, dancer, and model March 30 Gideon Adlon, American actress Cha Eun-woo, South Korean singer April April 1 – Asa Butterfield, English actor April 3 – Gabriel Jesus, Brazilian footballer April 6 – Pavel Zacha, Czech ice hockey player April 8 Kim Woo-jin, South Korean singer Roquan Smith, American football player April 9 – Michael Špaček, Czech ice hockey player April 10 – Alla Sosnitskaya, Russian artistic gymnast April 11 Max Clegg, English speedway racer Mélovin, Ukrainian singer-songwriter April 12 – Katelyn Ohashi, American artistic gymnast April 14 – D. J. Moore, American football player April 15 Jesse Little, American stock car racing driver Maisie Williams, English actress April 16 – Daniel Rioli, Australian rules footballer April 18 Donny van de Beek, Dutch footballer Matthias Blübaum, German chess grandmaster April 19 – Malcolm Perry, American football player April 20 – Alexander Zverev, German tennis player April 21 – Mikel Oyarzabal, Spanish footballer April 23 Zach Apple, American swimmer Kim Hae-jin, South Korean figure skater Peng Cheng, Chinese figure skater April 24 Kirill Aleshin, Russian ice dancer Arturo Deliser, Panamanian sprinter Lydia Ko, South Korean-born New Zealand golfer Veronika Kudermetova, Russian tennis player April 26 – Moritz Wagner, German basketball player April 27 – Livio Loi, Belgian motorcycle racer April 28 – Denzel Ward, American football player April 29 – Ekaterina Baturina, Russian artistic gymnast April 30 – T. J. Leaf, American basketball player May May 2 BamBam, Thai singer Blake Rutherford, American baseball first baseman and outfielder May 3 Desiigner, American hip hop artist Dwayne Haskins, American football player Ivana Jorović, Serbian tennis player May 4 Nicolas Prattes, Brazilian actor Jon Teske, American basketball player Ben Dolic, Slovenian singer May 5 – Mitch Marner, Canadian ice hockey player May 6 – Duncan Scott, Scottish swimmer May 7 Daria Kasatkina, Russian tennis player Youri Tielemans, Belgian footballer May 10 Richarlison, Brazilian footballer Enes Ünal, Turkish footballer May 11 – Lana Condor, American actress and dancer May 12 Frenkie de Jong, Dutch footballer Morgan Lake, English athlete Odeya Rush, Israeli-born American actress May 14 – Manushi Chhillar, Indian model, actress and beauty pageant titleholder won Miss World 2017 May 15 – Ousmane Dembélé, French footballer May 19 Oliver Kylington, Swedish ice hockey player Víctor Robles, Dominican baseball outfielder May 21 – Kevin Quinn, American actor May 22 – Lauri Markkanen, Finnish basketball player May 23 – Joe Gomez, English footballer May 26 – Julian Yee, Malaysian figure skater May 27 – Daron Payne, American football player May 30 – Jake Short, American actor May 31 – Cupcakke, American rapper June June 1 – Youssef En-Nesyri, Moroccan footballer June 5 Sam Darnold, American football quarterback Henry Onyekuru, Nigerian footballer June 6 – Grant Shoults, American swimmer June 7 – David Montgomery, American football player June 8 – Jeļena Ostapenko, Latvian tennis player June 9 – Shen Duo, Chinese swimmer June 10 – Sviatoslav Mykhailiuk, Ukrainian basketball player June 11 Kodak Black, American hip-hop artist Julia Lavrentieva, Ukrainian pair skater John Hunter Nemechek, American stock car racing driver June 13 Katie Lou Samuelson, American basketball player Yuta Watanabe, Japanese badminton player June 15 – Madison Kocian, American artistic gymnast June 17 – KJ Apa, New Zealand |
coach Dean Paul Martin, American pop singer and screen actor (d. 1987) Stephen Root, American actor and voice actor November 18 – Justin Raimondo, American political activist (d. 2019) November 19 Zeenat Aman, Indian actress and model Lord Falconer of Thoroton, British politician November 20 – Rodger Bumpass, American voice actor known for his role as Squidward Tentacles on SpongeBob SquarePants November 21 – Thomas Roth, German television news anchor and presenter November 24 – Chet Edwards, American politician November 26 – Cicciolina, Hungarian-Italian actress and politician November 27 – Teri DeSario, American singer-songwriter November 29 Kathryn Bigelow, American film director Roger Troutman, American funk musician (d. 1999) November 30 – Christian Bernard, French-born mystic December December 1 Sherry Aldridge, American singer Obba Babatundé, American actor Jaco Pastorius, American bassist (d. 1987) Treat Williams, American actor, writer and aviator December 2 – Adrian Devine, American baseball pitcher (d. 2020) December 3 Natalis Chan, Hong Kong actor and producer Riki Choshu, Korean-Japanese professional wrestler December 4 Chang Fei, Taiwanese television personality Patricia Wettig, American actress December 6 – Tomson Highway, Canadian writer December 8 Bill Bryson, American-born British non-fiction author Jan Eggum, Norwegian singer and songwriter December 11 – Peter T. Daniels, American writing systems scholar December 12 Wau Holland, German hacker (d. 2001) Fyodor Konyukhov, Ukrainian explorer and priest December 14 Mike Krüger, German comedian and singer Jan Timman, Dutch chess player December 17 – Ken Hitchcock, Canadian hockey coach December 18 – Alvin E. Roth, American academic December 20 – Peter May, Scottish novelist and television dramatist December 27 Levy Fidelix, Brazilian politician, businessman, and journalist (d. 2021) Ernesto Zedillo, 54th President of Mexico (1994-2000) December 29 – Georges Thurston, Canadian singer (d. 2007) Deaths January January 2 – Harald Bohr, Danish mathematician and footballer (b. 1887) January 3 – Georgios Drossinis, Greek author, poet, scholar and editor (b. 1859) January 5 – Yasunosuke Gonda, Japanese sociologist and theorist (b. 1887) January 6 Ken Le Breton, Australian speedway rider (b. 1924) Maila Talvio, Finnish writer, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1871) January 7 René Guénon, French metaphysician (b. 1886) Lucien Cuénot, French biologist (b. 1866) January 10 – Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885) January 12 Jacques de Baroncelli, French director and screenwriter (b. 1881) Albert Guay, Canadian murderer (executed) (b. 1917) Prince Maximilian of Saxony (b. 1870) January 13 Florence Kahn, American actress (b. 1878) Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and eminence (b. 1871) Dorothea Bate, British palaeontologist, a pioneer of archaeozoology (b. 1878) January 15 – Sir Ernest Swinton, British Army general (b. 1868) January 16 – Tsunejirō Ishii, Japanese admiral (b. 1887) January 17 – Franziskus Hennemann, South African Titular bishop and reverend (b. 1882) January 18 Amy Carmichael, Irish missionary to India (b. 1867) Jack Holt, American actor (b. 1888) January 21 – Yuriko Miyamoto, Japanese novelist (b. 1899) January 23 – Robert J. Blackham, British general and author (b. 1868) January 27 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Finnish military leader and statesman, 6th President of Finland (b. 1867) January 28 Dominic Salvatore Gentile, American pilot (b. 1920) Petar Dujam Munzani, Italian Roman Catholic archbishop and reverend (b. 1890) January 29 – Frank Tarrant, Australian cricketer (b. 1880) January 30 – Ferdinand Porsche, German auto engineer (b. 1875) February February 1 – Blas Taracena Aguirre, Spanish archaeologist (b. 1895) February 3 Choudhry Rahmat Ali, one of the founding fathers of Pakistan (b. 1895) Zaifeng, Prince Chun, Qing Dynasty prince (b. 1883) February 8 Fritz Thyssen, German businessman and industrialist (b. 1873) Zygmunt Szendzielarz, Polish commander (b. 1910) February 9 – Eddy Duchin, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1909) February 13 – Lloyd C. Douglas, American author (b. 1877) February 14 – Andrés Barbero, Paraguayan scientist and botanist (b. 1877) February 18 Lyman Gilmore, American aviation pioneer (b. 1874) Miloš Slovák, Czech painter (b. 1885) February 19 – André Gide, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869) February 22 – Alfred Lindley, American Olympic rower - Men's eights (b. 1904) February 28 Henry W. Armstrong, American boxer and songwriter (b. 1879) Giannina Russ, Italian soprano (b. 1873) March March 1 – Maria Dickin, British social reformer (b. 1870) March 2 Cassiano Conzatti, Italian botanist, explorer and pteridologist (b. 1862) Al Taylor, American actor (b. 1887) March 4 Anna Berentine Anthoni, Norwegian trade unionist and politician (b. 1884) Zoltán Meszlényi, Hungarian Roman Catholic priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. 1892) March 6 Ivor Novello, British actor, musician and composer (b. 1893) Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian statesman, political activist, writer, playwright and artist, 1st Prime Minister of Ukraine (b. 1880) March 7 – Prince Rangsit Prayurasakdi (b. 1885) March 8 – Charles Coleman, American actor (b. 1885) March 10 – Kijūrō Shidehara, Japanese diplomat, 31st Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1872) March 11 – János Zsupánek, Prekmurje Slovene poet and writer (b. 1861) March 12 – Alfred Hugenberg, German businessman and politician (b. 1865) March 13 – Ants "the Terrible" Kaljurand, Estonian anti-communist, freedom fighter and forest brother (b. 1917) March 14 – Val Lewton, American producer and screenwriter (b. 1904) March 16 – Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Polish politician and educator, 24th Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1885) March 17 – Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria (b. 1888) March 19 – Dmytro Doroshenko, Soviet political figure (b. 1882) March 20 – Alfredo Baquerizo, 19th President of Ecuador (b. 1859) March 21 – Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (b. 1871) March 24 – José Enrique Varela, Spanish military officer (b. 1871) March 25 Eddie Collins, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1887) Oscar Micheaux, American filmmaker (b. 1884) March 31 – Ralph Forbes, American actor (b. 1896) April April 2 – Mikhail Vladimirsky, Soviet politician (b. 1874) April 4 – George Albert Smith, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1870) April 5 – Cường Để, Vietnamese revolutionary leader (b. 1882) April 6 – Robert Broom, British paleontologist (b. 1866) April 9 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist and meteorologist (b. 1862) April 11 Peter Enzenauer, Canadian politician (b. 1878) Joe King, American actor (b. 1883) April 14 Ernest Bevin, British labour leader, politician and statesman (b. 1884) Al Christie, Canadian film director and producer (b. 1881) April 16 – Adolph Bolm, Russian-American dancer and choreographer (b. 1881) April 18 – Óscar Carmona, 96th Prime Minister of Portugal and 11th President of Portugal (b. 1869) April 19 – Frank Hopkins, American professional horseman, soldier (b. 1865) April 20 – Ivanoe Bonomi, Italian politician and statesman, 25th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1873) April 21 – Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus, Dutch lepidopterist (b. 1894) April 22 – Horace Donisthorpe, British myrmecologist (b. 1870) April 23 – Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1865) April 25 – Shyam, Hindi actor (b. 1920) April 26 – Arnold Sommerfeld, German physicist (b. 1868) April 29 – Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian philosopher (b. 1889) May May 1 – Clement Sheptytsky, Soviet Orthodox priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1869) May 2 Alphonse de Châteaubriant, French writer (b. 1877) Mansour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi politician (b. 1921) May 3 – Homero Manzi, Argentine Tango lyricist and author (b. 1907) May 5 Eddie Dunn, American actor (b. 1896) Andronicus Rudenko, Greek Orthodox priest and blessed (b. 1874) May 6 – Henri Carton de Wiart, 23rd Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1869) May 7 – Warner Baxter, American actor (b. 1889) May 8 – Pat Hartigan, American actor and director (b. 1881) May 10 – Nikola Mushanov, 23rd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1872) May 16 – François Hussenot, French engineer (b. 1912) May 17 William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood, British field marshal (b. 1865) Mary Emelia Moore, New Zealand Presbyterian missionary in China (b. 1869) Empress Teimei of Japan, Empress consort of Emperor Taishō (b. 1884) May 18 – Gaspar Agüero Barreras, Cuban composer, pianist and composer (b. 1873) May 20 – Marguerite Merington, English-American author (b. 1857) May 23 – Antonio Gandusio, Italian actor (b. 1875) May 25 Franz Klebusch, German actor (b. 1887) Paula von Preradović, Austrian poet and writer (b. 1887) May 27 – Sir Thomas Blamey, Australian field marshal (b. 1884) May 29 Fanny Brice, American entertainer (b. 1891) Antonio Mosca, Italian painter (b. 1870) May 30 Hermann Broch, Austrian author (b. 1886) Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt, British admiral (b. 1870) June June 1 José Alejandrino, Filipino general (b. 1870) Rafael Altamira y Crevea, Spanish historian and jurist (b. 1866) Ludvig Oskar, Estonian painter (b. 1874) June 4 – Serge Koussevitzky, Russian-born conductor (b. 1874) June 7 Paul Blobel, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1894) Werner Braune, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1909) Erich Naumann, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1905) Otto Ohlendorf, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1907) Oswald Pohl, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1892) June 9 – Mayo Methot, American actress (b. 1904) June 11 – Takuma Nishimura, Japanese general (executed) (b. 1899) June 13 – Ben Chifley, Australian politician, 16th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885) June 16 – Pyotr Pavlenko, Soviet writer and screenwriter (b. 1899) June 21 – Charles Dillon Perrine, American astronomer, discovered two moons of Jupiter (Himalia and Elara) (b. 1867) June 25 – Ferdinand Budicki, Croatian pioneer (b. 1871) June 27 – David Warfield, American stage actor (b. 1866) June 28 – Maria Pia Mastena, Italian Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1881) June 29 – Juan Rivero Torres, Bolivian engineer and statesman (b. 1897) July July 1 – Tadeusz Borowski, Polish writer and journalist (b. 1922) July 2 – Ferdinand Sauerbruch, German surgeon (b. 1875) July 9 – Harry Heilmann, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1894) July 13 – Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (b. 1874) July 15 – Florentino Collantes, Filipino poet (b. 1896) July 17 Charles Desplanques, French anarchist and journalist (b. 1877) Riad Al Solh, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1894) July 18 Ludovico di Caporiacco, Italian arachnologist (b. 1901) Antti Juutilainen, Finnish farmer and politician (b. 1882) July 20 King Abdullah I of Jordan (assassinated) (b. 1882) Elías Ahúja y Andría, Spanish philanthropist, politician, businessman and academic (b. 1863) Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (b. 1882) July 23 Robert J. Flaherty, American filmmaker (b. 1884) Philippe Pétain, French World War I marshal, leader of Vichy France, 78th Prime Minister of France (b. 1856) July 25 – Henrik Ramsay, Finnish politician and economist (b. 1886) July 26 Juozas Gabrys, Lithuanian politician and diplomat (b. 1880) Maximilian Ritter von Pohl, German army and air force officer (b. 1893) July 30 – Max Horton, British admiral (b. 1883) July 31 – Cho Ki-chon, Korean poet (b. 1913) August August 14 – William Randolph Hearst, American newspaper publisher (b. 1863) August 15 – Artur Schnabel, Austrian-born Jewish classical pianist (b. 1882) August 16 – Louis Jouvet, French actor and director (b. 1887) August 19 – Władysław Wróblewski, Polish politician, scientist, diplomat and lawyer, provisional Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1875) August 21 – Constant Lambert, British composer (b. 1905) August 24 Henri Rivière, French painter (b. 1864) Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven, Cuban lawyer (b. 1865) August 26 – Bill Barilko, Canadian hockey player (b. 1927) August 28 – Robert Walker, American actor (b. 1918) September September 1 Louis Lavelle, French philosopher (b. 1883) Wols, German painter and photographer (b. 1913) September 2 – Antoine Bibesco, Romanian aristocrat, lawyer, diplomat and writer (b. 1878) September 3 Ernestina Lecuona y Casado, Cuban pianist, musician, educator and composer (b. 1882) Enrico Valtorta, Italian Roman Catholic bishop of Hong Kong and reverend (b. 1883) Serge Voronoff, Russian-born French surgeon (b. 1866) September 5 – Mário Eloy, Portuguese painter (b. 1900) September 7 Maria Montez, Dominican actress (b. 1912) John French Sloan, American artist (b. 1871) September 9 Anton Golopenția, Romanian sociologist (b. 1909) Gibson Gowland, British actor (b. 1877) September 10 – Giuseppe Mulè, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1885) | February 25 – Don Quarrie, Jamaican sprinter February 27 Lee Atwater, American political activist, campaign strategist and presidential advisor (d. 1991) Steve Harley, British rock musician March March 1 Sergei Kourdakov, Soviet KGB agent, later Christian convert (d. 1973) Mike Read, British television presenter, radio disc jockey March 3 – Heizō Takenaka, Japanese economist March 4 Edelgard Bulmahn, German politician Kenny Dalglish, Scottish footballer and manager Mike Quarry, American light-heavyweight boxer (d. 2006) Chris Rea, British singer, musician Gwen Welles, American actress (d. 1993) Linda Yamamoto, Japanese pop star March 6 – Gerrie Knetemann, Dutch cyclist (d. 2004) March 8 – Karen Kain, Canadian ballerina March 9 – Zakir Hussian, Indian tabla virtuoso, composer, percussionist, music producer and actor March 12 – Susan Musgrave, Canadian poet, children's writer March 13 – Charo, Spanish-American singer, entertainer March 14 – Jerry Greenfield, American co-founder of Ben & Jerry's ice cream March 17 – Kurt Russell, American actor March 18 Ben Cohen, American co-founder of Ben & Jerry's ice cream B. E. Taylor, American singer (d. 2016) March 19 – Fred Berry, American actor (d. 2003) March 24 – Tommy Hilfiger, American fashion designer March 26 Aleksey Buldakov, Russian actor (d. 2019) Carl Wieman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate March 30 – Wolfgang Niedecken, German singer April April 1 – Tim Bassett, American basketball player (d. 2018) April 5 Joe Bowen, Canadian hockey broadcaster Dean Kamen, American inventor, entrepreneur Frank Moulaert, Flemish scholar Guy Vanderhaeghe, Canadian author April 6 Bert Blyleven, Dutch Major League Baseball player Rita Raave, Estonian actress April 7 – Janis Ian, American singer-songwriter April 8 Geir Haarde, Prime Minister of Iceland (2006–2009) Joan Sebastian, Mexican singer, songwriter (d. 2015) April 11 Doris Angleton, American socialite, murder victim (d. 1997) Rohini Hattangadi, Indian actress April 12 – Tom Noonan, American actor April 13 Peabo Bryson, African-American singer Peter Davison, British actor Max Weinberg, American drummer John Furey, American actor April 14 Julian Lloyd Webber, English cellist Greg Winter, English biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate April 15 – Trixi Schuba, Austrian figure skater April 16 Celso Daniel, Brazilian politician (d. 2002) Mordechai Ben David, American singer Ioan Mihai Cochinescu, Romanian writer Björgvin Halldórsson, Icelandic singer Pierre Toutain-Dorbec, French photographer April 17 Horst Hrubesch, German footballer Olivia Hussey, Argentine-born actress (Romeo and Juliet) April 19 – Jóannes Eidesgaard, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands April 20 Louise Jameson, British actress Luther Vandross, African-American R&B, soul singer, songwriter (d. 2005) April 21 Tony Danza, American actor and comedian (Who's the Boss?) Vladimír Špidla, 4th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic April 22 – Paul Carrack, English singer April 23 – Allison Krause, American Kent State University shooting victim (d. 1970) April 24 – Enda Kenny, 13th Taoiseach of Ireland April 27 Ace Frehley, American rock guitarist (Kiss) Freundel Stuart, 7th Prime Minister of Barbados April 29 Kwesi Amissah-Arthur, Ghanaian economist, academic and politician (d. 2018) Dale Earnhardt, American race car driver (d. 2001) May May 3 – Christopher Cross, American singer-songwriter May 6 Antonio Saldías, Chilean historian Samuel Doe, President of Liberia (d. 1990) May 9 Christopher Dewdney, Canadian poet Joy Harjo, Native American poet May 13 Selina Scott, English journalist, television presenter Jumbo Tsuruta, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2000) May 15 Yoshifumi Hibako, Japanese general Jonathan Richman, American musician Frank Wilczek, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate Paolo Torrisi, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2005) May 16 – Unshō Ishizuka, Japanese voice actor (d. 2018) May 18 – Ben Feringa, Dutch organic chemist, Nobel Prize laureate May 19 Joey Ramone, American rock musician (Ramones) (d. 2001) Dick Slater, American professional wrestler (d. 2018) May 20 – Christie Blatchford, Canadian newspaper columnist, journalist and broadcaster (d. 2020) May 21 – Al Franken, American comedian (Saturday Night Live) and U.S. Senator (D-MN) May 23 Jill E. Barad, American businessperson Anatoly Karpov, Russian chess player Antonis Samaras, Greek economist, politician and 185th Prime Minister of Greece May 25 – Jamaluddin Jarjis, Malaysian politician (d. 2015) May 26 Ramón Calderón, Spanish lawyer and businessman Lou van den Dries, Dutch mathematician Sally Ride, American astronaut (d. 2012) Madeleine Taylor-Quinn, Irish politician May 30 Stephen Tobolowsky, American actor Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay May 31 – Jimmy Nalls, American guitarist (Sea Level) (d. 2017) June June 2 Gilbert Baker, American artist and activist, creator of the LGBTQ+ Pride Flag (d. 2017) Jeanine Pirro, Lebanese-American attorney, politician and conservative political commentator Larry Robinson, Canadian hockey player June 3 – Jill Biden, First Lady of the United States June 5 – Suze Orman, American financial advisor, writer and television personality June 8 – Bonnie Tyler, Welsh singer June 9 – James Newton Howard, American musician, composer June 12 Brad Delp, American rock vocalist (Boston) (d. 2007) Andranik Margaryan, 14th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. 2007) June 13 Stellan Skarsgård, Swedish actor Richard Thomas, American actor (The Waltons) June 14 – Paul Boateng, British politician June 15 Jane Amsterdam, American magazine editor Álvaro Colom, 35th President of Guatemala June 16 Charlie Dominici, American musician Roberto Durán, Panamanian boxer June 17 – Shahidan Kassim, Malaysian politician June 18 Gyula Sax, Hungarian chess grandmaster (d. 2014) Steve Miner, American film, television director, film producer June 19 – Ayman al-Zawahiri, Egyptian terrorist June 20 Tress MacNeille, American voice actress Paul Muldoon, Irish poet June 21 Nils Lofgren, American musician Marcus Mojigoh, Malaysian politician June 23 – Michèle Mouton, French rally driver June 24 Leslie Cochran, American homeless activist (d. 2012) Mohd Sidek Hassan, 12th Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia David Rodigan, British radio DJ/actor June 25 - Elvy Sukaesih, Indonesian dangdut singer June 27 Julia Duffy, American actress Ulf Andersson, Swedish chess player Mary McAleese, 8th President of Ireland Madan Bhandari, Nepalese politician (d. 1993) June 28 Mick Cronin, Australian rugby league player Daniel Ruiz, Spanish footballer Lloyd Maines, American musician, record producer Lalla Ward, British actress June 29 Keno Don Rosa, American comic book author Zvi Eliezer Alonie, Israeli rabbi Craig Sager, American sports commentator (d. 2016) Billy Hinsche, American musician (d. 2021) June 30 – Stanley Clarke, American bassist July July 1 Sabah Abdul-Jalil, Iraqi footballer and coach (d. 2021) Abdul Karim Jassim, Iraqi footballer and coach Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed, Djiboutian politician Thomas Boni Yayi, 7th President of Benin July 2 Elisabeth Brooks, Canadian actress (d. 1997) Wiesław Gawlikowski, Polish sport shooter Guido Magherini, Italian footballer and coach Stevie Woods, American singer (d. 2014) July 3 Richard Hadlee, New Zealand cricketer Lodewijk Jacobs, Dutch sprint canoer Bob Rigby, U.S. soccer goalkeeper July 4 Beverly Boys, Canadian diver S. S. Ahluwalia, Indian politician July 5 Goose Gossage, American baseball player Yehoshua Gal, Israeli footballer Gilbert Van Binst, Belgian footballer July 6 – Geoffrey Rush, Australian actor July 7 – Menachem Ben-Sasson, Israeli politician July 8 – Anjelica Huston, American actress July 9 Jeje Odongo, Ugandan military officer and politician Chris Cooper, American actor July 10 – Phyllis Smith, American actress July 11 – Yechiel Eckstein, Israeli-American rabbi (d. 2019) July 12 – Cheryl Ladd, American actress and singer July 14 – Erich Hallhuber, German actor (d. 2003) July 15 Folorunso Alakija, Nigerian businesswoman Rick Kehoe, Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach July 16 Jean-Luc Mongrain, Canadian news anchor and journalist Che Rosli, Malaysian politician Franco Serantini, Italian anarchist (d. 1972) July 18 Eva Wittke, German swimmer Elio Di Rupo, Belgian politician July 21 – Robin Williams, American actor and comedian (d. 2014) July 22 – William Nyallau Badak, Malaysian politician July 23 – Edie McClurg, American actress July 24 Fiona Reid, English-born Canadian actress Lynda Carter, American actress and singer Chris Smith, British politician July 25 – Yury Kovalchuk, Russian oligarch July 26 – Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, German politician July 28 Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, Spanish politician (d. 2019) Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect and engineer July 31 Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Australian tennis player Vjekoslav Šutej, Croatian orchestral conductor (d. 2009) August August 2 – Andrew Gold, American singer-songwriter and musician (10cc, Wax) (d. 2011) August 3 – Marcel Dionne, Canadian hockey player August 6 Catherine Hicks, American actress Daryl Somers, Australian television personality August 8 Louis van Gaal, Dutch footballer and manager Mohamed Morsi, Egyptian politician, 5th President of Egypt (d. 2019) Mamoru Oshii, Japanese film director Randy Shilts, American journalist and author (d. 1994) August 10 – Juan Manuel Santos, President of Colombia and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize August 11 – Katsumi Chō, Japanese voice actor August 13 – Dan Fogelberg, American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist (d. 2007) August 15 – Jim Allen, West Indian cricketer August 16 – Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, 13th President of Nigeria (d. 2010) August 17 – Richard Hunt, American puppeteer (d. 1992) August 19 – John Deacon, English rock bassist August 20 Greg Bear, American author Marcel Dadi, French guitarist (d. 1996) August 21 Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist Chesley V. Morton, American politician and securities arbitrator Harry Smith, American journalist and editor August 22 – Chandra Prakash Mainali, Nepalese politician August 23 Jimi Jamison, American musician (Survivor) (d. 2014) Akhmad Kadyrov, President of Chechnya (d. 2004) Queen Noor of Jordan, born Lisa Najeeb Halaby, American-born queen consort August 24 – Orson Scott Card, American writer August 25 – Rob Halford, English rock singer August 26 – Edward Witten, American mathematician, Fields medalist August 28 – Wayne Osmond, American pop singer August 30 Behgjet Pacolli, 3rd President of Kosovo. Dana Rosemary Scallon, Irish singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1970 winner and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) August 31 – Peter Withe, English footballer September September 2 Jim DeMint, American politician, United States Senator (R-SC) Mark Harmon, American actor September 4 – Judith Ivey, American actress September 5 – Michael Keaton, American actor September 6 – Šaban Šaulić, Serbian musician (d. 2019) September 7 Chrissie Hynde, American rock singer Mammootty, Indian actor and producer September 9 – Alexander Downer, Australian politician, diplomat September 12 Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach of Ireland Joe Pantoliano, American actor September 13 Jean Smart, American actress Salva Kiir Mayardit, 1st President of South Sudan September 14 Duncan Haldane, English-born condensed-matter physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics Volodymyr Melnykov, Ukrainian poet, writer, songwriter and composer September 15 Pete Carroll, American football coach Jared Taylor, American author and journalist Fred Seibert, American producer and Frederator Studios founder September 17 – Cassandra Peterson, American actress, known for her role in Elvira, Mistress of the Dark September 18 Ben Carson, African-American politician, author and neurosurgeon Dee Dee Ramone, American bassist (d. 2002) September 20 Guy Lafleur, Canadian hockey player Javier Marías, Spanish novelist September 21 – Aslan Maskhadov, President of Chechnya (d. 2005) September 22 David Coverdale, English singer and musician Wolfgang Petry, German singer September 24 – Alfonso Portillo, President of Guatemala September 25 Mark Hamill, American actor, better known for his role in Star Wars Bob McAdoo, American basketball player and coach September 26 – Stuart Tosh, Scottish musician September 28 – Jim Diamond, Scottish singer-songwriter (d. 2015) September 29 Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile Andrés Caicedo, Colombian writer (d. 1977) Maureen Caird, Australian hurdler Mike Enriquez, Filipino radio and television newscaster September 30 – Barry Marshall, Australian physician and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine October October 2 – Sting, British singer, rock musician, philanthropist October 3 Keb' Mo', American musician Kathryn D. Sullivan, American astronaut October 4 – Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov, Kazakh poet October 5 – Bob Geldof, Irish musician (The Boomtown Rats) Karen Allen, American actress October 6 – Manfred Winkelhock, German racing driver (d. 1985) October 7 Jakaya Kikwete, 4th President of Tanzania John Mellencamp, American musician and songwriter October 10 – Epeli Ganilau, Fijian soldier and statesman October 11 Jean-Jacques Goldman, French singer and songwriter Jon Miller, American sports announcer October 15 Hani Al-Mulki, Prime Minister of Jordan Rafael Vaganian, Armenian chess grandmaster October 17 – Prabowo Subianto, Indonesian businessman, politician and Lieutenant General of the Indonesian National Armed Forces October 18 Pam Dawber, American actress Mike Antonovich, American ice hockey player and executive Terry McMillan, American author October 19 – Annie Golden, Americana actress October 20 – Claudio Ranieri, Italian football manager and player October 22 – William David Sanders, American victim of the Columbine High School massacre (d. 1999) October 23 – Charly García, Argentine musician and songwriter October 25 – Richard Lloyd, American rock guitarist October 26 Willie P. Bennett, Canadian songwriter and singer (d. 2008) Bootsy Collins, American musician, singer-songwriter October 27 – Éric Morena, French singer (d. 2019) October 28 - Marvin Heemeyer, American man who went on a rampage with an armored bulldozer in Granby, Colorado (d. 2004) October 29 - Kelly Sutherland (chuckwagon), Canadian Pro Chuckwagon racer October 30 – Harry Hamlin, American actor October 31 – Nick Saban, American football coach November November 2 – Thomas Mallon, American author and critic November 3 – Ed Murawinski, American cartoonist (New York Daily News) November 4 – Traian Băsescu, President of Romania November 7 – Dennis Allen, Australian criminal and drug dealer, eldest son of Kath Pettingill (d.1987) November 8 – Alfredo Astiz, Argentine commander November 9 Martin Khor, Malaysian journalist and economist (d. 2020) Lou Ferrigno, American actor and bodybuilder November 10 – Danilo Medina, Dominican politician 53rd President of the Dominican Republic November 11 – Bill Moseley, American Actor November 12 – Marcelo Rezende, Brazilian journalist and television presenter (d. 2017) November 14 – Jacob ter Veldhuis, Dutch composer November 15 Alamgir Hashmi, English poet Beverly D'Angelo, American actress and singer November 16 Miguel Sandoval, American actor Sulaiman Taha, Malaysian politician (d. 2010) Paula Vogel, American playwright November 17 Butch Davis, American NFL and NCAA football head coach Dean Paul Martin, American pop singer and screen actor (d. 1987) Stephen Root, American actor and voice actor November 18 – Justin Raimondo, American political activist (d. 2019) November 19 Zeenat Aman, Indian actress and model Lord Falconer of Thoroton, British politician November 20 – Rodger Bumpass, American voice actor known for his role as Squidward Tentacles on SpongeBob SquarePants November 21 – Thomas Roth, German television news anchor and presenter November 24 – Chet Edwards, American politician November 26 – Cicciolina, Hungarian-Italian actress and politician November 27 – Teri DeSario, American singer-songwriter November 29 Kathryn Bigelow, American film director Roger Troutman, American funk musician (d. 1999) November 30 – Christian Bernard, French-born mystic December December 1 Sherry Aldridge, American singer Obba Babatundé, American actor Jaco Pastorius, American bassist (d. 1987) Treat Williams, American actor, writer and aviator December 2 – Adrian Devine, American baseball pitcher (d. 2020) December 3 Natalis Chan, Hong Kong actor and producer Riki Choshu, Korean-Japanese professional wrestler December 4 Chang Fei, Taiwanese television personality Patricia Wettig, American actress December 6 – Tomson Highway, Canadian writer December 8 Bill Bryson, American-born British non-fiction author Jan Eggum, Norwegian singer and songwriter December 11 – Peter T. Daniels, American writing systems scholar December 12 Wau Holland, German hacker (d. 2001) Fyodor Konyukhov, Ukrainian explorer and priest December 14 Mike Krüger, German comedian and singer Jan Timman, Dutch chess player December 17 – Ken Hitchcock, Canadian hockey coach December 18 – Alvin E. Roth, American academic December 20 – Peter May, Scottish novelist and television dramatist December 27 Levy Fidelix, Brazilian politician, businessman, and journalist (d. 2021) Ernesto Zedillo, 54th President of Mexico (1994-2000) December 29 – Georges Thurston, Canadian singer (d. 2007) Deaths January January 2 – Harald Bohr, Danish mathematician and footballer (b. 1887) January 3 – Georgios Drossinis, Greek author, poet, scholar and editor (b. 1859) January 5 – Yasunosuke Gonda, Japanese sociologist and theorist (b. 1887) January 6 Ken Le Breton, Australian speedway rider (b. 1924) Maila Talvio, Finnish writer, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1871) January 7 René Guénon, French metaphysician (b. 1886) Lucien Cuénot, French biologist (b. 1866) January 10 – Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885) January 12 Jacques de Baroncelli, French director and screenwriter (b. 1881) Albert Guay, Canadian murderer (executed) (b. 1917) Prince Maximilian of Saxony (b. 1870) January 13 Florence Kahn, American actress (b. 1878) Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and eminence (b. 1871) Dorothea Bate, British palaeontologist, a pioneer of archaeozoology (b. 1878) January 15 – Sir Ernest Swinton, British Army general (b. 1868) January 16 – Tsunejirō Ishii, Japanese admiral (b. 1887) January 17 – Franziskus Hennemann, South African Titular bishop and reverend (b. 1882) January 18 Amy Carmichael, Irish missionary to India (b. 1867) Jack Holt, American actor (b. 1888) January 21 – Yuriko Miyamoto, Japanese novelist (b. 1899) January 23 – Robert J. Blackham, British general and author (b. 1868) January 27 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Finnish military leader and statesman, 6th President of Finland (b. 1867) January 28 Dominic Salvatore Gentile, American pilot (b. 1920) Petar Dujam Munzani, Italian Roman Catholic archbishop and reverend (b. 1890) January 29 – Frank Tarrant, Australian cricketer (b. 1880) January 30 – Ferdinand Porsche, German auto engineer (b. 1875) February February 1 – Blas Taracena Aguirre, Spanish archaeologist (b. 1895) February 3 Choudhry Rahmat Ali, one of the founding fathers of Pakistan (b. 1895) Zaifeng, Prince Chun, Qing Dynasty prince (b. 1883) February 8 Fritz Thyssen, German businessman and industrialist (b. 1873) Zygmunt Szendzielarz, Polish commander (b. 1910) February 9 – Eddy Duchin, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1909) February 13 – Lloyd C. Douglas, American author (b. 1877) February 14 – Andrés Barbero, Paraguayan scientist and botanist (b. 1877) February 18 Lyman Gilmore, American aviation pioneer (b. 1874) Miloš Slovák, Czech painter (b. 1885) February 19 – André Gide, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869) February 22 – Alfred Lindley, American Olympic rower - Men's eights (b. 1904) February 28 Henry W. Armstrong, American boxer and songwriter (b. 1879) Giannina Russ, Italian soprano (b. 1873) March March 1 – Maria Dickin, British social reformer (b. 1870) March 2 Cassiano Conzatti, Italian botanist, explorer and pteridologist (b. 1862) Al Taylor, American actor (b. 1887) March 4 Anna Berentine Anthoni, Norwegian trade unionist and politician (b. 1884) Zoltán Meszlényi, Hungarian Roman Catholic priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. 1892) March 6 Ivor Novello, British actor, musician and composer (b. 1893) Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian statesman, political activist, writer, playwright and artist, 1st Prime Minister of Ukraine (b. 1880) March 7 – Prince Rangsit Prayurasakdi (b. 1885) March 8 – Charles Coleman, American actor (b. 1885) March 10 – Kijūrō Shidehara, Japanese diplomat, 31st Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1872) March 11 – János Zsupánek, Prekmurje Slovene poet and writer (b. 1861) March 12 – Alfred Hugenberg, German businessman and politician (b. 1865) March 13 – Ants "the Terrible" Kaljurand, Estonian anti-communist, freedom fighter and forest brother (b. 1917) March 14 – Val Lewton, American producer and screenwriter (b. 1904) March 16 – Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Polish politician and educator, 24th Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1885) March 17 – Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria (b. 1888) March 19 – Dmytro Doroshenko, Soviet political figure (b. 1882) March 20 – Alfredo Baquerizo, 19th President of Ecuador (b. 1859) March 21 – Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (b. 1871) March 24 – José Enrique Varela, Spanish military officer (b. 1871) March 25 Eddie Collins, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1887) Oscar Micheaux, American filmmaker (b. 1884) March 31 – Ralph Forbes, American actor (b. 1896) April April 2 – Mikhail Vladimirsky, Soviet politician (b. 1874) April 4 – George Albert Smith, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1870) April 5 – Cường Để, Vietnamese revolutionary leader (b. 1882) April 6 – Robert Broom, British paleontologist (b. 1866) April 9 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist and meteorologist (b. 1862) April 11 Peter Enzenauer, Canadian politician (b. 1878) Joe King, American actor (b. 1883) April 14 Ernest Bevin, British labour leader, politician and statesman (b. 1884) Al Christie, Canadian film director and producer (b. 1881) April 16 – Adolph Bolm, Russian-American dancer and choreographer (b. 1881) April 18 – Óscar Carmona, 96th Prime Minister of Portugal and 11th President of Portugal (b. 1869) April 19 – Frank Hopkins, American professional horseman, soldier (b. 1865) April 20 – Ivanoe Bonomi, Italian politician and statesman, 25th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1873) April 21 – Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus, Dutch lepidopterist (b. 1894) April 22 – Horace Donisthorpe, British myrmecologist (b. 1870) April 23 – Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1865) April 25 – Shyam, Hindi actor (b. 1920) April 26 – Arnold Sommerfeld, German physicist (b. 1868) April 29 – Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian philosopher (b. 1889) May May 1 – Clement Sheptytsky, Soviet Orthodox priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1869) May 2 Alphonse de Châteaubriant, French writer (b. 1877) Mansour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi politician (b. 1921) May 3 – Homero Manzi, Argentine Tango lyricist and author (b. 1907) May 5 Eddie Dunn, American actor (b. 1896) Andronicus Rudenko, Greek Orthodox priest and blessed (b. 1874) May 6 – Henri Carton de Wiart, 23rd Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1869) May 7 – Warner Baxter, American actor (b. 1889) May 8 – Pat Hartigan, American actor and director (b. 1881) May 10 – Nikola Mushanov, 23rd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1872) May 16 – François Hussenot, French engineer (b. 1912) May 17 William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood, British field marshal (b. 1865) Mary Emelia Moore, New Zealand Presbyterian missionary in China (b. 1869) Empress Teimei of Japan, Empress consort of Emperor Taishō (b. 1884) May 18 – Gaspar Agüero Barreras, Cuban composer, pianist and composer (b. 1873) May 20 – Marguerite Merington, English-American author (b. 1857) May 23 – Antonio Gandusio, Italian actor (b. 1875) May 25 Franz Klebusch, German actor (b. 1887) Paula von Preradović, Austrian poet and writer (b. 1887) May 27 – Sir Thomas Blamey, Australian field marshal (b. 1884) May 29 Fanny Brice, American entertainer (b. 1891) Antonio Mosca, Italian painter (b. 1870) May 30 Hermann Broch, Austrian author (b. 1886) Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt, British admiral (b. 1870) June June 1 José Alejandrino, Filipino general (b. 1870) Rafael Altamira y Crevea, Spanish historian and jurist (b. 1866) Ludvig Oskar, Estonian painter (b. 1874) June 4 – Serge Koussevitzky, Russian-born conductor (b. 1874) June 7 Paul Blobel, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1894) Werner Braune, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1909) Erich Naumann, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1905) Otto Ohlendorf, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1907) Oswald Pohl, German SS officer (executed) (b. 1892) June 9 – Mayo Methot, American actress (b. 1904) June 11 – Takuma Nishimura, Japanese general (executed) (b. 1899) June 13 – Ben Chifley, Australian politician, 16th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885) June 16 – Pyotr Pavlenko, Soviet writer and screenwriter (b. 1899) June 21 – Charles Dillon Perrine, American astronomer, discovered two moons of Jupiter (Himalia and Elara) (b. 1867) June 25 – Ferdinand Budicki, Croatian pioneer (b. 1871) June 27 – David Warfield, American stage actor (b. 1866) June 28 – Maria Pia Mastena, Italian Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1881) June 29 – Juan Rivero Torres, Bolivian engineer and statesman (b. 1897) July July 1 – Tadeusz Borowski, Polish writer and journalist (b. 1922) July 2 – Ferdinand Sauerbruch, German surgeon (b. 1875) July 9 – Harry Heilmann, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1894) July 13 – Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (b. 1874) July 15 – Florentino Collantes, Filipino poet (b. 1896) July 17 Charles Desplanques, French anarchist and journalist (b. 1877) Riad Al Solh, 2-Time Prime Minister |
an office and their voters of representation, it also changes the power index in the assembly, which may have dramatic implications for coalition-building. In the 2013 German federal election, the FDP, in Parliament since 1949, got only 4.8% of the list vote, and no district, excluding the party altogether. This, along with the failure of the right-wing euroskeptic party AfD (4.7%), gave a left-wing majority in Parliament despite a center-right majority of votes (CDU/CSU itself came short of absolute majority by just 5 seats). As a result, Merkel's CDU/CSU formed a grand coalition with the SPD. Norway, 2009. The Liberal Party got 3.9% of the votes, below the 4% threshold for leveling seats, although still winning two seats. Hence, while right-wing opposition parties won more votes between them than the parties in the governing coalition, the narrow failure of the Liberal Party to cross the threshold kept the governing coalition in power. It crossed the threshold again the following election with 5.2%. Poland, 2015. The United Left achieved 7.55%, which is underneath the 8% threshold for multi-party coalitions. Furthermore, KORWiN only reached 4.76%, narrowly missing the 5% threshold for individual parties. This allowed the victorious PiS to obtain a majority of seats with 37% of the vote. This was the first parliament without left-wing parties represented. Israel, April 2019. Among the 3 lists representing right-wing to far-right Zionism and supportive of Netanyahu, only one crossed the threshold the right-wing government had increased to 3.25%: the Union of the Right-Wing Parties with 3.70%, while future Prime Minister Bennett's New Right narrowly failed at 3.22%, and Zehut only 2.74%, destroying Netanyahu's chances of another majority, and leading to snap elections in September. Lithuania, 2020. The LLRA–KŠS won only 4.97% of the party list votes. Had the party passed the 5% threshold, it would have gained 5 seats, allowing a left-populist coalition with LVŽS, LSDP, DP, and independent candidates. Instead, a liberal-right coalition TS-LKD, LRLS and FP held a majority in the Seimas, forming the Šimonytė Cabinet. Czech Republic, 2021. Přísaha (4.68%), ČSSD (4.65%) and KSČM (3.60%) all failed to cross the 5% threshold thus allowing a coalition of Spolu and PaS. This was also the first time that neither ČSSD nor KSČM had representation in parliament since 1992. Memorable dramatic losses: Israel, 1992. The extreme right-wing Tehiya (Revival) got 1.2% of the votes, which was below the threshold which it had itself voted to raise to 1.5%. It thus lost its three seats. Slovakia, 2016. The Christian Democratic Movement achieved 4.94% missing only 0.06% votes to reach the threshold which meant the first absence of the party since the Velvet Revolution and the first democratic elections in 1990. Slovakia, 2020. The coalition between Progressive Slovakia and SPOLU won 6.96% of votes, falling short of the 7% threshold for coalitions. This was an unexpected defeat since the coalition had won both the 2019 European election and 2019 presidential election less than a year earlier. In addition, two other parties won fewer votes but were able to win seats due to the lower threshold for single parties (5%). This was also the first election since the Velvet Revolution in which no party of the Hungarian minority crossed the 5% threshold. Madrid, Spain, 2021. Despite achieving 26 seats with 19.37% of the votes in the previous election, the liberal Ciudadanos party crashed down to just 3.54% in the 2021 snap election called by Isabel Díaz Ayuso, failing to get close to the 5% threshold. Amount of unrepresented vote Electoral thresholds can sometimes seriously affect the relationship between the percentages of the popular vote achieved by each party and the distribution of seats. In the Russian parliamentary elections in 1995, with a threshold excluding parties under 5%, more than 45% of votes went to parties that failed to reach the threshold. In 1998, the Russian Constitutional Court found the threshold legal, taking into account limits in its use. After the first implementation of the threshold in Poland in 1993 34.4% of the popular vote did not gain representation. There had been a similar situation in Turkey, which has a 10% threshold, easily higher than in any other country. The justification for such a high threshold was to prevent multi-party coalitions and put a stop to the endless fragmentation of political parties seen in the 1960s and 1970s. However, coalitions ruled between 1991 and 2002, but mainstream parties continued to be fragmented and in the 2002 elections as many as 45% of votes were cast for parties which failed to reach the threshold and were thus unrepresented in the parliament. In the Ukrainian elections of March 2006, for which there was a threshold of 3% (of the overall vote, i.e. including invalid votes), 22% of voters were effectively disenfranchised, having voted for minor candidates. In the parliamentary election held under the same system, fewer voters supported minor parties and the total percentage of disenfranchised voters fell to about 12%. In Bulgaria, 24% of voters cast their ballots for parties that would not gain representation in the elections of 1991 and 2013. In the Philippines where party-list seats are only contested in 20% of the 287 seats in the lower house, the effect of the 2% threshold is increased by the large number of parties participating in the election, which means that the threshold is harder to reach. This led to a quarter of valid votes being wasted, on average and led to the 20% of the seats never being allocated due to the 3-seat cap In 2007, the 2% threshold was altered to allow parties with less than 1% of first preferences to receive a seat each and the proportion of wasted votes reduced slightly to 21%, but it again increased to 29% in 2010 due to an increase in number of participating parties. These statistics take no account of the wasted votes for a party which is entitled to more than three seats but cannot claim those seats due to the three-seat cap. Electoral thresholds can produce a spoiler effect, similar to that in the first-past-the-post voting system, in which minor parties unable to reach the threshold take votes away from other parties with similar ideologies. Fledgling parties in these systems often find themselves in a vicious circle: if a party is perceived as having no chance of meeting the threshold, it often cannot gain popular support; and if the party cannot gain popular support, it will continue to have little or no chance of meeting the threshold. As well as acting against extremist parties, it may also adversely affect moderate parties if the political climate becomes polarized between two major parties at opposite ends of the political spectrum. In such a scenario, moderate voters may abandon their preferred party in favour of a more popular party in the | Slovenia, the threshold was set at 3 parliamentary seats during parliamentary elections in 1992 and 1996. This meant that the parties needed to win about 3.2% of the votes in order to pass the threshold. In 2000, the threshold was raised to 4% of the votes. Sweden In Sweden, there is a nationwide threshold of 4%, but if a party reaches 12% in one election district, it will take part in the seat allocation for that district. However, through the 2014 election nobody has been elected based on the 12% rule. United States In the United States, as the majority of elections are conducted under the first-past-the-post system, legal electoral thresholds do not apply in the actual voting. However, several states have threshold requirements for parties to obtain automatic ballot access to the next general election without having to submit voter-signed petitions. The threshold requirements have no practical bearing on the two main political parties (the Republican and Democratic parties) as they easily meet the requirements, but have come into play for minor parties such as the Green and Libertarian parties. The threshold rules also apply for independent candidates to obtain ballot access. List of electoral thresholds by country Europe Other countries Natural threshold The number of seats in each electoral district creates a "hidden" natural threshold (also called an effective, or informal threshold). The number of votes that means that a party is guaranteed a seat can be calculated by the formula () where ε is the smallest possible number of votes. That means that in a district with four seats slightly more than 20% of the votes will guarantee a seat. Under more favorable circumstances, the party can still win a seat with fewer votes. The most important factor in determining the natural threshold is the number of seats to be filled by the district. Other less important factors are the seat allocation formula (D'Hondt, Saint-Laguë, LR-Droop or Hare), the number of contestant political parties and the size of the assembly. Generally, smaller districts leads to a higher proportion of votes needed to win a seat and vice versa. The lower bound (the threshold of representation or the percentage of the vote that allows a party to earn a seat under the most favorable circumstances) is more difficult to calculate. In addition to the factors mentioned earlier, the number of votes cast for smaller parties are important. If more votes are cast for parties that do not win any seat, that will mean a lower percentage of votes needed to win a seat. Notable cases An extreme example occurred in Turkey following the 2002 Turkish general election, where almost none of the 550 incumbent MPs were returned. This was a seismic shift that rocked Turkish politics to its foundations. None of the political parties that had passed the threshold in 1999, passed it again: DYP got only 9.55% of the popular vote, MHP got 8.34%, GP 7.25%, DEHAP 6.23%, ANAP 5.13%, SP 2.48% and DSP 1.22%. The aggregate number of wasted votes was an unprecented 46.33% (14,545,438). As a result, Erdoğan's AKP gained power, winning more than two-thirds of the seats in the Parliament with just 34.28% of the vote, with only one opposition party (CHP, which by itself failed to pass threshold in 1999) and 9 independents. Other dramatic events can be produced by the loophole often added in mixed-member proportional representation (used throughout Germany since 1949, New Zealand since 1993): there the threshold rule for party lists includes an exception for parties that won 3 (Germany) or 1 (New Zealand) single-member districts. The party list vote helps calculate the desirable number of MPs for each party. Major parties can help minor ally parties overcome the hurdle, by letting them win one or a few districts: 2008 New Zealand general election: While New Zealand First got only 4.07% of the list vote (so it was not returned to parliament), ACT New Zealand won 3.65% of the list vote, but its leader won an electorate seat (Epsom), which entitled the party to list seats (4). In the 2011 election, leaders of the National Party and ACT had tea together before the press to promote the implicit alliance (see tea tape scandal). After their victories, the Nationals passed a confidence and supply agreement with ACT to form the Fifth National Government of New Zealand. In Germany, the post-communist PDS and its successor Die Linke often hovered around the 5% threshold. In 1994, it won only 4.4% of the party list vote, but four districts in East Berlin, which saved it, earning 30 MPs in total. In 2002, it achieved only 4.0% of the party list vote, and won just two districts, this time excluding the party from proportional representation. This limited the red-green majority to just a few MPs, with the Schröder Cabinet II lasting only 3 years. In 2021, it won only 4.9% of the party list vote, but won the bare necessary three districts (Berlin Lichtenberg, Berlin Treptow – Köpenick, and Leipzig II), salvaging the party which received 39 MPs. In the 1990 German federal election, the Western Greens did not meet the threshold, which was applied separately for former East and West Germany. The Greens could not take advantage of this, because the "Alliance 90" (which had absorbed the East German Greens) ran separately from "The Greens" in the West. Together, they would have narrowly passed the 5.0% threshold (West: 4.8%, East: 6.2%). The Western Greens returned to the Bundestag in 1994. The failure of one party to reach the threshold not only deprives their candidates of an office and their voters of representation, it also changes the power index in the assembly, which may have dramatic implications for coalition-building. In the 2013 German federal election, the FDP, in Parliament since 1949, got only 4.8% of the |
cricketer (d. 1995) Pedro Almodóvar, Spanish filmmaker, director, screenwriter, producer, and actor Ronaldo Caiado, Brazilian politician September 26 – Jane Smiley, American novelist September 27 Mike Schmidt, American baseball player Jahn Teigen, Norwegian singer (d. 2020) September 29 – Wenceslao Selga Padilla, Filipino scheut priest (d. 2018) October October 1 Isaac Bonewits, American author, occultist (d. 2010) Su Chi, Taiwanese politician October 2 Richard Hell, American musician, writer Annie Leibovitz, American photographer October 3 – Svika Pick, Israeli musician October 4 Armand Assante, American actor (Gotti) Lindsey Buckingham, American musician Luis Sepúlveda, Chilean writer and journalist (d. 2020) October 6 – Bobby Farrell, West Indian-born Dutch dancer (Boney M.) (d. 2010) October 7 – Ronnie Mund, American television personality October 8 Chris Dobson, British chemist (d. 2019) Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (d. 2003) Sigourney Weaver, American actress (Alien) Mark Hopkinson, American mass murderer (d. 1992) October 9 – Rod Temperton, English songwriter, record producer and musician (d. 2016) October 10 Michel Létourneau, Canadian politician (d. 2019) Jessica Harper, American actress, producer October 12 – Carlos the Jackal, Venezuelan-born international terrorist October 13 – Rick Vito, American musician October 14 – Katha Pollitt, American writer October 17 Owen Arthur, 5th Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2020) Bill Hudson, American musician and actor Dean Shek, Hong Kong actor October 20 Valeriy Borzov, Ukrainian athlete George Harris, British actor October 21 LaTanya Richardson, African-American actress, producer Benjamin Netanyahu, 2-time Prime Minister of Israel October 22 Stiv Bators, American singer (The Dead Boys) (d. 1990) Arsène Wenger, French football (soccer) manager October 26 – Antonio Carpio, Filipino Supreme Court jurist October 27 Cheryl Keeton, American murder victim (d. 1986) Emanuel Barbara, Maltese bishop (d. 2018) October 28 – Caitlyn Jenner, American transgender track and field athlete, reality star October 29 – Paul Orndorff, American professional wrestler (d. 2021) October 30 Pramod Mahajan, Indian politician, strategist (d. 2006) Terri Dial, American banker (d. 2012) November November 1 Jeannie Berlin, American film actress David Foster, Canadian musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter and arranger Belita Moreno, American film actress November 2 Marc Elrich, American politician November 3 Mike Evans, African-American actor (d. 2006) Larry Holmes, African-American boxer Anna Wintour, British-American fashion journalist, editor in-chief of the magazine Vogue November 5 Armin Shimerman, American actor Jimmie Spheeris, American singer, songwriter (d. 1984) November 6 – Joseph C. Wilson, United States diplomat (d. 2019) November 7 Aiswarya, Queen of Nepal (d. 2001) Judi Bari, American environmental activist (d. 1997) Guillaume Faye, French journalist and writer (d. 2019) November 8 – Bonnie Raitt, American singer, guitarist November 11 – Ismail Petra of Kelantan, sultan of Kelantan (d. 2019) November 14 – Paola Balducci, Italian politician, lawyer November 15 – David Rubinstein, American pianist, composer November 17 – John Boehner, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives November 18 – Ahmed Zaki, Egyptian actor (d. 2005) November 19 – Ahmad Rashād, American sportscaster, television personality November 20 – Jeff Dowd, American film producer and political activist November 21 – Ignazio Visco, Italian economist, Governor of the Bank of Italy November 22 Shaun Garnett, English footballer, coach David Pietrusza, American author, historian November 23 Pat Condell, English comedian, internet personality Marcia Griffiths, Jamaican singer November 24 Nick Ainger, British politician Pierre Buyoya, former President of Burundi (d. 2020) Linda Tripp, Key figure in the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal (d. 2020) November 25 Mike Joy, NASCAR commentator Kerry O'Keeffe, Australian cricketer, commentator GT Devegowda, Indian politician November 26 Shlomo Artzi, Israeli singer Juanin Clay, American actress (d. 1995) November 27 – Marcel Reif, Swiss television sport journalist November 28 Alexander Godunov, Russian-born dancer, actor (d. 1995) Paul Shaffer, Canadian-American musician Siringan Gubat, Malaysian politician (d. 2018) November 29 Jerry Lawler, American professional wrestler and commentator Stan Rogers, Canadian musician (d. 1983) Garry Shandling, American comedian (d. 2016) November 30 – Nicholas Woodeson, English actor December December 1 Pablo Escobar, Colombian drug lord (d. 1993) Sebastián Piñera, Chilean businessman, politician and 36th and 38th President of Chile Kurt Schmoke, African-American Dean, Howard Law School, Mayor of Baltimore December 2 – Ron Raines, American actor December 3 John Akii-Bua, Ugandan hurdler (d. 1997) Heather Menzies, Canadian-American actress (The Sound of Music, Logan's Run) (d. 2017) December 4 Jeff Bridges, American actor Pamela Stephenson, New Zealand-born comedian, actress, and singer December 5 Bruce E. Melnick, American astronaut Lanny Wadkins, American professional golfer December 6 Doug Marlette, American editorial cartoonist (d. 2007) Peter Willey, English cricketer December 7 James Rivière, Italian jeweler, designer Tom Waits, American singer, composer, and actor Cathy Wayne, Australian pop entertainer (d. 1969) December 8 – Mary Gordon, American writer December 9 – Eileen Myles, American poet and writer December 10 – Dick Cohen, American politician, Minnesota Senate December 11 – Boris Shcherbakov, Russian-Soviet film actor December 12 – Bill Nighy, English actor December 13 Robert Lindsay, English actor Randy Owen, American country lead vocalist, rhythm guitar player Tom Verlaine, American rock singer, guitarist December 14 – Bill Buckner, American baseball player (d. 2019) December 15 Don Johnson, American actor (Miami Vice) Abdul Karim Al-Kabariti, Prime Minister of Jordan December 16 – Billy Gibbons, American guitarist (ZZ Top) December 17 Dušan Mitošević, Serbian football player, manager (d. 2018) Paul Rodgers, British rock singer December 18 – David A. Johnston, American volcanologist (d. 1980) Blaze Foley, American country singer and songwriter (d. 1989) December 19 Carlos Gomes Júnior, Bissau-Guinean politician Sebastian, Danish musician December 20 Pauline Robinson Bush, eldest daughter of President of the United States George H. W. Bush and his wife First Lady Barbara Bush (d. 1953) Claudia Jennings, American model (d. 1979) December 21 – Thomas Sankara, 2-Time President of Burkina Faso (d. 1987) December 22 Michael Bacon, American singer-songwriter Maurice Gibb, British rock musician (Bee Gees) (d. 2003) Robin Gibb, British rock musician (Bee Gees) (d. 2012) December 23 – Brian O'Neill, American political leader December 24 – Randy Neugebauer, American politician December 25 Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira, Brazilian singer Sissy Spacek, American actress (Carrie) Manny Mori, Former President of Micronesia Joe Louis Walker, American musician Nawaz Sharif, Pakistani Prime Minister December 26 – José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize December 27 – Klaus Fischer, German footballer December 28 Barbara De Fina, American film producer Sam Katz, American politician, Philadelphia December 29 – Syed Kirmani, Indian cricketer December 30 – Jerry Coyne, American biologist December 31 – Ellen Datlow, American science fiction writer Date unknown Michael Houghton, British-born virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Bakri Hassan Saleh, 12th Prime Minister of Sudan Deaths January January 6 Victor Fleming, American director (b. 1889) Gennaro Righelli, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1886) January 7 José Ramos Preto, Portuguese jurist, politician and 75th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1871) Suehiko Shiono, Japanese lawyer, politician and cabinet minister (b. 1880) January 8 – Yoshijirō Umezu, Japanese general (b. 1882) January 9 Tommy Handley, British radio comedian (b. 1892) Martin Grabmann, German Catholic priest, mediaevalist and historian (b. 1875) January 10 - Erich von Drygalski, German geographer (b. 1865) January 11 – Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1889) January 13 – Eduardo Barron, Spanish engineer, pilot (b. 1888) January 14 Juan Bielovucic, Peruvian aviator (b. 1889) Harry Stack Sullivan, American psychiatrist (b. 1892) Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (b. 1882) January 19 – William Wright, American actor (b. 1911) January 21 – Joseph Cawthorn, American actor (b. 1868) January 22 Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett, British industrialist, politician (b. 1898) Henry Slocum, American tennis player (b. 1862) January 23 – Erich Klossowski, German-born Polish historian, painter (b. 1875) January 28 – Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b. 1908) January 31 – Henri De Vries, Dutch actor (b. 1864) February February 1 – Herbert Stothart, American composer (b. 1885) February 2 Pedro Paulo Bruno, Brazilian painter, singer, poet and landscaper (b. 1888) Theodoros Natsinas, Greek teacher (b. 1872) February 3 – Carlos Obligado, Argentine poet, critic and writer (b. 1889) February 6 Hiroaki Abe, Japanese admiral (b. 1889) Ulrich Greifelt, German SS general of police (b. 1896) February 10 Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry, British politician (b. 1878) Francesco Ticciati, Italian composer, pianist, teacher and lecturer (b. 1893) February 11 – Giovanni Zenatello, Italian opera singer (b. 1876) February 12 – Hassan al-Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. 1906) (assassinated) February 14 – Fernand Desprès, French shoemaker, anarchist, journalist and activist (b. 1879) February 15 Charles L. Bartholomew, American cartoonist (b. 1869) Patricia Ryan, British-born American actress (b. 1921) February 16 – Umberto Brunelleschi, Italian artist (b. 1879) February 18 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, Spanish lawyer, politician and 6th President of Spain (b. 1877) February 19 – Fidelio Ponce de León, Cuban painter (b. 1895) February 21 – Tan Malaka, Indonesian teacher, philosopher, founder of Struggle Union and Murba Party, guerilla and fighter (b. 1897) February 22 – Félix d'Herelle, French-Canadian microbiologist (b. 1873) February 25 – Juan Sinforiano Bogarín, Paraguayan clergyman, Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1863) March March 2 – Sarojini Naidu, Indian independence activist, poet (b. 1879) March 3 – Carrie Ashton Johnson, American editor, author (b. 1863) March 4 – James Rowland Angell, American psychologist and educator (b. 1869) March 7 – Bradbury Robinson, American who threw the first forward pass in American football history in 1906 (b. 1884) March 9 – Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1885) March 10 – Alphonse Hustache, French entomologist (b. 1872) March 11 Anastasios Charalambis, Greek general, interim Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1862) Henri Giraud, French general (b. 1879) Joan Lamote de Grignon, Spanish pianist, composer (b. 1872) March 15 – Gheorghe Brăescu, Romanian writer (b. 1871) March 16 – Leyland Hodgson, British-born American actor (b. 1892) March 17 – Felix Bressart, German-born American actor (b. 1892) March 19 – James Somerville, British admiral (b. 1882) March 25 Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia (b. 1887) Jack Kapp, president of the U.S. branch of Decca Records (b. 1901) March 27 Elisheva Bikhovski, Soviet-born Israeli poet, writer and translator (b. 1888) March 28 Alecu Constantinescu, Romanian trade unionist, journalist and militant (b. 1872) Grigoraș Dinicu, Romanian composer (b. 1889) March 29 Inabata Katsutaro, Japanese industrialist, pioneer (b. 1862) Helen Homans, American tennis player (b. 1877) March 30 Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884) Prince Harald of Denmark (b. 1876) April April 1 – Evelyn Owen, Australian gun designer (b. 1915) April 2 George Graves, British comic actor (b. 1876) Chandra Mohan, Indian actor (b. 1906) Francesco Pasinetti, Italian director, screenwriter (b. 1911) April 5 – Hugh Allan, Canadian politician (b. 1865) April 6 – Sir Seymour Hicks, British actor (b. 1871) April 7 – Mikhail Denisenko, Soviet general (b. 1899) April 8 Wilhelm Adam, German general (b. 1877) Santiago Alba y Bonifaz, Spanish lawyer, politician (b. 1872) April 13 – Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano, Mexican poet, literary critic, editor and teacher (b. 1899) April 15 – Wallace Beery, American actor (b. 1885) April 16 – Joseph Augustine Cushman, American geologist, paleontologist and foraminiferologist (b. 1881) April 18 – Will Hay, British comic actor (b. 1888) April 19 Guillermo Buitrago, Colombian composer (b. 1920) Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877) April 22 – Charles Middleton, American actor (b. 1874) April 27 – Patrick Lyons, Irish Roman Catholic prelate, reverend (b. 1875) April 28 Ponciano Bernardo, Filipino engineer, politician (b. 1905) Aurora Quezon, First Lady of the Philippines (shot) (b. 1888) Sir Robert Robertson, British chemist (b. 1869) Hla Thaung, Burmese battalion leader Sir Fabian Ware, British founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission (b. 1869) April 29 Johann Jakob Hess, Swiss Egyptologist, Assyriologist (b. 1866) Kaarle Knuutila, Finnish farmer, politician (b. 1868) May May 1 Josep Maria Jujol, Andorran architect (b. 1879) Gheorghe Petrașcu, Romanian painter (b. 1872) May 4 – Valerio Bacigalupo, Italian goalkeeper (b. 1924) May 5 – Hideo Nagata, Japanese poet, playwright (b. 1885) May 6 Stanisław Grabski, Polish economist, politician (b. 1871) Kunihiko Hashimoto, Japanese composer (b. 1904) Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1862) May 9 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1870) May 10 – Emilio de Gogorza, American baritone (b. 1872) May 13 – Sawnie R. Aldredge, American attorney, judge (b. 1890) May 19 – Paul Schultze-Naumburg, German architect, painter, publicist and politician (b. 1869) May 20 – Damaskinos of Athens, Archbishop of Athens, 57th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1891) May 21 – Klaus Mann, German writer (b. 1906) May 22 Sir Douglas Alexander, 1st Baronet, British-born Canadian industrialist (b. 1864) James Forrestal, U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense (b. 1892) Hans Pfitzner, German composer (b. 1869) May 23 – Jan Frans De Boever, Belgian painter (b. 1872) May 27 – Robert Ripley, American creator of Ripley's Believe It or Not! (b. 1890) May 30 – Igor Belkovich, Soviet astronomer (b. 1904) Date unknown – Abd Allah Siraj, Prime Minister of Jordan (b. c. 1876) June June 3 – Carlo Angela, Italian doctor (b. 1875) June 8 Naguib el-Rihani, Egyptian actor (b. 1889) Virgilia, Mother Abbess, German Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1869) June 9 – Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano, actress (b. 1910) June 10 Filippo Silvestri, Italian entomologist (b. 1873) Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882) Carl Vaugoin, Austrian politician, 8th Chancellor of Austria (b. 1873) June 11 – Giovanni Gioviale, Italian composer (b. 1885) June 12 – Maria Candida of the Eucharist, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1884) June 14 – Russell Doubleday, American author, publisher (b. 1872) June 19 – Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-Pakistani Muslim philosopher (b. 1885) June 22 – Robert Boudrioz, French screenwriter, director (b. 1887) June 24 – Themistoklis Sofoulis, Greek politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1860) June 25 – Buck Freeman, American baseball player (b. 1871) July July 2 – Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian Communist leader, politician and 32nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1882) July 9 – Fritz Hart, British composer (b. 1874) July 11 – Corneliu Dragalina, Romanian general (b. 1887) July 12 – Douglas Hyde, Irish academic, linguist and scholar, 1st President of Ireland (b. 1860) July 15 Anastasios Dalipis, Greek army officer, politician (b. 1896) Eva Marian Hubback, British feminist (b. 1886) July 18 Ted Alley, Australian footballer (b. 1881) Francisco Javier Arana, Guatemala army officer (b. 1905) Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (b. 1870) July 21 – Cesare Formichi, Italian baritone (b. 1883) July 23 – Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese scholar (b. 1873) July 24 Nils Östensson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (b. 1918) Ada Baker, Australian soprano, singing teacher and vaudeville star (b. 1866) July 26 – Linda Arvidson, American actress (b. 1884) July 27 – Ellery Harding Clark, American Olympic athlete (b. 1874) July 29 – József Koszta, Hungarian painter (b. 1861) July 30 Stoyan Danev, 13th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1858) Albin Andersson, Swedish farmer, manager and politician (b. 1873) Vicenta Chávez Orozco, Mexican Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1867) July 31 – Alfred Bashford, English cricketer (b. 1881) August August 3 – Ignotus, Hungarian editor, writer (b. 1869) August 4 – Liberato Pinto, 78th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1880) August 5 – Ernest Fourneau, French chemist, pharmacologist (b. 1872) August 9 Gustavus M. Blech, German-born American physician, surgeon (b. 1870) Harry Davenport, American actor (b. 1866) G. E. M. Skues, British inventor of nymph fly fishing (b. 1858) Edward Thorndike, American psychologist (b. 1874) August 10 – Homer Burton Adkins, American chemist (b. 1892) August 12 George Cross, Australian actor, director (b. c.1873) Al Shean, German-born actor (b. 1868) August 14 Muhsin al-Barazi, Syrian academic, lawyer, politician and 24th Prime Minister of Syria (b. 1904) Husni al-Za'im, Syrian military man, politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Syria and 9th President of Syria (b. 1897) August 16 Ramon Briones Luco, Chilean lawyer, politician (b. 1872) Margaret Mitchell, American writer (Gone With the Wind) (b. 1900) August 17 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist, politician (b. 1891) August 18 – Paul Mares, American musician (b. 1900) August 20 – Ludwig Halberstädter, German-born Israeli radiologist (b. 1876) August 22 – Amado Aguirre Santiago, Mexican general, politician (b. 1863) August 23 Domingo Díaz Arosemena, Panamian politician, 12th President of Panama (b. 1875) Herbert Greenfield, Canadian politician, 4th Premier of Alberta (b. 1869) August 27 Abdulkerim Abbas, Chinese politician (b. 1921) Uemura Shōen, Japanese artist (b. 1875) August 29 – Franciszek Latinik, Polish general (b. 1864) August 30 Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877) Hans Kindler, American cellist, conductor (b. 1892) Sevasti Qiriazi, Albanian educator, women's rights activist (b. 1871) September September 7 – José Clemente Orozco, Mexican painter (b. 1883) September 8 – Richard Strauss, German composer (Also Sprach Zarathustra) (b. 1864) September 10 – Wiley Blount Rutledge, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1894) September 12 Harry Burleigh, American composer (b. 1866) Erik Adolf von Willebrand, Finnish physician (b. 1870) September 13 José Ignacio Cárdenas, Venezuelan diplomat, physician (b. 1874) August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1874) September 14 Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen, German Resistance figure (b. 1901) Pandeli Evangjeli, Albanian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1859) September 15 – Heinie Beckendorf, American baseball catcher (b. 1884) September 16 – Hallie Quinn Brown, African-American educator, writer and activist (b. 1849) September 18 – Frank Morgan, American actor (b. 1890) September 19 Will Cuppy, American humorist (b. 1884) George Shiels, Irish writer (b. 1886) Nikos Skalkottas, Greek composer (b. 1901) September 20 – Richard Dix, American actor (b. 1893) September 22 – Sam Wood, American director (b. 1883) September 24 – Pierre de Bréville, French composer (b. 1861) September 25 – Peter Nielsen, Danish actor (b. 1876) September 27 – David Adler, American architect (b. 1882) September 28 Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens (b. 1881) Émile Eddé, 4th Prime Minister, 3rd President of Lebanon (b. 1886) October October 1 Nykyta Budka, Soviet Roman Catholic bishop, martyr and blessed (b. 1877) Buddy Clark, American pop singer (b. 1912) October 2 – Luis Armiñán Pérez, Spanish politician (b. 1871) October 4 – Federico Beltrán Masses, Spanish painter (b. 1885) October 5 – Yoshio Kodaira, Japanese rapist, serial killer (executed) (b. 1905) October 6 – Timotheos Evangelinidis, Greek Orthodox priest, bishop (b. 1880) October 7 – Matiu Ratana, New Zealand politician (b. 1912) October 8 – Gheorghe Mironescu, Romanian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1874) October 9 – Emanuele Foà, Italian engineer, physicist (b. 1892) October 14 Fritz Leiber, American actor (b. 1882) Roman Lysko, Soviet Roman Catholic and Orthodox priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1914) October 15 Elmer Clifton, American actor, director (b. 1890) László Rajk, Hungarian Communist politician, former Foreign Minister (executed) (b. 1909) Jacques Copeau, French actor, producer, director and dramatist (b. 1879) October 17 – Aurel Aldea, Romanian general and politician (b. 1887) October 21 – Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena, Colombian Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1874) October 22 – Craig Reynolds, American actor (b. 1907) October 23 Almanzo Wilder, American writer, husband of Laura Ingalls Wilder (b. 1857) John Robert Clynes, British trade unionist, Labour politician (b. 1869) October 27 František Halas, Czechoslovakian essayist, poet and translator (b. 1901) Ginette Neveu, French violinist (b. 1919) October 28 Marcel Cerdan, French professional boxer (killed in plane crash) (b. 1916) Patriarch Guregh Israelian of Jerusalem (b. 1894) October 29 George Gurdjieff, Soviet spiritual teacher (b. 1866) Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese naval officer, engineer, and politician, founder of the Nakajima Aircraft | – Queen Juliana of the Netherlands grants Indonesia sovereignty. December 29 – KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut becomes the first Ultra high frequency (UHF) television station to operate a daily schedule. December 30 – India recognizes the People's Republic of China. Date unknown The Malta Labour Party is founded. The first 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun prototypes are completed. This is the first year in which no African-American is reported lynched in the United States. Fernand Braudel's La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II is published. The Currywurst is invented in Berlin. D. R. Kaprekar discovers the convergence property of the number 6174. Liebherr, a multinational equipment manufacturer, is founded in Baden-Württemberg, West Germany, to build the mobile tower crane devised by Hans Liebherr. Births January January 1 Ali Kadhim, Iraqi football striker (d. 2018) Vehbi Akdağ, Turkish wrestler (d. 2020) Max Azria, French fashion designer (d. 2019) January 2 Nikolai Pankin, Russian breaststroke swimmer, swimming coach (d. 2018) Christopher Durang, American playwright January 3 – Sylvia Likens, American murder victim (d. 1965) January 7 – Chavo Guerrero Sr., American professional wrestler (d. 2017) January 8 – Anne Schedeen, American actress January 9 – Mary Roos, German singer January 10 George Foreman, African-American boxer Linda Lovelace, American porn actress, later anti-porn activist (Deep Throat) (d. 2002) January 11 – Daryl Braithwaite, Australian singer January 12 Ottmar Hitzfeld, German football player, coach Haruki Murakami, Japanese author Wayne Wang, Hong Kong-born film director January 13 – Brandon Tartikoff, American television executive (d. 1997) January 14 – Lawrence Kasdan, American director, screenwriter January 15 – Panos Mihalopoulos, Greek actor January 16 – Caroline Munro, English actress, model January 17 Gyude Bryant, Liberian politician (d. 2014) Andy Kaufman, American comedian, actor (Taxi) (d. 1984) Mick Taylor, English musician January 18 – Philippe Starck, French designer January 19 Robert Palmer, British rock singer ("Addicted to Love") (d. 2003) Dennis Taylor, Irish snooker player January 20 – Göran Persson, 31st Prime Minister of Sweden January 22 – Steve Perry, American rock singer (Journey) January 23 – Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana, Indonesian politician and former Minister of Social Affairs January 24 John Belushi, American actor, comedian (Saturday Night Live) (d. 1982) Nikolaus Brender, German television journalist January 25 – Paul Nurse, English geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine January 26 Nebiha Gueddana, doctor and Tunisian politician David Strathairn, American actor (Good Night, and Good Luck) January 27 – Djavan, Brazilian singer, songwriter January 28 Gregg Popovich, American basketball coach Mike Moore, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2020) January 29 Tommy Ramone, Hungarian-American drummer (Ramones) (d. 2014) Tommi Salmelainen, Finnish hockey player January 30 – Peter Agre, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry January 31 Johan Derksen, Dutch footballer, sports journalist Ken Wilber, American philosopher February February 1 – Joan Burton, Irish politician February 2 Duncan Bannatyne, Scottish entrepreneur Brent Spiner, American actor, comedian and singer (Star Trek: The Next Generation) February 3 – Hennie Kuiper, Dutch cyclist February 4 – Rasim Delić, Bosnian military chief of staff and convicted war criminal (d. 2010) February 6 – Jim Sheridan, Irish film director February 7 – Joe English, American drummer February 8 Brooke Adams, American actress Florinda Meza, Mexican actress, television producer, and screenwriter (best known as Doña Florinda in El Chavo del Ocho) February 9 – Judith Light, American actress February 10 – Maxime Le Forestier, French singer February 15 – Ken Anderson, American NFL player February 16 – Lyn Paul, English singer February 17 – Dennis Green, American football coach (d. 2016) February 18 Pat Fraley, American voice actor, voice-over teacher Gary Ridgway, American serial killer February 19 – Danielle Bunten Berry, American computer game designer (d. 1998) February 20 – Ivana Trump, Czech businesswoman, first wife of Donald Trump February 21 Jerry Harrison, American songwriter Ronnie Hellström, Swedish footballer (d. 2022) February 22 – Niki Lauda, Austrian triple Formula 1 world champion (d. 2019) February 25 – Ric Flair, American professional wrestler February 26 – Simon Crean, Australian politician February 28 – Ilene Graff, American actress, singer March March 2 Gates McFadden, American actress, choreographer J.P.R. Williams, Welsh rugby player March 3 Elijah Harper, Canadian Aboriginal activist (d. 2013) Gloria Hendry, African-American actress Jesse Jefferson, American baseball player (d. 2011) March 4 – Helen Frost, American writer March 5 – Franz Josef Jung, German politician March 6 Shaukat Aziz, Prime Minister of Pakistan Martin Buchan, Scottish footballer March 7 Rex Hunt, Australian television and radio personality Ghulam Nabi Azad, Indian politician March 8 – Cho Yang-ho, South Korean businessman (d. 2019) March 9 Kalevi Aho, Finnish composer Tapani Kansa, Finnish singer March 10 Barbara Corcoran, American businesswoman, investor, and television personality Nobu Matsuhisa, Japanese chef March 11 – Georg Schramm, German psychologist, Kabarett artist March 12 Rob Cohen, American film director, producer and writer Natalia Kuchinskaya, Soviet gymnast Mike Gibbins, Welsh drummer (d. 2005) March 13 – Julia Migenes, American soprano March 16 Erik Estrada, American actor, police officer (CHiPs) Victor Garber, Canadian actor (Godspell, Alias) Elliott Murphy, American singer, songwriter March 17 Patrick Duffy, American actor (Dallas) Pat Rice, Irish footballer, football manager March 18 – Alex Higgins, Northern Irish snooker player (d. 2010) March 19 Hirofumi Hirano, Japanese politician, Chief Cabinet Secretary Valery Leontiev, Soviet and Russian actor and singer March 20 – Marcia Ball, American blues musician March 21 Eddie Money, American rock guitarist, singer (Two Tickets to Paradise) (d. 2019) Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian philosopher March 22 – Fanny Ardant, French actress March 24 – Nick Lowe, English pop singer March 25 – Sue Klebold, American activist March 26 Jon English, English-born Australian singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2016) Vicki Lawrence, American comedian, game show hostess (The Carol Burnett Show) Margareta of Romania, Romanian princess and diplomat Giuseppe Sabadini, Italian footballer Patrick Süskind, German writer March 28 Ronnie Ray Smith, American Olympic athlete (d. 2013) Michael W. Young, American geneticist, chronobiologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine March 29 – Michael Brecker, American jazz musician (d. 2007) March 30 – Lene Lovich, American singer April April 1 Paul Manafort, American lobbyist, political consultant, and convicted felon Gérard Mestrallet, French businessman Sammy Nelson, Northern Irish footballer Gil Scott-Heron, African-American musician, composer and activist (d. 2011) April 2 – Pamela Reed, American actress April 3 – Richard Thompson, English musician, songwriter April 4 – Parveen Babi, Bollywood actress (d. 2005) April 5 – Judith Resnik, American Astronaut (Challenger Disaster) (d. 1986) April 6 – Horst Ludwig Störmer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate April 7 Mitch Daniels, American academic administrator, businessman, author, and politician Zygmunt Zimowski, Polish bishop (d. 2016) April 8 Alex Fergusson, Scottish politician (d. 2018) Brenda Russell, American-Canadian singer, songwriter and keyboardist Fanie de Jager, South African operatic tenor April 9 - William O’Neal, American FBI informant (d. 1990) April 10 – Daniel Mangeas, French bicycle commentator April 11 – Bernd Eichinger, German film producer, director (d. 2011) April 13 – Christopher Hitchens, English-American writer (d. 2011) April 14 – John Shea, American actor April 15 Alla Pugacheva, Russian musical performer Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm, Polish-born writer April 16 – Sandy Hawley, Canadian jockey April 18 Antônio Fagundes, Brazilian actor Geoff Bodine, American race car driver Bengt Holmström, Finnish-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate April 19 – Sergey Nikolayevich Volkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1990) April 20 Massimo D'Alema, 53rd Prime Minister of Italy Veronica Cartwright, English-born American actress Jessica Lange, American actress April 21 – Patti LuPone, American actress April 22 – Spencer Haywood, American basketball player April 23 Joyce DeWitt, American actress György Gedó, Hungarian Olympic boxer John Miles, English rock music vocalist, guitarist and keyboardist (d. 2021) April 24 – Véronique Sanson, French singer, songwriter April 26 – Jerry Blackwell, American professional wrestler (d. 1995) April 28 – Bruno Kirby, American actor (d. 2006) April 30 – António Guterres, Prime Minister of Portugal, 9th Secretary-General of the United Nations May May 1 – Gavin Christopher, American singer (d. 2016) May 2 – Alan Titchmarsh, English gardener May 3 – Leopoldo Luque, Argentine soccer player (d. 2021) May 4 – John Force, American race car driver May 9 Billy Joel, American singer, songwriter and pianist Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, military President of Niger (d. 1999) May 10 – Mahfuzur Rahman Khan, Bangladeshi cinematographer (d. 2019) May 13 – Zoë Wanamaker, American-British actress May 14 – Sverre Årnes, Norwegian writer May 16 – Rick Reuschel, American professional baseball player May 18 Joseph R. Cistone, American Catholic prelate (d. 2018) Rick Wakeman, English rock musician, songwriter Bill Wallace, Canadian rock musician (The Guess Who) May 19 Dusty Hill, American bassist (ZZ Top) (d. 2021) Archie Manning, former American football player, father of Peyton and Eli Manning Ashraf Ghani, President of Afghanistan May 20 – Dave Thomas, Canadian actor, comedian (Second City Television) May 21 – Andrew Neil, Scottish journalist and broadcaster May 22 Chris Butler, American musician, songwriter (The Waitresses) Jesse Lee Peterson, American radio show host and religious minister May 23 – Alan García, President of Peru (d. 2019) May 24 Jim Broadbent, English actor Tomaž Pisanski, Slovenian mathematician May 25 – Jamaica Kincaid, Antiguan-born novelist May 26 Ward Cunningham, American computer programmer Jeremy Corbyn, British politician Pam Grier, African-American actress Arlene Klasky, American animator Philip Michael Thomas, African-American actor (Miami Vice) Hank Williams, Jr., American country singer May 27 Jo Ann Harris, American actress Alma Guillermoprieto, Mexican journalist May 28 Shelley Hamlin, American professional golfer (d. 2018) Martin Kelner, British journalist, author, comedian, singer, actor and radio presenter Susan Fitzgerald, Irish actress (d. 2013) May 29 Francis Rossi, English rock guitarist, singer (Status Quo) Robert Axelrod, American voice actor (Mighty Morphin Power Rangers) (d. 2019) May 30 – Bob Willis, English cricketer (d. 2019) May 31 – Tom Berenger, American actor (Platoon) June June 1 – Mu Tiezhu, Chinese basketball player, coach (d. 2008) June 2 Alan Brinkley, American historian (d. 2019) Heather Couper, British astronomer (d. 2020) June 4 – Mark B. Cohen, Pennsylvania legislative leader June 7 – Wendy Sherman, American diplomat and politician June 8 – Emanuel Ax, Polish-born pianist June 10 Kevin Corcoran, American child actor, television director, film producer (d. 2015) Bora Dugić, Serbian musician, flautist Daniele Formica, Irish-Italian actor, director and playwright (d. 2011) Frankie Faison, American actor June 11 – Frank Beard, American drummer (ZZ Top) June 13 Ann Druyan, American popular science writer, wife of Carl Sagan Red Symons, English-Australian musician, television, and radio personality June 14 Carlos María Abascal, Mexican lawyer (d. 2008) Antony Sher, South African-born British actor (d. 2021) Harry Turtledove, American historian, novelist Papa Wemba, Congolese soukous musician (d. 2016) June 15 Russell Hitchcock, English singer, musician (Air Supply) Jim Varney, American actor and comedian (Ernest Goes to Camp) (d. 2000) June 16 – Robbin Thompson, American singer, songwriter (d. 2015) June 18 Jarosław Kaczyński, Prime Minister of Poland Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland (d. 2010) Lincoln Thompson, Jamaican musician (d. 1999) June 19 Ebi, Iranian singer Hassan Shehata, Egyptian footballer and coach June 20 Gotabaya Rajapaksa, 8th President of Sri Lanka Lionel Richie, African-American urban musician (Commodores) June 21 John Agard, Guyanese poet, playwright and children's writer Clifford Brooks, American Football defensive back Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth, Scottish judge Shane Molloy, Australian rules footballer Stuart Pearson, English football player Jane Urquhart, Canadian author June 22 Aytaç Arman, Turkish actor (d. 2019) Larry Junstrom, American rock bassist (d. 2019) Alan Osmond, American pop singer Meryl Streep, American actress Elizabeth Warren, American academic and politician, U.S. Senator (D-Mass.) since 2013 June 23 Dave Goltz, American professional baseball player Gail Harris, United States Navy officer Charles Ho, Hong Kong pro-Beijing[3] businessman Jon McLachlan, New Zealand rugby union player June 24 Billy Moeller, Australian professional feather/super feather/light/light welter/welterweight boxer Agenor Muniz, Brazilian-born footballer Hector Thompson, Australian professional light/light welter/welter/light middleweight boxer June 25 Dan Barker, American atheist activist Phyllis George, American businesswoman, actress and sportscaster Kene Holliday, American actor Lalith Kaluperuma, Sri Lankan test cricketer and ODI cricketer Brenda Sykes, American actress Patrick Tambay, French racing driver John Taylor, English professional footballer Yoon Joo-sang, South Korean actor June 26 Adrian Gurvitz, English singer-songwriter and musician Graco Ramírez, governor of Morelos, Mexico 2012-2018 Avtar Singh Kang, Punjabi singer and folk contributor Arturo Vázquez Ayala, Mexican footballer June 27 Brent Berk, American competition swimmer, Olympic athlete Stephen Rucker, American composer Vera Wang, American fashion designer June 28 Don Baylor, American Major League Baseball (MLB) player, coach and manager (d. 2017) Clarence Davis, American football running back Kevin McLeod, Australian rules footballer Tom Owens, American professional basketball player June 29 Dan Dierdorf, American football offensive lineman, later sportscaster Joe Moore, American football running back Henri Proglio, French businessman A. Anwhar Raajhaa, Indian politician Lisette Sevens, Dutch field hockey defender June 30 Silvio Aquino, Salvadoran football player Uwe Kliemann, German football player and coach Norm Mitchell, Australian rules footballer Andy Scott, Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist Philippe Toussaint, Belgium's most successful golfers Bogdan Turudija, Serbian football player July July 1 Rosa Elena Galván Valles, Mexican politician Yoshihide Fukao, Japanese volleyball player Seninho, Portuguese-Angolan footballer Néjia Ben Mabrouk, Tunisian screenwriter, director John Farnham, Australian singer, recording artist and entertainer July 2 David Eaton, American composer, conductor and producer Abderrahmane Benkhalfa, Algerian financial expert José Manuel Díaz Medina, Mexican politician Ben Verbong, Dutch film director, screenwriter July 3 Mircea Chelaru, Romanian general and politician Jan Smithers, American actress Alfred Vierling, Dutch politician Johnnie Wilder, Jr., American vocalist (d. 2006) July 4 – Horst Seehofer, German conservative politician July 5 Ed O'Ross, American actor Susan P. Graber, American attorney, jurist July 6 Noli de Castro, Filipino broadcast journalist, radio commentator and Vice President of the Philippines Phyllis Hyman, American singer, actress (d. 1995) Grant McAuley, New Zealand rower July 7 Shelley Duvall, American actress John Lippiett, British senior Royal Navy officer Monte Cater, American football coach July 8 Jan Elvheim, Norwegian politician Jaroslav Jurka, Czech fencer Wolfgang Puck, Austrian-American celebrity chef, restaurateur, and occasional actor Carmel Cryan, English actress Dale Hoganson, Canadian ice hockey player July 9 Raoul Cédras, former President of Haiti Jesse Duplantis, American televangelist Nigel Lythgoe, English television producer, personality Ali Akbar Abdolrashidi, Iranian intellectual, journalist, writer, traveler, translator, and university lecturer July 11 Liona Boyd, English classical guitarist Émerson Leão, Brazilian footballer Ingrid Newkirk, English-born American-based animal rights activist Phil Braidwood, Manx politician July 13 – Helena Fibingerová, Czech athlete July 15 Carl Bildt, 28th Prime Minister of Sweden, Minister for Foreign Affairs Trevor Horn, English pop singer, producer Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, 3rd Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates July 17 Geezer Butler, English heavy metal bassist (Black Sabbath) William C. Faure, South African film director Andrei Fursenko, Russian politician, scientist and businessman Charley Steiner, American sportscaster July 19 Kgalema Motlanthe, South African politician, President of South Africa Daniel Vaillant, French Socialist politician July 20 – Naseeruddin Shah, Indian actor and environmentalist July 21 – Tengku Azlan, Malaysian politician July 22 Alan Menken, American composer Lasse Virén, Finnish long-distance runner July 24 Michael Richards, American actor, comedian (Seinfeld) Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Spanish archbishop July 25 – Francis Smerecki, French football player, manager (d. 2018) July 26 Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand and businessman Roger Taylor, English rock musician (Queen) July 29 – Jamil Mahuad, President of Ecuador July 31 Mike Jackson, American basketball player Susan Bennett, American voice-over artist August August 1 – Mugur Isărescu, 58th Prime Minister of Romania August 4 – John Riggins, American football player August 6 – Alan Campbell, Northern Irish cleric August 7 – Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze August 8 – Keith Carradine, American actor August 9 Slavko Ćuruvija, Serbian journalist, newspaper publisher (d. 1999) Ted Simmons, American baseball player August 11 Ian Charleson, British actor (d. 1990) Sandra Lee Scheuer, Kent State University shooting victim (d. 1970) August 12 Fernando Collor de Mello, 32nd President of Brazil Mark Essex, American mass murderer (d. 1973) Mark Knopfler, British rock guitarist (Dire Straits) August 13 Philippe Petit, French high-wire artist Pete Visclosky, American Politician August 14 – Morten Olsen, Danish football player, manager August 15 Beverly Burns, American pilot, first woman in the world to captain the Boeing 747 Phyllis Smith, American actress August 16 – Barbara Goodson, American voice actress August 17 – Sue Draheim, American fiddler (d. 2013) August 20 – Phil Lynott, Irish rock musician (d. 1986) August 21 Loretta Devine, African-American actress Daniel Sivan, Israeli professor August 22 – Diana Nyad, American author August 23 William Lane Craig, Christian philosopher Shelley Long, American actress (Cheers) Rick Springfield, Australian rock singer, actor Leslie Van Houten, American criminal, Manson Family member August 24 Anna Lee Fisher, American astronaut, chemist and physician Charles Rocket, American actor (Saturday Night Live) (d. 2005) August 25 Willy Rey, Dutch-Canadian model (d. 1973) Martin Amis, English novelist Gene Simmons, Israeli-American rock musician (Kiss) August 26 – Leon Redbone, Canadian-American singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor, and guitarist (d. 2019) August 28 Martin Lamble, British folk rock musician (d. 1969) Svetislav Pešić, Serbian basketball player, coach August 29 – Stan Hansen, American professional wrestler August 30 – Peter Maffay, German singer August 31 Richard Gere, American actor (American Gigolo) H. David Politzer, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate September September 1 Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart, Cuban nuclear physicist, government official (d. 2018) Leslie Feinberg, American transgender activist (d. 2014) September 7 Lee McGeorge Durrell, American author, television presenter, and zookeeper Gloria Gaynor, American singer (I Will Survive) September 9 John Curry, British figure skater (d. 1994) Alain Mosconi, French swimmer, Olympic medalist and previous world record holder Daniel Pipes, American historian, writer, and commentator Joe Theismann, American football player Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 6th President of Indonesia September 10 – Bill O'Reilly, American conservative radio and television commentator September 13 – John W. Henry, American foreign exchange advisor, Boston Red Sox owner September 14 Ed King, American musician (d. 2018) Eikichi Yazawa, Japanese singer September 15 – Joe Barton, American politician September 16 Ed Begley Jr., American actor, environmentalist (St. Elsewhere) Chrisye, Indonesian singer (d. 2007) September 17 – Didith Reyes, Filipina singer (d. 2008) September 18 Mo Mowlam, British politician (d. 2005) Peter Shilton, English goalkeeper September 19 Twiggy, English model Ernie Sabella, American actor Barry Scheck, American attorney and author Richard Rogler, German Kabarett artist, professor of Kabarett at the University of the Arts in Berlin September 21 – Artis Gilmore, American basketball player September 22 – Dean Goss, American game show announcer, disc jockey September 23 – Bruce Springsteen, American singer, songwriter (Born in the USA) September 25 Inshan Ali, West Indian cricketer (d. 1995) Pedro Almodóvar, Spanish filmmaker, director, screenwriter, producer, and actor Ronaldo Caiado, Brazilian politician September 26 – Jane Smiley, American novelist September 27 Mike Schmidt, American baseball player Jahn Teigen, Norwegian singer (d. 2020) September 29 – Wenceslao |
American food chemist, inventor (d. 2004) October 26 Sid Gillman, American football coach (d. 2003) Mahalia Jackson, African-American gospel singer (d. 1972) October 27 – Leif Erickson, American actor (d. 1986) October 30 Ruth Hussey, American actress (d. 2005) Eileen Whelan, British cricketer (d. 2021) November November 1 Henri Troyat, French writer (d. 2007) Sidney Wood, American tennis player (d. 2009) November 2 – Odysseas Elytis, Greek writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996) November 5 – Roy Rogers, American singer, actor (d. 1998) November 7 Yolande Beekman, French-born World War II heroine (d. 1944) Ángeles Santos Torroella, Spanish painter (d. 2013) November 12 Yehoshua Rabinovitz, Israeli politician (d. 1979) Chad Varah, British priest and humanitarian (d. 2007) November 13 – Buck O'Neil, American baseball player, manager (d. 2006) November 15 – Kay Walsh, British actress (d. 2005) November 24 – Erik Bergman, Finnish composer (d. 2006) November 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter (d. 1984) November 26 – Robert Marchand, French cyclist (d. 2021) November 27 David Merrick, American theater producer (d. 2000) Fe del Mundo, Filipino paediatrician (d. 2011) November 28 – Václav Renč, Czech poet, dramatist and translator (d. 1973) November 30 – Jorge Negrete, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1953) December December 1 – Walter Alston, American baseball player, manager (d. 1984) December 3 – Nino Rota, Italian composer (d. 1979) December 5 – Władysław Szpilman, Polish pianist, memoirist (d. 2000) December 8 – Lee J. Cobb, American actor (d. 1976) December 9 – Broderick Crawford, American actor (d. 1986) December 10 – Chet Huntley, American television reporter (d. 1974) December 11 Val Guest, British film director (d. 2006) Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006) Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (d. 2009) December 13 Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) Kenneth Patchen, American poet and painter (d. 1972) December 14 Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz, Greek-Polish athlete, Resistance member (d. 1943) Spike Jones, American musician (d. 1965) Hans von Ohain, German physicist, designer of the first operational jet engine (d. 1998) December 15 – Stan Kenton, American jazz pianist, composer and arranger (d. 1979) December 17 – André Claveau, French singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1958 winner (d. 2003) December 18 – Jules Dassin, American director (d. 2008) December 20 – Hortense Calisher, American author (d. 2009) December 21 – Josh Gibson, African-American baseball player (d. 1947) December 23 – Niels Kaj Jerne, English-born immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born American artist (d. 2010) December 26 Steve Kordek, American pinball innovator (d. 2012) Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu of Japan (d. 2004) December 27 Abdul Halim, Indonesian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Indonesia (d. 1987) Anna Russell, British comedian and singer (d. 2006) December 28 – Sam Levenson, American humorist and author (d. 1980) December 29 – Klaus Fuchs, German theoretical physicist, spy (d. 1988) Deaths January January 1 – John I. Curtin, American general (b. 1837) January 3 'Abd al-Ahad Khan, Emir of Bukhara (b. 1859) Alexandros Papadiamantis, Greek poet (b. 1851) January 4 Stefano Bruzzi, Italian painter (b. 1835) Francesco Segna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1836) January 5 Walter Beatty, Canadian political figure (b. 1836) Marcelina Darowska, Polish Roman Catholic nun, saint (b. 1827) January 6 – Sir John Aird, 1st Baronet, English civil engineer (b. 1833) January 8 – Pietro Gori, Italian lawyer, journalist and poet (b. 1865) January 12 – Georg Jellinek, Austrian legal philosopher (b. 1851) January 13 – Władysław Czachórski, Polish painter (b. 1850) January 15 – Carolina Coronado, Spanish poet (b. 1820) January 16 – Wilhelm J. Burger, German composer, pianist and conductor (b. 1861) January 17 – Sir Francis Galton, British explorer, biologist (b. 1822) January 23 – Edmund Beswick, English rugby football player (b. 1858) February February 1 – Charles Stillman Sperry, American admiral (b. 1847) February 2 – Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria (b. 1852) February 4 – Piet Cronjé, Boer general (b. 1836) February 8 – Joaquín Costa, Spanish politician, lawyer, economist and historian (b. 1846) February 10 – Gustavo Maria Bruni, Italian childhood Roman Catholic servant of God (b. 1903) February 14 – David Boyle, Canadian archaeologist (b. 1842) February 15 Theodor Escherich, German-born Austrian pediatrician (b. 1857) Pavel Grigorievich Dukmasov, Russian general (b. 1838) February 16 – Alice Morse Earle, American historian (b. 1851) February 18 – Buttons Briggs, American baseball player (b. 1875) February 21 – Isidre Nonell, Spanish painter (b. 1873) February 23 Richard Henry Beddome, British military officer, naturalist (b. 1830) Giuditta Vannini, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed, blessed (b. 1859) February 25 – Fritz von Uhde, German painter (b. 1848) March March 1 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852) March 6 Mary Anne Barker, English author (b. 1831) Thierry, Count of Limburg Stirum, Belgian historian (b. 1827) March 11 – Théotime Blanchard, Canadian farmer, teacher, merchant and politician (b. 1844) March 17 – Friedrich Haase, German actor (b. 1827) March 18 Richard Baker, Australian politician (b. 1842) Anna Brackett, American feminist, educator (b. 1836) March 21 – Shams-ul-haq Azeemabadi, Indian Islamic scholar (b. 1857) March 22 – William Collins, British Anglican bishop (b. 1867) March 24 Rodolphe-Madeleine Cleophas Dareste de La Chavanne, French jurist (b. 1824) Dragan Tsankov, Bulgarian politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1828) March 27 – Margarita Savitskaya, Russian actress (b. 1868) March 28 – Samuel Franklin Emmons, American geologist (b. 1841) March 30 Pellegrino Artusi, Italian businessman (b. 1820) Ellen Swallow Richards, American chemist (b. 1842) April April 5 – Charles Frederic Moberly Bell, British journalist and newspaper editor (b. 1847) April 9 – Manuel Aguirre de Tejada, Spanish politician and lawyer (b. 1827) April 10 – Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Lithuanian artist, composer (b. 1875) April 12 – James Mathers, Irish missionary (b. 1854) April 14 Addie Joss, American baseball player, Major League Baseball Hall of Fame member (b. 1880) Denman Thompson, American actor, playwright (b. 1833) April 25 – Emilio Salgari, Italian writer (b. 1862) April 26 – Pedro Paterno, Filipino politician (b. 1857) April 29 – Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1846) May May 6 – Robert Alden, American author (b. 1836) May 9 – Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American Unitarian minister and abolitionist (b. 1823) May 16 – Gheorghe Manu, 17th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1833) May 18 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (b. 1860) May 21 – Williamina Fleming, Scottish astronomer (b. 1857) May 23 – John Douglas, English architect (b. 1830) May 24 – Dezső Bánffy, 12th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1843) May 25 Vasily Klyuchevsky, Russian historian (b. 1841) William Ridley, British missionary (b. 1836) May 27 – Thursday October Christian II, Pitcairn Islands leader (b. 1820) May 29 Benjamin Broomhall, British advocate (b. 1829) Daniel W. Burke, American soldier (b. 1841) Stephanus Jacobus du Toit, South African nationalist, theologian, journalist and politician (b. 1847) W. S. Gilbert, English dramatist (b. 1836) May 30 – Milton Bradley, American businessman and board game pioneer (b. 1836) June June 1 – Claudio Brindis de Salas Garrido, Cuban violinist (b. 1852) June 2 – Axel Olof Freudenthal, Finnish philologist, politician (b. 1836) June 5 – Édouard Bague, French aviator (b. 1879) June 7 William Gordon, British Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1831) Maurice Rouvier, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1842) June 9 – Carrie Nation, American temperance activist (b. 1846) June 16 – Joshua H. Berkey, American publisher, minister and political activist (b. 1852) June 20 – Ghazaros Aghayan, Armenian writer, educator, folklorist, historian, linguist and public figure (b. 1840) June 23 – Cecrope Barilli, Italian painter (b. 1839) June 25 – Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy (b. 1843) June 26 – Lucy Hughes Brown, American physician (b. 1863) July July 2 José Dias Correia de Carvalho, Portuguese Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1830) Mary M. Cohen, American social economist (b. 1854) Clement A. Evans, American Confederate general (b. 1833) July 5 Maria Pia of Savoy, Queen consort of Portugal (b. 1847) George Johnstone Stoney, Irish physicist (b. 1826) July 6 – Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1830) July 8 – Henry Perrine Baldwin, American businessman (b. 1842) July 11 – Laura Jacinta Rittenhouse, American temperance activist and juvenile literature author (b. 1841) July 14 – Ignaz von Peczely, Hungarian scientist, physician and homeopath (b. 1826) July 15 Carlo Ademollo, Italian painter (b. 1824) Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (b. 1832) July 16 – August Harambašić, Croatian writer (b. 1861) July 17 – Rufino José Cuervo, Colombian linguist, philologist and writer (b. 1844) July 19 – Manuel Iradier, Spanish explorer and Africanist (b. 1854) July 20 – Caleb Cook Baldwin, American Presbyterian missionary (b. 1820) July 25 Edmund Bogdanowicz, Polish poet, writer and journalist (b. 1857) Filippo Capocci, Italian organist and composer (b. 1840) Carmen Salles y Barangueras, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1848) July 26 – José Alves de Cerqueira César, Brazilian politician (b. 1835) August August 1 Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter (b. 1852) Konrad Duden, German philologist (b. 1829) August 3 – Reinhold Begas, German sculptor (b. 1831) August 6 – Florentino Ameghino, Argentine naturalist, paleontologist, anthropologist and zoologist (b. 1853) August 7 Elizabeth Akers Allen, American poet and journalist (b. 1832) José Rafael Balmaceda, Chilean politician, diplomat (b. 1850) August 11 Isabela de Rosis, Italian Roman Catholic religious sister, servant of God and Venerable (b. 1842) Albert Ladenburg, German chemist (b. 1842) August 12 – Jules Brunet, French military leader (b. 1838) August 14 – Henry Rathbone, Union Army officer and diplomat (b. 1837) August 15 – William R. Badger, American pioneer aviator (b. 1886) August 16 – Patrick Francis Moran, Australian cardinal, Archbishop of Sydney (b. 1830) August 17 – Petro Nini Luarasi, Albanian activist (b. 1854) August 29 – Mahbub Ali Khan of Hyderabad (b. 1886) August 31 – Benjamin Grierson, American Civil War general (b. 1826) September September 4 – John Francon Williams, Welsh-born journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor (b. 1854) September 7 – Friedrich Breitfuss, Russian philatelist (b. 1851) September 12 – William Alexander, Irish Anglican bishop, Primate of All Ireland (b. 1824) September 15 – Joel Benton, American writer, poet and lecturer (b. 1832) September 16 – Edward Whymper, British explorer, mountaineer (b. 1840) September 18 – Pyotr Stolypin, 3rd Prime Minister of Russia (assassinated) (b. 1862) September 20 – Sir Robert Hart, 1st Baronet, British diplomat (b. 1835) September 23 – John Arthur Barry, British-born Australian journalist, author (b. 1850) September 25 – Emma Helen Blair, American journalist, editor (b. 1851) September 29 – Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote, 3rd Governor-General of Australia (b. 1846) September 30 – Sir Herbert Risley, British ethnographer and colonial administrator (b. 1851) October October – Blanche Atkinson, British novelist (b. 1847) October 1 – Wilhelm Dilthey, German psychologist, sociologist and philosopher (b. 1833) October 2 – Winfield Scott Schley, American admiral (b. 1839) October 3 – Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, Portuguese physician (b. 1878) October 5 – William Astley, | Austria (d. 1990) January 24 – C. L. Moore, American writer (d. 1987) January 25 – Kurt Maetzig, German director (d. 2012) January 26 – Polykarp Kusch, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993) January 28 – Johan van Hulst, Dutch politician, academic, author and Yad Vashem recipient (d. 2018) January 29 – Peter von Siemens, German industrialist (d. 1986) January 30 Roy Eldridge, American jazz musician (d. 1989) Hugh Marlowe, American film, television, stage and radio actor (d. 1982) January 31 Eddie Byrne, Irish actor (d. 1981) Baba Vanga, blind Bulgarian mystic, clairvoyant and herbalist (d. 1996) February February 5 – Jussi Björling, Swedish tenor (d. 1960) February 6 – Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States and actor (d. 2004) February 8 – Elizabeth Bishop, American poet (d. 1979) February 10 – Victor Guillermo Ramos Rangel, Venezuelan classical musician (d. 1986) February 12 Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (Carroll Daly), 5th President of Ireland (d. 1978) Stephen H. Sholes, American recording executive (d. 1968) February 13 – Jean Muir, American actress (d. 1996) February 14 – Willem Johan Kolff, Dutch inventor (d. 2009) February 17 – Oskar Seidlin, Silesian-born Jewish-American literary scholar (d. 1984) February 19 Bill Bowerman, American track athlete, co-founder of Nike, Inc. (d. 1999) Merle Oberon, British actress (d. 1979) February 24 – Eduardo Vañó Pastor, Spanish cartoonist (d. 1993) February 27 – Fanny Edelman, Argentine politician (d. 2011) February 28 – Otakar Vávra, Czech director (d. 2011) March March 1 – Mike Gilbert, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 2002) March 3 – Jean Harlow, American actress (d. 1937) March 5 – Wolfgang Larrazábal, 52nd President of Venezuela (d. 2003) March 6 – Nikolai Baibakov, Soviet statesman (d. 2008) March 8 – Alan Hovhaness, American composer (d. 2000) March 9 – Ebby Halliday, American realtor (d. 2015) March 12 – Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 49th President of Mexico (d. 1979) March 13 L. Ron Hubbard, American author, founder of Scientology (d. 1986) Marie Rudisill, American author (d. 2006) March 15 – Ursula Vaughan Williams, British author (d. 2007) March 16 Pierre Harmel, 40th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2009) Josef Mengele, German Nazi war criminal (d. 1979) March 18 – Al Benton, American baseball player (d. 1968) March 20 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (d. 1991) March 24 Joseph Barbera, American cartoonist (d. 2006) Jane Drew, English architect (d. 1996) Ephraim Engleman, American rheumatologist (d. 2015) March 25 – Jack Ruby, American mobster, killer of Lee Harvey Oswald (d. 1967) March 26 Bernard Katz, German-born biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003) Tennessee Williams, American playwright (d. 1983) March 27 – Erich Heller, British philosopher (d. 1990) March 29 – Brigitte Horney, German-born actress (d. 1988) March 31 Freddie Green, American jazz musician (d. 1987) Elisabeth Grümmer, German soprano (d. 1986) April April 1 – Fauja Singh, English supercentenarian marathon runner April 3 Stanisława Walasiewicz, Polish-born athlete (d. 1980) Michael Woodruff, British/Australian surgeon (d. 2001) April 4 – Narciso J. Alegre, Filipino civil liberties advocate (d. 1980) April 5 – Hedi Amara Nouira, Tunisian politician, 11th Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 1993) April 6 – Feodor Lynen, German biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) April 8 Melvin Calvin, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997) Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher, essayist (d. 1995) Ichirō Fujiyama, Japanese composer, singer (d. 1993) April 10 – Maurice Schumann, French politician (d. 1998) April 13 – Donald Leslie, American creator of the Leslie speaker (d. 2004) April 15 – Muhammad Metwally El-Shaarawy, Egyptian jurist (d. 1998) April 17 – Lester Rodney, American journalist (d. 2009) April 18 Maurice Goldhaber, Austrian-American physicist (d. 2011) Huntington Hartford, American businessman (d. 2008) April 23 Józef Cyrankiewicz, Polish communist politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1989) Ronald Neame, British film cinematographer, producer, screenwriter and director (d. 2010) April 26 – Paul Verner, German politician (d. 1986) April 27 – Antonio Sastre, Argentine footballer (d. 1987) April 28 Lee Falk, American writer, theater director and producer (d. 1999) Luigi Ferrando, Italian racing cyclist (d. 2003) May May 5 – Andor Lilienthal, Hungarian chess Grandmaster (d. 2010) May 6 – Frank Nelson, American actor (d. 1986) May 7 – Ishirō Honda, Japanese film director (d. 1993) May 8 – Robert Johnson, American guitarist, singer (d. 1938) May 10 – Bel Kaufman, German-born American author (d. 2014) May 11 Phil Silvers, American actor, comedian (d. 1985) Doodles Weaver, American actor, comedian (d. 1983) May 12 – Dorothy Rungeling, Canadian aviator (d. 2018) May 15 – Max Frisch, Swiss author (d. 1991) May 16 – Tunku Puan Besar Kurshiah, Malayan queen (d. 1999) May 17 Lisa Fonssagrives, Swedish model (d. 1992) André Jaunet, French-born flutist (d. 1988) Maureen O'Sullivan, Irish actress (d. 1998) May 18 – Big Joe Turner, African-American singer (d. 1985) May 20 – Gardner Fox, American writer (d. 1986) May 22 – Anatol Rapoport, Russian-born American mathematical psychologist (d. 2007) May 24 – Carleen Hutchins, American violin maker (d. 2009) May 25 – Eric P. Newman, American numismatist (d. 2017) May 27 Hubert Humphrey, American politician, 38th Vice President of the United States (d. 1978) Teddy Kollek, Austrian-born Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (d. 2007) Vincent Price, American actor (d. 1993) May 28 – Fritz Hochwälder, Austrian author (d. 1986) May 31 – Maurice Allais, French economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) June June 3 – Ellen Corby, American actress (d. 1999) June 4 – Milovan Đilas, Yugoslavian Marxist (d. 1995) June 5 – Neel E. Kearby, American fighter ace (d. 1944) June 9 – Hawley Pratt, American film director, animator and illustrator (d. 1999) June 13 Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) Prince Aly Khan, Indian-born Pakistani imam of Ismaili Shi'a Islam (d. 1960) June 15 – Wilbert Awdry, English children's writer (d. 1997) June 16 – Paulo Gracindo, Brazilian actor (d. 1995) June 19 – Dudley Senanayake, 2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1973) June 20 – Paul Pietsch, German racer, magazine magnate (d. 2012) June 21 Irving Fein, American television, film producer (d. 2012) Wonderful Smith, African-American comedian (d. 2008) June 22 Marie Braun, Dutch swimmer (d. 1982) Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, wife of Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus of Hesse and sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (d. 1937) Michel Dens, French baritone singer (d. 2000) Vernon Kirby, South African tennis player (d. 1994) Sir Kenneth Mather, British geneticist and botanist (d. 1990) June 23 Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov, Russian aeronautical engineer (d. 1995) Admiral Sir Horace Rochfort Law, British naval officer and Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command (March 1970 – May 1972) (d. 2005) David Ogilvy, British advertising executive (d. 1999) Hannah Weinstein, American journalist, publicist and left-wing political activist who became a television producer in Britain (d. 1984) June 24 Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentine race car driver (d. 1995) Norman Lessing, American television screenwriter, producer, playwright, chess master and chess writer (d. 2001) Ernesto Sabato, Argentine writer (d. 2011) Portia White, Canadian opera singer (d. 1968) June 25 Reed Hadley, American actor (d. 1974) William Howard Stein, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980) June 26 Toyo Shibata, Japanese poet (d. 2013) Babe Didrikson Zaharias, American athlete, golfer (d. 1956) June 27 Ben Alexander, American actor (d. 1969) Marion M. Magruder, American officer (d. 1997) June 28 Sir Donald Macleod Douglas, Scottish surgeon (d. 1993) Thalia Mara, American ballet dancer, educator and author (d. 2003) Lieutenant Commander Malcolm David Wanklyn, British naval officer (MIA 1942) June 29 Bernard Herrmann, American composer (d. 1975) Lucien Lauk, French racing cyclist (d. 2001) Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, German-born Prince Consort of the Netherlands (1948–1980) (d. 2004) June 30 Czesław Miłosz, Polish-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) Nagarjun, Indian poet (d. 1998) July July 1 Guy Raymond, American actor (d. 1997) Sergei Sokolov, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 2012) July 2 Fred Beaver, Muscogee Creek-Seminole painter and muralist (d. 1980) Diego Fabbri, Italian playwright (d. 1980) Dorothy M. Horstmann, American epidemiologist, virologist and pediatrician (d. 2001) Reg Parnell, British racing driver and manager (d. 1964) July 3 Herbert E. Grier, American electrical engineer (d. 1999) Joe Hardstaff Jr, English cricketer (d. 1990) July 4 Mitch Miller, American singer, television personality (d. 2010) Elizabeth Peratrovich, American civil rights activist (d. 1958) Frederick Seitz, American scientist (d. 2008) July 5 Costantino Nivola, Italian sculptor (d. 1988) Giorgio Borġ Olivier, 7th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1980) Georges Pompidou, President of France (d. 1974) July 6 LaVerne Andrews, American singer (d. 1967) Annibale Frossi, Italian football player, manager (d. 1999) June Gale, American actress (d. 1996) July 7 Hubert de Bèsche, Swedish fencer (d. 1997) Gretchen Franklin, English actress, dancer (d. 2005) Shunpei Hashioka, Japanese-Chinese boxer (d. 1978) Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian-born American composer (d. 2007) Joan Perry, American film actress, model and singer (d. 1996) July 8 John Dudley Ball Jr., American novelist (d. 1988) Vincente Gomez, Spanish guitarist and composer (d. 2001) Fred Kohler Jr., American actor (d. 1993) Gertrude Niesen, American singer, actress, comedian and songwriter (d. 1975) July 9 Aleksandrs Laime, Latvian-born explorer (d. 1994) Mervyn Peake, British writer, illustrator (d. 1968) Svetislav Valjarević, Serbian Yugoslav international football player (d. 1996) John Archibald Wheeler, American physicist (d. 2008) July 10 – Amalia Solórzano, First Lady of Mexico (d. 2008) July 11 Hyacinth Gabriel Connon, American-Filipino Lasallian Brother, president of De La Salle University in Manila (1950–1959 and 1966–1978) (d. 1978) Olive Cotton, Australian photographer (d. 2003) July 14 – William Norris, American business executive (d. 2006) July 15 Max Seela, German lieutenant colonel in the Waffen-SS (d. 1999) Hans von Luck, German Nazi Wehrmacht officer (d. 1997) Paul Zoll, American cardiologist (d. 1999) July 16 Ginger Rogers, American actress, dancer (d. 1995) Gabriele Wülker, German social scientist, civil servant (d. 2001) July 17 – Yang Jiang, Chinese playwright, author and translator (d. 2016) July 18 Hume Cronyn, Canadian actor (d. 2003) Arch MacDonald, American broadcast journalist, television pioneer (d. 1985) July 19 – Ben Eastman, American middle-distance runner (d. 2002) July 21 – Marshall McLuhan, Canadian author (d. 1980) July 22 – José María Lemus, 33rd President of El Salvador (d. 1993) July 26 – Jerry Burke, American musician (d. 1965) July 28 – Ann Doran, American actress (d. 2000) July 29 – Ján Cikker, Slovak composer (d. 1989) July 31 – George Liberace, American musician (d. 1983) August August 2 – Rusty Wescoatt, American actor (d. 1987) August 3 – Manuel Esperón, Mexican musician, composer (d. 2011) August 5 – Robert Taylor, American actor (d. 1969) August 6 Lucille Ball, American actress, television producer and co-owner of Desilu Productions (d. 1989) Norman Gordon, South African cricketer (d. 2014) Constance Fecher Heaven, British romance writer (d. 1995) August 7 – Nicholas Ray, American director (d. 1979) August 8 – Rosetta LeNoire, American actress (d. 2002) August 9 – William Alfred Fowler, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995) August 10 Leonidas Andrianopoulos, Greek footballer (d. 2011) A. N. Sherwin-White, English historian (d. 1993) August 11 William H. Avery, American politician (d. 2009) Thanom Kittikachorn, 10th Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2004) August 12 – Cantinflas, Mexican actor (d. 1993) August 13 – Roy Pinney, American herpetologist, photographer, war correspondent and writer (d. 2010) August 15 – Anthony Salerno, American gangster (d. 1992) August 17 Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian chess player (d. 1995) Martin Sandberger, German military officer (d. 2010) August 18 – Amelia Boynton Robinson, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2015) August 23 Betty Robinson, American Olympic athlete (d. 1999) Birger Ruud, Norwegian athlete (d. 1998) August 25 – Võ Nguyên Giáp, General of the Vietnam People's Army (d. 2013) August 26 – Deva Dassy, French opera singer (d. 2016) August 29 – John Charnley, English orthopaedic surgeon, pioneer of hip replacement operation (d. 1982) August 31 – Ramón Vinay, Chilean operatic tenor (d. 1996) September September 1 – Kōmei Abe, Japanese composer (d. 2006) September 2 – Romare Bearden, American artist (d. 1988) September 6 – Harry Danning, American baseball player (d. 2004) September 7 – Todor Zhivkov, 36th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1998) September 8 – Byron Morrow, American actor (d. 2006) September 9 Paul Goodman, American author (d. 1972) Sir John Gorton, 19th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2002) September 10 Nelly Omar, Argentine actress and singer (d. 2013) Renée Simonot, French actress (d. 2021) September 13 – Bill Monroe, American musician (d. 1996) September 15 – Joseph Pevney, American director (d. 2008) September 19 – William Golding, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993) September 24 Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (d. 1985) Ed Kretz, American motorcycle racer (d. 1996) September 25 – Eric Williams, 1st Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 1981) September 27 – John Harvey, American actor (d. 1982) September 29 – Charles Court, Australian politician (d. 2007) September 30 Bernd von Brauchitsch, German air force officer (d. 1974) Ruth Gruber, American journalist and writer (d. 2016) October October 3 – Edgar Sanabria, Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat and politician, Interim President of Venezuela (d. 1989) October 4 – Mary Two-Axe Earley, Canadian indigenous women's rights activist (d. 1996) October 5 Pierre Dansereau, Canadian ecologist (d. 2011) Brian O'Nolan, Irish humorist (d. 1966) October 9 – Joe Rosenthal, American photographer (d. 2006) October 10 – Clare Hollingworth, English journalist (d. 2017) October 12 – Vijay Merchant, Indian cricketer (d. 1987) October 13 Tadeusz Chyliński, Polish designer and constructor (d. 1978) Ashok Kumar, Indian actor (d. 2001) October 14 – Lê Đức Thọ, Vietnamese general and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1990) October 15 – James H. Schmitz, German-born American science fiction writer (d. 1981) October 21 Dick Harris, Australian rules footballer (d. 1993) William A. Mitchell, American food chemist, inventor (d. 2004) October 26 Sid Gillman, American football coach (d. 2003) Mahalia Jackson, African-American gospel singer (d. 1972) October 27 – Leif Erickson, American actor (d. 1986) October 30 Ruth Hussey, American actress (d. 2005) Eileen Whelan, British cricketer (d. 2021) November November 1 Henri Troyat, French writer (d. 2007) Sidney Wood, American tennis player (d. 2009) November 2 – Odysseas Elytis, Greek writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996) November 5 – Roy Rogers, American singer, actor (d. 1998) November 7 Yolande Beekman, French-born World War II heroine (d. 1944) Ángeles Santos Torroella, Spanish painter (d. 2013) November 12 Yehoshua Rabinovitz, Israeli politician (d. 1979) Chad Varah, British priest and humanitarian (d. 2007) November 13 – Buck O'Neil, American baseball player, manager (d. 2006) November 15 – Kay Walsh, British actress (d. 2005) November 24 – Erik Bergman, Finnish composer (d. 2006) November 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter (d. 1984) November 26 – Robert Marchand, French cyclist (d. 2021) November 27 David Merrick, American theater producer (d. 2000) Fe del Mundo, Filipino paediatrician (d. 2011) November 28 – Václav Renč, Czech poet, dramatist and translator (d. 1973) November 30 – Jorge Negrete, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1953) December December 1 – Walter Alston, American baseball player, manager (d. 1984) December 3 – Nino Rota, Italian composer (d. 1979) December 5 – Władysław Szpilman, Polish pianist, memoirist (d. 2000) December 8 – Lee J. Cobb, American actor (d. 1976) December 9 – Broderick Crawford, American actor (d. 1986) December 10 – Chet Huntley, American television reporter (d. 1974) December 11 Val Guest, British film director (d. 2006) Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006) Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (d. 2009) December 13 Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) Kenneth Patchen, American poet and painter (d. 1972) December 14 Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz, Greek-Polish athlete, Resistance member (d. 1943) Spike Jones, American musician (d. 1965) Hans von Ohain, German physicist, designer of the first operational jet engine (d. 1998) December 15 – Stan Kenton, American jazz pianist, composer and arranger (d. 1979) December 17 – André Claveau, French singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1958 winner (d. 2003) December 18 – Jules Dassin, American director (d. 2008) December 20 – Hortense Calisher, American author (d. 2009) December 21 – Josh Gibson, African-American baseball player (d. 1947) December 23 – Niels Kaj Jerne, English-born immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born American artist (d. 2010) December 26 Steve Kordek, American pinball innovator (d. 2012) Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu of Japan (d. 2004) December 27 Abdul Halim, Indonesian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Indonesia (d. 1987) Anna Russell, British comedian and singer (d. 2006) December 28 – Sam Levenson, American humorist and author (d. 1980) December 29 – Klaus Fuchs, German theoretical physicist, spy (d. 1988) Deaths January January 1 – John I. Curtin, American general (b. 1837) January 3 'Abd al-Ahad Khan, Emir of Bukhara (b. 1859) Alexandros Papadiamantis, Greek poet (b. 1851) January 4 Stefano Bruzzi, Italian painter (b. 1835) Francesco Segna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1836) January 5 Walter Beatty, Canadian political figure (b. 1836) Marcelina Darowska, Polish Roman Catholic nun, saint (b. 1827) January 6 – Sir John Aird, 1st Baronet, English civil engineer (b. 1833) January 8 – Pietro Gori, Italian lawyer, journalist and poet (b. 1865) January 12 – Georg Jellinek, Austrian legal philosopher (b. 1851) January 13 – Władysław Czachórski, Polish painter (b. 1850) January 15 – Carolina Coronado, Spanish poet (b. 1820) January 16 – Wilhelm J. Burger, German composer, pianist and conductor (b. 1861) January 17 – Sir Francis Galton, British explorer, biologist (b. 1822) January 23 – Edmund Beswick, English rugby football player (b. 1858) February February 1 – Charles Stillman Sperry, American admiral (b. 1847) February 2 – Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria (b. 1852) February 4 – Piet Cronjé, Boer general (b. 1836) February 8 – Joaquín Costa, Spanish politician, lawyer, economist and historian (b. 1846) February 10 – Gustavo Maria Bruni, Italian childhood Roman Catholic servant of God (b. 1903) February 14 – David Boyle, Canadian archaeologist (b. 1842) February 15 Theodor Escherich, German-born Austrian pediatrician (b. 1857) Pavel Grigorievich Dukmasov, Russian general (b. 1838) February 16 – Alice Morse Earle, American historian (b. 1851) February 18 – Buttons Briggs, American baseball player (b. 1875) February 21 – Isidre Nonell, Spanish painter (b. 1873) February 23 Richard Henry Beddome, British military officer, naturalist (b. 1830) Giuditta Vannini, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed, blessed (b. 1859) February 25 – Fritz von Uhde, German painter (b. 1848) March March 1 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852) March 6 Mary Anne Barker, English author (b. 1831) Thierry, Count of Limburg Stirum, Belgian historian (b. 1827) March 11 – Théotime Blanchard, Canadian farmer, teacher, merchant and politician (b. 1844) March 17 – Friedrich Haase, German actor (b. 1827) March 18 Richard Baker, Australian politician (b. 1842) Anna Brackett, American feminist, educator (b. 1836) March 21 – Shams-ul-haq Azeemabadi, Indian Islamic scholar (b. 1857) March 22 – William Collins, British Anglican bishop (b. 1867) March 24 Rodolphe-Madeleine Cleophas Dareste de La Chavanne, French jurist (b. 1824) Dragan Tsankov, Bulgarian politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1828) March 27 – Margarita Savitskaya, Russian actress (b. 1868) March 28 – Samuel Franklin Emmons, American geologist (b. 1841) March 30 Pellegrino Artusi, Italian businessman (b. 1820) Ellen Swallow Richards, American chemist (b. 1842) April April 5 – Charles Frederic Moberly Bell, British journalist and newspaper editor (b. 1847) April 9 – Manuel Aguirre de Tejada, Spanish politician and lawyer (b. 1827) April 10 – Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Lithuanian artist, composer (b. 1875) April 12 – James Mathers, Irish missionary (b. 1854) April 14 Addie Joss, American baseball player, Major League Baseball Hall of Fame member (b. 1880) Denman Thompson, American actor, playwright (b. 1833) April 25 – Emilio Salgari, Italian writer (b. 1862) April 26 – Pedro Paterno, Filipino politician (b. 1857) April 29 – Georg, Prince |
in for a second term, as President of the United States. Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956). The New York City "Mad Bomber", George P. Metesky, is arrested in Waterbury, Connecticut, and charged with planting more than 30 bombs. January 21 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower is publicly sworn in. January 23 – Ku Klux Klan members force African-American truck driver Willie Edwards to jump off a bridge, into the Alabama River; he drowns as a result. January 26 – The Ibirapuera Planetarium (the first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. January 31 – Three students on a junior high school playground in Pacoima, California, are among the 8 persons killed, following a mid-air collision between a Douglas DC-7 airliner and a Northrop F-89 Scorpion fighter jet, in the skies above the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles, U.S.A. February February 2 – President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan lays the foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage across the Indus River, near Sukkur. February 4 France prohibits U.N. involvement in Algeria. The first nuclear-powered submarine, , logs its 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. It is decommissioned on March 3, 1980. A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop Coal Mine in Bishop, Virginia, kills 37 men. February 6 – The Soviet Union announces that Swedish envoy Raoul Wallenberg had died in a Soviet prison ("possibly of a heart attack"), on July 17, 1947. February 10 – The Confederation of African Football is founded, at a meeting in Khartoum. February 15 – Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of the Soviet Union. February 16 The "Toddlers' Truce", a controversial television closedown between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., is abolished in the United Kingdom. Ingmar Bergman's film The Seventh Seal opens at cinemas in Sweden. February 17 – A fire at a home for the elderly in Warrenton, Missouri, kills 72 people. February 18 Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is executed by the British colonial government. The last person to be executed in New Zealand, Walter James Bolton, is hanged at Mount Eden Prison for poisoning his wife. February 23 – The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc opens in Dakar. February 25 – The Boy In The Box is discovered along a sidewalk in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The murder victim is described as Caucasian in appearance and 4 to 6 years old; the case is never solved. February 28 – Gaston, a Belgian comic strip, is introduced. March March 1 U Nu becomes Prime Minister of Burma. Arturo Lezama becomes President of the National Council of Government of Uruguay. Sud Aviation forms, from a merger between SNCASE (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Est) and SNCASO (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Ouest). March 3 – Net als toen, sung by Corry Brokken (music by Guus Jansen, lyrics by Willy van Hemert), wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 (held at Frankfurt), for the Netherlands. March 4 – Standard & Poor's first publishes the S&P 500 Index in the United States. March 6 United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and British Togoland become the independent nation of Ghana. Zodi Ikhia founds the Nigerien Democratic Front (FDN) in Niger. March 7 – The United States Congress approves the Eisenhower Doctrine, on assistance to Communist-threatened foreign regimes. March 8 – Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal. March 10 – Floodgates of The Dalles Dam are closed, inundating Celilo Falls and ancient Indian fisheries along the Columbia River in Oregon. March 13 The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation arrests labor union leader Jimmy Hoffa, and charges him with bribery. The Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of 1948 expires. March 14 – President Sukarno declares martial law in Indonesia. March 17 – 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash: Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others are killed in a plane crash. March 20 – The French news magazine L'Express reveals that the French army tortures Algerian prisoners. March 25 The Treaty of Rome (Patto di Roma) establishes the European Economic Community (EEC; predecessor of the European Union) between Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Copies of Allen Ginsberg's Howl and Other Poems (first published November 1, 1956), printed in England, are seized by United States Customs Service officials in San Francisco, on the grounds of obscenity. On October 3, in People v. Ferlinghetti, a subsequent prosecution of publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti, the work is ruled not to be obscene. March 26 – Elvis Presley buys Graceland, on 3734 Bellevue Boulevard (Highway 51 South), for $US100,000. He and his family move from the house on 1034 Audubon Drive. March 27 – The 29th Academy Awards Ceremony is held in Hollywood. Around the World in 80 Days wins Best Picture. March 31 – Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella, the team's only musical written especially for television, is telecast live and in color by CBS in the United States, starring Julie Andrews in the title role. The production is seen by millions, but this 1957 version is not to be telecast again for more than 40 years, when a kinescope of it is shown. April April – IBM sells the first compiler for the Fortran scientific programming language. April 1 – The first new conscripts join the Bundeswehr. April 5 – The Communist Party of India wins the elections in Kerala, making E. M. S. Namboodiripad its first chief minister. April 9 – Egypt reopens the Suez Canal to all shipping. April 12 – The United Kingdom announces that Singapore will gain self-rule on January 1, 1958. April 15 The Distant Early Warning Line is handed over by contractors to the U.S. and Canadian military. White Rock secedes from Surrey, British Columbia, following a referendum. April 17 – Suspected English serial killer Dr. John Bodkin Adams is found not guilty of murder, at the Old Bailey. April 24 – The BBC Television astronomy series The Sky at Night is first broadcast in the United Kingdom, presented by Patrick Moore (who will present it until his death in December 2012). April 24 – 25 – The 1957 Fethiye earthquakes occur, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. April 30 – An annular solar eclipse was a non-central annular solar eclipse, that does NOT have a northern path limit. This was the last of 57 umbral solar eclipses of Solar Saros 118. May May 2. Iron Liege, at 8–1, wins the Kentucky Derby in one of the most eventful Derbys ever. Vincent Gigante fails to assassinate mafioso Frank Costello in Manhattan. "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", written by Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, becomes the South African national anthem, replacing "God Save the Queen", which is retained as a royal anthem. May 3 – Brooklyn Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley agrees to move the team from Brooklyn, New York, to Los Angeles. May 8 – South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem begins a state visit to the United States, his regime's main sponsor. May 15. Operation Grapple: At Malden Island in the Pacific, Britain tests its first hydrogen bomb, which fails to detonate properly. Stanley Matthews plays his final international game, ending an English record international career of almost 23 years. May 16 – Paul-Henri Spaak becomes the new Secretary General of NATO. May 22 – A 42,000-pound Mark 17 hydrogen bomb accidentally falls from a United States bomber, near Albuquerque. May 24 – May 24 incident: Anti-American riots erupt in Taipei, Taiwan. May 30 – Real Madrid beats Fiorentina 2–0 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, to win the 1956–57 European Cup (football). June June 1 – Three-year-old thoroughbred Gallant Man wins the Peter Pan Stakes, at Belmont Park. June 9 – Broad Peak, on the China-Pakistan border, is first ascended. June 15 – Oklahoma celebrates its semi-centennial statehood. A brand new 1957 Plymouth Belvedere, named Miss Belvedere, is buried in a time capsule (to be opened 50 years later on June 15, 2007). June 15 – Gallant Man wins the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park, in record time. June 20 – Toru Takemitsu's Requiem for Strings is first performed, by the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra. June 21 – John Diefenbaker becomes the 13th Prime Minister of Canada. June 25 – The United Church of Christ is formed in Cleveland, Ohio, by the merger of the Congregational Christian Churches and the Evangelical and Reformed Church. June 27 – Hurricane Audrey demolishes Cameron, Louisiana, U.S., killing 400 people. July July 1 The International Geophysical Year begins. The University of Waterloo is founded in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Hugh Everett III publishes the first scientifically founded many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Production of the Citroën Traction Avant automobile, begun in 1934, ceases. July 6 – John Lennon and Paul McCartney first meet as teenagers at a garden fete at St. Peter's Church, Woolton, Liverpool, England, at which Lennon's skiffle group, The Quarrymen, is playing, 3 years before forming The Beatles. July 9 – Elvis Presley's film Loving You opens in theaters. July 11 – His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan IV becomes the 49th Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims at age 20. His grandfather Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah Aga Khan III appoints Prince Karim in his will. July 14 – Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world. July 16 – United States Marine Major John Glenn flies an F8U supersonic jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds, setting a new transcontinental speed record. July 25 – Tunisia becomes a republic, with Habib Bourguiba as its first president. July 28 The 6th World Festival of Youth and Students, a high point of the Khrushchev Thaw, kicks off in Moscow. Heavy rains and mudslides at Isahaya, western Kyūshū, Japan, kill 992. A strong earthquake shakes Mexico City, and Mexican port city Acapulco. July 29 – The International Atomic Energy Agency is established. August August 4 – Juan Manuel Fangio, driving for Maserati, wins the Formula One German Grand Prix, clinching (with 4 wins this season) his record 5th world drivers championship, including his 4th consecutive championship (also a record); these 2 records endure for nearly half a century. August 5 – American Bandstand, a local dance show produced by WFIL-TV in Philadelphia, joins the ABC Television Network. August 21 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces a 2-year suspension of nuclear testing. August 28 – United States Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) sets the record for the longest filibuster, with his 24-hour, 18-minute speech railing against a civil rights bill. August 31 – The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom, subsequently celebrated as Malaysia's National Day. Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, becomes the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya. The country's new Constitution had come into force on August 27. The Alliance Party and its successor are the ruling coalition until 2018. September September 3 – The Wolfenden report on homosexuality is published in the United Kingdom. September 4 Civil rights movement: Little Rock Crisis – Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas calls out the National Guard of the United States, to prevent African-American students from enrolling in Little Rock Central High School. The Ford Motor Company introduces the Edsel, on what the company proclaims as "E Day". September 7 – US TV network NBC introduces an animated version of its famous "living color" peacock logo. September 9 The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is enacted, establishing the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Catholic Memorial School opens its doors for the first time in Boston, Massachusetts. September 21 Olav V becomes King of Norway, on the death of his father Haakon VII. The sailing ship Pamir sinks off the Azores, in a hurricane. September 23 – The Academy Award-winning movie The Three Faces of Eve is released. September 24 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends federal troops to Arkansas, to provide safe passage into Little Rock Central High School for the "Little Rock Nine". Camp Nou, home-stadium of FC Barcelona, officially opens in Barcelona, Spain. September 26 – Leonard Bernstein's musical West Side Story makes its first appearance on Broadway, and runs for 732 performances. September 29 – The Kyshtym disaster occurs, at the Mayak nuclear reprocessing plant in Russia. October October 1 Which? magazine is first published by The Consumers' Association in the United Kingdom. The Africanized bee is accidentally released in Brazil. October 2 – David Lean's film The Bridge on the River Kwai opens in the U.K. October 4 Space Age – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow delta wing interceptor aircraft is unveiled. The sitcom Leave It to Beaver premieres on CBS in the United States. October 9 – Neil H. McElroy is sworn in as United States Secretary of Defense. October 10 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, after he is refused service in a Dover, Delaware, restaurant. Windscale fire: Fire at the Windscale nuclear reactor on the north-west coast of England releases radioactive material into the surrounding environment, including iodine-131. Ayn Rand's fourth, last and longest novel, Atlas Shrugged, is published in the United States. October 11 The Jodrell Bank radio telescope opens in Cheshire, England. The orbit of the last stage of the R-7 Semyorka rocket (carrying Sputnik I) is first successfully calculated on an IBM 704 computer at the MIT Computation Center as part of Operation Moonwatch, Cambridge, Massachusetts. October 15 - Saamdu Chetri, was born in a cowshed in remote Bhutan, the same year a school was opened in Kalikhola October 21 Two trains collide at Yarımburgaz in Turkey; 95 die. The U.S. military sustains its first combat fatality in Vietnam, Army Capt. Harry Cramer of the 1st Special Forces Group. October 23 – Morocco begins its invasion of Ifni. October 25 – Mafia boss Albert Anastasia is assassinated in a barber shop, at the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City. October 27 – Celâl Bayar is re-elected president of Turkey. October 31 – Toyota begins exporting vehicles to the United States, beginning with the Toyota Crown and the Toyota Land Cruiser. November November 1 The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at this time, opens in the United States, to connect Michigan's two peninsulas. The first (westbound) tube of the Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel, linking Norfolk and Hampton, Virginia, opens at a cost of $44 million. November 3 – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2, with the first animal to orbit the Earth (a dog named Laika) on board; there is no technology available to return it to Earth. November 7 – Cold War: In the United States, the Gaither Report calls for more American missiles and fallout shelters. November 8 – The film Jailhouse Rock opens across the U.S. to reach #3, and Elvis Presley continues to gain more notoriety. November 13 Gordon Gould invents the laser. Flooding in the Po Valley of Italy leads to flooding also in Venice. November 14 – Apalachin Meeting: American Mafia leaders meet in Apalachin, New York, at the house of Joseph Barbara; the meeting is broken up by a curious patrolman. November 15 1957 Aquila Airways Solent crash: A flying boat crash on the Isle of Wight leaves 45 dead. Yugoslavia announces the end of an economic boycott of Francoist Spain (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations). November 16 Serial killer Edward Gein murders his last victim, Bernice Worden of Plainfield, Wisconsin, U.S. Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new government of Turkey (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes). November 25 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower has a stroke. November 30 – Indonesian president Sukarno survives a grenade attack at the Cikini School in Jakarta, but six children are killed. December December 1 – In Indonesia, Sukarno announces the nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses. December 4 – The Lewisham rail crash in London leaves 92 dead. December 5 – All 326,000 Dutch nationals are expelled from Indonesia. December 6 – The first U.S. attempt to launch a satellite fails, when the Vanguard rocket blows up on the launch pad. December 10 – Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson receives the Nobel Peace Prize, for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations. December 18 – The Bridge on the River Kwai is released in the U.S. It goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Additional Oscars go to Alec Guinness (Best Actor) and David Lean (Best Director), among others. This is Lean's first Oscar for directing. December 19 – Meredith Willson's classic musical The Music Man, starring Robert Preston, debuts on Broadway. December 20 – The Boeing 707 airliner flies for the first time. December 22 – The CBS afternoon anthology series The Seven Lively Arts presents Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker on U.S. television for the first time, although heavily abridged. Date unknown Mao Zedong admits that 800,000 "class enemies" had been summarily liquidated in China, between 1949 and 1954. Expected date for Operation Dropshot, an all-out U.S. war with the Soviet Union, triggered by a Soviet takeover of Western Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia, which does not materialize, as prepared for by the United States Department of Defense in 1949. Gruppe SPUR, an artistic collaboration, is founded in Germany. The so-called 'mound of Midas', the Great Tumulus near Gordium, is excavated. Three new neo-grotesque sans-serif typefaces are released: Folio (designed by Konrad Bauer and Walter Baum), Neue Haas Grotesk (designed by Max Miedinger) and Univers (designed by Adrian Frutiger); all will be influential in the International Typographic Style of graphic design. Births January January 1 Isabel Ordaz, Spanish actress Ewa Kasprzyk, Polish actress Karen Pence, | makes its first appearance on Broadway, and runs for 732 performances. September 29 – The Kyshtym disaster occurs, at the Mayak nuclear reprocessing plant in Russia. October October 1 Which? magazine is first published by The Consumers' Association in the United Kingdom. The Africanized bee is accidentally released in Brazil. October 2 – David Lean's film The Bridge on the River Kwai opens in the U.K. October 4 Space Age – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow delta wing interceptor aircraft is unveiled. The sitcom Leave It to Beaver premieres on CBS in the United States. October 9 – Neil H. McElroy is sworn in as United States Secretary of Defense. October 10 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, after he is refused service in a Dover, Delaware, restaurant. Windscale fire: Fire at the Windscale nuclear reactor on the north-west coast of England releases radioactive material into the surrounding environment, including iodine-131. Ayn Rand's fourth, last and longest novel, Atlas Shrugged, is published in the United States. October 11 The Jodrell Bank radio telescope opens in Cheshire, England. The orbit of the last stage of the R-7 Semyorka rocket (carrying Sputnik I) is first successfully calculated on an IBM 704 computer at the MIT Computation Center as part of Operation Moonwatch, Cambridge, Massachusetts. October 15 - Saamdu Chetri, was born in a cowshed in remote Bhutan, the same year a school was opened in Kalikhola October 21 Two trains collide at Yarımburgaz in Turkey; 95 die. The U.S. military sustains its first combat fatality in Vietnam, Army Capt. Harry Cramer of the 1st Special Forces Group. October 23 – Morocco begins its invasion of Ifni. October 25 – Mafia boss Albert Anastasia is assassinated in a barber shop, at the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City. October 27 – Celâl Bayar is re-elected president of Turkey. October 31 – Toyota begins exporting vehicles to the United States, beginning with the Toyota Crown and the Toyota Land Cruiser. November November 1 The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at this time, opens in the United States, to connect Michigan's two peninsulas. The first (westbound) tube of the Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel, linking Norfolk and Hampton, Virginia, opens at a cost of $44 million. November 3 – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2, with the first animal to orbit the Earth (a dog named Laika) on board; there is no technology available to return it to Earth. November 7 – Cold War: In the United States, the Gaither Report calls for more American missiles and fallout shelters. November 8 – The film Jailhouse Rock opens across the U.S. to reach #3, and Elvis Presley continues to gain more notoriety. November 13 Gordon Gould invents the laser. Flooding in the Po Valley of Italy leads to flooding also in Venice. November 14 – Apalachin Meeting: American Mafia leaders meet in Apalachin, New York, at the house of Joseph Barbara; the meeting is broken up by a curious patrolman. November 15 1957 Aquila Airways Solent crash: A flying boat crash on the Isle of Wight leaves 45 dead. Yugoslavia announces the end of an economic boycott of Francoist Spain (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations). November 16 Serial killer Edward Gein murders his last victim, Bernice Worden of Plainfield, Wisconsin, U.S. Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new government of Turkey (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes). November 25 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower has a stroke. November 30 – Indonesian president Sukarno survives a grenade attack at the Cikini School in Jakarta, but six children are killed. December December 1 – In Indonesia, Sukarno announces the nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses. December 4 – The Lewisham rail crash in London leaves 92 dead. December 5 – All 326,000 Dutch nationals are expelled from Indonesia. December 6 – The first U.S. attempt to launch a satellite fails, when the Vanguard rocket blows up on the launch pad. December 10 – Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson receives the Nobel Peace Prize, for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations. December 18 – The Bridge on the River Kwai is released in the U.S. It goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Additional Oscars go to Alec Guinness (Best Actor) and David Lean (Best Director), among others. This is Lean's first Oscar for directing. December 19 – Meredith Willson's classic musical The Music Man, starring Robert Preston, debuts on Broadway. December 20 – The Boeing 707 airliner flies for the first time. December 22 – The CBS afternoon anthology series The Seven Lively Arts presents Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker on U.S. television for the first time, although heavily abridged. Date unknown Mao Zedong admits that 800,000 "class enemies" had been summarily liquidated in China, between 1949 and 1954. Expected date for Operation Dropshot, an all-out U.S. war with the Soviet Union, triggered by a Soviet takeover of Western Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia, which does not materialize, as prepared for by the United States Department of Defense in 1949. Gruppe SPUR, an artistic collaboration, is founded in Germany. The so-called 'mound of Midas', the Great Tumulus near Gordium, is excavated. Three new neo-grotesque sans-serif typefaces are released: Folio (designed by Konrad Bauer and Walter Baum), Neue Haas Grotesk (designed by Max Miedinger) and Univers (designed by Adrian Frutiger); all will be influential in the International Typographic Style of graphic design. Births January January 1 Isabel Ordaz, Spanish actress Ewa Kasprzyk, Polish actress Karen Pence, Second Lady of the United States January 3 – Bojan Križaj, Slovenian alpine skier January 4 Charles Allen, British television magnate Patty Loveless, American country music singer January 5 – Maartin Allcock, English multi-instrumentalist and record producer (d. 2018) January 6 – Nancy Lopez, American golfer January 7 Nicholson Baker, American novelist Katie Couric, American television host Hannu Kamppuri, Finnish ice hockey goaltender Julian Solís, Puerto Rican former world bantamweight champion boxer Steve Janaszak, American professional ice hockey player January 8 David Lang, American composer Dwight Clark, American football player (d. 2018) January 9 – Bibie, Ghanaian singer January 11 Bryan Robson, English footballer Claude Criquielion, Belgian bike racer (d. 2015) January 12 – John Lasseter, American director, writer and animator January 13 Lorrie Moore, American writer Daniel Scioli, Argentine politician and sportsman January 14 Anchee Min, Chinese writer Wu Chengzhen, Chinese Buddhist abbess January 15 Turk Schonert, American football player (d. 2019) Mario Van Peebles, African-American actor and director Patrick Dixon, British business guru and author January 16 – Ricardo Darín, Argentinian actor January 17 – Steve Harvey, African-American comedian, television host, radio personality and actor January 21 – Greg Ryan, American soccer coach January 22 Mike Bossy, Canadian hockey player Rene Requiestas, Filipino comedian (d. 1993) Godfrey Thoma, Nauruan politician January 23 – Caroline, Princess of Hanover January 24 – Adrian Edmondson, British comedian January 26 – Road Warrior Hawk, American professional wrestler (d. 2003) January 27 Frank Miller, American comic book writer Janick Gers, British heavy metal guitarist January 28 – Frank Skinner, English comedian, actor and television personality January 29 – Grażyna Miller, Polish poet January 30 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (d. 1999) February February 1 – Dennis Brown, Jamaican reggae singer (d. 1999) February 2 – Phil Barney, French singer February 5 – Jackie Woodburne, Australian actress February 6 Kathy Najimy, American actress and comedian Robert Townsend, African-American actor, comedian, director, and writer (Hollywood Shuffle) February 8 – Cindy Wilson, American rock singer (The B-52's) February 9 – Gordon Strachan, Scottish footballer and manager February 11 – Mitchell Symons, British writer February 14 – Soile Isokoski, Finnish lyric soprano February 15 Nathaniel Bar-Jonah, American criminal (d. 2008) Shahriar Mandanipour, Iranian writer February 16 – LeVar Burton, African-American actor (Roots) February 17 – Loreena McKennitt, Canadian singer, composer, harpist (Mummers' Dance) February 18 Marita Koch, German athlete Vanna White, American game show presenter (Wheel of Fortune) February 19 Falco, Austrian rock musician (Rock Me Amadeus) (d. 1998) Ray Winstone, British actor February 20 – Glen Hanlon, Canadian ice hockey coach February 23 – Ria Brieffies, Dutch singer (d. 2009) February 25 – Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singaporean politician, 5th Senior Minister of Singapore February 27 Danny Antonucci, Canadian creator of the Cartoon Network show Ed, Edd n Eddy Ralph Cox, American professional ice hockey player February 28 Ian Smith, New Zealand cricketer John Turturro, American actor, writer and director March March 4 – Mykelti Williamson, American actor March 5 – Mark E. Smith, English singer (d. 2018) March 6 – Eddie Deezen, American actor, voice actor and comedian March 8 Clive Burr, British heavy metal drummer (d. 2013) Mitsuko Horie, Japanese voice actress and singer March 9 – Mona Sahlin, Swedish politician March 10 Matt Knudsen, American actor, comedian and writer Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born founder of al-Qaeda (d. 2011) Hans-Peter Friedrich, German politician March 11 – Qasem Soleimani, Iranian general (d. 2020) March 12 – Marlon Jackson, African-American singer March 13 – David Peaston, American singer (d. 2012) March 15 Joaquim de Almeida, Portuguese actor Park Overall, American film and television actress March 18 – György Pazdera, Hungarian rock bassist (Pokolgép) March 19 – Christopher Murray, American actor March 20 Vanessa Bell Calloway, African-American actress John Grogan, American journalist and non-fiction writer Spike Lee, African-American film director and actor Theresa Russell, American actress March 23 Edna Molewa, South African politician (d. 2018) Teresa Ganzel, American comedian and actress Lucio Gutiérrez, 41st President of Ecuador Robbie James, Welsh footballer Amanda Plummer, American actress March 24 – Jack Edwards, American play-by-play announcer March 26 – Leeza Gibbons, American television personality March 27 – Stephen Dillane, English actor March 28 – Paul Eiding, American actor and voice actor March 29 – Christopher Lambert, French-American actor March 30 Shen Yi-ming, Taiwanese Air Force general officer (d. 2020) Paul Reiser, American comedian and actor Ian Shelton, Canadian astronomer who discovered SN 1987A March 31 Alan Duncan, British politician Marc McClure, American actor Terry Klassen, Canadian voice actor and voice director April April 1 J. Karjalainen, Finnish rock musician Denise Nickerson, American actress (d. 2019) April 2 Mark Alburger, American composer Giuliana De Sio, Italian actress April 4 Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, Mexican drug lord Aki Kaurismäki, Finnish film director April 5 – Ivan Corea, Sri Lankan autism campaigner April 7 – Simon Climie, English singer-songwriter (Climie Fisher) April 8 – Henry Cluney, Irish musician April 9 – Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer (d. 2011) April 10 – Ülle Kaljuste, Estonian actress April 11 Michael Card, American Christian musician Ian Stuart Donaldson, singer for white power skinhead band Skrewdriver (d. 1993) Jim Lauderdale, bluegrass musician April 12 Vince Gill, American singer and songwriter Adam Parfrey, American journalist and editor (d. 2018) Suzzanne Douglas, African-American actress April 14 – Mikhail Pletnev, Russian pianist, conductor and composer April 17 Afrika Bambaataa, American DJ and producer Susan Roman, Canadian voice actress April 18 – Genie, American feral child April 20 - Aviva Chomsky, history professor and coordinator of Latin American studies at Salem State University April 21 Jesse Orosco, American baseball player Herbert Wetterauer, German artist and author Faustin-Archange Touadéra, 8th President of the Central African Republic April 22 – Donald Tusk, Prime Minister of Poland April 23 Jan Hooks, American actress and comedian (d. 2014) Kenji Kawai, Japanese composer April 24 Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed, Pakistani-British Labour Party politician David J, British musician, producer, and writer April 25 Eric Bristow, English darts player (d. 2018) Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, 7th Prime Minister and 8th President of Burkina Faso April 27 Michel Barrette, Canadian actor and stand-up comedian Robert Curtis Brown, American television, film and stage actor April 28 – Dinorah de Jesús Rodriguez, Cuban-born experimental filmmaker April 29 Daniel Day-Lewis, English-born actor Timothy Treadwell, American environmentalist and filmmaker (d. 2003) May May 1 – Jo Jorgensen, American libertarian politician and academic May 2 – Michael Coyle, American composer May 3 Jo Brand, English comedian William Clay Ford Jr., American automobile executive May 4 – Iona Morris, American actress May 5 – Richard E. Grant, English actor May 10 – Sid Vicious (John Beverley), English punk rock bassist (Sex Pistols) (d. 1979) May 11 – Peter North, Canadian adult actor May 13 – Carrie Lam, Hong Kong civil servant May 14 – Daniela Dessì, Italian operatic soprano (d. 2016) May 15 Kevin Von Erich, American professional wrestler Juan José Ibarretxe, Basque Lehendakari (Prime Minister) May 16 Joan Benoit, American Olympic gold medal-winning marathon runner Bob Suter, American professional ice hockey player (d. 2014) May 17 – Gösta Sundqvist, Finnish rock singer and songwriter (Leevi and the Leavings) (d. 2003) May 18 Michael Cretu, Romanian–German new-age musician (Enigma) Frank Plasberg, German journalist and television presenter May 20 Yoshihiko Noda, 62nd Prime Minister of Japan Stewart Nozette, American astronomer May 21 Rebecca Jones, Mexican actress Judge Reinhold, American actor Renée Soutendijk, Dutch actress Tony Hayward, British businessman May 22 Albert Boonstra, Dutch swimmer Shinji Morisue, Japanese gymnast Gary Sweet, Australian actor May 23 – Jimmy McShane (aka Baltimora), Northern Irish singer and dancer (d. 1995) May 24 John Harrington, American professional ice hockey player Walter Moers, German comic artist and writer John G. Rowland, American Republican politician, Governor of Connecticut and felon May 26 Pontso Sekatle, Lesotho academic and politician Dan Roodt, South African author and politician May 27 – Siouxsie Sioux, born Susan Ballion, English post-punk singer (Siouxsie and the Banshees) May 28 – Kirk Gibson, American baseball player May 29 Bobby Hamilton, American stock car racing driver (d. 2007) Jeb Hensarling, American politician; U.S. Representative (R-TX) Ted Levine, American actor May 31 – Jim Craig, American professional ice hockey player June June 1 – Dorota Kędzierzawska, Polish film director June 3 – Horst-Ulrich Hänel, German field hockey player June 5 – Kim Tai-chung, Korean martial artist and former actor and Bruce Lee double (d. 2011) June 6 – Jessica Diamond, American artist June 7 – Juan Luis Guerra, Dominican singer and songwriter June 8 Scott Adams, American cartoonist (Dilbert) Dimple Kapadia, Indian actress June 10 – Hidetsugu Aneha, Japanese architect June 12 Timothy Busfield, American actor Gamal Al-Ghandour, Egyptian football referee Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer Tarek Shawki, Egyptian academic, 25th Minister of Education and Technical Education in Egypt June 14 Debbie Arnold, British actress and voice artiste Maxwell Fraser, African-British rapper for Faithless, DJ June 15 – Seppo Pääkkönen, Finnish actor June 19 – Anna Lindh, Swedish politician (d. 2003) June 21 Michael Bowen, American actor Luis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal, Archbishop of Manila June 23 – Frances McDormand, American actress June 25 – William Goh, Archbishop of Singapore June 27 – Erik Hamrén, Swedish football player June 28 Lance Nethery, Canadian ice hockey player Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria June 29 – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, Turkmen politician, 2nd President of Turkmenistan June 30 – Silvio Orlando, Italian actor July July 1 Erdeniin Bat-Üül, Mongolian politician Hannu Kamppuri, Finnish ice hockey player July 2 – Bret Hart, Canadian professional wrestler July 3 Shan Goshorn, American Cherokee artist (d. 2018) Ken Ober, American actor and game show host (d. 2009) July 4 Princess Chulabhorn of Thailand Jenny Seagrove, English actress M. Nasir, Singaporean-Malaysian poet, singer-songwriter, composer, producer, actor and film director Dmitry Nazarov, Soviet-Russian actor July 5 – Doug Wilson, Canadian ice hockey July 6 Åsa-Britt Karlsson, Swedish politician Chong Eng, Malaysian politician July 7 – Mohd Puad Zarkashi, Malaysian politician July 9 Paul Merton, English writer, actor, comedian, radio and television presenter Marc Almond, English singer Kelly McGillis, American actress July 10 – Cindy Sheehan, American anti-war activist July 12 Götz Alsmann, German television presenter, musician and singer Pino Quartullo, Italian actor, director, screenwriter and playwright Rick Husband, American astronaut (d. 2003) Buddy Foster, American actor July 13 Lília Cabral, Brazilian actress Tony Vega, Puerto Rican singer Cameron Crowe, American writer and film director July 17 – Shinobu Otake, Japanese actress July 18 – Nick Faldo, British golfer July 21 Jon Lovitz, American actor and comedian Stefan Löfven, 33rd Prime Minister of Sweden July 23 – Theo van Gogh, Dutch film director (d. 2004) July 24 – Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Uzbek politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Uzbekistan and 2nd President of Uzbekistan July 26 Yuen Biao, Hong Kong actor Nana Visitor, American actress July 27 Hansi Müller, German footballer Matt Osborne, American professional wrestler (d. 2013) July 29 Nellie Kim, Russian gymnast Fumio Kishida, 100th Prime Minister of Japan July 31 – Paul Provenza, American comedian August August 1 – Taylor Negron, American actor (d. 2015) August 2 Lo' Lo' Mohd Ghazali, Malaysian politician (d. 2011) Mojo Nixon, American singer, lyricist and actor Butch Vig, American record producer and drummer (Garbage) August 4 Rupert Farley, British actor and voice actor John Wark, Scottish footballer August 5 – Clayton Rohner, American actor August 6 – Jim McGreevey, 52nd Governor of New Jersey August 7 – Alexander Dityatin, Soviet gymnast August 9 – Melanie Griffith, American actress August 10 – Juli Básti, Hungarian actress August 11 – Richie Ramone, American rock drummer (Ramones) August 14 – Peter Costello, Australian politician August 15 – Željko Ivanek, Slovenian-American actor August 16 Tim Farriss, Australian rock guitarist (INXS) Laura Innes, American actress and director Phil Murphy, American politician August 17 – Robin Cousins, British figure skater August 18 Carole Bouquet, French actress Denis Leary, American comedian and actor Harald Schmidt, German actor, writer, columnist, comedian and television entertainer August 19 – Li-Young Lee, Indonesian-born poet August 20 – Finlay Calder, Scottish rugby player August 22 Steve Davis, British snooker player Holly Dunn, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2016) August 24 – Stephen Fry, British comedian, author and actor August 25 – Simon McBurney, British actor, writer and theatre director August 26 Dr. Alban, Nigerian-born Swedish singer Uzo, Nigerian-American film producer and director August 27 – Bernhard Langer, German golfer August 28 Ivo Josipović, President of Croatia Rick Rossovich, American actor Daniel Stern, American actor Ai Weiwei, Chinese artist, philosopher August 29 Grzegorz Ciechowski, Polish musician (d. 2001) Shirō Sagisu, Japanese composer August 30 – Manu Tuiasosopo, American football player August 31 Gina Schock, American drummer (The Go-Go's) Ingrid Washinawatok, Native American activist (d. 1999) September September 1 – Gloria Estefan, Cuban-born American singer September 6 – José Sócrates, 117th Prime Minister of Portugal September 7 Ewa Kasprzyk, Polish athlete John McInerney, British-German singer-songwriter (Bad Boys Blue) September 8 Ricardo Montaner, Argentine-born Venezuelan singer Heather Thomas, American actress and activist September 11 Preben Elkjær, Danish footballer Jeh Johnson, American politician, 4th Secretary of Homeland Security. September 12 Jan Egeland, Norwegian politician, diplomat and humanitarian Kadim Al Sahir, Iraqi singer Rachel Ward, English-born actress Hans Zimmer, German composer September 13 Vinny Appice, American drummer Cesare Bocci, Italian actor Mal Donaghy, Northern Irish footballer September 16 – David McCreery, Irish footballer September 18 – Mark Wells, American professional ice hockey player September 19 Chris Roupas, Greek-American basketball player Mark Acheson, Canadian film, television and voice actor September 20 – Sabine Christiansen, German journalist and television presenter September 21 Ethan Coen, American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor Kevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister of Australia September 22 Nick Cave, Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter and actor Mark Johnson, American professional ice hockey player and coach Dalia Reyes Barrios, Venezuelan art collector September 25 – Michael Madsen, American actor September 26 – Luigi De Canio, Italian footballer and football manager September 27 – Peter Sellars, American theatre director September 28 – Luis Cluzeau Mortet, Uruguayan composer and musician September 29 – Andrew Dice Clay, American comedian September 30 – Fran Drescher, American actress October October 4 – Aleksandr Tkachyov, Soviet gymnast October 5 – Bernie Mac, African-American stand-up comedian and actor (d. 2008) October 7 – Jayne Torvill, British ice dancer and Olympian October 8 – Ewan Stewart, Scottish actor October 9 – Herman Brusselmans, Belgian novelist, poet, playwright and columnist October 10 – Rumiko Takahashi, Japanese manga artist October 11 Dawn French, British comedian Eric Keenleyside, Canadian actor Paul Bown, English actor October 12 – Clémentine Célarié, French actress October 14 – Kenny Neal, American guitarist October 15 – Stacy Peralta, American director and skateboarder October 20 – Manuel Huerga, Spanish film director and screenwriter October 21 Steve Lukather, American guitarist, singer, songwriter, arranger and record producer Wolfgang Ketterle, German |
group of users began collecting bug fixes and enhancements, releasing them as an unofficial patchkit. Due to differences of opinion between the Jolitzes and the patchkit maintainers over the future direction and release schedule of 386BSD, the maintainers of the patchkit founded the FreeBSD project in 1993 to continue their work. Around the same time, the NetBSD project was founded by a different group of 386BSD users, with the aim of unifying 386BSD with other strands of BSD development into one multi-platform system. Both projects continue to this day. Lawsuit Due to a lawsuit (UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.), some potentially so-called encumbered source was agreed to have been distributed within the Berkeley Software Distribution Net/2 from the University of California, and a subsequent release (1993, 4.4BSD-Lite) was made by the university to correct this issue. However, 386BSD, Dr. Dobb's Journal, and William Jolitz and Lynne Jolitz were never parties to these or subsequent lawsuits or settlements arising from this dispute with the University of California, and continued to publish and work on the 386BSD code base before, during, and after these lawsuits without limitation. There has never been any legal filings or claims from the university, USL, or other responsible parties with respect to 386BSD. Finally, no code developed for 386BSD done by William Jolitz and Lynne Jolitz was at issue in any of these lawsuits. Release 1.0 In late 1994, a finished version 386BSD Release 1.0 was distributed by Dr. Dobb's Journal on CDROM only due to the immense size (600 MB) of the release (the "386BSD Reference CD-ROM") and was a best-selling CDROM for three years (1994–1997). 386BSD Release 1.0 contained a completely new kernel design and implementation, and began the process to incorporate recommendations made by earlier Berkeley designers that had never been attempted in BSD. Release 2.0 On August 5, 2016, an update was pushed to the 386BSD GitHub repository by developer Ben Jolitz, named version 2.0. According to the official website, Release 2.0 "built upon the modular framework to create self-healing components." However, , almost all of the documentation remains the same as version 1.0, and a changelog was not available. Relationship with BSD/386 386BSD is often confused with BSD/386 which was a different project developed by BSDi, a Berkeley spinout, starting in 1991. BSD/386 used the same 386BSD code contributed to the University of California on 4.3BSD NET/2. Although Jolitz worked briefly for UUNET (which later spun out BSDi) in 1991, the work he did for them diverged from that contributed to the University of California and did not appear in 386BSD. Instead, William Jolitz gave regular code updates to Donn Seeley of BSDi for packaging and testing, and returned all materials when William Jolitz left that company following fundamental disagreements on company direction and goals. Copyright and use of the code All rights with respect to 386BSD and JOLIX are now held exclusively by William Jolitz and Lynne Jolitz. 386BSD public releases ended in 1997 since code is now available from the many 386BSD-derived operating systems today, along with several derivatives thereof (such as FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD). Portions of 386BSD may be found in other open systems such as OpenSolaris. Further reading Jolitz, William F. and Jolitz, Lynne Greer: Porting UNIX to the 386: A Practical Approach, 17-part series | of the port can be found in 4.3BSD Net/2 of 1991. The port was made possible as Keith Bostic, partly influenced by Richard Stallman, had started to remove proprietary AT&T out of BSD in 1988. The port was first released in March 1992 (version 0.0) and in a much more usable version on July 14, 1992 (version 0.1). The porting process with code was extensively documented in an 18-part series written by Lynne Jolitz and William Jolitz in Dr. Dobb's Journal beginning in January 1991. FreeBSD and NetBSD After the release of 386BSD 0.1, a group of users began collecting bug fixes and enhancements, releasing them as an unofficial patchkit. Due to differences of opinion between the Jolitzes and the patchkit maintainers over the future direction and release schedule of 386BSD, the maintainers of the patchkit founded the FreeBSD project in 1993 to continue their work. Around the same time, the NetBSD project was founded by a different group of 386BSD users, with the aim of unifying 386BSD with other strands of BSD development into one multi-platform system. Both projects continue to this day. Lawsuit Due to a lawsuit (UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.), some potentially so-called encumbered source was agreed to have been distributed within the Berkeley Software Distribution Net/2 from the University of California, and a subsequent release (1993, 4.4BSD-Lite) was made by the university to correct this issue. However, 386BSD, Dr. Dobb's Journal, and William Jolitz and Lynne Jolitz were never parties to these or subsequent lawsuits or settlements arising from this dispute with the University of California, and continued to publish and work on the 386BSD code base before, during, and after these lawsuits without limitation. There has never been any legal filings or claims from the university, USL, or other responsible parties with respect to 386BSD. Finally, no code developed for 386BSD done by William Jolitz and Lynne Jolitz was at issue in any of these lawsuits. Release 1.0 In late 1994, a finished version 386BSD Release 1.0 was distributed by Dr. Dobb's Journal on CDROM only due to the immense size (600 MB) of the release (the "386BSD Reference CD-ROM") and was a best-selling CDROM for three years (1994–1997). 386BSD Release 1.0 contained a completely new kernel design and implementation, and began the process to incorporate recommendations made by earlier Berkeley designers that had never been attempted in BSD. Release 2.0 On August 5, 2016, an update was pushed to the 386BSD GitHub repository by developer Ben Jolitz, named version 2.0. According to the official website, Release 2.0 "built upon the modular framework to create self-healing components." However, , almost all of the documentation remains the same as version 1.0, and a changelog was not available. Relationship with BSD/386 386BSD is often confused |
Helen Maksagak, Canadian, first Inuk and woman to be Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. 2009) Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet, translator and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2015) April 17 – Esteban Siller, Mexican voice actor (d. 2013) April 18 - Noel Marshall, American agent and producer (d. 2010) April 19 – Kobie Coetsee, South African politician (d. 2000) April 26 – John Cain, Australian politician (d. 2019) April 27 – Igor Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist (d. 2021) April 29 Frank Auerbach, German-born painter Lonnie Donegan, Scottish musician (d. 2002) May May 1 – Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool, Pakistani educationist (d. 1991) May 3 Aldo Rossi, Italian architect and designer (d. 1997) Hirokazu Kanazawa, Japanese karate practitioner and teacher (d. 2019) May 6 Magda al-Sabahi, Egyptian actress (d. 2020) Willie Mays, African-American baseball player May 7 Teresa Brewer, American pop, jazz singer (d. 2007) Marta Terry González, Cuban librarian (d. 2018) Gene Wolfe, American science fiction and fantasy writer (d. 2019) May 8 – Bob Clotworthy, American diver (d. 2018) May 10 M. Chidananda Murthy, Indian historian (d. 2020) Ichirō Nagai, Japanese voice actor (d. 2014) May 13 András Hajnal, Hungarian mathematician (d. 2016) Jim Jones, American People's Temple cult leader (d. 1978) Jiří Petr, Czech university president (d. 2014) May 15 – James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 2021) May 16 Magda Guzmán, Mexican actress (d. 2015) Natwar Singh, Indian politician May 17 – Marshall Applewhite, American Heaven's Gate religious cult founder (d. 1997) May 18 Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez, First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2006) Don Martin, American artist (MAD Magazine) (d. 2000) Robert Morse, American actor Clément Vincent, Canadian politician (d. 2018) May 19 – Éric Tappy, Swiss tenor May 19 — David Wilkerson, an American Christian evangelist. May 20 – George Vassiliou, 3rd President of Cyprus May 21 – Bombolo, Italian character actor and comedian (d. 1987) May 23 – Barbara Barrie, American actress and writer May 25 – Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017) May 27 – Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (d. 2015) May 28 – Carroll Baker, American actress May 31 John Schrieffer, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019) Shirley Verrett, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2010) June June 2 – Viktor Tsaryov, Russian footballer (d. 2017) June 3 Raúl Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Lindy Remigino, American Olympic athlete (d. 2018) June 4 – D. M. Jayaratne, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2019) June 6 – Kiki Dimoula, Greek poet (d. 2020) June 7 – Andrea Gemma, Italian bishop (d. 2019) June 8 – Dana Wynter, German-born American actress (d. 2011) June 10 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist, pioneer of bossa nova (d. 2019) June 14 Marla Gibbs, African-American actress, comedian and singer Junior Walker, American saxophonist, singer (d. 1995) June 16 – Ivo Petrić, Slovenian composer (d. 2018) June 17 Kawther Ramzi, Egyptian actress (d. 2018) John Baldessari, American conceptual artist (d. 2020) June 18 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 34th President of Brazil June 20 Mary L. Good, American inorganic chemist (d. 2019) Olympia Dukakis, American actress (d. 2021) Arne Nordheim, Norwegian composer (d. 2010) June 21 – Margaret Heckler, American Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 2018) June 22 – Ian Browne, Australian track cyclist June 23 – Ola Ullsten, Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 2018) June 24 Árpád Bárány, Hungarian fencer Billy Casper, American golfer (d. 2015) Gaston Flosse, French politician June 25 – V. P. Singh, Prime Minister of India (d. 2008) June 26 – Colin Wilson, British novelist and philosopher (d. 2013) June 27 Graziella Galvani, Italian stage, television and film actress Martinus J. G. Veltman, Dutch physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2021) June 28 Hans Alfredson, Swedish actor, film director, writer and comedian (d. 2017) Jenny Glusker, British biochemist and crystallographer Junior Johnson, American NASCAR driver of the 1950s and 1960s (d. 2019) June 29 – Alina Obidniak, Polish actress and theatre director June 30 – Gerda Herrmann, German composer and poet (d. 2021) July July 1 Leslie Caron, French actress Stanislav Grof, Czech psychiatrist Seyni Kountché, former President of Niger (d. 1987) July 4 – Stephen Boyd, Irish actor (Ben-Hur) (d. 1977) July 5 – Ismail Mahomed, South African, Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000) July 6 Antonella Lualdi, Italian actress and singer Della Reese, African-American actress, singer and evangelist (d. 2017) July 10 Morris Chang, Chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (TSMC) in 1987 Jerry Herman, American composer, lyricist (d. 2019) Alice Munro, Canadian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature July 14 – Robert Stephens, English actor (d. 1995) July 15 Clive Cussler, American thriller writer and underwater explorer (d. 2020) Gene Louw, South African politician (d. 2015) July 22 – Guido de Marco, Maltese politician, 6th President of Malta (d. 2010) July 23 – Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, Māori queen (d. 2006) July 25 – Paul Danblon, Belgian composer, opera director, administrator and journalist (d. 2018) July 28 – Khieu Samphan, Cambodian politician and economist August August 1 Dino da Costa, Italian footballer (d. 2020) Hal Connolly, American athlete (d. 2010) August 2 Ruth Maria Kubitschek, German actress Sha'ari Tadin, Malaysian politician (d. 2009) August 3 – Vladimir Trusenyov, Russian discus thrower (d. 2001) August 6 – Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Iranian cleric, writer and politician (d. 2014) August 8 – Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, Nobel Prize laureate August 9 – Mário Zagallo, Brazilian football player, manager August 10 – Tom Laughlin, American actor (Billy Jack) (d. 2013) August 12 – William Goldman, American author (d. 2018) August 15 Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince and politician (d. 2018) Richard F. Heck, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015) Janice Rule, American actress (d. 2003) August 16 – Harold Bernard St. John, 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2004) August 18 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister (d. 2010) August 19 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (d. 2003) August 20 – Don King, American boxing promoter August 22 – Ruy Guerra, Portuguese-born Brazilian film director and screenwriter August 23 Barbara Eden, American actress, singer (I Dream of Jeannie) Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine August 27 Sri Chinmoy, Bengali spiritual teacher, poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. 2007) Clarence James, Bermudian surgeon, politician (d. 2016) August 28 – Shunichiro Okano, Japanese football player, manager (d. 2017) August 30 Jacques Braunstein, Romanian-born Venezuelan economist, publicist and disc jockey (d. 2009) Jack Swigert, American astronaut (d. 1982) August 31 – Jean Béliveau, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014) September September 1 – Javier Solís, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1966) September 2 – Zoltán Latinovits, Hungarian actor (d. 1976) September 3 – Paulo Maluf, Brazilian politician September 4 – Mitzi Gaynor, American actress, singer and dancer September 5 – Moshé Mizrahi, Israeli film director (d. 2018) September 7 – Josep Lluís Núñez, Spanish businessman and football club president (d. 2018) September 10 Idelisa Bonnelly, Dominican marine biologist Philip Baker Hall, American actor September 12 Silvia Pinal, Mexican actress and politician Ian Holm, British actor (d. 2020) George Jones, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2013) Bill McKinney, American character actor (d. 2011) September 13 – Barbara Bain, American actress (Mission: Impossible) September 16 – E. C. George Sudarshan, Indian theoretical physicist (d. 2018) September 17 Princess Lalla Aicha of Morocco (d. 2011) Anne Bancroft, American actress (d. 2005) September 19 – Brook Benton, American singer-songwriter (d. 1988) September 21 Shmuel Auerbach, Israeli Haredi rabbi (d. 2018) Larry Hagman, American actor, director (Dallas) (d. 2012) Syukuro Manabe, Japanese meteorologist, climatologist and Nobel Prize laureate Paulias Matane, 8th Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (d. 2021) September 22 – Fay Weldon, British author September 24 Tom Adams, 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 1985) Elizabeth Blackadder, Scottish painter (d. 2021) September 27 – Freddy Quinn, Austrian singer, actor September 29 James Cronin, American nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2016) Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (d. 2015) Pié Masumbuko, Burundian politician September 30 – Angie Dickinson, American actress October October 3 – Denise Scott Brown, American architect October 6 Eileen Derbyshire, English actress Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born astrophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018) October 7 Cotton Fitzsimmons, American basketball coach (d. 2004) Desmond Tutu, South African Anglican archbishop, activist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2021) October 13 Raymond Kopa, French footballer (d. 2017) Eddie Mathews, American baseball player (d. 2001) October 15 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President of India (d. 2015) Nicola Mancino, Italian politician October 16 – Charles Colson, American politician, Watergate conspirator, later evangelist (d. 2012) October 17 – José Alencar, Brazilian politician (d. 2011) October 19 Rubens de Falco, Brazilian actor (d. 2008) John le Carré, English novelist (d. 2020) Manolo Escobar, Spanish singer and actor (d. 2013) October 20 Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (d. 1995) Zeke Bratkowski, American football player (d. 2019) October 21 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor, director (d. 2011) October 23 Jim Bunning, American baseball player, U.S. Senator (d. 2017) Diana Dors, English actress (d. 1984) October 24 Ken Utsui, Japanese actor (d. 2014) Sofia Gubaidulina, Russian composer October 25 Klaus Hasselmann, German oceanographer, climate modeller and Nobel Prize laureate Jimmy McIlroy, Northern Irish football player and manager (d. 2018) October 26 – Suhaila Noah, spouse of the Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 2014) October 27 – Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian feminist (d. 2021) October 28 – Analía Gadé, Argentine actress (d. 2019) October 29 – Franco Interlenghi, Italian actor (d. 2015) October 30 – Dick Gautier, American actor (d. 2017) October 31 Sergio Obeso Rivera, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2019) Dan Rather, American television news reporter (CBS Evening News) November November 1 – Shunsuke Kikuchi, Japanese composer (d. 2021) Yossef Gutfreund, Israeli wrestling judge (d. 1972) November 2 – Phil Woods, American saxophonist (d. 2015) November 3 Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association bishop (d. 2007) Monica Vitti, Italian actress (d. 2022) November 4 – Bernard Francis Law, American cardinal (d. 2017) November 5 – Ike Turner, African-American singer, songwriter (d. 2007) November 6 Peter Collins, British racing driver (d. 1958) Mike Nichols, German-American television actor, writer and director (d. 2014) November 8 – Morley Safer, Canadian journalist (60 Minutes) (d. 2016) November 12 Majida Boulila, Tunisian militant (d. 1952) Mary Louise Wilson, American actress and singer November 15 Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya Pascal Lissouba, President of the Republic of Congo (d. 2020) November 21 – Malcolm Williamson, Australian composer (d. 2003) November 26 – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize November 28 Dervla Murphy, Irish author Tomi Ungerer, French artist, illustrator and writer (d. 2019) November 29 – Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor (d. 1997) December December 1 Rajko Kuzmanović, 7th President of Republika Srpska George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2018) Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar, Bangladeshi barrister and politician December 2 – Wynton Kelly, Jamaican-American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1971) December 5 – Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni, Indian Navy admiral (d. 2018) December 7 – Carmela Rey, Mexican singer, actress (d. 2018) December 9 – Ladislav Smoljak, Czech film, theater director, actor and screenwriter (d. 2010) December 11 – Rita Moreno, Puerto-Rican actress (West Side Story) December 15 – Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (d. 2015) December 21 Redha Malek, 8th Prime Minister of Algeria (d. 2017) Georgi Naydenov, Bulgarian footballer and manager (d. 1970) December 22 – Carlos Graça, 6th Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (d. 2013) December 24 Ray Bryant, American jazz pianist, composer, arranger (d. 2011) Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (d. 2008) December 26 – Roger Piantoni, French footballer (d. 2018) December 27 John Charles, Welsh international footballer (d. 2004) Scotty Moore, American guitarist (d. 2016) Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese politician (d. 2020) December 30 Charles Bassett, American electrical engineer, astronaut (d. 1966) Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004) Deaths January January 3 – Joseph Joffre, French World War I general (b. 1852) January 4 Art Acord, American actor (b. 1890) Roger Connor, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857) Louise, Princess Royal, British royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1867) January 10 – James Milton Carroll, American Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. 1852) January 14 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (b. 1855) January 17 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864) January 22 – Alma Rubens, American actress (b. 1897) January 23 Anna Pavlova, Soviet ballerina (b. 1881) Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1862) January 24 – Sir Percy FitzPatrick, South African author, politician and mining financier (b. 1862) January 28 – Bernardo Soto Alfaro, 14th President of Costa Rica (b. 1854) January 29 – Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general (b. 1861) February February 1 – Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome (b. 1872) February 9 – Mammad Hasan Hajinski, last Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (b.1875) February 11 – Sir Charles Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854) February 13 – Martin von Feuerstein, German painter (b. 1865) February 16 – Wilhelm von Gloeden, German photographer (b. 1856) February 18 – Louis Wolheim, American actor (b. 1880) February 19 – Tovmas Nazarbekian, Armenian general (b. 1855) February 23 Eduard von Capelle, German admiral (b. 1855) Dame Nellie Melba, Australian soprano (b. 1861) February 24 – Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1852) February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847) February 28 – Thomas S. Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1858) March March 5 – Arthur Tooth, Anglican clergyman (b. 1839) March 7 Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865) Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter (b. 1883) March 11 – F. W. Murnau, German director (b. 1888) March 16 – Sir Charles Eliot, British diplomat (b. 1862) March 20 Alfred Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1846) Hermann Müller, German journalist, politician and 12th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876) Joseph B. Murdock, United States Navy admiral, New Hampshire politician (b. 1851) March 22 – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Irish lawyer, politician (b. 1851) March 23 Harold Edward Elliott, Australian army officer and politician (b. 1878) Bhagat Singh, Indian revolutionary hero (b. 1907) March 24 – Robert Edeson, American actor (b. 1868) March 25 – Ida B. Wells, African-American anti-lynching crusader (b. 1862) March 27 – Arnold Bennett, British novelist (b. 1867) March 28 – Ban Johnson, American baseball executive (b. 1864) March 31 | of the Soviet Union, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize March 3 – John Smith, American actor (d. 1995) March 4 William H. Keeler, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) Alice Rivlin, American economist (d. 2019) March 5 – Barry Tuckwell, Australian horn player (d. 2020) March 6 Carmen de Lavallade, American actress, dancer and choreographer Chun Doo-hwan, 5th President of South Korea (d. 2021) March 8 – Neil Postman, American media theorist and cultural critic (d. 2003) March 9 – León Febres Cordero, President of Ecuador (d. 2008) March 10 – Kovambo Nujoma, First Lady of Namibia March 11 Janosch, German children's author and illustrator Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born publisher March 12 – Herb Kelleher, American businessman (d. 2019) March 14 – Lisbet Palme, Swedish child psychologist (d. 2018) March 15 – D. J. Fontana, American drummer (d. 2018) March 16 – Elliott Belgrave, 7th Governor-General of Barbados March 18 – Vlastimil Bubník, Czech ice hockey and football player (d. 2015) March 20 – Hal Linden, American actor and singer March 22 Burton Richter, American physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018) William Shatner, Canadian actor and science fiction novelist (Star Trek) March 24 – Connie Hines, American actress (d. 2009) March 26 – Leonard Nimoy, American actor, film director (Star Trek), and singer (d. 2015) March 27 – David Janssen, American actor (The Fugitive) (d. 1980) March 28 – Anatoly Lein, Russian-born American chess Grandmaster (d. 2018) March 29 Aleksei Gubarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2015) Norman Tebbit, British politician April April 1 Ita Ever, Estonian actress Rolf Hochhuth, German dramatist (d. 2020) Jean-Jacques Honorat, 3rd Prime Minister of Haiti April 2 – Joseph Joffo, French author (d. 2018) April 4 – Catherine Tizard, 16th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2021) April 5 Jack Clement, American singer-songwriter, record producer (d. 2013) Héctor Olivera, Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter April 6 Suchitra Sen (Roma Dasgupta), Bengali actress (d. 2014) Radomil Eliška, Czech conductor (d. 2019) April 8 – John Gavin, American actor and diplomat (d. 2018) April 11 Luis Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau (d. 2009) Mustafa Dağıstanlı, Turkish free-style wrestler Johnny Sheffield, American child actor (d. 2010) April 13 – Dan Gurney, American race car driver (d. 2018) April 15 Helen Maksagak, Canadian, first Inuk and woman to be Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. 2009) Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet, translator and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2015) April 17 – Esteban Siller, Mexican voice actor (d. 2013) April 18 - Noel Marshall, American agent and producer (d. 2010) April 19 – Kobie Coetsee, South African politician (d. 2000) April 26 – John Cain, Australian politician (d. 2019) April 27 – Igor Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist (d. 2021) April 29 Frank Auerbach, German-born painter Lonnie Donegan, Scottish musician (d. 2002) May May 1 – Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool, Pakistani educationist (d. 1991) May 3 Aldo Rossi, Italian architect and designer (d. 1997) Hirokazu Kanazawa, Japanese karate practitioner and teacher (d. 2019) May 6 Magda al-Sabahi, Egyptian actress (d. 2020) Willie Mays, African-American baseball player May 7 Teresa Brewer, American pop, jazz singer (d. 2007) Marta Terry González, Cuban librarian (d. 2018) Gene Wolfe, American science fiction and fantasy writer (d. 2019) May 8 – Bob Clotworthy, American diver (d. 2018) May 10 M. Chidananda Murthy, Indian historian (d. 2020) Ichirō Nagai, Japanese voice actor (d. 2014) May 13 András Hajnal, Hungarian mathematician (d. 2016) Jim Jones, American People's Temple cult leader (d. 1978) Jiří Petr, Czech university president (d. 2014) May 15 – James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 2021) May 16 Magda Guzmán, Mexican actress (d. 2015) Natwar Singh, Indian politician May 17 – Marshall Applewhite, American Heaven's Gate religious cult founder (d. 1997) May 18 Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez, First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2006) Don Martin, American artist (MAD Magazine) (d. 2000) Robert Morse, American actor Clément Vincent, Canadian politician (d. 2018) May 19 – Éric Tappy, Swiss tenor May 19 — David Wilkerson, an American Christian evangelist. May 20 – George Vassiliou, 3rd President of Cyprus May 21 – Bombolo, Italian character actor and comedian (d. 1987) May 23 – Barbara Barrie, American actress and writer May 25 – Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017) May 27 – Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (d. 2015) May 28 – Carroll Baker, American actress May 31 John Schrieffer, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019) Shirley Verrett, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2010) June June 2 – Viktor Tsaryov, Russian footballer (d. 2017) June 3 Raúl Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Lindy Remigino, American Olympic athlete (d. 2018) June 4 – D. M. Jayaratne, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2019) June 6 – Kiki Dimoula, Greek poet (d. 2020) June 7 – Andrea Gemma, Italian bishop (d. 2019) June 8 – Dana Wynter, German-born American actress (d. 2011) June 10 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist, pioneer of bossa nova (d. 2019) June 14 Marla Gibbs, African-American actress, comedian and singer Junior Walker, American saxophonist, singer (d. 1995) June 16 – Ivo Petrić, Slovenian composer (d. 2018) June 17 Kawther Ramzi, Egyptian actress (d. 2018) John Baldessari, American conceptual artist (d. 2020) June 18 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 34th President of Brazil June 20 Mary L. Good, American inorganic chemist (d. 2019) Olympia Dukakis, American actress (d. 2021) Arne Nordheim, Norwegian composer (d. 2010) June 21 – Margaret Heckler, American Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 2018) June 22 – Ian Browne, Australian track cyclist June 23 – Ola Ullsten, Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 2018) June 24 Árpád Bárány, Hungarian fencer Billy Casper, American golfer (d. 2015) Gaston Flosse, French politician June 25 – V. P. Singh, Prime Minister of India (d. 2008) June 26 – Colin Wilson, British novelist and philosopher (d. 2013) June 27 Graziella Galvani, Italian stage, television and film actress Martinus J. G. Veltman, Dutch physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2021) June 28 Hans Alfredson, Swedish actor, film director, writer and comedian (d. 2017) Jenny Glusker, British biochemist and crystallographer Junior Johnson, American NASCAR driver of the 1950s and 1960s (d. 2019) June 29 – Alina Obidniak, Polish actress and theatre director June 30 – Gerda Herrmann, German composer and poet (d. 2021) July July 1 Leslie Caron, French actress Stanislav Grof, Czech psychiatrist Seyni Kountché, former President of Niger (d. 1987) July 4 – Stephen Boyd, Irish actor (Ben-Hur) (d. 1977) July 5 – Ismail Mahomed, South African, Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000) July 6 Antonella Lualdi, Italian actress and singer Della Reese, African-American actress, singer and evangelist (d. 2017) July 10 Morris Chang, Chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (TSMC) in 1987 Jerry Herman, American composer, lyricist (d. 2019) Alice Munro, Canadian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature July 14 – Robert Stephens, English actor (d. 1995) July 15 Clive Cussler, American thriller writer and underwater explorer (d. 2020) Gene Louw, South African politician (d. 2015) July 22 – Guido de Marco, Maltese politician, 6th President of Malta (d. 2010) July 23 – Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, Māori queen (d. 2006) July 25 – Paul Danblon, Belgian composer, opera director, administrator and journalist (d. 2018) July 28 – Khieu Samphan, Cambodian politician and economist August August 1 Dino da Costa, Italian footballer (d. 2020) Hal Connolly, American athlete (d. 2010) August 2 Ruth Maria Kubitschek, German actress Sha'ari Tadin, Malaysian politician (d. 2009) August 3 – Vladimir Trusenyov, Russian discus thrower (d. 2001) August 6 – Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Iranian cleric, writer and politician (d. 2014) August 8 – Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, Nobel Prize laureate August 9 – Mário Zagallo, Brazilian football player, manager August 10 – Tom Laughlin, American actor (Billy Jack) (d. 2013) August 12 – William Goldman, American author (d. 2018) August 15 Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince and politician (d. 2018) Richard F. Heck, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015) Janice Rule, American actress (d. 2003) August 16 – Harold Bernard St. John, 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2004) August 18 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister (d. 2010) August 19 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (d. 2003) August 20 – Don King, American boxing promoter August 22 – Ruy Guerra, Portuguese-born Brazilian film director and screenwriter August 23 Barbara Eden, American actress, singer (I Dream of Jeannie) Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine August 27 Sri Chinmoy, Bengali spiritual teacher, poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. 2007) Clarence James, Bermudian surgeon, politician (d. 2016) August 28 – Shunichiro Okano, Japanese football player, manager (d. 2017) August 30 Jacques Braunstein, Romanian-born Venezuelan economist, publicist and disc jockey (d. 2009) Jack Swigert, American astronaut (d. 1982) August 31 – Jean Béliveau, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014) September September 1 – Javier Solís, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1966) September 2 – Zoltán Latinovits, Hungarian actor (d. 1976) September 3 – Paulo Maluf, Brazilian politician September 4 – Mitzi Gaynor, American actress, singer and dancer September 5 – Moshé Mizrahi, Israeli film director (d. 2018) September 7 – Josep Lluís Núñez, Spanish businessman and football club president (d. 2018) September 10 Idelisa Bonnelly, Dominican marine biologist Philip Baker Hall, American actor September 12 Silvia Pinal, Mexican actress and politician Ian Holm, British actor (d. 2020) George Jones, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2013) Bill McKinney, American character actor (d. 2011) September 13 – Barbara Bain, American actress (Mission: Impossible) September 16 – E. C. George Sudarshan, Indian theoretical physicist (d. 2018) September 17 Princess Lalla Aicha of Morocco (d. 2011) Anne Bancroft, American actress (d. 2005) September 19 – Brook Benton, American singer-songwriter (d. 1988) September 21 Shmuel Auerbach, Israeli Haredi rabbi (d. 2018) Larry Hagman, American actor, director (Dallas) (d. 2012) Syukuro Manabe, Japanese meteorologist, climatologist and Nobel Prize laureate Paulias Matane, 8th Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (d. 2021) September 22 – Fay Weldon, British author September 24 Tom Adams, 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 1985) Elizabeth Blackadder, Scottish painter (d. 2021) September 27 – Freddy Quinn, Austrian singer, actor September 29 James Cronin, American nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2016) Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (d. 2015) Pié Masumbuko, Burundian politician September 30 – Angie Dickinson, American actress October October 3 – Denise Scott Brown, American architect October 6 Eileen Derbyshire, English actress Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born astrophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018) October 7 Cotton Fitzsimmons, American basketball coach (d. 2004) Desmond Tutu, South African Anglican archbishop, activist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2021) October 13 Raymond Kopa, French footballer (d. 2017) Eddie Mathews, American baseball player (d. 2001) October 15 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President of India (d. 2015) Nicola Mancino, Italian politician October 16 – Charles Colson, American politician, Watergate conspirator, later evangelist (d. 2012) October 17 – José Alencar, Brazilian politician (d. 2011) October 19 Rubens de Falco, Brazilian actor (d. 2008) John le Carré, English novelist (d. 2020) Manolo Escobar, Spanish singer and actor (d. 2013) October 20 Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (d. 1995) Zeke Bratkowski, American football player (d. 2019) October 21 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor, director (d. 2011) October 23 Jim Bunning, American baseball player, U.S. Senator (d. 2017) Diana Dors, English actress (d. 1984) October 24 Ken Utsui, Japanese actor (d. 2014) Sofia Gubaidulina, Russian composer October 25 Klaus Hasselmann, German oceanographer, climate modeller and Nobel Prize laureate Jimmy McIlroy, Northern Irish football player and manager (d. 2018) October 26 – Suhaila Noah, spouse of the Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 2014) October 27 – Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian feminist (d. 2021) October 28 – Analía Gadé, Argentine actress (d. 2019) October 29 – Franco Interlenghi, Italian actor (d. 2015) October 30 – Dick Gautier, American actor (d. 2017) October 31 Sergio Obeso Rivera, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2019) Dan Rather, American television news reporter (CBS Evening News) November November 1 – Shunsuke Kikuchi, Japanese composer (d. 2021) Yossef Gutfreund, Israeli wrestling judge (d. 1972) November 2 – Phil Woods, American saxophonist (d. 2015) November 3 Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association bishop (d. 2007) Monica Vitti, Italian actress (d. 2022) November 4 – Bernard Francis Law, American cardinal (d. 2017) November 5 – Ike Turner, African-American singer, songwriter (d. 2007) November 6 Peter Collins, British racing driver (d. 1958) Mike Nichols, German-American television actor, writer and director (d. 2014) November 8 – Morley Safer, Canadian journalist (60 Minutes) (d. 2016) November 12 Majida Boulila, Tunisian militant (d. 1952) Mary Louise Wilson, American actress and singer November 15 Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya Pascal Lissouba, President of the Republic of Congo (d. 2020) November 21 – Malcolm Williamson, Australian composer (d. 2003) November 26 – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize November 28 Dervla Murphy, Irish author Tomi Ungerer, French artist, illustrator and writer (d. 2019) November 29 – Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor (d. 1997) December December 1 Rajko Kuzmanović, 7th President of Republika Srpska George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2018) Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar, Bangladeshi barrister and politician December 2 – Wynton Kelly, Jamaican-American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1971) December 5 – Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni, Indian Navy admiral (d. 2018) December 7 – Carmela Rey, Mexican singer, actress (d. 2018) December 9 – Ladislav Smoljak, Czech film, theater director, actor and screenwriter (d. 2010) December 11 – Rita Moreno, Puerto-Rican actress (West Side Story) December 15 – Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (d. 2015) December 21 Redha Malek, 8th Prime Minister of Algeria (d. 2017) Georgi Naydenov, Bulgarian footballer and manager (d. 1970) December 22 – Carlos Graça, 6th Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (d. 2013) December 24 Ray Bryant, American jazz pianist, composer, arranger (d. 2011) Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (d. 2008) December 26 – Roger Piantoni, French footballer (d. 2018) December 27 John Charles, Welsh international footballer (d. 2004) Scotty Moore, American guitarist (d. 2016) Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese politician (d. 2020) December 30 Charles Bassett, American electrical engineer, astronaut (d. 1966) Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004) Deaths January January 3 – Joseph Joffre, French World War I general (b. 1852) January 4 Art Acord, American actor (b. 1890) Roger Connor, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857) Louise, Princess Royal, British royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1867) January 10 – James Milton Carroll, American Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. 1852) January 14 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (b. 1855) January 17 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864) January 22 – Alma Rubens, American actress (b. 1897) January 23 Anna Pavlova, Soviet ballerina (b. 1881) Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1862) January 24 – Sir Percy FitzPatrick, South African author, politician and mining financier (b. 1862) January 28 – Bernardo Soto Alfaro, 14th President of Costa Rica (b. 1854) January 29 – Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general (b. 1861) February February 1 – Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome (b. 1872) February 9 – Mammad Hasan Hajinski, last Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (b.1875) February 11 – Sir Charles Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854) February 13 – Martin von Feuerstein, German painter (b. 1865) February 16 – Wilhelm von Gloeden, German photographer (b. 1856) February 18 – Louis Wolheim, American actor (b. 1880) February 19 – Tovmas Nazarbekian, Armenian general (b. 1855) February 23 Eduard von Capelle, German admiral (b. 1855) Dame Nellie Melba, Australian soprano (b. 1861) February 24 – Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1852) February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847) February 28 – Thomas S. Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1858) March March 5 – Arthur Tooth, Anglican clergyman (b. 1839) March 7 Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865) Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter (b. 1883) March 11 – F. W. Murnau, German director (b. 1888) March 16 – Sir Charles Eliot, British diplomat (b. 1862) March 20 Alfred Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1846) Hermann Müller, German journalist, politician and 12th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876) Joseph B. Murdock, United States Navy admiral, New Hampshire politician (b. 1851) March 22 – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Irish lawyer, politician (b. 1851) March 23 Harold Edward Elliott, Australian army officer and politician (b. 1878) Bhagat Singh, Indian revolutionary hero (b. 1907) March 24 – Robert Edeson, American actor (b. 1868) March 25 – Ida B. Wells, African-American anti-lynching crusader (b. 1862) March 27 – Arnold Bennett, British novelist (b. 1867) March 28 – Ban Johnson, American baseball executive (b. 1864) March 31 – Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888) April April |
eruption in Hokkaido, Japan, according to the Japanese government official report. May 26 – The Rif War ends, when Rif rebels surrender in Morocco. May 28 – The 1926 coup d'état, commanded by Manuel Gomes da Costa in Portugal, installs the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), followed by António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo. June June 4 – Ignacy Mościcki becomes president of Poland. June 7 – Liberal politician Carl Gustaf Ekman succeeds Rickard Sandler, as Prime Minister of Sweden. June 19 – DeFord Bailey is the first African-American to perform on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry. June 29 – Arthur Meighen briefly returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada during the King-Byng Affair. July July 1 The Kuomintang begins the Northern Expedition, a military unification campaign in northern China. The Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky is authorized by the United States Congress. July 3 – A Caudron C.61 aircraft, operated by Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne, crashes in Czechoslovakia. July 9 – In Portugal, General Óscar Carmona takes power in a military coup. July 10 – A bolt of lightning strikes Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey; the resulting fire causes several million pounds of explosives to blow up in the next 2–3 days. July 15 – Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Company in India introduces motor buses. July 23 – Fox Film buys the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film. July 26 – The National Bar Association incorporates in the United States. August August 1 – In Mexico, the entry into force of anticlerical measures stipulated in the Constitution of 1917 causes the Cristero War. August 2 – The short-lived Western Australian Secession League is founded. August 5 – In New York, the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system is seen by audiences for the first time, in the movie Don Juan, starring John Barrymore. August 6 – Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel, from France to England. August 18 – In the United States, a weather map is televised for the first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the Weather Bureau office in Washington, D.C. August 22 – In Greece, Georgios Kondylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos. August 25 – Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship has ended in Greece, and he is now the president. September September 1 – Lebanon under the French Mandate gets its first constitution, thereby becoming a republic, with Charles Debbas as its president. September 8 – The German Weimar Republic joins the League of Nations. September 11 Aloha Tower is officially dedicated at Honolulu Harbor, in the Territory of Hawaii. In Rome, Italy, Gino Lucetti throws a bomb at Benito Mussolini's car, but Mussolini is unhurt. September 14 – The Locarno Treaties of 1925 are ratified in Geneva, and come into effect. September 18 – Great Miami Hurricane: A strong hurricane devastates Miami, leaving over 100 dead and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100 billion in the modern day). September 19 – Giuseppe Meazza (San Siro) Stadium, well known among sports venues in Italy, officially opens in Milan. September 20 – The North Side Gang attempts to assassinate Al Capone, at the apex of his power at this time, spraying his headquarters in Cicero, Illinois with over a thousand rounds of machine gun fire in broad daylight, as Capone is eating there. Capone escapes harm. September 21 – French war ace René Fonck and three others attempt to fly the Atlantic, in pursuit of the Orteig Prize. Before the newsreel cameras at Roosevelt Field New York, the modified Sikorsky S-35 crashes on take-off and bursts into flames. Fonck survives, but two of his men are killed. September 23 – Gene Tunney defeats Jack Dempsey to become heavyweight boxing champion of the world. September 25 The League of Nations Slavery Convention abolishes all types of slavery. William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada, after winning the Canadian federal election. The Detroit Cougars, a professional ice hockey club (National Hockey League) and predecessor to the Detroit Red Wings, is founded. October October 2 – Józef Piłsudski becomes prime minister of Poland. October 12 – British miners agree to end their strike. October 14 – A. A. Milne's children's book Winnie-the-Pooh is published in London, featuring the eponymous bear. October 16 – An ammunition explosion on troopship Kuang Yuang explodes near Kiukiang, China, killing 1,200. October 19 – The 1926 Imperial Conference opens in London. October 20 – A hurricane kills 650 in Cuba. October 23 Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev are removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. A decree in Italy bans women from holding public office. The Fazal Mosque, the first purpose-built in London and the first Ahmadiyya mosque in Britain, is completed. October 31 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis, that has developed after his appendix ruptured. November November 10 – In San Francisco, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson (dubbed "Gorilla Man") kills and then rapes his 9th victim, a boarding house landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds. November 11 – The United States Numbered Highway System, including U.S. Route 66, is established. November 15 The NBC Radio Network opens in the United States with 24 stations (formed by Westinghouse, General Electric and RCA). The Balfour Declaration is approved by the 1926 Imperial Conference, making the Commonwealth dominions equal and independent. November 24 The village of Rocquebillier, in the French Riviera, is almost destroyed in a massive hailstorm. Sri Aurobindo retires, leaving "The Mother" to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry, India. November 25 – The death penalty is re-established in Italy. November 26 – All Italian Communist deputies are arrested. November 27 – The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. December December 2 – British prime minister Stanley Baldwin ends the martial law that had been declared due to the general strike. December 3 – Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey; on December 14 she is found at a Harrogate hotel. December 7 – The Council for the Preservation of Rural England (CPRE) is founded (later the Campaign to Protect Rural England). December 13 – Miina Sillanpää becomes Finland's first female government minister. December 17 – 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état: A democratically elected government is overthrown in Lithuania; Antanas Smetona assumes power. December 18 – Turkey converts to the Gregorian calendar, making the next day January 1 1927. December 23 – Nicaraguan President Adolfo Díaz requests U.S. military assistance in the ongoing civil war. American peacekeeping troops immediately set up neutral zones in Puerto Cabezas and at the mouth of the Rio Grande to protect American and foreign lives and property. December 26 – In the history of Japan, the Shōwa period begins from this day, due to the death of Emperor Taishō on the day before. His son Hirohito will reign as Emperor of Japan until 1989. Showa 1 in the Japanese calendar is just six days long, prior to January 1 Showa 2 (1927). Date unknown Dr Muthulakshmi Reddi becomes the first woman to be appointed to a legislature in India, the Madras Legislative Council. Stephen H. Langdon begins excavations in Jemdet Nasr, finding proto-cuneiform clay tablets (3100–2900 BCE). Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) is first synthesized. Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and marks rodeo's first high-cut rodeo chaps at Stirling, Alberta, Canada. The International African Institute is founded in London. Industrial output surpasses the level of 1913 in the USSR. Births January January 1 Blanca Rodríguez, First Lady of Venezuela during the 1970s-1990s (d. 2020) Claudio Villa, Italian singer (d. 1987) January 3 Murray Dowey, Canadian ice hockey goaltender (d. 2021) Felicitas Kuhn, Austrian children's illustrator Mohamed Yaacob, Malaysian lawyer, judge and Menteri Besar of Kelantan (d. 2009) Sir George Martin, English record producer (d. 2016) January 6 – Mickey Hargitay, Hungarian actor, bodybuilder (d. 2006) January 7 – Kim Jong-pil, South Korean politician (d. 2018) January 8 – Evelyn Lear, American soprano (d. 2012) January 10 – Júlio Pomar, Portuguese painter (d. 2018) January 11 Lev Dyomin, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1998) Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin, 42nd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 1984) January 12 Ray Price, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2013) Morton Feldman, American composer (d. 1987) January 13 – Michael Bond, English fiction writer, creator of Paddington Bear (d. 2017) January 14 – Tom Tryon, American actor and novelist (d. 1991) January 15 – Maria Schell, Austrian actress (d. 2005) January 17 Antonio Domingo Bussi, Argentine Army general, former Governor of Tucuman (d. 2011) Moira Shearer, Scottish actress, dancer (d. 2006) January 18 Hannie van Leeuwen, Dutch politician (d. 2018) Salah Zulfikar, Egyptian actor (d. 1993) January 19 – Fritz Weaver, American actor (d. 2016) January 20 – Patricia Neal, American actress (d. 2010) January 21 Steve Reeves, American actor (d. 2000) Roger Taillibert, French architect (d. 2019) January 23 – Bal Thackeray, Indian politician (d. 2012) January 25 – Dick McGuire, American basketball player and coach (d. 2010) January 26 – Franco Evangelisti, Italian composer (d. 1980) January 27 – Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (d. 2004) January 28 – Amin al-Hafez, 22nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2009) January 29 Bob Falkenburg, American tennis player and entrepreneur (d. 2022) Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996) February February 1 – Nancy Gates, American actress (d. 2019) February 2 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France (d. 2020) Miguel Obando y Bravo, Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate (archbishop of Managua, cardinal) (d. 2018) February 3 – Hans-Jochen Vogel, German politician (d. 2020) February 4 – Gyula Grosics, Hungarian footballer (d. 2014) February 7 Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2009) Estanislao Esteban Karlic, Argentine cardinal Keiko Tsushima, Japanese actress (d. 2012) February 8 Neal Cassady, American writer (d. 1968) Birgitte Reimer, Danish actress (d. 2021) Sonja Ziemann, German actress (d. 2020) February 9 – Garret FitzGerald, Irish lawyer, politician, and 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2011) February 10 Carmen Romano, First Lady of Mexico (d. 2000) Danny Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer, football manager (d. 1993) February 11 Paul Bocuse, French chef (d. 2018) Leslie Nielsen, Canadian-American actor (d. 2010) February 12 – Charles Van Doren, American professor, subject of film Quiz Show (d. 2019) February 14 – Alfred Körner, Austrian footballer (d. 2020) February 15 – Muhammad al-Badr, King of Yemen (d. 1996) February 16 – John Schlesinger, British film director (d. 2003) February 17 – John Meyendorff, French-born American Orthodox scholar, protopresbyter and educator (d. 1992) February 18 Abdelsalam al-Majali, 60th and 63rd Prime Minister of Jordan Jeanne Wilson, American swimmer (d. 2018) February 19 – György Kurtág, Hungarian composer and academic February 20 Richard Matheson, American author (d. 2013) Bob Richards, American track and field athlete Gillian Lynne, English ballerina, dancer, choreographer, actress, and theatre-television director (d. 2018) María de la Purísima Salvat Romero, Spanish nun, saint (d. 1998) February 22 Kenneth Williams, English actor (d. 1988) Miguel León-Portilla, Mexican anthropologist and historian (d. 2019) February 24 – Knut Kleve, Norwegian philologist (d. 2017) February 26 Miroslava Stern, Czechoslovakian-Mexican actress (d. 1955) Henry Molaison, American memory disorder patient (d. 2008) Efraín Sánchez, Colombian footballer and manager (d. 2020) February 27 – David H. Hubel, Canadian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013) February 28 – Svetlana Alliluyeva, Russian author (d. 2011) March March 2 – Murray Rothbard, American economist (d. 1995) March 3 Craig Dixon, American athlete (d. 2021) James Merrill, American poet (d. 1995) March 4 – Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, French royal, businessman (d. 2018) March 6 Alan Greenspan, American economist, Federal Reserve Chairman Yoshimi Osawa, Japanese judoka Andrzej Wajda, Polish film director (d. 2016) March 8 – Sultan Salahuddin of Selangor (d. 2001) March 10 – Aleksandr Zatsepin, Soviet and Russian composer March 11 Ralph Abernathy, African-American civil rights leader (d. 1990) Thomas Starzl, American physician (d. 2017) March 13 – Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (d. 2003) March 14 – Carlos Heitor Cony, Brazilian journalist, writer (d. 2018) March 16 Edwar al-Kharrat, Egyptian novelist, | Jewison, Canadian film director July 22 – Bryan Forbes, English film director (d. 2013) July 24 – Hans Günter Winkler, German show jumping rider (d. 2018) July 25 Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018) Ray Solomonoff, American inventor (d. 2009) July 26 – James Best, American actor and acting coach (d. 2015) July 28 – Walt Brown, American presidential candidate July 29 – Franco Sensi, Italian businessman (d. 2008) July 30 – Nina Kulagina, Russian psychic (d. 1990) July 31 Bernard Nathanson, American medical doctor and activist (d. 2011) Hilary Putnam, American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2016) August August 2 Sy Mah, Canadian marathoner (d. 1988) George Habash, Palestinian Christian politician (d. 2008) Igor Spassky, Russian scientist, engineer and entrepreneur Hang Thun Hak, Cambodian radical politician, academic and playwright (d. 1975) August 3 Rona Anderson, Scottish stage, film, and television actress (d. 2013) Loris Campana, Italian road and track cyclist (d. 2015) Tony Bennett, American singer Shun-ichi Iwasaki, Japanese engineer August 5 – Clifford Husbands, 6th Governor-General of Barbados (d. 2017) August 6 Janet Asimov, American writer and psychiatrist (d. 2019) János Rózsás, Hungarian writer (d. 2012) Frank Finlay, English stage, film and television actor (d. 2016) Elisabeth Beresford, British author (d. 2010) Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (d. 1999) August 7 – Stan Freberg, American author, recording artist and comedian (d. 2015) August 8 Silvio Amadio, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1995) Jimmy Brown, American trumpeter, saxophonist and singer (d. 2006) Angelo Bonfietti, Brazilian basketball player (d. 2004) August 9 – Frank M. Robinson, American science fiction and techno-thriller writer (d. 2014) August 10 Marie-Claire Alain, French organist (d. 2013) Carol Ruth Vander Velde, American mathematician (d. 1972) Arthur Maxwell House, Canadian neurologist (d. 2013) August 11 Ron Bontemps, American basketball player (d. 2017) Aaron Klug, Lithuanian-English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) Claus von Bülow, Danish-British socialite (d. 2019) John Gokongwei, Filipino billionaire businessman and philanthropist (d. 2019) August 12 John Derek, American actor and film director (d. 1998) Osamu Ishiguro, Japanese tennis player (d. 2016) Hiroshi Koizumi, Japanese actor (d. 2015) René Vignal, French footballer (d. 2016) August 13 Fidel Castro, Cuban revolutionary and politician (d. 2016) Valentina Levko, Russian opera and chamber singer (d. 2018) Norris Bowden, Canadian figure skater (d. 1991) August 14 Martin Broszat, German historian (d. 1989) René Goscinny, French comic book writer (d. 1977) Buddy Greco, American jazz and pop singer and pianist (d. 2017) August 15 Sukanta Bhattacharya, Bengali poet and playwright (d. 1947) Ivy Bottini, American activist and artist (d. 2021) Julius Katchen, American concert pianist (d. 1969) Sami Michael, Iraqi-Israeli author Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, former President of Greece (d. 2016) August 16 Jack Britto, Pakistani Olympic field hockey player (d. 2013) Eivind Hjelmtveit, Norwegian cultural administrator (d. 2017) Yu Min, Chinese nuclear physicist (d. 2019) August 17 Jean Poiret, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1992) Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and President of the People's Republic of China August 18 Orlando Bosch, Cuban terrorist (d. 2011)* August 19 – Luis Bordón, Paraguayan musician and composer (d. 2006) August 20 – Hocine Aït Ahmed, Algerian politician (d. 2015) August 21 – Marian Jaworski, Polish cardinal (d. 2020) August 22 – Werner Spitz, German-American forensic pathologist August 23 – Clifford Geertz, American anthropologist (d. 2006) August 29 Helene Ahrweiler, Greek historian and academic Ramakrishna Hegde, Indian politician (d. 2004) Betty Lynn, American actress (d. 2021) September September 1 Stanley Cavell, American philosopher (d. 2018) Abdur Rahman Biswas, 11th President of Bangladesh (d. 2017) September 2 Ibrahim Nasir Rannabanderyi Kilegefan, Maldivian president (d. 2008) September 3 Uttam Kumar, Bengali actor (d. 1980) Alison Lurie, American author and academic (d. 2020) September 4 Elias Hrawi, 14th President of Lebanon (d. 2006) Ivan Illich, Austrian philosopher and Catholic priest who founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación in Cuernavaca, Mexico (d. 2002) September 5 – Mishaal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince (d. 2017) September 6 – Claus van Amsberg, German born Prince Consort of the Netherlands (d. 2002) September 7 – Ivone Ramos, Cape Verdean writer (d. 2018) September 8 – Sergio Pininfarina, Italian automobile designer (d. 2012) September 9 – Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Egyptian Islamic theologian September 11 – Gerrit Viljoen, South African government minister (d. 2009) September 13 – Emile Francis, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (d. 2022) September 14 Dick Dale, American singer and musician (d. 2014) Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco, Spanish noble (d. 2017) John F. Kurtzke, American neurologist (d. 2015) September 15 – Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician September 17 Bill Black, American rock and roll musician and bandleader (d. 1965) Andrea Kékesy, Hungarian figure skater September 19 Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) James Lipton, American television personality and writer (d. 2020) September 21 Donald A. Glaser, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) Noor Jehan, Pakistani singer and actress (d. 2000) September 22 – Bill Smith, American clarinet player and composer (d. 2020) September 23 Aage Birch, Danish competitive sailor and Olympic medalist (d. 2017) John Coltrane, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1967) Heng Freylinger, Luxembourgian wrestler (d. 2017) September 25 Carlos Chasseing, Argentine politician (d. 2018) John Ericson, German-American actor (d. 2020) September 26 Tulsi Giri, former Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2018) Julie London, American actress and singer (d. 2000) September 28 – Ozzie Van Brabant, Canadian baseball player (d. 2018) September 30 – Frank O'Neill, Australian swimmer October October 2 Jan Morris, born James Morris, British travel writer (d. 2020) John Ross, Austrian-born American chemist (d. 2017) October 4 – Phar Lap, New Zealand-foaled racehorse (d. 1932) October 7 Uri Lubrani, Israeli diplomat and military official (d. 2018) Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski, Polish mathematician (d. 2015) October 8 – Carmencita Lara, Peruvian singer (d. 2018) October 9 – Ruth Ellis, British murderess (d. 1955) October 11 Yvon Dupuis, Canadian politician (d. 2017) Thích Nhất Hạnh, Vietnamese Thiền Buddhist monk and peace activist (d. 2022) Zohurul Hoque, Indian Islamic scholar (d. 2017) Shin Sang-ok, South Korean film producer and director (d. 2006) October 12 – César Pelli, Argentine-American architect (d. 2019) October 13 Jesse L. Brown, first African-American aviator in the United States Navy (d. 1950) Kazuo Nakamura, Japanese-Canadian painter, part of the Painters Eleven (d. 2002) October 15 Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984) Jean Peters, American actress (d. 2000) Karl Richter, German conductor (d. 1981) October 16 – Charles Dolan, American billionaire October 17 Julie Adams, American actress (d. 2019) Beverly Garland, American actress and businesswoman (d. 2008) October 18 Chuck Berry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) Klaus Kinski, German actor (d. 1991) October 19 – Marjorie Tallchief, American ballerina October 20 – Vsevolod Murakhovsky, Ukrainian-Russian politician (d. 2017) October 21 – Waldir Pires, Brazilian politician (d. 2018) October 22 – Chan Sui-kau, Hong Kong industrialist and philanthropist (d. 2018) October 25 María Concepción César, Argentine actress, singer and vedette (d. 2018) Jimmy Heath, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2020) Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian soprano (d. 2012) October 27 – Henri Fertet, French Resistance fighter (d. 1943) October 28 – Bowie Kuhn, American Commissioner of Baseball (d. 2007) October 29 Necmettin Erbakan, 25th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2011) Jon Vickers, Canadian operatic tenor (d. 2015) November November 1 – Betsy Palmer, American actress (d. 2015) November 2 Myer Skoog, American basketball player (d. 2019) Charlie Walker, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 2008) November 3 – Valdas Adamkus, Lithuanian politician, 3rd President of Lithuania November 4 – Laurence Rosenthal, American composer November 5 John Berger, English art critic, novelist and painter (d. 2017) Kim Jong-gil, South Korean poet (d. 2017) November 7 – Dame Joan Sutherland, Australian soprano (d. 2010) November 8 Sonja Bata, Swiss businesswoman and philanthropist (d. 2018) Darleane C. Hoffman, American nuclear chemist Jack Mendelsohn, American writer-artist (d. 2017) November 9 – Stu Griffing, American Olympic rower November 11 Maria Teresa de Filippis, Italian automobile racing driver (d. 2016) Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1993) José Manuel Caballero, Spanish poet and novelist (d. 2021) November 15 – Helmut Fischer, German actor (d. 1997) November 16 – Ton de Leeuw, Dutch composer (d. 1996) November 17 – Christopher Weeramantry, Sri Lankan lawyer (d. 2017) November 19 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, American ambassador (d. 2006) November 20 Choi Eun-hee, South Korean actress (d. 2018) Judith Magre, French actress November 23 Sathya Sai Baba, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2011) Vann Molyvann, Cambodian architect (d. 2017) November 24 – Tsung-Dao Lee, Chinese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate November 25 Jeffrey Hunter, American actor (d. 1969) Poul Anderson, American science fiction author (d. 2001) November 26 Rabi Ray, Indian politician (d. 2017) Lawrence Turman - Film producer November 28 – Umberto Veronesi, Italian oncologist and politician (d. 2016) November 29 – Beji Caid Essebsi, Tunisian politician, 5th President and 18th Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 2019) November 30 Richard Crenna, American actor (d. 2003) Teresa Gisbert Carbonell, Bolivian architect and art historian (d. 2018) Andrew Schally, Polish-born American endocrinologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine December December 1 Allyn Ann McLerie, Canadian-American actress and dancer (d. 2018) Kitty Hart-Moxon, Polish-English nurse and Holocaust survivor Antonio Lamela, Spanish architect (d. 2017) December 5 – Adetowun Ogunsheye, Nigerian academic and educator December 9 Raif Dizdarević, Bosnian politician Erhard Eppler, German politician (d. 2019) Henry Way Kendall, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) Lorenzo Wright, American athlete (d. 1972) December 10 Leon Kossoff, English painter and illustrator (d. 2019) Guitar Slim, American New Orleans blues guitarist (d. 1959) Giorgos Ioannou, Greek artist (d. 2017) December 13 – George Rhoden, Jamaican athlete December 14 – María Elena Marqués, Mexican actress (d. 2008) December 15 Nikos Koundouros, Greek film director (d. 2017) Emmanuel Wamala, Ugandan cardinal December 16 – A. N. R. Robinson, 3rd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2014) December 17 – Patrice Wymore, American actress (d. 2014) December 19 – Herbert Stempel, American game show contestant (d. 2020) December 20 Geoffrey Howe, British politician (d. 2015) Otto Graf Lambsdorff, German politician (d. 2009) David Levine, U.S. caricaturist (d. 2009) December 21 Champ Butler, American singer (d. 1992) Joe Paterno, American football player and coach (d. 2012) December 22 – Alcides Ghiggia, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2015) December 23 Jorge Medina, Chilean cardinal (d. 2021) Metakse, Armenian poet, writer, translator and public activist (d. 2014) December 24 Ronald Draper, South African cricketer Maria Janion, Polish scholar, critic and politician (d. 2020) December 26 – Gina Pellón, Cuban painter (d. 2014) December 29 – Amelita Ramos, First Lady of the Philippines December 31 – Billy Snedden, Australian politician (d. 1987) Deaths January–March January 4 – Margherita of Savoy, Queen consort of Italy (b. 1851) January 6 – John Bowers, British Anglican bishop (b. 1854) January 12 – Sir Austin Chapman, Australian politician (b. 1864) January 15 Giambattista De Curtis, Italian painter (b. 1860) Louis Majorelle, French furniture designer (b. 1859) Enrico Toselli, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1883) January 21 Marie C. Brehm, American suffragette (b. 1859) Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1843) January 23 – Désiré-Joseph Mercier, Belgian Catholic cardinal and philosopher (b. 1851) January 26 Bucura Dumbravă, Hungarian-born Romanian novelist, promoter, hiker and Theosophist (b. 1868) Joseph Sarsfield Glass, American Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1874) January 28 Katō Takaaki, Japanese politician, 24th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1860) Sir Ernest Troubridge, British admiral (b. 1862) January 30 – Barbara La Marr, American film actress (b. 1896) February 1 – Theodosius of Skopje, Bulgaria Orthodox religious leader and saint (b. 1846) February 5 – Gustav Eberlein, German sculptor, painter and writer (b. 1847) February 6 – Carrie Clark Ward, American stage and film character actress (b. 1862) February 8 – William Bateson, British geneticist (b. 1861) February 10 – Aqif Pasha Elbasani, Albanian political figure (b. 1860) February 12 – Art Smith, American pilot (b. 1890) February 13 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish philosopher and political economist (b. 1845) February 14 – John Jacob Bausch, German-born American optician, co-founder of Bausch & Lomb (b. 1830) February 17 – Jan Cieplak, Polish Roman Catholic priest, bishop and servant of God (b. 1857) February 21 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853) February 24 – Eddie Plank, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1875) March 3 – Eugenia Mantelli, Italian opera singer (b. 1860) March 4 – Patriarch Macarius II (b. 1835) March 11 – Maibelle Heikes Justice, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1871) March 12 – E. W. Scripps, American newspaper publisher (b. 1854) March 16 – Sergeant Stubby, World War I American hero war dog (b. 1916) March 17 – Aleksei Brusilov, Russian general (b. 1853) March 19 – Friedrich Brodersen, German opera singer (b. 1873) March 20 Krishna Govinda Gupta, Indian statesman, member of Indian Civil Service (b. 1851) Louise of Sweden, Queen consort of Denmark (b. 1851) March 24 Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg (b. 1860) Albion Woodbury Small, American sociologist (b. 1854) March 26 – Constantin Fehrenbach, German politician and 13th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1852) March 28 – Prince Philippe, Duke of Orleans (b. 1869) March 29 – Charles Williamson Crook, British teacher, trade unionist and politician (b. 1862) April–June April 1 – Jacob Pavlovich Adler, Russian actor (b. 1855) April 4 – Thomas Burberry, English businessman and inventor (b. 1835) April 7 – Giovanni Amendola, Italian journalist and politician (b. 1882) April 9 – Henry Miller, British-born American stage actor and producer (b. 1859) April 10 – Ōshima Yoshimasa, Japanese general (b. 1850) April 11 – Luther Burbank, American biologist, botanist and agricultural scientist (b. 1849) April 14 – Otto Stark, American painter (b. 1859) April 17 – Antonio Adolfo Pérez y Aguilar, Salvadorian Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1839) April 19 – Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Soviet statistician (b. 1874) April 20 – Billy Quirk, American actor (b. 1873) April 22 – Federico Gana, Chilean writer and diplomat (b. 1867) April 24 – Sunjong, last Emperor of Korea (b. 1874) April 25 – Ellen Key, Swedish feminist writer (b. 1849) April 26 – Jeffreys Lewis, English-born stage actress (b. 1852) April 28 – Kawamura Kageaki, Japanese field marshal (b. 1850) April 30 – Bessie Coleman, American pilot (b. 1892) May 3 – Victor, Prince Napoleon (b. 1849) May 7 – Lillian Lawrence, American actress (b. 1868) May 9 – J. M. Dent, British publisher (b. 1849) May 10 Alton B. Parker, American judge and political candidate (b. 1852) Giacinto Menotti Serrati, Italian politician (b. 1874) May 16 – Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1861) May 18 – Count Nikolaus Szécsen von Temerin (b. 1857) May 22 – Tomás Arejola, Filipino lawyer, legislator, diplomat and writer (b. 1865) May 26 Frank Nelson Cole, American mathematician (b. 1861) Symon Petliura, Ukrainian independence fighter (b. 1879) May 27 – Michele Comella, Italian painter (b. 1856) June 4 – Fred Spofforth, Australian cricketer (b. 1853) June 8 Emily Hobhouse, British welfare campaigner (b. 1860) Mariam Thresia Chiramel, Indian Catholic professed religious and stigmatist (b. 1876) June 9 – Sanford B. Dole, President of Hawaii and 1st Territorial Governor of Hawaii (b. 1844) June 10 – Antoni Gaudí, Spanish architect (b. 1852) June 13 – Nikolay Chkheidze, Soviet politician (b. 1864) June 14 Mary Cassatt, American painter and printmaker (b. 1844) Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Anglo-Irish politician (b. 1841) June 18 – Olga Constantinovna of Russia (b. 1851) June 23 – Jón Magnússon, Icelandic politician, 1st Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1857) July–September July 1 – Carlo Luigi Spegazzini, Italian-born Argentine botanist and mycologist (b. 1858) July 2 Émile Coué, French psychologist (b. 1857) Kristján Jónsson, Minister for Iceland (b. 1852) July 9 – Mother Mary Alphonsa, American Roman Catholic religious sister, social worker, foundress and venerable (b. 1851) July 12 Gertrude Bell, British archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator; known as the "Uncrowned Queen of Iraq" (b. 1868) John W. Weeks, American politician in the Republican Party (b. 1860) July 14 – Roshanara, Anglo-Indian dancer (b. 1894) July 17 – Bernard Coyne, Irish Roman Catholic clergyman (b. 1854) July 18 – Tiburcio Arnáiz Muñoz, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1865) July 22 Willard Louis, American actor (b. 1882) Friedrich von Wieser, Austrian economist (b. 1851) July 23 Charles Avery, American actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1873) Fumiko Kaneko, Japanese anarchist and nihilist (b. 1903) July 26 Ella Adayevskaya, Soviet composer (b. 1846) Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, Haitian political figure, 25th President of Haiti (b. 1863) Robert Todd Lincoln, American statesman and businessman, son of 16th President Abraham Lincoln (b. 1843) July 30 – Albert B. Cummins, American lawyer and politician (b. 1850) July 31 – Bronislav Grombchevsky, Soviet army and explorer (b. 1855) August 1 – Israel Zangwill, British novelist and playwright (b. 1864) August 6 – Constantin Climescu, Romanian mathematician and politician (b. 1844) August 14 – John H. Moffitt, American politician (b. 1843) August 21 – Ugyen Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (b. 1861) August 22 Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (b. 1834) Joe Moore, American actor (b. 1894) August 23 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895) August 27 – John Rodgers, American naval officer and naval aviation pioneer (b. 1881) August 30 – Eddie Lyons, American actor (b. 1886) September – Rashid Tali’a, 1st Prime Minister of Transjordan (b. 1877) September 15 Alexander Boyter, American stonemason (b. 1848) Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846) September 21 – Léon Charles Thévenin, French telegraph engineer (b. 1857) September 25 – Herbert Booth, English Salvationist, third son of William and Catherine Booth (b. 1862) September 26 – José María Orellana, Guatemalan political and military leader, 14th President of Guatemala (b. 1872) October–December October 7 – Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist (b. 1856) October 9 Vaso Abashidze, Georgian actor (b. 1854) Josias von Heeringen, German general (b. 1850) October 11 Hymie Weiss, American gangster (b. 1898) October 12 Edwin Abbott Abbott, English author and theologian (b. 1838) Paul Puhallo von Brlog, Croatian Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1856) October 16 – Princess Frederica of Hanover (b. 1848) October 19 Victor Babeș, Romanian bacteriologist (b. 1854) Ludvig Karsten, German painter (b. 1876) October 20 – Eugene V. Debs, American labor and political leader (b. 1855) October 24 – Salomon Ehrmann, Czech-born Austrian dermatologist and histologist (b. 1854) October 31 Harry Houdini, Hungarian-born American escapologist (b. 1874) Charles Vance Millar, Canadian businessman (b. 1853) November 3 – Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter and entertainer (b. 1860) November 6 – Carl Swartz, Swedish politician, 14th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1858) November 7 – Tom Forman, American actor and director (b. 1893) November 10 – Lyubov Dostoyevskaya, Russian writer (b. 1869) November 19 – Thomas Cusack, American entrepreneur, pioneer and politician (b. 1858) November 21 – Joseph McKenna, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1843) December 2 – Gérard Cooreman, Belgian politician, 21st Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1852) December 3 – Siegfried Jacobsohn, German writer and critic (b. 1881) December 4 – Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (b. 1861) December 5 – Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840) December 10 – Nikola Pašić, Serbian and Yugoslav statesman, 33rd Prime Minister of Serbia and 4th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1855) December 16 – William Larned, American tennis champion (b. 1872) December 17 – Lars Magnus Ericsson, Swedish inventor and founder of Ericsson (b. 1846) December 20 – Narcisa Freixas, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1859) December 22 – Mina Arndt, New Zealand painter (b. 1885) December 24 – Johan Castberg, Norwegian Radical politician (b. 1862) December 25 Oleksander Barvinsky, Ukrainian politician (b. 1847) Emperor Taishō, Emperor of Japan, one of the leaders of World War I (b. 1879) December 27 – Amalia Riégo, Swedish opera singer (b. 1850) December 28 – Robert William Felkin, British-born medical missionary, explorer, anthropologist and occultist (b. 1853) December 29 – Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet (b. 1875) December 30 – Felice Napoleone Canevaro, Italian admiral (b. 1838) Nobel Prizes Physics – Jean |
– Riots in Curaçao mark the start of an Afro-Caribbean civil rights movement on the island. June June 3 – While operating at sea on SEATO maneuvers, the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne accidentally rams and slices into the American destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in the South China Sea, killing 74 American seamen. June 5 – An international communist conference begins in Moscow. June 7 – The rock group Blind Faith plays its first gig in front of 100,000 people in London's Hyde Park. June 8 – Francisco Franco orders the closing of the Gibraltar–Spain border and communications between Gibraltar and Spain in response to the 1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum. The border remains closed until a partial reopening on December 15, 1982. June 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu meet at Midway Island. Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S. troops will be withdrawn by September. June 15 – Georges Pompidou is elected President of France. June 17 – After a 23-game match, Boris Spassky defeats Tigran Petrosian to become the World Chess Champion in Moscow. June 18–22 – The National Convention of the Students for a Democratic Society, held in Chicago, collapses and the Weatherman faction seizes control of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any activity run from the National Office or bearing the name of SDS is Weatherman-controlled. June 23 – Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States by retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren. June 24 The United Kingdom and Rhodesia sever diplomatic relations, after Rhodesian constitutional referendum. Vivian Strong, a 14-year old African-American girl, is shot and killed by a white police officer in Omaha, Nebraska, leading to three days of riots in the city. June 28 – The Stonewall riots in New York City mark the start of the modern gay rights movement in the U.S. July July 1 – Charles, Prince of Wales, is invested with his title at Caernarfon. July 3 – Brian Jones, musician and founder of The Rolling Stones, drowns in his swimming pool at his home in Sussex, England. July 4 – Michael Mageau and Darlene Ferrin are shot at Blue Rock Springs in California. They are the second (known) victims of the Zodiac Killer. Mageau survives the attack while Ferrin is pronounced dead-on-arrival at Richmond Medical Center. July 5 – Tom Mboya, Kenyan Minister of Development, is assassinated. July 7 – French is made equal to English throughout the Canadian national government. July 8 – Vietnam War: The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made. July 10 – Donald Crowhurst's sailing trimaran Teignmouth Electron is found drifting and unoccupied in mid-Atlantic; it is presumed that Crowhurst committed suicide (or fell overboard) at sea earlier in the month having falsified his progress in the solo Sunday Times Golden Globe Race. July 14 Football War: After Honduras loses an association football match against El Salvador, rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadoran workers in Honduras, tens of thousands are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The OAS works out a cease-fire on July 18, which takes effect on July 20. The Act of Free Choice for West Irian commences in Merauke, Indonesia. The United States' $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 bills are officially withdrawn from circulation. July 16 – Apollo program: Apollo 11 (Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins) lifts off from Cape Kennedy in Florida towards the first manned landing on the Moon. July 19 Chappaquiddick incident: US Senator Edward M. Kennedy drives off a bridge into a tidal pond after leaving a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, killing Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy does not report the accident for nine or ten hours. John Fairfax lands in Hollywood Beach, Florida near Miami and becomes the first person to row across an ocean solo, after 180 days spent at sea on board 25' ocean rowboat Britannia (left Gran Canaria on January 20, 1969). Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi takes fourteen largest banks in the country into public ownership. July 20 Apollo program Moon landing: At 3:17 pm ET (20:17 UTC) Apollo 11's Lunar Module Eagle lands on the Moon's surface. At 10:56 pm ET (02:56 UTC July 21), an estimated 650 million people worldwide, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at this time, watch in awe as Neil Armstrong takes his first historic steps on the surface. 1969 Tour de France: Belgian Eddy Merckx wins the cycle race for the first time. July 22 – Spanish dictator and head of state Francisco Franco appoints Prince Juan Carlos to be his successor as head of state following his death. July 24 The Apollo 11 returns from the first successful Moon landing and the astronauts are placed in biological isolation for several days in case they may have brought back lunar germs. The airless lunar environment is later determined to rule out microscopic life. The Soviet Union returns British lecturer Gerald Brooke to the United Kingdom freed from a Soviet prison in exchange for their spies Peter and Helen Kroger (Morris and Lona Cohen). July 25 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This starts the "Vietnamization" of the war. July 26 – The New York Chapter of the Young Lords is founded to fight for empowerment of Puerto Ricans. July 30 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon makes an unscheduled visit to South Vietnam, meeting with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and U.S. military commanders. July 31 The old halfpenny ceases to be legal tender in the UK. Pope Paul VI arrives in Entebbe, Uganda for the first visit by a reigning Pope to Africa. August August 4 – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since the two sides cannot agree to any terms. August 5 Mariner program: Mariner 7 makes its closest fly-by of Mars (3,524 kilometers). The Lonesome Cowboys police raid occurs in Atlanta, Georgia, leading to the formation of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front. August 8 The Beatles at 11:30 have photographer Iain Macmillan take their photo on a zebra crossing on Abbey Road. A fire breaks out in Bannerman's Castle in the Hudson River; most of the roof collapses and crashes down to the lower levels. August 9 Members of the Manson Family invade the home of actress Sharon Tate and her husband Roman Polanski in Los Angeles. The followers killed Tate (who was 8.5 months pregnant), and her friends: Folgers coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, and Hollywood hairstylist Jay Sebring. Also killed is Steven Parent, leaving from a visit to the Polanskis' caretaker. More than 100 stab wounds are found on the victims, except for Parent, who had been shot almost as soon as the Manson Family entered the property. The Haunted Mansion attraction opens at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Later versions open in Florida, Tokyo and Paris. August 10 – The Manson Family kills Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, wealthy Los Angeles businessman and his wife. August 12 – The Troubles: Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Derry, Northern Ireland, resulting in a three-day communal riot known as the Battle of the Bogside, and violence elsewhere in Northern Ireland. August 13 – Serious border clashes occur between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. August 14 – The Troubles: British troops are deployed in Northern Ireland to restore order following three days of political and sectarian violence, marking the beginning of the 37-year Operation Banner. August 15 – Captain D's is founded as "Mr. D's Seafood and Hamburgers" by Ray Danner with its first location opening in Donelson, Tennessee. August 15–18 – The Woodstock Festival is held near White Lake, New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era. August 17 – Category 5 Hurricane Camille, the most powerful tropical cyclonic system at landfall in history, hits the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars). August 18 – Long John Silver's restaurant chain opens its first store in Lexington, Kentucky. August 19 – Embraer, a commercial aircraft brand, founded in State of São Paulo, Brazil. August 20 – Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is established in Florissant, Colorado, U.S. August 21 Donald and Doris Fisher open the first Gap store on Ocean Avenue in San Francisco. Australian Denis Michael Rohan sets the Al-Aqsa Mosque on fire. Strong violence on demonstration in Prague and Brno, Czechoslovakia. Military force contra citizens. Prague spring finally beaten. August 24 – V. V. Giri elected President of India August 29 – A Trans World Airlines flight from Rome to Tel Aviv is hijacked and diverted to Syria. September September 1 1969 Libyan coup d'état: A bloodless coup in Libya ousts King Idris and brings Colonel Muammar Gaddafi to power. For Brazil, the Jornal Nacional was created on Monday, 1 September 1969. September 2 The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Centre, New York. Ho Chi Minh, the president of North Vietnam, dies at the age of 79. September 5 – Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six counts of premeditated murder for the 1968 My Lai Massacre deaths of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai, Vietnam. September 9 – Allegheny Airlines Flight 853, a DC-9 airliner, collides in flight with a small Piper PA-28 airplane, and crashes near Fairland, Indiana, killing all 83 persons in both aircraft. September 11 – An annular solar eclipse was visible in Pacific Ocean and South America, and was the 41st solar eclipse of Solar Saros 134. September 13 – Scooby-Doo airs its first episode on the CBS network. September 14 – Persons who were born during the years from 1944 to 1951, and who celebrate their birthdays on this day, mark the occasion without being aware that September 14 will be the first date selected in the new U.S. draft lottery on December 1. September 20 At a meeting between The Beatles (minus George Harrison) and business manager Allen Klein, John Lennon announces his intention to quit the group. The last theatrical Warner Bros. cartoon is released: the Merrie Melodies short Injun Trouble. September 22 – San Francisco Giant Willie Mays becomes the first major league baseball player since Babe Ruth to hit 600 career home runs. September 22–25 – An Islamic conference in Rabat, Morocco, following the al-Aqsa Mosque fire (August 21), condemns the Israeli claim of ownership of Jerusalem. September 23 China carries out an underground nuclear bomb test. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (directed by George Roy Hill and starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford) opens to limited release in the United States. September 24 – The Chicago Eight trial begins in Chicago, Illinois. September 25 The Organisation of the Islamic Conference is founded. DHL, a worldwide logistics and delivery service, was founded in California, United States. September 26 The Beatles release their Abbey Road album which is an enormous commercial success and, although receiving mixed reviews at this time, comes to be viewed by many as the group's best. The Brady Bunch airs its first episode on the ABC network. September 28 – 1969 West German federal election: The Social Democrats, led by Vice Chancellor Willy Brandt, and the Free Democrats led by Walter Scheel, formed a coalition government with Brandt as Chancellor, after the Social Democrats severed their relationship with Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger's Christian Democratic Union. September 29 – 1969 Tulbagh earthquake in South Africa, the most destructive earthquake in South African history. October October 1 In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker's Party, replacing Tage Erlander as Prime Minister on October 14. The Beijing Subway begins operation. October 2 – A 1.2 megaton thermonuclear device is tested at Amchitka Island, Alaska. This test is code-named Project Milrow, the 11th test of the Operation Mandrel 1969–1970 underground nuclear test series. This test is known as a "calibration shot" to test if the island is fit for larger underground nuclear detonations. October 5 Monty Python's Flying Circus first airs on BBC One. Sazae-san first airs on Fuji Television. October 9–12 – Days of Rage: In Chicago, the Illinois National Guard is called in to control demonstrations involving the radical Weathermen, in connection with the "Chicago Eight" Trial. October 11 – The Zodiac Killer shoots and kills taxi driver Paul Stine in the Presidio Heights neighborhood of San Francisco; this is the serial killer's last known murder. October 11–16 – The New York Mets defeat the Baltimore Orioles four games to one in one of the greatest World Series upsets in baseball history. October 13 An unofficial strike amongst British mineworkers begins over the working hours of surface workers. October 15 DZKB-TV Channel 9, the Philippines TV station, owned by Roberto S. Benedicto, is launched. Vietnam War: Hundreds of thousands of people take part in Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations across the United States. October 17 Willard S. Boyle and George Smith invent the CCD at Bell Laboratories (30 years later, this technology is widely used in digital cameras). Fourteen black athletes are kicked off the University of Wyoming football team for wearing black armbands into their coach's office. The western end of the Eyre Highway in Western Australia is completed after nine years of construction. October 21 Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany. General Siad Barre comes to power in Somalia in a coup, 6 days after the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. October 22 – Led Zeppelin release Led Zeppelin II to critical acclaim and commercial success. October 25 – 1969 Australian federal election: John Gorton's Liberal/Country Coalition Government is narrowly re-elected with a sharply reduced majority, defeating a resurgent Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam. Prime Minister Gorton survived a leadership challenge by his deputy William McMahon as well as David Fairbairn in the immediate aftermath of the election. October 29 – The first message is sent over ARPANET, the forerunner of the internet. October 31 – Wal-Mart incorporates as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. November November 3 Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity with the Vietnam War effort, and to support his policies. Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (31st government). November 7 – Pink Floyd release their Ummagumma album. November 9 – A group of American Indians, led by Richard Oakes, seizes Alcatraz Island as a symbolic gesture, offering to buy the property for $24 from the U.S. government. A longer occupation begins 11 days later. The act inspires a wave of renewed Indian pride and government reform. November 10 – Sesame Street airs its first episode on the NET network. November 12 – Vietnam War – My Lai Massacre: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the My Lai story. Indian Prime minister Indira Gandhi is expelled by her Congress party. She in turn floats her own faction of the party. November 14 Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 12 (Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon, Alan Bean), the second manned mission to the Moon. The SS United States, the last active United States Lines passenger ship, is withdrawn from service. November 15 Cold War: The Soviet submarine K-19 collides with the American submarine USS Gato in the Barents Sea. Vietnam War: In Washington, D.C., 250,000–500,000 protesters stage a peaceful demonstration against the war, including a symbolic "March Against Death". Regular colour television broadcasts begin on BBC1 and ITV in the United Kingdom. Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in a former steakhouse in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain Wendy's after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou (nicknamed "Wendy" by her siblings). November 17 – Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki, to begin the SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides. November 19 Apollo program: Apollo 12 astronauts Charles Conrad and Alan Bean land at Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms"), becoming the third and fourth humans to walk on the Moon. Professional footballer Pelé scores his 1,000th goal. The Benny Hill Show begins airing on ITV after previously airing on the BBC. November 20 Vietnam War: A Cleveland, Ohio newspaper, The Plain Dealer, publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai Massacre in Vietnam. Richard Oakes returns with 90 followers to Alcatraz Island and begins a 19 month long occupation, lasting until June 1971. November 21 U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree in Washington, D.C. to the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free. The first ARPANET link is established (the progenitor of the global Internet). The United States Senate votes down the Supreme Court nomination of Clement Haynsworth, the first such rejection since 1930. November 22 – College Football: Michigan ends Ohio State's 22-game winning streak with a 24–12 upset at Ann Arbor, denying the Buckeyes their second consecutive national championship. November 24 – Apollo program: The Apollo 12 spacecraft splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to the Moon. November 25 – John Lennon returns his MBE medal to protest the British government's involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. November 29 – In basketball, South Korea defeats the Philippines 95 to 86 to win the 1969 ABC Championship in Bangkok, Thailand. December December 1 – Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States since World War II is held. September 14 is the first of the 366 days of the year selected, meaning that those persons who were born on September 14 in the years from 1944 to 1951 would be the first to be summoned. On January 4, 1970, The New York Times will run a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". December 2 – The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes | – French is made equal to English throughout the Canadian national government. July 8 – Vietnam War: The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made. July 10 – Donald Crowhurst's sailing trimaran Teignmouth Electron is found drifting and unoccupied in mid-Atlantic; it is presumed that Crowhurst committed suicide (or fell overboard) at sea earlier in the month having falsified his progress in the solo Sunday Times Golden Globe Race. July 14 Football War: After Honduras loses an association football match against El Salvador, rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadoran workers in Honduras, tens of thousands are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The OAS works out a cease-fire on July 18, which takes effect on July 20. The Act of Free Choice for West Irian commences in Merauke, Indonesia. The United States' $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 bills are officially withdrawn from circulation. July 16 – Apollo program: Apollo 11 (Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins) lifts off from Cape Kennedy in Florida towards the first manned landing on the Moon. July 19 Chappaquiddick incident: US Senator Edward M. Kennedy drives off a bridge into a tidal pond after leaving a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, killing Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy does not report the accident for nine or ten hours. John Fairfax lands in Hollywood Beach, Florida near Miami and becomes the first person to row across an ocean solo, after 180 days spent at sea on board 25' ocean rowboat Britannia (left Gran Canaria on January 20, 1969). Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi takes fourteen largest banks in the country into public ownership. July 20 Apollo program Moon landing: At 3:17 pm ET (20:17 UTC) Apollo 11's Lunar Module Eagle lands on the Moon's surface. At 10:56 pm ET (02:56 UTC July 21), an estimated 650 million people worldwide, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at this time, watch in awe as Neil Armstrong takes his first historic steps on the surface. 1969 Tour de France: Belgian Eddy Merckx wins the cycle race for the first time. July 22 – Spanish dictator and head of state Francisco Franco appoints Prince Juan Carlos to be his successor as head of state following his death. July 24 The Apollo 11 returns from the first successful Moon landing and the astronauts are placed in biological isolation for several days in case they may have brought back lunar germs. The airless lunar environment is later determined to rule out microscopic life. The Soviet Union returns British lecturer Gerald Brooke to the United Kingdom freed from a Soviet prison in exchange for their spies Peter and Helen Kroger (Morris and Lona Cohen). July 25 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This starts the "Vietnamization" of the war. July 26 – The New York Chapter of the Young Lords is founded to fight for empowerment of Puerto Ricans. July 30 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon makes an unscheduled visit to South Vietnam, meeting with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and U.S. military commanders. July 31 The old halfpenny ceases to be legal tender in the UK. Pope Paul VI arrives in Entebbe, Uganda for the first visit by a reigning Pope to Africa. August August 4 – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since the two sides cannot agree to any terms. August 5 Mariner program: Mariner 7 makes its closest fly-by of Mars (3,524 kilometers). The Lonesome Cowboys police raid occurs in Atlanta, Georgia, leading to the formation of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front. August 8 The Beatles at 11:30 have photographer Iain Macmillan take their photo on a zebra crossing on Abbey Road. A fire breaks out in Bannerman's Castle in the Hudson River; most of the roof collapses and crashes down to the lower levels. August 9 Members of the Manson Family invade the home of actress Sharon Tate and her husband Roman Polanski in Los Angeles. The followers killed Tate (who was 8.5 months pregnant), and her friends: Folgers coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, and Hollywood hairstylist Jay Sebring. Also killed is Steven Parent, leaving from a visit to the Polanskis' caretaker. More than 100 stab wounds are found on the victims, except for Parent, who had been shot almost as soon as the Manson Family entered the property. The Haunted Mansion attraction opens at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Later versions open in Florida, Tokyo and Paris. August 10 – The Manson Family kills Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, wealthy Los Angeles businessman and his wife. August 12 – The Troubles: Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Derry, Northern Ireland, resulting in a three-day communal riot known as the Battle of the Bogside, and violence elsewhere in Northern Ireland. August 13 – Serious border clashes occur between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. August 14 – The Troubles: British troops are deployed in Northern Ireland to restore order following three days of political and sectarian violence, marking the beginning of the 37-year Operation Banner. August 15 – Captain D's is founded as "Mr. D's Seafood and Hamburgers" by Ray Danner with its first location opening in Donelson, Tennessee. August 15–18 – The Woodstock Festival is held near White Lake, New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era. August 17 – Category 5 Hurricane Camille, the most powerful tropical cyclonic system at landfall in history, hits the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars). August 18 – Long John Silver's restaurant chain opens its first store in Lexington, Kentucky. August 19 – Embraer, a commercial aircraft brand, founded in State of São Paulo, Brazil. August 20 – Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is established in Florissant, Colorado, U.S. August 21 Donald and Doris Fisher open the first Gap store on Ocean Avenue in San Francisco. Australian Denis Michael Rohan sets the Al-Aqsa Mosque on fire. Strong violence on demonstration in Prague and Brno, Czechoslovakia. Military force contra citizens. Prague spring finally beaten. August 24 – V. V. Giri elected President of India August 29 – A Trans World Airlines flight from Rome to Tel Aviv is hijacked and diverted to Syria. September September 1 1969 Libyan coup d'état: A bloodless coup in Libya ousts King Idris and brings Colonel Muammar Gaddafi to power. For Brazil, the Jornal Nacional was created on Monday, 1 September 1969. September 2 The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Centre, New York. Ho Chi Minh, the president of North Vietnam, dies at the age of 79. September 5 – Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six counts of premeditated murder for the 1968 My Lai Massacre deaths of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai, Vietnam. September 9 – Allegheny Airlines Flight 853, a DC-9 airliner, collides in flight with a small Piper PA-28 airplane, and crashes near Fairland, Indiana, killing all 83 persons in both aircraft. September 11 – An annular solar eclipse was visible in Pacific Ocean and South America, and was the 41st solar eclipse of Solar Saros 134. September 13 – Scooby-Doo airs its first episode on the CBS network. September 14 – Persons who were born during the years from 1944 to 1951, and who celebrate their birthdays on this day, mark the occasion without being aware that September 14 will be the first date selected in the new U.S. draft lottery on December 1. September 20 At a meeting between The Beatles (minus George Harrison) and business manager Allen Klein, John Lennon announces his intention to quit the group. The last theatrical Warner Bros. cartoon is released: the Merrie Melodies short Injun Trouble. September 22 – San Francisco Giant Willie Mays becomes the first major league baseball player since Babe Ruth to hit 600 career home runs. September 22–25 – An Islamic conference in Rabat, Morocco, following the al-Aqsa Mosque fire (August 21), condemns the Israeli claim of ownership of Jerusalem. September 23 China carries out an underground nuclear bomb test. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (directed by George Roy Hill and starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford) opens to limited release in the United States. September 24 – The Chicago Eight trial begins in Chicago, Illinois. September 25 The Organisation of the Islamic Conference is founded. DHL, a worldwide logistics and delivery service, was founded in California, United States. September 26 The Beatles release their Abbey Road album which is an enormous commercial success and, although receiving mixed reviews at this time, comes to be viewed by many as the group's best. The Brady Bunch airs its first episode on the ABC network. September 28 – 1969 West German federal election: The Social Democrats, led by Vice Chancellor Willy Brandt, and the Free Democrats led by Walter Scheel, formed a coalition government with Brandt as Chancellor, after the Social Democrats severed their relationship with Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger's Christian Democratic Union. September 29 – 1969 Tulbagh earthquake in South Africa, the most destructive earthquake in South African history. October October 1 In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker's Party, replacing Tage Erlander as Prime Minister on October 14. The Beijing Subway begins operation. October 2 – A 1.2 megaton thermonuclear device is tested at Amchitka Island, Alaska. This test is code-named Project Milrow, the 11th test of the Operation Mandrel 1969–1970 underground nuclear test series. This test is known as a "calibration shot" to test if the island is fit for larger underground nuclear detonations. October 5 Monty Python's Flying Circus first airs on BBC One. Sazae-san first airs on Fuji Television. October 9–12 – Days of Rage: In Chicago, the Illinois National Guard is called in to control demonstrations involving the radical Weathermen, in connection with the "Chicago Eight" Trial. October 11 – The Zodiac Killer shoots and kills taxi driver Paul Stine in the Presidio Heights neighborhood of San Francisco; this is the serial killer's last known murder. October 11–16 – The New York Mets defeat the Baltimore Orioles four games to one in one of the greatest World Series upsets in baseball history. October 13 An unofficial strike amongst British mineworkers begins over the working hours of surface workers. October 15 DZKB-TV Channel 9, the Philippines TV station, owned by Roberto S. Benedicto, is launched. Vietnam War: Hundreds of thousands of people take part in Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations across the United States. October 17 Willard S. Boyle and George Smith invent the CCD at Bell Laboratories (30 years later, this technology is widely used in digital cameras). Fourteen black athletes are kicked off the University of Wyoming football team for wearing black armbands into their coach's office. The western end of the Eyre Highway in Western Australia is completed after nine years of construction. October 21 Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany. General Siad Barre comes to power in Somalia in a coup, 6 days after the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. October 22 – Led Zeppelin release Led Zeppelin II to critical acclaim and commercial success. October 25 – 1969 Australian federal election: John Gorton's Liberal/Country Coalition Government is narrowly re-elected with a sharply reduced majority, defeating a resurgent Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam. Prime Minister Gorton survived a leadership challenge by his deputy William McMahon as well as David Fairbairn in the immediate aftermath of the election. October 29 – The first message is sent over ARPANET, the forerunner of the internet. October 31 – Wal-Mart incorporates as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. November November 3 Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity with the Vietnam War effort, and to support his policies. Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (31st government). November 7 – Pink Floyd release their Ummagumma album. November 9 – A group of American Indians, led by Richard Oakes, seizes Alcatraz Island as a symbolic gesture, offering to buy the property for $24 from the U.S. government. A longer occupation begins 11 days later. The act inspires a wave of renewed Indian pride and government reform. November 10 – Sesame Street airs its first episode on the NET network. November 12 – Vietnam War – My Lai Massacre: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the My Lai story. Indian Prime minister Indira Gandhi is expelled by her Congress party. She in turn floats her own faction of the party. November 14 Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 12 (Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon, Alan Bean), the second manned mission to the Moon. The SS United States, the last active United States Lines passenger ship, is withdrawn from service. November 15 Cold War: The Soviet submarine K-19 collides with the American submarine USS Gato in the Barents Sea. Vietnam War: In Washington, D.C., 250,000–500,000 protesters stage a peaceful demonstration against the war, including a symbolic "March Against Death". Regular colour television broadcasts begin on BBC1 and ITV in the United Kingdom. Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in a former steakhouse in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain Wendy's after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou (nicknamed "Wendy" by her siblings). November 17 – Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki, to begin the SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides. November 19 Apollo program: Apollo 12 astronauts Charles Conrad and Alan Bean land at Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms"), becoming the third and fourth humans to walk on the Moon. Professional footballer Pelé scores his 1,000th goal. The Benny Hill Show begins airing on ITV after previously airing on the BBC. November 20 Vietnam War: A Cleveland, Ohio newspaper, The Plain Dealer, publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai Massacre in Vietnam. Richard Oakes returns with 90 followers to Alcatraz Island and begins a 19 month long occupation, lasting until June 1971. November 21 U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree in Washington, D.C. to the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free. The first ARPANET link is established (the progenitor of the global Internet). The United States Senate votes down the Supreme Court nomination of Clement Haynsworth, the first such rejection since 1930. November 22 – College Football: Michigan ends Ohio State's 22-game winning streak with a 24–12 upset at Ann Arbor, denying the Buckeyes their second consecutive national championship. November 24 – Apollo program: The Apollo 12 spacecraft splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to the Moon. November 25 – John Lennon returns his MBE medal to protest the British government's involvement in the Nigerian Civil War. November 29 – In basketball, South Korea defeats the Philippines 95 to 86 to win the 1969 ABC Championship in Bangkok, Thailand. December December 1 – Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States since World War II is held. September 14 is the first of the 366 days of the year selected, meaning that those persons who were born on September 14 in the years from 1944 to 1951 would be the first to be summoned. On January 4, 1970, The New York Times will run a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". December 2 – The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes its first passenger flight. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters and photographers, from Seattle to New York City. December 4 – Black Panther Party members Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are shot dead in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers. December 5 – The Rolling Stones album Let It Bleed is released. December 6 College football: #1 ranked Texas rallies from 14–0 deficit with two fourth quarter touchdowns to edge #2 Arkansas 15–14 at Fayetteville in a game attended by President of the United States Richard Nixon and several high-ranking government dignitaries, including future President George H.W. Bush. The victory clinches the national championship of the coaches poll for the Longhorns; they would win the Associated Press national championship by defeating Notre Dame 21–17 in the Cotton Bowl on New Year's Day. The Altamont Free Concert is held at the Altamont Speedway in northern California. Hosted by The Rolling Stones, it is an attempt at a "Woodstock West" and is best known for the uproar of violence that occurred. It is viewed by many as the "end of the sixties." December 7 – Frosty the Snowman aired on the CBS network. December 12 – The Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan, Italy kills 17 people and injures 88. December 14 – The murder of Diane Maxwell takes place. The 25-year-old phone operator is found sexually assaulted and killed (the case remains unsolved until 2003). December 24 Charles Manson is allowed to defend himself at the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. The oil company Phillips Petroleum made the first oil discovery in the Norwegian sector of North Sea. Nigerian troops capture Umuahia. The last Biafran capital before its dissolution becomes Owerri. December 27 – The Liberal Democratic Party wins 47.6% of |
Divine names for persons, with the example of Mālik ul-Mulk (مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty"): The two parts of the name starting with ˁabd may be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ˁabdu is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., Abdur-Rahman, Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Jabbar, or even Abdullah (عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.) Examples of Muslim theophoric names include: Rahmān, such as Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais (عَبْدُ ٱلْرَّحْمَان ٱلْسُّدَيْس): Imam of the Grand Mosque of Makkah, KSA Salām, such as Salam Fayyad (سَلَام فَيَّاض): Palestinian politician Jabbār, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (كَرِيم عَبْدُ ٱلْجَبَّار): American basketball player Hakīm, such as Sherman "Abdul Hakim" Jackson (عَبْدُ ٱلْحَكِيم—ˁabdu ʼl-Ḥakiym): American Islamic Studies scholar Ra'ūf, such as Ra'ouf Mus'ad (رَؤُوف مُسَعد): Egyptian-Sudanese novelist Mālik, such as Mālik bin ʼAnas (مَـٰالِك بِن أَنَس): classical Sunni Muslim scholars after whom the Maliki school of fiqh was named Abdul Muqtedar as in Muhammad Abdul Muqtedar Khan (مُحَمَّد عَبْدُ ٱلمُقْتَدِر خَان): Indian-American academic Use in Baháʼí sources Baháʼí sources state that the 100th name was revealed as "Baháʼ" ( "glory, splendor"), which appears in the words Bahá'u'lláh and Baháʼí. They also believe that it is the greatest name of God. The Báb wrote a noted pentagram-shaped tablet with 360 morphological derivation of the word "Baháʼ" used in it. According to Baháʼí scholar ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī adopted the Persian poetic pen name "Bahāʾ" after being inspired by the words of the fifth Twelver Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir, and the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who stated that the greatest name of God was included in either the Duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, a dawn prayer for Ramadan, or the ʾAʿmal ʿam Dawūd. In the first verse of the duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, the name "Bahāʾ" appears four times. See also The 99, a comic book based on the 99 names of God in | such as "The Haughty". Theophoric given names The Arabic names of God are used to form theophoric given names commonly used in Muslim cultures throughout the world, mostly in Arabic speaking societies. Because the names of God themselves are reserved to God and their use as a person's given name is considered religiously inappropriate, theophoric names are formed by prefixing the term ˁabd (عَبْدُ: "slave/servant of") to the name in the case of male names; This distinction is established out of respect for the sanctity of Divine names, which denote attributes (of love, kindness, mercy, compassion, justice, power, etc.) that are believed to be possessed in a full and absolute sense only by God, while human beings, being limited creatures, are viewed by Muslims as being endowed with the Divine attributes only in a limited and relative capacity. The prefixing of the definite article would indicate that the bearer possesses the corresponding attribute in an exclusive sense, a trait reserved to God. Quranic verse 3:26 is cited as evidence against the validity of using Divine names for persons, with the example of Mālik ul-Mulk (مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty"): The two parts of the name starting with ˁabd may be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ˁabdu is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., Abdur-Rahman, Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Jabbar, or even Abdullah (عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.) Examples of Muslim theophoric names include: Rahmān, such as Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais (عَبْدُ ٱلْرَّحْمَان ٱلْسُّدَيْس): Imam of the Grand Mosque of Makkah, KSA Salām, such as Salam Fayyad (سَلَام فَيَّاض): Palestinian politician Jabbār, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (كَرِيم عَبْدُ ٱلْجَبَّار): American basketball player Hakīm, |
of Jim Jones) (d. 2017) Tom Sneva, American race car driver, Indianapolis 500 winner June 2 – Jerry Mathers, American actor (Leave It to Beaver) June 3 – Carlos Franzetti, Argentine composer and arranger June 4 Bob Champion, English jump jockey David Haskell, American actor (d. 2000) June 5 – Alex Sink, American politician June 6 – Richard Sinclair, English musician (Caravan) June 7 – Jim C. Walton, American business person, (′′Walmart′′) June 8 Jürgen von der Lippe, German television presenter, actor and comedian Jad Azkoul, Lebanese-American classical guitarist June 9 Gudrun Schyman, Swedish politician Gary Thorne, American play-by-play announcer June 10 – Subrata Roy, Indian businessman June 11 – Dave Cash, American baseball player June 12 – Sadegh Zibakalam, Iranian academic reformist June 13 – Garnet Bailey, Canadian hockey player, scout (d. 2001) June 14 – Laurence Yep, American author June 15 – Paul Michiels, Belgian singer, songwriter June 16 – Terry Schofield, American basketball player June 17 – Dave Concepción, Venezuelan baseball player June 18 – Sherry Turkle, American science/social studies professor Eliezer Halfin, Israeli wrestler (d. 1972) June 19 Nick Drake, English musician (d. 1974) Lea Laven, Finnish singer Phylicia Rashad, African-American actress (The Cosby Show) June 20 Diana Mara Henry, American freelance photojournalist Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician (d. 2018) Ludwig Scotty, President of Nauru Tina Sinatra, American former singer, actress, film producer, and memoirist June 21 Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (d. 2011) Jovan Aćimović, Serbian football player Raffaello Martinelli, Italian prelate Philippe Sarde, French film composer Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish writer Wolfgang Seel, German football player Greg Hyder, American professional basketball player June 22 Madeleine Meilleur, Canadian politician Takashi Sasano, Japanese actor Shōhaku Okumura, Japanese Soto Zen Peter Prijdekker, Dutch swimmer Sue Roberts, American professional golfer Todd Rundgren, American rock singer, record producer (Hello It's Me) Curtis Johnson, American football cornerback Franciszek Smuda, Polish football coach Panagiotis Xanthakos, Greek sports shoote Colin Waldron, English football defender June 23 Larry Coker, American football player, coach Jim Heacock, American defensive coordinator Luther Kent, American blues singer Clarence Thomas, African-American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States June 24 Stephen Martin, Australian politician, senior academic and rugby league referee Patrick Moraz, Swiss keyboard player Janet Museveni, First Lady of Uganda Dave Orchard, South African cricketer Eigil Sørensen, Danish cyclist Jürgen Stars, German footballer Jenny Wood, Zimbabwean swimmer June 25 Kenn George, American businessman Michael Lembeck, American actor, television and film director Tom Rideout, Canadian politician June 26 David Vaughan, Welsh professional golfer John Pratt, English professional footballer Pablo Anaya Rivera, Mexican politician June 27 Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Tamil actress Michael J. Barrett, Guamanian politician Camile Baudoin, American rock guitarist June 28 Deborah Moggach, English writer Kathy Bates, American actress (Misery) Jimmy Thomson, Scottish professional footballer Brian Rowan, Scottish professional footballer June 29 Danny Adcock, Australian actor Vic Brooks, English cricketer Leo Burke, Canadian professional wrestler Fred Grandy, American actor, politician (The Love Boat) Helge Karlsen, Norwegian football player Ian Paice, English musician (Deep Purple) Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar, crossbench member of the House of Lords June 30 Alice Wong, Canadian politician Dag Fornæss, Norwegian speed skater Peter Rossborough, English rugby union international Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Australian Indigenous community leader Vladimir Yakunin, Russian official, head of state-run Russian Railways Company Raymond Leo Burke, American cardinal, prelate July July 1 Ever Hugo Almeida, Paraguayan footballer John Ford, English-born rock musician (Strawbs), writer of Part of the Union Michael McGimpsey, Northern Ireland politician July 2 Mario Villanueva, Mexican politician Saul Rubinek, German-Canadian character actor, director, producer and playwright July 3 – Tarmo Koivisto, Finnish comics artist July 4 René Arnoux, French racing driver Louis Raphaël I Sako, Head of the Chaldean Catholic Church Ed Armbrister, Bahamian Major League Baseball outfielder Nazmul Hussain, Indian first-class cricketer Jeremy Spencer, British musician July 5 Tony DeMeo, American football coach, player Dave Lemonds, American baseball player Salomon Juan Marcos Issa, Mexican politician Lojze Peterle, Slovenian politician William Hootkins, American actor (d. 2005) July 6 Nathalie Baye, French actress Jeff Webb, American professional basketball player Arnaldo Baptista, Brazilian rock musician, composer Brad Park, Canadian NHL Defenseman Sid Smith, American football offensive lineman Eiko Segawa, Japanese female enka singer, actress Jan van der Veen, Dutch professional association football player July 7 Jerry Sherk, American football defensive tackle Jean LeClerc, Québécois actor Jean-Marie Colombani, French journalist Tan Lee Meng, Singaporean jurist Stuart Varney, British-American economic consultant Luis Estrada, Mexican football league forward, Olympic athlete July 8 – Raffi, Egyptian-born children's entertainer July 10 Theo Bücker, German football manager, player Mick Coop, English professional football right back Rich Hand, American professional baseball player July 12 Richard Simmons, American television personality, fitness expert Jay Thomas, American actor (d. 2017) July 13 Alf Hansen, Norwegian rower Daphne Maxwell Reid, African-American actress Don Sweet, Canadian star football kicker Robert A. Underwood, Guamanian politician, educator July 14 – Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, Zulu king (d. 2021) July 15 Enriqueta Basilio, Mexican track and field athlete (d.2019) Richard Franklin, Australian film director (d. 2007) Twinkle, English singer, songwriter (d. 2015) July 16 Rubén Blades, Panamanian singer, actor and musician Rita Barberá, Spanish politician, Mayor of Valencia (d. 2016) Lars Lagerbäck, Swedish football manager, player Jeff Van Wagenen, American professional golfer Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist July 17 Doug Berry, American Canadian football coach Alan Sieler, Australian cricketer July 18 – Hartmut Michel, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate July 20 Muse Watson, American actor Maroun Elias Nimeh Lahham, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis July 21 Beppe Grillo, Italian activist, blogger, comedian and actor Ed Hinton, American sportswriter Cat Stevens (b. Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam), British singer, musician Garry Trudeau, American cartoonist (Doonesbury) Teruzane Utada, Japanese music executive producer, attendant Mikhail Zadornov, Russian stand-up comedian, writer Snooty, male Florida manatee (d. 2017) July 22 Susan Eloise Hinton, American author Otto Waalkes, German comedian, actor July 23 – John Cushnahan, Northern Irish politician July 25 Steve Goodman, American Grammy Award-winning folk music singer, songwriter (d. 1984) Tony Cline, American football player (d. 2018) July 27 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater July 28 Gerald Casale, American director, singer (Devo)\ Georgia Engel, American actress (d. 2019) Sally Struthers, American actress, spokeswoman (All in the Family) July 30 Jean Reno, French actor Julia Tsenova, Bulgarian composer, musician (d. 2010) July 31 – Jonathan Dollimore, English academic sociologist, cultural theorist August August 2 Dennis Prager, American radio talk show host, author Bob Rae, Canadian politician August 3 – Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France August 4 – Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate August 7 – James P. Allison, American immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine August 12 – Mizengo Pinda, 9th Prime Minister of Tanzania August 13 – Kathleen Battle, African-American soprano August 14 – Joseph Marcell, English actor August 15 Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, Iranian cleric, politician (d. 2018) George Ryton, Singapore-born English Formula One engineer August 18 – Sean Scanlan, Scottish actor (d. 2017) August 19 – Loredana Lopez, Spanish singer (d. 1996) Robert Hughes, Australian actor Tipper Gore, Second Lady of the United States Deana Martin, American singer and actress August 20 John Noble, Australian actor Robert Plant, English singer (Led Zeppelin) Barbara Allen Rainey (b. Barbara Ann Allen), American aviator, first female pilot in the U.S. armed forces (d. 1982) August 21 Sharon M. Draper, American children's book author (Out of My Mind (Draper novel)) Peter Starkie, Australian rock guitarist (Skyhooks, Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons) August 22 – David Marks, American guitarist (The Beach Boys) August 23 – Lev Zeleny, Soviet, Russian physicist August 24 Jean-Michel Jarre, French electronic musician Sauli Niinistö, Finnish politician, 12th President of Finland Kim Sung-il, Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Air Force Vicente Sotto III, Filipino actor, host and politician August 25 – Tony Ramos, Brazilian actor August 27 – Sgt. Slaughter, American professional wrestler August 30 Lewis Black, American comedian Fred Hampton, African-American activist (d. 1969) Victor Skumin, Russian scientist, professor August 31 Cyril Jordan, American musician Holger Osieck, German football manager September September 1 – James Rebhorn, American actor (d. 2014) September 2 Nate Archibald, American basketball player Terry Bradshaw, American football player, sportscaster Christa McAuliffe, American teacher and astronaut (d. in Space Shuttle Challenger disaster 1986) September 3 Don Brewer, American drummer (Grand Funk Railroad) Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian president (d. 2008) September 4 Michael Berryman, American actor Samuel Hui, Hong Kong singer September 5 – Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian diplomat, politician September 7 – Susan Blakely, American actress September 8 – The Great Kabuki, Japanese professional wrestler September 10 Judy Geeson, English actress Bob Lanier, American basketball player Margaret Trudeau (b. Margaret Sinclair), wife and mother of Prime Ministers of Canada Charlie Waters, American football player September 11 – John Martyn (b. Iain McGeachy), British folk-rock guitarist (d. 2009) September 13 Nell Carter, African-American singer, actress (Gimme a Break!) (d. 2003) Sitiveni Rabuka, 3rd Prime Minister of Fiji Kathleen Lloyd, American actress September 16 – Ron Blair, American rock bassist (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers) September 17 Aidan Nichols, English Dominican priest and academic John Ritter, American actor (Three's Company) (d. 2003) September 19 Jeremy Irons, English actor Nadiya Tkachenko, Soviet pentathlete September 20 Rey Langit, Filipino journalist, radio host George R. R. Martin, American speculative fiction author September 22 Denis Burke, Australian politician Jim Byrnes, American voice actor, blues musician and actor Mark Phillips, British army captain, equestrian and first husband of Anne, Princess Royal September 23 – José Lavat, Mexican voice actor (d. 2018) September 24 – Phil Hartman, Canadian actor, comedian (Saturday Night Live) (d. 1998) September 25 Cäcilia Rentmeister, German art historian, gender researcher Vladimir Yevtushenkov, Russian oligarch September 26 Maurizio Gucci, Italian businessman, murder victim (d. 1995) Olivia Newton-John, English-born Australian singer, actress Vladimír Remek, Czech politician and cosmonaut September 27 Michele Dotrice, English actress A Martinez, American actor, singer September 29 Mark Farner, American rock guitarist, singer (Grand Funk Railroad) Bryant Gumbel, African-American television broadcaster (The Today Show) Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinetist Burton Richardson, American game show announcer October October 1 Mark Landon, American actor (d. 2009) Sir Peter Blake, New Zealand yachtsman (k. 2001) October 2 Avery Brooks, American actor, musician Persis Khambatta, Indian actress, model (Star Trek: The Motion Picture) (d. 1998) Chris LeDoux, American singer, rodeo star (d. 2005) Donna Karan, American fashion designer October 4 Meg Bennett, American soap opera writer Iain Hewitson, New Zealand-Australian chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality October 6 Wendell Ladner, American basketball player (d. 1975) Gerry Adams, Northern Irish politician October 7 – Diane Ackerman, American poet, essayist October 8 Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (Ramones) (d. 2004) Baldwin Spencer, 3rd Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda October 9 Jackson Browne, American rock musician (Running on Empty) Ciarán Carson, Northern Irish poet, novelist Oliver Hart, English-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate October 11 Margie Alexander, American gospel, soul singer (d. 2013) Cynthia Clawson, American gospel singer October 12 – Rick Parfitt, English musician (Status Quo) (d. 2016) October 13 John Ford Coley, American rock musician (I'd Really Love to See You Tonight) Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Pakistani musician (d. 1997) Ted Poe, American politician October 14 Engin Arık, Turkish nuclear physicist (d. 2007) David Ruprecht, American actor, writer (Supermarket Sweep) John Otto, American politician (d. 2020) October 15 Renato Corona, Filipino jurist, lawyer (d. 2016) Chris de Burgh, born Christopher Davison, Argentine-born Anglo-Irish singer, songwriter October 16 Leo Mazzone, American baseball coach Hema Malini, Indian actress, writer, director, producer, dancer and politician October 17 Robert Jordan, American novelist (d. 2007) Margot Kidder, Canadian actress (Superman) (d. 2018) Akira Kushida, Japanese singer Ng Jui Ping, Singaporean entrepreneur and former army general (d. 2020) George Wendt, American actor (Cheers) October 18 Hans Köchler, Austrian philosopher Ntozake Shange, African-American playwright and poet (d. 2018) October 19 – Patrick Simmons, American musician (The Doobie Brothers) October 21 Tom Everett, American actor Allen Vigneron, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit October 22 Lynette Fromme, American attempted assassin of Gerald Ford Debbie Macomber, American author October 23 – Sir Gerry Robinson, Irish-born British businessman October 25 Dave Cowens, American basketball player, coach Dan Gable, American wrestler, coach Dan Issel, American basketball player and coach October 26 – Toby Harrah, American baseball player October 28 – Telma Hopkins, African-American actress, singer (Tony Orlando and Dawn) October 29 – Kate Jackson, American actress (Charlie's Angels) October 30 – Garry McDonald, Australian actor, satirist, and comedian November November 1 – Anna Stuart, American actress November 3 – Lulu (b. Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie), Scottish singer, actress (To Sir, with Love) November 4 Delia Casanova, Mexican actress Amadou Toumani Touré, 3rd President of Mali (d. 2020) November 5 Charles Bradley, African-American singer (d. 2017) Bob Barr, American politician Dallas Holm, American Christian musician Zacharias Jimenez, Filipino Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2018) Khalid Ibrahim Khan, Pakistani politician (d. 2018) William Daniel Phillips, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate November 6 – Glenn Frey, American guitarist, singer (Eagles) (d. 2016) November 7 – Jim Houghton, American actor, director November 9 Viktor Matviyenko, Ukrainian footballer, coach (d. 2018) Luiz Felipe Scolari, Brazilian football player, manager Kelly Harmon, American actress and model November 10 – Vincent Schiavelli, American character actor and food writer (d. 2005) November 12 Skip Campbell, American politician (d. 2018) Hassan Rouhani, 7th President of Iran Richard Roberts, American evangelist, son of Oral Roberts November 13 Humayun Ahmed, Bengali-language writer Lockwood Smith, New Zealand politician November 14 Charles, Prince of Wales (b. Prince Charles of Edinburgh), heir apparent to the British throne and son of Elizabeth II (at this time Duchess of Edinburgh) and The Duke of Edinburgh Robert Ginty, American actor, producer, screenwriter and director (d. 2009) Dee Wallace, American actress November 15 – James Kemsley, Australian cartoonist, actor (d. 2007) November 16 Chi Coltrane, American musician (Thunder and Lightning) Ken James, Australian actor Mutt Lange, Rhodesian-born record producer Mate Parlov, Yugoslav Olympic boxer (d. 2008) November 17 Howard Dean, American politician, 79th Governor of Vermont Tom Wolf, American politician, 47th Governor of Pennsylvania November 18 – Dom Irrera, American actor and stand-up comedian November 19 – Rance Allen, African-American gospel singer, preacher November 20 Harlee McBride, American actress John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., National Security Advisor Barbara Hendricks, American singer Richard Masur, American actor, director and president of the Screen Actors Guild November 21 Alphonse Mouzon, American jazz drummer (d. 2016) Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon November 22 – Saroj Khan, Indian dance choreographer (d. 2020) November 23 Dominique-France Picard (aka Princess Fadila of Egypt), wife of King Fuad II of Egypt and the Sudan Ron Bouchard, American NASCAR driver (d. 2015) Gabriele Seyfert, East German figure skater Bonfoh Abass, Togolese politician and President of Togo (d. 2021) November 24 – Joe Howard, American actor November 25 – Antoine Sfeir, Franco-Lebanese journalist, professor (d. 2018) November 26 Elizabeth Blackburn, Australian-American biologist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Gayle McCormick, American singer (Smith) (d. 2016) Marianne Muellerleile, American actress November 28 – Agnieszka Holland, Polish film, television director and screenwriter December December 2 T. Coraghessan Boyle, American writer Rajat Gupta, Indian-American businessman Patricia Hewitt, British Labour Party politician Toninho Horta, Brazilian singer, musician Christine Westermann, German television, radio host, journalist and author December 3 Rick Cua, American singer, evangelist Ozzy Osbourne, English singer (Black Sabbath) December 6 Keke Rosberg, Finnish Formula One champion Marius Müller-Westernhagen, German actor, musician JoBeth Williams, American actress, director Yoshihide Suga, Prime Minister of Japan December 7 Gary Morris, American country singer, actor Tony Thomas, American television and film producer Mads Vinding, Danish bassist December 10 – Abu Abbas, Palestine Liberation Front founder (d. 2004) December 11 – Chester Thompson, American rock drummer December 12 – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, 20th President of Portugal December 13 Lillian Board, South African-born English Olympic athlete (d. 1970) Ted Nugent, American rock guitarist, singer, conservative political commentator (Cat Scratch Fever) David O'List, English rock guitarist December 14 Lester Bangs, American music journalist (d. 1982) Kim Beazley, Australian politician Dee Wallace, American actress December 15 Melanie Chartoff, American actress and singer (Rugrats) Charlie Scott, American basketball player December 18 – Edmund Kemper, American serial killer December 19 – Ken Brown, Canadian ice hockey player December 20 Abdulrazak Gurnah, Zanzibar-born novelist, Nobel Prize laureate Alan Parsons, English songwriter, musician and record producer December 21 Samuel L. Jackson, African-American actor, film producer Willi Resetarits, Austrian musician, cabaret artist December 22 Noel Edmonds, English TV presenter, DJ Steve Garvey, American baseball player Flip Mark, American child actor Lynne Thigpen, African-American actress (Godspell) (d. 2003) December 23 – Jim Ferguson, American guitarist, composer, educator, author and music journalist December 25 Alia Al-Hussein, born Alia Toukan, queen consort of Jordan (d. 1977) Barbara Mandrell, American country singer, musician and actress December 27 Ronnie Caldwell, American soul music, rhythm and blues musician (d. 1967) Gérard Depardieu, French actor December 28 – Mary Weiss, American singer (The Shangri-Las) December 29 – Peter Robinson, Northern Ireland First Minister December 31 Stephen Cleobury, English choral conductor (d. 2019) Joe Dallesandro, American model, actor Sandy Jardine, Scottish professional footballer, playing for Rangers and Hearts and representing Scotland (d. 2014) Donna Summer, African-American singer, actress (Love to Love You Baby) (d. 2012) Deaths January January 1 – Edna May, American actress (b. 1878) January 2 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (b. 1893) January 4 – Anna Kallina, Austrian actress (b. 1874) January 5 – Mary Dimmick Harrison, wife of President Benjamin Harrison (b. 1858) January 7 Charles C. Wilson, American actor (b. 1894) Maria de Maeztu Whitney, Spanish educator, feminist (b. 1882) January 8 Charles Magnusson, Swedish producer, screenwriter (b. 1878) Kurt Schwitters, German artist (b. 1887) Edward Stanley Kellogg, 16th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1870) January 12 – Herbert Allen Farmer, American criminal (b. 1891) January 19 – Tony Garnier, French architect (b. 1869) January 21 Eliza Moore, last person born into slavery in the United States (b. 1843) Naomasa Sakonju, Japanese admiral and war criminal (executed) (b. 1890) Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer (b. 1876) January 24 Bill Cody, American actor (b. 1891) Maria Mandl, Austrian concentration camp guard and war criminal (executed) (b. 1912) January 26 – Georg Bruchmüller, German artillery officer (b. 1863) January 28 Therese Brandl, German concentration camp guard and war criminal (executed) (b. 1902) Anna Maria Gove, American physician (b. 1867) January 29 – King Tomislav II of Croatia (b. 1900) January 30 Nigel De Brulier, British actor (b. 1877) Sir Arthur Coningham, British air force air marshal (disappeared) (b. 1895) Mahatma Gandhi, Leader of Indian independence movement, (assassinated) (b. 1869) Orville Wright, American co-inventor of the airplane (b. 1871) February February 2 Thomas W. Lamont, American banker (b. 1870) Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894) February 4 – Otto Praeger, American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (b. 1871) February 8 – Samuel P. Bush, American businessman, industrialist (b. 1863) February 9 – Karl Valentin, German actor (b. 1882) February 11 Sergei Eisenstein, Soviet film director (b. 1898) Sir Isaac Isaacs, 9th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1855) February 15 – Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Indian poet (b. 1904) February 23 – John Robert Gregg, Irish-born inventor of shorthand (b. 1866) February 25 Alfredo Baldomir, Uruguayan politician, soldier, architect, 27th President of Uruguay and World War II leader (b. 1884) Alexander du Toit, South African geologist (b. 1878) Juan Esteban Montero, Chilean political figure, 20th President of Chile (b. 1879) February 27 – Patriarch Nicodim of Romania (b. 1864) March March 4 – Antonin Artaud, French playwright, actor and director (b. 1896) March 10 Zelda Fitzgerald, American wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald (b. 1900) Jan Masaryk, Czechoslovakian Foreign Minister (b. 1886) March 23 – George Milne, 1st Baron Milne, British field marshal (b. 1866) March 24 Nikolai Berdyaev, Soviet religious leader, political philosopher (b. 1874) Paolo Thaon di Revel, former admiral of the Royal Italian Navy (b. 1859) March 31 – Egon Erwin Kisch, Austrian journalist, author (b. 1885) April April 2 Biagio Biagetti, Italian painter (b. 1877) Baba Sawan Singh, Indian saint known as "The Great Master" (b. 1858) April 5 – Angelo Joseph Rossi, American political | in Bogotá, Colombia. November 17 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi divorces his second wife, the former Princess Fawzia of Egypt. Whittaker Chambers produces secret government papers, handwritten and typewritten by Alger Hiss, during pretrial examination. November 20 – Geoffrey B. Orbell rediscovers the Takahē, last seen 50 years previously, near Lake Te Anau, New Zealand. November 24 – In Venezuela, president Rómulo Gallegos is ousted by a military junta. November 27 – The Calgary Stampeders defeat the Ottawa Rough Riders 12–7 before 20,013 fans at Toronto's Varsity Stadium, to win their first Grey Cup, and complete the only perfect season to date in Canadian Football. December December 1 – José Figueres Ferrer abolishes the army in Costa Rica, making it the first country in history to do so. December 2 – The United States House Un-American Activities Committee subpoenas and retrieves the "Pumpkin Papers" from the farm of Whittaker Chambers. December 6 – Richard Nixon displays microfilm from the "Pumpkin Papers" to the press. December 9 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Genocide Convention. December 10 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. December 11–12 – Malayan Emergency: Batang Kali massacre: Scots Guards shoot 24 Chinese villagers in Malaya. December 15 – The United States Department of Justice indicts Alger Hiss, on two counts of perjury. December 17 – The Finnish Security Police is established to remove communist leadership from its predecessor, the State Police. December 19 – In the American National Football League, the Philadelphia Eagles defeat the Chicago Cardinals 7–0, to win the championship. December 20 Indonesian National Revolution: The Dutch military captures Yogyakarta, the temporary capital of the newly formed Republic of Indonesia. American economist and former State Department official Laurence Duggan falls to his death, from the 16th story window of his Manhattan office. December 23 – Seven Japanese military and political leaders, convicted of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, are executed by Allied occupation authorities, at Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, Japan. December 26 The last Soviet troops withdraw from North Korea. Cardinal József Mindszenty is arrested in Hungary, and accused of treason and conspiracy. December 28 – A Muslim Brotherhood member assassinates Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi. December 30 – The musical Kiss Me, Kate opens for the first of 1,077 performances in New York City. December 31 – Arab-Israeli War: Israeli troops drive Egyptians from the Negev. Date unknown The Fresh Kills Landfill, the world's largest, opens on Staten Island, New York. The Slovak city Gúta is renamed Kolárovo. The Vielha Tunnel is opened, giving access to the Val d'Aran in the Spanish Pyrenees; at this time it is the longest road tunnel in the world. The Oakridge Transit Centre opens in Vancouver, British Columbia. The last recorded sighting is made of the Caspian tiger, in Kazakhstan. A pack of wolves kills about 40 children in Darovskoy District, in Russia. The last edition of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum is published in the Vatican. Charles Warrell creates the first I-Spy books in the United Kingdom. Rev. W. Awdry's third book, James the Red Engine, is published in the United Kingdom. Inspired by World War II fighter planes, Cadillac introduces the first automobile to sport tailfins. The inaugural 6 Hours of Watkins Glen sports car endurance race is held in the United States. Births January January 1 – Allan Alcorn, American engineer January 2 Judith Miller, American journalist Joyce Wadler, American writer, memoirist Deborah Watling, English actress (d. 2017) January 3 Peggy Quince, U.S. Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Florida Don Johnson Jr., American politician, Georgia Wanda Seux, Paraguayan vedette, dancer, and actress January 4 – Jack Wagner, American Democratic politician January 5 Wally Foreman, Australian media icon (d. 2006) Ted Lange, African-American actor, director (The Love Boat) January 6 Guy Gardener, American astronaut Bob Wise, Former Governor of West Virginia January 7 Kenny Loggins, American rock singer (Footloose) Ichirou Mizuki, Japanese voice actor January 10 Remu Aaltonen, Finnish musician Donald Fagen, American rock keyboardist (Steely Dan) Teresa Graves, African-American actress and comedian (Get Christie Love) (d. 2002) Mischa Maisky, Latvian cellist January 11 Hiroshi Wajima, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2018) Terry Goodkind, American writer (d. 2020) Danne Larsson, Swedish musician January 12 Kenny Allen, English footballer Anthony Andrews, English actor January 13 V. Krishnasamy, Malaysian footballer (d. 2020) Françoise David, Canadian spokesperson January 14 T Bone Burnett, American record producer, musician Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan, Yamtuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan Carl Weathers, African-American actor, football player (Rocky IV, Action Jackson) January 15 – Ronnie Van Zant, American rock musician (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (d. 1977) January 16 John Carpenter, American film director, producer, screenwriter and composer Gregor Gysi, German politician Cliff Thorburn, Canadian snooker player Tsuneo Horiuchi, Japanese baseball pitcher, manager January 17 Billy T. James, New Zealand comedian, musician and actor (d. 1991) Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland January 18 – M. C. Gainey, American actor January 19 Frank McKenna, Premier of New Brunswick, Canadian Ambassador Michael J. Jackson, English actor January 20 Nancy Kress, American science fiction writer Jerry L. Ross, American air engineer January 21 – William E. Ingram Jr., Director of the U.S. Army National Guard January 23 Katharine Holabird, American writer Mitoji Yabunaka, Japanese politician January 27 – Mikhail Baryshnikov, Russian dancer January 28 – Charles Taylor, Liberian politician, 22nd President of Liberia January 29 – Marc Singer, Canadian actor (V) January 30 Akira Yoshino, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate Paul Magee, Provisional Irish Republican Army member January 31 Paul Jabara, American actor, singer and songwriter (d. 1992) Muneo Suzuki, Japanese politician February February 1 – Rick James, African-American urban singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer (d. 2004) February 2 Ina Garten, American cooking author Roger Williamson, British race car driver (d. 1973) February 3 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, East Timorean Catholic bishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Henning Mankell, Swedish crime novelist (d. 2015) February 4 Alice Cooper, American hard rock singer and musician (School's Out) Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal February 5 Jim Dornan, Northern Irish obstetrician and gynecologist (d. 2021) Sven-Göran Eriksson, Swedish football manager Christopher Guest, American actor, screenwriter, director and composer (National Lampoon, Saturday Night Live) Barbara Hershey, American actress (Beaches) Tom Wilkinson, English actor February 7 – Jimmy Greenspoon, American keyboardist, composer (Three Dog Night) (d. 2015) February 8 – Dan Seals, American musician (d. 2009) February 9 David Hayman, Scottish film, television and stage actor, director Greg Stafford, American game designer, publisher (d. 2018) February 10 Ûssarĸak K'ujaukitsoĸ, Greenlandic Inuit politician, human rights activist (d. 2018) John Magnier, Irish businessman, thoroughbred racehorse breeder February 11 – Chris Rush, American stand-up comedian February 12 – Raymond Kurzweil, American inventor, author February 13 – Kitten Natividad, Mexican-American film actress February 14 Jackie Martling, American comedian, radio personality Wally Tax, Dutch musician (d. 2005) Raymond Teller, American illusionist and magician, one half of the duo Penn & Teller Yehuda Shoenfeld, Israeli physician, autoimmunity researcher February 15 – Larry DiTillio, American film and TV series writer (d. 2019) February 16 – Eckhart Tolle, German-Canadian spiritual author February 17 György Cserhalmi, Hungarian actor José José, Mexican singer, actor (d. 2019) February 18 – Sinéad Cusack, Irish actress February 19 Pim Fortuyn, Dutch politician, author (d. 2002) Tony Iommi, English heavy metal guitarist Elizabeth Sackler, American activist February 20 – Jennifer O'Neill, American model, actress February 21 – Christian Vander (musician), French drummer, founder of progressive rock/Zeuhl group Magma February 22 John Ashton, American actor Leslie H. Sabo Jr., American Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1970) February 24 Jayalalithaa, Indian politician, film actress (d. 2016) Walter Smith, Scottish football manager (d. 2021) February 25 – Danny Denzongpa, Indian actor February 28 Steven Chu, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate Mike Figgis, American director, screenwriter and composer Kjell Isaksson, Swedish pole vaulter Bernadette Peters, American actress, singer Mercedes Ruehl, American actress Alfred Sant, Leader of Malta Labour Party (1992–), Prime Minister of Malta (1996–1998) February 29 Khalid Salleh, Malaysian actor, poet (d. 2018) Ken Foree, American actor Henry Small, American-born Canadian singer March March 2 R. T. Crowley, American pioneer of electronic commerce Rory Gallagher, Irish musician (d. 1995) Jeff Kennett, Australian politician March 4 Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton, Australian author (A Cry in the Dark) James Ellroy, American writer Tom Grieve, American baseball player Leron Lee, American baseball player Chris Squire, English bassist (Yes) (d. 2015) Shakin' Stevens, Welsh singer Brian Cummings, American voice actor March 5 Eddy Grant, Guyanese British singer, musician ("Electric Avenue") Elaine Paige, English singer, actress March 6 – Anna Maria Horsford, African-American actress (Amen) March 8 Sinta Nuriyah, 4th First Lady of Indonesia, wife of Abdurrahman Wahid Jonathan Sacks, British Orthodox rabbi, philosopher, theologian, author and politician (d. 2020) March 9 László Lovász, Hungarian mathematician Jeffrey Osborne, African-American singer ("On the Wings of Love") March 10 – Doug Clark, American serial killer March 11 Roy Barnes, American politician, 80th Governor of Georgia Dominique Sanda, French actress March 12 – James Taylor, American singer, songwriter ("Fire and Rain") March 13 – Maurice A. de Gosson, Austrian mathematician March 14 Tom Coburn, American politician and physician (d. 2020) Billy Crystal, American actor, comedian March 15 – Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (d. 2003) March 16 – Margaret Weis, American science fiction writer March 17 – William Gibson, American/Canadian writer March 18 Jessica B. Harris, American historian and journalist Bobby Whitlock, American singer and songwriter March 20 John de Lancie, American actor Bobby Orr, Canadian hockey player Helene Vannari, Estonian actress March 22 Inri Cristo, Brazilian educator who claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated Wolf Blitzer, American television journalist (CNN) Andrew Lloyd Webber, English composer (Jesus Christ Superstar) March 25 – Bonnie Bedelia, American actress March 26 Nash the Slash (b. James Jeffrey Plewman), Canadian musician (d. 2014) Steven Tyler, American rock singer, songwriter (Aerosmith) March 28 Jayne Ann Krentz, American novelist Dianne Wiest, American actress March 29 Mike Heideman, American basketball coach (d. 2018) Bud Cort, American actor (Harold and Maude) March 30 – Eddie Jordan, Irish founder of Jordan Grand Prix March 31 Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States, 2000 Democratic nominee for president, environmentalist Rhea Perlman, American actress (Cheers) April April 1 – Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican singer, actor April 2 Bob Lienhard, American basketball player (d. 2018) Roald Als, Danish cartoonist April 3 – Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexican economist, politician and 53rd President of Mexico (1988-1994) April 4 Squire Parsons, American gospel singer, songwriter Dan Simmons, American fantasy, science fiction author Berry Oakley, American musician (d. 1972) April 5 – Neil Portnow, American President of The Recording Academy (NARAS) April 7 Arnie Robinson, American Olympic Long jump champion (d. 2020) John Oates, American rock singer, guitarist (Hall & Oates) Pietro Anastasi, Italian football player (d. 2020) April 9 – Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress and politician April 10 – Fauzi Bowo, Indonesian politician, diplomat and former governor of Jakarta April 12 Jeremy Beadle, English TV presenter (d. 2008) Don Fernando, American pornographic film actor, director Joschka Fischer, German politician Marcello Lippi, Italian football player, manager April 13 Nam Hae-il, 25th Chief of Naval Operations of the Republic of Korea Navy Mikhail Shufutinsky, Soviet, Russian singer, actor and TV presenter April 15 – Michael Kamen, American composer (d. 2003) April 16 Ammar El Sherei, Egyptian music icon, celebrity (d. 2012) Kazuyuki Sogabe, Japanese voice actor (d. 2006) April 17 Jan Hammer, Czechoslovakian composer, pianist and keyboardist Peter Jenni, Swiss experimental particle physicist April 18 – Avi Arad, Israeli-American film producer April 20 – Paul Milgrom, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate April 21 Paul Davis, American singer, songwriter (Cool Night) (d. 2008) Josef Flammer, Swiss ophthalmologist (after whom Flammer syndrome is named) April 24 – István Szívós, Hungarian water polo player (d. 2019) April 27 Amrit Kumar Bohara, Nepalese politician Frank Abagnale, American con man, imposter Si Robertson, American reality star, preacher, hunter, outdoorsman, and U.S. Army veteran April 28 Terry Pratchett, English comic fantasy, science fiction author (d. 2015) Marcia Strassman, American actress, singer (Welcome Back, Kotter) (d. 2014) April 29 – Michael Karoli, German musician (d. 2001) April 30 – Jocelyne Saab, Lebanese journalist, film director (d. 2019) May May 2 Vladimir Matorin, Russian opera singer Larry Gatlin, American singer, songwriter May 3 William H. Miller, American maritime historian Chris Mulkey, American actor May 4 Jan Kantůrek, Czech translator (d. 2018) Tanya Falan, American singer King George Tupou V of Tongo (d. 2012) May 5 Joe Esposito, American singer, songwriter Richard Pacheco, American pornographic actor Bill Ward, English rock drummer May 7 – Susan Atkins, convicted murderer and ex-follower of Charles Manson (d. 2009) May 8 Dame Felicity Lott, English soprano Stephen Stohn, Canadian television producer May 9 Steven W. Mosher, American social scientist, author Calvin Murphy, American basketball player, analyst May 10 – Meg Foster, American actress May 11 Pam Ferris, Welsh actress Shigeru Izumiya, Japanese musician May 12 Steve Winwood, English rock singer (Higher Love) Lindsay Crouse, American actress May 13 – Hawk Wolinski, American keyboardist May 14 – Bob Woolmer, Indian-born English cricket coach (d. 2007) May 15 Yutaka Enatsu, Japanese professional baseball pitcher Brian Eno, English musician, record producer May 16 – Jesper Christensen, Danish actor May 17 – Penny DeHaven, American country singer (d. 2014) May 18 Olivia Harrison, American author and film producer Mikko Heiniö, Finnish composer May 19 – Grace Jones, Jamaican singer, actress May 20 – Tesshō Genda, Japanese voice actor May 21 D'Jamin Bartlett, American musical theatre actress Elizabeth Buchan, English writer Jonathan Hyde, Australian-born English actor Carol Potter, American actress Leo Sayer, English rock musician (When I Need You) May 22 – Richard Baker (American politician), American politician May 23 – Gary McCord, American professional golfer May 25 – Klaus Meine, German singer (Scorpions) May 26 Dayle Haddon, Canadian model, actress Stevie Nicks, American rock singer, songwriter (Fleetwood Mac) May 27 – Wubbo de Boer, Dutch civil servant May 29 – Michael Berkeley, English composer May 30 – Paul L. Schechter, American astronomer and cosmologist May 31 Svetlana Alexievich, Belarusian writer of literary reportage, Nobel Prize laureate Lynda Bellingham, English actress, broadcaster and author (d. 2014) John Bonham, English rock drummer (Led Zeppelin) (d. 1980) Joseph A. Stirt, American anesthesiologist, author June June 1 Powers Boothe, American actor (Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones) (d. 2017) Tom Sneva, American race car driver, Indianapolis 500 winner June 2 – Jerry Mathers, American actor (Leave It to Beaver) June 3 – Carlos Franzetti, Argentine composer and arranger June 4 Bob Champion, English jump jockey David Haskell, American actor (d. 2000) June 5 – Alex Sink, American politician June 6 – Richard Sinclair, English musician (Caravan) June 7 – Jim C. Walton, American business person, (′′Walmart′′) June 8 Jürgen von der Lippe, German television presenter, actor and comedian Jad Azkoul, Lebanese-American classical guitarist June 9 Gudrun Schyman, Swedish politician Gary Thorne, American play-by-play announcer June 10 – Subrata Roy, Indian businessman June 11 – Dave Cash, American baseball player June 12 – Sadegh Zibakalam, Iranian academic reformist June 13 – Garnet Bailey, Canadian hockey player, scout (d. 2001) June 14 – Laurence Yep, American author June 15 – Paul Michiels, Belgian singer, songwriter June 16 – Terry Schofield, American basketball player June 17 – Dave Concepción, Venezuelan baseball player June 18 – Sherry Turkle, American science/social studies professor Eliezer Halfin, Israeli wrestler (d. 1972) June 19 Nick Drake, English musician (d. 1974) Lea Laven, Finnish singer Phylicia Rashad, African-American actress (The Cosby Show) June 20 Diana Mara Henry, American freelance photojournalist Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician (d. 2018) Ludwig Scotty, President of Nauru Tina Sinatra, American former singer, actress, film producer, and memoirist June 21 Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (d. 2011) Jovan Aćimović, Serbian football player Raffaello Martinelli, Italian prelate Philippe Sarde, French film composer Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish writer Wolfgang Seel, German football player Greg Hyder, American professional basketball player June 22 Madeleine Meilleur, Canadian politician Takashi Sasano, Japanese actor Shōhaku Okumura, Japanese Soto Zen Peter Prijdekker, Dutch swimmer Sue Roberts, American professional golfer Todd Rundgren, American rock singer, record producer (Hello It's Me) Curtis Johnson, American football cornerback Franciszek Smuda, Polish football coach Panagiotis Xanthakos, Greek sports shoote Colin Waldron, English football defender June 23 Larry Coker, American football player, coach Jim Heacock, American defensive coordinator Luther Kent, American blues singer Clarence Thomas, African-American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States June 24 Stephen Martin, Australian politician, senior academic and rugby league referee Patrick Moraz, Swiss keyboard player Janet Museveni, First Lady of Uganda Dave Orchard, South African cricketer Eigil Sørensen, Danish cyclist Jürgen Stars, German footballer Jenny Wood, Zimbabwean swimmer June 25 Kenn George, American businessman Michael Lembeck, American actor, television and film director Tom Rideout, Canadian politician June 26 David Vaughan, Welsh professional golfer John Pratt, English professional footballer Pablo Anaya Rivera, Mexican politician June 27 Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Tamil actress Michael J. Barrett, Guamanian politician Camile Baudoin, American rock guitarist June 28 Deborah Moggach, English writer Kathy Bates, American actress (Misery) Jimmy Thomson, Scottish professional footballer Brian Rowan, Scottish professional footballer June 29 Danny Adcock, Australian actor Vic Brooks, English cricketer Leo Burke, Canadian professional wrestler Fred Grandy, American actor, politician (The Love Boat) Helge Karlsen, Norwegian football player Ian Paice, English musician (Deep Purple) Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar, crossbench member of the House of Lords June 30 Alice Wong, Canadian politician Dag Fornæss, Norwegian speed skater Peter Rossborough, English rugby union international Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Australian Indigenous community leader Vladimir Yakunin, Russian official, head of state-run Russian Railways Company Raymond Leo Burke, American cardinal, prelate July July 1 Ever Hugo Almeida, Paraguayan footballer John Ford, English-born rock musician (Strawbs), writer of Part of the Union Michael McGimpsey, Northern Ireland politician July 2 Mario Villanueva, Mexican politician Saul Rubinek, German-Canadian character actor, director, producer and playwright July 3 – Tarmo Koivisto, Finnish comics artist July 4 René Arnoux, French racing driver Louis Raphaël I Sako, Head of the Chaldean Catholic Church Ed Armbrister, Bahamian Major League Baseball outfielder Nazmul Hussain, Indian first-class cricketer Jeremy Spencer, British musician July 5 Tony DeMeo, American football coach, player Dave Lemonds, American baseball player Salomon Juan Marcos Issa, Mexican politician Lojze Peterle, Slovenian politician William Hootkins, American actor (d. 2005) July 6 Nathalie Baye, French actress Jeff Webb, American professional basketball player Arnaldo Baptista, Brazilian rock musician, composer Brad Park, Canadian NHL Defenseman Sid Smith, American football offensive lineman Eiko Segawa, Japanese female enka singer, actress Jan van der Veen, Dutch professional association football player July 7 Jerry Sherk, American football defensive tackle Jean LeClerc, Québécois actor Jean-Marie Colombani, French journalist Tan Lee Meng, Singaporean jurist Stuart Varney, British-American economic consultant Luis Estrada, Mexican football league forward, Olympic athlete July 8 – Raffi, Egyptian-born children's entertainer July 10 Theo Bücker, German football manager, player Mick Coop, English professional football right back Rich Hand, American professional baseball player July 12 Richard Simmons, American television personality, fitness expert Jay Thomas, American actor (d. 2017) July 13 Alf Hansen, Norwegian rower Daphne Maxwell Reid, African-American actress Don Sweet, Canadian star football kicker Robert A. Underwood, Guamanian politician, educator July 14 – Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, Zulu king (d. 2021) July 15 Enriqueta Basilio, Mexican track and field athlete (d.2019) Richard Franklin, Australian film director (d. 2007) Twinkle, English singer, songwriter (d. 2015) July 16 Rubén Blades, Panamanian singer, actor and musician Rita Barberá, Spanish politician, Mayor of Valencia (d. 2016) Lars Lagerbäck, Swedish football manager, player Jeff Van Wagenen, American professional golfer Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist July 17 Doug Berry, American Canadian football coach Alan Sieler, Australian cricketer July 18 – Hartmut Michel, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate July 20 Muse Watson, American actor Maroun Elias Nimeh Lahham, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis July 21 Beppe Grillo, Italian activist, blogger, comedian and actor Ed Hinton, American sportswriter Cat Stevens (b. Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam), British singer, musician Garry Trudeau, American cartoonist (Doonesbury) Teruzane Utada, Japanese music executive producer, attendant Mikhail Zadornov, Russian stand-up comedian, writer Snooty, male Florida manatee (d. 2017) July 22 Susan Eloise Hinton, American author Otto Waalkes, German comedian, actor July 23 – John Cushnahan, Northern Irish politician July 25 Steve Goodman, American Grammy Award-winning folk music singer, songwriter (d. 1984) Tony Cline, American football player (d. 2018) July 27 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater July 28 Gerald Casale, American director, singer (Devo)\ Georgia Engel, American actress (d. 2019) Sally Struthers, American actress, spokeswoman (All in the Family) July 30 Jean Reno, French actor Julia Tsenova, Bulgarian composer, musician (d. 2010) July 31 – Jonathan Dollimore, English academic sociologist, cultural theorist August August 2 Dennis Prager, American radio talk show host, author Bob Rae, Canadian politician August 3 – Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France August 4 – Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate August 7 – James P. Allison, American immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine August 12 – Mizengo Pinda, 9th Prime Minister of Tanzania August 13 – Kathleen Battle, African-American soprano August 14 – Joseph Marcell, English actor August 15 Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, Iranian cleric, politician (d. 2018) George Ryton, Singapore-born English Formula One engineer August 18 – Sean Scanlan, Scottish actor (d. 2017) August 19 – Loredana Lopez, Spanish singer (d. 1996) Robert Hughes, Australian actor Tipper Gore, Second Lady of the United States Deana Martin, American singer and actress August 20 John Noble, Australian actor Robert Plant, English singer (Led Zeppelin) Barbara Allen Rainey (b. Barbara Ann Allen), American aviator, first female pilot in the U.S. armed forces (d. 1982) August 21 Sharon M. Draper, American children's book author (Out of My Mind (Draper novel)) Peter Starkie, Australian rock guitarist (Skyhooks, Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons) August 22 – David Marks, American guitarist (The Beach Boys) August 23 – Lev Zeleny, Soviet, Russian physicist August 24 Jean-Michel Jarre, French electronic musician Sauli Niinistö, Finnish politician, 12th President of Finland Kim Sung-il, Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Air Force Vicente Sotto III, Filipino actor, host and politician August 25 – Tony Ramos, Brazilian actor August 27 – Sgt. Slaughter, American professional wrestler August 30 Lewis Black, American comedian Fred Hampton, African-American activist (d. 1969) Victor Skumin, Russian scientist, professor August 31 Cyril Jordan, American musician Holger Osieck, German football manager September September 1 – James Rebhorn, American actor (d. 2014) September 2 Nate Archibald, American basketball player Terry Bradshaw, American football player, sportscaster Christa McAuliffe, American teacher and astronaut (d. in Space Shuttle Challenger disaster 1986) September 3 Don Brewer, American drummer (Grand Funk Railroad) Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian president (d. 2008) September 4 Michael Berryman, American actor Samuel Hui, Hong Kong singer September 5 – Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian diplomat, politician September 7 – Susan Blakely, American actress September 8 – The Great Kabuki, Japanese professional wrestler September 10 Judy Geeson, English actress Bob Lanier, American basketball player Margaret Trudeau (b. Margaret Sinclair), wife and mother of Prime Ministers of Canada Charlie Waters, American football player September 11 – John Martyn (b. Iain McGeachy), British folk-rock guitarist (d. 2009) September 13 Nell Carter, African-American singer, actress (Gimme a Break!) (d. 2003) Sitiveni Rabuka, 3rd Prime Minister of Fiji Kathleen Lloyd, American actress September 16 – Ron Blair, American rock bassist (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers) September 17 Aidan Nichols, English Dominican priest and academic John Ritter, American actor (Three's Company) (d. 2003) September 19 Jeremy Irons, English actor Nadiya Tkachenko, Soviet pentathlete September 20 Rey Langit, Filipino journalist, radio host George R. R. Martin, American speculative fiction author September 22 Denis Burke, Australian politician Jim Byrnes, American voice actor, blues musician and actor Mark Phillips, British army captain, equestrian and first husband of Anne, Princess Royal September 23 – José Lavat, Mexican voice actor (d. 2018) September 24 – Phil Hartman, Canadian actor, comedian (Saturday Night Live) (d. 1998) September 25 Cäcilia Rentmeister, German art historian, gender researcher Vladimir Yevtushenkov, Russian oligarch September 26 Maurizio Gucci, Italian businessman, murder victim (d. 1995) Olivia Newton-John, English-born Australian singer, actress Vladimír Remek, Czech politician and cosmonaut September 27 Michele Dotrice, English actress A Martinez, American actor, singer September 29 Mark Farner, American rock guitarist, singer (Grand Funk Railroad) Bryant Gumbel, African-American television broadcaster (The Today Show) Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinetist Burton Richardson, American game show announcer October October 1 Mark Landon, American actor (d. 2009) Sir Peter Blake, New Zealand yachtsman (k. 2001) October 2 Avery Brooks, American actor, musician Persis Khambatta, Indian actress, model (Star Trek: The Motion Picture) (d. 1998) Chris LeDoux, American singer, rodeo star (d. 2005) Donna Karan, American fashion designer October 4 Meg Bennett, American soap opera writer Iain Hewitson, New Zealand-Australian chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality October 6 Wendell Ladner, American basketball player (d. 1975) Gerry Adams, Northern Irish politician October 7 – Diane Ackerman, American poet, essayist October 8 Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (Ramones) (d. 2004) Baldwin Spencer, 3rd Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda October 9 Jackson Browne, American rock musician (Running on Empty) Ciarán Carson, Northern Irish poet, novelist Oliver Hart, English-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate October 11 Margie Alexander, American gospel, soul singer (d. 2013) Cynthia Clawson, American gospel singer October 12 – Rick Parfitt, English musician (Status Quo) (d. 2016) October 13 John Ford Coley, American rock musician (I'd Really Love to See You Tonight) Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Pakistani musician (d. 1997) Ted Poe, American politician October 14 Engin Arık, Turkish nuclear physicist (d. 2007) David Ruprecht, American actor, writer (Supermarket Sweep) John Otto, American politician (d. 2020) October 15 Renato Corona, Filipino jurist, lawyer (d. 2016) Chris de Burgh, born Christopher Davison, Argentine-born Anglo-Irish singer, songwriter October 16 Leo Mazzone, American baseball coach Hema Malini, Indian actress, writer, director, producer, dancer and politician October 17 Robert Jordan, American novelist (d. 2007) Margot Kidder, Canadian actress (Superman) (d. 2018) Akira Kushida, Japanese singer Ng Jui Ping, Singaporean entrepreneur and former army general (d. 2020) George Wendt, American actor (Cheers) October 18 Hans Köchler, Austrian philosopher Ntozake Shange, African-American playwright and poet (d. 2018) October 19 – Patrick Simmons, American musician (The Doobie Brothers) October 21 Tom Everett, American actor Allen Vigneron, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit October 22 Lynette Fromme, American attempted assassin of Gerald Ford Debbie Macomber, American author October 23 – Sir Gerry Robinson, Irish-born British businessman October 25 Dave Cowens, American basketball player, coach Dan Gable, American wrestler, coach Dan Issel, American basketball player and coach October 26 – Toby Harrah, American baseball player October 28 – Telma Hopkins, African-American actress, singer (Tony Orlando and Dawn) October 29 – Kate Jackson, American actress (Charlie's Angels) October 30 – Garry McDonald, Australian actor, satirist, and comedian November November 1 – Anna Stuart, American actress November 3 – Lulu (b. Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie), Scottish singer, actress (To Sir, with Love) November 4 Delia Casanova, Mexican actress Amadou Toumani Touré, 3rd President of Mali (d. 2020) November 5 Charles Bradley, African-American singer (d. 2017) Bob Barr, American politician Dallas Holm, American Christian musician Zacharias Jimenez, Filipino Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2018) Khalid Ibrahim Khan, Pakistani politician (d. 2018) William Daniel Phillips, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate November 6 – Glenn Frey, American guitarist, singer (Eagles) (d. 2016) November 7 – Jim Houghton, American actor, director November 9 Viktor Matviyenko, Ukrainian footballer, coach (d. 2018) Luiz Felipe Scolari, Brazilian football player, manager Kelly Harmon, American actress and model November 10 – Vincent Schiavelli, American character actor and food writer (d. 2005) November 12 Skip Campbell, American politician (d. 2018) Hassan Rouhani, 7th President of Iran Richard Roberts, American evangelist, son of Oral Roberts November 13 Humayun Ahmed, Bengali-language writer Lockwood Smith, New Zealand politician November 14 Charles, Prince of Wales (b. Prince Charles of Edinburgh), heir apparent to the British throne and son of Elizabeth II (at this time Duchess of Edinburgh) and The Duke of Edinburgh Robert Ginty, American actor, producer, screenwriter and director (d. 2009) Dee Wallace, American actress November 15 – James Kemsley, Australian cartoonist, actor (d. 2007) November 16 Chi Coltrane, American musician (Thunder and Lightning) Ken James, Australian actor Mutt Lange, Rhodesian-born record producer Mate Parlov, Yugoslav Olympic boxer (d. 2008) November 17 Howard Dean, American politician, 79th Governor of Vermont Tom Wolf, American politician, 47th Governor of Pennsylvania November 18 – Dom Irrera, American actor and stand-up comedian November 19 – Rance Allen, African-American gospel singer, preacher November 20 Harlee McBride, American actress John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., National Security Advisor Barbara Hendricks, American singer Richard Masur, American actor, director and president of the Screen Actors Guild November 21 Alphonse Mouzon, American jazz drummer (d. 2016) Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon November 22 – Saroj Khan, Indian dance choreographer (d. 2020) November 23 Dominique-France Picard (aka Princess Fadila of Egypt), wife of King Fuad II of Egypt and the Sudan Ron Bouchard, American NASCAR driver (d. 2015) Gabriele Seyfert, East German figure skater Bonfoh Abass, Togolese politician and President of Togo (d. 2021) November 24 – Joe Howard, American actor November 25 – Antoine Sfeir, Franco-Lebanese journalist, professor (d. 2018) November 26 Elizabeth Blackburn, Australian-American biologist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Gayle McCormick, American singer (Smith) (d. 2016) Marianne Muellerleile, American actress November 28 – Agnieszka Holland, Polish film, television director and screenwriter December December 2 T. Coraghessan Boyle, American writer Rajat Gupta, Indian-American businessman Patricia Hewitt, British Labour Party politician Toninho Horta, Brazilian singer, musician Christine Westermann, German television, radio host, journalist and author December 3 Rick Cua, American singer, evangelist Ozzy Osbourne, English singer (Black Sabbath) December 6 Keke Rosberg, Finnish Formula One champion Marius Müller-Westernhagen, German actor, musician JoBeth Williams, American actress, director Yoshihide Suga, Prime Minister of Japan December 7 Gary Morris, American country singer, actor Tony Thomas, American television and film producer Mads Vinding, Danish bassist December 10 – Abu Abbas, Palestine Liberation Front founder (d. 2004) December 11 – Chester Thompson, American rock drummer December 12 – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, 20th President of Portugal December 13 Lillian Board, South African-born English Olympic athlete (d. 1970) Ted Nugent, American rock guitarist, singer, conservative political commentator (Cat Scratch Fever) David O'List, English rock guitarist December 14 Lester Bangs, American music journalist (d. 1982) Kim Beazley, Australian politician Dee Wallace, American actress December 15 Melanie Chartoff, American actress and singer (Rugrats) Charlie Scott, American basketball player December 18 – Edmund Kemper, American serial killer December 19 – Ken Brown, Canadian ice hockey player December 20 Abdulrazak Gurnah, Zanzibar-born novelist, Nobel Prize laureate Alan Parsons, English songwriter, musician and record producer December 21 Samuel L. Jackson, African-American actor, film producer Willi Resetarits, Austrian musician, cabaret artist December 22 Noel Edmonds, English TV presenter, DJ Steve Garvey, American baseball player Flip Mark, American child actor Lynne Thigpen, African-American actress (Godspell) (d. 2003) December 23 – Jim Ferguson, American guitarist, composer, educator, author and music journalist December 25 Alia Al-Hussein, born Alia Toukan, queen consort of Jordan (d. 1977) Barbara Mandrell, American country singer, musician and actress December 27 Ronnie Caldwell, American soul music, rhythm and blues musician (d. 1967) Gérard Depardieu, French actor December 28 – Mary Weiss, American singer (The Shangri-Las) December 29 – Peter Robinson, Northern Ireland First Minister December 31 Stephen Cleobury, English choral conductor (d. 2019) Joe Dallesandro, American model, actor Sandy Jardine, Scottish professional footballer, playing for Rangers and |
Bourbon Restoration phase which had started in the 1870s. A Second Spanish Republic emerges. In the Soviet Union, agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization take place. Millions died during the Holodomor. More than 25 million people migrate to cities in the Soviet Union. Anglo-German Naval Agreement is signed in 1935, removing the Treaty of Versailles' level of limitation on the size of the Kriegsmarine (navy). The agreement allows Germany to build a larger naval force. Éamon de Valera introduces a new constitution for the Irish Free State in 1937, effectively ending its status as a British Dominion. The "Great Purge" of "Old Bolsheviks" from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union takes place from 1936 to 1938, as ordered by Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin, resulting in hundreds of thousands of people being killed. This purge was due to mistrust and political differences, as well as the massive drop in Grain produce. This was due to the method of collectivization in Russia. The Soviet Union produced 16 million lbs of grain less in 1934 compared to 1930. This led to the starvation of millions of Russians. The 1937 World's Fair in Paris, France displays the growing political tensions in Europe. The pavilions of the rival countries of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union face each other. Germany at the time was internationally condemned for Luftwaffe (its air force) having performed a bombing of the Basque town of Guernica in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Spanish artist Pablo Picasso depicted the bombing in his masterpiece painting Guernica at the World Fair, which was a surrealist depiction of the horror of the bombing. Referendum in the Irish Free State in December 1937 on whether Ireland should continue to be a constitutional monarchy under King George VI or to become a republic results in citizens voting in favour of a republic, ending the remains of British sovereignty through monarchial authority over the state. Africa Hertzog of South Africa, whose National Party had won the 1929 election alone after splitting with the Labour Party, received much of the blame for the devastating economic impact of the Depression. America Canada and other countries under the British Empire sign the Statute of Westminster in 1931, establishing effective parliamentary independence of Canada from the parliament of the United Kingdom. United States Marine Corps general Smedley Butler confesses to the U.S. Congress in 1934 that a group of industrialists contacted him, requesting his aid to overthrow the U.S. government of Roosevelt and establish what he claimed would be a fascist regime in the United States. 1939 New York World's Fair, the USA displays the pavilions showing art, culture, and technology from the whole world. Newfoundland voluntarily returns to British colonial rule in 1934 amid its economic crisis during the Great Depression with the creation of the Commission of Government, a non-elected body. Canadian Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King meets with German Führer Adolf Hitler in 1937 in Berlin. King is the only North American head of government to meet with Hitler. Amelia Earhart receives major attention in the 1930s as the first woman pilot to conduct major air flights. Her disappearance for unknown reasons in 1937 while on flight prompted search efforts that failed. Southern Great Plains devastated by decades-long Dust Bowl In 1932, the Polish Cipher Bureau broke the German Enigma cipher and overcame the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving Enigma machine with plugboard, the main German cipher device during World War II. Board of Temperance Strategy established in the U.S. to fight repeal of prohibition Getúlio Vargas became the President of Brazil after the 1930 coup d'état. Asia Major international media attention follows Mohandas Gandhi's peaceful resistance movement against the British colonial rule in India. Chinese Communist Party leader Mao Zedong forms the small enclave state called the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact is signed by Mohandas Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on March 5, 1931. Gandhi agrees to end the campaign of civil disobedience being carried out by the Indian National Congress (INC) in exchange for Irwin accepting the INC to participate in roundtable talks on British colonial policy in India. The Government of India Act of 1935 is enacted by the Governor-General of India, separating British Burma to become a separate British possession and also increasing the political autonomy of the remaining presidencies and provinces of British India. Mao Zedong's Chinese communists begin a large retreat from advancing nationalist forces, called the Long March, beginning in October 1934 and ending in October 1936 and resulting in the collapse of the Chinese Soviet Republic. Colonial India's Muslim League leader Muhammed Ali Jinnah delivers his "Day of Deliverance" speech on December 2, 1939, calling upon Muslims to begin to engage in civil disobedience against the British colonial government starting on December 12. Jinnah demands redress and resolution to tensions and violence occurring between Muslims and Hindus in India. Jinnah's actions are not supported by the largely Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress whom he had previously closely allied with. The decision is seen as part of an agenda by Jinnah to support the eventual creation of an independent Muslim state called Pakistan from British Empire. Australia Australia and New Zealand sign the Statute of Westminster in 1931 which established legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the British Empire and the United Kingdom, with a few residual exceptions. The Parliament of Australia and Parliament of New Zealand gain full legislative authority over their territories, no longer sharing powers with the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Disasters The China floods of 1931 are among the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. The 1935 Labor Day Hurricane makes landfall in the Florida Keys as a Category 5 hurricane and the most intense hurricane to ever make landfall in the Atlantic basin. It caused an estimated $6 million (1935 USD) in damages and killed around 408 people. The hurricane's strong winds and storm surge destroyed nearly all of the structures between Tavernier and Marathon, and the town of Islamorada was obliterated. The German dirigible airship Hindenburg explodes in the sky above Lakehurst, New Jersey, United States on May 6, 1937, killing 36 people. The event leads to an investigation of the explosion and the disaster causes major public distrust of the use of hydrogen-inflated airships and seriously damages the reputation of the Zeppelin company. The New London School in New London, Texas, is destroyed by an explosion, killing in excess of 300 students and teachers (1937). The New England Hurricane of 1938, which became a Category 5 hurricane before making landfall as a Category 3. The hurricane was estimated to have caused property losses of US$306 million ($4.72 billion in 2010), killed between 682 and 800 people, and damaged or destroyed over 57,000 homes, including the home of famed actress Katharine Hepburn, who had been staying in her family's Old Saybrook, Connecticut, beach home when the hurricane struck. The Dust Bowl, or "Dirty Thirties", a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940). Caused by extreme drought coupled with strong winds and decades of extensive farming without crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops, or other techniques to prevent erosion, it affected an estimated of land (traveling as far east as New York and the Atlantic Ocean), caused mass migration (which was the inspiration for the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck), food shortages, multiple deaths and illness from sand inhalation (see History in Motion), and a severe reduction in the going wage rate. The 1938 Yellow River flood pours out from Huayuankou, China, inundating of land and killing an estimated 500,000 people. Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: A plan to kill the English film star Charlie Chaplin, who had arrived in Japan on May 14, 1932, at a reception for him, was planned by activists eager to ingest a nativist Yamato spirit into politics. Chaplin's murder would facilitate war with the U.S., and anxiety in Japan, and lead on to "restoration" in the name of the emperor. However, excepting the death of the prime minister, the coup came to nothing, and the murderers gave themselves in to the police willingly. French president Paul Doumer is assassinated in 1932 by Paul Gorguloff, a mentally unstable Russian émigré. U.S. presidential candidate and former Governor of Louisiana Huey Long is asssinated in 1935 by Carl Weiss. Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria and leading figure of Austrofascism, is assassinated in 1934 by Austrian Nazis. Germany and Italy nearly clash over the issue of Austrian independence despite close ideological similarities of the Italian Fascist and Nazi regimes. Alexander I of Yugoslavia is assassinated in 1934 during a visit to Marseille, France. His assassin was Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. The IMRO was a political organization that fought for secession of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia. Economics The Great Depression is considered to have begun with the fall of stock prices on September 4, 1929, and then the stock market crash known as Black Tuesday on October 29, 1929, and lasted through much of the 1930s. The entire decade is marked by widespread unemployment and poverty, although deflation (i.e. falling prices) was limited to 1930–32 and 1938–39. Prices fell 7.02% in 1930, 10.06% in 1931, 9.79% in 1932, 1.41% in 1938 and 0.71% in 1939. Economic interventionist policies increase in popularity as a result of the Great Depression in both authoritarian and democratic countries. In the Western world, Keynesianism replaces classical economic theory. In an effort to reduce unemployment, the United States government created work projects such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 to maintain National Parks and build roads. Other major U.S. government work projects included Hoover Dam which was constructed between 1931 and 1936. Rapid industrialization takes place in the Soviet Union. Prohibition in the United States ended in 1933. On December 5, 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Drought conditions in Oklahoma and Texas caused the Dust Bowl which forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms and seek employment elsewhere. Science and technology Technology Many technological advances occurred in the 1930s, including: On March 8, 1930, the first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye were sold in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. Nestlé releases the first white chocolate candy as the Milkybar.; Ub Iwerks produced the first Color Sound Cartoon in 1930, a Flip the Frog cartoon entitled: "Fiddlesticks"; In 1930, Warner Brothers released the first All-Talking All-Color wide-screen movie, Song of the Flame; in 1930 alone, Warner Brothers released ten All-Color All-Talking feature movies in Technicolor and scores of shorts and features with color sequences; Air mail service across the Atlantic Ocean began; Radar was invented, known as RDF (Radio Direction Finding), such as in British Patent GB593017 by Robert Watson-Watt in 1938; In 1933, the 3M company marketed Scotch Tape; In 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first long-playing phonograph record. In 1935, the British London and North Eastern Railway introduced the A4 Pacific, designed by Nigel Gresley. Just three years later, one of these, No. 4468 Mallard, would become the fastest steam locomotive in the world. In 1935, Kodachrome is invented, being the first color film made by Eastman Kodak. In 1936, The first regular high-definition (then defined as at least 200 lines) television service from the BBC, based at Alexandra Palace in London, officially begins broadcasting. Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman in 1939. The Volkswagen Beetle, one of the best selling automobiles ever produced, had its roots in Nazi Germany in the late 1930s. Created by Ferdinand Porsche and his chief designer Erwin Komenda. The car would prove to be successful, and is still in production today as the New Beetle. In 1935, Howard Hughes, flying the H-1, set the landplane airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h). In 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer fitted with longer wings, the ambitious Hughes sets a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes, and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His average ground speed during the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h). First intercontinental commercial airline flights. The chocolate chip cookie is developed in 1938 by Ruth Graves Wakefield. The Frying Pan becomes the first electric lap steel guitar ever produced. Edwin Armstrong invents wide-band frequency modulation radio in 1933. The bass guitar is invented by Paul Tutmarc of Seattle, Washington, in 1936. Science Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto in 1930, which goes on to be announced as the ninth planet in the Solar System. Popular culture Literature and art Height of the Art Deco movement in North America and Western Europe. Notable poetry include W. H. Auden's Poems. Notable literature includes F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night (1934), T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone (1938), J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit (1937), Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932), John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath (1939) and Of Mice and Men (1937), Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not (1937), John Dos Passos's U.S.A trilogy, William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying (1930) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936), John O'Hara's Appointment in Samarra (1934) and Butterfield 8 (1935), Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind, which was later famously adapted into a film in 1939. Notable "hardboiled" crime fiction includes Raymond Chandler's The Big Sleep, Dashiell Hammett's The Maltese Falcon, James M. Cain's The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934). Notable plays include Thornton Wilder's Our Town (1938). Near the end of the decade, two of the world's most iconic superheroes and recognizable fictional characters were introduced in comic books; Superman first appeared in 1938, and Batman in 1939. The pulp fiction magazines begin to feature distinctive, gritty adventure heroes that combine elements of hard-boiled detective fiction and the fantastic adventures of earlier pulp novels. Two particularly noteworthy characters introduced during this time are Doc Savage and The Shadow, who would later influence the creation of characters such as Superman and Batman. Popular comic strips which began in the 1930s include Captain Easy by Roy Crane, Alley Oop by V. T. Hamlin, Prince Valiant by Hal Foster, and Flash Gordon by Alex Raymond. David Alfaro Siqueiros paints the controversial mural América Tropical (full name: América Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos, or Tropical America: Oppressed and Destroyed by Imperialism) (1932) at Olvera Street in Los Angeles, California. Film Charlie Chaplin's groundbreaking classic, "City Lights", was released in 1931. Charlie Chaplin's last film featuring his signature character, "The Tramp", was subsequently released in 1936. Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released in 1937. The Little Princess was released in 1939. The Wizard of Oz was released in 1939. In the art of filmmaking, the Golden Age of Hollywood enters a new era after the advent of talking pictures ("talkies") in 1927 and full-color films in 1930: more than 50 classic films were made in the 1930s; most notable were Gone With The Wind and The Wizard of Oz. The new soundtrack and photographic technologies prompted many films to be made or re-made, such as the 1934 version of Cleopatra, using lush art deco sets, which won an Academy Award (see films 1930–1939 in Academy Award for Best Cinematography). Universal Pictures begins producing its distinctive series of horror films, which came to be known as the Universal Monsters, featuring what would become iconic representations of literary and mythological monsters. The horror films (or monster movies) included many cult classics, such as Dracula, Frankenstein, The Mummy, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, King Kong, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, and other films about wax museums, vampires, and zombies, leading to the 1941 film The Wolf Man. These films led to the stardom of stars such as Bela Lugosi, Lon Chaney Jr, and Boris Karloff. Recurring series and serials included The Three Stooges, Laurel and Hardy, the Marx Brothers, Tarzan, Charlie Chan and Our Gang. In 1930, Howard Hughes produces Hell's Angels, the first movie blockbuster to be produced outside of a professional studio, independently, and at the time the most expensive movie ever made, costing roughly 4 million dollars and taking four years to make. Radio Radio becomes dominant mass media in industrial nations, serving as a way for citizens to listen to music and get news- providing rapid | these attacks leading to the outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939, despite calls from the League of Nations for worldwide peace. World War II helped end the Great Depression when governments spent money for the war effort. The 1930s also saw many important developments in science and a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of intercontinental aviation, radio, and film. Politics and wars Wars Colombia–Peru War (September 1, 1932 – May 24, 1933) – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru Chaco War (June 15, 1932 – June 10, 1935) – fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco, resulting in a Paraguayan victory in 1935; an agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, formally ending the conflict Saudi–Yemeni War (March 1934 – May 12, 1934) – fought between Saudi Arabia and the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Second Italo-Ethiopian War (October 3, 1935 – February 19, 1937) Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945) – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. It was the largest Asian war of the 20th century, and made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific theater of World War II. World War II (September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945) – global war centered in Europe and the Pacific but involving the majority of the world's countries, including all of the major powers such as Germany, Russia, America, Italy, Japan, Europe and Canada. Internal conflicts Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) – The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fought a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, forcing a mass retreat known as the Long March. The Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese invasion of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Even with some clashes they all fought the Japanese. Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 – April 1, 1939) – Germany and Italy backed the anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco. The Soviet Union and international communist parties (see Abraham Lincoln Brigade) backed the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ended in April 1939 with Franco's nationalist forces defeating the republican forces. Franco became Head of State of Spain and President of Government, and the Republic of Spain gave way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship. Castellammarese War (1929 – September 10, 1931) – Italian-American criminal organizations engaged in a gang war for control of the American Mafia on the East Coast of the United States. Major political changes Germany – Rise of Nazism The NSDAP (Nazi Party) under Adolf Hitler wins the German federal election, March 1933. Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. Following the 1934 death in office of Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany, Hitler's cabinet passes a law proclaiming the presidency vacant and transferring the role and powers of the head of state to Hitler, hereafter known as Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). The Weimar Republic effectively gives way to Nazi Germany, a Totalitarian autocratic national socialist dictatorship committed to repudiating the Treaty of Versailles, persecuting and removing Jews and other minorities from German society, expanding Germany's territory, and opposing the spread of communism. Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new Reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1937–1940), attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland (the German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia) and later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents "Peace for our time". He is ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, following the German invasion of Norway. The assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a German-born Polish Jew triggers the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") which occurred between 9 and 10 November 1938, carried out by the Hitler Youth, the Gestapo, and the SS, during which much of the Jewish population living in Nazi Germany and Austria was attacked – 91 Jews were murdered, and between 25,000 and 30,000 more were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the wholesale confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas. Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and re-militarizes the Rhineland. Italy initially opposes Germany's aims for Austria, but in 1936 the two countries resolve their differences in the aftermath of Italy's diplomatic isolation following the start of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, and Germany becomes Italy's only remaining ally. Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the Anschluss; the annexation of the Sudetenland follows negotiations which result in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate. The vacant Albanian throne is claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Germany receives the Memel territory from Lithuania, occupies what remains of Czechoslovakia, and finally invades the Second Polish Republic, the last of these events resulting in the outbreak of World War II. In 1939, several countries of the Americas, including Canada, Cuba, and the United States, controversially deny asylum to hundreds of German Jewish refugees on board the MS St. Louis who are fleeing the Nazi regime's racist agenda of anti-Semitic persecution in Germany. In the end, no country accepts the refugees, and the ship returns to Germany with most of its passengers on board. Some commit suicide, rather than return to Nazi Germany. United States – Combating the Depression Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the United States in November 1932. Roosevelt initiates a widespread social welfare strategy called the "New Deal" to combat the economic and social devastation of the Great Depression. The economic agenda of the "New Deal" was a radical departure from previous laissez-faire economics. Saudi Arabia – Founding The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concluding the country's unification under the rule of Ibn Saud. Spain – Turmoil and Civil War The Republican parties win the local elections, and proclaim the Second Republic, kicking out the monarchy of Alfonso XIII of Borbón. The Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Republic marks the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Colonization The Ethiopian Empire is invaded by the Kingdom of Italy during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War from 1935 to 1936. The occupied territory merges with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into the colony of Italian East Africa. The Empire of Japan captures Manchuria in 1931, creating the puppet state of Manchukuo. A puppet government was created, with Puyi, the last Qing dynasty Emperor of China, installed as the nominal regent and emperor. Decolonization and independence In March 1930 Mohandas Gandhi leads the non-violent Satyagraha movement in the Declaration of the Independence of India and the Salt March. The Government of India Act 1935 creates new directly elected bodies, although with a limited franchise, and increases the autonomy of the Presidencies and provinces of British India. Other prominent political events The Great Depression seriously affects the economic, political, and social aspects of society across the world. The League of Nations collapses as countries like Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan abdicate the League. Europe In 1930, Miguel Primo de Rivera, Prime Minister of Spain and head of a military dictatorship is forced to resign in response to a financial crisis (part of the Great Depression). Alfonso XIII of Spain, who had previously backed the dictatorship, attempts to return gradually to the previous system and restore his prestige. This failed utterly, as the King was considered a supporter of the dictatorship, and more and more political forces called for the establishment of a republic. In 1931, republican and socialist parties won a major victory in the local elections, while the monarchists were in decline. Street riots ensued, calling for the removal of the monarchy. The Spanish Army declared that they would not defend the King. Alfonso flees the country, effectively abdicating and ending the Bourbon Restoration phase which had started in the 1870s. A Second Spanish Republic emerges. In the Soviet Union, agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization take place. Millions died during the Holodomor. More than 25 million people migrate to cities in the Soviet Union. Anglo-German Naval Agreement is signed in 1935, removing the Treaty of Versailles' level of limitation on the size of the Kriegsmarine (navy). The agreement allows Germany to build a larger naval force. Éamon de Valera introduces a new constitution for the Irish Free State in 1937, effectively ending its status as a British Dominion. The "Great Purge" of "Old Bolsheviks" from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union takes place from 1936 to 1938, as ordered by Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin, resulting in hundreds of thousands of people being killed. This purge was due to mistrust and political differences, as well as the massive drop in Grain produce. This was due to the method of collectivization in Russia. The Soviet Union produced 16 million lbs of grain less in 1934 compared to 1930. This led to the starvation of millions of Russians. The 1937 World's Fair in Paris, France displays the growing political tensions in Europe. The pavilions of the rival countries of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union face each other. Germany at the time was internationally condemned for Luftwaffe (its air force) having performed a bombing of the Basque town of Guernica in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Spanish artist Pablo Picasso depicted the bombing in his masterpiece painting Guernica at the World Fair, which was a surrealist depiction of the horror of the bombing. Referendum in the Irish Free State in December 1937 on whether Ireland should continue to be a constitutional monarchy under King George VI or to become a republic results in citizens voting in favour of a republic, ending the remains of British sovereignty through monarchial authority over the state. Africa Hertzog of South Africa, whose National Party had won the 1929 election alone after splitting with the Labour Party, received much of the blame for the devastating economic impact of the Depression. America Canada and other countries under the British Empire sign the Statute of Westminster in 1931, establishing effective parliamentary independence of Canada from the parliament of the United Kingdom. United States Marine Corps general Smedley Butler confesses to the U.S. Congress in 1934 that a group of industrialists contacted him, requesting his aid to overthrow the U.S. government of Roosevelt and establish what he claimed would be a fascist regime in the United States. 1939 New York World's Fair, the USA displays the pavilions showing art, culture, and technology from the whole world. Newfoundland voluntarily returns to British colonial rule in 1934 amid its economic crisis during the Great Depression with the creation of the Commission of Government, a non-elected body. Canadian Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King meets with German Führer Adolf Hitler in 1937 in Berlin. King is the only North American head of government to meet with Hitler. Amelia Earhart receives major attention in the 1930s as the first woman pilot to conduct major air flights. Her disappearance for unknown reasons in 1937 while on flight prompted search efforts that failed. Southern Great Plains devastated by decades-long Dust Bowl In 1932, the Polish Cipher Bureau broke the German Enigma cipher and overcame the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving Enigma machine with plugboard, the main German cipher device during World War II. Board of Temperance Strategy established in the U.S. to fight repeal of prohibition Getúlio Vargas became the President of Brazil after the 1930 coup d'état. Asia Major international media attention follows Mohandas Gandhi's peaceful resistance movement against the British colonial rule in India. Chinese Communist Party leader Mao Zedong forms the small enclave state called the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact is signed by Mohandas Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on March 5, 1931. Gandhi agrees to end the campaign of civil disobedience being carried out by the Indian National Congress (INC) in exchange for Irwin accepting the INC to participate in roundtable talks on British colonial policy in India. The Government of India Act of 1935 is enacted by the Governor-General of India, separating British Burma to become a separate British possession and also increasing the political autonomy of the remaining presidencies and provinces of British India. Mao Zedong's Chinese communists begin a large retreat from advancing nationalist forces, called the Long March, beginning in October 1934 and ending in October 1936 and resulting in the collapse of the Chinese Soviet Republic. Colonial India's Muslim League leader Muhammed Ali Jinnah delivers his "Day of Deliverance" speech on December 2, 1939, calling upon Muslims to begin to engage in civil disobedience against the British colonial government starting on December 12. Jinnah demands redress and resolution to tensions and violence occurring between Muslims and Hindus in India. Jinnah's actions are not supported by the largely Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress whom he had previously closely allied with. The decision is seen as part of an agenda by Jinnah to support the eventual creation of an independent Muslim state called Pakistan from British Empire. Australia Australia and New Zealand sign the Statute of Westminster in 1931 which established legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the British Empire and the United Kingdom, with a few residual exceptions. The Parliament of Australia and Parliament of New Zealand gain full legislative authority over their territories, no longer sharing powers with the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Disasters The China floods of 1931 are among the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. The 1935 Labor Day Hurricane makes landfall in the Florida Keys as a Category 5 hurricane and the most intense hurricane to ever make landfall in the Atlantic basin. It caused an estimated $6 million (1935 USD) in damages and killed around 408 people. The hurricane's strong winds and storm surge destroyed nearly all of the structures between Tavernier and Marathon, and the town of Islamorada was obliterated. The German dirigible airship Hindenburg explodes in the sky above Lakehurst, New Jersey, United States on May 6, 1937, killing 36 people. The event leads to an investigation of the explosion and the disaster causes major public distrust of the use of hydrogen-inflated airships and seriously damages the reputation of the Zeppelin company. The New London School in New London, Texas, is destroyed by an explosion, killing in excess of 300 students and teachers (1937). The New England Hurricane of 1938, which became a Category 5 hurricane before making landfall as a Category 3. The hurricane was estimated to have caused property losses of US$306 million ($4.72 billion in 2010), killed between 682 and 800 people, and damaged or destroyed over 57,000 homes, including the home of famed actress Katharine Hepburn, who had been staying in her |
that Jews living in towns and villages in the Polish occupation zones are to be transferred to ghettos, and Jewish councils, Judenräte, will be established to carry out the German authorities’ orders. Assassination of Armand Călinescu: Prime Minister of Romania Armand Călinescu is shot in Bucharest by members of the fascist Iron Guard. Radio station WJSV in Washington, D.C. records an entire broadcast day, for preservation in the National Archives. September 22 – WWII: A joint victory parade is staged by the Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest-Litovsk, at the end of the Invasion of Poland. September 24 – WWII: The Soviet Union issues an ultimatum to Estonia to allow Soviet military bases on its territory, which Estonia accepts on September 28. Similar ultimatums are issued to Latvia on October 5 and to Lithuania on October 10, who are forced to accept them as well. September 28 – WWII: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland, after their invasion. Warsaw surrenders to Germany; Modlin surrenders a day later; the last Polish large operational unit surrenders near Kock 8 days later. September 30 – General Władysław Sikorski becomes Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile. October October 6 – WWII: The Battle of Kock ends the Polish Campaign. Polish resistance moves underground. October 7 – WWII: British Royal Navy cruiser departs Plymouth in convoy for Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying £2M in gold bar to be used for purchase of military materiel in North America, a predecessor of Operation Fish. October 8 WWII: Germany annexes Western Poland. The Holocaust: Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto, the first Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe, is proclaimed in German-occupied Poland. October 11 – The Einstein–Szilárd letter is delivered to President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, advising of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb, leading to the Manhattan Project. October 14 – sinks the British battleship at anchor in Scapa Flow (Scotland), with the loss of 833 crew. October 15 – The New York Municipal Airport (later renamed LaGuardia Airport) is dedicated. October 17 – Mr. Smith Goes to Washington premieres in Washington, D.C. October 21 – The first meeting of the U.S. Advisory Committee on Uranium is held under Lyman James Briggs, authorized by President Roosevelt to oversee neutron experiments, a precursor of the Manhattan Project. October 22 – In the first televised NFL football game, the Brooklyn Dodgers defeat the Philadelphia Eagles 23–14 at Ebbets Field. October 24 – Nylon stockings go on sale for the first time anywhere in Wilmington, Delaware. November November – Lebensborn: Policy of kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany initiated in occupied Poland. November 1–2 – WWII: Physicist Hans Ferdinand Mayer writes the Oslo Report on German weapons systems, and passes it to the British Secret Intelligence Service. November 4 – WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent nations. November 4 – Stewart Menzies is appointed head of the British Secret Intelligence Service. November 6 Hedda Hopper's Hollywood debuts on radio with gossip columnist Hedda Hopper as host (the show runs until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure among the Hollywood elite). WWII: Sonderaktion Krakau: Germans take action against scientists from the University of Kraków, and other Kraków universities. November 8 WWII: In Munich, an attempt to kill Adolf Hitler is made by Georg Elser, while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. CBS television station W2XAB resumes test transmission, with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the Chrysler Building in New York City. November 9 – WWII: Venlo Incident: Two British agents of SIS are captured by the Germans. November 14 – In Washington, D.C., U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt lays the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial. November 16 – Al Capone is released from Terminal Island, due to deteriorating health caused by syphilis. November 17 – WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation of the Czech homeland, the Nazis storm the University of Prague and murder 9 Czech graduate students, send over 1,200 to concentration camps, and close all Czech universities, an event which will be commemorated as International Students' Day. November 23 – WWII: British armed merchantman is sunk in the GIUK gap, in an action against the German battleships and . November 26 – Shelling of Mainila: The Soviet Union's Red Army shells the Russian village of Mainila, then claims that the fire originated from Finland, giving a casus belli for the Winter War. November 30 – WWII: Winter War: Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the Mannerheim Line, starting the war. Sweden declares itself a non-belligerent in the Winter War. December December 2 – LaGuardia Airport opens for business in New York City. December 4 – WWII: British battleship strikes a mine (laid by ) off the coast of Scotland, and is laid up for repairs until August 1940. German submarine U-36 is torpedoed and sunk by British submarine HMS Salmon off Stavanger, the first enemy submarine lost to a British one during the war. December 9 – WWII: The first soldier of the British Expeditionary Force is killed; Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land mine. December 12 – WWII: sinks after a collision with off the coast of Scotland, with the loss of 124 men. December 13 – WWII – Battle of the River Plate: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee is trapped by cruisers , HMNZS Achilles, and after a running battle off the coast of Uruguay. Graf Spee is scuttled by its crew off Montevideo Harbor, on December 17. December 14 – WWII – Winter War: The League of Nations expels the USSR for attacking Finland. December 15 – The epic historical romance film Gone with the Wind, starring Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Olivia de Havilland and Leslie Howard, premieres at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta. Based on Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of 1936, it is the longest American film made up to this date (at nearly four hours) and rapidly becomes the highest-grossing film up to this time. December 18 – WWII – Battle of the Heligoland Bight: RAF Bomber Command, on a daylight mission to attack Kriegsmarine ships in the Heligoland Bight, is repulsed by Luftwaffe fighter aircraft. December 26 – Miners strike in Borinage, Belgium. December 27 – The 7.8 Erzincan earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme), causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700–32,968 dead. Date unknown Kirlian photography is invented by Semyon Kirlian. Enzo Ferrari founds Auto Avio Construzioni, the company that becomes Ferrari in 1947. Births January–February January 1 – Ali Mahdi Muhammad, Somali entrepreneur, politician and 4th President of Somalia (d. 2021) January 3 Arik Einstein, Israeli singer (d. 2013) Bobby Hull, Canadian ice hockey player Vincent Siew, Taiwanese politician, 9th Vice President of the Republic of China January 6 Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Ukrainian footballer, manager (d. 2002) Murray Rose, Australian swimmer (d. 2012) January 9 – Susannah York, British actress (d. 2011) January 10 Sal Mineo, American actor (d. 1976) Bill Toomey, American athlete January 11 – Anne Heggtveit, Canadian skier January 12 – Joachim Yhombi-Opango, Congolese politician (d. 2020) January 17 – Maury Povich, American talk show host January 19 – Phil Everly, American rock 'n' roll musician (member of Rockabilly Hall of Fame) (d. 2014) January 20 – Chandra Wickramasinghe, British astronomer and poet January 22 Sonny Chiba, Japanese actor and martial artist (d. 2021) Alfredo Palacio, 42nd President of Ecuador Ray Stevens, American musician (Everything is Beautiful) January 29 – Germaine Greer, Australian feminist writer February 1 Ekaterina Maximova, Russian ballerina (d. 2009) Joe Sample, American pianist, keyboardist, and composer (d. 2014) February 3 – Michael Cimino, American film director (d. 2016) February 7 – Francisco Mendez, Guinea-Bissau politician, 1st Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (d. 1978) February 8 – Egon Zimmermann, Austrian Olympic alpine skier (d. 2019) February 10 Adrienne Clarkson, 26th Governor General of Canada Tsuyoshi Yamanaka, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 2017) February 12 – Ray Manzarek, American keyboardist (The Doors) (d. 2013) February 13 Beate Klarsfeld, German-born Nazi hunter Andrew Peacock, Australian politician (d. 2021) February 18 – Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh, Jordanian political figure, 65th Prime Minister of Jordan February 19 – Erin Pizzey, British author, founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the modern world February 28 – Daniel C. Tsui, Chinese-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate March–April March 1 – Tzvetan Todorov, Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist (d. 2017) March 2 – Takako, Princess Suga March 5 Samantha Eggar, English actress Chögyam Trungpa, Buddhist meditation master (d. 1987) March 8 – Lidiya Skoblikova, Russian speed-skater March 10 – Lee Soo-sung, 27th Prime Minister of South Korea March 13 – Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter March 14 William B. Lenoir, American astronaut (d. 2010) Glauber Rocha, Brazilian film director, actor and screenwriter (d. 1981) March 17 – Giovanni Trapattoni, Italian footballer and manager March 20 – Brian Mulroney, 18th Prime Minister of Canada March 25 – D. C. Fontana, American television writer (d. 2019) March 29 – Terence Hill, Italian actor March 31 Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia (d. 1993) Volker Schlöndorff, German film director Karl-Heinz Schnellinger, German footballer April 1 – Ali MacGraw, American actress April 2 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (d. 1984) April 4 Alex George, Australian botanist Hugh Masekela, South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, composer and singer (d. 2018) Ernie Terrell, African-American professional boxer (d. 2014) April 7 Sir David Frost, English television personality (d. 2013) Francis Ford Coppola, American film director April 9 – Michael Learned, American actress April 10 – Claudio Magris, Italian author April 12 – Alan Ayckbourn, English dramatist April 13 Seamus Heaney, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) Paul Sorvino, American actor April 15 – Jaime Paz Zamora , 60th President of Bolivia April 16 – Dusty Springfield, English pop singer (d. 1999) April 19 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran April 20 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian politician, 1st female Prime Minister April 21 – Helen Prejean, American writer April 23 – Lee Majors, American actor April 27 – João Bernardo Vieira, President of Guinea-Bissau (d. 2009) May–June May 1 – Judy Collins, American singer-songwriter May 2 Sumio Iijima, Japanese physicist and inventor Taomati Iuta, Vice President of Kiribati (1991–94) (d. 2016) May 4 – Amos Oz, Israeli author and journalist (d. 2018) May 7 José Antonio Abreu, Venezuelan orchestral conductor, music educator (d. 2018) Sidney Altman, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate Ruud Lubbers, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–94) (d. 2018) May 9 – Ralph Boston, American athlete May 13 – Harvey Keitel, American actor May 15 – Barbara Hammer, American filmmaker (d. 2019) May 18 – Peter Grünberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) May 19 Livio Berruti, Italian sprinter James Fox, English actor Nancy Kwan, American actress Dick Scobee, American astronaut (d. 1986) May 20 – Roman Kartsev, Russian actor (d. 2018) May 21 – Heinz Holliger, Swiss oboist, composer May 22 – Paul Winfield, African-American actor (d. 2004) May 25 Dixie Carter, American actress (d. 2010) Sir Ian McKellen, English actor May 27 – Don Williams, American musician (d. 2017) May 29 – Maeve Binchy, Irish author (d. 2012) May 30 – Michael J. Pollard, American actor (d. 2019) June 1 – Cleavon Little, African-American actor (d. 1992) June 4 – Ottavio Cogliati, Italian cyclist (d. 2008) June 5 Joe Clark, 16th Prime Minister of Canada Margaret Drabble, English novelist June 6 – Louis Andriessen, Dutch composer (d. 2021) June 9 – Ileana Cotrubaș, Romanian soprano June 11 – Jackie Stewart, Scottish motor racing driver June 16 – Billy "Crash" Craddock, American country and rockabilly singer June 21 – Charles Jencks, American cultural theorist (d. 2019) June 22 – Ada Yonath, Israeli crystallographer June 26 – Osvaldo Hurtado, 34th President of Ecuador June 29 – Sante Gaiardoni, Italian cyclist June 30 – Renzo Rovatti, Italian footballer July–August July 1 Kazi Zafar Ahmed, 8th Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d. 2015) Karen Black, American actress (d. 2013) July 4 Abdelmajid Chetali, Tunisian footballer, manager Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, 2nd Prime Minister of Yemen (d. 2011) July 6 Mary Peters, British athlete Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, sovereign ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah July 7 – Elena Obraztsova, Russian opera singer (d. 2015) July 8 Likulia Bolongo, Congolese politician, general and Prime Minister of Zaire Abdelhamid Sharaf, Jordanian ambassador to the United States and Canada, 51st Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1980) July 10 – Mavis Staples, African-American rhythm and blues, gospel singer, actress and civil rights activist July 13 – John Danielsen, Danish football midfielder July 14 Karel Gott, Czech singer (d. 2019) Sid Haig, American actor (d. 2019) July 15 – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, 113th Prime Minister of Portugal, 19th President of Portugal July 16 – Lido Vieri, Italian footballer and manager July 17 – Milva, Italian singer, stage and film actress, and television personality (d. 2021) July 18 – Dion DiMucci, American singer, songwriter (The Wanderer) July 21 – Helmut Haller, German footballer (d. 2012) July 22 – Gila Almagor, Israeli actress and author July 24 – Walt Bellamy, African-American basketball player (d. 2013) July 26 – John Howard, 25th Prime Minister of Australia July 28 – Gösta Ekman, Swedish actor, comedian, and director (d. 2017) July 31 – Susan Flannery, American soap opera actress August 1 – Robert James Waller, American novelist (d. 2017) August 2 Ali Mroudjaé, 9th Prime Minister of the Comoros (d. 2019) Wes Craven, American film director and writer (d. 2015) August 5 – Princess Irene of the Netherlands August 8 – Viorica Viscopoleanu, Romanian athlete August 9 Bulle Ogier, French actress Romano Prodi, Italian politician, economist and 52nd Prime Minister of Italy August 11 – James Mancham, Seychellois politician, President 1976-77 (d. 2017) August 12 George Hamilton, American actor S. Jayakumar, Singaporean politician and 4th Senior Minister of Singapore August 16 Seán Brady, Irish cardinal Valery Ryumin, Soviet cosmonaut August 19 Alan Baker, English mathematician (d. 2018) Ginger Baker, English drummer (d. 2019) August 20 – Fernando Poe Jr., Filipino actor (d. 2004) August 21 – Clarence Williams III, American actor (d. 2021) August 22 – Valerie Harper, American actress (d. 2019) August 23 – Fernando Luján, Mexican actor (d. 2019) August 27 – Bill Mulliken, American swimmer (d. 2014) August 29 – Joel Schumacher, American film producer and director (d. 2020) August 30 John Peel, English disc jockey (d. 2004) Elizabeth Ashley, American actress September September 1 – Lily Tomlin, American actress (Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In) September 5 George Lazenby, Australian actor Claudette Colvin, American civil rights activist and nurse William Devane, American actor Clay Regazzoni, Swiss Formula One driver (d. 2006) September 6 – Susumu Tonegawa, Japanese biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine September 7 – Stanislav Petrov, Soviet Air Defence Forces official September 8 – Carsten Keller, German field hockey player September 9 – Reuven Rivlin, 10th President of Israel September 11 – Charles Geschke, American inventor and businessman (d. 2021) September 13 Richard Kiel, American actor (d. 2014) Guntis Ulmanis, 5th President of Latvia September 15 – Ron Walker, Australian businessman, former Lord Mayor of Melbourne (d. 2018) September 16 – Breyten Breytenbach, South African writer and painter September 18 Jorge Sampaio, 17th President of Portugal (d. 2021) Fred Willard, American actor, comedian, and writer (d. 2020) September 19 – Moshe Weinberg, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972) September 22 – Junko Tabei, Japanese mountaineer (d. 2016) September 27 – Kathy Whitworth, American professional golfer September 30 – Jean-Marie Lehn, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate October Date unknown - Muhammad Banaru Abubakar, Nigerian Administrator and public servant (d. 2015) October 4 – Ivan Mauger, New Zealand speedway rider, 6 times World Speedway Champion (d. 2018) October 6 - Melvyn Bragg, Baron Bragg, English broadcaster, Parliamentarian and author (The South Bank Show October 7 John Hopcroft, American computer scientist Clive James, Australian-born writer, humorist and television personality (d. 2019) Harold Kroto, English organic chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) October 8 – Paul Hogan, Australian actor and comedian October 9 Carmen Salinas, Mexican actress and politician (d. 2021) John Pilger, Australian-born journalist October 11 – Maria Bueno, Brazilian tennis player (d. 2018) October 14 – Ralph Lauren, American fashion designer October 18 – Lee Harvey Oswald, Alleged American assassin of President John F. Kennedy (d. 1963) October 21 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (d. 2008) October 22 Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique George Cohen, English footballer October 24 F. Murray Abraham, American actor (Amadeus (film)) Madalena Iglésias, Portuguese actress and singer (d. 2018) October 27 – John Cleese, English comic actor and writer October 28 – Jane Alexander, American actress October 29 – Malay Roy Choudhury, Bengali poet, novelist and creator of the Indian Hungry generation literary and cultural movement October 30 Leland H. Hartwell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Grace Slick, American rock singer (Jefferson Airplane) October 31 Ali Farka Touré, Malian singer (d. 2006) Ron Rifkin, American actor November November 1 – Barbara Bosson, American actress November 5 – Cecilia Alvear, Ecuadorian-born American journalist (d. 2017) November 6 Athanasios Angelopoulos, Greek academic Carlos Emilio Morales, Cuban jazz guitarist (d. 2014) November 8 – Laila Kinnunen, Finnish singer (d. 2000) November 10 – Russell Means, Native American activist (d. 2012) November 14 – Wendy Carlos, American electronic composer November 15 – Yaphet Kotto, African-American actor (d. 2021) November 18 Margaret Atwood, Canadian novelist Amanda Lear, French model and singer Brenda Vaccaro, American actress November 19 – Emil Constantinescu, President of Romania November 20 – Dick Smothers, American actor and comedian November 25 – Rais Khan, Pakistani sitarist (d. 2017) November 26 Tina Turner, American born Swiss singer and actress Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia November 27 Dudley Storey, New Zealand rower (d. 2017) Laurent-Désiré Kabila, 3rd President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 2001) Ulla Strömstedt, Swedish actress (d. 1986) November 30 – Chandra Bahadur Dangi, Nepalese dwarf, world's shortest man (d. 2015) December December 1 – Lee Trevino, American professional golfer December 8 Jerry Butler, African-American singer-songwriter and politician James Galway, Irish flautist Fahrudin Jusufi, Kosovar-Serbian footballer and coach (d. 2019) December 15 – Cindy Birdsong, American singer December 17 – Eddie Kendricks, African-American singer (The Temptations) (d. 1992) December 18 Michael Moorcock, English science fiction writer Harold E. Varmus, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine December 23 – La Lupe, Cuban singer (d. 1992) December 26 – Phil Spector, American record producer (d. 2021) December 27 – John Amos, African-American actor (Good Times) Deaths January January 2 – Roman Dmowski, Polish politician (b. 1864) January 4 – Mary J. L. Black, Canadian librarian and suffragist (b. 1879) January 6 – Gustavs Zemgals, 2nd President of Latvia (b. 1871) January 8 – Charles Eastman, American author, physician, reformer, helped found the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1858) January 13 – Arthur Barker, American criminal, son of Ma Barker (b. 1899) January 14 – Prince Valdemar of Denmark (b. 1858) January 15 – Kullervo Manner, Finnish Speaker of the Parliament, the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (b. 1880) January 18 – Ivan Mosjoukine, Soviet actor (b. 1889) January 22 – Léopold Bernhard Bernstamm, Soviet sculptor (b. 1859) January 23 – Matthias Sindelar, Austrian footballer (b. 1903) January 24 – Maximilian Bircher-Benner, Swiss physician, nutritionist (b. 1867) January 25 – Helen Ware, American actress (b. 1877) January 28 – W. B. Yeats, Irish writer, 1923 Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865) February February 1 – Lawrence Marston, American actor, playwright, and film director (b. 1857) February 2 – Vladimir Shukhov, Russian engineer, polymath, scientist and architect (b. 1853) February 3 – Janez Frančišek Gnidovec, Yugoslav Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1873) February 4 – Edward Sapir, German-American anthropologist, linguist (b. 1884) February 5 – Teresa Mañé Miravet, Spanish teacher, editor and writer (b. 1865) February 6 – Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharada of Baroda (b. 1863) February 9 – Henry Balfour, British archaeologist (b. 1863) February 10 Pope Pius XI (b. 1857) Patriarch Torkom Koushagian of Jerusalem (b. 1874) February 11 – Franz Schmidt, Austrian composer (b. 1874) February 12 Potenciano Gregorio, Filipino musician (b. 1880) S. P. L. Sørensen, Danish chemist (b. 1868) February 13 – Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon, British general (b. 1859) February 15 – Henri Jaspar, Belgian politician, 27th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1870) February 18 – Okamoto Kanoko, Japanese tanka poet (b. 1899) February 22 – Antonio Machado, Spanish poet (b. 1875) February 23 – Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne, British peer, soldier (b. 1895) February 26 – Ivan Fedko, Soviet army commander (b. 1897) February 27 – Nadezhda Krupskaya, Russian Marxist revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin's widow (b. 1869) March March 2 – Howard Carter, British archaeologist (b. 1874) March 3 – Dimitrie Gerota, Romanian anatomist, physician (b. 1867) March 5 – Herbert Mundin, British actor (b. 1898) March 6 Ginepro Cocchi, Italian Roman Catholic priest and Servant of God (b. 1908) Patriarch Miron of Romania, Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian cleric, politician, priest and 38th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1868) March 7 – Matvei Berman, Soviet intelligence officer (b. 1898) March 13 – Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, French sociologist, anthropologist (b. 1857) March 14 – Agostino Borgato, Italian actor, director (b. 1871) March 21 – Avril de Sainte-Croix, French author, journalist (b. 1855) March 23 – Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad, Palestinian revolutionary (b. 1892) March 27 – Ferdinand von Quast, German general (b. 1850) March 28 Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada, Cuban diplomat, politician, writer and 6th President of Cuba (b. 1871) Mario Lertora, Italian artistic gymnast in the 1924 Summer Olympics (b. 1897) March 29 – Gerardo Machado, Cuban general, 5th President of Cuba (b. 1871) March 31 – Ioannis Tsangaridis, Greek general (b. 1887) April April 4 King Ghazi of Iraq (b. 1912) Joaquín García Morato, Spanish fighter ace (b. 1904) April 7 – Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1879) April 15 – Konstantin Petrovich Grigorovich, Soviet engineer, professor (b. 1886) April 18 Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, British writer, philanthropist (b. 1857) Hugo Charlemont, Austrian painter (b. 1850) April 19 Lucilio de Albuquerque, Brazilian painter (b. 1877) János Vaszary, Hungarian painter and graphic artist (b. 1867) April 20 – Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (b. 1866) April 22 – Leandro Campanari, Italian conductor, composer and violinist (b. 1859) April 25 John Foulds, British classical music composer (b. 1880) Georges Ricard-Cordingley, French painter (b. 1873) April 27 – José Gola, Argentinian actor (b. 1904) April 28 – Archduke Leo Karl of Austria (b. 1893) May May 1 – Bautista Saavedra , 29th President of Bolivia (b. 1870) May 2 – Phillips Smalley, American actor, director (b. 1875) May 3 – Wilhelm Groener, German general (b. 1867) May 4 – James A. Johnson, American architect (b. 1865) May 7 – Francesco Paleari, Italian priest and blessed (b. 1863) May 9 – Mary, Lady Heath, Irish aviator (b. 1896) May 10 – James Parrott, American actor (b. 1898) May 13 – Victor Bernau, Norwegian actor, director (b. 1890) May 18 Charles deForest Chandler, American military aviator (b. 1878) Tang Juwu, Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army (b. 1892) May 19 – Ahmet Ağaoğlu, Turkish politician, author and writer (b. 1869) May 20 Joseph Carr, 2nd president of the National Football League (b. 1880) Alexandra Čvanová, Czechoslovakian soprano (b. 1897) May 22 – Ernst Toller, German playwright, Communist politician (b. 1893) May 23 – Witmer Stone, American ornithologist, botanist (b. 1866) May 24 – Aleksander Brückner, German scholar (b. 1856) May 25 – Álvaro Casanova Zenteno, Chilean painter (b. 1857) May 25 – Frank Watson Dyson, British astronomer (b. 1868) May 27 – Alfred A. Cunningham, American aviator, the first United States Marine Corps aviator (b. 1882) May 29 – Ursula Ledóchowska, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1865) May 30 – Floyd Roberts, American race car driver (b. 1900) June June 4 – Tommy Ladnier, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1900) June 6 – George Fawcett, American actor (b. 1860) June 9 – Owen Moore, American actor (b. 1886) June 15 – Nicolae M. Condiescu, Romanian novelist and general (b. 1880) June 16 – Chick Webb, American musician (b. 1905) June 17 – Eugen Weidmann, German serial killer, last person publicly executed in France (b. 1908) June 19 – Grace Abbott, American social worker, activist (b. 1878) June 22 – Benjamin Tucker, American anarchist (b. 1854) June 23 – Ernest Alexander Cruikshank, Canadian general (b. 1859) June 25 – Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (b. 1913) June 26 – Ford Madox Ford, British writer (b. 1873) June 27 – Margaret Campbell, American actress (b. 1883) June 28 – Bobby Vernon, American actor (b. 1898) June 30 – Eduardo Lopez Bustamante, Venezuelan poet, lawyer and journalist (b. 1881) July July 3 – Juan José Gárate, Spanish painter (b. 1869) July 4 – Louis Wain, English artist (b. 1860) July 5 – Malietoa Tanumafili I, King of Samoa (b. 1879) July 7 – Deacon White, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1847) July 8 Havelock Ellis, British sexologist (b. 1859) Anna Pappritz, German writer, suffragist (b. 1861) July 9 Carlo Chiostri, Italian painter (b. 1863) Alphonse Laurencic, French painter, architect (b. 1902) July 11 – Stiliyan Kovachev, Bulgarian general (b. 1860) July 14 – Alphonse Mucha, Czech painter, decorative artist (b. 1860) July 17 – María del Carmen González-Valerio, Spanish Roman Catholic saint (b. 1930) July 19 – Rose Hartwick Thorpe, American poet (b. 1850) July 20 Judy Chicago, American feminist artist Joseph Mendes da Costa, Dutch sculptor (b. 1863) July 23 – Jack Duffy, American actor (b. 1882) July 26 – William Mackay, American artist (b. 1876) July 27 – Stanisław Baczyński, Polish writer, journalist and soldier (b. 1890) August August 2 – Harvey Spencer Lewis, American mystic (b. 1883) August 6 Mehmet Emin Çolakoğlu, Turkish army general (b. 1878) Monroe Dunaway Anderson, American founder of Anderson, Clayton and Company; "Father of Texas Medical Center" (b. 1873) August 10 – Carlo Galimberti, Italian Olympic weightlifter (b. 1894) August 11 – Jean Bugatti, German automobile designer (b. 1909) August 12 – Eulalio Gutiérrez, President of Mexico (b. 1881) August 15 – Federico Gamboa, Mexican diplomat, writer (b. 1864) August 23 Sidney Howard, American | Terminal Island, due to deteriorating health caused by syphilis. November 17 – WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation of the Czech homeland, the Nazis storm the University of Prague and murder 9 Czech graduate students, send over 1,200 to concentration camps, and close all Czech universities, an event which will be commemorated as International Students' Day. November 23 – WWII: British armed merchantman is sunk in the GIUK gap, in an action against the German battleships and . November 26 – Shelling of Mainila: The Soviet Union's Red Army shells the Russian village of Mainila, then claims that the fire originated from Finland, giving a casus belli for the Winter War. November 30 – WWII: Winter War: Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the Mannerheim Line, starting the war. Sweden declares itself a non-belligerent in the Winter War. December December 2 – LaGuardia Airport opens for business in New York City. December 4 – WWII: British battleship strikes a mine (laid by ) off the coast of Scotland, and is laid up for repairs until August 1940. German submarine U-36 is torpedoed and sunk by British submarine HMS Salmon off Stavanger, the first enemy submarine lost to a British one during the war. December 9 – WWII: The first soldier of the British Expeditionary Force is killed; Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land mine. December 12 – WWII: sinks after a collision with off the coast of Scotland, with the loss of 124 men. December 13 – WWII – Battle of the River Plate: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee is trapped by cruisers , HMNZS Achilles, and after a running battle off the coast of Uruguay. Graf Spee is scuttled by its crew off Montevideo Harbor, on December 17. December 14 – WWII – Winter War: The League of Nations expels the USSR for attacking Finland. December 15 – The epic historical romance film Gone with the Wind, starring Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Olivia de Havilland and Leslie Howard, premieres at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta. Based on Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of 1936, it is the longest American film made up to this date (at nearly four hours) and rapidly becomes the highest-grossing film up to this time. December 18 – WWII – Battle of the Heligoland Bight: RAF Bomber Command, on a daylight mission to attack Kriegsmarine ships in the Heligoland Bight, is repulsed by Luftwaffe fighter aircraft. December 26 – Miners strike in Borinage, Belgium. December 27 – The 7.8 Erzincan earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme), causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700–32,968 dead. Date unknown Kirlian photography is invented by Semyon Kirlian. Enzo Ferrari founds Auto Avio Construzioni, the company that becomes Ferrari in 1947. Births January–February January 1 – Ali Mahdi Muhammad, Somali entrepreneur, politician and 4th President of Somalia (d. 2021) January 3 Arik Einstein, Israeli singer (d. 2013) Bobby Hull, Canadian ice hockey player Vincent Siew, Taiwanese politician, 9th Vice President of the Republic of China January 6 Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Ukrainian footballer, manager (d. 2002) Murray Rose, Australian swimmer (d. 2012) January 9 – Susannah York, British actress (d. 2011) January 10 Sal Mineo, American actor (d. 1976) Bill Toomey, American athlete January 11 – Anne Heggtveit, Canadian skier January 12 – Joachim Yhombi-Opango, Congolese politician (d. 2020) January 17 – Maury Povich, American talk show host January 19 – Phil Everly, American rock 'n' roll musician (member of Rockabilly Hall of Fame) (d. 2014) January 20 – Chandra Wickramasinghe, British astronomer and poet January 22 Sonny Chiba, Japanese actor and martial artist (d. 2021) Alfredo Palacio, 42nd President of Ecuador Ray Stevens, American musician (Everything is Beautiful) January 29 – Germaine Greer, Australian feminist writer February 1 Ekaterina Maximova, Russian ballerina (d. 2009) Joe Sample, American pianist, keyboardist, and composer (d. 2014) February 3 – Michael Cimino, American film director (d. 2016) February 7 – Francisco Mendez, Guinea-Bissau politician, 1st Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (d. 1978) February 8 – Egon Zimmermann, Austrian Olympic alpine skier (d. 2019) February 10 Adrienne Clarkson, 26th Governor General of Canada Tsuyoshi Yamanaka, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 2017) February 12 – Ray Manzarek, American keyboardist (The Doors) (d. 2013) February 13 Beate Klarsfeld, German-born Nazi hunter Andrew Peacock, Australian politician (d. 2021) February 18 – Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh, Jordanian political figure, 65th Prime Minister of Jordan February 19 – Erin Pizzey, British author, founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the modern world February 28 – Daniel C. Tsui, Chinese-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate March–April March 1 – Tzvetan Todorov, Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist (d. 2017) March 2 – Takako, Princess Suga March 5 Samantha Eggar, English actress Chögyam Trungpa, Buddhist meditation master (d. 1987) March 8 – Lidiya Skoblikova, Russian speed-skater March 10 – Lee Soo-sung, 27th Prime Minister of South Korea March 13 – Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter March 14 William B. Lenoir, American astronaut (d. 2010) Glauber Rocha, Brazilian film director, actor and screenwriter (d. 1981) March 17 – Giovanni Trapattoni, Italian footballer and manager March 20 – Brian Mulroney, 18th Prime Minister of Canada March 25 – D. C. Fontana, American television writer (d. 2019) March 29 – Terence Hill, Italian actor March 31 Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia (d. 1993) Volker Schlöndorff, German film director Karl-Heinz Schnellinger, German footballer April 1 – Ali MacGraw, American actress April 2 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (d. 1984) April 4 Alex George, Australian botanist Hugh Masekela, South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, composer and singer (d. 2018) Ernie Terrell, African-American professional boxer (d. 2014) April 7 Sir David Frost, English television personality (d. 2013) Francis Ford Coppola, American film director April 9 – Michael Learned, American actress April 10 – Claudio Magris, Italian author April 12 – Alan Ayckbourn, English dramatist April 13 Seamus Heaney, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) Paul Sorvino, American actor April 15 – Jaime Paz Zamora , 60th President of Bolivia April 16 – Dusty Springfield, English pop singer (d. 1999) April 19 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran April 20 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian politician, 1st female Prime Minister April 21 – Helen Prejean, American writer April 23 – Lee Majors, American actor April 27 – João Bernardo Vieira, President of Guinea-Bissau (d. 2009) May–June May 1 – Judy Collins, American singer-songwriter May 2 Sumio Iijima, Japanese physicist and inventor Taomati Iuta, Vice President of Kiribati (1991–94) (d. 2016) May 4 – Amos Oz, Israeli author and journalist (d. 2018) May 7 José Antonio Abreu, Venezuelan orchestral conductor, music educator (d. 2018) Sidney Altman, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate Ruud Lubbers, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–94) (d. 2018) May 9 – Ralph Boston, American athlete May 13 – Harvey Keitel, American actor May 15 – Barbara Hammer, American filmmaker (d. 2019) May 18 – Peter Grünberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) May 19 Livio Berruti, Italian sprinter James Fox, English actor Nancy Kwan, American actress Dick Scobee, American astronaut (d. 1986) May 20 – Roman Kartsev, Russian actor (d. 2018) May 21 – Heinz Holliger, Swiss oboist, composer May 22 – Paul Winfield, African-American actor (d. 2004) May 25 Dixie Carter, American actress (d. 2010) Sir Ian McKellen, English actor May 27 – Don Williams, American musician (d. 2017) May 29 – Maeve Binchy, Irish author (d. 2012) May 30 – Michael J. Pollard, American actor (d. 2019) June 1 – Cleavon Little, African-American actor (d. 1992) June 4 – Ottavio Cogliati, Italian cyclist (d. 2008) June 5 Joe Clark, 16th Prime Minister of Canada Margaret Drabble, English novelist June 6 – Louis Andriessen, Dutch composer (d. 2021) June 9 – Ileana Cotrubaș, Romanian soprano June 11 – Jackie Stewart, Scottish motor racing driver June 16 – Billy "Crash" Craddock, American country and rockabilly singer June 21 – Charles Jencks, American cultural theorist (d. 2019) June 22 – Ada Yonath, Israeli crystallographer June 26 – Osvaldo Hurtado, 34th President of Ecuador June 29 – Sante Gaiardoni, Italian cyclist June 30 – Renzo Rovatti, Italian footballer July–August July 1 Kazi Zafar Ahmed, 8th Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d. 2015) Karen Black, American actress (d. 2013) July 4 Abdelmajid Chetali, Tunisian footballer, manager Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, 2nd Prime Minister of Yemen (d. 2011) July 6 Mary Peters, British athlete Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, sovereign ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah July 7 – Elena Obraztsova, Russian opera singer (d. 2015) July 8 Likulia Bolongo, Congolese politician, general and Prime Minister of Zaire Abdelhamid Sharaf, Jordanian ambassador to the United States and Canada, 51st Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1980) July 10 – Mavis Staples, African-American rhythm and blues, gospel singer, actress and civil rights activist July 13 – John Danielsen, Danish football midfielder July 14 Karel Gott, Czech singer (d. 2019) Sid Haig, American actor (d. 2019) July 15 – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, 113th Prime Minister of Portugal, 19th President of Portugal July 16 – Lido Vieri, Italian footballer and manager July 17 – Milva, Italian singer, stage and film actress, and television personality (d. 2021) July 18 – Dion DiMucci, American singer, songwriter (The Wanderer) July 21 – Helmut Haller, German footballer (d. 2012) July 22 – Gila Almagor, Israeli actress and author July 24 – Walt Bellamy, African-American basketball player (d. 2013) July 26 – John Howard, 25th Prime Minister of Australia July 28 – Gösta Ekman, Swedish actor, comedian, and director (d. 2017) July 31 – Susan Flannery, American soap opera actress August 1 – Robert James Waller, American novelist (d. 2017) August 2 Ali Mroudjaé, 9th Prime Minister of the Comoros (d. 2019) Wes Craven, American film director and writer (d. 2015) August 5 – Princess Irene of the Netherlands August 8 – Viorica Viscopoleanu, Romanian athlete August 9 Bulle Ogier, French actress Romano Prodi, Italian politician, economist and 52nd Prime Minister of Italy August 11 – James Mancham, Seychellois politician, President 1976-77 (d. 2017) August 12 George Hamilton, American actor S. Jayakumar, Singaporean politician and 4th Senior Minister of Singapore August 16 Seán Brady, Irish cardinal Valery Ryumin, Soviet cosmonaut August 19 Alan Baker, English mathematician (d. 2018) Ginger Baker, English drummer (d. 2019) August 20 – Fernando Poe Jr., Filipino actor (d. 2004) August 21 – Clarence Williams III, American actor (d. 2021) August 22 – Valerie Harper, American actress (d. 2019) August 23 – Fernando Luján, Mexican actor (d. 2019) August 27 – Bill Mulliken, American swimmer (d. 2014) August 29 – Joel Schumacher, American film producer and director (d. 2020) August 30 John Peel, English disc jockey (d. 2004) Elizabeth Ashley, American actress September September 1 – Lily Tomlin, American actress (Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In) September 5 George Lazenby, Australian actor Claudette Colvin, American civil rights activist and nurse William Devane, American actor Clay Regazzoni, Swiss Formula One driver (d. 2006) September 6 – Susumu Tonegawa, Japanese biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine September 7 – Stanislav Petrov, Soviet Air Defence Forces official September 8 – Carsten Keller, German field hockey player September 9 – Reuven Rivlin, 10th President of Israel September 11 – Charles Geschke, American inventor and businessman (d. 2021) September 13 Richard Kiel, American actor (d. 2014) Guntis Ulmanis, 5th President of Latvia September 15 – Ron Walker, Australian businessman, former Lord Mayor of Melbourne (d. 2018) September 16 – Breyten Breytenbach, South African writer and painter September 18 Jorge Sampaio, 17th President of Portugal (d. 2021) Fred Willard, American actor, comedian, and writer (d. 2020) September 19 – Moshe Weinberg, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972) September 22 – Junko Tabei, Japanese mountaineer (d. 2016) September 27 – Kathy Whitworth, American professional golfer September 30 – Jean-Marie Lehn, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate October Date unknown - Muhammad Banaru Abubakar, Nigerian Administrator and public servant (d. 2015) October 4 – Ivan Mauger, New Zealand speedway rider, 6 times World Speedway Champion (d. 2018) October 6 - Melvyn Bragg, Baron Bragg, English broadcaster, Parliamentarian and author (The South Bank Show October 7 John Hopcroft, American computer scientist Clive James, Australian-born writer, humorist and television personality (d. 2019) Harold Kroto, English organic chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) October 8 – Paul Hogan, Australian actor and comedian October 9 Carmen Salinas, Mexican actress and politician (d. 2021) John Pilger, Australian-born journalist October 11 – Maria Bueno, Brazilian tennis player (d. 2018) October 14 – Ralph Lauren, American fashion designer October 18 – Lee Harvey Oswald, Alleged American assassin of President John F. Kennedy (d. 1963) October 21 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (d. 2008) October 22 Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique George Cohen, English footballer October 24 F. Murray Abraham, American actor (Amadeus (film)) Madalena Iglésias, Portuguese actress and singer (d. 2018) October 27 – John Cleese, English comic actor and writer October 28 – Jane Alexander, American actress October 29 – Malay Roy Choudhury, Bengali poet, novelist and creator of the Indian Hungry generation literary and cultural movement October 30 Leland H. Hartwell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Grace Slick, American rock singer (Jefferson Airplane) October 31 Ali Farka Touré, Malian singer (d. 2006) Ron Rifkin, American actor November November 1 – Barbara Bosson, American actress November 5 – Cecilia Alvear, Ecuadorian-born American journalist (d. 2017) November 6 Athanasios Angelopoulos, Greek academic Carlos Emilio Morales, Cuban jazz guitarist (d. 2014) November 8 – Laila Kinnunen, Finnish singer (d. 2000) November 10 – Russell Means, Native American activist (d. 2012) November 14 – Wendy Carlos, American electronic composer November 15 – Yaphet Kotto, African-American actor (d. 2021) November 18 Margaret Atwood, Canadian novelist Amanda Lear, French model and singer Brenda Vaccaro, American actress November 19 – Emil Constantinescu, President of Romania November 20 – Dick Smothers, American actor and comedian November 25 – Rais Khan, Pakistani sitarist (d. 2017) November 26 Tina Turner, American born Swiss singer and actress Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia November 27 Dudley Storey, New Zealand rower (d. 2017) Laurent-Désiré Kabila, 3rd President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 2001) Ulla Strömstedt, Swedish actress (d. 1986) November 30 – Chandra Bahadur Dangi, Nepalese dwarf, world's shortest man (d. 2015) December December 1 – Lee Trevino, American professional golfer December 8 Jerry Butler, African-American singer-songwriter and politician James Galway, Irish flautist Fahrudin Jusufi, Kosovar-Serbian footballer and coach (d. 2019) December 15 – Cindy Birdsong, American singer December 17 – Eddie Kendricks, African-American singer (The Temptations) (d. 1992) December 18 Michael Moorcock, English science fiction writer Harold E. Varmus, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine December 23 – La Lupe, Cuban singer (d. 1992) December 26 – Phil Spector, American record producer (d. 2021) December 27 – John Amos, African-American actor (Good Times) Deaths January January 2 – Roman Dmowski, Polish politician (b. 1864) January 4 – Mary J. L. Black, Canadian librarian and suffragist (b. 1879) January 6 – Gustavs Zemgals, 2nd President of Latvia (b. 1871) January 8 – Charles Eastman, American author, physician, reformer, helped found the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1858) January 13 – Arthur Barker, American criminal, son of Ma Barker (b. 1899) January 14 – Prince Valdemar of Denmark (b. 1858) January 15 – Kullervo Manner, Finnish Speaker of the Parliament, the Prime Minister of the FSWR and |
War (1920–21). Major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War (1922–23). Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed up to five million victims. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922. Benito Mussolini leader of the National Fascist Party became Prime Minister of Italy, shortly thereafter creating the world's first fascist government. The Fascist regime establishes a totalitarian state led by Mussolini as a dictator. The Fascist regime restores good relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Italy with the Lateran Treaty, which creates Vatican City. The Fascist regime pursues an aggressive expansionist agenda in Europe such as by raiding the Greek island of Corfu in 1923, pressuring Albania to submit to becoming a de facto Italian protectorate in the mid-1920s, and holding territorial aims on the region of Dalmatia in Yugoslavia. In Germany, the Weimar Republic suffers from economic crisis in the early 1920s and hyperinflation of currency in 1923. From 1923 to 1925 the Occupation of the Ruhr takes place. The Ruhr was an industrial region of Germany taken over by the military forces of the French Third Republic and Belgium, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno to keep paying the World War I reparations. The recently formed fringe National Socialist German Workers' Party (a.k.a. Nazi Party) led by Adolf Hitler attempts a coup against the Bavarian and German governments in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, which fails, resulting in Hitler being briefly imprisoned for one year in prison where he writes Mein Kampf. Turkish War of Independence (1919–23). The United Kingdom general strike (1926). Asia The Qajar dynasty ended under Ahmad Shah Qajar as Reza Shah Pahlavi founds the Pahlavi Dynasty, which later became the last monarchy of Iran. The Chinese Civil War begins (1927–37). In the Kingdom of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan's reforms cause conflict with conservative factions, resulting in the Afghan Civil War. Africa Pan-Africanist supporters of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) are repressed by colonial powers in Africa. Garvey's UNIA-ACL supported the creation of a state led by black people in Africa including African Americans. Economics Economic boom ended by "Black Tuesday" (October 29, 1929); the stock market crashes, leading to the Great Depression. The market actually began to drop on Thursday October 24, 1929, and the fall continued until the huge crash on Tuesday October 29, 1929. The New Economic Policy is created by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, to be replaced by the first five-year plan in 1928. The Dawes Plan, which lasted from 1924 to 1928. Average annual inflation for the decade was virtually zero but individual years ranged from a high of 3.47% in 1925 to a deflationary −11% in 1921. Disasters Natural The Great Kantō earthquake struck the main Japanese island of Honshū on the 1st of September, 1923. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale. Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of Germany is assassinated by Ernst Werner Techow, Erwin Kern, and Hermann Willibald Fischer, all members of Organisation Consul on June 24, 1922. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, a Mexican Revolutionary general is assassinated by a group of seven assassins on July 20, 1923. Science and technology Technology John Logie Baird invents the first working mechanical television system (1925). In 1928, he invents and demonstrates the first color television. Warner Brothers produces the first movie with a soundtrack Don Juan in 1926, followed by the first Part-Talkie The Jazz Singer in 1927, the first All-Talking movie Lights of New York in 1928 and the first All-Color All-Talking movie On with the Show, 1929. Silent films start giving way to sound films. By 1936, the transition phase arguably ends, with Modern Times being the last notable silent film. Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the modern electronic cathode ray tube in 1897. The CRT became a commercial product in 1922. Record companies (such as Victor, Brunswick and Columbia) introduce an electrical recording process on their phonograph records in 1925 (that had been developed by Western Electric), resulting in a more lifelike sound. The first electric razor is patented in 1928 by the American manufacturer Col. Jacob Schick. The first selective Jukeboxes being introduced in 1927 by the Automated Musical Instrument Company. Harold Stephen Black revolutionizes the field of applied electronics by inventing the negative feedback amplifier in 1927. Clarence Birdseye invents a process for frozen food in 1925. Robert Goddard makes the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Science Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (May 20–21, 1927), nonstop from New York to Paris. Howard Carter opens the innermost shrine of King Tutankhamun's tomb near Luxor, Egypt, 1922 In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin Popular culture Film Oscar winners: Wings (1927–1928), The Broadway Melody (1928–1929), All Quiet on the Western Front (1929–1930) First feature-length motion picture with a soundtrack (Don Juan) is released in 1926. First part-talkie (The Jazz Singer) released in 1927, first all-talking feature (Lights of New York) released in 1928 and first all-color all-talking feature (On with the Show) released in 1929. The first animated short film by Walt Disney is released in 1928, featuring Mickey Mouse. Steamboat Willie was the first sound cartoon to attract widespread notice and popularity. Fashion The 1920s is the decade in which fashion entered the modern era. It was the decade in which women first abandoned the more restricting fashions of past years and began to wear more comfortable clothes (such as short skirts or trousers). Men also abandoned highly formal daily attire and even began to wear athletic clothing for the first time. The suits men wear today are still based, for the most part, on those worn in the late 1920s. The 1920s are characterized by two distinct periods of fashion. In the early part of the decade, change was slow, as many were reluctant to adopt new styles. From 1925, the public passionately embraced the styles associated with the Roaring Twenties. These styles continued to characterize fashion until the worldwide depression worsened in 1931. Music "The Jazz Age"—jazz and jazz-influenced dance music became widely popular throughout the decade. George Gershwin wrote Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris. Eddie Lang and Joe Venuti were the first musicians to incorporate the guitar and violin into jazz. Radio First commercial radio stations in the U.S., 8MK (WWJ) in Detroit and (KDKA 1020 AM) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, go on the air on August 27, 1920. Both stations broadcast the election results between Harding and Cox in early November. The first station to receive a commercial license is WBZ, then in Springfield MA, in mid-September 1921. While there are only a few radio stations in 1920–21, by 1922 the radio craze is sweeping the country. 1922: The BBC begins radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom as the British Broadcasting Company, a consortium between radio manufacturers and newspapers. It became a public broadcaster in 1926. On August 27, 1920, regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina for the first time, by a Buenos Aires group including Enrique Telémaco Susini. The station is soon called Radio Argentina. (See Radio in Argentina.) Arts Beginning of surrealist movement. Art Deco becomes fashionable. The Group of Seven (artists). Pablo Picasso paints Three Musicians in 1921. René Magritte paints The Treachery of Images. Albert Gleizes paints Woman with Black Glove, 1920 Marcel Duchamp completes The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). The Museum of Modern Art opens in Manhattan, November 7, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. The first science fiction comic strip, Buck Rogers, begins January 7, 1929. The first Tarzan comic strip begins on the same date. Literature The best-selling books of every year in the United States were as follows: 1920: The Man of the Forest by Zane Grey 1921: Main Street by Sinclair Lewis 1922: If Winter Comes by A. S. M. Hutchinson 1923: Black Oxen | John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, creating tension between the competing theories of creationism and evolutionism. Europe Polish–Soviet War (1920–21). Major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War (1922–23). Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed up to five million victims. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922. Benito Mussolini leader of the National Fascist Party became Prime Minister of Italy, shortly thereafter creating the world's first fascist government. The Fascist regime establishes a totalitarian state led by Mussolini as a dictator. The Fascist regime restores good relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Italy with the Lateran Treaty, which creates Vatican City. The Fascist regime pursues an aggressive expansionist agenda in Europe such as by raiding the Greek island of Corfu in 1923, pressuring Albania to submit to becoming a de facto Italian protectorate in the mid-1920s, and holding territorial aims on the region of Dalmatia in Yugoslavia. In Germany, the Weimar Republic suffers from economic crisis in the early 1920s and hyperinflation of currency in 1923. From 1923 to 1925 the Occupation of the Ruhr takes place. The Ruhr was an industrial region of Germany taken over by the military forces of the French Third Republic and Belgium, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno to keep paying the World War I reparations. The recently formed fringe National Socialist German Workers' Party (a.k.a. Nazi Party) led by Adolf Hitler attempts a coup against the Bavarian and German governments in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, which fails, resulting in Hitler being briefly imprisoned for one year in prison where he writes Mein Kampf. Turkish War of Independence (1919–23). The United Kingdom general strike (1926). Asia The Qajar dynasty ended under Ahmad Shah Qajar as Reza Shah Pahlavi founds the Pahlavi Dynasty, which later became the last monarchy of Iran. The Chinese Civil War begins (1927–37). In the Kingdom of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan's reforms cause conflict with conservative factions, resulting in the Afghan Civil War. Africa Pan-Africanist supporters of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) are repressed by colonial powers in Africa. Garvey's UNIA-ACL supported the creation of a state led by black people in Africa including African Americans. Economics Economic boom ended by "Black Tuesday" (October 29, 1929); the stock market crashes, leading to the Great Depression. The market actually began to drop on Thursday October 24, 1929, and the fall continued until the huge crash on Tuesday October 29, 1929. The New Economic Policy is created by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, to be replaced by the first five-year plan in 1928. The Dawes Plan, which lasted from 1924 to 1928. Average annual inflation for the decade was virtually zero but individual years ranged from a high of 3.47% in 1925 to a deflationary −11% in 1921. Disasters Natural The Great Kantō earthquake struck the main Japanese island of Honshū on the 1st of September, 1923. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale. Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of Germany is assassinated by Ernst Werner Techow, Erwin Kern, and Hermann Willibald Fischer, all members of Organisation Consul on June 24, 1922. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, a Mexican Revolutionary general is assassinated by a group of seven assassins on July 20, 1923. Science and technology Technology John Logie Baird invents the first working mechanical television system (1925). In 1928, he invents and demonstrates the first color television. Warner Brothers produces the first movie with a soundtrack Don Juan in 1926, followed by the first Part-Talkie The Jazz Singer in 1927, the first All-Talking movie Lights of New York in 1928 and the first All-Color All-Talking movie On with the Show, 1929. Silent films start giving way to sound films. By 1936, the transition phase arguably ends, with Modern Times being the last notable silent film. Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the modern electronic cathode ray tube in 1897. The CRT became a commercial product in 1922. Record companies (such as Victor, Brunswick and Columbia) introduce an electrical recording process on their phonograph records in 1925 (that had been developed by Western Electric), resulting in a more lifelike sound. The first electric razor is patented in 1928 by the American manufacturer Col. Jacob Schick. The first selective Jukeboxes being introduced in 1927 by the Automated Musical Instrument Company. Harold Stephen Black revolutionizes the field of applied electronics by inventing the negative feedback amplifier in 1927. Clarence Birdseye invents a process for frozen food in 1925. Robert Goddard makes the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Science Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (May 20–21, 1927), nonstop from New York to Paris. Howard Carter opens the innermost shrine of King Tutankhamun's tomb near Luxor, Egypt, 1922 In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin Popular culture Film Oscar winners: Wings (1927–1928), The Broadway Melody (1928–1929), All Quiet on the Western Front (1929–1930) First feature-length motion picture with a soundtrack (Don Juan) is released in 1926. First part-talkie (The Jazz Singer) released in 1927, first all-talking feature (Lights of New York) released in 1928 and first all-color all-talking feature (On with the Show) released in 1929. The first animated short film by Walt Disney is released in 1928, featuring Mickey Mouse. Steamboat Willie was the first sound cartoon to attract widespread notice and popularity. Fashion The 1920s is the decade in which fashion entered the modern era. It was the decade in which women first abandoned the more restricting fashions of past years and began to wear more comfortable clothes (such as short skirts or trousers). Men also abandoned highly formal daily attire and even began to wear athletic clothing for the first time. The suits men wear today are still based, for the most part, on those worn in the late 1920s. The 1920s are characterized by two distinct periods of fashion. In the early part of the decade, change was slow, as many were reluctant to adopt new styles. From 1925, the public passionately embraced the styles associated with the Roaring Twenties. These styles continued to characterize fashion until the worldwide depression worsened in 1931. Music "The Jazz Age"—jazz and jazz-influenced dance music became widely popular throughout the decade. George Gershwin wrote Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris. Eddie Lang and Joe Venuti were the first musicians to incorporate the guitar and violin into jazz. Radio First commercial radio stations in the U.S., 8MK (WWJ) in Detroit and (KDKA 1020 AM) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, go on the air on August 27, 1920. Both stations broadcast the election results between Harding and Cox in early November. The first station to receive a commercial license is WBZ, then in Springfield MA, |
Norwegian philosopher (d. 2009) Francis Rogallo, American aeronautical engineer (d. 2009) January 28 – Jackson Pollock, American painter (d. 1956) January 30 Werner Hartmann, German physicist (d. 1988) Barbara Tuchman, American historian (d. 1989) Francis Schaeffer, American Evangelical theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor (d. 1984) January 31 Camilo Ponce Enríquez, 30th President of Ecuador (d. 1976) Infanta Maria Adelaide of Portugal, Portuguese royal (d. 2012) February February 2 Millvina Dean, youngest passenger and last survivor of the Sinking of the RMS Titanic (d. 2009) February 3 – Lynn Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player, executive (d. 1980) February 4 Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993) Byron Nelson, American golfer (d. 2006) February 6 – Eva Braun, Adolf Hitler's wife (d. 1945) February 7 – Roberta McCain, American socialite and oil heiress; mother of U.S. Senator John McCain (d. 2020) February 11 – Roy Fuller, English poet, novelist (d. 1991) February 14 – Juan Pujol García, Spanish Catalan double agent (d. 1988) February 19 – Ursula Torday, British writer (d. 1997) February 20 Pierre Boulle, French author (d. 1994) Muriel Humphrey Brown, American politician (d. 1998) February 27 – Lawrence Durrell, British writer (d. 1990) February 28 – Bertil, Swedish prince, Duke of Halland (d. 1997) February 29 – Kamil Tolon, Turkish businessperson (d. 1978) March March 1 – Boris Chertok, Polish-born Russian rocket designer (d. 2011) March 3 – Wally Cassell, Italian-born American actor (d. 2015) March 4 Afro Basaldella, Italian painter (d. 1976) Judith Furse, British character actress (d. 1974) Carl Marzani, American documentarian (d. 1994) March 5 David Astor, British newspaper publisher (d. 2001) Jack Marshall, 28th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1988) March 8 – Joachim Schepke, German submarine commander (d. 1941) March 9 – Francis Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 8th Baron Thurlow, British peer and diplomat (d. 2013) March 12 – Irving Layton, Canadian poet (d. 2006) March 13 – Charles Schepens, Belgian-American ophthalmologist (d. 2006) March 14 Les Brown, American band leader (d. 2001) W. Graham Claytor Jr., American railroad executive (d. 1994) W. Willard Wirtz, American administrator (d. 2010) March 15 – Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (d. 1982) March 16 – Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993) March 17 – Bayard Rustin, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1987) March 18 Lucien Laurin, Canadian horse trainer (d. 2000) Art Gilmore, American radio, television announcer (d. 2010) March 19 Adolf Galland, German general, World War II fighter ace (d. 1996) William Frankland, British immunologist (d. 2020) March 20 – Ralph Hauenstein, American philanthropist and businessman (d. 2016) March 22 Karl Malden, American actor (d. 2009) Alfred Schwarzmann, German artistic gymnast (d. 2000) March 23 – Wernher von Braun, German-born American physicist, engineer (d. 1977) March 24 – Dorothy Height, American civil rights activist (d. 2010) March 25 – Jean Vilar, French stage actor (d. 1971) March 27 – James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005) March 29 – Hanna Reitsch, German aviator (d. 1979) March 31 – William Lederer, American writer (d. 2009) April April 2 – Herbert Mills, American singer, "Mills Brothers" tenor (d. 1989) April 4 – Joie Chitwood, American racecar driver and businessman (d. 1988) April 5 – John Le Mesurier, British actor (d. 1983) April 7 – Jack Lawrence, American composer (d. 2009) April 8 Alois Brunner, Austrian captain (d. 2001) Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (d. 1969) April 10 Roy Hofheinz, American businessman, politician and creator of the Houston Astrodome (d. 1982) Boris Kidrič, 1st Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 1953) April 11 – Gusti Wolf, Austrian actress (d. 2007) April 12 Hamengkubuwono IX, 9th Sultan of Yogyakarta and 2nd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1988) Oswaldo Louzada, Brazilian actor (d. 2008) Walt Gorney, American actor (d. 2004) April 13 – William J. Tuttle, American makeup artist (d. 2007) April 14 – Robert Doisneau, French photographer (d. 1994) April 15 – Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (d. 1994) April 16 David Langton, British actor (d. 1994) Catherine Scorsese, Italian-American actress (d. 1997) April 17 – Marta Eggerth, Hungarian-born American actress, singer (d. 2013) April 19 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) April 22 Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (d. 1953) Kaneto Shindō, Japanese film director (d. 2012) April 26 – A. E. van Vogt, Canadian-born writer (d. 2000) April 27 – Zohra Sehgal, Indian stage, film actress (d. 2014) April 28 – Odette Sansom, French World War II heroine (d. 1995) May May 1 Winthrop Rockefeller, American politician and philanthropist (d. 1973) Otto Kretschmer, German submarine commander, Bundesmarine admiral (d. 1998) May 2 Axel Springer, German journalist, founder and owner of Axel Springer AG (d. 1985) Marten Toonder, Dutch comic creator (d. 2005) May 3 Virgil Fox, American organist (d. 1980) John Bryan Ward-Perkins, British archaeologist (d. 1981) May 5 – Judd L. Teller, author, historian, writer, poet (d. 1972) May 6 – Bill Quinn, American actor (d. 1994) May 8 Dagny Carlsson, Swedish blogger Ptolemy Reid, 2nd Prime Minister of Guyana (d. 2003) May 9 – Pedro Armendáriz, Mexican actor (d. 1963) May 11 – Foster Brooks, American actor, comedian (d. 2001) May 12 – Mayavaram V. R. Govindaraja Pillai, Carnatic violinist from Tamil Nadu, Southern India (d. 1979) May 16 – Studs Terkel, American writer, broadcaster (d. 2008) May 17 Archibald Cox, American Watergate special prosecutor (d. 2004) Ace Parker, American baseball, football player (d. 2013) May 18 Perry Como, American singer (d. 2001) Walter Sisulu, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 2003) May 21 Monty Stratton, American baseball player (d. 1982) Akiva Vroman, Dutch-born Israeli geologist, Israel Prize recipient (d. 1989) May 22 – Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) May 23 Betty Astell, British actress (d. 2005) Jean Françaix, French composer (d. 1997) John Payne, American actor (d. 1989) May 25 – Princess Deokhye of Korea (d. 1989) May 26 János Kádár, Hungarian Communist politician (d. 1989) Jay Silverheels, native American actor (The Lone Ranger) (d. 1980) May 27 John Cheever, American novelist, short story writer (d. 1982) Cedric Phatudi, Chief Minister of Lebowa bantustan (d. 1987) Sam Snead, American golfer (d. 2002) May 28 Herman Johannes, Indonesian professor, scientist and politician (d. 1992) Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990) May 29 – Pamela Hansford Johnson, English poet, novelist, playwright, literary and social critic (d. 1981) May 30 Julius Axelrod, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) Joseph Stein, American librettist (d. 2010) May 31 Alfred Deller, English countertenor (d. 1979) Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, American politician (d. 1983) June June 3 – Glen Dawson, American rock climber and mountaineer (d. 2016) June 4 – Robert Jacobsen, Danish artist (d. 1993) June 5 – Dean Amadon, American ornithologist (d. 2003) June 6 – Maria Montez, Dominican actress (d. 1951) June 8 Harry Holtzman, American artist (d. 1987) Walter Kennedy, American NBA commissioner (d. 1977) June 9 – Philip Simmons, American ornamental ironworker (d. 2009) June 11 Phạm Hùng, Vietnamese prime minister (d. 1988) Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, 2nd Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (d. 1990) June 12 – Russell Hayden, American actor (d. 1981) June 15 Oscar Natzka, New Zealand singer (d. 1951) Fanny Schoonheyt, Dutch Communist Lieutenant in the Spanish Civil War. (d.1961) June 16 – Enoch Powell, British politician (d. 1998) June 21 – Kazimierz Leski, Polish engineer, fighter pilot, intelligence and counter-intelligence officer (d. 2000) June 22 – Raymonde Allain, French model, actress (d. 2008) June 23 Samson Kisekka, Ugandan politician (d. 1999) Alan Turing, British mathematician (d. 1954) June 24 Mary Wesley, English novelist (d. 2002) June 25 Carvalho Leite, Brazilian football (soccer) player (d. 2004) William T. Cahill, American politician (d. 1996) June 26 Roxy Atkins, Canadian hurdler (d. 2002) Jan Falkowski, Polish fighter ace (d. 2001) June 27 E. R. Braithwaite, Guyanese novelist, writer, teacher, and diplomat (d. 2016) Wilbur Jackett, Canadian scholar, public servant, jurist, and the first chief justice of the Federal Court of Canada (d. 2005) Chen Kenmin, Japanese chef (d. 1990) June 28 – Glenn Morris, American Olympic athlete (d. 1974) June 29 – Émile Peynaud, French oenologist, researcher (d. 2004) June 30 María Luisa Dehesa Gómez Farías, Mexican architect (d. 2009) Arthur Walter James, British journalist, Liberal Party politician (d. 2015) Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (d. 2003) July July 1 Ulla Barding-Poulsen, Danish fencer (d. 2000) David R. Brower, American environmentalist (d. 2000) Pinhas Scheinman, Israeli politician (d. 1999) Sally Kirkland, American fashion editor (d. 1989) July 2 – Edwin L. Mechem, American politician (d. 2002) July 3 – John Buchan Ross, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2009) July 4 – Said Akl, Lebanese poet, philosopher, writer, playwright and language reformer (d. 2014) July 6 Molly Yard, American feminist (d. 2005) Heinrich Harrer, Austrian mountaineer, explorer (d. 2006) July 7 Robert Cornog, American physicist and engineer (d. 1998) Gérard Lecointe, French general (d. 2009) July 8 – Christel Goltz, German operatic soprano (d. 2008) July 9 Willi Stadel, German gymnast (d. 1999) Albrecht Obermaier, German naval officer (d. 2004) Editta Sherman, Italian-American photographer (d. 2013) July 11 Peta Taylor, English cricketer (d. 1989) William F. Walsh, American politician (d. 2011) July 12 Petar Stambolić, Yugoslav communist politician (d. 2007) Felix Zwolanowski, German international footballer (d. 1998) July 13 Ed Sherman, American football player, coach (d. 2009) Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura, French organist, music teacher, composer and music theorist (d. 2000) July 14 Buddy Moreno, American musician (d. 2015) Woody Guthrie, American folk music singer, songwriter, and musician, best known for his song This Land Is Your Land (d. 1967) July 15 Helen Roberts, English singer, actress (d. 2010) Aleksandar Goldštajn, Croatian university professor, law scholar, writer and constitutional court judge (d. 2010) July 16 Amy Patterson, Argentine composer, singer, poet, and teacher (d. 2019) Ben Bril, Dutch boxer (d. 2003) July 17 Irene Manning, American actress and singer (d. 2004) Art Linkletter, American radio and television host, best known as the host of House Party (d. 2010) July 18 Leonid Chulkov, Soviet Navy Leader, Vice Admiral (d. 2016) Max Rousié, French rugby footballer (d. 1959) July 19 – Peter Leo Gerety, American Catholic prelate (d. 2016) July 20 Lucette Destouches, French classical dancer (d. 2019) Hideo Itokawa, Japanese aircraft designer, rocketry pioneer (d. 1999) John Vivian Dacie, British haematologist (d. 2005) Jack Durrance, American rock climber, mountaineer (d. 2003) July 21 – Mollie Moon, American civil rights activist (d. 1990) July 28 – George Cisar, American actor (d. 1979) July 31 Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006) Irv Kupcinet, American newspaper columnist (d. 2003) August August 1 Frank K. Edmondson, American astronomer (d. 2008) Donald Seawell, American theater producer, newspaper publisher (d. 2015) August 2 – Palle Huld, Danish actor (d. 2010) August 3 – Fritz Hellwig, German politician (CDU), former European Commissioner for Science & Research (d. 2017) August 4 – Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish humanitarian (d. 1947) August 7 – Võ Chí Công, Vietnamese Communist politician (d. 2011) August 9 – Anne Brown, American soprano (d. 2009) August 10 – Jorge Amado, Brazilian author (d. 2001) August 11 – Norman Levinson, American mathematician (d. 1975) August 13 Ben Hogan, American golfer (d. 1997) Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1991) August 15 Julia Child, American television chef (d. 2004) Ustad Amir Khan, Indian classical vocal singer (d. 1974) Naoto Tajima, Japanese athlete (d. 1990) August 16 Ted Drake, English footballer (d. 1995) Wendy Hiller, English actress (d. 2003) August | Nicaragua: U.S. Marines land from the USS Annapolis in Nicaragua, to support the conservative government at its request. August 12 – Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco abdicates. August 21 – The first Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America) earns his rank. August 25 – The Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party, is founded. September September 4 – The government of the Ottoman Empire agrees to the demands put forward in the Albanian Revolt of 1912. September 28 – W. C. Handy publishes "The Memphis Blues" in the United States. October October 8 – The First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire. October 10 – The Maternity Allowance Act goes into effect in Australia, but excludes minorities. October 14 – John Flammang Schrank attempts to assassinate Theodore Roosevelt in Milwaukee. October 16 – Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the second bombing with an airplane in history, at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne, against Turkey. October 17 – Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent austenitic stainless steel. October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War. October 24 – First Balkan War: Battle of Kumanovo – Serbian forces defeat the Ottoman army in Vardar Macedonia. October Edgar Rice Burroughs' character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes, in American pulp magazine The All-Story. Sax Rohmer's character Fu Manchu first appears in the first story of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu in English pulp magazine The Story-Teller. November November 5 – 1912 United States presidential election: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson wins over former president Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent president William Howard Taft. November 11 – William Lawrence Bragg presents his derivation of Bragg's law for the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice, creating the field of x-ray crystallography, and making possible the eventual imaging of the double helix of DNA. November 28 – Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire. December December 3 – Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League) sign an armistice with the Ottoman Empire, temporarily halting the First Balkan War. (The armistice will expire on February 3, 1913, and hostilities will resume.) December 18 – Piltdown Man, thought to be the fossilized skull of a hitherto unknown form of early human, is presented to the Geological Society of London (it is revealed to be a hoax in 1953). December 24 – Merck files patent applications in Germany for synthesis of the entactogenic drug MDMA (Ecstasy), developed by Anton Köllisch. December 30 – The First Balkan War ends temporarily: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League countries) sign an armistice with Turkey, ending the two-month-long war. Date unknown Casimir Funk identifies vitamins. Sylhet is reconstituted into the non-regulation Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (Northeast Frontier Province). The Scoville Unit (used to measure the heat of peppers) is devised and tested by Wilbur Scoville. Wilfrid Voynich discovers the eponymous manuscript in the Villa Mondragone. The Government College of Technology, Rasul is established in the Punjab. Ludwig von Mises publishes his foundational The Theory of Money and Credit in the original German. Articulated trams are invented and first used by the Boston Elevated Railway. Births January January 1 Kim Philby, British spy (d. 1989) Salah al-Din al-Bitar, Syrian politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Syria (d. 1980) January 3 – Armand Lohikoski, Finnish director (d. 2005) January 5 – Gilbert Ralston, British-American screenwriter, television producer (d. 1999) January 6 Jacques Ellul, French philosopher (d. 1994) Danny Thomas, American actor, comedian (d. 1991) January 7 Charles Addams, American cartoonist (d. 1988) Ivan Yakubovsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1976) January 8 José Ferrer, Puerto Rican actor (d. 1992) Lawrence E. Walsh, American jurist (d. 2014) January 9 – Basil Langton, English actor, authority on the stage works of George Bernard Shaw (d. 2003) January 10 Jessie Lichauco, Cuban-born Filipino-American philanthropist (d. 2021) Maria Mandl, Austrian concentration camp guard and war criminal (d. 1948) Reinholds Robots, Latvian footballer (d. - ) January 11 – Abdul Haq, Pakistani Islamic scholar (d. 1988) January 12 – Paul Birch, American actor (d. 1969) January 15 – Michel Debré, 99th Prime Minister of France (d. 1996) January 19 – Leonid Kantorovich, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) January 21 – Konrad Emil Bloch, German-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2000) January 23 – Susan French, American actress (d. 2003) January 27 Marc Daniels, American television director (d. 1989) Arne Næss, Norwegian philosopher (d. 2009) Francis Rogallo, American aeronautical engineer (d. 2009) January 28 – Jackson Pollock, American painter (d. 1956) January 30 Werner Hartmann, German physicist (d. 1988) Barbara Tuchman, American historian (d. 1989) Francis Schaeffer, American Evangelical theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor (d. 1984) January 31 Camilo Ponce Enríquez, 30th President of Ecuador (d. 1976) Infanta Maria Adelaide of Portugal, Portuguese royal (d. 2012) February February 2 Millvina Dean, youngest passenger and last survivor of the Sinking of the RMS Titanic (d. 2009) February 3 – Lynn Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player, executive (d. 1980) February 4 Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993) Byron Nelson, American golfer (d. 2006) February 6 – Eva Braun, Adolf Hitler's wife (d. 1945) February 7 – Roberta McCain, American socialite and oil heiress; mother of U.S. Senator John McCain (d. 2020) February 11 – Roy Fuller, English poet, novelist (d. 1991) February 14 – Juan Pujol García, Spanish Catalan double agent (d. 1988) February 19 – Ursula Torday, British writer (d. 1997) February 20 Pierre Boulle, French author (d. 1994) Muriel Humphrey Brown, American politician (d. 1998) February 27 – Lawrence Durrell, British writer (d. 1990) February 28 – Bertil, Swedish prince, Duke of Halland (d. 1997) February 29 – Kamil Tolon, Turkish businessperson (d. 1978) March March 1 – Boris Chertok, Polish-born Russian rocket designer (d. 2011) March 3 – Wally Cassell, Italian-born American actor (d. 2015) March 4 Afro Basaldella, Italian painter (d. 1976) Judith Furse, British character actress (d. 1974) Carl Marzani, American documentarian (d. 1994) March 5 David Astor, British newspaper publisher (d. 2001) Jack Marshall, 28th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1988) March 8 – Joachim Schepke, German submarine commander (d. 1941) March 9 – Francis Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 8th Baron Thurlow, British peer and diplomat (d. 2013) March 12 – Irving Layton, Canadian poet (d. 2006) March 13 – Charles Schepens, Belgian-American ophthalmologist (d. 2006) March 14 Les Brown, American band leader (d. 2001) W. Graham Claytor Jr., American railroad executive (d. 1994) W. Willard Wirtz, American administrator (d. 2010) March 15 – Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (d. 1982) March 16 – Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993) March 17 – Bayard Rustin, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1987) March 18 Lucien Laurin, Canadian horse trainer (d. 2000) Art Gilmore, American radio, television announcer (d. 2010) March 19 Adolf Galland, German general, World War II fighter ace (d. 1996) William Frankland, British immunologist (d. 2020) March 20 – Ralph Hauenstein, American philanthropist and businessman (d. 2016) March 22 Karl Malden, American actor (d. 2009) Alfred Schwarzmann, German artistic gymnast (d. 2000) March 23 – Wernher von Braun, German-born American physicist, engineer (d. 1977) March 24 – Dorothy Height, American civil rights activist (d. 2010) March 25 – Jean Vilar, French stage actor (d. 1971) March 27 – James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005) March 29 – Hanna Reitsch, German aviator (d. 1979) March 31 – William Lederer, American writer (d. 2009) April April 2 – Herbert Mills, American singer, "Mills Brothers" tenor (d. 1989) April 4 – Joie Chitwood, American racecar driver and businessman (d. 1988) April 5 – John Le Mesurier, British actor (d. 1983) April 7 – Jack Lawrence, American composer (d. 2009) April 8 Alois Brunner, Austrian captain (d. 2001) Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (d. 1969) April 10 Roy Hofheinz, American businessman, politician and creator of the Houston Astrodome (d. 1982) Boris Kidrič, 1st Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 1953) April 11 – Gusti Wolf, Austrian actress (d. 2007) April 12 Hamengkubuwono IX, 9th Sultan of Yogyakarta and 2nd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1988) Oswaldo Louzada, Brazilian actor (d. 2008) Walt Gorney, American actor (d. 2004) April 13 – William J. Tuttle, American makeup artist (d. 2007) April 14 – Robert Doisneau, French photographer (d. 1994) April 15 – Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (d. 1994) April 16 David Langton, British actor (d. 1994) Catherine Scorsese, Italian-American actress (d. 1997) April 17 – Marta Eggerth, Hungarian-born American actress, singer (d. 2013) April 19 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) April 22 Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (d. 1953) Kaneto Shindō, Japanese film director (d. 2012) April 26 – A. E. van Vogt, Canadian-born writer (d. 2000) April 27 – Zohra Sehgal, Indian stage, film actress (d. 2014) April 28 – Odette Sansom, French World War II heroine (d. 1995) May May 1 Winthrop Rockefeller, American politician and philanthropist (d. 1973) Otto Kretschmer, German submarine commander, Bundesmarine admiral (d. 1998) May 2 Axel Springer, German journalist, founder and owner of Axel Springer AG (d. 1985) Marten Toonder, Dutch comic creator (d. 2005) May 3 Virgil Fox, American organist (d. 1980) John |
is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos. August 4 – Republic of China: The province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks. August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania. August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield. August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of , aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely. August 23 – The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark. August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman. August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration. September September 7–8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich. September 9 In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population. Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, Russia. Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 (naval designation L 1) is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board. September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté. September 13 – The Bell of Chersonesos is returned by France to Russia after having been seized during the Crimean War. September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president. September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia. September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. October October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat. October 7 – The Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan, near Detroit, becomes the first automobile production facility in the world to implement the moving assembly line, significantly speeding up production of the Model T. October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner , carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene. October 10 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal. Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China. October 11 – The Philadelphia Athletics win the deciding game of the 1913 World Series, over baseball's New York Giants, winning 3–1 to take the series in five games. October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom. October 16 – The British Royal Navy's is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship. October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished. October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded. October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico. October 28–December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire. October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated. November November 5 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III. November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa. November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives. December December 1 The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production. Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece. Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens. December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested. December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act. December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France. Date unknown The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh). French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source. The Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes). Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother. Astra, as predecessor of AstraZeneca, a healthcare and pharmaceutical brand worldwide, founded in Sodertalje, Sweden. The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion. Births January–February January 1 – Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009) January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004) January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007) January 6 Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001) Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000) January 7 – Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2008) January 9 Eric Berry, British actor (d. 1993) Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994) January 10 Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991) Mehmet Shehu, 23rd Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1981) January 11 Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980) Jean Murrell Capers, American judge (d. 2017) January 15 Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002) Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998) Alexander Marinesko, Soviet naval officer (d. 1963) January 17 – Everett Parker, American civil rights activist (d. 2015) January 18 – George Unwin, British World War II fighter ace (d. 2006) January 22 Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet and psychoanalyst (d. 2012) William Conway, Irish cardinal (d. 1977) Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003) January 23 Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (d. 1960) Wally Parks, American founder of the NHRA (d. 2007) January 25 Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d. 2010) Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994) January 29 Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999) Peter von Zahn, German journalist, writer (d. 2001) February 2 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985) February 4 Frank P. Keller, American film editor (d. 1977) Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005) Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (d. 1939) February 6 – Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996) February 8 – Betty Field, American actress (d. 1973) Norman H. Boke, American plant anatomist (d. 1996) February 10 Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer (d. 2016) Bill White, Australian rugby union player (d. 1969) February 14 Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996) Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987) Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975) February 19 – Frank Tashlin, American animation director (d. 1972) February 20 – Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d. 2009) February 23 – P. C. Sorcar, Indian stage magician (d. 1971) February 25 Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989) Gert Fröbe, German actor (Goldfinger) (d. 1988) February 26 – George Barker, British poet (d. 1991) February 27 T. B. Ilangaratne, Sri Lankan author, dramatist, actor and politician (d. 1992) Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (d. 2005) Kazimierz Sabbat, leader of Polish government-in-exile (d. 1989) Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984) March–April March 1 – R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005) March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971) March 4 – John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952) March 12 – Loulie Jean Norman, American singer (d. 2005) March 13 William J. Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1987) Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer, lyricist (d. 2009) March 15 – Rosita Contreras, Argentine actress (d. 1962) March 18 René Clément, French film director (d. 1996) Reinhard Hardegen, German U-boat commander (d. 2018) Werner Mölders, German fighter pilot (d. 1941) March 19 – Smoky Dawson, Australian singer (d. 2008) March 21 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991) March 22 – Tom McCall, American politician and journalist (d. 1983) March 26 Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996) Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist (d. 2010) March 28 – Toko Shinoda, Japanese painter (d. 2021) March 29 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000) March 30 Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002) Frankie Laine, American singer (d. 2007) Ċensu Tabone, Maltese politician (d. 2012) March 31 – Etta Baker, American musician (d. 2006) April 3 – Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005) April 4 Cecil Gant, American blues singer, songwriter and pianist (d. 1951) Rosemary Lane, American singer (d. 1974) Frances Langford, American singer, actress (d. 2005) Muddy Waters, African-American musician (d. 1983) April 7 Louise Currie, American actress (d. 2013) Florence S. Jacobsen, American Mormon leader (d. 2017) Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007) April 8 Sourou-Migan Apithy, Beninese political figure, 2nd President of Dahomey (d. 1989) Benedict J. Semmes Jr., American admiral (d. 1994) Carlton Skinner, Governor of Guam (d. 2004) April 9 – Aleksanteri Saarvala, Finnish artistic gymnast (d. 1989) April 10 – Stefan Heym, German writer (d. 2001) April 11 – Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d. 2006) April 11 – Winifred Drinkwater, Scottish aviator, first woman to hold a commercial pilot's license (d. 1996) April 14 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (d. 2008) April 16 – Les Tremayne, British-born American actor (d. 2003) April 18 – Jack Pope, American judge, attorney, and author (d. 2017) April 19 Lloyd Cardwell, American football player and coach (d. 1997) Karl Rawer, German physicist (d. 2018) April 21 – Richard Beeching, chairman of British Rail (d. 1985) April 27 – Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004) April 29 – Eugene Vielle, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2015) May–June May 1 Roy Matsumoto, American army officer (d. 2014) Louis Nye, American comedian, actor (d. 2005) Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980) May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009) May 5 – Fred J. Doocy, American politician, banker (d. 2017) May 6 – Stewart Granger, Anglo-American actor (d. 1993) May 8 Bob Clampett, American director (Looney Tunes) (d. 1984) Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937) Sid James, South African-born British actor, comedian (d. 1976) Charles Scorsese, American actor, father of Martin Scorsese (d. 1993) May 11 – Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994) May 13 Liu Xuyi, Chinese historian (d. 2018) William Tolbert, President of Liberia (d. 1980) May 16 Gheorghe Apostol, Romanian communist politician (d. 2010) Woody Herman, American musician, band leader (d. 1987) Paul R. Norby, American naval officer (d. 2015) May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d. 1996) May 20 Teodoro Fernández, Peruvian soccer player (d. 1996) William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001) May 22 – Benedict Garmisa, American politician (d. 1985) May 24 Peter Ellenshaw, American matte designer (d. 2007) James Flint, British Royal Air Force officer, businessman (d. 2013) Haldpr Topsøe, Danish engineer (d. 2013) May 25 – Benjamin Melniker, American producer (d. 2018) May 26 Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994) Pierre Daninos, French writer, humorist (d. 2005) Josef Manger, German weightlifter (d. 1991) May 29 – Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997) May 31 – Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian, radio and television personality (d. 1979) June 2 – Elsie Tu, English-born Hong Kong social activist (d. 2015) June 3 – Yitzhak Berman, Israeli politician (d. 2013) June 6 – Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991) June 10 – Benjamin Shapira, German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1993) June 11 Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970) Risë Stevens, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2013) June 13 Ralph Edwards, American game show host (d. 2005) Yitzhak Pundak, Polish-born Israeli military officer, diplomat (d. 2017) Oswald Teichmüller, German mathematician (d. 1943) June 18 Robert Mondavi, American winemaker (d. 2008) Sammy Cahn, American songwriter (d. 1993) Sylvia Field Porter, American economist, journalist (d. 1991) June 20 – Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish royal, Count of Barcelona (d. 1993) June 21 Luis Taruc, Filipino political figure, insurgent (d. 2005) Madihe Pannaseeha Thero, Sri Lankan Buddhist | February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income, not just some. February 9 – Mexican Revolution: "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero, begins. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China. February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as president for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office. February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez are assassinated. February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd, and exiled to Siberia. March March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia. Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament, and rules as a dictator. c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara, with 200 on board. March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Procession takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in, as the 28th President of the United States. The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce. March 4–6 – First Balkan War – Battle of Bizani: Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbour. March 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico, from his self-imposed exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952 (the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) will grow from this foundation). March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son Constantine I. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later. The city of Canberra, the center of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia. March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina. March 25 – The Great Dayton Flood, after four days of rain in the Miami Valley, kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in Dayton, Ohio). March 26 Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government, as head of the Constitutionals. Balkan Wars: The Siege of Adrianople ends, when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans. April April – Bernhard Kellermann's novel Der Tunnel is published. April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed. April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators. April 10 – Albrecht Grocery Shop, as predecessor of Aldi, a well known discount retail brand in Europe, is founded in Essen, Germany. April 21 – Cunard ocean liner , built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde. April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world on this date, and for more than a decade after. May May – South Africa's first flying school opens in Kimberley to train pilots for the South African Aviation Corps, to become the South African Air Force on 1 February 1920. May – The Muscat rebellion begins in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in Tanuf, a village just north of the city of Nizwa. May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film, is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry. May 9–July 11 – A major industrial strike occurs in the Black Country of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage. May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller. May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich. May 24 – Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns. May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft. May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring (music by Igor Stravinsky, conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich) is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernism provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history. The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel. May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised. June June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War. June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness. June 5 – Muscat rebellion: Rebels take Nizwa. June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics (later to be cancelled as the result of World War I). June 11 Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway. Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15. June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire. June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories. June 13 – The predecessor of the Aldi store chain opens in Essen, Germany. June 24 – Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia. June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins. July July 10 Romania declares war on Bulgaria. Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest verified air temperature, subject to confirmation). July 27 – The town of San Javier, Uruguay is founded by Russian settlers. July 29 Agreement reached at the Anglo-Ottoman Convention which defined the limits of Ottoman jurisdiction in the area of the Persian Gulf with respect to Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain. August August 2 – The first known ascent of Mount Olympus in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos. August 4 – Republic of China: The province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks. August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania. August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield. August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of , aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely. August 23 – The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark. August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman. August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration. September September 7–8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich. September 9 In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population. Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, Russia. Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 (naval designation L 1) is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board. September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté. September 13 – The Bell of Chersonesos is returned by France to Russia after having been seized during the Crimean War. September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president. September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia. September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. October October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat. October 7 – The Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan, near Detroit, becomes the first automobile production facility in the world to implement the moving assembly line, significantly speeding up production of the Model T. October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner , carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene. October 10 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal. Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China. October 11 – The Philadelphia Athletics win the deciding game of the 1913 World Series, over baseball's New York Giants, winning 3–1 to take the series in five games. October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom. October 16 – The British Royal Navy's is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship. October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished. October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded. October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico. October 28–December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire. October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated. November November 5 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III. November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa. November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives. December December 1 The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production. Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece. Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens. December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested. December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act. December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France. Date unknown The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh). French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source. The Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes). Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother. Astra, as predecessor of AstraZeneca, a healthcare and pharmaceutical brand worldwide, founded in Sodertalje, Sweden. The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion. Births January–February January 1 – Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009) January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004) January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007) January 6 Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001) Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000) January 7 – Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2008) January 9 Eric Berry, British actor (d. 1993) Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994) January 10 Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991) Mehmet Shehu, 23rd Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1981) January 11 Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980) Jean Murrell Capers, American judge (d. 2017) January 15 Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002) Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998) Alexander Marinesko, Soviet naval officer (d. 1963) January 17 – Everett Parker, American civil rights activist (d. 2015) January 18 – George Unwin, British World War II fighter ace (d. 2006) January 22 Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet and psychoanalyst (d. 2012) William Conway, Irish cardinal (d. 1977) Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003) January 23 Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (d. 1960) Wally Parks, American founder of the NHRA (d. 2007) January 25 Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d. 2010) Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994) January 29 Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999) Peter von Zahn, German journalist, writer (d. 2001) February 2 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985) February 4 Frank P. Keller, American film editor (d. 1977) Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005) Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (d. 1939) February 6 – Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996) February 8 – Betty Field, American actress (d. 1973) Norman H. Boke, American plant anatomist (d. 1996) February 10 Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer (d. 2016) Bill White, Australian rugby union player (d. 1969) February 14 Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996) Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987) Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975) February 19 – Frank Tashlin, American animation director (d. 1972) February 20 – Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d. 2009) February 23 – P. C. Sorcar, Indian stage magician (d. 1971) February 25 Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989) Gert Fröbe, German actor (Goldfinger) (d. 1988) February 26 – George Barker, British poet (d. 1991) February 27 T. B. Ilangaratne, Sri Lankan author, dramatist, actor and politician (d. 1992) Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (d. 2005) Kazimierz Sabbat, leader of Polish government-in-exile (d. 1989) Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984) March–April March 1 – R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005) March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971) March 4 – John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952) March 12 – Loulie Jean Norman, American singer (d. 2005) March 13 William J. Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1987) Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer, lyricist (d. 2009) March 15 – Rosita Contreras, Argentine actress (d. 1962) March 18 René Clément, French film director (d. 1996) Reinhard Hardegen, German U-boat commander (d. 2018) Werner Mölders, German fighter pilot (d. 1941) March 19 – Smoky Dawson, Australian singer (d. 2008) March 21 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991) March 22 – Tom McCall, American politician and journalist (d. 1983) March 26 Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996) Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist (d. 2010) March 28 – Toko Shinoda, Japanese painter (d. 2021) March 29 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000) March 30 Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002) Frankie Laine, American singer (d. 2007) Ċensu Tabone, Maltese politician (d. 2012) March 31 – Etta Baker, American musician (d. 2006) April 3 – Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005) April 4 Cecil Gant, American blues singer, songwriter and pianist (d. 1951) Rosemary Lane, American singer (d. 1974) Frances Langford, American singer, actress (d. 2005) Muddy Waters, African-American musician (d. 1983) April 7 Louise Currie, American actress (d. 2013) Florence S. Jacobsen, American Mormon leader (d. 2017) Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007) April 8 Sourou-Migan Apithy, Beninese political figure, 2nd President of Dahomey (d. 1989) Benedict J. Semmes Jr., American admiral (d. 1994) Carlton Skinner, Governor of Guam (d. 2004) April 9 – Aleksanteri Saarvala, Finnish artistic gymnast (d. 1989) April 10 – Stefan Heym, German writer (d. 2001) April 11 – Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d. 2006) April 11 – Winifred Drinkwater, Scottish aviator, first woman to hold a commercial pilot's license (d. 1996) April 14 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (d. 2008) April 16 – Les Tremayne, British-born American actor (d. 2003) April 18 – Jack Pope, American judge, attorney, and author (d. 2017) April 19 Lloyd Cardwell, American football player and coach (d. 1997) Karl Rawer, German physicist (d. 2018) April 21 – Richard Beeching, chairman of British Rail (d. 1985) April 27 – Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004) April 29 – Eugene Vielle, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2015) May–June May 1 Roy Matsumoto, American army officer (d. 2014) Louis Nye, American comedian, actor (d. 2005) Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980) May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009) May 5 – Fred J. Doocy, American politician, banker (d. 2017) May 6 – Stewart Granger, Anglo-American actor (d. 1993) May 8 Bob Clampett, American director (Looney Tunes) (d. 1984) Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937) Sid James, South African-born British actor, comedian (d. 1976) Charles Scorsese, American actor, father of Martin Scorsese (d. 1993) May 11 – Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994) May 13 Liu Xuyi, Chinese historian (d. 2018) William Tolbert, President of Liberia (d. 1980) May 16 Gheorghe Apostol, Romanian communist politician (d. 2010) Woody Herman, American musician, band leader (d. 1987) Paul R. Norby, American naval officer (d. 2015) May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d. 1996) May 20 Teodoro Fernández, Peruvian soccer player (d. 1996) William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001) May 22 – Benedict Garmisa, American politician (d. 1985) May 24 Peter Ellenshaw, American matte designer (d. 2007) James Flint, British Royal Air Force officer, businessman (d. 2013) Haldpr Topsøe, Danish engineer (d. 2013) May 25 – Benjamin Melniker, American producer (d. 2018) May 26 Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994) Pierre Daninos, French writer, humorist (d. 2005) Josef Manger, German weightlifter (d. 1991) May 29 – Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997) May 31 – Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian, radio and television personality (d. 1979) June 2 – Elsie Tu, English-born Hong Kong social activist (d. 2015) June 3 – Yitzhak Berman, Israeli politician (d. 2013) June 6 – Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991) June 10 – Benjamin Shapira, German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1993) June 11 Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970) Risë Stevens, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2013) June 13 Ralph Edwards, American game show host (d. 2005) Yitzhak Pundak, Polish-born Israeli military officer, diplomat (d. 2017) Oswald Teichmüller, German mathematician (d. 1943) June 18 Robert Mondavi, American winemaker (d. 2008) Sammy Cahn, American songwriter (d. 1993) Sylvia Field Porter, American economist, journalist (d. 1991) June 20 – Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish royal, Count of Barcelona (d. 1993) June 21 Luis Taruc, Filipino political figure, insurgent (d. 2005) Madihe Pannaseeha Thero, Sri Lankan Buddhist monk (d. 2003) Kid Azteca, Mexican boxer (d. 2002) June 22 – Álvaro Alsogaray, Argentine politician and businessman (d. 2005) June 23 Jacques Rabemananjara, Malagasy politician, playwright and poet (d. 2005) William P. Rogers, American diplomat (d. 2001) June 24 – Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian road racing cyclist (d. 2002) June 25 – Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005) June 26 Rudolf Brazda, German concentration camp prisoner (d. 2011) Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet, politician (d. 2008) Konrāds Kalējs, Latvian soldier (d. 2001) Anissa Rawda Najjar, Lebanese feminist, women's rights activist (d. 2016) Maurice Wilkes, British computer scientist (d. 2010) June 27 Richard Pike Bissell, American author (d. 1977) Elton Britt, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 1972) Benvenuto Nunes, Brazilian olympic freestyle, backstroke swimmer (d. unknown) June 28 Franz Antel, Austrian filmmaker (d. 2007) Maldwyn James, Welsh international rugby union player (d. 2003) June 30 Henry Leask, British |
of World War I (d. 2011) Clark Gable, American actor (d. 1960) February 2 – Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987) February 3 – Arvid Wallman, Swedish diver (d. 1982) February 6 – Pat Harrington Sr., Canadian actor (d. 1965) February 9 – Brian Donlevy, American actor (d. 1972) February 10 Stella Adler, American actress, acting teacher (d. 1992) Anthony Prusinski, American politician (d. 1950) February 15 João Branco Núncio, Portuguese bullfighter (d. 1976) Kenneth Callow, British biochemist (d. 1983) February 16 – Chester Morris, American actor (d. 1970) February 19 – Florence Green, British Royal Air Force member, last surviving World War I veteran (d. 2012) February 20 – Mohammed Naguib, 30th Prime Minister of Egypt and 1st President of Egypt (d. 1984) February 22 Mildred Davis, American actress (d. 1969) Charles Evans Whittaker, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1973) February 23 – Ivar Lo-Johansson, Swedish writer (d. 1990) February 25 – Zeppo Marx, American comedian (d. 1979) February 27 – Horatio Luro, Argentine horse trainer (d. 1991) February 28 – Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (d. 1994) March March 3 – Claude Choules, British World War I veteran, last surviving combat veteran from any nation (d. 2011) March 4 Charles Goren, American bridge player (d. 1991) Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, Malagasy-French poet (d. 1937) March 9 – Joachim Hämmerling, German-Danish biologist (d. 1980) March 13 – Paul Fix, American actor (d. 1983) March 15 – Colin McPhee, Canadian composer (d. 1964) March 16 – Marta Krásová, Czech contralto (d. 1970) March 17 – Alfred Newman, American film composer (d. 1970) March 21 Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958) Carmelita Geraghty, American actress (d. 1966) March 22 – Greta Kempton, American artist (d. 1991) March 23 – Bon Maharaja, Indian guru, religious writer (d. 1982) March 24 – Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (d. 1971) March 25 – Ed Begley, American actor (d. 1970) March 26 – Teresa Demjanovich, American Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. 1927) March 27 Carl Barks, American cartoonist, screenwriter (d. 2000) Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963) Enrique Santos Discépolo, Argentine tango, milonga musician and composer (d. 1951) Eisaku Satō, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975) Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971) March 28 – Jack Weil, American entrepreneur (d. 2008) April April 1 – Whittaker Chambers, American spy (d. 1961) April 4 – Adam Adrio, German musicologist (d. 1973) April 5 – Melvyn Douglas, American actor (d. 1981) April 13 – Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst, psychiatrist (d. 1981) April 15 Joe Davis, English snooker, billiards player (d. 1978) Ajoy Mukherjee, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1986) René Pleven, Prime Minister of France (d. 1993) April 16 – Lajos Dinnyés, 41st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1961) April 18 – Al Lewis, American songwriter (d. 1967) April 19 – Kiyoshi Oka, Japanese mathematician (d. 1978) April 29 – Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (d. 1989) April 30 – Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) May May 2 – Chiyo Miyako, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1901 (d. 2018) May 3 – Gino Cervi, Italian actor (d. 1974) May 7 Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961) Marcel Poot, Belgian composer (d. 1988) May 11 – Rose Ausländer, German poet (d. 1988) May 13 – Witold Pilecki, Polish resistance leader (executed 1948) May 17 Werner Egk, German composer (d. 1983) Max Lorenz, German tenor (d. 1975) May 18 Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978) Henri Sauguet– French composer (d. 1989) May 20 – Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981) May 21 Manfred Aschner, German-born Israeli microbiologist, entomologist and recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1989). Horace Heidt, American bandleader (d. 1986) Sam Jaffe, American film producer (d. 2000) Suzanne Lilar, Belgian essayist, novelist and playwright (d. 1992) May 23 – Edmund Rubbra, English composer (d. 1986) May 24 – Gustav Åkerman, Swedish army officer (d. 1988) May 25 – Antônio de Alcântara Machado, Brazilian novelist (d. 1935) May 31 – Alfredo Antonini, American conductor, composer (d. 1983) June June 3 – Zhang Xueliang, Chinese military leader (d. 2001) June 6 – Sukarno, 1st President of Indonesia (d. 1970) June 7 – Hugo Ballivián , Bolivian military officer, 44th President of Bolivia (d. 1993) June 12 – Arnold Kirkeby, American hotelier, art collector, and real estate investor (d. 1962) June 13 Tage Erlander, Swedish politician (social democrat), prime minister of Sweden for 23 years (1946–1969) (d. 1985) Jean Prévost, French writer, journalist and member of the Maquis (d. 1944) June 16 – Henri Lefebvre, French Marxist philosopher, sociologist (d. 1991) June 17 – F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, English World War II hero (d. 1964) June 18 Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (d. 1918) Denis Johnston, Irish playwright (d. 1984) June 20 – Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia (d. 1974) June 23 Richard Ripley, British athlete (d. 1996) Chuck Taylor, American basketball player, salesman (d. 1969) June 24 Marcel Mule, French saxophonist (d. 2001) Harry Partch, American composer (d. 1974) June 25 – Giovanni Barbini, Italian naval officer (d. 1998) June 26 – Stuart Symington, American politician (d. 1988) June 27 – Merle Tuve, American physicist (d. 1982) June 29 – Nelson Eddy, American singer, actor (d. 1967) July July 1 – Tom Gorman, Australian rugby league footballer (d. 1978) July 4 – Curtis Shears, American fencer (d. 1988) July 7 Seán Clancy, oldest Irish War of Independence veteran (d. 2006) Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and film director (d. 1974) Gustav Knuth, German film actor (d. 1987) Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese film director and special effects designer (d. 1970) July 9 Barbara Cartland, English novelist (d. 2000) Frank Finnigan, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1991) Lou Polli, Italian baseball pitcher (d. 2000) July 10 – Daniel V. Gallery, American admiral and author (d. 1977) July 13 – Eric Portman, English actor (d. 1969) July 14 – Lucien Prival, American actor (d. 1994) July 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938) July 20 – Heinie Manush, American baseball player (d. 1971) July 21 Sue Wah Chin, Australian entrepreneur (d. 2000) Albert Hamilton Gordon, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2009) July 24 Mabel Albertson, American actress (d. 1982) Igor Ilyinsky, Soviet and Russian actor, comedian and director (d. 1987) July 28 – Rudy Vallée, American actor and jazz musician (d. 1986) July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter (d. 1985) August August 1 – Pancho Villa, Filipino boxer (d. 1925) August 4 – Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971) August 5 – Thomas J. Ryan, American admiral (d. 1970) August 8 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) August 10 – Franco Dino Rasetti, Italian scientist (d. 2001) August 14 – Alice Rivaz, Swiss writer (d. 1998) August 18 Lucienne Boyer, French singer (d. 1983) Jean Guitton, French writer and philosopher (d. 1999) August 20 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian novelist, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) August 24 – Edmund Germer, German electrical engineer and inventor (d. 1987) August 26 Maxwell D. Taylor, American general (d. 1987) Chen Yi, Chinese military commander and politician (d. 1972) Jan de Quay, Dutch politician, psychologist and 31st Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1985) August 28 – Babe London, American actress and comedian (d. 1980) August 30 John Gunther, American writer (d. 1970) Roy Wilkins, American civil rights activist (d. 1981) September September 2 Andreas Embirikos, Greek poet (d. 1975) Adolph Rupp, American college basketball coach (d. 1977) September 4 – William Lyons, British automobile engineer, designer (d. 1985) September 5 Mario Scelba, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1991) Florence Eldridge, American actress (d. 1988) September 7 – Abdallah El-Yafi, 7-time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1986) September 8 – Hendrik Verwoerd, 6th Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1966) September 9 – James Blades, English percussionist (d. 1999) September 12 Ben Blue, Canadian-born comedian, actor (d. 1975) Shmuel Horowitz, Russian-born Israeli agronomist (d. 1999) September 13 – Claude Dupuy, French Roman Catholic priest and bishop (d. 1989) September 14 – Andrey Vlasov, Soviet general, commander of the Russian Liberation Army (d. 1946) September 15 – Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (d. 1985) September 16 – Andrée Brunet, French pair skater (d. 1993) September 17 – Sir Francis Chichester, British sailor (d. 1972) September 21 – Learie Constantine, Trinidad-born cricketer and race relations campaigner (d. 1971) September 22 Charles Brenton Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997) Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin, second wife of Joseph Stalin (d. 1932) September 23 – Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) September 24 – Gerald Warner Brace, American writer, educator, sailor and boat builder (d. 1978) September 25 – Robert Bresson, French film director (d. 1999) September 26 – George Raft, American film actor (d. 1980) September 28 Ed Sullivan, American entertainer (d. 1974) William S. Paley, American businessman, founder of CBS (d. 1990) September 29 Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954) Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (d. 1981) October October 2 – Alice Prin, French singer (d. 1953) October 3 – Jean Grémillon, French film director (d. 1959) October 10 – Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor and painter (d. 1966) October 17 – Cesare Bettarini, Italian actor (d. 1975) October 19 – Arleigh Burke, American admiral (d. 1996) October 20 Evelyn Brent, American actress (d. 1975) Adelaide Hall, American jazz singer, entertainer (d. 1993) October 22 – Wijeyananda Dahanayake, 5th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1997) October 24 Gilda Gray, Polish-born dancer, actress (d. 1959) Moultrie Kelsall, Scottish film, television actor (d. 1980) October 28 – Hilo Hattie, native Hawaiian singer, actress (d. 1979) October 29 – Ana María Vela Rubio, Spanish supercentenarian (d. 2017) November November 2 – James Dunn, American actor (d. 1967) November 3 Prithviraj Kapoor, pioneer of Indian Cinema and Indian Theatre (d. 1972) Leopold III of Belgium (d. 1983) November 4 Yi Bangja, Crown Princess of Korea (d. 1989) Max Wagner, Mexican-born American film actor (d. 1975) November 7 – Norah McGuinness, Irish painter, illustrator (d. 1980) November 8 – Xu Xiangqian, Communist military leader in the People's Republic of China, former defense minister (d. 1990) November 11 Helen Reichert, American broadcaster and educator (d. 2011) Magda Goebbels, wife of German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels (d. 1945) November 13 – Arturo Jauretche, Argentine writer, politician, and philosopher (d. 1974) November 17 – Lee Strasberg, Polish-born American actor, acting teacher and co-founder of method acting (d. 1982) November 18 – George Gallup, American statistician, opinion pollster (d. 1984) November 19 – Nina Bari, Soviet and Russian mathematician (d. 1961) November 22 Lee Patrick, American actress (d. 1982) Joaquín Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999) November 25 Marziyya Davudova, Soviet and Azerbaijani actress (d. 1962) Fernando Tambroni, Italian politician, 36th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1963) November 27 – George | Colin McPhee, Canadian composer (d. 1964) March 16 – Marta Krásová, Czech contralto (d. 1970) March 17 – Alfred Newman, American film composer (d. 1970) March 21 Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958) Carmelita Geraghty, American actress (d. 1966) March 22 – Greta Kempton, American artist (d. 1991) March 23 – Bon Maharaja, Indian guru, religious writer (d. 1982) March 24 – Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (d. 1971) March 25 – Ed Begley, American actor (d. 1970) March 26 – Teresa Demjanovich, American Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. 1927) March 27 Carl Barks, American cartoonist, screenwriter (d. 2000) Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963) Enrique Santos Discépolo, Argentine tango, milonga musician and composer (d. 1951) Eisaku Satō, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975) Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971) March 28 – Jack Weil, American entrepreneur (d. 2008) April April 1 – Whittaker Chambers, American spy (d. 1961) April 4 – Adam Adrio, German musicologist (d. 1973) April 5 – Melvyn Douglas, American actor (d. 1981) April 13 – Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst, psychiatrist (d. 1981) April 15 Joe Davis, English snooker, billiards player (d. 1978) Ajoy Mukherjee, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1986) René Pleven, Prime Minister of France (d. 1993) April 16 – Lajos Dinnyés, 41st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1961) April 18 – Al Lewis, American songwriter (d. 1967) April 19 – Kiyoshi Oka, Japanese mathematician (d. 1978) April 29 – Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (d. 1989) April 30 – Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) May May 2 – Chiyo Miyako, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1901 (d. 2018) May 3 – Gino Cervi, Italian actor (d. 1974) May 7 Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961) Marcel Poot, Belgian composer (d. 1988) May 11 – Rose Ausländer, German poet (d. 1988) May 13 – Witold Pilecki, Polish resistance leader (executed 1948) May 17 Werner Egk, German composer (d. 1983) Max Lorenz, German tenor (d. 1975) May 18 Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978) Henri Sauguet– French composer (d. 1989) May 20 – Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981) May 21 Manfred Aschner, German-born Israeli microbiologist, entomologist and recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1989). Horace Heidt, American bandleader (d. 1986) Sam Jaffe, American film producer (d. 2000) Suzanne Lilar, Belgian essayist, novelist and playwright (d. 1992) May 23 – Edmund Rubbra, English composer (d. 1986) May 24 – Gustav Åkerman, Swedish army officer (d. 1988) May 25 – Antônio de Alcântara Machado, Brazilian novelist (d. 1935) May 31 – Alfredo Antonini, American conductor, composer (d. 1983) June June 3 – Zhang Xueliang, Chinese military leader (d. 2001) June 6 – Sukarno, 1st President of Indonesia (d. 1970) June 7 – Hugo Ballivián , Bolivian military officer, 44th President of Bolivia (d. 1993) June 12 – Arnold Kirkeby, American hotelier, art collector, and real estate investor (d. 1962) June 13 Tage Erlander, Swedish politician (social democrat), prime minister of Sweden for 23 years (1946–1969) (d. 1985) Jean Prévost, French writer, journalist and member of the Maquis (d. 1944) June 16 – Henri Lefebvre, French Marxist philosopher, sociologist (d. 1991) June 17 – F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, English World War II hero (d. 1964) June 18 Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (d. 1918) Denis Johnston, Irish playwright (d. 1984) June 20 – Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia (d. 1974) June 23 Richard Ripley, British athlete (d. 1996) Chuck Taylor, American basketball player, salesman (d. 1969) June 24 Marcel Mule, French saxophonist (d. 2001) Harry Partch, American composer (d. 1974) June 25 – Giovanni Barbini, Italian naval officer (d. 1998) June 26 – Stuart Symington, American politician (d. 1988) June 27 – Merle Tuve, American physicist (d. 1982) June 29 – Nelson Eddy, American singer, actor (d. 1967) July July 1 – Tom Gorman, Australian rugby league footballer (d. 1978) July 4 – Curtis Shears, American fencer (d. 1988) July 7 Seán Clancy, oldest Irish War of Independence veteran (d. 2006) Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and film director (d. 1974) Gustav Knuth, German film actor (d. 1987) Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese film director and special effects designer (d. 1970) July 9 Barbara Cartland, English novelist (d. 2000) Frank Finnigan, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1991) Lou Polli, Italian baseball pitcher (d. 2000) July 10 – Daniel V. Gallery, American admiral and author (d. 1977) July 13 – Eric Portman, English actor (d. 1969) July 14 – Lucien Prival, American actor (d. 1994) July 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938) July 20 – Heinie Manush, American baseball player (d. 1971) July 21 Sue Wah Chin, Australian entrepreneur (d. 2000) Albert Hamilton Gordon, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2009) July 24 Mabel Albertson, American actress (d. 1982) Igor Ilyinsky, Soviet and Russian actor, comedian and director (d. 1987) July 28 – Rudy Vallée, American actor and jazz musician (d. 1986) July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter (d. 1985) August August 1 – Pancho Villa, Filipino boxer (d. 1925) August 4 – Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971) August 5 – Thomas J. Ryan, American admiral (d. 1970) August 8 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) August 10 – Franco Dino Rasetti, Italian scientist (d. 2001) August 14 – Alice Rivaz, Swiss writer (d. 1998) August 18 Lucienne Boyer, French singer (d. 1983) Jean Guitton, French writer and philosopher (d. 1999) August 20 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian novelist, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) August 24 – Edmund Germer, German electrical engineer and inventor (d. 1987) August 26 Maxwell D. Taylor, American general (d. 1987) Chen Yi, Chinese military commander and politician (d. 1972) Jan de Quay, Dutch politician, psychologist and 31st Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1985) August 28 – Babe London, American actress and comedian (d. 1980) August 30 John Gunther, American writer (d. 1970) Roy Wilkins, American civil rights activist (d. 1981) September September 2 Andreas Embirikos, Greek poet (d. 1975) Adolph Rupp, American college basketball coach (d. 1977) September 4 – William Lyons, British automobile engineer, designer (d. 1985) September 5 Mario Scelba, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1991) Florence Eldridge, American actress (d. 1988) September 7 – Abdallah El-Yafi, 7-time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1986) September 8 – Hendrik Verwoerd, 6th Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1966) September 9 – James Blades, English percussionist (d. 1999) September 12 Ben Blue, Canadian-born comedian, actor (d. 1975) Shmuel Horowitz, Russian-born Israeli agronomist (d. 1999) September 13 – Claude Dupuy, French Roman Catholic priest and bishop (d. 1989) September 14 – Andrey Vlasov, Soviet general, commander of the Russian Liberation Army (d. 1946) September 15 – Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (d. 1985) September 16 – Andrée Brunet, French pair skater (d. 1993) September 17 – Sir Francis Chichester, British sailor (d. 1972) September 21 – Learie Constantine, Trinidad-born cricketer and race relations campaigner (d. 1971) September 22 Charles Brenton Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997) Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin, second wife of Joseph Stalin (d. 1932) September 23 – Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) September 24 – Gerald Warner Brace, American writer, educator, sailor and boat builder (d. 1978) September 25 – Robert Bresson, French film director (d. 1999) September 26 – George Raft, American film actor (d. 1980) September 28 Ed Sullivan, American entertainer (d. 1974) William S. Paley, American businessman, founder of CBS (d. 1990) September 29 Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954) Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (d. 1981) October October 2 – Alice Prin, French singer (d. 1953) October 3 – Jean Grémillon, French film director (d. 1959) October 10 – Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor and painter (d. 1966) October 17 – Cesare Bettarini, Italian actor (d. 1975) October 19 – Arleigh Burke, American admiral (d. 1996) October 20 Evelyn Brent, American actress (d. 1975) Adelaide Hall, American jazz singer, entertainer (d. 1993) October 22 – Wijeyananda Dahanayake, 5th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1997) October 24 Gilda Gray, Polish-born dancer, actress (d. 1959) Moultrie Kelsall, Scottish film, television actor (d. 1980) October 28 – Hilo Hattie, native Hawaiian singer, actress (d. 1979) October 29 – Ana María Vela Rubio, Spanish supercentenarian (d. 2017) November November 2 – James Dunn, American actor (d. 1967) November 3 Prithviraj Kapoor, pioneer of Indian Cinema and Indian Theatre (d. 1972) Leopold III of Belgium (d. 1983) November 4 Yi Bangja, Crown Princess of Korea (d. 1989) Max Wagner, Mexican-born American film actor (d. 1975) November 7 – Norah McGuinness, Irish painter, illustrator (d. 1980) November 8 – Xu Xiangqian, Communist military leader in the People's Republic of China, former defense minister (d. 1990) November 11 Helen Reichert, American broadcaster and educator (d. 2011) Magda Goebbels, wife of German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels (d. 1945) November 13 – Arturo Jauretche, Argentine writer, politician, and philosopher (d. 1974) November 17 – Lee Strasberg, Polish-born American actor, acting teacher and co-founder of method acting (d. 1982) November 18 – George Gallup, American statistician, opinion pollster (d. 1984) November 19 – Nina Bari, Soviet and Russian mathematician (d. 1961) November 22 Lee Patrick, American actress (d. 1982) Joaquín Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999) November 25 Marziyya Davudova, Soviet and Azerbaijani actress (d. 1962) Fernando Tambroni, Italian politician, 36th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1963) November 27 – George Scott Register, American judge (d. 1972) November 28 Walter Havighurst, American critic, novelist, literary and social historian of the Midwest, professor of English at Miami University (d. 1994) Roy Urquhart, British general (d. 1988) November 29 – Mildred Harris, American actress (d. 1944) December December 5 Walt Disney, American animator, film producer (d. 1966) Milton Erickson, American psychiatrist (d. 1980) Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) December 7 – Troy Sanders, American film score composer (d. 1959) December 8 – Arthur Leslie, British actor (d. 1970) December 9 – Jean Mermoz, French aviator (d. 1936) December 12 – Fred Barker, American criminal, youngest son of Ma Barker (d. 1935) December 16 – Margaret Mead, American cultural anthropologist (d. 1978) December 19 Rudolf Hell, German inventor (d. 2002) Vitorino Nemesio, Portuguese poet and author (d. 1978) December 25 – Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004) December 27 – Marlene Dietrich, German-American actress (d. 1992) December 31 Julia Bathory, Hungarian glass designer (d. 2000) Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984) Deaths January January 1 – Ignatius L. Donnelly, American politician, writer (b. 1831) January 8 – John Barry, Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1873) January 10 – Sir James Dickson, Premier of Queensland, Australian Minister for Defence (b. 1832) January 11 – Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866) January 14 – Víctor Balaguer, Spanish politician, author (b. 1824) January 16 Arnold Böcklin, Swiss artist (b. 1827) Mahadev Govind Ranade, Indian reformer (b. 1842) January 17 Leonard Fulton Ross, American Civil War general (b. 1823) Frederic W. H. Myers, British poet (b. 1843) January 19 – Albert, 4th duc de Broglie, French politician, 28th Prime Minister of France (b. 1821) January 21 – Elisha Gray, American inventor, appliance manufacturer (b. 1835) January 22 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, Empress of India (b. 1819) January 27 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (b. 1813) January 28 – Iosif Gurko, Russian field marshal (b. 1828) February February 7 Ana Betancourt, Cuban national heroine (b. 1832) Rowena Granice Steele, wrote the first novel by a woman in California (b. 1824) February 10 – Max von Pettenkofer Bavarian chemist, hygienist (b. 1818) February 11 King Milan I of Serbia (b. 1854) Ramón de Campoamor, Spanish poet (b. 1817) February 14 – Sir Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator, politician and 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1819) February 18 – Anna Gardner, American abolitionist (b. 1816) February 22 – George Francis FitzGerald, Irish mathematician (b. 1851) February 26 – Lucyna Ćwierczakiewiczowa, Polish writer (b. 1829) March March 13 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833) March 18 – Patrick Donahoe, American businessman, publisher of the Boston Catholic newspaper The Pilot (b. 1811) March 23 – Konstantin Stoilov, 8th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1853) March 31 – Sir John Stainer, British composer and organist (b. 1840) April April 1 – François-Marie Raoult, French chemist (b. 1830) April 3 – Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (b. 1844) April 9 – Shrimad Rajchandra, Indian Jain philosopher, scholar and poet, spiritual mentor of Mahatma Gandhi (b. 1867) April 10 – Harriet Newell Kneeland Goff, American reformer (b. 1828) April 19 – Alfred Horatio Belo, American businessman, newswriter (b. 1839) April 24 – Arvid Posse, 2nd Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1820) April 26 – Harriett Ellen Grannis Arey, American educator (b. 1819) May May 1 – Lewis Waterman, American inventor, businessman (b. 1837) May 5 Axel Wilhelm Eriksson, Swedish settler, trader in South-West Africa (b. 1846) Mariano Ignacio Prado, Peruvian general, statesman, and three-time President of Peru (b. 1825) May 7 – Dimitar Grekov, 10th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1847) May 19 – Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, 1st President of South Africa (b. 1819) May 21 – Sir John Commerell, British admiral of the fleet (b. 1829) May 22 – Gaetano Bresci, Italian anarchist and assassin (b. 1869) May 24 – Charlotte Mary Yonge, English novelist (b. 1823) May 31 – Ernest de Sarzec, |
The flight was seen by a number of people, including several invited friends, their father Milton, and neighboring farmers. Four days later, they wrote to the United States Secretary of War William Howard Taft, offering to sell the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft. 1906 – The Gabel Automatic Entertainer, an early jukebox-like machine, is invented by John Gabel. It is the first such device to play a series of gramophone records. "The Automatic Entertainer with 24 selections, was produced and patented by the John Gabel owned company in Chicago. The first model (constructed in 1905) was produced in 1906 with an exposed 40 inch horn (102 cm) on top, and it is today often considered the real father of the modern multi-selection disc-playing phonographs. John Gabel and his company did in fact receive a special prize at the Pan-Pacific Exposition for the Automatic Entertainer." 1906 – The Victor Talking Machine Company releases the Victrola, the most popular gramophone model until the late 1920s. The Victrola is also the first playback machine containing an internal horn. Victor also erects the world's largest illuminated billboard at the time, on Broadway in New York City, to advertise the company's records. 1906 – Traian Vuia of Romania takes off with his "Traian Vuia 1", an early monoplane. His flight was performed in Montesson near Paris and was about 12 meters long. 1906 – Jacob Ellehammer of Denmark constructs the Ellehammer semi-biplane. In this machine, he made a tethered flight on 12 September 1906, becoming the second European to make a powered flight. 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont and his Santos-Dumont 14-bis make the first public flight of an airplane on October 23, 1906, in Paris. The flying machine was the first fixed-wing aircraft officially witnessed to take off, fly, and land. Santos Dumont is considered the "Father of Aviation" in his country of birth, Brazil. His flight is the first to have been certified by the Aéro-Club de France and the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). On November 12, 1906, Santos Dumont succeeded in setting the first world record recognized by the Aero-Club De France by flying 220 metres in less than 22 seconds. 1906 – Sound radio broadcasting was invented by Reginald Fessenden and Lee De Forest. Fessenden and Ernst Alexanderson developed a high-frequency alternator-transmitters, an improvement on an already existing device. The improved model operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50 kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters. The alternator-transmitter achieved the goal of transmitting quality audio signals, but the lack of any way to amplify the signals meant they were somewhat weak. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden made an extensive demonstration of the new alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock, showing its utility for point-to-point wireless telephony, including interconnecting his stations to the wire telephone network. A detailed review of this demonstration appeared in The American Telephone Journal. Meanwhile, De Forest had developed the Audion tube an electronic amplifier device. He received a patent in January, 1907. "DeForest's audion vacuum tube was the key component of all radio, telephone, radar, television, and computer systems before the invention of the transistor in 1947." 1906 – Reginald Fessenden of East Bolton, Quebec, Canada made what appear to be the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. (Beginning in 1904, the United States Navy had broadcast daily time signals and weather reports, but these employed spark-gap transmitters, transmitting in Morse code). On the evening of December 24, 1906 (Christmas Eve), Fessenden used the alternator-transmitter to send out a short program from Brant Rock, Plymouth County, Massachusetts. It included a phonograph record of Ombra mai fù (Largo) by George Frideric Handel, followed by Fessenden himself playing the song O Holy Night on the violin. Finishing with reading a passage from the Bible: 'Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to men of good will' (Gospel of Luke 2:14). On December 31, New Year's Eve, a second short program was broadcast. The main audience for both these transmissions was an unknown number of shipboard radio operators along the East Coast of the United States. Fessenden claimed that the Christmas Eve broadcast had been heard "as far down" as Norfolk, Virginia, while the New Year Eve's broadcast had reached places in the Caribbean. Although now seen as a landmark, these two broadcasts were barely noticed at the time and soon forgotten— the only first-hand account appears to be a letter Fessenden wrote on January 29, 1932, to his former associate, Samuel M. Kinter. 1907 – The Autochrome Lumière which was patented in 1903 becomes the first commercial color photography process. 1907 – Thomas Edison invented the "Universal Electric Motor" which made it possible to operate dictation machines, etc. on all lighting circuits. 1907 – The Photostat machine begins the modern era of document imaging. The Photostat machine was invented in Kansas City, Kansas, United States by Oscar Gregory in 1907, and the Photostat Corporation was incorporated in Rhode Island in 1911. "Rectigraph and Photostat machines (Plates 40–42) combined a large camera and a developing machine and used sensitized paper furnished in 350-foot rolls. "The prints are made direct on sensitized paper, no negative, plate or film intervening. The usual exposure is ten seconds. After the exposure has been made the paper is cut off and carried underneath the exposure chamber to the developing bath, where it remains for 35 seconds, and is then drawn into a fixing bath. While one print is being developed or fixed, another exposure can be made. When the copies are removed from the fixing bath, they are allowed to dry by exposure to the air, or may be run through a drying machine. The first print taken from the original is a 'black' print; the whites in the original are black and the blacks, white. (Plate 43) A white 'positive' print of the original is made by rephotographing the black print. As many positives as required may be made by continuing to photograph the black print." (The American Digest of Business Machines, 1924.) Du Pont Co. files include black prints of graphs dating from 1909, and the company acquired a Photostat machine in 1912. ... A 1914 Rectigraph ad stated that the U.S. government had been using Rectigraphs for four years and stated that the machines were being used by insurance companies and abstract and title companies. ... In 1911, a Photostat machine was $500." 1908 – Henry Ford of the Ford Motor Company introduces the Ford Model T. The first production Model T was built on September 27, 1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that "put America on wheels"; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting, as well as the concept of paying the workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car, so that they would provide a ready made market. 1909 – Leo Baekeland of Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium officially announces his creation of Bakelite. The announcement was made at the February 1909 meeting of the New York section of the American Chemical Society. Bakelite is an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic. Popular culture Literature The best selling books of the decade were Anne of Green Gables (1908) and The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902), which sold 50 million and 45 million copies respectively. Serbian writers used the Belgrade literary style, an Ekavian writing form which set basis for the later standardization of the Serbian language. Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, published The Old New Land in 1902, outlining Herzl's vision for a Jewish state in the Land of Israel. Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined by Publishers Weekly. 1900: To Have and to Hold by Mary Johnston 1901: The Crisis by Winston Churchill 1902: The Virginian by Owen Wister 1903: Lady Rose's Daughter by Mary Augusta Ward 1904: The Crossing by Winston Churchill 1905: The Marriage of William Ashe by Mary Augusta Ward 1906: Coniston by Winston Churchill 1907: The Lady of the Decoration by Frances Little 1908: Mr. Crewe's Career by Winston Churchill 1909: The Inner Shrine by Anonymous (Basil King) Art Pablo Picasso paints Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, considered by some to be the birth of modern art. Art Nouveau art movement peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890–1905). Cubism art movement peaked in popularity in France between 1907 and 1911. Fauvism art movement peaked in popularity between 1905 and 1907. Film April 2, 1902 – Electric Theatre, the first movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles. The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 film The Great Train Robbery, directed by Edwin S. Porter. The world's first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang is released on 26 December 1906 in Melbourne, Australia. Music Popular songs of the 1900s include "Lift Every Voice and Sing" and "What Are They Doing in Heaven?", which have been featured in 42 and 16 hymnals respectively. 23rd Jan, 1900 - The Pittsburg Symphony Orchestra makes its Carnegie Hall debut with Victor Herbert conducting. February 3, 1900 – Adonais, overture by George Whitefield Chadwick is premiered by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. December 15, 1900 – The second and third movements of Concerto No.2 in C Minor for Piano by Sergej Rachmaninov receive their world premiere in Moscow, with Rachmaninov playing the solo part. March 29th, 1901 - Jean de Reszke's final performance of the season with the Metropolitan Opera turns into his farewell performance with that company as he sings the title role in Wagner's Lohengrin. October 27, 1901 – Claude Debussy's Trois Nocturnes is given in its first complete performance as Camille Chevillard conducts the Lamoureux Orchestra in Paris. November 9, 1901 - First complete performance of Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto no. 2 in C Minor in Moscow with Rachmaninoff playing the solo part. December 16th, 1902 - Scott Joplin's signature rag, "The Entertainer", is released. October 18, 1904 – Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5 is premiered by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne with Mahler conducting. 1905 - Claude Debussy releases his masterpiece and signature song, "Clair de Lune". January 27, 1907 – Executives of the Metropolitan Opera removes Richard Strauss's Salome from the repertoire following protests that the opera was indecent. January 26, 1908 – Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 2 receives its première. March 15, 1908 – Maurice Ravel's Rapsodie espagnole receives its première in Paris. April 11, 1908 – Spyridon Samaras's opera Rhea is premiered in Florence (Teatro Verdi) September 19, 1908 – Première of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 7 in Prague. January 25, 1909 – Richard Strauss's opera Elektra receives its debut performance at the Dresden State Opera February 19, 1909 – First production Bedřich Smetana's opera Prodaná nevěsta (The Bartered Bride) in the USA v Metropolitan Opera, conducted by Gustav Mahler with Ema Destinová in the titul role. February 22, 1909 – Thomas Beecham conducts the first concert with his newly established Beecham Symphony Orchestra in the UK. November 8, 1909 – Boston Opera House in the United States opens with a performance of La Gioconda starring Lillian Nordica and Louise Homer. November 28, 1909 – Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 is premièred in New York City. December 18, 1909 – George Enescu's Octet for Strings and Piano Quartet No. 1 in D Major are premiered together on a program also featuring his Sept chansons de Clement Marot, Op. 15, at the Salle des agriculteurs in Paris, as part of the "Soirées d'Art" concert series. Fashion Sports The Tour de France starts for the first time in 1903. Food U.S. New Haven, Connecticut Louis Lassen of Louis' Lunch makes the first modern-day hamburger sandwich. According to family legend, one day in 1900 a local businessman dashed into the small New Haven lunch wagon and pleaded for a lunch to go. According to the Lassen family, the customer, Gary Widmore, exclaimed "Louie! I'm in a rush, slap a meatpuck between two planks and step on it!". Louis Lassen, the establishment's owner, placed his own blend of ground steak trimmings between two slices of toast and sent the gentleman on his way, so the story | argument for the famous equation E = mc2. Planck's law of black-body radiation Seismographs built in the University of California, Berkeley, in 1900 Practical air conditioner designed by Willis Carrier in 1902 Geiger counter (measures radioactivity) invented by Hans Geiger in 1908 Pierre and Marie Curie discover radium and polonium, they coin the term 'radioactivity'. Third law of thermodynamics by Walther Nernst Quantum Hypothesis by Max Planck in 1900 The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization for tuberculosis is first developed. Technology Widespread application of the internal combustion engine including mass production of the automobile. Rudolf Diesel demonstrated the diesel engine in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) in Paris using peanut oil fuel (see biodiesel). The Diesel engine takes the Grand Prix. The exposition was attended by 50 million people. The same year Wilhelm Maybach designed an engine built at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft—following the specifications of Emil Jellinek—who required the engine to be named Daimler-Mercedes after his daughter, Mercédès Jellinek. In 1902, the Mercedes 35 hp automobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG. Wide popularity of home phonograph. "The market for home machines was created through technological innovation and pricing: Phonographs, gramophones, and graphophones were cleverly adapted to run by spring-motors (you wound them up), rather than by messy batteries or treadle mechanisms, while the musical records were adapted to reproduce loudly through a horn attachment. The cheap home machines sold as the $10 Eagle graphophone and the $40 (later $30) Home phonograph in 1896, the $20 Zon-o-phone in 1898, the $3 Victor Toy in 1900, and so on. Records sold because their fidelity improved, mass production processes were soon developed, advertising worked, and prices dropped from one and two dollars to around 35 cents.". In 1907, a Victor Records recording of Enrico Caruso singing Ruggero Leoncavallo's "Vesti la giubba" becomes the first to sell a million copies. 1899–1900 – Thomas Alva Edison of Milan, Ohio, invents the nickel-alkaline storage battery. On May 27, 1901, Edison establishes the Edison Storage Battery Company to develop and manufacture them. "It proved to be Edison's most difficult project, taking ten years to develop a practical alkaline battery. By the time Edison introduced his new alkaline battery, the gasoline powered car had so improved that electric vehicles were becoming increasingly less common, being used mainly as delivery vehicles in cities. However, the Edison alkaline battery proved useful for lighting railway cars and signals, maritime buoys, and miners lamps. Unlike iron ore mining with the Edison Ore-Milling Company, the heavy investment Edison made over ten years was repaid handsomely, and the storage battery eventually became Edison's most profitable product. Further, Edison's work paved the way for the modern alkaline battery." 1900 – The Brownie camera is invented; this was the beginning of the Eastman Kodak company. The Brownie popularized low-cost photography and introduced the concept of the snapshot. The first Brownie was introduced in February 1900, 1900 – The first zeppelin flight occurs over Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany on July 2, 1900. 1901 – First electric typewriter is invented by George Canfield Blickensderfer of Erie, Pennsylvania. It was part of a line of Blickensderfer typewriters, known for its portability. 1901 – Wilhelm Kress of Saint Petersburg, Russia creates his Kress Drachenflieger in Austria-Hungary. Power was provided by a Daimler petrol engine driving two large auger-style two-bladed propellers, the first attempt to use an internal combustion engine to power a heavier-than-air aircraft. 1901 – Gustave Whitehead allegedly flies his Whitehead No. 21 on August 14, 1901, near Bridgeport, Connecticut. The feat, if true, exceeded the best of the Wright brothers first powered flights by 540 m (1770 ft) and preceded the Kitty Hawk flights by more than two years, but is not accepted by most aviation historians 1901 – The first radio receiver (successfully received a radio transmission). This receiver was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House, Rosslare Strand, County Wexford, Ireland in 1901 to act as a link between Poldhu in Cornwall and Clifden in County Galway. He soon made the announcement that on 12 December 1901, using a kite-supported antenna for reception, the message was received at Signal Hill in St John's, Newfoundland (now part of Canada), signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about . Heralded as a great scientific advance, there was—and continues to be—some skepticism about this claim, partly because the signals had been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions, consisting of the Morse code letter S sent repeatedly, were difficult to distinguish from atmospheric noise. (A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995.) The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit. The first stage operated at a lower voltage and provided the energy for the second stage to spark at a higher voltage. 1902 – Willis Carrier of Angola, New York, invented the first indoor air conditioning. "He designed his spray driven air conditioning system which controlled both temperature and humidity using a nozzle originally designed to spray insecticide. He built his "Apparatus for Treating Air" (U.S. Pat. #808897) which was patented in 1906 and using chilled coils which not only controlled heat but could lower the humidity to as low as 55%. The device was even able to adjust the humidity level to the desired setting creating what would become the framework for the modern air conditioner. By adjusting the air movement and temperature level to the refrigeration coils he was able to determine the size and capacity of the unit to match the need of his customers. While Carrier was not the first to design a system like this his was much more stable, successful and safer than other versions and took air conditioning out of the Dark Ages and into the realm of science." 1902/1906/1908 – Sir James Mackenzie of Scone, Scotland invented an early lie detector or polygraph. MacKenzie's polygraph "could be used to monitor the cardiovascular responses of his patients by taking their pulse and blood pressure. He had developed an early version of his device in the 1890s, but had Sebastian Shaw, a Lancashire watchmaker, improve it further. "This instrument used a clockwork mechanism for the paper-rolling and time-marker movements and it produced ink recordings of physiological functions that were easier to acquire and to interpret. It has been written that the modern polygraph is really a modification of Dr. Mackenzie's clinical ink polygraph." A more modern and effective polygraph machine would be invented by John Larson in 1921. 1902 – Georges Claude invented the neon lamp. He applied an electrical discharge to a sealed tube of neon gas, resulting in a red glow. Claudes started working on neon tubes which could be put to use as ordinary light bulbs. His first public display of a neon lamp took place on December 11, 1910, in Paris. In 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes as advertising signs. They were introduced to U.S. in 1923 when two large neon signs were bought by a Los Angeles Packard car dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition. 1902 – Gustave Whitehead claimed two spectacular flights on January 17, 1902, in his improved Number 22. As with his earlier claims, most aviation historians do not believe these flights took place. 1902 – Teasmade, a device for making tea automatically, is patented on 7 April 1902 by gunsmith Frank Clarke of Birmingham, England. He called it "An Apparatus Whereby a Cup of Tea or Coffee is Automatically Made" and it was later marketed as "A Clock That Makes Tea!". However, his original machine and all rights to it had been purchased from its actual inventor Albert E. Richardson, a clockmaker from Ashton-under-Lyne. The device was commercially available by 1904. 1902 – Lyman Gilmore of Washington, United States is awarded a patent for a steam engine, intended for use in aerial vehicles. At the time he was living in Red Bluff, California. At a later date, Gilmore claimed to have incorporated his engine in "a monoplane with a 32 foot wingspan". Performing his debut flight in May 1902. While occasionally credited with the first powered flight in aviation history, there is no supporting evidence for his account. While Gilmore was probably working on aeronautical experiments since the late 1890s and reportedly had correspondence with Samuel Pierpont Langley, there exists no photo of his creations earlier than 1908. 1902 – The Wright brothers of Ohio, United States create the 1902 version of the Wright Glider. It was the third free-flight glider built by them and tested at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the first of the brothers' gliders to incorporate yaw control, and its design led directly to the 1903 Wright Flyer. The brothers designed the 1902 glider during the winter of 1901–1902 at their home in Dayton, Ohio. They designed the wing based on data from extensive airfoil tests conducted on a homemade wind tunnel. They built many of the components of the glider in Dayton, but they completed assembly at their Kitty Hawk camp in September 1902. They began testing on September 19. Over the next five weeks, they made between 700 and 1000 glide flights (as estimated by the brothers, who did not keep detailed records of these tests). The longest of these was 622.5 ft (189.7 m) in 26 seconds. "In its final form, the 1902 Wright glider was the world's first fully controllable aircraft." 1903 – Ford Motor Company produces its first car – the Ford Model A. 1903 – Richard Pearse of New Zealand supposedly successfully flew and landed a powered heavier-than-air machine on 31 March 1903 Verifiable eyewitnesses describe Pearse crashing into a hedge on two separate occasions during 1903. His monoplane must have risen to a height of at least three metres on each occasion. Good evidence exists that on 31 March 1903 Pearse achieved a powered, though poorly controlled, flight of several hundred metres. Pearse himself said that he had made a powered takeoff, "but at too low a speed for [his] controls to work". However, he remained airborne until he crashed into the hedge at the end of the field. 1903 – Karl Jatho of Germany performs a series of flights at Vahrenwalder Heide, near Hanover, between August and November, 1903. Using first a pusher triplane, then a biplane. "His longest flight, however, was only 60 meters at 3–4 meters altitude." He then quit his efforts, noting his motor was too weak to make longer or higher flights. The plane was equipped with a single-cylinder 10 horsepower (7.5 kW) Buchet engine driving a two-bladed pusher propeller and made hops of up to 200 ft (60 m), flying up to 10 ft (3 m) high. In comparison, Orville Wright's first controlled flight four months later was of 36 m (120 ft) in 12 seconds although Wilbur flew 59 seconds and later that same day. Either way Jatho managed to fly a powered heavier-than-air machine earlier than his American counterparts. 1903 – Mary Anderson invented windshield wipers. In November 1903 Anderson was granted her first patent for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled inside the car, called the windshield wiper. Her device consisted of a lever and a swinging arm with a rubber blade. The lever could be operated from inside a vehicle to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first to be effective. 1903 – The Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Their airplane, the Wright Flyer, performed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903. In the day's fourth flight, Wilbur Wright flew 279 meters (852 ft) in 59 seconds. First three flights were approximately 120, 175, and 200 ft (61 m), respectively. The Wrights laid particular stress on fully and accurately describing all the requirements for controlled, powered flight and put them into use in an aircraft which took off from a level launching rail, with the aid of a headwind to achieve sufficient airspeed before reaching the end of the rail. It is one of the various candidates regarded as the First flying machine. 1904 – SS Haimun sends its first news story on 15 March 1904. It was a Chinese steamer ship commanded by war correspondent Lionel James in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War for The Times. It is the first known instance of a "press boat" dedicated to war correspondence during naval battles. The recent advent of wireless telegraphy meant that reporters were no longer limited to submitting their stories from land-based offices, and The Times spent 74 days outfitting and equipping the ship, installing a De Forest transmitter aboard the ship. 1904–1914 – The Panama Canal constructed by the United States in the territory of Panama, which had just gained independence from Colombia. The Canal is a ship canal that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and a key conduit for international maritime trade. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the canal had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via the Drake Passage and Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America. A ship sailing from New York to San Francisco via the canal travels , well under half the route around Cape Horn. The project starts on May 4, 1904, known as Acquisition Day. The United States government purchased all Canal properties on the Isthmus of Panama from the New Panama Canal Company, except the Panama Railroad. The project begun under the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, continued in that of William Howard Taft and completed in that of Woodrow Wilson. The Chief engineers were John Frank Stevens and George Washington Goethals 1904 – The Welte-Mignon reproducing piano is created by Edwin Welte and Karl Bockisch. Both employed by the "Michael Welte und Söhne" firm of Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. "It automatically replayed the tempo, phrasing, dynamics and pedalling of a particular performance, and not just the notes of the music, as was the case with other player pianos of the time." In September, 1904, the Mignon was demonstrated in the Leipzig Trade Fair. In March, 1905 it became better known when showcased "at the showrooms of Hugo Popper, a manufacturer of roll-operated orchestrions". By 1906, the Mignon was also exported to the United States, installed to pianos by the firms Feurich and Steinway & Sons. 1904 – Benjamin Holt of the Holt Manufacturing Company invents one of the first practical continuous tracks for use in tractors. While the date of invention was reportedly November 24, 1904, Holt would not receive a patent until December, 1907. 1905 – John Joseph Montgomery of California, United States designs tandem-wing gliders. His pilot Daniel Maloney performs a number of public exhibitions of high altitude flights in March and April 1905 in the Santa Clara, California, area. These flights received national media attention and demonstrated superior control of the design, with launches as high as 4,000 feet (1,200 m) and landings made at predetermined locations. The gliders were launched from balloons. 1905 – The Wright Brothers introduce their Wright Flyer III. On October 5, 1905, Wilbur flew in 39 minutes 23 seconds, longer than the total duration of all the flights of 1903 and 1904. Ending with a safe landing when the fuel ran out. The flight was seen by a number of people, including several invited friends, their father Milton, and neighboring farmers. Four days later, they wrote to the United States Secretary of War William Howard Taft, offering to sell the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft. 1906 – The Gabel Automatic Entertainer, an early jukebox-like machine, is invented by John Gabel. It is the first such device to play a series of gramophone records. "The Automatic Entertainer with 24 selections, was produced and patented by the John Gabel owned company in Chicago. The first model (constructed in 1905) was produced in 1906 with an exposed 40 inch horn (102 cm) on top, and it is today often considered the real father of the modern multi-selection disc-playing phonographs. John Gabel and his company did in fact receive a special prize at the Pan-Pacific Exposition for the Automatic Entertainer." 1906 – The Victor Talking Machine Company releases the Victrola, the most popular gramophone model until the late 1920s. The Victrola is also the first playback machine containing an internal horn. Victor also erects the world's largest illuminated billboard at the time, on Broadway in New York City, to advertise the company's records. 1906 – Traian Vuia of Romania takes off with his "Traian Vuia 1", an early monoplane. His flight was performed in Montesson near Paris and was about 12 meters long. 1906 – Jacob Ellehammer of Denmark constructs the Ellehammer semi-biplane. In this machine, he made a tethered flight on 12 September 1906, becoming the second European to make a powered flight. 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont and his Santos-Dumont 14-bis make the first public flight of an airplane on October 23, 1906, in Paris. The flying machine was the first fixed-wing aircraft officially witnessed to take off, fly, and land. Santos Dumont is considered the "Father of Aviation" in his country of birth, Brazil. His flight is the first to have been certified by the Aéro-Club de France and the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). On November 12, 1906, Santos Dumont succeeded in setting the first world record recognized by the Aero-Club De France by flying 220 metres in less than 22 seconds. 1906 – Sound radio broadcasting was invented by Reginald Fessenden and Lee De Forest. Fessenden and Ernst Alexanderson developed a high-frequency alternator-transmitters, an improvement on an already existing device. The improved model operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50 kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters. The alternator-transmitter achieved the goal of transmitting quality audio signals, but the lack of any way to amplify the signals meant they were somewhat weak. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden made an extensive demonstration of the new alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock, showing its utility for point-to-point wireless telephony, including interconnecting his stations to the wire |
Wars. July–September July 4 – Lord William Bentinck arrives at Calcutta (now Kolkata) to begin his administration as the new Governor-General of India, on behalf of King George IV of the United Kingdom. July 5 – The British weekly magazine, The Spectator is founded by Robert Stephen Rintoul. August 11 – William Corder is hanged at Bury St Edmunds, England, for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year earlier. August 27 – South America: Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de lá Plata(Today Argentina) recognize the independence of Uruguay. Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia. September 17 – A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Japan. September 25 – Failed assassination attempt on Simon Bolívar. September 29 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Varna is taken by the Russian army. October–December October 26 – English naturalist and explorer William John Burchell collects the only known specimen of Parabouchetia brasiliensis, an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family Solanaceae, in central Brazil. November 11 – Greek War of Independence: the London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades. November 12 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces. December 1 – Decembrist revolution (Argentina): Juan Lavalle, returning to Buenos Aires with troops that fought in the Cisplatine War, deposes the provincial governor Manuel Dorrego, reigniting the Argentine Civil Wars. December 3 – 1828 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent John Quincy Adams in a landslide. December 20 – Georgia legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the sixth public medical school to be established. December 28 – The province of Echigo, Japan is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing more than 1,500 people. December 30 – Publication (begun on January 14) of Franz Schubert's song cycle Winterreise is concluded posthumously. Date unknown Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism. Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor. 32,000 Angolans are sold in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria is founded in Russia. The Bank of Australasia, as predecessor of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ Group) was founded in Tasmania, Australia. Births January–June January 17 – Alexandru Cernat, Moldavian-born Romanian general and politician (d. 1893) January 22 – Dora d'Istria, Romanian-Albanian writer (d. 1888) January 23 – Saigō Takamori, Japanese samurai (d. 1877) February 8 – Jules Verne, French science fiction author (d. 1905) March 13 – Sébastien Lespès, French admiral (d. 1897) March 17 – Patrick Cleburne, Irish soldier, Confederate general (d. 1864) March 18 – Sir Randal Cremer, English politician, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1908) March 20 – Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (d. 1906) March 24 – Horace Gray, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1902) April 17 – Johanna Mestorf, German prehistoric archaeologist (d. 1909) April 20 – Josephine Butler, British social reformer (d. 1906) April 26 – Martha Finley, American teacher, author (d. 1909) April 29 – Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, French obstetrician, inventor (d. 1897) May 8 Henry Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910) Charbel Makhluf, Lebanese monk canonized in 1977 by Pope Paul VI (d. 1898) May 12 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet, painter (d. 1882) June 21 – | by the Russian army. October–December October 26 – English naturalist and explorer William John Burchell collects the only known specimen of Parabouchetia brasiliensis, an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family Solanaceae, in central Brazil. November 11 – Greek War of Independence: the London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades. November 12 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces. December 1 – Decembrist revolution (Argentina): Juan Lavalle, returning to Buenos Aires with troops that fought in the Cisplatine War, deposes the provincial governor Manuel Dorrego, reigniting the Argentine Civil Wars. December 3 – 1828 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent John Quincy Adams in a landslide. December 20 – Georgia legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the sixth public medical school to be established. December 28 – The province of Echigo, Japan is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing more than 1,500 people. December 30 – Publication (begun on January 14) of Franz Schubert's song cycle Winterreise is concluded posthumously. Date unknown Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism. Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor. 32,000 Angolans are sold in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria is founded in Russia. The Bank of Australasia, as predecessor of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ Group) was founded in Tasmania, Australia. Births January–June January 17 – Alexandru Cernat, Moldavian-born Romanian general and politician (d. 1893) January 22 – Dora d'Istria, Romanian-Albanian writer (d. 1888) January 23 – Saigō Takamori, Japanese samurai (d. 1877) February 8 – Jules Verne, French science fiction author (d. 1905) March 13 – Sébastien Lespès, French admiral (d. 1897) March 17 – Patrick Cleburne, Irish soldier, Confederate general (d. 1864) March 18 – Sir Randal Cremer, English politician, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1908) March 20 – Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (d. 1906) March 24 – Horace Gray, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1902) April 17 – Johanna Mestorf, German prehistoric archaeologist (d. 1909) April 20 – Josephine Butler, British social reformer (d. 1906) April 26 – Martha Finley, American teacher, author (d. 1909) April 29 – Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, French obstetrician, inventor (d. 1897) May 8 Henry Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910) Charbel Makhluf, Lebanese monk canonized in 1977 by Pope Paul VI (d. 1898) May 12 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet, painter (d. 1882) June 21 – Ferdinand André Fouqué, French geologist, petrologist (d. 1904) June 28 – Alexandre Franquet, French admiral (d. 1907) July–December July 9 – Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic churchman (d. 1913) July 23 – Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, English physician (d. 1913) July 28 – Iosif Gurko, Russian field marshal (d. 1901) July 31 – Ignacio de Veintemilla, 11th President of Ecuador (d. 1908) August 6 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (d. 1917) August 17 – Maria Deraismes, French feminist (d. 1894) August 28 – William A. Hammond, American military physician, neurologist and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (d. 1900) September 1 – Anthony Hoskins, British admiral (d. 1901) September 8 Joshua Chamberlain, Governor of Maine, President of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine (d. 1914) Clarence Cook, American art critic, writer (d. 1900) September 9 (O.S. August 28) – Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1910) October 2 – Charles Floquet, Prime Minister of France (d. 1896) October 20 – Horatio Spafford, American author of the hymn It Is Well with My Soul (d. 1888) October 31 – Sir Joseph Swan, English physicist, chemist (d. 1914) November 17 – Milton Wright, American bishop, father of aviation pioneers the |
1 to July 12, 1916, a series of shark attacks, known as the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, occurred along the Jersey Shore, killing four and injuring one. On January 11, 1914, Sakurajima erupted which resulted in the death of 35 people. In addition, the surrounding islands were consumed, and an isthmus was created between Sakurajima and the mainland. In 1917, the Halifax explosion killed 2,000 people. In 1919, the Great Molasses Flood in Boston, Massachusetts killed 21 people and injured 150. Other significant international events The Panama Canal is completed in 1914. World War I from 1914 until 1918 dominates the Western world. Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu on July 24, 1911. Science and technology Technology Gideon Sundback patented the first modern zipper. Harry Brearley invented stainless steel. Charles Strite invented the first pop-up bread toaster. The Model T Ford dominated the automobile market, selling more than all other makers combined in 1914. The army tank was invented. Tanks in World War I were used by the British Army, the French Army and the German Army. 1912 - Articulated trams, invented and first used by the Boston Elevated Railway. Science In 1916, Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Max von Laue discovers the diffraction of x-rays by crystals. In 1912, Alfred Wegener puts forward his theory of continental drift. Economics In the years 1910 and 1911, there was a minor economic depression known as the Panic of 1910–11, which was followed by the enforcement of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Popular culture Flying Squadron of America promotes temperance movement in the United States. Edith Smith Davis edits the Temperance Educational Quarterly. The first U.S. feature film, Oliver Twist, was released in 1912. The first mob film, D. W. Griffith's The Musketeers of Pig Alley was released in 1912. Hollywood, California, replaces the East Coast as the center of the movie industry. The first crossword puzzle was published 21 December 1913 appearing in The New York World newspaper. The comic strip Krazy Kat begins. Charlie Chaplin débuts his trademark mustached, baggy-pants "Little Tramp" character in Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914. The first African American owned studio, the Lincoln Motion Picture Company, was founded in 1917. The four Warner brothers, (from older to younger) Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack opened their first major film studio in Burbank in 1918. Tarzan of the Apes starring Elmo Lincoln is released in 1918, the first Tarzan film. The first jazz music is recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band for Victor (#18255) in late February, 1917. The Salvation Army has a new international leader, General Bramwell Booth who served from 1912 to 1929. He replaces his father and co-founder of the Christian Mission (the forerunner of the Salvation Army), William Booth. Sports 1912 Summer Olympics were held in Stockholm, Sweden. 1916 Summer Olympics were cancelled because of World War I. Literature and arts Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined by The Bookman, a New York-based literary journal (1910 - 1912) and Publishers Weekly (1913 and beyond). 1910: The Rosary by Florence L. Barclay 1911: The Broad Highway by Jeffery Farnol 1912: The Harvester by Gene Stratton Porter 1913: The Inside of the Cup by Winston Churchill 1914: The Eyes of the World by Harold Bell Wright 1915: The Turmoil by Booth Tarkington 1916: Seventeen by Booth Tarkington 1917: Mr. Britling Sees It Through by H. G. Wells 1918: The U.P. Trail by Zane Grey 1919: The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez Visual Arts The 1913 Armory Show in New York City was a seminal event in the history of Modern Art. Innovative contemporaneous artists from Europe and the United States exhibited together in a massive group exhibition in New York City, and Chicago. Art movements Imagism Cubism and related movements Proto-Cubism Crystal Cubism Orphism Section d'Or Synchromism Futurism Expressionism and related movements Symbolism Blaue Reiter Die Brücke Geometric abstraction and related movements Suprematism De Stijl Constructivism Other movements and techniques Surrealism Dada Collage Influential artists Pablo Picasso Georges Braque Henri Matisse Jean Metzinger Marcel Duchamp Wassily Kandinsky Albert Gleizes Kasimir Malevich Giorgio de Chirico Robert Frost People Politics John Barrett, Director-general Organization of American States Georges Louis Beer, Chairman Permanent Mandates Commission Henry P. Davison, Chairman International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Sir James Eric Drummond, Secretary-general League of Nations Emil Frey, Director International Telecommunication Union Christian Louis Lange, Secretary-general Inter-Parliamentary Union Baron Louis Paul Marie Hubert Michiels van Verduynen, Secretary-general Permanent Court of Arbitration William E. Rappard, Secretary-general International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Manfred von Richthofen, alias the "Red | Soviet Union. April 13, 1919 – The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent and leads to the birth of the Indian Independence Movement. Xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of China's ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China (1912-1949). Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Francisco I. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for an armed revolution at 6 p.m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ousting of Porfirio Díaz (who ruled from 1876 to 1880 and since 1884) six months later. The Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Major political changes Portugal becomes the first republican country in the century after the 5 October 1910 revolution, ending its long-standing monarchy and creating the First Portuguese Republic in 1911. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic. Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, causing US Senators to be directly elected rather than appointed by the state legislatures. Federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain. Dissolution of the German colonial empire, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, reorganization of European states, territorial boundaries, and the creation of several new European states and territorial entities: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland, Free City of Danzig, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Saar, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia. Fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the first state committed to the establishment of communism. Decolonization and independence Easter Rising against the British in Ireland; eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own nation state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires. The Republic of China is established on January 1, 1912. Prominent political events Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: March 18, 1913: George I of Greece June 11, 1913: Mahmud Şevket Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire June 28, 1914 — Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; prompting the events that led up to the start of World War I. July 17, 1918: Shooting of former Russian Emperor Nicholas II, his consort, their five children, and four retainers at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic following the October Revolution of 1917, and the usurpation of power by the Bolsheviks. April 10, 1919: Emiliano Zapata Disasters The RMS Titanic, a British ocean liner which was the largest and most luxurious ship at that time, struck an iceberg and sank 2 hours and forty minutes later in the North Atlantic during its maiden voyage on April 15, 1912. 1,517 people perished in the disaster. On November 21, 1916 HMHS Britannic was holed in an explosion while passing through a channel which had been seeded with enemy mines and sank in 55 minutes. On May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania was torpedoed by , a German U-boat, off the Old Head of Kinsale in Ireland, sinking in 18 minutes. 1,198 lives were lost. From 1918 through 1920, the Spanish flu killed from 17.4 to 100 million people worldwide. In 1916, the Netherlands was hit by a North Sea storm that flooded the lowlands and killed 19 people. From July 1 to July 12, 1916, a series of shark attacks, known as the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, occurred along the Jersey Shore, killing four and injuring one. On January 11, 1914, Sakurajima erupted which resulted in the death of 35 people. In addition, the surrounding islands were consumed, and an isthmus was created between Sakurajima and the mainland. In 1917, the Halifax explosion killed 2,000 people. In 1919, the Great Molasses Flood in Boston, Massachusetts killed 21 people and injured 150. Other significant international events The Panama Canal is completed in 1914. World War I from 1914 until 1918 dominates the Western world. Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu on July 24, 1911. Science and technology Technology Gideon Sundback patented the first modern zipper. Harry Brearley invented stainless steel. Charles Strite invented the first pop-up bread toaster. The Model T Ford dominated the automobile market, selling more than all other makers combined in 1914. The army tank was invented. Tanks in World War I were used by the British Army, the French Army and the German Army. 1912 - Articulated trams, invented and first used by the Boston Elevated Railway. Science In 1916, Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Max von Laue discovers the diffraction of x-rays by crystals. In 1912, Alfred Wegener puts forward his theory of continental drift. Economics In the years 1910 and 1911, there was a minor economic depression known as the Panic of 1910–11, which was followed by the enforcement of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Popular culture Flying Squadron of America promotes temperance movement in the United States. Edith Smith Davis edits the Temperance Educational Quarterly. The first U.S. feature film, Oliver Twist, was released in 1912. The first mob film, D. W. Griffith's The Musketeers of Pig Alley was released in 1912. Hollywood, California, replaces the East Coast as the center of the movie industry. The |
in a single season, and the first passage through the Prince of Wales Strait. October 13 – WWII: Riga, the capital of Latvia, is taken by the Red Army. The first V-2 rocket attack on Antwerp takes place. October 14 – WWII: German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel commits forced suicide rather than face public disgrace and execution for allegedly conspiring against Adolf Hitler. October 16 – WWII: American bombing of Salzburg destroys the dome of the city's cathedral and most of a Mozart family home. October 18 – WWII: The Volkssturm Nazi militia is founded, on Adolf Hitler's orders. October 19 – The Guatemalan Revolution begins with the overthrow of Federico Ponce Vaides by a popular leftist movement. October 20 – WWII: Belgrade Offensive ends when Belgrade is liberated by Yugoslav Partisans, together with the Bulgarian Army and the Red Army, and the remnants of Nedić's collaborationist Serbian puppet state, the Government of National Salvation, are abolished. American and Filipino troops (with Filipino guerrillas) begin the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines. American forces land on Red Beach in Palo, Leyte, as General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines with Philippine Commonwealth president Sergio Osmeña and Armed Forces of the Philippines Generals Basilio J. Valdes and Carlos P. Romulo. American forces land on the beaches in Dulag, Leyte, accompanied by Filipino troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation forces. The combined forces liberate Tacloban. Operation Pheasant begins - an offensive in the Netherlands which supports the ongoing Battle of the Scheldt. October 21 – WWII: Aachen, the first German city to fall, is captured by American troops. October 23–26 – WWII: Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines – In the largest naval battle in history by most criteria and the last naval battle in history between battleships, combined United States and Australian naval forces decisively defeat the Imperial Japanese Navy. This is the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carry out organized kamikaze attacks. October 24 Battle of Leyte Gulf: The is sunk by United States aircraft. The Allies recognise Charles de Gaulle's cabinet as the provisional government of France. October 25 WWII: The Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated. WWII: is sunk in the Formosa Strait by one of her own torpedoes. Medal of Honor-winning submarine ace Richard O'Kane becomes a prisoner of war. Padule di Fucecchio massacre: Nazi German soldiers murder at least 174 Italian civilians in a reprisal killing. Florence Foster Jenkins gives a recital in Carnegie Hall, New York. October 27 – WWII: German forces capture Banská Bystrica, the center of anti-Nazi opposition in Slovakia, bringing the Slovak National Uprising to an end. October 30 The Holocaust: Anne Frank and her sister Margot are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Appalachian Spring, a ballet by Martha Graham with music by Aaron Copland, debuts at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role. October 31 – Serial killer Dr Marcel Petiot is apprehended at a Paris Métro station after 7 months on the run. November November 1–December 7 – Delegates of 52 nations meet at the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago, to plan for postwar international cooperation, framing the constitution of the International Civil Aviation Organization. November 3 – WWII: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest, are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces. November 7 United States presidential election: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term. Election day rail accident in Puerto Rico: A passenger train derails at Aguadilla due to excessive speed on a downgrade; 16 are killed, 50 injured. November 10 – WWII: Ammunition ship disintegrates from the accidental detonation of 3,800 tons of cargo, in the Seeadler Harbor fleet anchorage at Manus Island. 22 small boats are destroyed, 36 nearby ships damaged, 432 men are killed and 371 more are injured. November 11 – Operational ships of the French Navy re-enter their base at Toulon. November 12 – WWII: Operation Catechism – is sunk by British Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers near Tromsø. Estimated casualties range from 950 to 1,204. November 14 – WWII: torpedoes Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru; 2,246 drown. November 16 – WWII: U.S. forces begin the month-long Operation Queen in the Rur Valley. November 18 The Popular Socialist Youth is founded in Cuba. WWII: torpedoes ; 3,546 drown. November 22 Conscription Crisis: Prime Minister of Canada William Mackenzie King agrees a one-time conscription levy in Canada for overseas service. Laurence Olivier's film Henry V, based on Shakespeare's play, opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version of a Shakespeare play made up to that time, and the first in Technicolor. Olivier both stars and directs. November 24 – WWII: German forces evacuate from the West Estonian Archipelago. November 26 – American amateur operatic soprano Florence Foster Jenkins dies in her sleep from a heart attack on Manhattan, at the age of 76. November 27 RAF Fauld explosion: Between 3,450 and 3,930 tons (3,500 and 4,000 tonnes) of ordnance explodes at an underground storage depot in Staffordshire, England, leaving about 75 dead and a crater across and deep. The blast is one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history, and the largest on UK soil. Operation Tigerfish: The Royal Air Force bombing of Freiburg im Breisgau kills 2,800. November 29 – WWII: Submarine sinks Japanese aircraft carrier . Shinano is the largest carrier built to this date, and will remain through the twentieth century the largest ship sunk by a submarine. December December 1–Edward Stettinius, Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull. December 3 – WWII: Fighting breaks out between Communists and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually leading to a full-scale Greek Civil War. The British Home Guard is stood down. December 7 – The Convention on International Civil Aviation is signed in Chicago, creating the International Civil Aviation Organization. The Arab Women's Congress of 1944 takes place in Cairo in Egypt, leading to the establishment of the Arab Feminist Union. December 10 – Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on NBC Radio, starring Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message: a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio. December 12–December 13 – WWII: British units attempt to take the hilltop town of Tossignano, but are repulsed. December 13 – Battle of Mindoro: United States, Australian and Philippine Commonwealth troops land on Mindoro Island in the Philippines. December 14 The Soviet government changes Turkish place names to Russian in the Crimea. The film National Velvet is released in the United States, bringing a young Elizabeth Taylor to stardom. December 15 – A USAAF utility aircraft carrying bandleader Major Glenn Miller disappears in heavy fog over the English Channel, while flying to Paris. December 16 – WWII: Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later known as the Battle of the Bulge. General George C. Marshall becomes the first U.S. Five-Star General. December 17 WWII: Malmedy massacre: German SS troops under Joachim Peiper machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle of the Bulge near Malmedy, and elsewhere in Belgium. WWII: Bombing of Ulm: 707 people are killed and 25,000 are left homeless. December 18 – General Douglas MacArthur becomes the second U.S. Five-Star General. December 19 – The daily newspaper Le Monde begins publication in Paris. December 20 The United States Women Airforce Service Pilots are disbanded. General Dwight D. Eisenhower is promoted to the rank of 5-star U.S. Five-Star General. December 22 WWII: Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending Bastogne, refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, "Nuts!", to the German command. The Vietnam People's Army is formed in French Indochina. December 24 WWII: Troopship is sunk in the English Channel by . Approximately 763 soldiers of the U.S. 66th Infantry Division, bound for the Battle of the Bulge, drown. WWII: German tanks reach the furthest point of the Bulge at Celles. WWII: Fifty German V-1 flying bombs, air-launched from Heinkel He 111 bombers flying over the North Sea, target Manchester in England, killing 42 and injuring more than 100 in the Oldham area. WWII: Bande massacre: 34 men between the ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the Sicherheitsdienst near Bande, Belgium, in retaliation for the killing of 3 German soldiers. The first complete U.S. production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is presented in San Francisco, choreographed by Willam Christensen. It will become an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work. December 26 WWII: American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne. The original stage version of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams premieres in Chicago. Esztergom, Hungary, is captured by the Russians. December 30 King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant. "Stage Door Cartoon" is the first cartoon produced by Eddie Selzer. December 31 – WWII: Battle of Leyte – Tens of thousands of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied military victory. The Arab Women's Congress of 1944 is hosted by the Egyptian Feminist Union in Cairo and the Pan-Arabian Arab Feminist Union is founded. Date unknown The 1944 Summer Olympics, scheduled for London (together with the February Winter Olympics scheduled for Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy), are suspended due to WWII. In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk in paper, and start the company Tetra Pak. The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence is established in the United States. Last known evidence of the existence of the Asiatic lion in the wild in Khuzestan Province, Persia. The BC Žalgiris professional basketball club is founded in Kaunas, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. Births January January 1 Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir, 7th President of Sudan Abdul Hamid, 16th President of Bangladesh Jumabek Ibraimov, 5th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. 1999) Zafarullah Khan Jamali, Pakistani politician, 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2020) Bob Minor, American actor, stunt performer January 2 – Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian politician (d. 2021) January 3 – Chris von Saltza, American swimmer January 6 Bonnie Franklin, American actress, singer, dancer and television director (d. 2013) Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Swiss immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine January 7 – Mike Hebert, American volleyball coach (d. 2019) January 8 – Terry Brooks, American writer January 9 Harun Farocki, German filmmaker, author, and lecturer (d. 2014) Ian Hornak, American painter, draughtsman and sculptor (d. 2002) Jimmy Page, English rock guitarist (Led Zeppelin) January 10 Rory Byrne, South African engineer and car designer William Sanderson, American actor Frank Sinatra Jr., American singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2016) January 12 Joe Frazier, African-American boxer (d. 2011) Vlastimil Hort, Czechoslovak-born German chess Grandmaster Carlos Villagrán, Mexican actor and comedian Klaus Wedemeier, German politician January 17 Jan Guillou, Swedish author Françoise Hardy, French singer January 18 Paul Keating, 24th Prime Minister of Australia Alexander Van der Bellen, 12th President of Austria January 19 – Shelley Fabares, American actress, singer January 20 – Isao Okano, Japanese judoka January 23 Sergei Belov, Soviet basketball player (d. 2013) Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor, writer, and environmentalist (d. 2019) January 24 David Gerrold, American screenwriter and novelist Klaus Nomi, German singer (d. 1983) January 25 Sally Beauman, English writer (d. 2016) Evan Chandler, American screenwriter, dentist (suicide 2009) January 26 Angela Davis, African-American political activist, academic, and author Jerry Sandusky, American child molester, Penn State coach January 27 Peter Akinola, Nigerian religious leader Mairead Maguire, Northern Irish peace activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Nick Mason, English rock drummer (Pink Floyd) January 28 Susan Howard, American actress Rosalía Mera, Spanish fashion retailer (Zara) (d. 2013) John Tavener, English composer (d. 2013) January 29 – Susana Giménez, Argentinian television presenter January 31 – Connie Booth, American writer, actress February February 2 Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (d. 2012) Oqil Oqilov, Tajikistani politician, 7th Prime Minister of Tajikistan February 4 Punch Gunalan, Malaysian badminton star (d. 2012) Maruja Carrasco, Spanish botanist and academic (d. 2018) February 5 Al Kooper, American rock musician (Blood, Sweat & Tears) Thekla Carola Wied, German actress February 8 Bunky Henry, American professional golfer (d. 2018) Roger Lloyd-Pack, English actor (d. 2014) February 9 – Alice Walker, African-American novelist, writer, poet and activist February 10 Peter Allen, Australian-born Academy Award-winning composer and lyricist (d. 1992) Jean-Daniel Cadinot, French photographer, director and producer (d. 2008) February 11 – Michael G. Oxley, American politician (d. 2016) February 12 – Moe Bandy, American country music singer February 13 Stockard Channing, American actress Michael Ensign, American actor Jerry Springer, English-born American politician and television personality February 14 Carl Bernstein, American journalist Sir Alan Parker, English film director, producer, actor and writer (d. 2020) February 15 Mick Avory, English musician (The Kinks) Dzhokhar Dudayev, Chechen leader, first President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (d. 1996) February 16 Richard Ford, American writer António Mascarenhas Monteiro, President of Cape Verde (d. 2016) February 17 Karl Jenkins, Welsh composer Bernie Grant, British Labour Party MP (d. 2000) February 19 – Donald F. Glut, American writer, film director and screenwriter February 20 Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin, Malaysian politician and diplomat (d. 2014) Willem van Hanegem, Dutch footballer and coach February 22 Jonathan Demme, American film director, producer and writer (d. 2017) Tom Okker, Dutch tennis player Robert Kardashian, American attorney and businessman (d. 2003) February 23 – Johnny Winter, American rock musician (d. 2014) February 24 Ivica Račan, Croatian politician (d. 2007) David J. Wineland, American Nobel-laureate physicist February 25 – François Cevert, French racing driver (d. 1973) February 27 Ken Grimwood, American writer (d. 2003) Roger Scruton, English philosopher and writer (d. 2020) February 28 Fanny Cano, Mexican actress and producer (d. 1983) Sepp Maier, German footballer February 29 – Dennis Farina, American actor (d. 2013) March March 1 John Breaux, American politician Roger Daltrey, English singer-songwriter (The Who), actor March 2 Uschi Glas, German actress Leif Segerstam, Finnish conductor and composer March 3 – Odessa Cleveland, American actress (M*A*S*H) March 4 Harvey Postlethwaite, English engineer and race car designer (d. 1999) Bobby Womack, African-American singer and songwriter (d. 2014) March 5 – Peter Brandes, Danish artist March 6 Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, New Zealand soprano Mary Wilson, African-American singer (The Supremes) (d. 2021) March 7 Michael Rosbash, American geneticist and chronobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Townes Van Zandt, American country singer (d. 1997) March 8 – Buzz Hargrove, Canadian labour leader March 11 Graham Lyle, Grammy-winning Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, known for writing several international hits for Tina Turner Don Maclean, English comedian and broadcaster March 15 Emmerich Danzer, Austrian figure skater Ralph MacDonald, American percussionist, songwriter (d. 2011) March 17 Pattie Boyd, English model and first wife of George Harrison and Eric Clapton John Sebastian, American singer-songwriter (The Lovin' Spoonful) March 18 – Dick Smith, Australian entrepreneur March 19 Said Musa, Prime Minister of Belize Sirhan Sirhan, Palestinian assassin of Robert F. Kennedy March 20 – Erwin Neher, German biophysicist March 21 – Hilary Minster, English actor (d. 1999) March 23 – Ric Ocasek, American singer, songwriter, and record producer (The Cars) (d. 2019) March 24 – R. Lee Ermey, American actor, and Marine drill instructor (d. 2018) March 26 – Diana Ross, African-American actress and singer March 27 – Ann Sidney, Miss World March 28 Rick Barry, American basketball player Ken Howard, American actor (d. 2016) March 29 Nana Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana Denny McLain, American baseball player April April 3 – Tony Orlando, American musician April 4 Faisal bin Musaid, assassin and nephew of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (d. 1975) Magda Aelvoet, Belgian politician Craig T. Nelson, American actor April 5 – Peter T. King, American politician April 6 Judith McConnell, American actress Anita Pallenberg, Italian-born model and actress (d. 2017) Dame Felicity Palmer, English soprano Charles Sobhraj, French-Indian serial killer April 7 Shel Bachrach, American insurance broker, investor, businessman and philanthropist Warner Fusselle, American sportscaster (d. 2012) Makoto Kobayashi, Japanese physicist Oshik Levi, Israeli singer and actor Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany April 8 Burny Bos, Dutch producer, scenarist and children's book writer. Odd Nerdrum, Norwegian painter Jimmy Walker, American professional basketball player (d. 2007) April 10 – Abubakar Habu Hashidu, Nigerian politician (d. 2018) April 11 – John Milius, American film director, producer and screenwriter April 13 – Jack Casady, American rock musician (Jefferson Airplane, Hot Tuna) April 14 – Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Vietnamese politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party and President April 15 – Kunishige Kamamoto, Japanese footballer, manager and politician April 18 Charlie Tuna, American disc jockey and game show announcer (d. 2016) Isao Shibata, former Japanese professional baseball player April 19 Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist, composer (Parliament-Funkadelic) (d. 2016) James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate April 20 – Thein Sein, Burmese politician, 8th President of Myanmar April 22 – Steve Fossett, American aviator, sailor and millionaire adventurer (d. 2007) April 24 – Tony Visconti, American record producer, musician and singer April 25 – Len Goodman, British ballroom dancer and television personality April 26 Amien Rais, Indonesian politician Larry H. Miller, American sports owner (Utah Jazz; d. 2009) April 27 Michael Fish, British TV weatherman Cuba Gooding Sr., American actor and singer (d. 2017) April 28 – Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe, Belgian politician April 29 Princess Benedikte of Denmark Richard Kline, American actor and television director April 30 Rudi Assauer, German footballer and manager (d. 2019) Jill Clayburgh, American actress (d. 2010) Michael Angelis, English actor (d. 2020) May May 1 Costa Cordalis, German singer (d. 2019) Suresh Kalmadi, Indian politician Marva Whitney, American singer (d. 2012) May 2 – Gloria Lizárraga de Capriles, Venezuelan politician (d. 2021) May 4 Walker Boone, Canadian actor (d. 2021) Russi Taylor, American actress (d. 2019) May 5 Roger Rees, Welsh actor and director (d. 2015) John Rhys-Davies, Welsh actor May 8 – Gary Glitter, English singer May 9 Richie Furay, American musician (Poco, Buffalo Springfield) Lars Norén, Swedish playwright, novelist and poet (d. 2021) Laurence Owen, American figure skater (d. 1961) May 10 Jim Abrahams, American film director Jackie Lomax, English singer-songwriter, guitarist (d. 2013) May 12 – Sara Kestelman, English actress May 13 Armistead Maupin, American author Carolyn Franklin, American singer (d. 1988) May 14 Connie Lawn, American journalist (d. 2018) George Lucas, American film director and producer May 15 Ulrich Beck, German sociologist (d. 2015) Gunilla Hutton, Swedish-born American actress and singer May 16 – Danny Trejo, Hispanic-American actor May 17 Luís de Matos Monteiro da Fonseca, Cape Verdean diplomat and civil servant Jesse Winchester, American-Canadian musician and songwriter (d. 2014) May 19 – Peter Mayhew, English-American actor (d. 2019) May 20 Joe Cocker, English rock singer (d. 2014) Boudewijn de Groot, Dutch singer Dietrich Mateschitz, Austrian businessman May 21 – Mary Robinson, President of Ireland May 22 – Roberto A. Abad, Filipino lawyer May 23 John Newcombe, Australian tennis player Avraham Oz, Israeli theater professor, translator, and political activist May 24 – Patti LaBelle, American singer, actress and entrepreneur David Mark Berger, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972) May 25 – Frank Oz, English puppeteer and film director May 26 – Jan Schakowsky, U.S. Representative, Illinois's 9th congressional district May 27 – Chris Dodd, American politician May 28 Rudy Giuliani, American politician, former Mayor of New York City Gladys Knight, American singer Sondra Locke, American actress and director (d. 2018) Rita MacNeil, Canadian folk singer (d. 2013) Patricia, Lady Stephens (née Quinn), retired Northern Irish actress Gary Stewart, American country rock singer, songwriter and musician (d. 2003) May 29 – Helmut Berger, Austrian actor May 30 – Meredith MacRae, American actress (d. 2000) May 31 – Ayad Allawi, 38th Prime Minister of Iraq June June 1 – Robert Powell, English actor June 2 Garo Yepremian, American football player (d. 2015) Marvin Hamlisch, American composer, conductor (d. 2012) June 3 – Edith McGuire, American sprinter June 4 – Michelle Phillips, American singer and actress June 5 Colm Wilkinson, Irish actor and singer Whitfield Diffie, American cryptographer June 6 Phillip Allen Sharp, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Edgar Froese, German musician (d. 2015) Tommie Smith, American athlete June 7 – Annette Lu, Taiwanese politician, 8th Vice President of the Republic of China June 8 Mark Belanger, American baseball player (d. 1998) Don Grady, American actor and singer (d. 2012) Marc Ouellet, Canadian cardinal Boz Scaggs, American singer and guitarist June 10 – Ze'ev Friedman, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972) June | battle in which Japanese aircraft carry out organized kamikaze attacks. October 24 Battle of Leyte Gulf: The is sunk by United States aircraft. The Allies recognise Charles de Gaulle's cabinet as the provisional government of France. October 25 WWII: The Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated. WWII: is sunk in the Formosa Strait by one of her own torpedoes. Medal of Honor-winning submarine ace Richard O'Kane becomes a prisoner of war. Padule di Fucecchio massacre: Nazi German soldiers murder at least 174 Italian civilians in a reprisal killing. Florence Foster Jenkins gives a recital in Carnegie Hall, New York. October 27 – WWII: German forces capture Banská Bystrica, the center of anti-Nazi opposition in Slovakia, bringing the Slovak National Uprising to an end. October 30 The Holocaust: Anne Frank and her sister Margot are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Appalachian Spring, a ballet by Martha Graham with music by Aaron Copland, debuts at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role. October 31 – Serial killer Dr Marcel Petiot is apprehended at a Paris Métro station after 7 months on the run. November November 1–December 7 – Delegates of 52 nations meet at the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago, to plan for postwar international cooperation, framing the constitution of the International Civil Aviation Organization. November 3 – WWII: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest, are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces. November 7 United States presidential election: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term. Election day rail accident in Puerto Rico: A passenger train derails at Aguadilla due to excessive speed on a downgrade; 16 are killed, 50 injured. November 10 – WWII: Ammunition ship disintegrates from the accidental detonation of 3,800 tons of cargo, in the Seeadler Harbor fleet anchorage at Manus Island. 22 small boats are destroyed, 36 nearby ships damaged, 432 men are killed and 371 more are injured. November 11 – Operational ships of the French Navy re-enter their base at Toulon. November 12 – WWII: Operation Catechism – is sunk by British Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers near Tromsø. Estimated casualties range from 950 to 1,204. November 14 – WWII: torpedoes Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru; 2,246 drown. November 16 – WWII: U.S. forces begin the month-long Operation Queen in the Rur Valley. November 18 The Popular Socialist Youth is founded in Cuba. WWII: torpedoes ; 3,546 drown. November 22 Conscription Crisis: Prime Minister of Canada William Mackenzie King agrees a one-time conscription levy in Canada for overseas service. Laurence Olivier's film Henry V, based on Shakespeare's play, opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version of a Shakespeare play made up to that time, and the first in Technicolor. Olivier both stars and directs. November 24 – WWII: German forces evacuate from the West Estonian Archipelago. November 26 – American amateur operatic soprano Florence Foster Jenkins dies in her sleep from a heart attack on Manhattan, at the age of 76. November 27 RAF Fauld explosion: Between 3,450 and 3,930 tons (3,500 and 4,000 tonnes) of ordnance explodes at an underground storage depot in Staffordshire, England, leaving about 75 dead and a crater across and deep. The blast is one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history, and the largest on UK soil. Operation Tigerfish: The Royal Air Force bombing of Freiburg im Breisgau kills 2,800. November 29 – WWII: Submarine sinks Japanese aircraft carrier . Shinano is the largest carrier built to this date, and will remain through the twentieth century the largest ship sunk by a submarine. December December 1–Edward Stettinius, Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull. December 3 – WWII: Fighting breaks out between Communists and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually leading to a full-scale Greek Civil War. The British Home Guard is stood down. December 7 – The Convention on International Civil Aviation is signed in Chicago, creating the International Civil Aviation Organization. The Arab Women's Congress of 1944 takes place in Cairo in Egypt, leading to the establishment of the Arab Feminist Union. December 10 – Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on NBC Radio, starring Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message: a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio. December 12–December 13 – WWII: British units attempt to take the hilltop town of Tossignano, but are repulsed. December 13 – Battle of Mindoro: United States, Australian and Philippine Commonwealth troops land on Mindoro Island in the Philippines. December 14 The Soviet government changes Turkish place names to Russian in the Crimea. The film National Velvet is released in the United States, bringing a young Elizabeth Taylor to stardom. December 15 – A USAAF utility aircraft carrying bandleader Major Glenn Miller disappears in heavy fog over the English Channel, while flying to Paris. December 16 – WWII: Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later known as the Battle of the Bulge. General George C. Marshall becomes the first U.S. Five-Star General. December 17 WWII: Malmedy massacre: German SS troops under Joachim Peiper machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle of the Bulge near Malmedy, and elsewhere in Belgium. WWII: Bombing of Ulm: 707 people are killed and 25,000 are left homeless. December 18 – General Douglas MacArthur becomes the second U.S. Five-Star General. December 19 – The daily newspaper Le Monde begins publication in Paris. December 20 The United States Women Airforce Service Pilots are disbanded. General Dwight D. Eisenhower is promoted to the rank of 5-star U.S. Five-Star General. December 22 WWII: Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending Bastogne, refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, "Nuts!", to the German command. The Vietnam People's Army is formed in French Indochina. December 24 WWII: Troopship is sunk in the English Channel by . Approximately 763 soldiers of the U.S. 66th Infantry Division, bound for the Battle of the Bulge, drown. WWII: German tanks reach the furthest point of the Bulge at Celles. WWII: Fifty German V-1 flying bombs, air-launched from Heinkel He 111 bombers flying over the North Sea, target Manchester in England, killing 42 and injuring more than 100 in the Oldham area. WWII: Bande massacre: 34 men between the ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the Sicherheitsdienst near Bande, Belgium, in retaliation for the killing of 3 German soldiers. The first complete U.S. production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is presented in San Francisco, choreographed by Willam Christensen. It will become an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work. December 26 WWII: American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne. The original stage version of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams premieres in Chicago. Esztergom, Hungary, is captured by the Russians. December 30 King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant. "Stage Door Cartoon" is the first cartoon produced by Eddie Selzer. December 31 – WWII: Battle of Leyte – Tens of thousands of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied military victory. The Arab Women's Congress of 1944 is hosted by the Egyptian Feminist Union in Cairo and the Pan-Arabian Arab Feminist Union is founded. Date unknown The 1944 Summer Olympics, scheduled for London (together with the February Winter Olympics scheduled for Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy), are suspended due to WWII. In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk in paper, and start the company Tetra Pak. The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence is established in the United States. Last known evidence of the existence of the Asiatic lion in the wild in Khuzestan Province, Persia. The BC Žalgiris professional basketball club is founded in Kaunas, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. Births January January 1 Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir, 7th President of Sudan Abdul Hamid, 16th President of Bangladesh Jumabek Ibraimov, 5th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. 1999) Zafarullah Khan Jamali, Pakistani politician, 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2020) Bob Minor, American actor, stunt performer January 2 – Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian politician (d. 2021) January 3 – Chris von Saltza, American swimmer January 6 Bonnie Franklin, American actress, singer, dancer and television director (d. 2013) Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Swiss immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine January 7 – Mike Hebert, American volleyball coach (d. 2019) January 8 – Terry Brooks, American writer January 9 Harun Farocki, German filmmaker, author, and lecturer (d. 2014) Ian Hornak, American painter, draughtsman and sculptor (d. 2002) Jimmy Page, English rock guitarist (Led Zeppelin) January 10 Rory Byrne, South African engineer and car designer William Sanderson, American actor Frank Sinatra Jr., American singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2016) January 12 Joe Frazier, African-American boxer (d. 2011) Vlastimil Hort, Czechoslovak-born German chess Grandmaster Carlos Villagrán, Mexican actor and comedian Klaus Wedemeier, German politician January 17 Jan Guillou, Swedish author Françoise Hardy, French singer January 18 Paul Keating, 24th Prime Minister of Australia Alexander Van der Bellen, 12th President of Austria January 19 – Shelley Fabares, American actress, singer January 20 – Isao Okano, Japanese judoka January 23 Sergei Belov, Soviet basketball player (d. 2013) Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor, writer, and environmentalist (d. 2019) January 24 David Gerrold, American screenwriter and novelist Klaus Nomi, German singer (d. 1983) January 25 Sally Beauman, English writer (d. 2016) Evan Chandler, American screenwriter, dentist (suicide 2009) January 26 Angela Davis, African-American political activist, academic, and author Jerry Sandusky, American child molester, Penn State coach January 27 Peter Akinola, Nigerian religious leader Mairead Maguire, Northern Irish peace activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Nick Mason, English rock drummer (Pink Floyd) January 28 Susan Howard, American actress Rosalía Mera, Spanish fashion retailer (Zara) (d. 2013) John Tavener, English composer (d. 2013) January 29 – Susana Giménez, Argentinian television presenter January 31 – Connie Booth, American writer, actress February February 2 Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (d. 2012) Oqil Oqilov, Tajikistani politician, 7th Prime Minister of Tajikistan February 4 Punch Gunalan, Malaysian badminton star (d. 2012) Maruja Carrasco, Spanish botanist and academic (d. 2018) February 5 Al Kooper, American rock musician (Blood, Sweat & Tears) Thekla Carola Wied, German actress February 8 Bunky Henry, American professional golfer (d. 2018) Roger Lloyd-Pack, English actor (d. 2014) February 9 – Alice Walker, African-American novelist, writer, poet and activist February 10 Peter Allen, Australian-born Academy Award-winning composer and lyricist (d. 1992) Jean-Daniel Cadinot, French photographer, director and producer (d. 2008) February 11 – Michael G. Oxley, American politician (d. 2016) February 12 – Moe Bandy, American country music singer February 13 Stockard Channing, American actress Michael Ensign, American actor Jerry Springer, English-born American politician and television personality February 14 Carl Bernstein, American journalist Sir Alan Parker, English film director, producer, actor and writer (d. 2020) February 15 Mick Avory, English musician (The Kinks) Dzhokhar Dudayev, Chechen leader, first President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (d. 1996) February 16 Richard Ford, American writer António Mascarenhas Monteiro, President of Cape Verde (d. 2016) February 17 Karl Jenkins, Welsh composer Bernie Grant, British Labour Party MP (d. 2000) February 19 – Donald F. Glut, American writer, film director and screenwriter February 20 Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin, Malaysian politician and diplomat (d. 2014) Willem van Hanegem, Dutch footballer and coach February 22 Jonathan Demme, American film director, producer and writer (d. 2017) Tom Okker, Dutch tennis player Robert Kardashian, American attorney and businessman (d. 2003) February 23 – Johnny Winter, American rock musician (d. 2014) February 24 Ivica Račan, Croatian politician (d. 2007) David J. Wineland, American Nobel-laureate physicist February 25 – François Cevert, French racing driver (d. 1973) February 27 Ken Grimwood, American writer (d. 2003) Roger Scruton, English philosopher and writer (d. 2020) February 28 Fanny Cano, Mexican actress and producer (d. 1983) Sepp Maier, German footballer February 29 – Dennis Farina, American actor (d. 2013) March March 1 John Breaux, American politician Roger Daltrey, English singer-songwriter (The Who), actor March 2 Uschi Glas, German actress Leif Segerstam, Finnish conductor and composer March 3 – Odessa Cleveland, American actress (M*A*S*H) March 4 Harvey Postlethwaite, English engineer and race car designer (d. 1999) Bobby Womack, African-American singer and songwriter (d. 2014) March 5 – Peter Brandes, Danish artist March 6 Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, New Zealand soprano Mary Wilson, African-American singer (The Supremes) (d. 2021) March 7 Michael Rosbash, American geneticist and chronobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Townes Van Zandt, American country singer (d. 1997) March 8 – Buzz Hargrove, Canadian labour leader March 11 Graham Lyle, Grammy-winning Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, known for writing several international hits for Tina Turner Don Maclean, English comedian and broadcaster March 15 Emmerich Danzer, Austrian figure skater Ralph MacDonald, American percussionist, songwriter (d. 2011) March 17 Pattie Boyd, English model and first wife of George Harrison and Eric Clapton John Sebastian, American singer-songwriter (The Lovin' Spoonful) March 18 – Dick Smith, Australian entrepreneur March 19 Said Musa, Prime Minister of Belize Sirhan Sirhan, Palestinian assassin of Robert F. Kennedy March 20 – Erwin Neher, German biophysicist March 21 – Hilary Minster, English actor (d. 1999) March 23 – Ric Ocasek, American singer, songwriter, and record producer (The Cars) (d. 2019) March 24 – R. Lee Ermey, American actor, and Marine drill instructor (d. 2018) March 26 – Diana Ross, African-American actress and singer March 27 – Ann Sidney, Miss World March 28 Rick Barry, American basketball player Ken Howard, American actor (d. 2016) March 29 Nana Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana Denny McLain, American baseball player April April 3 – Tony Orlando, American musician April 4 Faisal bin Musaid, assassin and nephew of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (d. 1975) Magda Aelvoet, Belgian politician Craig T. Nelson, American actor April 5 – Peter T. King, American politician April 6 Judith McConnell, American actress Anita Pallenberg, Italian-born model and actress (d. 2017) Dame Felicity Palmer, English soprano Charles Sobhraj, French-Indian serial killer April 7 Shel Bachrach, American insurance broker, investor, businessman and philanthropist Warner Fusselle, American sportscaster (d. 2012) Makoto Kobayashi, Japanese physicist Oshik Levi, Israeli singer and actor Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany April 8 Burny Bos, Dutch producer, scenarist and children's book writer. Odd Nerdrum, Norwegian painter Jimmy Walker, American professional basketball player (d. 2007) April 10 – Abubakar Habu Hashidu, Nigerian politician (d. 2018) April 11 – John Milius, American film director, producer and screenwriter April 13 – Jack Casady, American rock musician (Jefferson Airplane, Hot Tuna) April 14 – Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Vietnamese politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party and President April 15 – Kunishige Kamamoto, Japanese footballer, manager and politician April 18 Charlie Tuna, American disc jockey and game show announcer (d. 2016) Isao Shibata, former Japanese professional baseball player April 19 Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist, composer (Parliament-Funkadelic) (d. 2016) James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate April 20 – Thein Sein, Burmese politician, 8th President of Myanmar April 22 – Steve Fossett, American aviator, sailor and millionaire adventurer (d. 2007) April 24 – Tony Visconti, American record producer, musician and singer April 25 – Len Goodman, British ballroom dancer and television personality April 26 Amien Rais, Indonesian politician Larry H. Miller, American sports owner (Utah Jazz; d. 2009) April 27 Michael Fish, British TV weatherman Cuba Gooding Sr., American actor and singer (d. 2017) April 28 – Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe, Belgian politician April 29 Princess Benedikte of Denmark Richard Kline, American actor and television director April 30 Rudi Assauer, German footballer and manager (d. 2019) Jill Clayburgh, American actress (d. 2010) Michael Angelis, English actor (d. 2020) May May 1 Costa Cordalis, German singer (d. 2019) Suresh Kalmadi, Indian politician Marva Whitney, American singer (d. 2012) May 2 – Gloria Lizárraga de Capriles, Venezuelan politician (d. 2021) May 4 Walker Boone, Canadian actor (d. 2021) Russi Taylor, American actress (d. 2019) May 5 Roger Rees, Welsh actor and director (d. 2015) John Rhys-Davies, Welsh actor May 8 – Gary Glitter, English singer May 9 Richie Furay, American musician (Poco, Buffalo Springfield) Lars Norén, Swedish playwright, novelist and poet (d. 2021) Laurence Owen, American figure skater (d. 1961) May 10 Jim Abrahams, American film director Jackie Lomax, English singer-songwriter, guitarist (d. 2013) May 12 – Sara Kestelman, English actress May 13 Armistead Maupin, American author Carolyn Franklin, American singer (d. 1988) May 14 Connie Lawn, American journalist (d. 2018) George Lucas, American film director and producer May 15 Ulrich Beck, German sociologist (d. 2015) Gunilla Hutton, Swedish-born American actress and singer May 16 – Danny Trejo, Hispanic-American actor May 17 Luís de Matos Monteiro da Fonseca, Cape Verdean diplomat and civil servant Jesse Winchester, American-Canadian musician and songwriter (d. 2014) May 19 – Peter Mayhew, English-American actor (d. 2019) May 20 Joe Cocker, English rock singer (d. 2014) Boudewijn de Groot, Dutch singer Dietrich Mateschitz, Austrian businessman May 21 – Mary Robinson, President of Ireland May 22 – Roberto A. Abad, Filipino lawyer May 23 John Newcombe, Australian tennis player Avraham Oz, Israeli theater professor, translator, and political activist May 24 – Patti LaBelle, American singer, actress and entrepreneur David Mark Berger, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972) May 25 – Frank Oz, English puppeteer and film director May 26 – Jan Schakowsky, U.S. Representative, Illinois's 9th congressional district May 27 – Chris Dodd, American politician May 28 Rudy Giuliani, American politician, former Mayor of New York City Gladys Knight, American singer Sondra Locke, American actress and director (d. 2018) Rita MacNeil, Canadian folk singer (d. 2013) Patricia, Lady Stephens (née Quinn), retired Northern Irish actress Gary Stewart, American country rock singer, songwriter and musician (d. 2003) May 29 – Helmut Berger, Austrian actor May 30 – Meredith MacRae, American actress (d. 2000) May 31 – Ayad Allawi, 38th Prime Minister of Iraq June June 1 – Robert Powell, English actor June 2 Garo Yepremian, American football player (d. 2015) Marvin Hamlisch, American composer, conductor (d. 2012) June 3 – Edith McGuire, American sprinter June 4 – Michelle Phillips, American singer and actress June 5 Colm Wilkinson, Irish actor and singer Whitfield Diffie, American cryptographer June 6 Phillip Allen Sharp, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Edgar Froese, German musician (d. 2015) Tommie Smith, American athlete June 7 – Annette Lu, Taiwanese politician, 8th Vice President of the Republic of China June 8 Mark Belanger, American baseball player (d. 1998) Don Grady, American actor and singer (d. 2012) Marc Ouellet, Canadian cardinal Boz Scaggs, American singer and guitarist June 10 – Ze'ev Friedman, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972) June 13 – Ban Ki-moon, South Korean politician and 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations June 15 – Malaysia Vasudevan, Tamil playback singer and actor (d. 2011) June 16 – Henri Richelet, French painter June 17 – Bill Rafferty, American comedian and impressionist (d. 2012) June 18 Salvador Sánchez Cerén, 45th President of El Salvador Sandy Posey, American musician Rick Griffin, American artist (d. 1991) June 19 – Chico Buarque, Brazilian musician June 21 Carmen Cardinali Paoa, Chilean professor Franco Cordova, Italian international football player Corinna Tsopei, Greek actress, model and beauty queen who won Miss Universe 1964 Ray Davies, English rock-singer and songwriter, co-founder of The Kinks Kenny O'Dell, American country singer-songwriter (d. 2018) Tony Scott, English film director (d. 2012) Luigi Sgarbozza, Italian former cyclist Chris Wood, English musician (Traffic) (d. 1983) June 22 Ercole Gualazzini, Italian professional road bicycle racer Gérard Mourou, French electrical engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics June 23 Silvestre Bello III, Filipino businessman and lawyer Gan Ee Kiang, Malaysian pharmacologist June 24 Dennis Butler, English former footballer and football manager John "Charlie" Whitney, English guitarist Jeff Beck, English rock musician June 25 – Ricardo Salgado, Portuguese economist and banker June 27 Paul Koslo, German-Canadian actor (d. 2019) Zezé Motta, Brazilian actress and singer Patrick Sercu, Belgian cyclist (d. (2019) June 28 – Luis Nicolao, Argentine butterfly swimmer June 29 Gary Busey, American actor Seán Patrick O'Malley, American cardinal June 30 Daniel Kablan Duncan, Ivorian politician Terry Funk, American professional wrestler Raymond Moody, American parapsychologist Alan C. Fox, American author, philanthropist and entrepreneur Glenn Shorrock, English musician July July 1 Mercedes Bresso, Italian politician Mike Horan, Australian politician Nurul Haque Miah, Bangladeshi professor and writer (d. 2021) Diron Talbert, American football player Syd Jackson, Australian rules footballer July 2 Billy Campbell, Northern Irish professional footballer Vicente de la Mata, Argentine former football midfielder Paul Schudel, American football player and coach July 3 – Michel Polnareff, French singer July 4 Joe Berardo, Portuguese businessman, investor, and art collector Joe Critchlow, Canadian football player Albert Kapengut, Soviet chess master July 5 Mick Andrews, English international motorcycle trials rider Hendrik Born, German vice admiral Enrique Irazoqui, Spanish movie actor July 6 Tim Brown, Australian darts player Gunhild Hoffmeister, East German middle-distance runner Max Timisela, Indonesian footballer July 7 Feri Cansel, Turkish-Cypriot actress (d. 1983) Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro Mark Burgess, New Zealand cricketer Jürgen Grabowski, German footballer Tony Jacklin, English golfer Feleti Sevele, former Prime Minister of Tonga Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham, British Army officer July 8 Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson, American drummer Jeffrey Tambor, American actor William H. Pitsenbarger, United States Air Force Medal of Honour recipient (d. 1966) July 10 – Carlos Ruckauf, Argentine politician July 11 Keith Doncon, Australian rules footballer Neil Vant, Anglican clergyman, prospector, businessman and former political figure Valdeir Vieira, Brazilian football manager July 12 Terry Cooper, English former football player and manager Clarence Parfitt, Bermudian-Scottish cricketer July 13 – Ernő Rubik, Hungarian inventor July 16 Clarence Parfitt, Bermudian and Scottish cricketer Jose L. Cuisia Jr., Philippine diplomat and banker July 17 Mark Burgess, New Zealand cricket captain Catherine Schell, Hungarian actress Charles Lapointe, Canadian businessman, politician and public servant Tom Kalinske, American businessman Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian footballer (d. 2016) July 18 – David Hemery, British Olympic athlete July 20 Mel Daniels, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015) W. Cary Edwards, American politician (d. 2010) July 21 John Atta Mills, 13th President of Ghana (d. 2012) Paul Wellstone, U.S. Senator from Minnesota (d. 2002) July 26 Celeste Yarnall, American actress (d. 2018) Kiel Martin, American actor (d. 1990) July 28 – Jozo Križanović, Bosnian politician (d. 2009) July 31 Geraldine Chaplin, English-American actress Robert C. Merton, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate August August 1 Andrew G. Vajna, Hungarian-American film producer (d. 2019) Yury Romanenko, Soviet cosmonaut August 2 Jim Capaldi, British drummer, singer and songwriter (d. 2005) Naná Vasconcelos, Brazilian percussionist and vocalist (d. 2016) August 3 – Jonas Falk, Swedish actor (d. 2010) August 4 Richard Belzer, American actor and comedian William Frankfather, American actor (d. 1998) Orhan Gencebay, Turkish musician, composer, singer and actor August 7 John Glover, American actor Robert Mueller, American lawyer and former FBI director August 8 Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) Hasyim Muzadi, Indonesian Islamic scholar (d. 2017) August 9 – Sam Elliott, American actor August 11 Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor Frederick W. Smith, American founder of FedEx August 12 – Larry Troutman, American musician (d. 1999) August 13 – Kevin Tighe, American actor August 15 – Sylvie Vartan, French singer August 18 Robert Hitchcock, Australian sculptor Volker Lechtenbrink, German television actor and singer Helena Rojo, Mexican actress and model August 19 Mordechai Spiegler, Israeli footballer and manager Charles Wang, Chinese-born American businessman, philanthropist and sports team owner (d. 2018) Bodil Malmsten, Swedish writer (d. 2016) August 20 – Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1991) August 21 Kari S. Tikka, Finnish Professor of Finance (d. 2006) Peter Weir, Australian film director August 22 – Ayşen Gruda, Turkish actress and comedian (d. 2019) August 23 Saira Banu, Indian actress Roberto D'Aubuisson, Salvadorean Army officer and right-wing political leader (d. 1992) August 24 – Rocky Johnson, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2020) August 25 – Christine Chubbuck, American television reporter (d. 1974) August 25 – Pat Martino, American Jazz guitarist (d. 2021) August 26 – Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester August 27 – G. W. Bailey, American actor August 30 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (d. 2004) August 31 Jos LeDuc, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1999) Earnie Shavers, African-American professional wrestler September September 1 – Leonard Slatkin, American conductor September 2 – Gilles Marchal, French musician September 3 Ty Warner, American Businessman, Inventor: Beanie Babies September 4 – Tony Atkinson, British economist (d. 2017) September 6 Christian Boltanski, French artist Swoosie Kurtz, American actress September 7 Abul Hayat, Bangladeshi actor Earl Manigault, American basketball player (d. 1998) Bora Milutinović, Serbian footballer and coach Sam Sloan, American chess player and autodidact September 11 – Serge Haroche, French physicist September 12 Leonard Peltier, Native American activist and convicted murderer Barry White, African-American singer (d. 2003) September 13 Carol Barnes, British newsreader (d. 2008) Jacqueline Bisset, English actress Peter Cetera, lead singer and guitarist of American rock group Chicago September 15 Yoweri Museveni, Ugandan politician, 9th President of Uganda Graham Taylor, English footballer and football manager (d. 2017) September 16 – B.J. Ward, American voice actress September 17 – Reinhold Messner, Italian mountaineer September 18 Veronica Carlson, English actress and model Satan's Angel, American exotic dancer September 19 – İsmet Özel, Turkish poet September 21 Caleb Deschanel, American cinematographer and film director Hamilton Jordan, Jimmy Carter's first White House Chief of Staff (d. 2008) September 22 – Frazer Hines, British actor September 25 – Michael Douglas, American actor and producer September 26 – Anne Robinson, British television host September 27 – Angélica María, American-born Mexican singer-songwriter and actress September 28 – Miloš Zeman, 3rd President of the Czech Republic September 30 – Jimmy Johnstone, Scottish footballer (d. 2006) October October 2 – Vernor Vinge, American science fiction writer October 4 Rocío Dúrcal, Spanish singer and actress (d. 2006) Tony La Russa, American baseball player and manager October 5 – Arnhim Eustace, Vincentian politician and 3rd Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines October 6 Dhammananda Bhikkhuni, born Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, pioneering female Thai Buddhist monk, previously academic Mylon LeFevre, American singer and evangelist October 8 – Dale Dye, American actor, technical advisor, radio personality and writer October 9 John Entwistle, English rock bass guitarist and singer-songwriter (The Who) (d. 2002) Nona Hendryx, American R&B singer (Labelle) Peter Tosh, Jamaican singer and musician (d. 1987) October 14 – Udo Kier, German actor October 15 Mac Collins, American politician (d. 2018) Şerif Gören, Turkish film director Haim Saban, Israeli-American media proprietor David Trimble, Northern Irish Unionist political leader; recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize 1998 October 16 – Elizabeth Loftus, American cognitive psychologist and memory specialist October 20 – Clive Hornby, English actor (d. 2008) October 21 – Jean-Pierre Sauvage, French scientist; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 October 25 Jon Anderson, English rock singer-songwriter and musician Ron Coote, Australian rugby league player Kati Kovács, Hungarian jazz, pop and rock musician Azizan Abdul Razak, Malaysian politician (d. 2013) October 27 – Nikolai Karachentsov, Russian actor (d. 2018) October 28 Dennis Franz, American actor Ian Marter, English actor and writer (d. 1986) Marián Labuda, Slovak actor (d. 2018) October 30 – Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (d. 2015) October 31 – Hal Wick, American politician (d. 2018) November November 1 Kinky Friedman, American singer, songwriter, novelist, humorist, politician, and columnist Rafic Hariri, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2005) Bobby Heenan, American professional wrestling manager and commentator (d. 2017) Oscar Temaru, President of French Polynesia November 2 Michael Buffer, American Ring announcer, and actor Keith Emerson, English keyboardist (d. 2016) November 4 – Linda Gary, American actress (d. 1995) November 7 – Luigi Riva, Italian footballer November 10 Askar Akayev, 1st President of Kyrgyzstan Silvestre Reyes, American politician Tim Rice, English lyricist, writer and broadcaster November 11 – Kemal Sunal, Turkish comedian November 12 Booker T. Jones, American musician, singer and songwriter Al Michaels, American sportscaster November 17 Jim Boeheim, American basketball player and coach Gene Clark, American singer-songwriter (d. 1991) Danny DeVito, American actor, film producer and director Gary Goldman, American animator, film producer and director Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect Lorne Michaels, Canadian television and film producer Tom Seaver, American baseball pitcher (d. 2020) Sammy Younge Jr., American civil rights activist (d. 1966) November 18 Wolfgang Joop, German artist, fashion designer, and art collector Edwin C. Krupp, American astronomer author, and Director of the Griffith Observatory November 20 Louie Dampier, American basketball player November 21 Richard Durbin, American politician Earl Monroe, American basketball player Harold Ramis, American actor, director and comedy writer (d. 2014) November 23 – Peter Lindbergh, German fashion photographer, and film director (d. 2019) November 24 Candy Darling, American actress (d. 1974) Ibrahim Gambari, Nigerian scholar and diplomat November 25 Ben Stein, American law professor, actor and author Michael Kijana Wamalwa, Kenyan politician, 8th Vice President of Kenya November 30 – George Graham, Scottish football player and manager December December 1 – John Densmore, drummer, member of The Doors. December 2 Cathy Lee Crosby, American actress (That's Incredible!) Ibrahim Rugova, 1st President of Kosovo (d. 2006) December 3 – Ralph McTell English singer songwriter December 4 – Dennis Wilson, American singer, songwriter and drummer (d. 1983) December 5 – Jeroen Krabbé, Dutch actor and film director December 6 Kit Culkin, American stage actor Ron Kenoly, American Christian leader Sutiyoso, Indonesian politician, former general and former governor of Jakarta Jonathan King, British music producer December 7 Daniel Chorzempa, American organist Georges Coste, French Rugby player and coach December 8 – Sharmila Tagore, Indian actress and model December 9 Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto, 80th Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (d. 2020) Tadashi Irie, Japanese yakuza boss Ki Longfellow, American novelist Neil Innes, English writer, comedian and musician (d. 2019) December 10 – Andris Bērziņš, 8th President of Latvia December 11 Brenda Lee, American singer Lynda Day George, American actress Teri Garr, American actress December 12 Diana Bracho, Mexican actress Kenneth Cranham, Scottish born actor Cara Duff-MacCormick, Canadian stage actress December 17 – Bernard Hill, British actor December 19 Mitchell Feigenbaum, American mathematical physicist (d. 2019) María Martha Serra Lima, Argentine singer (d. 2017) Tim Reid, African-American actor and film director Terry Underwood, Australian author December 20 – Ray Martin, Australian journalist and television presenter December 21 Bill Atkinson, English footballer Michael Tilson Thomas, American conductor Zheng Xiaoyu, Chinese bureaucrat (d. 2007) December 22 – Steve Carlton, American baseball player December 23 Wesley Clark, U.S. general and NATO Supreme Allied Commander Ingar Knudtsen, Norwegian writer December 24 – Erhard Keller, German speed skater December 25 – Jairzinho, Brazilian football player December 26 Bill Ayers, American education theorist and former radical anti-war activist Jane Lapotaire, British actress Aleksey Mikhalyov, Russian translator December 28 Edgar Vivar, Mexican actor, Señor Barriga and Ñoño in El Chavo del Ocho Kary Mullis, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019) December 29 – King Birendra of Nepal (d. 2001) December 30 – Joseph Hilbe, American statistician and author December 31 Neil Ross, British-American voice actor and announcer Jan Widströmer, Swedish artist Deaths January January 1 Sir Edwin Lutyens, British architect (b. 1869) Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (b. 1862) January 3 – Franz Reichleitner, Austrian SS officer and Nazi concentration camp commandant (b. 1906) January 4 – Kaj Munk, Danish playwright, Lutheran pastor and martyr (b. 1898) January 6 – Ida Tarbell, American journalist and muckraker (b. 1857) January 7 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (b. 1874) January 9 – Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (b. 1874) January 10 William Emerson Ritter, American biologist (b. 1856) Andrey Toshev, Bulgarian scientist and diplomat, 26th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1867) January 11 Notable Italian Fascist leaders executed in the Verona Trial Emilio De Bono, General, former member of the Grand Council of Fascism (b. 1866) Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari, aristocrat and diplomat, former member of the Grand Council of Fascism (b. 1903) Giovanni Marinelli, former member of the Grand Council of Fascism (b. 1879) Charles King, American actor (b. 1889) Edgard Potier, Belgian spy (suicide) (b. 1903) January 12 Nicholas Bunkerd Kitbamrung, Thai Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1895) Juliette Atkinson, American tennis champion (b. 1873) January 13 – King Yuhi V of Rwanda (b. 1883) January 14 – Mehmet Emin Yurdakul, Turkish writer (b. 1869) January 18 – Léon Brunschvicg, French philosopher (b. 1869) January 20 – James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (b. 1860) January 21 – Yoshimi Nishida, Japanese general (b. 1892) January 23 – Edvard Munch, Norwegian painter (b. 1863) January 25 – Teresa Grillo Michel, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1855) January 29 – William Allen White, American journalist (b. 1868) January 31 Jean Giraudoux, French writer (b. 1882) Árpád Weisz, Hungarian footballer (b. 1896) February February 1 – Piet Mondrian, Dutch painter (b. 1872) February 3 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (b. 1867) February 7 – Robert E. Park, American sociologist (b. 1864) February 9 – Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux, British poet, essayist and novelist (b. 1857) February 11 – Carl Meinhof, German linguist (b. 1857) February 12 Kenneth Gandar-Dower, English sportsman, aviator, explorer and author (b. 1908) Margaret Woodrow Wilson, American singer; Presidential daughter (b. 1886) February 13 – Edgar Selwyn, American screenwriter (b. 1875) February 16 Carl August Ehrensvärd, Swedish admiral (b. 1858) Henri Nathansen, Danish writer and director (b. 1868) February 21 – Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born race car driver (b. 1873) February 23 – Leo Baekeland, Belgian-born American chemist (b. 1863) February 29 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finnish politician, 1st Prime Minister and 3rd President of Finland (b. 1861) March March 2 – Ida Maclean, British biochemist, the first woman admitted to the London Chemical Society (b. 1877) March 3 – Paul-Émile Janson, Belgian politician, 30th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1872) March 4 – Louis Buchalter, Jewish-born American mobster, head of Murder, Inc. (executed) (b. 1897) March 5 Max Jacob, French poet (b. 1876) Neel E. Kearby, American fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1911) March 8 - Xu Zonghan, Chinese medical doctor, politician and revolutionary (b. 1877) March 9 – Demetrios Capetanakis, Greek poet, essayist and critic (b. 1912) March 11 Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch-born American historian, journalist and writer (b. 1882) Irvin S. Cobb, American writer (b. 1876) March 15 Otto von Below, German general (b. 1857) Mariya Oktyabrskaya, Soviet national hero (b. 1905) March 17 – Mario Bravo, Argentinian politician and writer (b. 1882) March 19 Giuseppe de Liguoro, Italian actor and director (b. 1869) Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau, French general (b. 1851) March 22 – Pierre Brossolette, journalist and French Resistance fighter (b. 1903) March 23 – Myron Selznick, American film producer (b. 1898) March 24 Aldo Finzi, Italian politician (executed) (b. 1891) Pietro Pappagallo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1888) Orde Wingate, British soldier (b. 1903) March 25 – Omelyan Kovch, Soviet Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1884) March 28 – Stephen Leacock, British-born Canadian humorist, author and economist (b. 1869) March 31 Antoni Kiewnarski, Polish WWII hero (b. 1899) Mineichi Koga, Japanese admiral (b. 1885) Włodzimierz Kolanowski, Polish army officer (b. 1913) April April 1 – Sharifzyan Kazanbaev, Soviet army officer (b. 1916) April 2 – John Batchelor, British missionary and reverend (b. 1855) April 9 – Yevgeniya Rudneva, Soviet WWII heroine (b. 1920) April 13 – Bartolomeo Gosio, Italian scientist (b. 1863) April 15 – Giovanni Gentile, Italian philosopher and Fascist politician (assassinated) (b. 1875) April 17 – J. T. Hearne, English cricketer (b. 1867) April 21 – Hans-Valentin Hube, German army general (b. 1890) April 24 – Charles Jordan, American magician (b. 1888) April 25 – George Herriman, American cartoonist (b. 1880) April 28 Mohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara (b. 1880) Frank Knox, American Secretary of the Navy during WWII (b. 1874) April 29 Billy Bitzer, American cinematographer (b. 1874) Bernardino Machado, Portuguese political figure, 2-time Prime Minister of Portugal and 2-time President of Portugal, leader of the World War I (b. 1851) April 30 – Paul Poiret, French couturier (b. 1879) May May 5 – Bertha Benz, German automotive pioneer, wife and business partner of automobile inventor Karl Benz (b. 1849) May 7 – William Ledyard Rodgers, American admiral and military and naval historian (b. 1860) May 8 – Albert Leo Stevens, pioneering American balloonist (b. 1877) May 11 – Leon Kozłowski, Polish archaeologist and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1892) May 12 Max Brand, American author (b. 1892) Harold Lowe, British sailor, 5th officer of the RMS Titanic (b. 1882) Arthur Quiller-Couch, British writer (b. 1863) Edel Quinn, Irish Roman Catholic laywoman, missionary and venerable (b. 1907) May 15 – Patriarch Sergius I (b. 1867) May 16 – George Ade, American author (b. 1866) May 17 – Milena Jesenská, Czechoslovakian journalist, writer, editor and translator (b. 1896) May 20 Fraser Barron, New Zealand bomber pilot during WWII (b. 1921) Eugenio Colorni, Italian philosopher and activist (b. 1909) Vincent Rose, American musician and band leader (b. 1880) May 21 Edmund Mortimer, American actor and director (b. 1874) Li Jiayu, Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army (b. 1892) May 23 – Thomas Curtis, American Olympic athlete (b. 1873) May 24 Inigo Campioni, Italian admiral (executed) (b. 1878) Matsuji Ijuin, Japanese admiral (b. 1893) Luigi Mascherpa, Italian admiral (b. 1893) Harold Bell Wright, American writer (b. 1872) May 25 – Clark Daniel Stearns, 9th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1870) May 30 Patriarch Mesrob I Naroyan of Constantinople (b. 1875) Jessie Ralph, American actress (b. 1864) June June 5 – Józef Beck, Polish statesman (b. 1894) June 6 Joseph Campbell, Northern Irish poet and lyricist (b. 1879) Wilhelm Falley, German general (killed in action) (b. 1897) Don Pratt, American general (killed in action) (b. 1892) Ker-Xavier Roussel, French painter (b. 1867) June 12 – Erich Marcks, German general (b. 1891) June 14 – George Stinney, American executed minor (b. 1929) June 16 Marc Bloch, French historian (b. 1886) Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray, Indian chemist (b. 1861) June 18 – Harry Fielding Reid, American geophysicist and seismologist (b. 1859) June 25 Dénes Berinkey, 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1871) Lucha Reyes, Mexican singer (b. 1906) María Chinchilla Recinos, Guatemalan teacher (b. 1909) June 27 – Milan Hodža, Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (b. 1878) June 28 – Anton Breinl, Australian medical practitioner and researcher (b. 1880) July July 1 – Carl Mayer, Austrian screenwriter (b. 1894) July 6 Andrée Borrel, French World War II heroine (b. 1919) Vera Leigh, British World War II heroine (b. 1903) Chūichi Nagumo, Japanese admiral (b. 1887) Sonya Olschanezky, German World War II heroine (b. 1923) Diana Rowden, British World War II heroine (b. 1915) July 7 – Georges Mandel, French politician and WWII hero (b. 1885) July 8 George B. Seitz, American director (b. 1888) Takeo Takagi, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1892) July 9 Ingvar Fredrik Håkansson, Swedish pilot (b. 1920) Kent Rogers, American voice actor (b. 1923) July 12 Jesus Baza Duenas, Guamese Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1911) Theodore Roosevelt Jr., |
tribunal. Radio Republik Indonesia starts broadcasting. The Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak, Borneo is liberated by Australian forces. September 12 – The Japanese Army formally surrenders to the British in Singapore. September 18 Typhoon Makurazaki kills 3,746 people in Japan. The Japanese Army in Central China officially surrenders to the Chinese, in Wuhan. September 20 – Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru demand that all British troops depart India. September 24 – Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46: The Topoľčany pogrom is carried out in Slovakia. October October – Arthur C. Clarke puts forward the idea of a geosynchronous communications satellite, in a Wireless World magazine article. October 1–15 – Operation Backfire: Three A4 rockets are launched near Cuxhaven, in a demonstration to Allied forces. October 2– George Albert Smith becomes president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. October 4 – The Partizan Belgrade sports club is founded in Belgrade, Serbia. October 5 – Hollywood Black Friday: A strike by the Set Decorator's Union in Hollywood results in a riot. October 8–15 – Hadamar Trial: Personnel of the Hadamar Euthanasia Centre, now in the American zone of Allied-occupied Germany, are the first to be tried for systematic extermination in Nazi Germany. October 9 – Pierre Laval is sentenced to death, for collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France. October 10 – The Nazi Party is dissolved by the Allied Powers. October 14 – Czechoslovakia: A new provisional national assembly is elected. October 15 – WWII: Pierre Laval, the former premier of Vichy France, is shot dead by a firing squad, for treason against France. October 15–21 – The Fifth Pan-African Congress is held in Manchester. October 16 – The Food and Agriculture Organization is established at a meeting in Quebec City, as a specialized agency of the United Nations. October 17 – A massive number of people, headed for the General Confederation of Labour (Argentina), gather in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires to demand Juan Perón's release. This is known to the Peronists as the Día de la lealtad (Loyalty Day) and considered the founding day of Peronism. October 18 – Isaías Medina Angarita, president of Venezuela, is overthrown by a military coup. October 19 – Members of the Indonesian People's Army attack Anglo-Dutch forces in Indonesia. October 20 – Mongolians vote for independence from China. October 21 – Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in the French Legislative Election for the first time. October 22 – Rómulo Betancourt is named provisional president of Venezuela. October 23 – Jackie Robinson signs a contract with the Montreal Royals baseball team. October 24 The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations. The International Court of Justice ("World Court") is established by the United Nations Charter. Norwegian Nazi leader Vidkun Quisling is executed by firing squad, for treason against Norway. October 25 WWII: Japanese armed forces in Taiwan surrender to the Allies. Getúlio Vargas is deposed as president in Brazil; José Linhares is named temporary president. Osijek prison massacre October 27–November 20 – Indonesian National Revolution: Battle of Surabaya – Pro-independence Indonesian soldiers and militia fight British and British Indian troops in Surabaya. October 29 Getúlio Vargas resigns as president of Brazil. At Gimbels Department Store in New York City, the first ballpoint pens go on sale at $12.50 each. October 30 – The undivided country of India joins the United Nations. November November 1 International Labour Organization's new constitution comes into effect. John H. Johnson publishes the first issue of the magazine Ebony. Telechron introduces the model 8H59 Musalarm, the first clock radio. November 5 – Colombia joins the United Nations. November 6 – Indonesians reject an offer of autonomy from the Dutch. November 9 – Soo Bahk Do and Moo Duk Kwan martial arts are founded in Korea. November 10 – Indonesian National Revolution: Battle of Surabaya – Following the killing of British officer Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby on October 30, the British Indian Army (in support of its allied Dutch colonial administration) begins an advance on Surabaya in the Dutch East Indies against Indonesian nationalists; although most of the city is retaken in 3 days of heavy fighting, the strength of the resistance leads to today being celebrated as Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan) in Indonesia. November 11 – 1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election: Marshal Josip Broz Tito and the People's Front win a decisive majority (90%) in the Yugoslavian Assembly. November 15 Harry S. Truman, Clement Attlee and Mackenzie King share nuclear information with the U.N. and call for a United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. An offensive is begun in Manchuria by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists) against further infiltration by the Communist Party of China. November 16 Charles de Gaulle is unanimously elected president of France by the provisional government. The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology. The foundation of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is agreed at a meeting in London. The cartoon character Casper the Friendly Ghost debuts, in The Friendly Ghost. The motion picture The Lost Weekend, starring Ray Milland, is released. The most realistic film portrayal of alcoholism up to this time, it wins several Academy Awards the following year. Yeshiva College is founded in New York City. November 18 – The Tudeh party starts a bloodless coup, and will form Azerbaijan within days. Soviet troops prevent Iranian troops from getting involved. November 20 – The Nuremberg trials begin: Trials against 22 Nazis for war crimes of World War II start at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. November 26 – U.S. Ambassador to China Patrick J. Hurley resigns after he is unable to broker a deal between Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung. November 28 – The 1945 Balochistan earthquake causes a tsunami and kills 4,000. November 29 The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is declared (this day is celebrated as Republic Day until the 1990s). Marshal Tito is named president. Assembly of the world's first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC), is completed in the United States, covering of floor space, and the first set of calculations is run on it. December December 2 General Eurico Gaspar Dutra is elected president of Brazil. French banks (Banque de France, BNCI, CNEP, Crédit Lyonnais, and Société Générale) are nationalized. December 3 – Communist demonstrations in Athens presage the Greek Civil War. December 4 – The United States Senate approves the entry of the United States into the United Nations by a vote of 65–7. December 5 – A flight of United States Navy Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers (known as Flight 19) disappears on a training exercise from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale. December 19 – British fascist John Amery, having pleaded guilty on November 28 to treason, is hanged in London. December 21 – American General George S. Patton dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9 in Germany. December 24 – Sodder children disappearance: Five of nine children go missing after their home in Fayetteville, West Virginia, is burned down. December 27 Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the World Bank. Terror strikes are carried out against British military bases in Mandatory Palestine. Date unknown A team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (led by Charles Coryell) discovers chemical element 61, the only one still missing between 1 and 96 on the periodic table, which they will name promethium. Found by analysis of fission products of irradiated uranium fuel, its discovery is not made public until 1947. The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in Klamath Falls, Oregon. The first Moomins book, The Moomins and the Great Flood by Tove Jansson, is published. Births January January 1 Pietro Grasso, Italian politician Jacky Ickx, Belgian racing driver Martin Schanche, Norwegian racing driver, politician January 2 – Terje Bjørklund, Norwegian jazz pianist January 3 – Stephen Stills, American rock singer-songwriter (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) January 4 Sima Bina, Iranian vocalist Richard R. Schrock, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate January 5 Lynn Di Nino, American artist Júlio Isidro, Portuguese television presenter Robert Pindyck, American economist January 6 Park In-hwan, South Korean actor James Senese, Italian composer January 7 – Shulamith Firestone, Canadian American feminist, writer (d. 2012) January 8 Dave Hodge, Canadian sports announcer Kojo Nnamdi, American journalist Miyoko Watai, Japanese chess player January 9 – John Doman, American actor January 10 Baxter Black, American cowboy Gunther von Hagens, German anatomist, inventor Jennifer Moss, British actress (d. 2006) Steven P. Perskie, American politician, judge Rod Stewart, British rock singer January 11 Christine Kaufmann, German actress (d. 2017) Ray Pilon, American politician January 12 Maggie Bell, Scottish rock vocalist André Bicaba, Burkinabé sprinter Margaret Anne Staggers, American politician and emergency physician January 13 Pierre Galle, French basketball player Elizabeth Raum, Canadian composer January 14 Einar Hákonarson, Icelandic painter Enid Kent, American television actress Vonetta McGee, American actress (d. 2010) Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson, American far-left radical January 15 Karen Carlson, American actress Vince Foster, American deputy White House counsel during the first term of President Bill Clinton (d. 1993) Princess Michael of Kent, German-born member of the British Royal Family January 16 Murat Kunt, Swiss scientist Sinyo Harry Sarundajang, Indonesian politician Keith Wayne, American actor (d. 1995) January 17 – Javed Akhtar, Indian political activist, poet, lyricist and screenwriter January 18 – José Luis Perales, Spanish singer-songwriter January 19 Charles Amirkhanian, American composer Rod Canion, American computer scientist Toddy Puller, American politician January 20 – Robert Olen Butler, American writer January 21 Arthur Beetson, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 2011) Martin Shaw, British screen actor January 22 – David G. Bronner, American businessman January 23 Mike Harris, Canadian politician Bruce Ratner, American philanthropist Sally Smith (politician), American politician January 24 D. Todd Christofferson, American lawyer Elaine Giftos, American model, actress and dancer Subhash Ghai, Indian film director, producer and screenwriter January 25 Jill Townsend, American actress Leigh Taylor-Young, American actress Dave Walker, British rock musician January 26 Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (d. 1987) Graham Williams, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 2018) January 27 – Harold Cardinal, Cree political leader, writer and lawyer (d. 2005) January 28 Karen Lynn Gorney, American actress (Saturday Night Fever) Chuck Pyle, American country-folk singer-songwriter (d. 2015) January 29 Jim Nicholson, Northern Irish politician Tom Selleck, American actor (Magnum, P.I.) January 30 – Michael Dorris, American author (d. 1997) January 31 – Joseph Kosuth, American artist February February 1 Reylina Nicolas, Filipino politician Yasuhiro Takai, Japanese professional baseball player (d. 2019) February 2 Larry Agran, Mayor of Irwin, California Josephine Humphreys, American novelist February 3 Roy 'Chubby' Brown, British stand-up comedian Bob Griese, American football player Philip Waruinge, Kenyan boxer February 4 Tony Haygarth, English television actor (d. 2017) John P. Jumper, Retired United States Air Force general February 5 – Sarah Weddington, American attorney (d. 2021) February 6 Steven Keats, American actor (d. 1994) Bob Marley, Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter and musician (d. 1981) Michael Tucker (actor), American actor February 7 Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player Alan M. Steinman, American physician February 8 Louis Giambalvo, American actor Rino Barillari, Italian photographer February 9 Mia Farrow, American actress Yoshinori Ohsumi, Japanese cell biologist February 10 – Koo Bon-moo, South Korean business executive (d. 2018) February 11 Jimmy Dixon, American politician Ralph Doubell, Australian athlete Chuck Patterson, American actor (d. 2013) Dick Stevenson, member of Pennsylvania House of Representatives February 12 Luiz Carlos Alborghetti, Italian-Brazilian radio commenter, showman and political figure (d. 2009) Maud Adams, Swedish actress Cliff DeYoung, American actor David D. Friedman, American economist Gareth Thomas (actor), American actor (d. 2016) February 13 Luiz Couto, Brazilian politician Terrayne Crawford, American actress Simon Schama, English historian February 14 Adiss Harmandian, Lebanese-Armenian pop singer (d. 2019) Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein February 15 – Douglas Hofstadter, American cognitive scientist February 16 Pete Christlieb, American jazz musician Elliot Mintz, American consultant February 17 Zina Bethune, American actress (d. 2012) Brenda Fricker, Irish actress Calvin Jung, American actor February 18 – Hashem Mahameed, Israeli politician (d. 2018) February 19 – Bill Casey, Canadian politician February 20 Brion James, American actor (d. 1999) Randa Haines, American film director February 21 – Bill Sandifer III, American politician February 22 – Oliver, American singer (Good Morning Starshine) (d. 2000) February 23 – John J. Siegfried, American economist February 24 – Barry Bostwick, American actor February 25 Elkie Brooks, English singer Roy Saari, American swimmer (d. 2008) February 26 – Marta Kristen, Norwegian actress (Lost In Space) February 27 Carl Anderson, American singer, actor (Jesus Christ Superstar) (d. 2004) Steve Chassey, American race car driver Frank Kolb, German professor Daniel Olbrychski, Polish actor February 28 Mimsy Farmer, American actress Bubba Smith, American football player, actor (d. 2011) March March 1 – Dirk Benedict, American actor March 2 – Gordon Thomson, Canadian actor March 3 – George Miller, Australian film director March 4 Dieter Meier, Swiss singer, writer Tommy Svensson, Swedish football manager, player Andrew Stein, American politician March 6 Don Reinhoudt, American strongman Umeji Sasaki, Japanese actor Bob Trumpy, American football player March 7 Bob Herbert, American journalist Arthur Lee, American musician (d. 2006) Elizabeth Moon, American science-fiction writer Thomas A. Schwartz, Retired U.S. Army four-star general March 8 Bruce Broughton, American composer Jim Chapman, American politician Micky Dolenz, American actor, director and rock musician (The Monkees) Anselm Kiefer, German painter March 9 Katja Ebstein, German singer Dennis Rader, American serial killer Cocoa Samoa, American professional wrestler (d. 2007) John Wojtowicz, American bank robber (d. 2006) March 10 Nobuhiko Higashikuni, Japanese Imperial prince (d. 2019) Katharine Houghton, American actress Min Tanaka, Japanese dancer March 11 Harvey Mandel, American guitarist Tricia O'Neil, American actress March 13 Othman Abdullah, Malaysian footballer (d. 2015) Tom Chapin, American musician Anatoly Fomenko, Russian mathematician Sayuri Yoshinaga, Japanese actress March 14 Michael Martin Murphey, American country singer-songwriter Walter Parazaider, American musician March 15 A. K. Faezul Huq, Bangladeshi lawyer, politician (d. 2007) Danny Yatom, Israeli politician March 17 Katri Helena, Finnish singer Bernd Karwofsky, German ski-jumper Daniel Onega, Argentine soccer player Elis Regina, Brazilian singer (d. 1982) March 18 Joy Fielding, Canadian novelist Michael Reagan, American television personality, political commentator and Republican strategist Bobby Solo, Italian singer Marta Suplicy, Brazilian politician and psychologist Susan Tyrrell, American character actress (d. 2012) March 19 – Charles Richards, American modern pentathlete March 20 Jay Ingram, Canadian television host, author and journalist Bobby Jameson, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015) Pat Riley, American basketball coach March 21 Linda Cadwell, American teacher Charles Greene, American Olympic athlete March 23 David Milch, American writer David Grisman, American musician March 24 Robert T. Bakker, American paleontologist Edward Espe Brown, American writer Steve Fisher, American basketball coach Camilla Hall, American artist (d. 1974) Curtis Hanson, American film director, screenwriter (d. 2016) March 25 – Menas Kafatos, American physicist March 26 – Mikhail Voronin, Russian gymnast (d. 2004) March 27 – Władysław Stachurski, Polish football player, manager (d. 2013) March 28 Rodrigo Duterte, 16th President of the Philippines Raine Loo, Estonian actress March 29 Walt Frazier, African-American basketball player Willem Ruis, Dutch game show host (d. 1986) March 30 – Eric Clapton, English rock guitarist March 31 Nana Ampadu, Ghanaian musician (d. 2021) Edwin Catmull, American computer scientist, President of Walt Disney Animation Studios April April 1 – Heather Young (actress), American actress April 2 Roger Bootle-Wilbraham, 7th Baron Skelmersdale, British politician (d. 2018) Jürgen Drews, German singer Linda Hunt, American actress April 3 – Catherine Spaak, French-Italian actress and singer April 4 Daniel Cohn-Bendit, French political activist Carola Dibbell, American music journalist and author Caroline McWilliams, American actress (d. 2010) Guy Teissier, Member of National Assembly of France April 5 Steve Carver, American film director Cem Karaca, Turkish musician (d. 2004) Jay Mathews, American author Tommy Smith, English footballer (d. 2019) Doug Favell, Canadian ice hockey player April 6 – Neal Boortz, American author April 7 Bob Brady, U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district Werner Schroeter, German film director (d. 2010) Robert S. Wistrich, Jewish professor (d. 2015) April 8 Henry Lee Adams Jr., Senior United States District Judger Jang Yong, South Korean actor April 9 Steve Gadd, American drummer Peter Gammons, American baseball sportswriter April 10 Claude Jeannerot, Member of the Senate of France Reggie Lacefield, American basketball player April 11 Christian Quadflieg, German actor April 12 Ellen Gittelsohn, American television director Glenn Hauser, American radio host Mike Jarvis, American basketball coach Lee Jong-wook, South Korean Director-General of the World Health Organization (d. 2006) Serge Schmemann, French writer April 13 Lucha Corpi, Mexican poet Tony Dow, American actor, producer and director (Leave It to Beaver) Lowell George, American rock musician (Little Feat) (d. 1979) Bob Kalsu, American football player (d. 1970) April 14 Ritchie Blackmore, English rock guitarist Johan Devrindt, Belgian soccer player Yves Chauveau, French goalkeeper Roger Frappier, Canadian producer Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa Eliot Zigmund, American drummer April 15 – Ted Sizemore, American baseball player April 16 John Andrew Barnes III, American soldier (d. 1967) Karen Ingenthron, American author and actress April 17 Marsha Berzon, United States Circuit Judge Stephen E. Braude, American philosopher April 18 – Ada L. Smith, New York State Senator April 19 – Elliott West, American historian April 20 Michael Brandon, American actor ((Thomas & Friends)) Naftali Temu, Kenyan Olympic athlete (d. 2003) Jimmy Winston, English musician and actor (d. 2020) April 21 Helen Giddings, American entrepreneur Howard Schwartz, American folklorist Ana Lúcia Torre, Brazilian actress April 22 Evan Dobelle, American higher-education administrator Cleve Francis, American country music singer Donald E. Graham, Chairman of The Graham Holdings Company April 23 – François Clemmons, American singer and actor April 24 Doug Clifford, American drummer Larry Tesler, American computer scientist (d. 2020) April 25 Stu Cook, American bassist Björn Ulvaeus, Swedish rock songwriter (ABBA) April 26 – Richard Doyle (actor), American actor April 27 Robert Cialdini, American professor Jim McCotter, American entrepreneur August Wilson, American playwright (d. 2005) April 28 – Timothy Hallinan, Member of the Wyoming House of Representatives April 29 Hugh Hopper, British musician (d. 2009) Gary Stephen Krist, American convicted of kidnapping and the trafficking of illegal aliens Paolo Pietrangeli, Italian film director Tammi Terrell, African-American soul singer (d. 1970) April 30 Annie Dillard, American author Lara Saint Paul, Eritrean-born Italian singer (d. 2018) May May 1 – Rita Coolidge, American pop singer May 2 – James Vaupel, American scientist May 3 – Jeffrey C. Hall, American geneticist and chronobiologist, Nobel Prize laureate May 4 – Narasimhan Ram, Indian journalist May 5 Chuck Holmes, American adult film producer (d. 2000) Kurt Loder, American film critic, author and television personality May 6 Jimmie Dale Gilmore, American musician Bob Seger, American rock singer (Old Time Rock and Roll) May 7 – Robin Strasser, American actress May 8 – Keith Jarrett, American musician May 9 – Jupp Heynckes, German footballer and manager May 10 – Shirley Franklin, American politician, 58th Mayor of Atlanta May 11 Floyd Adams Jr., American politician (d. 2014) Hilda Pérez Carvajal, Venezuelan biologist May 12 Alan Ball Jr., English footballer and manager (d. 2007) Robert Bigelow, American businessman May 13 Gordon Joseloff, American journalist (d. 2020) Tammam Salam, 34th Prime Minister of Lebanon May 14 – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, CEO May 15 – Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese crown May 16 – Nicky Chinn, English rock songwriter (The Sweet, Suzi Quatro) May 17 – Tony Roche, Australian tennis player May 18 – Robert Todd Carroll, American writer (d. 2016) May 19 – Pete Townshend, English rock guitarist, lyricist (The Who) May 20 – David Keene, American political consultant May 21 Richard Hatch, American actor (Battlestar Galactica) (d. 2017) Ernst Messerschmid, German physicist, astronaut May 22 – Victoria Wyndham, American actress (Another World) May 23 Lauren Chapin, American child actress, evangelist Doris Mae Oulton, Canadian community developer May 24 – Priscilla Presley, American actress, businesswoman May 25 – Tav Falco, American musical performer May 26 – Garry Peterson, Canadian drummer May 27 Bruce Cockburn, Canadian singer-songwriter Miro Teixeira, Brazilian lawyer May 28 Patch Adams, American physician, comedian, social activist, clown and author John Fogerty, American rock singer (Creedence Clearwater Revival) May 29 Gary Brooker, English rock keyboardist and singer-songwriter (Procol Harum) (d. 2022) Jean-Pierre Van Rossem, Belgian businessman, fraudster and politician (d. 2018) May 30 Andrea Bronfman, American philanthropist (d. 2006) Gladys Horton, American singer (The Marvelettes) (d. 2011) May 31 Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German film director (d. 1982) Laurent Gbagbo, President of Côte d'Ivoire June June 1 – Frederica von Stade, American mezzo-soprano June 2 Lord David Dundas, English musician and actor Jon Peters, American film producer June 3 – Hale Irwin, American professional golfer June 4 Anthony Braxton, American composer, musical instrumentalist Gordon Waller, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (Peter and Gordon) (d. 2009) June 5 John Carlos, American athlete Théophile Georges Kassab, Catholic prelate (d. 2013) Don Reid, American country singer (The Statler Brothers) Nechama Rivlin, Israeli socialite, 10th First lady of Israel (d. 2019) June 6 – David Dukes, American actor (d. 2000) June 7 Billy Butler, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015) Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor of Austria June 8 – Steven Fromholz, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014) June 9 – Nike Wagner, German woman of the theater June 10 – Benny Gallagher, Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, half of duo Gallagher and Lyle June 11 – Adrienne Barbeau, American actress, television personality and author (Maude) June 12 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer June 13 – Rodney P. Rempt, American admiral June 14 Jörg Immendorff, German painter Rod Argent, English singer, keyboardist (The Zombies, Argent) June 15 Françoise Chandernagor, French writer Miriam Defensor Santiago, Filipino politician (b. 2016) June 16 Claire Alexander, Canadian ice hockey player Chip Damiani, American drummer (The Remains) (d. 2014) Ivan Lins, Latin Grammy-winning Brazilian musician June 17 P. D. T. Acharya, Secretary General, Indian Lok Sabha Frank Ashmore, American actor Art Bell, American radio talk show host (Coast to Coast AM) (d. 2018) Ken Livingstone, British politician Eddy Merckx, Belgian cyclist June 19 Radovan Karadžić, Serbian politician Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar politician and poet, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Greil Marcus, American music journalist and cultural critic June 20 – Anne Murray, Canadian singer (Love Song) June 21 Roberto D'Angelo, Italian slalom canoeist Luis Castañeda Lossio, Peruvian politician Thiagarajan, Indian actor, director and producer Nirmalendu Goon, Bangladeshi poet Marijana Lubej, Slovenian sprinter June 22 Juma Kapuya, Tanzanian politician Dieter Versen, German football defender June 23 Ana Chumachenco, Italian violinist Jim Fouratt, American gay activist and entertainer Kim Småge, Norwegian novelist, crime fiction writer, writer of short stories and children's writer Michael Sze, Hong Kong government official June 24 George Pataki, Governor of New York Ali Akbar Velayati, Iranian physician, politician June 25 Baba Gana Kingibe, Nigerian politician Mohammed Bakar, Malaysian footballer Chaiyasit Shinawatra, commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick, American politician Guillermo Mendoza, Mexican cyclist Carly Simon, American singer-songwriter (You're So Vain) June 26 Paul Chun, Hong Kong actor Dwight York, American musician, fashion consultant, cult leader and child molester June 27 Ami Ayalon, Israeli politician Catherine Lacoste, French amateur golfer Lu Sheng-yen, Taiwanese leader of the True Buddha School Norma Kamali, American fashion designer Jose Miguel Arroyo, First Gentleman of the Philippines June 28 David Knights, British bassist (Procol Harum) Raul Seixas, Brazilian rock singer (d. 1989) June 29 – Chandrika Kumaratunga, 5th President of Sri Lanka June 30 Kevin Jackman, Australian rules footballer Jerry Kenney, American Major League Baseball infielder Sean Scully, Irish-American-based painter, printmaker James Snyder Jr., American author, attorney and politician July July 1 Jane Cederqvist, Swedish freestyle swimmer Visu, Indian writer, director, stage, actor and talk-show host (d. 2020) Billy Rohr, American Major League Baseball player Debbie Harry, American rock singer (Blondie) July 2 – Linda Warren, American author July 3 Thomas Mapfumo, Zimbabwean musician Mickey Rooney Jr., American former actor July 4 Tiong Thai King, Malaysian politician Steinar Amundsen, Norwegian sprint canoeist Andre Spitzer, Romanian fencing coach (d. 1972) July 5 Nurul Islam Nahid, Bangladeshi politician Miroslav Mišković, Serbian business magnate, investor July 6 – Burt Ward, American actor (Batman) July 7 Heloísa Pinheiro, Brazilian model, businesswoman Moncef Marzouki, Tunisian politician; 4th President of Tunisia Li Chi-an, North Korean football striker Matti Salminen, Finnish bass singer July 8 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss Federal Councilor July 9 Dean Koontz, American writer Mohammad Reza Nematzadeh, Iranian politician, engineer July 10 Zlatko Tomčić, Croatian politician Daniel Ona Ondo, Gabonese politician Virginia Wade, English professional tennis player Ron Glass, African-American actor (Barney Miller) (d. 2016) July 11 – Richard Wesley, American playwright, screenwriter July 12 Leopoldo Mastelloni, Italian actor, comedian and singer Edwin Neal, American actor Larry Zierlein, American football coach Thor Martinsen, Norwegian ice hockey player July 13 Robert H. Foglesong, U.S. general Danny Abramowicz, American football player, coach July 14 – Antun Vujić, Croatian politician, philosopher, political analyst, lexicographer and author July 15 Hong Ra-hee, South Korean billionaire businesswoman, philanthropist Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (d. 2003) Jan-Michael Vincent, American actor (d. 2019) July 16 Victor Sloan, Irish artist Çetin Tekindor, Turkish actor Roy Ho Ten Soeng, Dutch politician Jos Stelling, Dutch film director, screenwriter Barry Dudleston, English first-class cricketer, umpire July 17 Eduardo Olivera, Mexican modern pentathlete Kim Won-hong, North Korean politician, military leader Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia July 18 Boomer Castleman, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015) Pat Doherty, Northern Ireland politician July 19 Oleg Fotin, Russian swimmer Richard Henderson, Scottish molecular biologist, Nobel Prize laureate Uri Rosenthal, Dutch politician July 20 Kim Carnes, American singer-songwriter (Bette Davis Eyes) Larry Craig, U.S. politician Lothar Koepsel, German sailor Simbarashe Mumbengegwi, Zimbabwean politician and diplomat July 21 John Lowe, English darts player Barry Richards, South African batsman Ziona, Indian religious, known for fathering the largest living family July 24 – Azim Premji, Indian businessman July 26 Betty Davis, American funk and soul singer Helen Mirren, British actress July 28 – Jim Davis, American cartoonist (Garfield) July 30 Lloyd Carr, American football coach Roger Dobkowitz, American game show producer Patrick Modiano, French novelist, Nobel Prize laureate David Sanborn, American saxophonist August August 1 – Douglas D. Osheroff, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate August 2 – Joanna Cassidy, American actress August 4 – Alan Mulally, American businessman, CEO of the Ford Motor Company August 5 – Loni Anderson, American actress (WKRP in Cincinnati) August 6 – Ron Jones, British television director (d. 1993) August 7 Kenny Ireland, British actor (d. 2014) Alan Page, American football player August 9 – Posy Simmonds, English cartoonist August 12 Ron Mael, American songwriter, member of the band Sparks J. D. McClatchy, American poet and literary critic (d. 2018) August 13 – Howard Marks, Welsh drug smuggler and author (d. 2016) August 14 Steve Martin, American actor, comedian (The Jerk) Valeriy Shmarov, Ukrainian politician (d. 2018) Eliana Pittman, Brazilian singer, actress Wim Wenders, German film director, producer August 15 Bobby Treviño, Mexican baseball player (d. 2018) Miyuki Matsuhisa, Japanese artistic gymnast Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh politician, Prime Minister of Bangladesh August 19 – Ian Gillan, English rock singer (Deep Purple) August 20 – Jonathan Goodson, American television game show producer, son of Mark Goodson August 22 David Chase, American writer, director and television producer Ron Dante, American rock singer-songwriter and record producer (The Archies) Steve Kroft, American journalist, correspondent (60 Minutes) August 23 - Bob Peck - English actor (d. 1999) August 24 Ken Hensley, English singer-songwriter (Uriah Heep) (d. 2020) Marsha P. Johnson, American Gay liberation and AIDS activist (d. 1992) Vincent K. "Vince" McMahon, American professional wrestling promoter, chairman and CEO of WWE August 25 – Daniel Hulet, Belgian cartoonist (d. 2011) August 26 Tom Ridge, American politician Mel Watt, African-American politician and lawyer August 27 Marianne Sägebrecht, German film actress Linda Seger, American author August 29 Alyosha Abrahamyan, Armenian football player (d. 2018) Wyomia Tyus, American Olympic athlete August 31 Van Morrison, Irish rock musician ("Domino") Itzhak Perlman, Israeli-born American violinist, conductor Bob Welch, American musician (d. 2012) September September 1 – Mustafa Balel, Turkish writer September 4 – Danny Gatton, American guitarist (d. 1994) September 5 K. N. T. Sastry, Indian film critic, director and writer (d. 2018) Al Stewart, Scottish singer-songwriter (Year of the Cat) September 6 – Victor Ramahatra, 5th Prime Minister of Madagascar September 7 – Jacques Lemaire, Canadian ice hockey coach September 8 Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, American musician (Grateful Dead) (d. 1973) Rogatien Vachon, Canadian ice hockey player September 9 – Doug Ingle, American singer-songwriter September 10 – José Feliciano, Puerto Rican-American singer ("Feliz Navidad") September 11 – Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer, coach September 12 Russell "Jungle Jim" Liberman, American drag racer (d. 1977) Richard Thaler, American economist September 14 Martin Tyler, British sports broadcaster Benjamin Harjo Jr., Native American artist September 15 – Jessye Norman, American soprano (d. 2019) September 16 – Pat Stevens, American voice actress (d. 2010) September 17 Phil Jackson, American basketball coach Bruce Spence, Australian actor September 18 John McAfee, British-American computer programmer and businessman (d. 2021) P. F. Sloan, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015) September 19 – Randolph Mantooth, American actor, motivational speaker (Emergency!) September 20 Candy Spelling, American socialite, writer Laurie Spiegel, American electronic composer September 21 Shaw Clifton, Northern Ireland-born General of the Salvation Army Kay Ryan, American poet September 22 – Gonzaguinha, Brazilian singer, composer (d. 1991) September 23 – Paul Petersen, American child actor, advocate for other child actors September 24 – John Rutter, English choral composer, conductor September 26 – Bryan Ferry, English singer-songwriter and musician (Roxy Music) September 27 – Jack Goldstein, Canadian artist (d. 2003) September 29 – Nadezhda Chizhova, Russian athlete September 30 Ehud Olmert, 12th Prime Minister of Israel Ralph Siegel, German record producer, songwriter October October 1 Rod Carew, Panamanian-American baseball player Donny Hathaway, African-American soul singer-songwriter (d. 1979) Ram Nath Kovind, 14th President of India October 2 Regina Torné, Mexican actress, singer and television presenter Don McLean, American rock singer-songwriter ("American Pie") October 3 Kay Baxter, American bodybuilder (d. 1988) Viktor Saneyev, Soviet athlete (d. 2022) October 4 – Clifton Davis, African-American actor and minister (Amen) October 5 – Brian Connolly, Scottish musician (d. 1997) October 6 – Ivan Graziani, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 1997) October 9 Vijaya Kumaratunga, Sri Lankan actor and politician (d. 1988) Archbishop Nikon of Boston, Albanian bishop (d. 2019) October 12 Aurore Clément, French actress Dusty Rhodes, American wrestler (d. 2015) October 13 – Susan Stafford, American television presenter October 15 – Jim Palmer, American baseball player October 18 Huell Howser, American television personality, host of California's Gold (d. 2013) Norio Wakamoto, Japanese voice actor Yıldo, Turkish showman, footballer October 19 Angus Deaton, Scottish-born economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences John Lithgow, American actor (Third Rock from the Sun) October 20 Romeo Benetti, Italian actor George Wyner, American actor October 21 – Nikita Mikhalkov, Soviet and Russian actor and filmmaker October 22 Buzz Potamkin, American television producer and director (d. 2012) Yvan Ponton, Canadian actor, sportscaster October 23 Kim Larsen, Danish rock musician (d. 2018) Hugh Fraser, English actor Kenneth Feinberg, American lawyer October 24 Eugenie Scott, American Executive Director | (being headquartered in Berlin) effectively ceases to exist (it is recreated on June 3, 1946). May 1 – WWII: Reichssender Hamburg's Flensburg radio station announces that Hitler has died in battle, "fighting up to his last breath against Bolshevism." Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda commit suicide, after killing their six children. Karl Dönitz appoints Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the new Chancellor of Germany, in the Flensburg Government. Troops of the Yugoslav 4th Army, together with the Slovene 9th Corpus NOV, enter Trieste. Mass suicide in Demmin: An estimated 700–2,500 suicides take place, after 80% of the town has been destroyed by the Soviets during the past three days. May 2 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. Lübeck is liberated by the British Army. The surrender of Axis troops in Italy comes into effect. A Holocaust death march from Dachau to the Austrian border is halted under two kilometers west of Waakirchen by the segregated, all-Nisei 522nd Field Artillery Battalion of the U.S. Army in southern Bavaria, saving several hundred prisoners. Troops of the New Zealand Army 2nd Division enter Trieste a day after the Yugoslavs; the German Army in Trieste surrenders to the New Zealand Army. Following the death or resignation of the Hitler Cabinet in Germany, the Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet first meets. Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg is evacuated at about this date. Expatriate American poet Ezra Pound is arrested by the Italian resistance movement but soon released by them as of no interest; on May 5 he turns himself in to the United States Army and is imprisoned as a traitor. May 3 – WWII: The prison ships Cap Arcona (5,000 dead), Thielbek (2,750 dead) and Deutschland (all survive) are sunk by the British Royal Air Force in Lübeck Bay. Rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help start the U.S. space program). German Protestant theologian Gerhard Kittel is arrested by the French forces in Tübingen, Germany. May 4 – WWII: German surrender at Lüneburg Heath: All German armed forces in northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands surrender unconditionally to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, effective on May 5 at 08:00 hours British Double (and German) Summer Time. The Netherlands is liberated by British and Canadian troops. Denmark is liberated. Admiral Karl Dönitz orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to bases in Norway. The Holy Crown of Hungary is found in Mattsee, Austria, by the United States Army 86th Infantry Division. The U.S. government keeps the crown in Fort Knox for safekeeping from the Soviets until it is returned to Hungary on January 6 1978. German auxiliary cruiser Orion is sunk on her way to Copenhagen carrying refugees, with a loss of over 3,800 lives. May 5 – WWII: Prague uprising: Prague rises up against occupying Nazi forces. The US 11th Armored Division liberates the prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp, including Simon Wiesenthal. Canadian soldiers liberate the city of Amsterdam from Nazi occupation. A Japanese fire balloon kills six people, Elsie Mitchell and five children, near Bly, Oregon, when it explodes as they drag it from the woods. These are the only people killed by an enemy attack on the American mainland during WWII. The cartoon character Yosemite Sam debuts in Hare Trigger. May 6 WWII: Mildred Gillars ("Axis Sally") delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops (the first was on December 11, 1941). Holocaust: Ebensee concentration camp in Austria is liberated by troops of the 80th Division (United States). May 6–7 – The government of the Independent State of Croatia, the Nazi-affiliated fascist puppet state established in occupied Yugoslavia, flees Zagreb for a location near Klagenfurt in Austria, but is captured in the Yugoslav Partisan pursuit of Nazi collaborators that then leads to mass executions. May 7 – WWII: At 02:41, General Alfred Jodl signs the unconditional German Instrument of Surrender in SHAEF HQ at Reims, France, to end Germany's participation in the war. Surrender is effective on May 8 at 23:01 hours Central European Time (00:01 hours May 9 German Summer Time). Numerous RAF Lancasters land in Germany to repatriate British prisoners of war. Some 4,500 ex-POWs are flown back to Great Britain over the next 24 hours. May 8 – WWII: Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) is observed by the western European powers as Nazi Germany surrenders, marking the end of WWII in Europe. Shortly before midnight (May 9 Moscow time) the final German Instrument of Surrender is signed at the seat of the Soviet Military Administration in Berlin-Karlshorst, attended by Allied representatives. Canadian troops move into Amsterdam, after German troops surrender. The surrender of the Dodecanese is signed in Symi. The Eighth British Army, together with Slovene partisan troops and a motorized detachment of the Yugoslav 4th Army, arrives in Carinthia and Klagenfurt. The Croatian Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia are ordered by their commanders not to surrender to the Yugoslav Partisans, but to attempt to retreat to Austria and surrender to the British, part of the events leading to the Bleiburg repatriations. May 8–29 – Sétif and Guelma massacre: in Algeria, thousands die as French troops and released Italian POWs kill an estimated 6,000 to 40,000 Algerian citizens. May 9 – WWII: The Soviet Union marks VE Day. The Red Army enters Prague. Hermann Göring surrenders to the United States Army near Radstadt. Vidkun Quisling and other members of the collaborationist Quisling regime in Norway surrender to the Resistance (Milorg) and police at Møllergata 19 in Oslo, as part of the legal purge in Norway after World War II. General Alexander Löhr, Commander of German Army Group E near Topolšica, Slovenia, signs the capitulation of German occupation troops. German occupation of Guernsey and Jersey ends with their liberation by the Royal Navy as HMS Bulldog arrives in St Peter Port and HMS Beagle in St Helier. May 10 – WWII: German occupation of Sark ends, with its liberation by the Royal Navy. May 12 Argentinian labour leader José Peter declares the Meat Industry Workers Federation dissolved. Rev. W. V. Awdry's children's book The Three Railway Engines, first of The Railway Series, is published in England. May 14–15 – WWII: Battle of Poljana: The last battle of the War in Europe is fought at Poljana near Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia. May 15 – WWII: Surrender at Bleiburg – Retreating troops of the Croatian Armed Forces of the former puppet Independent State of Croatia (intermingled with fleeing civilians) attempt to surrender to the British Army at Bleiburg, but are directed to surrender to Yugoslav Partisans, who open fire on them. The remainder, after orders are given by Tito, are force-marched through Croatia and Serbia, interned or massacred, with thousands dying. May 16 – WWII: German occupation of Alderney ends, with its liberation by the Royal Navy. May 23 The Flensburg Government is dissolved by the Allies, and German President Karl Dönitz and German Chancellor Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British RAF Regiment personnel at Flensburg. They are respectively the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949. Heinrich Himmler, former head of the Nazi SS, commits suicide in British custody. May 28 – U.S.-born Irish-raised William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw") is captured on the German border. He is later charged in London with high treason for his English-language wartime broadcasts from German radio, convicted, and then hanged in January 1946. May 29 German communists, led by Walter Ulbricht, arrive in Berlin. Dutch painter Han van Meegeren is arrested for collaboration with the Nazis, but the "Dutch Golden Age" paintings he has sold to Hermann Göring (Koch) are later proved to be his own fakes. May 30 – The Iranian government demands that all Soviet and British troops leave the country. June June 1 – The British take over Lebanon and Syria. June 5 – The Allied Control Council, the military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power. June 7 – King Haakon VII of Norway returns to Norway five years to the day after leaving for exile in Britain. June 11 William Lyon Mackenzie King is re-elected as Canadian prime minister. The Franck Committee recommends against a surprise nuclear bombing of Japan. June 12 – The Yugoslav Army leaves Trieste, leaving the New Zealand Army in control. June 21 – WWII: The Battle of Okinawa ends, with U.S. occupation of the island until 1972. June 24 – WWII: A victory parade is held in Red Square in Moscow. June 25 – Seán T. O'Kelly is elected the second President of Ireland. June 26 – The United Nations Charter is signed. June 29 – Czechoslovakia cedes Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union. June 30 – John von Neumann's First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC is distributed, containing the first published description of the logical design of a computer, with stored-program and instruction data stored in the same address space within the memory (von Neumann architecture). July July 1 WWII: Germany is divided between the Allied occupation forces. The Association football club Lechia Gdańsk is founded in Poland July 2 – The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion breaks out in Burao and Erigavo in British Somaliland, led by Sheikh Bashir, a Somali religious leader. July 4 – Brazilian cruiser Bahia is sunk by an accidentally induced explosion, killing more than 300 and stranding the survivors in shark-infested waters. July 5 The 1945 United Kingdom general election is held, though some constituencies delay their polls for local holiday reasons. Counting of votes and declaration of results are delayed until July 26 to allow for voting by the large number of service personnel still overseas. John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia, dies in office from heart failure at the age of 60. He is briefly replaced by his deputy Frank Forde, who serves as the 15th Prime Minister until a Labor Party leadership election is held to replace Curtin. WWII: The Philippines are declared liberated. July 6–7 – Schio massacre: 54 prisoners, mostly fascist sympathisers, are killed by members of the Italian resistance movement in Schio. July 8 – WWII: Harry S. Truman is informed that Japan will talk peace if it can retain the reign of the Emperor. July 9 – A forest fire breaks out in the Tillamook Burn (the third in that area of Oregon since 1933). July 12 – Ben Chifley is elected leader of the Labor Party, and consequently becomes the 16th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating Frank Forde as well as Norman Makin and H.V. Evatt. As a result, Forde becomes the shortest serving Prime Minister in Australian history; nevertheless, he retains his post as Deputy Leader. July 14 – WWII: Italy declares war on Japan. July 15 – The Scott Morrison Award of Minor Hockey Excellence is first given; the first recipient is Gordie Howe. July 16 The Trinity Test, the first of an atomic bomb, using about six kilograms of plutonium, succeeds in unleashing an explosion equivalent to that of 22 kilotons of TNT. A train collision near Munich, Germany kills 102 war prisoners. July 17–August 2 – WWII: Potsdam Conference – At Potsdam, the three main Allied leaders hold their final summit of the war. President Truman officially informs Stalin that the U.S. has a powerful new weapon. July 21 – WWII: President Harry S. Truman approves the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan. July 23 – WWII: French marshal Philippe Pétain, who headed the Vichy government during WWII, goes on trial for treason. July 26 Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new Prime Minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a majority in the House of Commons. The Potsdam Declaration demands Japan's unconditional surrender; Article 12, permitting Japan to retain the reign of the Emperor, has been deleted by President Truman. July 27 – WWII: Bombing of Aomori – Two USAAF B-29s drop a total of 60,000 leaflets on the city of Aomori, Japan, warning civilians of an air raid and urging them to leave immediately. July 28 B-25 Empire State Building crash: A U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bomber crashes into the Empire State Building in New York City, killing 14 people, including all on board. WWII: Japan ambiguously rejects the Potsdam Declaration. July 29 The BBC Light Programme radio station is launched in the United Kingdom, aimed at mainstream light entertainment and music. WWII: Bombing of Aomori: The Japanese city of Aomori is firebombed by 63 USAAF B-29 heavy bombers, killing 1,767 civilians and destroying 18,045 homes. July 30 – WWII: Heavy cruiser is hit and sunk by torpedoes from the in the Philippine Sea. Some 900 survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for up to four days. Nearly 600 die before help arrives. Captain Charles B. McVay III of the cruiser is later court-martialed and convicted; in 2000, he is posthumously exonerated. August August 6 – WWII: Atomic bombing of Hiroshima: United States Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay drops a uranium-235 atomic bomb, codenamed "Little Boy", on the Japanese city of Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m. local time, resulting in between 90,000 and 146,000 deaths. August 7 – U.S. President Harry Truman announces the successful atomic bombing of Hiroshima, while he is returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the U.S. Navy heavy cruiser , in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. August 8 The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States Senate, and this nation becomes the third to join the new international organization. WWII: The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. August 9 – WWII: Atomic bombing of Nagasaki: United States B-29 Bockscar drops a plutonium-239 atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man", on the Japanese city of Nagasaki at 11:02 a.m. local time, resulting in between 39,000 and 80,000 deaths. The Soviet–Japanese War opens: The Soviet Union begins its army offensive against Japan, in the northern part of the Japanese-held Chinese region of Manchuria. August 10 – WWII: Japan offers to surrender to the Allies, "provided this does not prejudice the sovereignty of the Emperor". August 11 WWII: The Allies reply to the Japanese surrender offer by stating that Emperor Hirohito will be subject to the authority of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces. The Holocaust: Kraków pogrom – Róża Berger is shot dead by Polish militia. August 11–25 – Soviet troops complete the occupation of Sakhalin. August 13 – The Zionist World Congress approaches the British government to discuss the founding of the country of Israel. August 14 – WWII: Emperor Hirohito accepts the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. His recorded announcement of this is smuggled out of the Tokyo Imperial Palace. At 19:00 hrs in Washington, D.C. (23:00 GMT), U.S. President Harry S. Truman announces the Japanese surrender. August 15 WWII: Bombing of Kumagaya, Japan, by the United States using conventional bombs, beginning at 00:23. Hirohito surrender broadcast (Gyokuon-hōsō): Emperor Hirohito's announcement of the unconditional surrender of Japan is broadcast on the radio a little after noon (12:00 Japan Standard Time is 03:00 GMT). This is probably the first time an Emperor of Japan has been heard by the common people. Delivered in formal classical Japanese, without directly referring to surrender and following official censorship of the country's weak position, the recorded speech is not immediately easily understood by ordinary people. The Allies call this day Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day). This ends the period of Japanese expansionism, and begins the period of the Occupation of Japan. Korea gains independence. The August Revolution in Vietnam begins, with the Viet Minh taking over the capital Hanoi, taking advantage of the collapse of Japanese power. The Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization is founded, as a specialized agency of the United Nations. August 16 – A Polish–Soviet treaty establishes boundaries between the two countries. August 17 Philippines President José P. Laurel issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the Second Philippine Republic, thus ending his term as President of the Philippines. Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: Indonesian nationalists Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Sukarno as president and Mohammad Hatta as vice-president, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch Empire. The allegorical dystopian novella Animal Farm by George Orwell, a satire on Stalinism, is first published by Fredric Warburg in London. August 18 – WWII: Death of Subhas Chandra Bose: Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose is killed as a result of his overloaded Japanese plane crashing in Japanese Taiwan. August 19 – Chinese Civil War: Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek meet in Chongqing to discuss an end to hostilities between the Communists and the Nationalists. August 23 – Soviet–Japanese War: Joseph Stalin orders the detention of Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union. August 25 – Bảo Đại abdicates as Emperor of Vietnam, ending 2,000 years of dynastic and monarchic rule in the country and 143 years of the Nguyễn dynasty. August 30 – WWII: Vietnam's capital Hanoi is taken by the Viet Minh, which ends the French occupation in what becomes North Vietnam, and thus the southern provinces become South Vietnam. This ends the August Revolution. August 31 WWII: Allied troops arrest German field marshal Walther von Brauchitsch. A team at American Cyanamid's Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York, led by Yellapragada Subbarow, announces they have obtained folic acid in a pure crystalline form. This vitamin is abundant in green leaf vegetables, liver, kidney, and yeast. September September 2 – World War II ends: Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders to Filipino and American forces at Kiangan, Ifugao. The final official Japanese Instrument of Surrender is accepted by the Supreme Allied Commander, General Douglas MacArthur, and Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz for the United States, and delegates from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, China, and others from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu, on board the American battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. General Douglas MacArthur is given the title of Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and is also tasked with the occupation of Japan. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is officially established, by Ho Chi Minh. September 4 – WWII: Japanese forces surrender on Wake Island, after hearing word of their country's surrender. September 5 Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist "Tokyo Rose", is arrested in Yokohama. Russian code clerk Igor Gouzenko comes forward with numerous documents, implicating the Soviet Union in many spy rings in North America, both in the United States and in Canada. September 8 – U.S. troops occupy southern Korea, while the Soviet Union occupies the north, with the dividing line being the 38th parallel of latitude. This arrangement proves to be the indirect beginning of a divided Korea, which will lead to the Korean War in 1950. September 9 – Chiang Kai-shek officially accepts the Japanese capitulation at Nanking. September 10 – Vidkun Quisling is sentenced to death as a Nazi collaborator, in Norway. September 11 Hideki Tōjō, Japanese prime minister during most of WWII, attempts suicide to avoid facing a war crimes tribunal. Radio Republik Indonesia starts broadcasting. The Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak, Borneo is liberated by Australian forces. September 12 – The Japanese Army formally surrenders to the British in Singapore. September 18 Typhoon Makurazaki kills 3,746 people in Japan. The Japanese Army in Central China officially surrenders to the Chinese, in Wuhan. September 20 – Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru demand that all British troops depart India. September 24 – Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46: The Topoľčany pogrom is carried out in Slovakia. October October – Arthur C. Clarke puts forward the idea of a geosynchronous communications satellite, in a Wireless World magazine article. October 1–15 – Operation Backfire: Three A4 rockets are launched near Cuxhaven, in a demonstration to Allied forces. October 2– George Albert Smith becomes president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. October 4 – The Partizan Belgrade sports club is founded in Belgrade, Serbia. October 5 – Hollywood Black Friday: A strike by the Set Decorator's Union in Hollywood results in a riot. October 8–15 – Hadamar Trial: Personnel of the Hadamar Euthanasia Centre, now in the American zone of Allied-occupied Germany, are the first to be tried for systematic extermination in Nazi Germany. October 9 – Pierre Laval is sentenced to death, for collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France. October 10 – The Nazi Party is dissolved by the Allied Powers. October 14 – Czechoslovakia: A new provisional national assembly is elected. October 15 – WWII: Pierre Laval, the former premier of Vichy France, is shot dead by a firing squad, for treason against France. October 15–21 – The Fifth Pan-African Congress is held in Manchester. October 16 – The Food and Agriculture Organization is established at a meeting in Quebec City, as a specialized agency of the United Nations. October 17 – A massive number of people, headed for the General Confederation of Labour (Argentina), gather in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires to demand Juan Perón's release. This is known to the Peronists as the Día de la lealtad (Loyalty Day) and considered the founding day of Peronism. October 18 – Isaías Medina Angarita, president of Venezuela, is overthrown by a military coup. October 19 – Members of the Indonesian People's Army attack Anglo-Dutch forces in Indonesia. October 20 – Mongolians vote for independence from China. October 21 – Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in the French Legislative Election for the first time. October 22 – Rómulo Betancourt is named provisional president of Venezuela. October 23 – Jackie Robinson signs a contract with the Montreal Royals baseball team. October 24 The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations. The International Court of Justice ("World Court") is established by the United Nations Charter. Norwegian Nazi leader Vidkun Quisling is executed by firing squad, for treason against Norway. October 25 WWII: Japanese armed forces in Taiwan surrender to the Allies. Getúlio Vargas is deposed as president in Brazil; José Linhares is named temporary president. Osijek prison massacre October 27–November 20 – Indonesian National Revolution: Battle of Surabaya – Pro-independence Indonesian soldiers and militia fight British and British Indian troops in Surabaya. October 29 Getúlio Vargas resigns as president of Brazil. At Gimbels Department Store in New York City, the first ballpoint pens go on sale at $12.50 each. October 30 – The undivided country of India joins the United Nations. November November 1 International Labour Organization's new constitution comes into effect. John H. Johnson publishes the first issue of the magazine Ebony. Telechron introduces the model 8H59 Musalarm, the first clock radio. November 5 – Colombia joins the United Nations. November 6 – Indonesians reject an offer of autonomy from the Dutch. November 9 – Soo Bahk Do and Moo Duk Kwan martial arts are founded in Korea. November 10 – Indonesian National Revolution: Battle of Surabaya – Following the killing of British officer Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby on October 30, the British Indian Army (in support of its allied Dutch colonial administration) begins an advance on Surabaya in the Dutch East Indies against Indonesian nationalists; although most of the city is retaken in 3 days of heavy fighting, the strength of the resistance leads to today being celebrated as Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan) in Indonesia. November 11 – 1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election: Marshal Josip Broz Tito and the People's Front win a decisive majority (90%) in the Yugoslavian Assembly. November 15 Harry S. Truman, Clement Attlee and Mackenzie King share nuclear information with the U.N. and call for a United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. An offensive is begun in Manchuria by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists) against further infiltration by the Communist Party of China. November 16 Charles de Gaulle is unanimously elected president of France by the provisional government. The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology. The foundation of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is agreed at a meeting in London. The cartoon character Casper the Friendly Ghost debuts, in The Friendly Ghost. The motion picture The Lost Weekend, starring Ray Milland, is released. The most realistic film portrayal of alcoholism up to this time, it wins several Academy Awards the following year. Yeshiva College is founded in New York City. November 18 – The Tudeh party starts a bloodless coup, and will form Azerbaijan within days. Soviet troops prevent Iranian troops from getting involved. November 20 – The Nuremberg trials begin: Trials against 22 Nazis for war crimes of World War II start at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. November 26 – U.S. Ambassador to China Patrick J. Hurley resigns after he is unable to broker a deal between Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung. November 28 – The 1945 Balochistan earthquake causes a tsunami and kills 4,000. November 29 The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is declared (this day is celebrated as Republic Day until the 1990s). Marshal Tito is named president. Assembly of the world's first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC), is completed in the United States, covering of floor space, and the first set of calculations is run on it. December December 2 General Eurico Gaspar Dutra is elected president of Brazil. French banks (Banque de France, BNCI, CNEP, Crédit Lyonnais, and Société Générale) are nationalized. December 3 – Communist demonstrations in Athens presage the Greek Civil War. December 4 – The United States Senate approves the entry of the United States into the United Nations by a vote of 65–7. December 5 – A flight of United States Navy Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers (known as Flight 19) disappears on a training exercise from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale. December 19 – British fascist John Amery, having pleaded guilty on November 28 to treason, is hanged in London. December 21 – American General George S. Patton dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9 in Germany. December 24 – Sodder children disappearance: Five of nine children go missing after their home in Fayetteville, West Virginia, is burned down. December 27 Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the World Bank. Terror strikes are carried out against British military bases in Mandatory Palestine. Date unknown A team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (led by Charles Coryell) discovers chemical element 61, the only one still missing between 1 and 96 on the periodic table, which they will name promethium. Found by analysis of fission products of irradiated uranium fuel, its discovery is not made public until 1947. The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in Klamath Falls, Oregon. The first Moomins book, The Moomins and the Great Flood by Tove Jansson, is published. Births January January 1 Pietro Grasso, Italian politician Jacky Ickx, Belgian racing driver Martin Schanche, Norwegian racing driver, politician January 2 – Terje Bjørklund, Norwegian jazz pianist January 3 – Stephen Stills, American rock singer-songwriter (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) January 4 Sima Bina, Iranian vocalist Richard R. Schrock, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate January 5 Lynn Di Nino, American artist Júlio Isidro, Portuguese television presenter Robert Pindyck, American economist January 6 Park In-hwan, South Korean actor James Senese, Italian composer January 7 – Shulamith Firestone, Canadian American feminist, writer (d. 2012) January 8 Dave Hodge, Canadian sports announcer Kojo Nnamdi, American journalist Miyoko Watai, Japanese chess player January 9 – John Doman, American actor January 10 Baxter Black, American cowboy Gunther von Hagens, German anatomist, inventor Jennifer Moss, British actress (d. 2006) Steven P. Perskie, American politician, judge Rod Stewart, British rock singer January 11 Christine Kaufmann, German actress (d. 2017) Ray Pilon, American politician January 12 Maggie Bell, Scottish rock vocalist André Bicaba, Burkinabé sprinter Margaret Anne Staggers, American politician and emergency physician January 13 Pierre Galle, French basketball player Elizabeth Raum, Canadian composer January 14 Einar Hákonarson, Icelandic painter Enid Kent, American television actress Vonetta McGee, American actress (d. 2010) Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson, American far-left radical January 15 Karen Carlson, American actress Vince Foster, American deputy White House counsel during the first term of President Bill Clinton (d. 1993) Princess Michael of Kent, German-born member of the British Royal Family January 16 Murat Kunt, Swiss scientist Sinyo Harry Sarundajang, Indonesian politician Keith Wayne, American actor (d. 1995) January 17 – Javed Akhtar, Indian political activist, poet, lyricist and screenwriter January 18 – José Luis Perales, Spanish singer-songwriter January 19 Charles Amirkhanian, American composer Rod Canion, American computer scientist Toddy Puller, American politician January 20 – Robert Olen Butler, American writer January 21 Arthur Beetson, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 2011) Martin Shaw, British screen actor January 22 – David G. Bronner, American businessman January 23 Mike Harris, Canadian politician Bruce Ratner, American philanthropist Sally Smith (politician), American politician January 24 D. Todd Christofferson, American lawyer Elaine Giftos, American model, actress and dancer Subhash Ghai, Indian film director, producer and screenwriter January 25 Jill Townsend, American actress Leigh Taylor-Young, American actress Dave Walker, British rock musician January 26 Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (d. 1987) Graham Williams, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 2018) January 27 – Harold Cardinal, Cree political leader, writer and lawyer (d. 2005) January 28 Karen Lynn Gorney, American actress (Saturday Night Fever) Chuck Pyle, American country-folk singer-songwriter (d. 2015) January 29 Jim Nicholson, Northern Irish politician Tom Selleck, American actor (Magnum, P.I.) January 30 – Michael Dorris, American author (d. 1997) January 31 – Joseph Kosuth, American artist February February 1 Reylina Nicolas, Filipino politician Yasuhiro Takai, Japanese professional baseball player (d. 2019) February 2 Larry Agran, Mayor of Irwin, California Josephine Humphreys, American novelist February 3 Roy 'Chubby' Brown, British stand-up comedian Bob Griese, American football player Philip Waruinge, Kenyan boxer February 4 Tony Haygarth, English television actor (d. 2017) John P. Jumper, Retired United States Air Force general February 5 – Sarah Weddington, American attorney (d. 2021) February 6 Steven Keats, American actor (d. 1994) Bob Marley, Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter and musician (d. 1981) Michael Tucker (actor), American actor February 7 Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player Alan M. Steinman, American physician February 8 Louis Giambalvo, American actor Rino Barillari, Italian photographer February 9 Mia Farrow, American actress Yoshinori Ohsumi, Japanese cell biologist February 10 – Koo Bon-moo, South Korean business executive (d. 2018) February 11 Jimmy Dixon, American politician Ralph Doubell, Australian athlete Chuck Patterson, American actor (d. 2013) Dick Stevenson, member of Pennsylvania House of Representatives February 12 Luiz Carlos Alborghetti, Italian-Brazilian radio commenter, showman and political figure (d. 2009) Maud Adams, Swedish actress Cliff DeYoung, American actor David D. Friedman, American economist Gareth Thomas (actor), American actor (d. 2016) February 13 Luiz Couto, Brazilian politician Terrayne Crawford, American actress Simon Schama, English historian February 14 Adiss Harmandian, Lebanese-Armenian pop singer (d. 2019) Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein February 15 – Douglas Hofstadter, American cognitive scientist February 16 Pete Christlieb, American jazz musician Elliot Mintz, American consultant February 17 Zina Bethune, American actress (d. 2012) Brenda Fricker, Irish actress Calvin Jung, American actor February 18 – Hashem Mahameed, Israeli politician (d. 2018) February 19 – Bill Casey, Canadian politician February 20 Brion James, American actor (d. 1999) Randa Haines, American film director February 21 – Bill Sandifer III, American politician February 22 – Oliver, American singer (Good Morning Starshine) (d. 2000) February 23 – John J. Siegfried, American economist February 24 – Barry Bostwick, American actor February 25 Elkie Brooks, English singer Roy Saari, American swimmer (d. 2008) February 26 – Marta Kristen, Norwegian actress (Lost In Space) February 27 Carl Anderson, American singer, actor (Jesus Christ Superstar) (d. 2004) Steve Chassey, American race car driver Frank Kolb, German professor Daniel Olbrychski, Polish actor February 28 Mimsy Farmer, American actress Bubba Smith, American football player, actor (d. 2011) March March 1 – Dirk Benedict, American actor March 2 – Gordon Thomson, Canadian actor March 3 – George Miller, Australian film director March 4 Dieter Meier, Swiss singer, writer Tommy Svensson, Swedish football manager, player Andrew Stein, American politician March 6 Don Reinhoudt, American strongman Umeji Sasaki, Japanese actor Bob Trumpy, American football player March 7 Bob Herbert, American journalist Arthur Lee, American musician (d. 2006) Elizabeth Moon, American science-fiction writer Thomas A. Schwartz, Retired U.S. Army four-star general March 8 Bruce Broughton, American composer Jim Chapman, American politician Micky Dolenz, American actor, director and rock musician (The Monkees) Anselm Kiefer, German painter March 9 Katja Ebstein, German singer Dennis Rader, American serial killer Cocoa Samoa, American professional wrestler (d. 2007) John Wojtowicz, American bank robber (d. 2006) March 10 Nobuhiko Higashikuni, Japanese Imperial prince (d. 2019) Katharine Houghton, American actress Min Tanaka, Japanese dancer March 11 Harvey Mandel, American guitarist Tricia O'Neil, American actress March 13 Othman Abdullah, Malaysian footballer (d. 2015) Tom Chapin, American musician Anatoly Fomenko, Russian mathematician Sayuri Yoshinaga, Japanese actress March 14 Michael Martin Murphey, American country singer-songwriter Walter Parazaider, American musician March 15 A. K. Faezul Huq, Bangladeshi lawyer, politician (d. 2007) Danny Yatom, Israeli politician March 17 Katri Helena, Finnish singer Bernd Karwofsky, German ski-jumper Daniel Onega, Argentine soccer player Elis Regina, Brazilian singer (d. 1982) March 18 Joy Fielding, Canadian novelist Michael Reagan, American television personality, political commentator and Republican strategist Bobby Solo, Italian singer Marta Suplicy, Brazilian politician and psychologist Susan Tyrrell, American character actress (d. 2012) March 19 – Charles Richards, American modern pentathlete March 20 Jay Ingram, Canadian television host, author and journalist Bobby Jameson, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015) Pat Riley, American basketball coach March 21 Linda Cadwell, American teacher Charles Greene, American Olympic athlete March 23 David Milch, American writer David Grisman, American musician March 24 Robert T. Bakker, American paleontologist Edward Espe Brown, American writer Steve Fisher, American basketball coach Camilla Hall, American artist (d. 1974) Curtis Hanson, American film director, screenwriter (d. 2016) March 25 – Menas Kafatos, American physicist March 26 – Mikhail Voronin, Russian gymnast (d. 2004) March 27 – Władysław Stachurski, Polish football player, manager (d. 2013) March 28 Rodrigo Duterte, 16th President of the Philippines Raine Loo, Estonian actress March 29 Walt Frazier, African-American basketball player Willem Ruis, Dutch game show host (d. 1986) March 30 – Eric Clapton, English rock guitarist March 31 Nana Ampadu, Ghanaian musician (d. 2021) Edwin Catmull, American computer scientist, President of Walt Disney Animation Studios April April 1 – Heather Young (actress), American actress April 2 Roger Bootle-Wilbraham, 7th Baron Skelmersdale, British politician (d. 2018) Jürgen Drews, German singer Linda Hunt, American actress April 3 – Catherine Spaak, French-Italian actress and singer April 4 Daniel Cohn-Bendit, French political activist Carola Dibbell, American music journalist and author Caroline McWilliams, American actress (d. 2010) Guy Teissier, Member of National Assembly of France April 5 Steve Carver, American film director Cem Karaca, Turkish musician (d. 2004) Jay Mathews, American author Tommy Smith, English footballer (d. 2019) Doug Favell, Canadian ice hockey player April 6 – Neal Boortz, American author April 7 Bob Brady, U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district Werner Schroeter, German film director (d. 2010) Robert S. Wistrich, Jewish professor (d. 2015) April 8 Henry Lee Adams Jr., Senior United States District Judger Jang Yong, South Korean actor April 9 Steve Gadd, American drummer Peter Gammons, American baseball sportswriter April 10 Claude Jeannerot, Member of the Senate of France Reggie Lacefield, American basketball player April 11 Christian Quadflieg, German actor April 12 Ellen Gittelsohn, American television director Glenn Hauser, American radio host Mike Jarvis, American basketball coach Lee Jong-wook, South Korean Director-General of the World Health Organization (d. 2006) Serge Schmemann, French writer April 13 Lucha Corpi, Mexican poet Tony Dow, American actor, producer and director (Leave It to Beaver) Lowell George, American rock musician (Little Feat) (d. 1979) Bob Kalsu, American football player (d. 1970) April 14 Ritchie Blackmore, English rock guitarist Johan Devrindt, Belgian soccer player Yves Chauveau, French goalkeeper Roger Frappier, Canadian producer Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa Eliot Zigmund, American drummer April 15 – Ted Sizemore, American baseball player April 16 John Andrew Barnes III, American soldier (d. 1967) Karen Ingenthron, American author and actress April 17 Marsha Berzon, United States Circuit Judge Stephen E. Braude, American philosopher April 18 – Ada L. Smith, New York State Senator April 19 – Elliott West, American historian April 20 Michael Brandon, American actor ((Thomas & Friends)) Naftali Temu, Kenyan Olympic athlete (d. 2003) Jimmy Winston, English musician and actor (d. 2020) April 21 Helen Giddings, American entrepreneur Howard Schwartz, American folklorist Ana Lúcia Torre, Brazilian actress April 22 Evan Dobelle, American higher-education administrator Cleve Francis, American country music singer Donald E. Graham, Chairman of The Graham Holdings Company April 23 – François Clemmons, American singer and actor April 24 Doug Clifford, American drummer Larry Tesler, American computer scientist (d. 2020) April 25 Stu Cook, American bassist Björn Ulvaeus, Swedish rock songwriter (ABBA) April 26 – Richard Doyle (actor), American actor April 27 Robert Cialdini, American professor Jim McCotter, American entrepreneur August Wilson, American playwright (d. 2005) April 28 – Timothy Hallinan, Member of the Wyoming House of Representatives April 29 Hugh Hopper, British musician (d. 2009) Gary Stephen Krist, American convicted of kidnapping and the trafficking of illegal aliens Paolo Pietrangeli, Italian film director Tammi Terrell, African-American soul singer (d. 1970) April 30 Annie Dillard, American author Lara Saint Paul, Eritrean-born Italian singer (d. 2018) May May 1 – Rita Coolidge, American pop singer May 2 – James Vaupel, American scientist May 3 – Jeffrey C. Hall, American geneticist and chronobiologist, Nobel Prize laureate May 4 – Narasimhan Ram, Indian journalist May 5 Chuck Holmes, American adult film producer (d. 2000) Kurt Loder, American film critic, author and television personality May 6 Jimmie Dale Gilmore, American musician Bob Seger, American rock singer (Old Time Rock and Roll) May 7 – Robin Strasser, American actress May 8 – Keith Jarrett, American musician May 9 – Jupp Heynckes, German footballer and manager May 10 – Shirley Franklin, American politician, 58th Mayor of Atlanta May 11 Floyd Adams Jr., American politician (d. 2014) Hilda Pérez Carvajal, Venezuelan biologist May 12 Alan Ball Jr., English footballer and manager (d. 2007) Robert Bigelow, American businessman May 13 Gordon Joseloff, American journalist (d. 2020) Tammam Salam, 34th Prime Minister of Lebanon May 14 – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, CEO May 15 – Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese crown May 16 – Nicky Chinn, English rock songwriter (The Sweet, Suzi Quatro) May 17 – Tony Roche, Australian tennis player May 18 – Robert Todd Carroll, American writer (d. 2016) May 19 – Pete Townshend, English rock guitarist, lyricist (The Who) May 20 – David Keene, American political consultant May 21 Richard Hatch, American actor (Battlestar Galactica) (d. 2017) Ernst Messerschmid, German physicist, astronaut May 22 – Victoria Wyndham, American actress (Another World) May 23 Lauren Chapin, American child actress, evangelist Doris Mae Oulton, Canadian community developer May 24 – Priscilla Presley, American actress, businesswoman May 25 – Tav Falco, American musical performer May 26 – Garry Peterson, Canadian drummer May 27 Bruce Cockburn, Canadian singer-songwriter Miro Teixeira, Brazilian lawyer May 28 Patch Adams, American physician, comedian, social activist, clown and author John Fogerty, American rock singer (Creedence Clearwater Revival) May 29 Gary Brooker, English rock keyboardist and singer-songwriter (Procol Harum) (d. 2022) Jean-Pierre Van Rossem, Belgian businessman, fraudster and politician (d. 2018) May 30 Andrea Bronfman, American philanthropist (d. 2006) Gladys Horton, American singer (The Marvelettes) (d. 2011) May 31 Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German film director (d. 1982) Laurent Gbagbo, President of Côte d'Ivoire June June 1 – Frederica von Stade, American mezzo-soprano June 2 Lord David Dundas, English musician and actor Jon Peters, American film producer June 3 – Hale Irwin, American professional golfer June 4 Anthony Braxton, American composer, musical instrumentalist Gordon Waller, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (Peter and Gordon) (d. 2009) June 5 John Carlos, American athlete Théophile Georges Kassab, Catholic prelate (d. 2013) Don Reid, American country singer (The Statler Brothers) Nechama Rivlin, Israeli socialite, 10th First lady of Israel (d. 2019) June 6 – David Dukes, American actor (d. 2000) June 7 Billy Butler, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015) Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor of Austria June 8 – Steven Fromholz, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014) June 9 – Nike Wagner, German woman of the theater June 10 – Benny Gallagher, Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, half of duo Gallagher and Lyle June 11 – Adrienne Barbeau, American actress, television personality and author (Maude) June 12 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer June 13 – Rodney P. Rempt, American admiral June 14 Jörg Immendorff, German painter Rod Argent, English singer, keyboardist (The Zombies, Argent) June 15 Françoise Chandernagor, French writer Miriam Defensor Santiago, Filipino politician (b. 2016) June 16 Claire Alexander, Canadian ice hockey player Chip Damiani, American drummer (The Remains) (d. 2014) Ivan Lins, Latin Grammy-winning Brazilian musician June 17 P. D. T. Acharya, Secretary General, Indian Lok Sabha Frank Ashmore, American actor Art Bell, American radio talk show host (Coast to Coast AM) (d. 2018) Ken Livingstone, British politician Eddy Merckx, Belgian cyclist June 19 Radovan Karadžić, Serbian politician Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar politician and poet, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Greil Marcus, American music journalist and cultural critic June 20 – Anne Murray, Canadian singer (Love Song) June 21 Roberto D'Angelo, Italian slalom canoeist Luis Castañeda Lossio, Peruvian politician Thiagarajan, Indian actor, director and producer Nirmalendu Goon, Bangladeshi poet Marijana Lubej, Slovenian sprinter June 22 Juma Kapuya, Tanzanian politician Dieter Versen, German football defender June 23 Ana Chumachenco, Italian violinist Jim Fouratt, American gay activist and entertainer Kim Småge, Norwegian novelist, crime fiction writer, writer of short stories and children's writer Michael Sze, Hong Kong government official June 24 George Pataki, Governor of New York Ali Akbar Velayati, Iranian physician, politician June 25 Baba Gana Kingibe, Nigerian politician Mohammed Bakar, Malaysian footballer Chaiyasit Shinawatra, commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick, American politician Guillermo Mendoza, Mexican cyclist Carly Simon, American singer-songwriter (You're So Vain) June 26 Paul Chun, Hong Kong actor Dwight York, American musician, fashion consultant, cult leader and child molester June 27 Ami Ayalon, Israeli politician Catherine Lacoste, French amateur golfer Lu Sheng-yen, Taiwanese leader of the True Buddha School Norma Kamali, American fashion designer Jose Miguel Arroyo, First Gentleman of the Philippines June 28 David Knights, British bassist (Procol Harum) Raul Seixas, Brazilian rock singer (d. 1989) June 29 – Chandrika Kumaratunga, 5th President of Sri Lanka June 30 Kevin Jackman, Australian rules footballer Jerry Kenney, American Major League Baseball infielder Sean Scully, Irish-American-based painter, printmaker James Snyder Jr., American author, attorney and politician July July 1 Jane Cederqvist, Swedish freestyle swimmer Visu, Indian writer, director, stage, actor and talk-show host (d. 2020) Billy Rohr, American Major League Baseball player Debbie Harry, American rock singer (Blondie) July 2 – Linda Warren, American author July 3 Thomas Mapfumo, Zimbabwean musician Mickey Rooney Jr., American former actor July 4 Tiong Thai King, Malaysian politician Steinar Amundsen, Norwegian sprint canoeist Andre Spitzer, Romanian fencing coach (d. 1972) July 5 Nurul Islam Nahid, Bangladeshi politician Miroslav Mišković, Serbian business magnate, investor July 6 – Burt Ward, American actor (Batman) July 7 Heloísa Pinheiro, Brazilian model, businesswoman Moncef Marzouki, Tunisian politician; 4th President of Tunisia Li Chi-an, North Korean football striker Matti Salminen, Finnish bass singer July 8 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss Federal Councilor July 9 Dean Koontz, American writer Mohammad Reza Nematzadeh, Iranian politician, engineer July 10 Zlatko Tomčić, Croatian politician Daniel Ona Ondo, Gabonese politician Virginia Wade, English professional tennis player Ron Glass, African-American actor (Barney Miller) (d. 2016) July 11 – Richard Wesley, American playwright, screenwriter July 12 Leopoldo Mastelloni, Italian actor, comedian and singer Edwin Neal, American actor Larry Zierlein, American football coach Thor Martinsen, Norwegian ice hockey player July 13 Robert H. Foglesong, U.S. general Danny Abramowicz, American football player, coach July 14 – Antun Vujić, Croatian politician, philosopher, political analyst, lexicographer and author July 15 Hong Ra-hee, South Korean billionaire businesswoman, philanthropist Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (d. 2003) Jan-Michael Vincent, American actor (d. 2019) July 16 Victor Sloan, Irish artist Çetin Tekindor, Turkish actor Roy Ho Ten Soeng, Dutch politician Jos Stelling, Dutch film director, screenwriter Barry Dudleston, English first-class cricketer, umpire July 17 Eduardo Olivera, Mexican modern pentathlete Kim Won-hong, North Korean politician, military leader Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia July 18 Boomer Castleman, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015) Pat Doherty, Northern Ireland politician July 19 Oleg Fotin, Russian swimmer Richard Henderson, Scottish molecular biologist, Nobel Prize laureate Uri Rosenthal, Dutch politician July 20 Kim Carnes, American singer-songwriter (Bette Davis Eyes) Larry Craig, U.S. politician Lothar Koepsel, German sailor Simbarashe Mumbengegwi, Zimbabwean politician and diplomat July 21 John Lowe, English darts player Barry Richards, South African batsman Ziona, Indian religious, known for fathering the largest living family July 24 – Azim Premji, Indian businessman July 26 Betty Davis, American funk and soul singer Helen Mirren, British actress July 28 – Jim Davis, American cartoonist (Garfield) July 30 Lloyd Carr, American football coach Roger Dobkowitz, American game show producer Patrick Modiano, French novelist, Nobel Prize laureate David Sanborn, American saxophonist August August 1 – Douglas D. Osheroff, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate August 2 – Joanna Cassidy, American actress August 4 – Alan Mulally, American businessman, CEO of the Ford Motor Company August 5 – Loni Anderson, American actress (WKRP in Cincinnati) August 6 – Ron Jones, British television director (d. 1993) August |
Indonesia. 1353: Fa Ngum established the Lan Xang kingdom in Laos. 1356: The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire headed by Emperor Charles IV issues the Golden Bull of 1356, establishing various constitutional aspects of the Empire, the most significant being the electoral college to elect future emperors. 1356: The Diet of the Hansa is held in Lübeck, formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the Hanseatic League. 1357: Scotland retains its independence with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick, thus ending the Wars of Scottish Independence. 1357: In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of Gajah Mada; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, who committed suicide. 1360s 1363: The Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between Chinese rebel groups led by Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang, takes place from August to October, constituting one of the largest naval battles in history. 1365: The Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama is written. 1366: Tepanec Tlatoani Acolnahuácatl accepts Acamapichtli as the first tlatoani of Tenochtitlan for the Mexica Empire. 1368: The end of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. 1370s 1371: The Battle of Maritsa, the Serbs are defeated by the Ottomans, with most of Serb nobility being killed. 1377: Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's prince, Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port. 1378: The Great Schism of the West begins, eventually leading to three simultaneous popes. 1378: Battle of the Vozha River between Russians and Mongols. 1378–1382: Ciompi Revolt occurs in Florence. 1380s 1380: Russian principalities defeat the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo. 1381: John Wycliffe is dismissed from the University of Oxford for criticism of the Roman Catholic Church, thus the Lollardy movement rises in England. 1381: Peasants' Revolt in England. 1382: Khan Tokhtamysh captures Moscow. 1382: Barquq rise to power to start the Burji dynasty, the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt. 1385: Battle of Aljubarrota between Portugal and Castile. Portugal maintains independence. 1385: Union of Krewo between Poland and Lithuania. 1389: Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; Prince Lazar, Sultan Murad I and Miloš Obilić are killed. 1389: Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit. 1390s 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of Jews are massacred. 1392: Taejo of Joseon establishes the Joseon Dynasty. 1396: The Battle of Nicopolis, in which the Ottoman Empire defeat a large Crusader army composed of knights and men-at-arms from various Christian states including the kingdoms of Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, Burgundy and Wallachia. 1396: The Second Bulgarian Empire ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of Vidin and its king Ivan Sratsimir by the Ottomans. 1397: The Kalmar Union is established, uniting Norway, Sweden and Denmark into one kingdom. 1397: Reign of Chimalpopoca begins as the third tlatoani of Tenochtitlan. Inventions, discoveries, introductions List of 14th century inventions Music of the Ars nova The technique of knitting Foundation of the University of Cracow Chinese text the Huolongjing by Jiao Yu describes fire lances, fire arrows (rockets), rocket launchers, land mines, naval mines, bombards, cannons, and hollow cast iron cannonballs filled with gunpowder, and their use to set ablaze enemy camps. First pound lock in Europe reportedly built | out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed, the Chaghatayid dissolved and broke into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a great power in Eastern Europe. In Africa, the wealthy Mali Empire, a global leader of gold production, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of the medieval times, and according to various sources as history's ever. Events The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the Balkans. Early 14th century: Attributed to Kao Ninga Monk Sewing is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Cleveland Museum of Art. An account of Buddha's life, translated earlier into Greek by Saint John of Damascus and widely circulated to Christians as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat, became so popular that the two were venerated as saints. Singapore emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance. Islam reaches Terengganu, on the Malay Peninsula. The Hausa found several city-states in the south of modern Niger. The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance. Iwan vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built. Work begins on the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is now between 10,000 and 40,000. 1301-09 1305-1314: The Trials of the Knights Templar. The Knights Templar arrested and tried. Jacques de Molay, the last grand master of the Templars, is executed in 1314. 1309: King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit. 1309–1377: The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France 1310s The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe. 1318–1330: An Italian Franciscan friar, Mattiussi, visited Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Borneo. In his record he described the kingdom of Majapahit. 1320s 1320: Władysław I the Elbow-high is crowned King of Poland which leads to its later unification. 1323: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in Tutuila, now known as American Samoa. 1325: Forced out of previous locations, the Mexica found the city of Tenochtitlan. 1327: Tver Uprising against the Golden Horde. 1328: Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit. 1328-1333: Wang Dayuan, a traveller from Quanzhou, China during the Yuan dynasty, visited Luzon & Mindanao in the Philippines, many places in Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India, and reached |
United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis (April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865) and Vice President Alexander Stephens. Beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson (1865–1869). 1863–64 January Uprising in the Russian Empire. On 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year Taiping Rebellion. 1862-1877 Tongzhi Hui Revolt in Qing dynasty of China. 1868-1869 Boshin War in Japan, fought between the Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial Court. Prominent political events Italian Unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 – September 20, 1870). Abolition of serfdom in Russia by tsar Alexander II (1861). Meiji Restoration in Japan (1866–1869). Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shōguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor. A series of reforms follows. The samurai class fails to survive while the daimyōs turn to politics. The Dominion of Canada is created by the British North America Act on July 1, 1867. Compromise between Austria and Hungary, hence creating the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. The "La Gloriosa" revolution in Spain (1868). Queen Isabella II is deposed. Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865. King of Madagascar Radama II is captured by soldiers and strangled to death. Manuel Isidoro Belzu, President of Bolivia is assassinated. Father of Canadian Confederation, Thomas D'Arcy McGee is assassinated by Patrick J. Whelan. Sakamoto Ryōma, a prominent figure in the Bakumatsu era in Japan and part of the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate, is assassinated along with Nakaoka Shintarō at a Kyoto inn in 1867. Science and technology The Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground railway, opens in London in 1863. The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA is completed in 1869. The Suez Canal in Egypt is opened in 1869. The Plongeur, the first mechanically powered submarine in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction. Carl Wilhelm Borchardt discovers and proves Cayley's formula in graph theory in 1860. The first transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe. Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden, patenting it in 1867. James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation Joseph Lister develops antiseptic methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing carbolic acid as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery. As a result, deaths from infections due to surgery greatly decrease. Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel's laws of inheritance, the basis for genetics, in a two-part paper written in 1865 and published in 1866, although it is largely ignored until 1900. Dmitri Mendeleev develops the modern periodic table Helium was first detected during the total solar eclipse of August 18, 1868, in parts of India. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a spectroscope was used. J. Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's prominences. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse. 1862 International Exhibition in London, England and 1867 International Exposition in Paris. Establishments The Christian Mission, later renamed The Salvation Army, is co-founded by William and Catherine Booth in London, England in 1865. The London Fire Brigade was established in 1865. Florence Nightingale founds school for nurses in 1860. Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA opens its doors on May 6, 1869, for the first time under a land grant from the Morrill Act. Popular culture Religion In Catholicism, reaction against higher criticism and the liberal movement in Europe The Seventh-day Adventist Church becomes officially established in 1863 in Battle Creek, Michigan. Bahá'u'lláh declares his station as "the One whom God shall make Manifest", in the Garden of Ridván, as foretold by the Báb. Baháʼís see this as the beginning date of the Baháʼí Faith. Literature and arts Victor Hugo publishes Les Misérables. Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace. Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes Crime and Punishment. Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Jules Verne publishes Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. Impressionism went public. Charles Dickens publishes Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friend. George Eliot publishes the Silas Marner. Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital. Horatio Alger publishes "Ragged Dick". Winged Victory of Samothrace is discovered, 1863. Sports The first college football game is played in 1869, with Rutgers beating Princeton 6–4. The sport of skiing is invented around 1862. The Football Association is formed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, paving the way for association football to become the world's predominant spectator sport. The Cincinnati Redstockings became the first openly professional baseball team in 1869. They finished the same season with a perfect 58–0 record, thanks in large part to their Hall of Fame leader Harry | land confiscations beginning in 1863. In Asia, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 would begin the process of transforming Japan into a global imperial power. The Qing Dynasty of China would experience decline following its defeat to the British in 1860 in the Second Opium War. In 1864, the Russian Empire would embark upon the Circassian genocide in the Caucasus, leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the Circassian people. Politics and wars Wars French occupation of Mexico (1863–1867). Replacement of President of Mexico Benito Juárez (1861–1863) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (1863–1864) and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (1864–1867) with the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire. Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867–1872). On 18 October 1860, the first Convention of Peking formally ended the Second Opium War. The American Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865. The Paraguayan War (1864–1870) starts in South America, with the invasion of Paraguay by the Triple Alliance (Empire of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay). It will kill almost 60% of the country's population. The main phase of the New Zealand Wars between British colonials and the Māori population begins with the First Taranaki War in 1860. The most significant campaign is the Invasion of the Waikato in 1863, which sees some 14,000 British and colonial troops engaged. The Kingdom of Prussia under Bismarck invaded Denmark in 1864, which ended in the division of Schleswig, the location of a pro-German revolt, between Prussia and the Austrian Empire. Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in this war, Prussia later attacked Austria in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. The technological and logistical superiority of Prussia's armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, the former also having to deal with Prussia's ally Italy in Venice. By the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in Germany, and had total hegemony over the other German states. The NGF was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, and Prussia soon led it into another conflict with France. The Bhutan War between the British Empire and Bhutan lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to British India. The British Expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire. Conclusion of the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864) resulting in Russian victory and subsequent Circassian genocide and diaspora. Internal conflicts American Civil War fought between the remaining United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis (April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865) and Vice President Alexander Stephens. Beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson (1865–1869). 1863–64 January Uprising in the Russian Empire. On 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year Taiping Rebellion. 1862-1877 Tongzhi Hui Revolt in Qing dynasty of China. 1868-1869 Boshin War in Japan, fought between the Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial |
of Denmark–Norway invades Sweden. October–December October 1 – William Brodie is hanged at the Tolbooth in Edinburgh. October 21 – The 14th and last session of the Continental Congress and (the 6th as Congress under the Articles of Confederation) is adjourned. October – King George III of the United Kingdom becomes deranged; the Regency Crisis of 1788 starts. November 8 – Voting takes place in the 11 states that have ratified the United States Constitution for the first U.S. Senators; in Virginia, Richard Henry Lee and William Grayson, both anti-federalists, receive the highest number of votes in the Virginia Senate. November 15 – Cyrus Griffin of Virginia completes his service as the last President of the Congress of the Confederation, under the Articles of Confederation. November 20 – In the United Kingdom, the Houses of Parliament are given the first formal report by Prime Minister Pitt of the mental illness of King George III. Parliament adjourns for two weeks, to await the results of examinations by royal physicians. November 25 – Fifty consecutive days of temperatures below freezing strike France, a record that will be unbroken more than 200 years later. December 6 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92): The Ottoman fortress of Özi falls to the Russians after a prolonged siege, and a murderous storm with a temperature of . December 14 – King Charles III of Spain dies, and is succeeded by his son Charles IV. December – Robert Burns writes his version of the Scots poem Auld Lang Syne. Undated Annual British iron production reaches 68,000 tons. Births January 22 – George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, English poet (d. 1824) February 5 – Robert Peel, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1850) February 10 – Johann Peter Pixis, German pianist, composer (d. 1874) February 12 – Carl Reichenbach, German chemist (d. 1869) February 22 – Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher (d. 1860) March 10 – Joseph von Eichendorff, German poet (d. 1857) April 2 Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet (d. 1862) Wilhelmine Reichard, first German woman balloonist (d. 1848) April 14 – David G. Burnet, President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1870) April 18 – Charlotte Murchison, Scottish geologist (d. 1869) May 10 – Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French engineer, physicist and inventor (d. 1827) May 16 – Friedrich Rückert, German poet, translator, and professor of Oriental languages (d. 1866) May 22 – William Grant Broughton, first Anglican bishop in Australia (d. 1853) June 8 – Charles A. Wickliffe, American politician, 14th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1869) June 21 – Princess Augusta of Bavaria, Duchess of Leuchtenberg (d. 1851) July 30 – Kisamor, Swedish natural healer (d. 1842) August 2 – Leopold Gmelin, German chemist (d. 1853) August 6 – Felix Slade, English lawyer, philanthropist and art collector (d. 1868) August 7 – Francis R. Shunk, American politician (d. 1848) August 16 – Luigi Ciacchi, Italian cardinal (d. 1865) September 12 – Alexander Campbell, Irish-born founder of the Disciples of Christ (d. 1866) September 15 – Gerard C. Brandon, American politician (d. 1850) September 12 – Charlotte von Siebold, German gynecologist (d. 1859) September 21 Geert Adriaans Boomgaard, Dutch citizen, first validated supercentenarian (d. 1899) Margaret Taylor, First Lady of the United States (d. 1852) September 22 Theodore Edward Hook, English author (d. 1841) Louis-Étienne Saint-Denis, Arab-French memoir writer and servant to Napoleon I (d. 1856) September 28 – Jakob Walter, German stonemason, soldier (d. 1864) October 9 – József Kossics, Hungarian-Slovene Catholic priest, writer, ethnologist (d. 1867) October 11 – Simon Sechter, Austrian music teacher (d. 1867) October 24 – Sarah Josepha Hale, American author (d. 1879) October 31 – David R. Porter, American politician (d. 1867) November 8 – Mihály Bertalanits, Hungarian Slovene (Prekmurje Slovene) poet, teacher (d. 1853) Date unknown Facundo Quiroga, Argentine federationalist (d. 1835) Ana Joaquina dos Santos e Silva, African businesswoman (d. 1859) Deaths January 14 – François Joseph Paul, marquis de Grasetilly, comte de Grasse, French admiral (b. 1722) January 31 – Charles Edward Stuart, claimant to the British throne (b. 1720) February 18 – John Whitehurst, English clockmaker, scientist (b. 1713) February 21 – Johann Georg Palitzsch, German astronomer (b. 1723) February 28 – Thomas Cushing, American Continental Congressman (b. 1725) March 29 – Charles Wesley, English co-founder (with his brother, John Wesley) of the religious movement now known as Methodism (b. 1707) March 31 – Catharina Elisabet Grubb, Finnish industrialist (b. 1721) April 12 – Carlo Antonio Campioni, French-born composer (b. 1719) April 15 – Giuseppe Bonno, Austrian composer (b. 1711) April 16 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist (b. 1707) May 8 – Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-born physician, naturalist (b. 1723) May 11 – Dorothea Biehl, Danish writer (b. 1731) June 14 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (b. 1714) June 21 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher (b. 1730) | the Marshall Islands. June 21 – New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the ninth U.S. state, enabling the Constitution to go into effect. (The latter happens on March 4, 1789, when the first Congress elected under the new Constitution assembles.) June 25 – The Virginia Ratifying Convention ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the tenth U.S. state under the new government. June 26 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his antepenultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 39 in E-flat. July–September July 13 – A hailstorm sweeps across France and the Dutch Republic, with hailstones 'as big as quart bottles' that take 'three days to melt'; immense damage is done. July 24 – Governor General Lord Dorchester, by proclamation issued from the Chateau St. Louis in Quebec City, divides the British Province of Quebec into five Districts, namely: Gaspé, Nassau, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Hesse. July 26 – New York ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the eleventh U.S. state. July 28 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his penultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 40 in G Minor. August 8 – King Louis XVI of France agrees to convene the Estates-General meeting in May 1789, the first time since 1614. August 10 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his final symphony, now called the Symphony No. 41 in C Major, and nicknamed (after his death) The Jupiter. August 12 – The Anjala conspiracy is signed. August 27 – The trial of Deacon William Brodie for burglary begins in Edinburgh, Scotland; he is sentenced to death by hanging. September 13 – The United States Congress of the Confederation passes an act providing a timeline for the voting for the first President under the new U.S. Constitution. September 21 – Austro-Turkish War - Battle of Karánsebes: The Austrian army engages in a friendly-fire incident, which results in mass casualties. September 24 – The Theater War begins, when the army of Denmark–Norway invades Sweden. October–December October 1 – William Brodie is hanged at the Tolbooth in Edinburgh. October 21 – The 14th and last session of the Continental Congress and (the 6th as Congress under the Articles of Confederation) is adjourned. October – King George III of the United Kingdom becomes deranged; the Regency Crisis of 1788 starts. November 8 – Voting takes place in the 11 states that have ratified the United States Constitution for the first U.S. Senators; in Virginia, Richard Henry Lee and William Grayson, both anti-federalists, receive the highest number of votes in the Virginia Senate. November 15 – Cyrus Griffin of Virginia completes his service as the last President of the Congress of the Confederation, under the Articles of Confederation. November 20 – In the United Kingdom, the Houses of Parliament are given the first formal report by Prime Minister Pitt of the mental illness of King George III. Parliament adjourns for two weeks, to await the results of examinations by royal physicians. November 25 – Fifty consecutive days of temperatures below freezing strike France, a record that will be unbroken more than 200 |
1st century – Augustus of Primaporta, (perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca. 20 BC), is made. It is now kept in Musei Vaticani, Braccio Nuovo, Rome. Early 1st century – Gemma Augustea is made. It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Early 1st century – House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, is built. Excavated in 1893, the year of the silver wedding anniversary of Italy's King Humbert and his wife, Margherita of Savoy, who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii. Early 1st century – Inner shrine, Ise, Mie, Mie Prefecture, is built. Yayoi period. Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions Was create in 1st Century Early 1st century – Lions became extinct in Western Europe. AD 2: First census of China, the census is one of the most accurate in Chinese history. AD 6: Census of Quirinius. AD 7: Prince Cunobeline of Catuvellauni defeats the Trinovantes in England and establishes his capital at Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester). AD 9: Three Roman legions were ambushed and destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under the leadership of Arminius. AD 9: Prince Cunobeline is crowned King of Catuvellauni, his Kingdom dominates Southern England. AD 9 – 23: Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han dynasty of China. AD 9 – 23: Xin dynasty. AD 14: Augustus Caesar, first emperor of Rome, dies. His adopted son/stepson/son-in-law Tiberius ascends to the throne. AD 25: The Han dynasty is restored by Liu Xiu who proclaims himself Emperor Guangwu of Han. AD 27: Jesus begins his ministry (traditional date). AD 28 – 75: Emperor Ming of Han, Buddhism reaches China. AD 29 Humans arrive on Pentecost Island and establish the Bunlap tribe, among others. AD 29: Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha's teachings, creating the Pali canon during the Fourth Buddhist Council . AD 30: The regions of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India come under the control of the Kushans, a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by the Han Dynasty. AD 31: The Crucifixion of Jesus (traditional date). c. AD 34: Stoning of Saint Stephen. c. 36: Conversion of Paul the Apostle. AD 40: Succession crisis erupts at King Cunobeline's court and his exiled younger son Prince Adminius flees to the court of Caligula in Rome. AD 40: Emperor Caligula plans to invade Britain, he instead declares war upon the sea, taking shells as spoils. AD 40 – 43: Revolts erupts in Vietnam by the Trung sisters. AD 41 – 54: Rachias, an ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to the court of Claudius. AD 42: King Cunobeline dies, his son Caratacus becomes King. He and his brother conquer much of South-Eastern England, expanding territory into Atrebates, driving out King Verica. King Verica travels to Rome to the court of Claudius to help reclaim his throne. AD 43: Roman conquest of Britain begins. London is founded (although it could have existed centuries before this date). AD 44: Death of Herod Agrippa. AD 50: Christian Council of Jerusalem. Mid-1st century – Wall niche, from garden in Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, England. Mid-1st century – Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto, Pompeii, is made. AD 58 – 88: Rule of Ming and Zhang. AD 60: Queen Boudica of The Iceni in England launches a rebellion against The Romans. Tens of thousands die and the Roman army is massively damaged. The Rebellion fails and Boadicea commits suicide by poisoning herself. Three major cities are obliterated. AD 64: Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass Persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome. AD 66 – 73: First Jewish-Roman War. AD 68: Nero commits suicide AD 68: Kingdom of Funan is established in the Mekong Delta, the first Indianized state—or, rather a loose network of states in mainland Southeast Asia. The capital city is Vyadhapura or modern-day Ba Phnum District in Cambodia. Kaundinya, an Indian brahmin marries Soma and establishes the pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan. AD 69: Following Nero's demise, the Roman Empire falls into its first civil war in nearly a century now known as the Year of the Four Emperors. AD 69: Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes in Northern England, is overthrown in a civil war. Her unpopular alliance with Rome, the betrayal of Caratacus and her love for | 1st century – Gemma Augustea is made. It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Early 1st century – House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, is built. Excavated in 1893, the year of the silver wedding anniversary of Italy's King Humbert and his wife, Margherita of Savoy, who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii. Early 1st century – Inner shrine, Ise, Mie, Mie Prefecture, is built. Yayoi period. Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions Was create in 1st Century Early 1st century – Lions became extinct in Western Europe. AD 2: First census of China, the census is one of the most accurate in Chinese history. AD 6: Census of Quirinius. AD 7: Prince Cunobeline of Catuvellauni defeats the Trinovantes in England and establishes his capital at Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester). AD 9: Three Roman legions were ambushed and destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under the leadership of Arminius. AD 9: Prince Cunobeline is crowned King of Catuvellauni, his Kingdom dominates Southern England. AD 9 – 23: Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han dynasty of China. AD 9 – 23: Xin dynasty. AD 14: Augustus Caesar, first emperor of Rome, dies. His adopted son/stepson/son-in-law Tiberius ascends to the throne. AD 25: The Han dynasty is restored by Liu Xiu who proclaims himself Emperor Guangwu of Han. AD 27: Jesus begins his ministry (traditional date). AD 28 – 75: Emperor Ming of Han, Buddhism reaches China. AD 29 Humans arrive on Pentecost Island and establish the Bunlap tribe, among others. AD 29: Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha's teachings, creating the Pali canon during the Fourth Buddhist Council . AD 30: The regions of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India come under the control of the Kushans, a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by the Han Dynasty. AD 31: The Crucifixion of Jesus (traditional date). c. AD 34: Stoning of Saint Stephen. c. 36: Conversion of Paul the Apostle. AD 40: Succession crisis erupts at King Cunobeline's court and his exiled younger son Prince Adminius flees to the court of Caligula in Rome. AD 40: Emperor Caligula plans to invade Britain, he instead declares war upon the sea, taking shells as spoils. AD 40 – 43: Revolts erupts in Vietnam by the Trung sisters. AD 41 – 54: Rachias, an ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to the court of Claudius. AD 42: King Cunobeline dies, his son Caratacus becomes King. He and his brother conquer much of South-Eastern England, expanding territory into Atrebates, driving out King Verica. King Verica travels to Rome to the court of Claudius to help reclaim his throne. AD 43: Roman conquest of Britain begins. London is founded (although it could have existed centuries before this date). AD 44: Death of Herod Agrippa. AD 50: Christian Council of Jerusalem. Mid-1st century – Wall niche, from garden in Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, England. Mid-1st century – Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto, Pompeii, is made. AD 58 – 88: Rule of Ming and Zhang. AD 60: Queen Boudica of The Iceni in England launches a rebellion against The Romans. Tens of thousands die and the Roman army is massively damaged. The Rebellion fails and Boadicea commits suicide by poisoning herself. Three major cities are obliterated. AD 64: Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass Persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome. AD 66 – 73: First Jewish-Roman War. AD 68: Nero commits suicide AD 68: Kingdom of Funan is established in the Mekong Delta, the first Indianized state—or, rather a loose network of states in mainland Southeast Asia. The capital city is Vyadhapura or modern-day Ba Phnum District in Cambodia. Kaundinya, an Indian brahmin marries Soma and establishes the pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan. AD 69: Following Nero's demise, the Roman Empire falls into its first civil war in nearly a century now known as the Year of the Four Emperors. AD 69: Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes in Northern England, is overthrown in a civil war. Her unpopular alliance with Rome, the betrayal of Caratacus and her love for someone other than her husband are the three reasons which led to her demise. The Action enraged the Romans so much that they conquered and annexed The Kingdom. AD 70: destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus. AD 70: India sees the end of the Hellenistic |
singer and actress September 20 – Rose Francine Rogombé, Gabonese lawyer and politician (d. 2015) September 21, Luis Mateo Díez, Spanish writer September 22 Wu Ma, Chinese film actor, director, producer and writer (d. 2014) Marlena Shaw, American jazz singer David Stern, American commissioner of the National Basketball Association (d. 2020) September 25 – Dee Dee Warwick, American singer (d. 2008) September 26 – Ingrid Becker, German athlete September 28 Marshall Bell, American actor Pierre Clémenti, French actor (d. 1999) Tim Maia, Brazilian musician, songwriter and businessman (d. 1998) September 29 Felice Gimondi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 2019) Madeline Kahn, American actress (d. 1999) Ian McShane, English actor Bill Nelson, American politician and astronaut Jean-Luc Ponty, French jazz violinist September 30 Gus Dudgeon, English record producer (d. 2002) Frankie Lymon, American singer (d. 1968) Sture Pettersson, Swedish cyclist (d. 1983) October October 1 – Günter Wallraff, German investigative journalist October 2 – Asha Parekh, Indian actress, film director and producer October 3 Earl Hindman, American actor (d. 2003) Roberto Perfumo, Argentine footballer and sports commentator (d. 2016) October 6 – Britt Ekland, Swedish actress October 7 Ronald Baecker, American computer scientist Joy Behar, American comedian and television personality October 8 Stanley Bates, British actor and screenwriter Nguyễn Minh Triết, 6th President of Vietnam October 9 – Shukri Ghanem, Libyan politician (d. 2012) October 10 Janis Hansen, American singer and author (d. 2017) Radu Vasile, Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2013) October 11 – Amitabh Bachchan, Indian actor, film producer, and television host October 12 – Daliah Lavi, Israeli actress and singer (d. 2017) October 13 Rutanya Alda, Latvian-American actress Jerry Jones, American football team owner October 19 – Andrew Vachss, American author and attorney (d. 2021) October 20 Christel DeHaan, German-American businesswoman and philanthropist (d. 2020) Arto Paasilinna, Finnish writer (d. 2018) Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine October 21 – Judy Sheindlin, American retired judge turned television personality (Judge Judy) October 22 Bobby Fuller, American rock singer, songwriter, and guitarist (d. 1966) Annette Funicello, American actress and singer (d. 2013) Pedro Morales, Puerto Rican professional wrestler (d. 2019) October 23 Michael Crichton, American author (d. 2008) Anita Roddick, British businesswoman, human rights activist and campaigner (d. 2007) October 24 – Frank Delaney, Irish-born novelist, journalist and broadcaster (d. 2017) October 25 – Gloria Katz, American screenwriter and film producer (d. 2018) October 26 – Bob Hoskins, British actor (d. 2014) October 27 Philip Catherine, Belgian jazz guitarist Lee Greenwood, American country singer and songwriter October 28 – Kees Verkerk, Dutch speed skater October 29 – Bob Ross, American painter and television presenter (d. 1995) October 31 George Brizan, 8th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 2012) David Ogden Stiers, American actor and voice-over artist (d. 2018) November November 1 Larry Flynt, American publisher (Hustler'') (d. 2021) Ralph Klein, Canadian politician (d. 2013) Marcia Wallace, American actress and comedian (d. 2013) November 2 Shere Hite, American-born German sexologist (d. 2020) Stefanie Powers, American actress November 5 – Pierangelo Bertoli, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 2002) November 6 – Jean Shrimpton, English model and actress November 7 Tom Peters, American writer Johnny Rivers, American musician, singer and songwriter November 8 Angel Cordero, Jr., Puerto Rican jockey Sandro Mazzola, Italian footballer Fernando Sorrentino, Argentine writer November 10 Robert F. Engle, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate Hans-Rudolf Merz, Swiss federal councillor November 11 – K. Connie Kang, Korean American journalist and author (d. 2019) November 15 – Daniel Barenboim, Argentine-born pianist and conductor November 16 – Joanna Pettet, British-born Canadian actress November 17 Derek Clayton, Australian long-distance runner Bob Gaudio, American musician Kang Kek Iew, Cambodian politician and criminal (d. 2020) István Rosztóczy, Hungarian microbiologist (d. 1993) Martin Scorsese, American film director November 18 Linda Evans, American actress Susan Sullivan, American actress November 19 – Calvin Klein, American fashion designer November 20 Joe Biden, 46th President of the United States Bob Einstein, American actor, producer and screenwriter (d. 2019) November 21 – Al Matthews, African-American actor and singer (d. 2018) November 22 Francis K. Butagira, Ugandan ambassador Dick Stockton, American sports announcer Guion Bluford, African-American astronaut November 23 – Susan Anspach, American actress (d. 2018) November 24 – Billy Connolly, Scottish comedian and singer November 25 – Rosa von Praunheim, German film director, author and painter November 26 – Olivia Cole, African-American actress (d. 2018) November 27 Manolo Blahnik, Spanish shoe designer Jimi Hendrix, American guitarist (d. 1970) November 28 – Eric Shinseki, American U.S. Army General November 29 Michael Craze, British actor (d. 1998) Philippe Huttenlocher, Swiss baritone November 30 – André Brahic, French astrophysicist (d. 2016) December December 2 – Francisque Ravony, 7th Prime Minister of Madagascar (d. 2003) December 3 – Alice Schwarzer, German feminist, founder and publisher of the German feminist journal EMMA December 4 Al Hunt, American columnist Gemma Jones, British actress December 6 Chelsea Brown, American actress (d. 2017) Peter Handke, Austrian novelist December 7 Harry Chapin, American singer-songwriter (d. 1981) Reginald F. Lewis, American Business Tycoon and Philanthropist (d. 1993) Peter Tomarken, American game-show host (d. 2006) December 8 – Toots Hibbert, Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter (d. 2020) December 9 Dick Butkus, American football player Billy Bremner, Scottish footballer (d. 1997) December 15 – Kathleen Blanco, American politician, 54th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2019) December 17 Muhammadu Buhari, Nigerian army general and 15th President of Nigeria Paul Butterfield, American musician (d. 1987) December 19 Milan Milutinovic, President of Serbia Gene Okerlund, American wrestling announcer (d. 2019) December 20 – Bob Hayes, African-American athlete (d. 2002) December 21 Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, 6th President of the People's Republic of China Carla Thomas, American singer December 27 Muruga Booker, American drummer, composer, inventor, artist and recording artist Charmian Carr, American actress (d. 2016) Thomas Menino, 53rd Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts (d. 2014) December 29 – Rajesh Khanna, Indian actor (d. 2012) December 30 Betty Aberlin, American actress Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian-born British human rights activist and political dissident (d. 2019) Anne Charleston, Australian actress Allan Gotthelf, American philosopher (d. 2013) Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian Michael Nesmith American musician, singer-songwriter, producer (d. 2021) December 31 – Taufiq Kiemas, 5th First Spouse of Indonesia (d. 2013) Deaths January January 2 – Ivande Kaija, Soviet writer and feminist (b. 1876) January 3 – Charles Mann Hamilton, American politician (b. 1874) January 4 Sydney Fairbrother, British actress (b. 1872) Mel Sheppard, American Olympic athlete (b. 1883) Otis Skinner, American actor (b. 1858) January 6 Emma Calvé, French soprano (b. 1858) Henri de Baillet-Latour, 3rd President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1876) January 8 – Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Indian writer and humanitarian (b. 1891) January 9 Heber Doust Curtis, American astronomer (b. 1872) Jan Graliński, Polish general (b. 1895) January 13 Vladimir Ignatowski, Soviet physicist (b. 1875) Emil Szramek, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (b. 1887) Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière, French biologist and scientist (b. 1854) January 14 – Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (b. 1883) January 16 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 2nd youngest son of Queen Victoria (b. 1850) Sir Jeremiah Colman, 1st Baronet, British industrialist (b. 1859) Carole Lombard, American actress (b. 1908) January 17 – Walther von Reichenau, German field marshal (b. 1884) January 18 – James P. Parker, United States Navy commodore (b. 1855) January 21 Christiaan Cornelissen, Dutch writer, economic and trade unionist (b. 1864) Isidoro Diéguez Dueñas, Spanish bricklayer (b. 1909) Jesús Larrañaga, Spanish communist leader (b. 1901) January 22 Walter Sickert, British Impressionist painter (b. 1860) Racho Petrov, Bulgarian general and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1861) January 23 Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1870) Nazareno Strampelli, Italian agronomist and plant breeder (b. 1866) January 26 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (suicide) (b. 1868) January 27 – Kaarel Eenpalu, Estonian journalist and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1888) January 29 – Viktor Esbensen, Norwegian mariner (b. 1881) February February 2 Ado Birk, Estonian politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1883) Leonetto Cappiello, Italian poster designer and painter (b. 1875) February 7 – Dorando Pietri, Italian Olympic athlete (b. 1885) February 8 – Fritz Todt, Nazi German engineer (b. 1891) February 9 – Lauri Kristian Relander, 2nd President of Finland (b. 1883) February 11 Jamnalal Bajaj, Indian industrialist and philanthropist (b. 1889) Ugo Pasquale Mifsud, 3rd Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1889) February 12 – Grant Wood, American painter (b. 1891) February 13 Otakar Batlička, Czechoslovakian adventurer and journalist (b. 1895) Epitácio Pessoa, Brazil jurist and politician, 11th President of Brazil (b. 1865) February 14 – Mirosław Ferić, Polish pilot of the No. 303 Squadron in Northolt (b. 1915) February 16 – Ettore Arrigoni degli Oddi, Italian ornithologist (b. 1867) February 19 – Frank Abbandando, American gangster (b. 1910) February 20 – Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, Ruler of Bahrain (b. 1872) February 22 – Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (b. 1881) February 27 Robert William Chapman, Australian engineer and mathematician (b. 1866) Joseph Emile Harley, American army officer and politician (b. 1880) February 28 – Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral (b. 1889) March March 1 George S. Rentz, United States Navy Chaplain and Navy Cross winner (b. 1882) Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American military officer, inventor, and engineer (b. 1873) March 2 Gustave Anjou, Swedish genealogist (b. 1863) Sergei Solovyov, Soviet Orthodox priest and blessed (b. 1885) March 3 – Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Italian nobleman and military officer, Viceroy of Italian East Africa (b. 1898) March 4 – Gheorghe Adamescu, Romanian historian and bibliographer (b. 1869) March 7 – Pierre Semard, French Communist leader (b. 1887) March 8 – José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player (b. 1888) March 10 – Frederick Behre, American artist (b. 1863) March 11 José Camprubí, Spanish publisher (b. 1879) Raoul Dandurand, Canadian politician (b. 1861) March 12 Robert Bosch, German industrialist, engineer and inventor (b. 1861) Sir William Henry Bragg, British physicist, chemist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862) Enric Morera i Viura, Andorran composer (b. 1865) March 14 René Bull, British illustrator and photographer (b. 1872) Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde, German botanist (b. 1873) March 15 – Vasile Demetrius, Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian writer, poet and translator (b. 1878) March 17 – Nada Dimić, Yugoslav Communist leader (b. 1923) March 20 – Vasily Kalafati, Soviet and Russian composer (b. 1869) March 21 – J. S. Woodsworth, Canadian politician (b. 1874) Václav Morávek, Czech general and warrior (b. 1904) March 23 Ludwig von Höhnel, Austrian naval officer and explorer (b. 1857) Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, 20th President of Argentina (b. 1868) March 26 – Gustav Hinrichs, German-born American conductor and composer (b. 1850) March 27 Jannion Steele Elliott, British ornithologist and naturalist (b. 1871) John W. Wilcox, Jr., American admiral (lost overboard) (b. 1882) Julio González, Spanish sculptor and painter (b. 1876) March 28 – Miguel Hernández, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1910) April April 2 – Édouard Estaunié, French novelist (b. 1862) April 4 James Bede, American politician (b. 1856) Jan Daszewski, Polish fighter pilot (b. 1916) April 6 – Isidro Michel López, Mexican military officer, leader of the Mexican Revolution (b. 1870) April 7 – Anandshankar Dhruv, Indian scholar, writer, educationist and editor (b. 1869) April 11 – Frederick Hobbs, New Zealand-born singer and actor (b. 1874) April 12 – Arnold Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle, British soldier and politician (b. 1858) April 13 Julia Danzas, Soviet and Russian Roman Catholic religious leader and blessed (b. 1879) Sir James Fergusson, British admiral (b. 1881) April 15 Robert Musil, Austrian novelist (b. 1880) Joshua Pim, Irish tennis player (b. 1869) April 16 – Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, granddaughter of Queen Victoria (b. 1878) April 17 Renward Brandstetter, Swiss philologist and linguist (b. 1860) Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer, American botanist (b. 1870) Jean Baptiste Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870) April 18 Grażyna Chrostowska, Polish poet and activist (b. 1921) Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, American heiress, socialite and sculptor (b. 1875) April 21 – Gustav Stickley, American furniture designer and architect (b. 1858) April 23 – Olga Benário Prestes, German-born Brazilian militant (b. 1908) April 24 Camille du Gast, French pioneer (b. 1868) Deenanath Mangeshkar, Indian singer and composer (b. 1900) Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian writer (b. 1874) April 25 – Zygmunt Kisielewski, Polish writer (b. 1882) April 27 – Arthur L. Bristol, American admiral (b. 1886) April 30 – Lilian Whiting, American writer and editor (b. 1847) May May 2 – José Abad Santos, Filipino chief justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1886) May 3 – Thorvald Stauning, 9th Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1873) May 4 – Józef Czempiel, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1883) May 5 – Habib Pacha Es-Saad, 3rd Prime Minister and 2nd President of Lebanon (b. 1867) May 7 – Felix Weingartner, Austrian conductor (b. 1863) May 9 – Graham McNamee, American radio announcer (b. 1888) May 10 – Joe Weber, American vaudevillian (b. 1867) May 11 – Sakutarō Hagiwara, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1886) May 12 – Hannu Hannuksela, Finnish general (b. 1893) May 14 – Frank Churchill, American composer (b. 1901) May 16 Kaneko Kentarō, Japanese diplomat and statesman (b. 1853) Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist (b. 1884) Maria Michał Kowalski, Polish priest and blessed (b. 1871) May 19 – A. E. Waite, British occultist (b. 1857) May 20 John D. Craddock, American politician (b. 1881) Charles E. Dietrich, American politician (b. 1889) John Goodall, English footballer (b. 1863) May 22 Stjepan Filipović, Yugoslav national hero (b. 1916) Tateo Katō, Japanese fighter ace (b. 1903) May 24 – Ivan Horbachevsky, Austrian chemist and politician (b. 1854) May 25 – Emanuel Feuermann, Austrian cellist (b. 1902) May 27 – Chen Duxiu, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. 1879) May 29 John Barrymore, American actor (b. 1882) Akiko Yosano, Japanese author and poet (b. 1878) May 30 – Félix Cadras, French lace designer and militant (b. 1906) June June 4 Eusebio Ayala, 29th President of Paraguay (1921–23, 1932–36) (b. 1875) Reinhard Heydrich, headed the Nazi Reich Main Security Office and was Reich governor of Bohemia and Moravia (b. 1904) Eugene E. Lindsey, United States Navy officer (b. 1905) June 5 Virginia Lee Corbin, American actress (b. 1910) Tamon Yamaguchi, Japanese admiral, killed in action at the Battle of Midway (b. 1892) Ryusaku Yanagimoto, Japanese rear admiral, killed in action at the Battle of Midway (b. 1894) June 7 – Alan Blumlein, British electronics engineer (b. 1903) June 11 Charles Berthézenne, French politician (b. 1871) Michael Kitzelmann, German army officer (b. 1916) June 14 – Fyodor Braun, Soviet-born German scholar (b. 1862) June 18 – David Hawthorne, British actor (b. 1888) Jozef Gabčík, Slovak soldier and resistance fighter, a member of the team part of Operation Anthropoid (b. 1912) Jan Kubiš, Czech soldier and resistance fighter, a member of the team part of Operation Anthropoid (b. 1913) Josef Valčík, Czech soldier and resistance fighter, a member of the team part of Operation Anthropoid (b. 1914) Adolf Opálka, Czech soldier and resistance fighter, a member of the team part of Operation Anthropoid (b. 1915) June 19 Ahmad II of Tunis, Ruler of Tunisia (b. 1862) Frank Irons, American Olympic athlete (b. 1886) June 21 – Pope John XIX of Alexandria (b. 1855) June 22 – Branko Kadia, Jordan Misja and Perlat Rexhepi, Albanian student activists June 23 – William Couper, American sculptor (b. 1853) June 25 Arthur Anderson, Australian architect (b. 1868) Zénon Bernard, Luxembourgish communist politician (b. 1893) June 26 John Gary Evans, American politician (b. 1863) Stanisław Skarżyński, Polish army officer (b. 1899) Gene Stack, 1st American major league baseball player to be drafted during World War II as well as the first to die in service (b. 1920) June 30 Billy Bennett, American actor (b. 1887) William Henry Jackson, American photographer (b. 1843) July July 1 Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich, Irish-language writer (b. 1857) Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, Polish general, diplomat and politician, Interim President of Poland (b. 1881) July 2 Rudi Čajavec, Yugoslav poet (b. 1911) Joseph Domachowski, American politician (b. 1872) July 4 – Józef Kowalski, Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1911) July 8 Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, French general (b. 1856) Refik Saydam, 4th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1881) July 9 Kelly Harrell, American surburbia musician (b. 1889) Pauline of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus, Brazilian Roman Catholic religious sister and saint (b. 1865) July 12 – Mary Hayden, Irish historian and activist (b. 1862) July 13 – Joaquín Sánchez de Toca, Spanish conservative politician and Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1852) July 14 – Sébastien Faure, French anarchist and activist (b. 1858) July 15 Wenceslao Vinzons, Filipino politician and resistance leader (bayoneted to death) (b. 1910) Roberto María Ortiz, 24th President of Argentina (b. 1886) July 16 – Sir Alfred Flux, British economist and statistician (b. 1867) July 17 – Tinus de Jongh, South African painter (b. 1885) July 18 George Beeby, Australian politician, judge and author (b. 1869) George Sutherland, British-born American Supreme Court Justice (b. 1862) July 23 Arístides Chavier Arévalo, Puerto Rican composer and pianist (b. 1867) Adam Czerniaków, Polish engineer and senator (suicide) (b. 1880) July 24 – Edwin Cooper, British architect (b. 1874) July 25 – Tom Reynolds, British actor (b. 1866) July 26 Roberto Arlt, Argentine writer (b. 1900) Titus Brandsma, Dutch Discalced Carmelite friar, Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1881) July 28 – Sir Flinders Petrie, British Egyptologist (b. 1853) July 29 – Louis Borno, Haitian lawyer and politician, 28th President of Haiti (b. 1865) July 30 Jimmy Blanton, American bassist (b. 1918) Leopold Mandić, Yugoslav Capuchin friar and Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1866) July 31 Jožka Jabůrková, Czechoslovakan journalist, writer and translator (b. 1896) Sir Francis Younghusband, British explorer and army officer (b.1863) August August 3 Franciszka Arnsztajnowa, Polish poet and playwright (b. 1865) James Cruze, American actor and director (b. 1884) Guglielmo Ferrero, Italian historian, journalist and novelist (b. 1871) Gustav Indrebø, Norwegian philologist (b. 1889) Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1872) August 7 Louis J. Carpellotti, American marine (b. 1918) Charles E. Ford, American film director and producer (b. 1899) Janusz Korczak, Polish educator, author and pediatrician (b. 1878) August 8 – Leopold Janikowski, Polish explorer and ethnographer (b. 1855) August 9 – Terea Benedicta of the Cross, German philosopher, Roman Catholic nun, martyr and saint (assassinated) (b. 1891) August 10 – Kazimierz Dembowski, Polish Roman Catholic clergyman and martyr (b. 1912) August 11 – Sabina Spielrein, Russian physician and psychoanalyst (b. 1885) August 12 Pasquale Amato, Italian baritone (b. 1878) Mykola Burachek, Soviet painter (b. 1871) Phillips Holmes, American actor (b. 1907) August 13 Jorge Cuesta, Mexican chemist, writer and editor (b. 1903) Elina González Acha de Correa Morales, Argentinian educator, scientist and activist (b. 1861) August 15 – Mahadev Desai, Indian independence activist and writer (b. 1892) August 16 – André Heuzé, French director, screenwriter and playwright (b. 1880) August 18 Agathe Lasch, German philologist (b. 1879) Henry DeWitt Hamilton, American general (b. 1863) August 19 – Heinrich Rauchinger, Polish-born Austrian painter (b. 1858) August 21 – Kiyonao Ichiki, Japanese army officer (killed in action) (b. 1892) August 22 – Michel Fokine, Soviet choreographer and dancer (b. 1880) August 23 Jorge Colaço, Portuguese painter (b. 1868) Franciszek Dachtera, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1910) August 24 Doyle Clayton Barnes, American naval aviator (b. 1912) Edward Kaźmierski, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1919) August 25 Prince George, Duke of Kent, 4th eldest son of George V (b. 1902) Józef Lewartowski, Polish politician and revolutionary (b. 1895) August 26 – Irena Bernášková, Czechoslovakian journalist and resistance member (b. 1904) August 27 – Lev Nussimbaum, Russian and Azerbaijani novelist (b. 1905) August 28 – Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1872) August 29 Charles Urban, American film producer (b. 1867) Fabio Fiallo, Dominican writer, poet and politician (b. 1866) Dominik Jędrzejewski, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1886) August 30 – Martin Kirschner, German surgeon (b. 1869) September September 1 – Clotilde Apponyi, Hungarian women's rights activist and diplomat (b. 1867) September 3 – Rubén Ruiz Ibárruri, Spanish communist leader (b. 1920) September 4 – Herbert A. Calcaterra, American navy sailor (b. 1920) September 5 – François de Labouchère, French pilot (b. 1917) September 7 – Cecilia Beaux, American portraitist (b. 1855) September 8 – Adam Bargielski, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1903) September 9 – Adele Kurzweil, Austrian Holocaust victim (b. 1925) September 14 Sister Fausta Labrador, Filipino Roman Catholic nun and Servant of God (b. 1858) E. S. Gosney, American philanthropist and eugenicist (b. 1855) September 20 – Kanaklata Barua, Indian freedom fighter (b. 1924) September 27 Fernando Díaz de Mendoza y Guerrero, Spanish actor (b. 1897) Bronisław Kostkowski, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1915) September 29 – Matangini Hazra, Indian revolutionary (shot) (b. 1870) September 30 Hans-Joachim Marseille, German World War II fighter ace (b. 1919) Leonīds Breikšs, Latvian poet, journalist and patriot (b. 1908) William V. Pacelli, American politician (b. 1893) October October 1 – Ants Piip, 7th Prime Minister and 1st State Elder of Estonia (b. 1884) October 2 – Alois Eliáš, Czech general and politician (b. 1890) October 3 Ludwik Ćwikliński, Prussian philologist and professor (b. 1853) Olaf Huseby, Norwegian-born American publisher (b. 1856) October 5 – Giuseppe Cassioli, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1865) October 6 Siegmund Glücksmann, German politician (b. 1884) Lorenzo Aguirre, Spanish painter (b. 1884) Wacław Wąsowicz, Polish painter (b. 1891) October 7 – Maria Antonina Kratochwil, Polish Roman Catholic nun, martyr and blessed (b. 1881) October – Effie Ellsler, American actress (b. 1855) October 9 – William T. Hanna, American marine (b. 1920) October 10 – Arnold Majewski, Finnish military hero of Polish descent (killed in action) (b. 1892) October 12 – Aritomo Gotō, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1888) October 15 – Dame Marie Tempest, British actress (b. 1864) October 18 – Federico Ferrari Orsi, Italian army officer (b. 1886) October 19 – Paul Nikolaus Cossmann, German journalist (b. 1869) October 20 – May Robson, Australian actress (b. 1858) October 22 – Staf De Clercq, Belgian collaborator and nationalist (b. 1884) October 23 – Ralph Rainger, American composer and songwriter (b. 1901) October 24 Dimitri Amilakhvari, French military officer (b. 1906) St John Hutchinson, British barrister and politician (b. 1884) James C. Morton, American actor (b. 1884) October 26 – William Finnemann, Filipino Roman Catholic priest, archbishop and servant of God (b. 1882) October 27 – Helmuth Hübener, German youth political activist against the Hitler regime (b. 1925) October 28 – Alexander von Dassel, German magistrate (b. 1854) October 31 – Emilio Caldara, Italian politician (b. 1868) November November 1 – Hugo Distler, German composer (b. 1908) November 2 – Elihu Grant, American scholar and writer (b. 1873) November 3 Eric Abrahamsson, Swedish actor (b. 1890) Amédé Ardoin, American musician (b. 1898) November 5 George M. Cohan, American songwriter and entertainer (b. 1878) Kiyoura Keigo, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1850) November 9 – Edna May Oliver, American actress (b. 1883) November 11 Hector Abbas, Dutch actor (b. 1884) Merton Beckwith-Smith, British army officer (b. 1890) November 12 – Laura Hope Crews, American actress (b. 1879) November 13 Daniel J. Callaghan, American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1890) Norman Scott, American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1889) November 15 – Prince Heinrich XXXIII Reuss of Köstritz (b. 1879) November 16 – Joseph Schmidt, Polish tenor (b. 1904) November 19 Ilya Fondaminsky, Soviet author (b. 1880) Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (shot) (b. 1892) November 21 Count Leopold Berchtold, Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (b. 1863) J. B. M. Hertzog, Boer General and 3rd Prime Minister of South Africa (b. 1866) November 23 Tomitarō Horii, Japanese general (b. 1890) Hernando Siles Reyes, Bolivian politician, 31st President of Bolivia (b. 1882) November 24 Guido Masiero, Italian World War I flying ace and aviation pioneer (b. 1895) Francesco Agello, Italian aviator (b. 1902) November 25 – Mihail Dragomirescu, Romanian aesthetician, theorist and critic (b. 1868) November 26 Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Iranian diplomat, politician, teacher and writer, 3-time Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1877) Sigtryggur Jonasson, Canadian politician (b. 1852) November 27 – Hermann Harms, German botanist (b. 1870) November 28 – Marceli Nowotko, Polish activist (b. 1893) November 29 – William Stamps Farish II, American pioneer (b. 1881) November 30 – Buck Jones, American actor (b. 1891) December December 1 Teddy Sheean, Royal Australian Navy | the Allies. After the war, the Nuremberg trials finds this order a direct violation of the laws and customs of war. October 21 – A Royal New Zealand Air Force torpedo bomber sinks the German MS Palatia, with a loss of 946 lives. October 23 – Award-winning composer and songwriter Ralph Rainger ("Thanks for the Memory") is among 12 people killed in a mid-air collision between an American Airlines DC-3 and a U.S. Army bomber near Palm Springs, California. October 23–26 – WWII: Battle for Henderson Field: Japanese forces fail to recapture Henderson Field airfield in Guadalcanal from the Americans. October 23–November 4 – WWII: Second Battle of El Alamein: British troops go on the offensive against the Axis forces. October 26 – WWII: Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands: Two Japanese aircraft carriers are heavily damaged and one U.S. Navy carrier is sunk. October 28 Film actor Errol Flynn is accused of statutory rape by two teenage girls. The Alaska Highway is completed. October 29 – The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews. October 30 – WWII: U-boats sink 11 ships, attacking diversionary convoy SL 125, but move out of the path of approaching troopships, carrying Allied Operation Torch invasion forces. British sailors board as it sinks in the Mediterranean and retrieves its Enigma machine and codebooks. November November 1 – WWII: North Atlantic convoy SC 107 is heavily attacked by U-boats, sinking 15 ships. November 2 – A USAAF squadron, including B-24 Liberators, intercepts many Luftwaffe patrols off the coast of Oran, Algeria. November 3 – WWII: Second Battle of El Alamein: German forces under Erwin Rommel are forced to retreat during the night. November 6 – WWII: Battle of Madagascar ends when Vichy French forces on Madagascar sign an armistice with the Allies. November 8 – WWII: Operation Torch: the United States and the United Kingdom forces land in French North Africa. French Resistance Coup in Algiers: 400 French civil resisters neutralize the Vichyist XIXth Army Corps and the Vichyist generals (Juin, Darlan, etc.), thus allowing the immediate success of Operation Torch in Algiers, and ultimately the whole of French North Africa. November 9 – WWII: U.S. serviceman Edward Leonski is hanged at Melbourne's Pentridge Prison, for the "Brown-Out" murders of three women in May. November 10 – WWII: In violation of a 1940 armistice, Germany invades Vichy France, following French Admiral François Darlan's agreement to an armistice with the Allies in North Africa. November 12 – WWII: Guadalcanal Campaign: A naval battle near Guadalcanal starts between Japanese and American forces. November 13 – WWII: Guadalcanal Campaign: Aviators from the sink the Japanese battleship Hiei. British forces capture Tobruk. November 15 – WWII: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal ends: Although the United States Navy suffers heavy losses, it retains control of Guadalcanal. British forces capture Derna, Libya. November 18 – WWII: North Atlantic convoy ON 144 is attacked by U-boats, sinking 5 ships. November 19 – WWII: Battle of Stalingrad: Soviet Union forces under General Georgy Zhukov launch the Operation Uranus counter-attacks at Stalingrad, turning the tide of the battle in the USSR's favor. November 20 – WWII: British forces capture Benghazi. November 21 – The completion of the Alaska Highway (also known as the Alcan Highway) is celebrated (however, the "highway" is not usable by general vehicles until 1943). November 22 – WWII: Battle of Stalingrad: The situation for the German attackers of Stalingrad seems desperate during the Soviet counter-attack Operation Uranus, and General Friedrich Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram, saying that the German Sixth Army is surrounded. November 23 – WWII A U-boat sinks the off the coast of Brazil. One crewman, Chinese second steward Poon Lim, is separated from the others and spends 130 days adrift, until he is rescued on April 3, 1943. Legislation approves the United States Coast Guard Women's Reserve, to help fill jobs and free men to serve during the war effort. They are known as the SPARS ("Semper Paratus, Always Ready!") November 25–26 – WWII: Operation Harling: A British Special Operations Executive team, together with Greek Resistance fighters, blows up the Gorgopotamos viaduct, in the first major sabotage act in occupied continental Europe. November 26 – The movie Casablanca premières at the Hollywood Theater in New York City. November 27 – WWII: At Toulon, the French navy scuttles its ships and submarines, to keep them out of Nazi hands. November 28 Cocoanut Grove fire: A fire in the Cocoanut Grove night club in Boston, Massachusetts, kills 491. The large-scale German "pacification" of the Zamojszczyzna region of Poland begins. November 29 – The Blue Star Line cargo liner runs aground on the Skeleton Coast of Namibia. Crew and passengers survive, following a 26-day overland trek to Windhoek. November 30 – WWII: Battle of Tassafaronga – In a nighttime naval battle as part of the Guadalcanal Campaign, ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy defeat those of the United States Navy. December December 1 – Gasoline rationing begins in the United States. December 2 – Manhattan Project: Below the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, a team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction (a coded message, "The Italian navigator has landed in the new world" is then sent to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt). December 4 The Holocaust: In Warsaw, two women, Zofia Kossak and Wanda Filipowicz, risk their lives by setting up the Council for the Assistance of the Jews. WWII: USAAF bombers make their first raid on Italy. December 6 – Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka massacre: 5 families in Occupied Poland are executed by the Ordnungspolizei as part of the German retribution against Poles who helped Jews. December 7 – WWII: British commandos conduct Operation Frankton, a raid on shipping in Bordeaux Harbour. The battleship is launched at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. December 8 – A fire at Seacliff Lunatic Asylum in New Zealand kills 39 patients. December 10 – The Holocaust: The Polish government-in-exile sends copies of The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, including Raczyński's Note, the first official report on The Holocaust, to 26 governments who signed the Declaration by United Nations. December 12 – WWII: German troops began Operation Winter Storm, an attempt to relieve encircled Axis forces during the Battle of Stalingrad. December 15 – WWII: Guadalcanal Campaign – Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse: the United States and allied forces begin to attack Japanese positions near the Matanikau River. December 17 – The Allies issue the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations (as the answer to Raczyński's Note), the first time they publicly acknowledge the Holocaust. December 22 An avalanche in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, kills 26, including Vulcan Crucible Steel heir-apparent Samuel A. Stafford Sr., when two 100 ton boulders fall on a bus filled with wartime steelworkers on their way home. An airplane carrying prominent Ustashe general Jure Francetić crashes. Francetić dies as a result of the injuries on December 27. December 24 – French Admiral Darlan, the former Vichy leader who has switched over to the Allies following the Torch landings, is assassinated in Algiers. December 27 – The Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia is founded. December 28 – North Atlantic Convoy ON 154 is heavily attacked by U-boats, sinking 13 ships. December 31 - The Times Square Ball in Times Square, New York City isn't dropped for the first time. Instead, there is a moment of silence at midnight, followed by the sound of bells playing from sound trucks at the base of One Times Square. Date unknown DDT is first used as a pesticide. circa JuneThe 1942 FIFA World Cup competition in Association football, which Nazi Germany sought to host, is not held, due to World War II. Births January January 1 Adil Abdul-Mahdi, 49th Prime Minister of Iraq Alassane Ouattara, 5th President of the Ivory Coast Gennadi Sarafanov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2005) January 2 – Dennis Hastert, American politician January 3 László Sólyom, President of Hungary John Thaw, English actor (d. 2002) January 4 Bolaji Akinyemi, Nigerian professor of political science Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, 7th Prime Minister of Kuwait Dame Marcela Contreras, Chilean-British immunologist and educator John McLaughlin, English guitarist, bandleader and composer January 5 Terenci Moix, Spanish writer (d. 2003) Maurizio Pollini, Italian pianist Charlie Rose, American television anchor and talk show host January 7 – Vasily Alekseyev, Soviet weightlifter (d. 2011) January 8 Stephen Hawking, British physicist (d. 2018) Junichiro Koizumi, 56th Prime Minister of Japan January 9 – Lee Kun-hee, South Korean businessman (d. 2020) January 10 – Walter Hill, American film director, screenwriter, and producer January 11 – Clarence Clemons, African-American saxophonist (d. 2011) January 12 Ramiro de León Carpio, 31st President of Guatemala (d. 2002) Michel Mayor, Swiss astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics January 14 – Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal, Chief Justice of India January 16 René Angélil, Canadian singer and manager (d. 2016) Richard Bohringer, French actor Nicole Fontaine, French politician (d. 2018) Zhao Zhongxiang, Chinese television host (d. 2020) January 17 Muhammad Ali, African-American boxer, activist, and philanthropist (d. 2016) Ita Buttrose, Australian journalist Antonio Fraguas de Pablo, Spanish graphic humorist (d. 2018) January 19 – Michael Crawford, English actor, singer and entertainer January 21 – Edwin Starr, singer (d. 2003) January 22 Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, Mexican film director (d. 2020) Mimis Domazos, Greek footballer Amine Gemayel, 12th President of Lebanon January 23 Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, 1st President of Mongolia Salim Ahmed Salim, 4th Prime Minister of Tanzania January 25 – Eusébio, Mozambican Portuguese footballer (d. 2014) January 27 – Tasuku Honjo, Japanese immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine January 28 Hans Jürgen Bäumler, German figure skater, actor, pop singer and television host Sjoukje Dijkstra, Dutch figure skater Erkki Pohjanheimo, Finnish TV-producer and director January 29 – Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, Cuban military officer, legislator, and cosmonaut January 30 – Marty Balin, American singer, songwriter, and musician (d. 2018) January 31 Daniela Bianchi, Italian actress Derek Jarman, English director and writer (d. 1994) February February 1 Bibi Besch, Austrian-American actress (d. 1996) Terry Jones, Welsh actor and writer (d. 2020) Masa Saito, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2018) February 2 – Graham Nash, English rock musician February 7 – Bernard Lietaer, Belgian engineer and economist (d. 2019) February 8 – Gordon Morritt, English footballer (d. 2018) February 9 Manuel Castells, Spanish sociologist Carole King, American singer and composer February 12 Ehud Barak, 10th Prime Minister of Israel Lionel Grigson, British jazz pianist, composer, writer, educator (d. 1994) February 13 Carol Lynley, American actress (d. 2019) Peter Tork, American musician and actor (d. 2019) Donald E. Williams, American astronaut (d. 2016) February 14 – Michael Bloomberg, American businessman and philanthropist, founder of Bloomberg L.P. and 108th Mayor of New York City February 15 Sadou Hayatou, 4th Prime Minister of Cameroon (d. 2019) Sherry Jackson, American actress February 20 Phil Esposito, Canadian hockey player Mitch McConnell, American politician February 21 – Margarethe von Trotta, German actress, film director and writer February 22 – Christine Keeler, English model (d. 2017) February 24 – Joe Lieberman, American politician February 25 – Karen Grassle, American actress February 26 – Jozef Adamec, Slovak football player and manager (d. 2018) February 27 – Robert H. Grubbs, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021) February 28 Brian Jones, English musician (d. 1969) Dino Zoff, Italian footballer and manager March March 2 John Irving, American author Lou Reed, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2013) March 5 Felipe González, Prime Minister of Spain Mike Resnick, American science fiction author (d. 2020) March 7 Tammy Faye Bakker, American evangelist, singer and television personality (d. 2007) Michael Eisner, American film studio executive March 9 – John Cale, Welsh composer and musician March 12 – Ratko Mladić, former Bosnian Serb military leader March 13 Dave Cutler, American software engineer Scatman John, American musician (d. 1999) March 15 – The Iron Sheik, Iranian-American wrestler March 16 – James Soong, Taiwan politician March 17 – John Wayne Gacy, American serial killer (d. 1994) March 19 – José Serra, Brazilian politician March 23 Walter Rodney, Guyanese historian and political figure Michael Haneke, Austrian director and screenwriter March 25 Aretha Franklin, American singer, songwriter, actress, and civil rights activist (d. 2018) Richard O'Brien, English-New Zealand actor March 26 – Erica Jong, American author March 26 – Edvard Schiffauer, Czech composer. March 27 John E. Sulston, British chemist; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2018) Michael York, English actor March 28 Daniel Dennett, American philosopher Neil Kinnock, British Labour leader Mike Newell, British film director Conrad Schumann, East German border guard (d. 1998) Jerry Sloan, American basketball player and coach (d. 2020) March 29 Kenichi Ogata, Japanese voice actor Scott Wilson, American actor (d. 2018) March 30 – Ruben Kun, Nauruan politician and former President of Nauru April April 1 – Samuel R. Delany, American science fiction author April 2 Leon Russell, American singer, songwriter, pianist and guitarist (d. 2016) Roshan Seth, British actor April 3 Marsha Mason, American actress Wayne Newton, American entertainer and singer Billy Joe Royal, American singer (d. 2015) April 5 Allan Clarke, English musician Peter Greenaway, English filmmaker and artist April 6 Barry Levinson, American film producer and director Anita Pallenberg, German-Italian actress, artist, and model (d. 2017) April 7 – Jeetendra, Indian actor April 8 Roger Chapman, British rock singer Douglas Trumbull, American film director and special effects artist (d. 2022) April 9 – Brandon deWilde, American actor (d. 1972) April 10 – Hayedeh, Iranian singer (d. 1990) April 12 Carlos Reutemann, Argentine racing driver and politician (d. 2021) Jacob Zuma, 4th President of South Africa April 14 Valeriy Brumel, Russian athlete (d. 2003) Valentin Lebedev, Russian cosmonaut April 15 – Julie Sommars, American actress April 17 Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (d. 1991) David Bradley, English actor April 18 Jeff Kimpel, American atmospheric scientist (d. 2020) Jochen Rindt, German-born racing driver (d. 1970) April 19 – Alan Price, English musician and keyboardist April 20 Casimir Oyé-Mba, 3rd Prime Minister of Gabon (d. 2021) Arto Paasilinna, Finnish author (d. 2018) April 21 – Geoffrey Palmer, 33rd Prime Minister of New Zealand April 22 – Rudolf Jaenisch, German-American biologist April 23 Sandra Dee, American actress (d. 2005) Christian Frémont, French politician (d. 2014) April 24 – Barbra Streisand, American singer, actress, composer, and film director April 25 – Jon Kyl, American politician April 26 – Bobby Rydell, American singer April 27 Ruth Glick, American writer Jim Keltner, American drummer Valeri Polyakov, Russian cosmonaut April 29 – Galina Kulakova, Soviet athlete May May 1 – Jean Saubert, American alpine ski racer (d. 2007) May 2 – Jacques Rogge, 8th President of the International Olympic Committee (d. 2021) May 3 – Věra Čáslavská, Czech gymnast (d. 2016) May 5 Marc Alaimo, American actor Tammy Wynette, American country singer (d. 1998) May 6 – Ariel Dorfman, Argentine/Chilean novelist, playwright and essayist May 8 Peter Corris, Australian academic, historian, journalist and a novelist (d. 2018) Terry Neill, Northern Irish footballer and manager May 9 Tommy Roe, American singer-songwriter John Ashcroft, 79th United States Attorney General May 12 – Ian Dury, British musician (d. 2000) May 13 – Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Soviet cosmonaut May 14 Byron Dorgan, American author, businessman, attorney and politician Tony Pérez, Cuban-American professional baseball player and manager May 15 Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, 2-Time Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. 2018) Anthony W. England, American astronaut Jusuf Kalla, 10th and 12th Vice President of Indonesia May 17 Philippe Gondet, French footballer (d. 2018) Taj Mahal, African-American singer and guitarist May 19 – Gary Kildall, American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur (d. 1994) May 20 Lynn Davies, Welsh track and field athlete Carlos Hathcock, American Marine sniper (d. 1999) David Proval, American actor May 21 – Robert C. Springer, American astronaut and test pilot May 22 Roger Brown, American basketball player (d. 1997) Ted Kaczynski, American domestic terrorist, mathematics professor, and anarchist author Barbara Parkins, Canadian actress May 24 Ichirō Ozawa, Japanese politician Fraser Stoddart, Scottish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry May 25 – José Mário Branco, Portuguese singer-songwriter, actor, and record producer (d. 2019) May 28 – Stanley B. Prusiner, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine May 29 – Kevin Conway, American actor and director (d. 2020) June June 2 Tony Buzan, English author and educational consultant (d. 2019) Eduard Malofeyev, Russian footballer and coach June 3 – Curtis Mayfield, African-American musician (d. 1999) June 5 – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea and Chairperson of the African Union June 6 – Sandra Morgan, Australian swimmer June 7 Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist (d. 2011) Anneke Grönloh, Dutch singer (d. 2018) June 8 – Jacques Dubochet, Swiss biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry June 10 – Preston Manning, Canadian politician June 12 – Bert Sakmann, German physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine June 13 – Abdulsalami Abubakar, President of Nigeria June 16 Giacomo Agostini, Italian motorcycle racer John Rostill, English bassist, musician and composer (d. 1973) June 17 – Mohamed El Baradei, Egyptian International Atomic Energy Agency director, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize June 18 Roger Ebert, American film critic and television personality (d. 2013) Thabo Mbeki, South African politician and 12th President of South Africa Paul McCartney, English musician and composer Nick Tate, Australian actor Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (d. 2004) June 20 – Brian Wilson, American singer, composer and producer (The Beach Boys) June 22 Toyohiro Akiyama, Japanese cosmonaut Eumir Deodato, Brazilian pianist, composer, arranger and producer Laila Freivalds, Swedish politician June 23 – Martin Rees, British cosmologist and astrophysicist June 24 Michele Lee, American actress and singer Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Chilean politician and 33rd President of Chile June 25 Willis Reed, African-American basketball player, coach and general manager Michel Tremblay, French-Canadian novelist and playwright June 26 Gilberto Gil, Brazilian singer, politician Larry Taylor, American bass guitarist (Canned Heat) (d. 2019) June 27 – Bruce Johnston, American singer and songwriter (The Beach Boys) June 28 Chris Hani, South African politician (d. 1993) Rupert Sheldrake, British biochemist Frank Zane, American professional bodybuilder and author June 30 Robert Ballard, American explorer, Navy officer and professor Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, 4th President of Burkina Faso Friedrich von Thun, Austrian actor July July 1 Geneviève Bujold, Canadian actress Andraé Crouch, American gospel singer (d. 2015) Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, 6th Vice President of Iraq (d. 2020) Wim T. Schippers, Dutch artist, comedian, television director, and voice actor Timothy Yang, Taiwanese diplomat and politician July 2 Vicente Fox, Mexican businessman, politician, and 55th President of Mexico (2000–2006) Mukhtar Shakhanov, Kazakh writer and lawmaker Ahmet Türk, Kurdish nationalist Juan Cutillas, footballer and Spanish soccer coach July 3 Kevin Johnson, Australian singer-songwriter Eddy Mitchell, French singer and actor July 4 – Prince Michael of Kent July 5 Louise Shaffer, American actress, script writer, and author Hannes Löhr, German footballer (d. 2016) July 6 – Raymond Depardon, French photographer, photojournalist and documentary filmmaker July 7 Carmen Duncan, Australian actress and activist (d. 2019) Abdul Hamid II, Pakistani field hockey player Thomas D. Pollard, American educator, cell biologist and biophysicist July 8 – Phil Gramm, American economist and politician July 9 – Richard Roundtree, African-American actor July 10 Ronnie James Dio, American musician (d. 2010) Pyotr Klimuk, Russian cosmonaut Mirjana Marković, Serbian politician, 3rd First Lady of Yugoslavia (d. 2019) Lopo do Nascimento, 1st Prime Minister of Angola Sixto Rodriguez, American singer-songwriter July 11 Tomasz Stańko, Polish trumpeter, composer and improviser (d. 2018) Jean Jourden, French cyclist Vitorino, Portuguese singer-songwriter July 13 Harrison Ford, American actor Roger McGuinn, American musician (The Byrds) July 14 – Javier Solana, Spanish politician and diplomat July 15 David A. Granger, President of Guyana Mil Máscaras, Mexican professional wrestler July 16 – Margaret Court, Australian tennis player July 17 Connie Hawkins, American basketball player (d. 2017) Zoot Money, English vocalist, keyboardist and bandleader July 18 Prince Alexandre of Belgium (d. 2009) Giacinto Facchetti, Italian footballer (d. 2006) Adolf Ogi, member of the Swiss Federal Council July 19 – Frederick Kantor, American physicist July 20 – Salvatore Lo Piccolo, Italian mafioso July 21 Alfred Gomolka, German politician Véronique Vendell, French actress July 22 – Toyohiro Akiyama, Japanese TV journalist and astronaut July 23 – Myra Hindley, English multiple murderer (d. 2002) July 24 – Chris Sarandon, American actor July 26 – Hannelore Elsner, German actress (d. 2019) July 27 – Dennis Ralston, American tennis player July 29 – Tony Sirico, American actor August August 1 Jerry Garcia, American musician (d. 1995) Giancarlo Giannini, Italian actor August 2 – Isabel Allende, Chilean writer August 4 Don S. Davis, American actor (d. 2008) David Lange, 32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2005) August 6 – Evelyn Hamann, German actress (d. 2007) August 7 Tobin Bell, American actor Garrison Keillor, American writer and radio host Carlos Monzón, Argentine professional boxer (d. 1995) Caetano Veloso, Brazilian composer, singer, guitarist, writer, and political activist August 9 Miguel Littín, Chilean film director, screenwriter, film producer and novelist David Steinberg, Canadian comedian, actor, writer, director, and author August 10 – Agepê, Brazilian singer/composer (d. 1995) August 13 Hissène Habré, 1st Prime Minister and 5th President of Chad (d. 2021) Robert L. Stewart, American astronaut August 17 – Muslim Magomayev, Soviet, Azerbaijani and Russian singer (d. 2008) August 19 – Fred Thompson, American politician and actor (d. 2015) August 20 – Isaac Hayes, African-American singer and actor (d. 2008) August 22 – Uğur Mumcu, Turkish journalist and writer (d. 1993) August 23 Nancy Richey, American tennis player Susana Vieira, Brazilian actress August 24 Hans Peter Korff, German actor Karen Uhlenbeck, American mathematician August 25 Nathan Deal, American politician, 82nd Governor of Georgia Imogen Hassall, English actress (d. 1980) Howard Jacobson, British novelist and journalist August 26 – John E. Blaha, American astronaut August 27 Daryl Dragon, American musician (d. 2019) Tom Belsø, Danish motor racing driver (d. 2020) August 28 – José Eduardo dos Santos, 2nd President of Angola August 29 – Sterling Morrison, American musician (d. 1995) August 30 – John Kani, South African actor, director and playwright September September 1 – C. J. Cherryh, American writer September 2 – Robert Shapiro, American lawyer and entrepreneur September 3 Michael Hui, Hong Kong film comedian Al Jardine, American musician September 4 – Raymond Floyd, American golfer September 5 Denise Fabre, French television personality Werner Herzog, German filmmaker Eduardo Mata, Mexican conductor and composer (d. 1995) September 6 Mel McDaniel, American country singer (d. 2011) Carol Wayne, American television and film actress (d. 1985) September 7 – Alan Oakes, English footballer September 8 – Želimir Žilnik, Serbian film director September 11 – Lola Falana, American singer, dancer, model and actress September 13 – Hissène Habré, 7th President of Chad September 14 Arturo Macapagal, Filipino shooter (d. 2015) Bernard MacLaverty, Irish writer September 15 Robert Lau Hoi Chew, Malaysian politician (d. 2010) Wen Jiabao, Premier of the People's Republic of China Emmerson Mnangagwa, 3rd President of Zimbabwe September 17 – Lupe Ontiveros, American actress (d. 2012) September 18 – Wolfgang Schäuble, German politician September 19 – Freda Payne, American singer and actress September 20 – Rose Francine Rogombé, Gabonese lawyer and politician (d. 2015) September 21, Luis Mateo Díez, Spanish writer September 22 Wu Ma, Chinese film actor, director, producer and writer (d. 2014) Marlena Shaw, American jazz singer David Stern, American commissioner of the National Basketball Association (d. 2020) September 25 – Dee Dee Warwick, American singer (d. 2008) September 26 – Ingrid Becker, German athlete September 28 Marshall Bell, American actor Pierre Clémenti, French actor (d. 1999) Tim Maia, Brazilian musician, songwriter and businessman (d. 1998) September 29 Felice Gimondi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 2019) Madeline Kahn, American actress (d. 1999) Ian McShane, English actor Bill Nelson, American politician and astronaut Jean-Luc Ponty, French jazz violinist September 30 Gus Dudgeon, English record producer (d. 2002) Frankie Lymon, American singer (d. 1968) Sture Pettersson, Swedish cyclist (d. 1983) October October 1 – Günter Wallraff, German investigative journalist October 2 – Asha Parekh, Indian actress, film director and producer October 3 Earl Hindman, American actor (d. 2003) Roberto Perfumo, Argentine footballer and sports commentator (d. 2016) October 6 – Britt Ekland, Swedish actress October 7 Ronald Baecker, American computer scientist Joy Behar, American comedian and television personality October 8 Stanley Bates, British actor and screenwriter Nguyễn Minh Triết, 6th President of Vietnam October 9 – Shukri Ghanem, Libyan politician (d. 2012) October 10 Janis Hansen, American singer and author (d. 2017) Radu Vasile, Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2013) October 11 – Amitabh Bachchan, Indian actor, film producer, and television host October 12 – Daliah Lavi, Israeli actress and singer (d. 2017) October 13 Rutanya Alda, Latvian-American actress Jerry Jones, American football team owner October 19 – Andrew Vachss, American author and attorney (d. 2021) October 20 Christel DeHaan, German-American businesswoman and philanthropist (d. 2020) Arto Paasilinna, Finnish writer (d. 2018) Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine October 21 – Judy Sheindlin, American retired judge turned television personality (Judge Judy) October 22 Bobby Fuller, American rock singer, songwriter, and guitarist (d. 1966) Annette Funicello, American actress and singer (d. 2013) Pedro Morales, Puerto Rican professional wrestler (d. 2019) October 23 Michael Crichton, American author (d. 2008) Anita Roddick, British businesswoman, human rights activist and campaigner (d. 2007) October 24 – Frank Delaney, Irish-born novelist, journalist and broadcaster (d. 2017) October 25 – Gloria Katz, American screenwriter and film producer (d. 2018) October 26 – Bob Hoskins, British actor (d. 2014) October 27 Philip Catherine, Belgian jazz guitarist Lee Greenwood, American country singer and songwriter October 28 – Kees Verkerk, Dutch speed skater October 29 – Bob Ross, American painter and television presenter (d. 1995) October 31 George Brizan, 8th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 2012) David Ogden Stiers, American actor and voice-over artist (d. 2018) November November 1 Larry Flynt, American publisher (Hustler'') (d. 2021) Ralph Klein, Canadian politician (d. 2013) Marcia Wallace, American actress and comedian (d. 2013) November 2 Shere Hite, American-born German sexologist (d. 2020) Stefanie Powers, American actress November 5 – Pierangelo Bertoli, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 2002) November 6 – Jean Shrimpton, English model and actress November 7 Tom Peters, American writer Johnny Rivers, American musician, singer and songwriter November 8 Angel Cordero, Jr., Puerto Rican jockey Sandro Mazzola, Italian footballer Fernando Sorrentino, Argentine writer November 10 Robert F. Engle, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate Hans-Rudolf Merz, Swiss federal councillor November 11 – K. Connie Kang, Korean American journalist and author (d. 2019) November 15 – Daniel Barenboim, Argentine-born pianist and conductor November 16 – Joanna Pettet, British-born Canadian actress November 17 Derek Clayton, Australian long-distance runner Bob Gaudio, American musician Kang Kek Iew, Cambodian politician and criminal (d. 2020) István Rosztóczy, Hungarian microbiologist (d. 1993) Martin Scorsese, American film director November 18 Linda Evans, American actress Susan Sullivan, American actress November 19 – Calvin Klein, American fashion designer November 20 Joe Biden, 46th President of the United States Bob Einstein, American actor, producer and screenwriter (d. 2019) November 21 – Al Matthews, African-American actor and singer (d. 2018) November 22 Francis K. Butagira, Ugandan ambassador Dick Stockton, American sports announcer Guion Bluford, African-American astronaut November 23 – Susan Anspach, American actress (d. 2018) November 24 – Billy Connolly, Scottish comedian and singer November 25 – Rosa von Praunheim, German film director, author and painter November 26 – Olivia Cole, African-American actress (d. 2018) November 27 Manolo Blahnik, Spanish shoe designer Jimi Hendrix, American guitarist (d. 1970) November 28 – Eric Shinseki, American U.S. Army General November 29 Michael Craze, British actor (d. 1998) Philippe Huttenlocher, Swiss baritone November 30 – André Brahic, French astrophysicist (d. 2016) December December 2 – Francisque Ravony, 7th Prime Minister of Madagascar (d. 2003) December 3 – Alice Schwarzer, German feminist, founder and publisher of the German feminist journal EMMA December 4 Al Hunt, American columnist Gemma Jones, British actress December 6 Chelsea Brown, American actress (d. 2017) Peter Handke, Austrian novelist December 7 Harry Chapin, American singer-songwriter (d. 1981) Reginald F. Lewis, American Business Tycoon and Philanthropist (d. 1993) Peter Tomarken, American game-show host (d. 2006) December 8 – Toots Hibbert, Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter (d. 2020) December 9 Dick Butkus, American football player Billy Bremner, Scottish footballer (d. 1997) December 15 – Kathleen Blanco, American politician, 54th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2019) December 17 Muhammadu Buhari, Nigerian army general and 15th President of Nigeria Paul Butterfield, American musician (d. 1987) December 19 Milan Milutinovic, President of Serbia Gene Okerlund, American wrestling announcer (d. 2019) December 20 – Bob Hayes, African-American athlete (d. 2002) December 21 Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, 6th President of the People's Republic of China Carla Thomas, American singer December 27 Muruga Booker, American drummer, composer, inventor, artist and recording artist Charmian Carr, American actress (d. 2016) Thomas Menino, 53rd Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts (d. 2014) December 29 – Rajesh Khanna, Indian actor (d. 2012) December 30 Betty Aberlin, American actress Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian-born British human rights activist and political dissident (d. 2019) Anne Charleston, Australian actress Allan Gotthelf, American philosopher (d. 2013) Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian Michael Nesmith American musician, singer-songwriter, producer (d. 2021) December 31 – Taufiq Kiemas, 5th First Spouse of Indonesia (d. 2013) Deaths January January 2 – Ivande Kaija, Soviet writer and feminist (b. 1876) January 3 – Charles Mann Hamilton, American politician (b. 1874) January 4 Sydney Fairbrother, British actress (b. 1872) Mel Sheppard, American Olympic athlete (b. 1883) Otis Skinner, American actor (b. 1858) January 6 Emma Calvé, French soprano (b. 1858) Henri de Baillet-Latour, 3rd President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1876) January 8 – Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Indian writer and humanitarian (b. 1891) January 9 Heber Doust Curtis, American astronomer (b. 1872) Jan Graliński, Polish general (b. 1895) January 13 Vladimir Ignatowski, Soviet physicist (b. 1875) Emil Szramek, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (b. 1887) Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière, French biologist and scientist (b. 1854) January 14 – Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (b. 1883) January 16 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 2nd youngest son of Queen Victoria (b. 1850) Sir Jeremiah Colman, 1st Baronet, British industrialist (b. 1859) Carole Lombard, American actress (b. 1908) January 17 – Walther von Reichenau, German field marshal (b. 1884) January 18 – James P. Parker, United States Navy commodore (b. 1855) January 21 Christiaan Cornelissen, Dutch writer, economic and trade unionist (b. 1864) Isidoro Diéguez Dueñas, Spanish bricklayer (b. 1909) Jesús Larrañaga, Spanish communist leader (b. 1901) January 22 Walter Sickert, British Impressionist painter (b. 1860) Racho Petrov, Bulgarian general and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1861) January 23 Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1870) Nazareno Strampelli, Italian agronomist and plant breeder (b. 1866) January 26 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (suicide) (b. 1868) January 27 – Kaarel Eenpalu, Estonian journalist and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1888) January 29 – Viktor Esbensen, Norwegian mariner (b. 1881) February February 2 Ado Birk, Estonian politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1883) Leonetto Cappiello, Italian poster designer and painter (b. 1875) February 7 – Dorando Pietri, Italian Olympic athlete (b. 1885) February 8 – Fritz Todt, Nazi German engineer (b. 1891) February 9 – Lauri Kristian Relander, 2nd President of Finland (b. 1883) February 11 Jamnalal Bajaj, Indian industrialist and philanthropist (b. 1889) Ugo Pasquale Mifsud, 3rd Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1889) February 12 – Grant Wood, American painter (b. 1891) February 13 Otakar Batlička, Czechoslovakian adventurer and journalist (b. 1895) Epitácio Pessoa, Brazil jurist and politician, 11th President of Brazil (b. 1865) February 14 – Mirosław Ferić, Polish pilot of the No. 303 Squadron in Northolt (b. 1915) February 16 – Ettore Arrigoni degli Oddi, Italian ornithologist (b. 1867) February 19 – Frank Abbandando, American gangster (b. 1910) February 20 – Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, Ruler of Bahrain (b. 1872) February 22 – Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (b. 1881) February 27 Robert William Chapman, Australian engineer and mathematician (b. 1866) Joseph Emile Harley, American army officer and politician (b. 1880) February 28 – Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral (b. 1889) March March 1 George S. Rentz, United States Navy Chaplain and Navy Cross winner (b. 1882) Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American military officer, inventor, and engineer (b. 1873) March 2 Gustave Anjou, Swedish genealogist (b. 1863) Sergei Solovyov, Soviet Orthodox priest and blessed (b. 1885) March 3 – Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Italian nobleman and military officer, Viceroy of Italian East Africa (b. 1898) March 4 – Gheorghe Adamescu, Romanian historian and bibliographer (b. 1869) March 7 – Pierre Semard, French Communist leader (b. 1887) March 8 – José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player (b. 1888) March 10 – Frederick Behre, American artist (b. 1863) March 11 José Camprubí, Spanish publisher (b. 1879) Raoul Dandurand, Canadian politician (b. 1861) March 12 Robert Bosch, German industrialist, engineer and inventor (b. 1861) Sir William Henry Bragg, British physicist, chemist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862) Enric Morera i Viura, Andorran composer (b. 1865) March 14 René Bull, British illustrator and photographer (b. 1872) Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde, German botanist (b. 1873) March 15 – Vasile Demetrius, Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian writer, poet and translator (b. 1878) March 17 – Nada Dimić, Yugoslav Communist leader (b. 1923) March 20 – Vasily Kalafati, Soviet and Russian composer (b. 1869) March 21 – J. S. Woodsworth, Canadian politician (b. 1874) Václav Morávek, Czech general and warrior (b. 1904) March 23 Ludwig von Höhnel, Austrian naval officer and explorer (b. 1857) Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, 20th President of Argentina (b. 1868) March 26 – Gustav Hinrichs, German-born American conductor and composer (b. 1850) March 27 Jannion Steele Elliott, British ornithologist and naturalist (b. 1871) John W. Wilcox, Jr., American admiral (lost overboard) (b. 1882) Julio González, Spanish sculptor and painter (b. 1876) March 28 – Miguel Hernández, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1910) April April 2 – Édouard Estaunié, French novelist (b. 1862) April 4 James Bede, American politician (b. 1856) Jan Daszewski, Polish fighter pilot (b. 1916) April 6 – Isidro Michel López, Mexican military officer, leader of the Mexican Revolution (b. 1870) April 7 – Anandshankar Dhruv, Indian scholar, writer, educationist and editor (b. 1869) April 11 – Frederick Hobbs, New Zealand-born singer and actor (b. 1874) April 12 – Arnold Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle, British soldier and politician (b. 1858) April 13 Julia Danzas, Soviet and Russian Roman Catholic religious leader and blessed (b. 1879) Sir James Fergusson, British admiral (b. 1881) April 15 Robert Musil, Austrian novelist (b. 1880) Joshua Pim, Irish tennis player (b. 1869) April 16 – Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, granddaughter of Queen Victoria (b. 1878) April 17 Renward Brandstetter, Swiss philologist and linguist (b. 1860) Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer, American botanist (b. 1870) Jean Baptiste Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870) April 18 Grażyna Chrostowska, Polish poet and activist (b. 1921) Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, American heiress, socialite and sculptor (b. 1875) April 21 – Gustav Stickley, American furniture designer and architect (b. 1858) April 23 – Olga Benário Prestes, German-born Brazilian militant (b. 1908) April 24 Camille du Gast, French pioneer (b. 1868) Deenanath Mangeshkar, Indian singer and composer (b. 1900) Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian writer (b. 1874) April 25 – Zygmunt Kisielewski, Polish writer (b. 1882) April 27 – Arthur L. Bristol, American admiral (b. 1886) April 30 – Lilian Whiting, American writer and editor (b. 1847) May May 2 – José Abad Santos, Filipino chief justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1886) May 3 – Thorvald Stauning, 9th Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1873) May 4 – Józef Czempiel, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1883) May 5 – Habib Pacha Es-Saad, 3rd Prime Minister and 2nd President of Lebanon (b. 1867) May 7 – Felix Weingartner, Austrian conductor (b. 1863) May 9 – Graham McNamee, American radio announcer (b. 1888) May 10 – Joe Weber, American vaudevillian (b. 1867) May 11 – Sakutarō Hagiwara, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1886) May 12 – Hannu Hannuksela, Finnish general (b. 1893) May 14 – Frank Churchill, American composer (b. 1901) May 16 Kaneko Kentarō, Japanese diplomat and statesman (b. 1853) Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist (b. 1884) Maria Michał Kowalski, Polish priest and blessed (b. 1871) May 19 – A. E. Waite, British occultist (b. 1857) May 20 John D. Craddock, American politician (b. 1881) Charles E. Dietrich, American politician (b. 1889) John Goodall, English footballer (b. 1863) May 22 Stjepan Filipović, Yugoslav national hero (b. 1916) Tateo Katō, Japanese fighter ace (b. 1903) |
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WFTD). John F. Kennedy and crew are found by Solomon Islands coastwatchers Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, with their dugout canoe. August 6 – WWII: Battle of Vella Gulf: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off Kolombangara, as the U.S. Army drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield on New Georgia. August 14 WWII: Rome is declared an open city by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the capital, in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further. The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City; Canadian Prime Minister MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt. August 17 – WWII: The Seventh U.S. Army, under General George S. Patton, meets the Eighth British Army under Field Marshal B. L. Montgomery in Messina, Sicily, completing the Allied invasion of Sicily Operation Hydra: The British Royal Air Force sets out to bomb the Peenemünde Army Research Center, to disrupt the German V-weapons programme. Robert De Niro was born August 21 – 1943 Australian federal election: John Curtin's Labor Government defeats the Country/UAP Coalition, led by former Prime Minister Arthur Fadden. Labor achieves its greatest ever electoral result, including winning every seat (except one) outside of the eastern states. Notably, this election marked the first time that a woman has been elected to both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Fadden will step down from the Opposition leadership, handing it over to Robert Menzies, who will go on to dissolve the UAP and form the Liberal Party shortly after. August 23 – WWII: The Battle of Kursk ends, with a strategic defeat for the German forces. August 24 – Heinrich Himmler is named Reichminister of the Interior in Germany. August 26 – WWII: Louis Mountbatten is named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia. August 28 – WWII: King Boris III of Bulgaria dies under suspicious circumstances; his 6-year-old son, Simeon II, ascends to the throne. August 29 – WWII: Occupation of Denmark – Germany dissolves the Danish government, after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities. September September 3 – WWII: Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile: The Kingdom of Italy surrenders to the Allies in a document signed on Sicily but not made public at this time. Operation Baytown: Mainland Italy is invaded by Allied forces under General Bernard Montgomery, for the first time in the war. September 5 – WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment (under American General Douglas MacArthur) lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of Lae, in northeastern Papua New Guinea. September 7 – Gulf Hotel fire: A fire at the Gulf Hotel in Houston, Texas kills 55. September 8 WWII: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the Allies. WWII: Frascati air raid: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone. The first classes commence at Grace University in Omaha, Nebraska. September 9 – Bertolt Brecht's play Life of Galileo () receives its first theatrical production, at the Schauspielhaus Zürich. September 12 – WWII: Gran Sasso raid – German paratroopers rescue Mussolini from imprisonment, in Unternehmen Eiche ("Operation Oak"). September 16 – WWII: Salerno Mutiny – Soldiers of the British Army's X Corps refuse postings to new units. September 17 – WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny – A group of pro-Partisan soldiers, led by Ferid Džanić and others within the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), training in Occupied France, rise against Nazi German troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed. September 21–26 – WWII: Massacre of the Acqui Division – German soldiers of the 1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht) kill over 5,100 Italian military internees resisting disarmament on the Greek island of Cephalonia. September 22–October 2 – WWII: Landing at Scarlet Beach on the Huon Peninsula of New Guinea by Allied forces, the first time Australian troops have made an opposed amphibious landing since the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915. September 23 – WWII: The Italian Social Republic ("Republic of Salò") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state of Nazi Germany. September 27 – WWII: Four days of Naples begins: a popular uprising drives German occupying forces from the city. October October 1 – WWII: United States forces enter liberated Naples. October 3 – WWII: Nazi Wehrmacht forces commit the Lyngiades massacre in northwest Greece as an arbitrary reprisal. October 6 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Vella Lavella. October 7 – WWII: The Naples post-office bombing kills 100. October 10 WWII: Double Tenth incident (Japanese occupation of Singapore): The Japanese military police, the Kempeitai, arrest and torture more than 50 civilians and civilian internees, on false suspicion of their involvement in a raid on Singapore Harbour during Operation Jaywick. The Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky is instituted in the Soviet Union. October 13 – WWII: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies and declares war on Germany. October 14 WWII: During the Second Raid on Schweinfurt, the United States Eighth Air Force suffers so many losses, that it loses air supremacy over Germany for several months. The Holocaust: Uprising in Sobibór extermination camp; about half the inmates escape. Three days later, the camp is closed. José P. Laurel takes the oath of office as President of the Philippines (Second Philippine Republic). October 16 – The Holocaust: Raid of the Ghetto of Rome – Over a thousand Jews are rounded up in Rome by the Gestapo; only 16 will survive their deportation to Auschwitz concentration camp. The public silence of Pope Pius XII on the raid becomes a matter of historical controversy. October 17 – WWII: The last commerce raider, German auxiliary cruiser Michel, is sunk off Japan by United States submarine Tarpon. The Burma Railway is completed between Bangkok, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma (modern-day Myanmar) () by the Empire of Japan, to support its forces in the Burma campaign, using the forced labour of Asian civilians and Allied Prisoners of war. October 18 – Chiang Kai-shek takes the oath of office as Chairman of the National Government of China. October 19 – WWII: Allied aircraft sink the German-controlled cargo ship in the Mediterranean, killing over 2,000 people, mostly Italian military internees. October 21 – Lucie Aubrac and others in her French Resistance cell liberate Raymond Aubrac from Gestapo imprisonment. October 22 – WWII: Bombing of Kassel in World War II: The British Royal Air Force delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of Kassel; at least 10,000 are killed and 150,000 are made homeless. October 24 – WWII: British Royal Navy destroyer is sunk by a mine in the Aegean Sea, with the loss of 119 of the ship's company and 134 troops. October 30 WWII: Signing of Moscow Declarations: the Declaration of the Four Nations on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by the first three governments. The Merrie Melodies animated cartoon Falling Hare, one of the only shorts with Bugs Bunny getting out-smarted, is released in the United States. November November 1 – WWII: Operation Goodtime: United States Marines land on Bougainville Island in the Solomon Islands. November 2 – WWII: Battle of Empress Augusta Bay off Bougainville Island: American and Japanese ships fight to a draw. WWII: British troops in Italy reach the Garigliano River. November 3–4 – The Holocaust: Aktion Erntefest ("Operation Harvest Festival") – The largest single day massacre of Jews in the entire war takes place when over 43,000 Jews are shot-gunned to death by the SS, the Ordnungspolizei and the "Trawniki men" (Ukrainian collaborators) in Sonderdienst formations at the Majdanek, Trawniki and Poniatowa concentration camps in the General Government territory of occupied Poland. November 5 – WWII: First Bombing of the Vatican – Four bombs are dropped on the neutral Vatican City; the aircraft responsible is never certainly identified. November 9 – An agreement for the foundation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C. November 10 – The Lübeck martyrs, four men of religion, are executed for supposedly treasonable views. November 14 – Leonard Bernstein, substituting at the last minute for ailing principal conductor Bruno Walter, directs the New York Philharmonic in its regular Sunday afternoon broadcast concert, over CBS Radio. The event receives front-page coverage in The New York Times the following day. November 15 – Porajmos: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders that Gypsies be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in Nazi concentration camps." November 16 – WWII: After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway. A Japanese submarine sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine , near Chuuk Lagoon (Truk). November 18 – WWII: Battle of Berlin – The British Royal Air Force opens its bombing campaign against Berlin with 440 planes, causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators. November 19 – The Holocaust: Inmates of Janowska concentration camp, near Lwów (at this time in German-occupied Poland), stage a failed uprising, after which the SS liquidates the camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths. November 20 – WWII: Battle of Tarawa: United States Marines land on Tarawa and Makin atolls in the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati from 1979) and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns. November 22–26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War. November 22 – Lebanon gains independence, upon the ending of the French Mandate. November 23 – The Deutsches Opernhaus on Bismarckstraße, in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg, is destroyed in an air raid (it is reopened in 1961, as the Deutsche Oper Berlin). November 25 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Cape St. George, between Buka and New Ireland. November 26 – WWII: British troopship HMT Rohna is sunk off the north African coast by a Luftwaffe Henschel Hs 293 radio controlled glide bomb, killing 1,015. November 27 – The 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake in Turkey kills thousands. November 28 – WWII: Tehran Conference: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran, to discuss war strategy. On November 30, they establish an agreement concerning a planned June 1944 invasion of Europe, codenamed Operation Overlord. November 29 – The second session of AVNOJ, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia, is held in Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, to determine the post-war ordering of the country. December December 2 – WWII: Bari chemical warfare disaster: A surprise Luftwaffe air raid on Bari, Italy sinks 28 Allied ships in the harbor, including the American Liberty ship , releasing its secret cargo of mustard gas bombs, inflating the number of casualties. December 3 In reprisal for an act of sabotage, the SS and Gestapo execute 100 Warsaw Tramway workers. Edward R. Murrow delivers his classic "Orchestrated Hell" broadcast over CBS Radio, describing a Royal Air Force nighttime bombing raid on Berlin. December 4 WWII: In Yugoslavia, resistance leader Marshal Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government-in-exile. With unemployment figures falling fast due to WWII-related employment, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt closes the Works Progress Administration. WWII: Bolivia declares war on Romania and Hungary. December 7 – Chiara Lubich starts the humanitarian Focolare Movement in Trento, Italy. December 13 – WWII: Massacre of Kalavryta – The occupying 117th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht) machine-guns all adult males from Kalavryta, Greece, subsequently burning the town. December 15 – WWII: American and Australian forces begin the Battle of Arawe as a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester on New Britain, in Papua New Guinea. December 20 – A military coup is staged in Bolivia. December 20–28 – WWII: Italian Campaign – Battle of Ortona: Canadian infantry defeat elite German paratroops. December 24 – WWII: U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes Supreme Allied Commander Europe. He establishes the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force in London. December 26 – WWII: Battle of the North Cape – German battleship Scharnhorst is torpedoed and sunk in a night action north of the Arctic Circle by British battleship HMS Duke of York and her escorts with the loss of all but 36 of the German crew of 1,943 (including Admiral Erich Bey); this is the war's last action between big-gun capital ships of Britain and Germany. December 30 – Subhas Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair, India. December 31 - The Times Square Ball in Times Square, New York City isn't dropped a second time. Instead, there was a moment of silence at midnight, followed by the sound of bells playing from sound trucks at the base of One Times Square. Date unknown Bengal Famine. History of the cooperative movement: Father José María Arizmendiarrieta sets up a polytechnic school at Mondragón in the Spanish Basque Country (predecessor of the University of Mondragón), which inspires creation of the Mondragon Corporation. Arana Hall, a residential college of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, is founded. Jacques-Yves Cousteau co-invents, with Émile Gagnan, the first commercially successful open circuit type of scuba diving equipment, the Aqua-lung. Martin Noth's groundbreaking work of Old Testament scholarship, , is published. Births January January 1 – Jimmy Hart, American wrestling manager January 2 – Barış Manço, Turkish singer, television personality (d. 1999) January 4 – Doris Kearns Goodwin, American writer January 5 – James Goldstein, LA businessman, NBA basketball aficionado January 6 – Terry Venables, English footballer and manager January 7 – Sadako Sasaki, Japanese atomic bomb sickness victim (d. 1955) January 9 – Scott Walker, American-born singer, composer and record producer (d. 2019) January 10 – Jim Croce, American surburbia musician (d. 1973) January 14 Mariss Jansons, Latvian conductor (d. 2019) José Luis Rodríguez, Venezuelan singer Ralph M. Steinman, Canadian immunologist, cell biologist and Nobel laureate (d. 2011) Holland Taylor, American actress January 15 Kirin Kiki, Japanese actress (d. 2018) Dame Margaret Beckett, British politician January 17 Daniel Brandenstein, American astronaut René Préval, 2nd Prime Minister of Haiti, 38th and 40th President of Haiti (d. 2017) January 18 Paul Freeman, English actor Kay Granger, American politician January 19 Janis Joplin, American rock singer (d. 1970) Princess Margriet of the Netherlands January 22 Tamás Cseh, Hungarian composer, singer and actor (d. 2009) Marília Pêra, Brazilian actress (d. 2015) January 24 Janice Raymond, American second-wave feminist activist Sharon Tate, American actress, model and murder victim (d. 1969) January 25 Roy Black, German singer (d. 1991) Tobe Hooper, American film director (d. 2017) January 26 – Soad Hosny, Egyptian actress (d. 2001) February February 2 – Erkan Geniş, Turkish artist February 3 Blythe Danner, American actress Dennis Edwards, American soul, R&B singer (d. 2018) Eric Haydock, British musician (d. 2019) February 4 – Alberto João Jardim, Portuguese politician February 5 Nolan Bushnell, American video game pioneer Michael Mann, American film director, writer and producer Craig Morton, American football player February 7 – Gareth Hunt, English actor (d. 2007) February 8 – Creed Bratton, American actor, musician February 9 Joe Pesci, American actor (Goodfellas) Joseph E. Stiglitz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate February 10 – Walter B. Jones Jr., American politician (d. 2019) February 11 – Mohammad Rafiquzzaman, Bangladeshi lyricist February 12 – Wacław Kisielewski, Polish pianist (d. 1986) February 14 – Maceo Parker, American musician (James Brown, P-Funk) February 15 – Elke Heidenreich, German author, TV presenter and journalist February 18 – Graeme Garden, Scottish writer, comedian and actor February 19 Homer Hickam, American aerospace engineer and writer Tim Hunt, British biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine February 20 Moshe Cotel, American composer, pianist (d. 2008) Antonio Inoki, Japanese professional wrestler Mike Leigh, British film director February 21 David Geffen, American record executive, film producer Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Russian novelist February 22 Horst Köhler, President of the Federal Republic of Germany Eduard Limonov, Russian writer, poet, publicist, and political dissident (d. 2020) February 23 – Fred Biletnikoff, American football player, coach February 24 – Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer February 25 Boediono, Indonesian economist, 11th Vice President of Indonesia George Harrison, English singer, guitarist (The Beatles) (d. 2001) February 26 Bill Duke, American actor, director Bob Hite, American singer, musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1981) Darcus Howe, Trinidadian-born British civil rights activist (d. 2017) February 27 – Morten Lauridsen, American composer February 28 – Donnie Iris, American rock singer, guitarist (The Jaggerz, Wild Cherry, Donnie Iris and the Cruisers) March March 1 Gil Amelio, American entrepreneur Richard H. Price, American physicist March 2 Zygfryd Blaut, Polish footballer (d. 2005) Tony Meehan, British drummer (The Shadows) (d. 2005) Peter Straub, American author March 3 – Trond Mohn, Norwegian billionaire March 4 Lucio Dalla, Italian singer, songwriter (d. 2012) Zoltán Jeney, Hungarian composer March 5 Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Nigerian Army major general (d. 1997) Lucio Battisti, Italian singer, songwriter (d. 1998) March 8 Lynn Redgrave, English-American actress (d. 2010) Susan Clark, Canadian actress (Webster) March 9 Bobby Fischer, American chess player (d. 2008) Charles Gibson, American television journalist March 11 - Ma'ruf Amin, Indonesian Islamic cleric and 13th Vice President of Indonesia March 12 – Ratko Mladic, Serbia military leader March 13 – André Téchiné, French film director March 14 Anita Morris, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 1994) Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner, American guitarist (Ohio Players) (d. 2013) March 15 David Cronenberg, Canadian film director Sly Stone, African-American singer (Sly and the Family Stone) March 16 Helen Armstrong, American violinist (d. 2006) Kim Mu-saeng, South Korean actor (d. 2005) March 18 Kevin Dobson, American actor (d. 2020) Lowrell Simon, American singer (d. 2018) March 19 Mario J. Molina, Mexican chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) Mario Monti, 54th Prime Minister of Italy March 20 Gerard Malanga, American poet, photographer Douglas Tompkins, American conservationist, businessman (d. 2015) March 21 Luigi Agnolin, Italian football referee (d. 2018) István Gyulai, Hungarian sports official (d. 2006) Vivian Stanshall, British comedy writer, artist, broadcaster and musician (d. 1995) Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha March 22 George Benson, African American guitarist, singer and songwriter Keith Relf, British rock musician (d. 1976) March 23 – Lee May, American baseball player (d. 2017) March 24 – Kate Webb, New Zealand-born Australian war correspondent (d. 2007) March 25 – Paul Michael Glaser, American actor March 26 – Bob Woodward, American journalist March 28 – Conchata Ferrell, American actress (d. 2020) March 29 Eric Idle, English comedian, actor, author, and musician (Monty Python's Flying Circus) John Major, British politician, 70th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Vangelis, Greek musician, composer (Chariots of Fire, Cosmos) March 30 Jay Traynor, American singer (Jay and the Americans) (d. 2014) Dennis Etchison, American author and editor (d. 2019) March 31 Motiur Rahman Nizami, Bangladeshi politician, convicted war criminal (d. 2016) Christopher Walken, American actor April April 2 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007) April 4 – Isabel-Clara Simó, Spanish journalist and writer (d. 2020) April 5 Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (d. 2018) Max Gail, American actor (Barney Miller) April 6 − Susan Tolsky, American actress and voice actress April 8 Miller Farr, American football player Jack O'Halloran, American boxer and actor April 10 Andrzej Badeński, Polish athlete (d. 2008) Margaret Pemberton, English writer April 11 – Harley Race, American professional wrestler, promoter and trainer (d. 2019) April 13 – Doreen Tracey, British-born American actress (d. 2018) April 15 Robert Lefkowitz, American physician and biochemist Mighty Sam McClain, American singer, songwriter (d. 2015) April 16 – Petro Tyschtschenko, German businessman April 17 – Bobby Curtola, Canadian singer (d. 2016) April 19 – Claus Theo Gärtner, German actor April 20 – John Eliot Gardiner, English conductor April 21 – Napsiah Omar, Malaysian educator, politician (d. 2018) April 22 Louise Glück, American poet, 12th US Poet Laureate, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature Gabriel López Zapiain, Mexican footballer (d. 2018) April 23 Dominik Duka, Czech Roman Catholic bishop, theologian Gail Goodrich, American basketball player Fighting Harada, Japanese boxer Frans Koppelaar, Dutch painter Hervé Villechaize, French-born actor (Fantasy Island) (d. 1993) April 24 – Richard Sterban, American singer (The Oak Ridge Boys) April 25 Alan Feduccia, American paleornithologist James G. Mitchell, Canadian computer scientist April 26 – Gary Wright, American singer, songwriter, musician and composer April 28 – John O. Creighton, American astronaut April 29 – Sir Ian Kershaw, English historian April 30 Frederick Chiluba, Zambian politician, 2nd President of Zambia (d. 2011) Bobby Vee, American singer (d. 2016) May May 1 Ian Dunn, Scottish gay and paedophile rights activist (d. 1998) Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (d. 2004) May 2 – Mustafa Nadarević, Yugoslav and Bosnian actor and comedian (d. 2020) May 3 – Jim Risch, American politician May 5 – Michael Palin, English comedian, actor, and television presenter (Monty Python's Flying Circus) May 6 – Grange Calveley, British writer, artist May 7 – Orlando Ramírez, Chilean footballer (d. 2018) May 8 – Danny Whitten, American musician (d. 1972) May 10 – Richard Darman, American federal government official, businessman (d. 2008) May 13 – Kurt Trampedach, Danish artist (d. 2013) May 14 Jack Bruce, British musician, songwriter (d. 2014) Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, 5th President of Iceland May 16 – Dan Coats, American politician and diplomat May 17 Mark W. Olson, American economist, politician (d. 2018) Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, King of Malaysia May 20 – Imata Kabua, Marshallese politician, 2nd President of the Marshall Islands (d. 2019) May 22 – Betty Williams, Northern Irish political activist, co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2020) May 24 – Gary Burghoff, American actor (M*A*S*H) May 25 – Jessi Colter, American singer, composer May 26 – Erica Terpstra, Dutch swimmer, politician and president of the Dutch Olympic Committee May 27 Bruce Weitz, American actor Cilla Black, English singer, entertainer (d. 2015) May 29 – Ion Ciubuc, Moldovan politician (d. 2018) May 30 – James Chaney, African-American civil rights worker (d. 1964) May 31 Sharon Gless, American actress Joe Namath, American football player June June 1 Kuki Gallmann, Kenyan writer, poet Richard Goode, American pianist Lorrie Wilmot, South African cricketer (d. 2004) June 2 – Ilayaraaja, Indian composer June 3 John Burgess, Australian game show host, actor Billy Cunningham, American basketball player and coach June 4 – Joyce Meyer, Christian author, speaker June 6 – Richard Smalley, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005) June 7 Chan Hung-lit, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009) Nikki Giovanni, American poet, writer, commentator, activist and educator Ken Osmond, American actor (d. 2020) June 8 Colin Baker, British actor Şahan Arzruni, Armenian pianist June 11 – Henry Hill, American gangster (d. 2012) June 13 – Malcolm McDowell, English actor June 14 – Jim Sensenbrenner, American politician June 15 Johnny Hallyday, French pop singer, actor (d. 2017) Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, 23rd Prime Minister of Denmark June 16 Raymond Ramazani Baya, Congolese politician (d. 2019) Joan Van Ark, American actress June 17 Newt Gingrich, American politician, author and historian Barry Manilow, American pop musician June 18 Raffaella Carrà, Italian singer, dancer and actress (d. 2021) Barry Evans, English actor (d. 1997) June 21 – Marika Green, French-Swedish actress June 22 Klaus Maria Brandauer, Austrian actor J. Michael Kosterlitz, Scottish-born condensed matter physicist, Nobel Prize laureate June 23 Patrick Bokanowski, French filmmaker James Levine, American conductor (d. 2021) Vint Cerf, American internet pioneer June 26 John Beasley, American actor Warren Farrell, American educator, activist and author on gender issues June 27 – Rico Petrocelli, American baseball player June 28 Jens Birkemose, Danish painter Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate June 29 Maureen O'Brien, British actress Leopold Grausam, Austrian footballer Frank Zweerts, Dutch field hockey player June 30 Cees Kurpershoek, Dutch sailor Daniel Kablan Duncan, Ivorian politician Florence Ballard, African-American singer, founder of The Supremes (d. 1976) Dieter Kottysch, West German Olympic boxer (d. 2017) Dani Litani, Israeli musician and actor July July 3 Judith Durham, Australian singer Kurtwood Smith, American actor (That '70s Show) Norman Thagard, American astronaut July 4 Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German trombonist Geraldo Rivera, American reporter, talk show host Alan Wilson, American musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1970) July 5 István Gáli, Hungarian boxer Curt Blefary, American baseball player (d. 2001) Robbie Robertson, Canadian musician (The Band) July 6 Kim Kye-gwan, North Korean diplomat Tamara Sinyavskaya, Russian mezzo-soprano Rosemary Forsyth, Canadian-American actress, model Muhammad Iqbal Gujjar, Pakistani politician July 7 Jürgen Geschke, German track cyclist M. Karathu, Malaysian football player, manager Robert East, Welsh theatre, TV actor Joel Siegel, American film critic (d. 2007) Miguel Vila Luna, Dominican architect, painter (d. 2005) July 8 Guido Marzulli, Italian painter Carmine Preziosi, Italian road bicycle racer July 9 Suzanne Rogers, American actress Soledad Miranda, Spanish actress (d. 1970) July 10 Arthur Ashe, African-American tennis | month-long Third Battle of Kharkov. March 16–19 – WWII: 22 ships from Convoys HX 229/SC 122 and one U-boat are sunk, in the largest North Atlantic U-boat "wolfpack" attack of the war. March 17 (Saint Patrick's Day) – Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, makes the speech "The Ireland That We Dreamed Of", commonly called the "comely maidens" speech, in Dublin Castle. March 22 – WWII: Khatyn massacre – The entire population of Khatyn, Belarus is burnt alive by German occupation forces. March 23 – The drugs Vicodin and Lortab are first produced in Germany. March 26 – WWII: Battle of the Komandorski Islands: In the Aleutian Islands, the battle begins when United States Navy forces intercept Japanese troops attempting to reinforce a garrison at Kiska. March 27 – WWII: British Royal Navy escort carrier is destroyed by an accidental explosion in the Firth of Clyde, killing 379 of the crew of 528. March 28 – In Italy a ship full of weapons and ammunition explodes in the port of Naples, killing 600. March 31 – Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! opens on Broadway, heralds a new era in "integrated" stage musicals, becomes an instantaneous stage classic and goes on to be Broadway's longest-running musical up to this time (1948). April April 3 – Shipwrecked steward Poon Lim is rescued by Brazilian fishermen after being adrift for 133 days. April 13 – WWII: Radio Berlin announces the discovery by Wehrmacht of mass graves of Poles killed by Soviets in the Katyn massacre. April 19 History of lysergic acid diethylamide: Albert Hofmann self-administers the psychedelic drug LSD (which he first synthesized in 1938) for the first time in history and records the details of his experience. The Holocaust: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins when Nazi troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up remaining Jews. April 21 – WWII: Aberdeen, Scotland, experiences its worst bombing, with 125 people killed. The first German Tiger I tank is captured in North Africa by British forces. April 25 – Easter occurs on the latest possible date (last time 1886; next time 2038) in the Western Christian Church. April 27 – The U.S. Federal Writers' Project ceases operation. May May 6 – WWII: Six U-boats are sunk, after sinking 12 ships from Convoy ONS 5, in the last major North Atlantic U-boat "wolfpack" attack of the war. May 9–12 – Japanese troops carry out the Changjiao massacre in Changjiao, Hunan, China. May 11 – WWII: American troops invade Attu in the Aleutian Islands, in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces. May 12 – The Third Washington Conference ("Trident") begins in Washington, D.C., with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill taking part. May 13 – WWII: German Afrika Korps and Italian troops in North Africa surrender to Allied forces. May 14 Australian Hospital Ship Centaur is sunk off the coast of Queensland by , killing 268 of the 332 medical personnel and civilian crew aboard. The 358th Bombardment Squadron, 303d Bombardment Group B-17F Hell's Angels is the first USAAF bomber to complete 25 missions. May 15 – The Comintern is dissolved in Moscow. May 16–17 – WWII: Operation Chastise (the 'Dambuster Raid') takes place: No. 617 Squadron RAF use bouncing bombs to breach German dams in the Ruhr Valley. May 16 – Holocaust: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ends. 13,000 Jews have been killed in the ghetto and almost all the remaining 50,000 residents are deported to Majdanek and Treblinka extermination camps. May 17 – WWII: The United States Army contracts with the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School to develop the computer ENIAC. The Memphis Belle's crew becomes the first aircrew in the 8th Air Force to complete its 25-mission tour of duty. The aircraft and crew are the first to return to the U.S. intact for a War Bond drive. May 19 – Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the United States Congress. May 23 – WWII: The battleship is commissioned at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. May 27 – The port city of Maizuru is founded in Japan. May 29 – Norman Rockwell's illustration of 'Rosie the Riveter' first appears, on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post. May 30 – The Holocaust: Dr. Josef Mengele begins his position as a medical officer in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. June June 1 – BOAC Flight 777, a scheduled passenger flight, is shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88s; all 17 persons aboard perish, including actor Leslie Howard. June 3 The Zoot Suit Riots erupt between military personnel and Mexican-American youths in East Los Angeles. The French Committee of National Liberation (Comité Français de Libération Nationale, CFLN) is formed with headquarters in Algiers and Generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud as co-presidents. June 4 – A military coup d'état in Argentina ousts Ramón Castillo. June 8 – WWII: Japanese battleship Mutsu is destroyed by an accidental magazine explosion, in Hashirajima anchorage. June 8–9 – WWII: Battle of Porta: The Royal Italian Army is defeated by the Greek People's Liberation Army. June 20–23 – The Detroit race riot of 1943 in the United States kills 34 people (25 African Americans, 9 whites), wounds hundreds more and damages and destroys property worth millions. June 21 – WWII: British saboteurs blow up the strategically significant railway viaduct at Asopos, Greece. June 22 – WWII: The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division lands in North Africa, prior to training at Arzew, French Morocco. June 30 – The United States Civilian Conservation Corps is abolished. June (late) – The Holocaust: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from Bełżec extermination camp in Occupied Poland (for gassing at Sobibór), and for the remainder of the year the Nazis make efforts to obliterate the site. July July 1 – The United States Women's Army Corps (WAC) is converted to full status. July 4 – 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash: The aircraft carrying General Władysław Sikorski, Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile, crashes, killing him and 15 others, leading to a lasting controversy over the circumstances. July 5 – WWII: Battle of Kursk – The largest tank battle in history begins. A fleet sets sail for the Allied invasion of Sicily. The National Bands Agreement is concluded in Greece. July 6 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the Battle of Kula Gulf off Kolombangara. July 10 (0245 GMT (4:45 a.m. local time)) – WWII: Allied invasion of Sicily – The Allied invasion of Axis-controlled Europe begins, with landings on the island of Sicily off mainland Italy by the Seventh United States Army and the British Eighth Army, including the 1st Canadian Infantry Division. The Holocaust: Jedwabne pogrom – At least 340 Polish Jews are marched to a local barn, locked inside and subsequently burned to death. July 11 – WWII: United States Army forces make an assault on Piano Lupo, just outside Gela, Sicily. Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Volhynia) peak. July 12 – WWII: Main engagement of the Battle of Prokhorovka – The Wehrmacht and the Red Army fight to a draw in one of the largest tank battles in military history. July 19 – WWII: Rome is bombed by the Allies, for the first time in the war. July 24 – WWII: Operation Gomorrha: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg by night; American planes bomb the city by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 42,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings. July 25 – Benito Mussolini, Fascist Prime Minister of Italy since 1922, is arrested after the Grand Council of Fascism withdraws its support. "Il Duce" is replaced by General Pietro Badoglio. August August 1 – Operation Tidal Wave: 177 B-24 Liberator bombers from the U.S. Army Air Force bomb oil refineries at Ploiești, Romania. August 2 – WWII: John F. Kennedy's PT boat PT-109 is run down by Japanese destroyer Amagiri. August 4 – WWII: The aircraft carrier is launched at Newport News, Virginia. August 5 – WWII: United States Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) are formed, consolidating the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WFTD). John F. Kennedy and crew are found by Solomon Islands coastwatchers Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, with their dugout canoe. August 6 – WWII: Battle of Vella Gulf: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off Kolombangara, as the U.S. Army drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield on New Georgia. August 14 WWII: Rome is declared an open city by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the capital, in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further. The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City; Canadian Prime Minister MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt. August 17 – WWII: The Seventh U.S. Army, under General George S. Patton, meets the Eighth British Army under Field Marshal B. L. Montgomery in Messina, Sicily, completing the Allied invasion of Sicily Operation Hydra: The British Royal Air Force sets out to bomb the Peenemünde Army Research Center, to disrupt the German V-weapons programme. Robert De Niro was born August 21 – 1943 Australian federal election: John Curtin's Labor Government defeats the Country/UAP Coalition, led by former Prime Minister Arthur Fadden. Labor achieves its greatest ever electoral result, including winning every seat (except one) outside of the eastern states. Notably, this election marked the first time that a woman has been elected to both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Fadden will step down from the Opposition leadership, handing it over to Robert Menzies, who will go on to dissolve the UAP and form the Liberal Party shortly after. August 23 – WWII: The Battle of Kursk ends, with a strategic defeat for the German forces. August 24 – Heinrich Himmler is named Reichminister of the Interior in Germany. August 26 – WWII: Louis Mountbatten is named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia. August 28 – WWII: King Boris III of Bulgaria dies under suspicious circumstances; his 6-year-old son, Simeon II, ascends to the throne. August 29 – WWII: Occupation of Denmark – Germany dissolves the Danish government, after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities. September September 3 – WWII: Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile: The Kingdom of Italy surrenders to the Allies in a document signed on Sicily but not made public at this time. Operation Baytown: Mainland Italy is invaded by Allied forces under General Bernard Montgomery, for the first time in the war. September 5 – WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment (under American General Douglas MacArthur) lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of Lae, in northeastern Papua New Guinea. September 7 – Gulf Hotel fire: A fire at the Gulf Hotel in Houston, Texas kills 55. September 8 WWII: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the Allies. WWII: Frascati air raid: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone. The first classes commence at Grace University in Omaha, Nebraska. September 9 – Bertolt Brecht's play Life of Galileo () receives its first theatrical production, at the Schauspielhaus Zürich. September 12 – WWII: Gran Sasso raid – German paratroopers rescue Mussolini from imprisonment, in Unternehmen Eiche ("Operation Oak"). September 16 – WWII: Salerno Mutiny – Soldiers of the British Army's X Corps refuse postings to new units. September 17 – WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny – A group of pro-Partisan soldiers, led by Ferid Džanić and others within the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), training in Occupied France, rise against Nazi German troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed. September 21–26 – WWII: Massacre of the Acqui Division – German soldiers of the 1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht) kill over 5,100 Italian military internees resisting disarmament on the Greek island of Cephalonia. September 22–October 2 – WWII: Landing at Scarlet Beach on the Huon Peninsula of New Guinea by Allied forces, the first time Australian troops have made an opposed amphibious landing since the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915. September 23 – WWII: The Italian Social Republic ("Republic of Salò") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state of Nazi Germany. September 27 – WWII: Four days of Naples begins: a popular uprising drives German occupying forces from the city. October October 1 – WWII: United States forces enter liberated Naples. October 3 – WWII: Nazi Wehrmacht forces commit the Lyngiades massacre in northwest Greece as an arbitrary reprisal. October 6 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Vella Lavella. October 7 – WWII: The Naples post-office bombing kills 100. October 10 WWII: Double Tenth incident (Japanese occupation of Singapore): The Japanese military police, the Kempeitai, arrest and torture more than 50 civilians and civilian internees, on false suspicion of their involvement in a raid on Singapore Harbour during Operation Jaywick. The Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky is instituted in the Soviet Union. October 13 – WWII: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies and declares war on Germany. October 14 WWII: During the Second Raid on Schweinfurt, the United States Eighth Air Force suffers so many losses, that it loses air supremacy over Germany for several months. The Holocaust: Uprising in Sobibór extermination camp; about half the inmates escape. Three days later, the camp is closed. José P. Laurel takes the oath of office as President of the Philippines (Second Philippine Republic). October 16 – The Holocaust: Raid of the Ghetto of Rome – Over a thousand Jews are rounded up in Rome by the Gestapo; only 16 will survive their deportation to Auschwitz concentration camp. The public silence of Pope Pius XII on the raid becomes a matter of historical controversy. October 17 – WWII: The last commerce raider, German auxiliary cruiser Michel, is sunk off Japan by United States submarine Tarpon. The Burma Railway is completed between Bangkok, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma (modern-day Myanmar) () by the Empire of Japan, to support its forces in the Burma campaign, using the forced labour of Asian civilians and Allied Prisoners of war. October 18 – Chiang Kai-shek takes the oath of office as Chairman of the National Government of China. October 19 – WWII: Allied aircraft sink the German-controlled cargo ship in the Mediterranean, killing over 2,000 people, mostly Italian military internees. October 21 – Lucie Aubrac and others in her French Resistance cell liberate Raymond Aubrac from Gestapo imprisonment. October 22 – WWII: Bombing of Kassel in World War II: The British Royal Air Force delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of Kassel; at least 10,000 are killed and 150,000 are made homeless. October 24 – WWII: British Royal Navy destroyer is sunk by a mine in the Aegean Sea, with the loss of 119 of the ship's company and 134 troops. October 30 WWII: Signing of Moscow Declarations: the Declaration of the Four Nations on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by the first three governments. The Merrie Melodies animated cartoon Falling Hare, one of the only shorts with Bugs Bunny getting out-smarted, is released in the United States. November November 1 – WWII: Operation Goodtime: United States Marines land on Bougainville Island in the Solomon Islands. November 2 – WWII: Battle of Empress Augusta Bay off Bougainville Island: American and Japanese ships fight to a draw. WWII: British troops in Italy reach the Garigliano River. November 3–4 – The Holocaust: Aktion Erntefest ("Operation Harvest Festival") – The largest single day massacre of Jews in the entire war takes place when over 43,000 Jews are shot-gunned to death by the SS, the Ordnungspolizei and the "Trawniki men" (Ukrainian collaborators) in Sonderdienst formations at the Majdanek, Trawniki and Poniatowa concentration camps in the General Government territory of occupied Poland. November 5 – WWII: First Bombing of the Vatican – Four bombs are dropped on the neutral Vatican City; the aircraft responsible is never certainly identified. November 9 – An agreement for the foundation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C. November 10 – The Lübeck martyrs, four men of religion, are executed for supposedly treasonable views. November 14 – Leonard Bernstein, substituting at the last minute for ailing principal conductor Bruno Walter, directs the New York Philharmonic in its regular Sunday afternoon broadcast concert, over CBS Radio. The event receives front-page coverage in The New York Times the following day. November 15 – Porajmos: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders that Gypsies be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in Nazi concentration camps." November 16 – WWII: After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway. A Japanese submarine sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine , near Chuuk Lagoon (Truk). November 18 – WWII: Battle of Berlin – The British Royal Air Force opens its bombing campaign against Berlin with 440 planes, causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators. November 19 – The Holocaust: Inmates of Janowska concentration camp, near Lwów (at this time in German-occupied Poland), stage a failed uprising, after which the SS liquidates the camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths. November 20 – WWII: Battle of Tarawa: United States Marines land on Tarawa and Makin atolls in the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati from 1979) and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns. November 22–26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War. November 22 – Lebanon gains independence, upon the ending of the French Mandate. November 23 – The Deutsches Opernhaus on Bismarckstraße, in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg, is destroyed in an air raid (it is reopened in 1961, as the Deutsche Oper Berlin). November 25 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Cape St. George, between Buka and New Ireland. November 26 – WWII: British troopship HMT Rohna is sunk off the north African coast by a Luftwaffe Henschel Hs 293 radio controlled glide bomb, killing 1,015. November 27 – The 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake in Turkey kills thousands. |
– The Emirate of Transjordan becomes the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan when its parliament makes the ruling amir Abdullah their king on the day it ratifies the Treaty of London. May 26 – 1946 Czechoslovak parliamentary election: Communists win with (38%), in the last election before communists take power. May 31 – A Greek referendum supports the return of the monarchy. June June 1 Ion Antonescu, prime minister and "Conducator" (Leader) of Romania during World War II, is executed; he was found guilty of betraying the Romanian people for benefits of Germany and sentenced to death by the Bucharest People's Tribunal. D'Argenlieu, French High Commissioner for Indo-China, recognizes an autonomous "Republic of Cochin-China" in violation of the March 6 Ho–Sainteny agreement, opening the way for conflict between the Viet Minh and France. June 2 – 1946 Italian constitutional referendum: Italians decide to turn Italy from a monarchy into a republic. Women vote for the first time. June 3 – Interpol is re-founded; the telegraphic address "Interpol" is adopted. June 6 – The Basketball Association of America is formed in New York City. June 8 – In Indonesia, Sukarno incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial occupation. June 9 – In Thailand, King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) accedes to the throne after the death of his elder brother, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII). He will reign until his death on October 13, 2016. June 10 – Italy is declared a republic. June 13 – Umberto II of Italy leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal; Alcide De Gasperi becomes head of state. June 14 – The Baruch Plan is proposed to the United Nations. June 17 Formal ratification of the Treaty of London grants independence to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. The Windsor–Tecumseh tornado on the Detroit River kills 17. Laurence Olivier's Henry V opens in the United States, nearly 2 years after its release in England. It is the first Shakespeare film in color, and critics hail it as the finest film of a Shakespeare play ever made. June 23 The 7.5 Vancouver Island earthquake affects the island, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Two people are killed. 1946 French India municipal election: The National Democratic Front wins a landslide victory. June 25 – The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (World Bank) begins operations. June 30 – The War Relocation Authority is abolished. July July 1 – Nuclear testing: Operation Crossroads, a series of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in Micronesia, is initiated by the detonation of Able at an altitude of 520 feet (158 m). July 4 Ankara University is founded in Turkey. After more than 48 years of American dominance, the Philippines attains full independence as the 3rd Republic; Manuel A. Roxas is 5th President of the Philippines. The Kielce Pogrom takes place in Poland. July 5 – The bikini is first modeled in Paris. July 7 Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first American saint to be canonized. Howard Hughes nearly dies in a test flight of the Hughes XF-11, which crashes in a Beverly Hills neighborhood due to a propeller malfunction. July 16 – The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within the Department of the Interior is formed by the merger of the Grazing Service and General Land Office). July 21 – An Irgun bomb explodes in Jerusalem, due to secretive talks between Jews and Britain to consolidate the state of Israel. July 22 – King David Hotel bombing: The Irgun bombs the King David Hotel (headquarters of the British civil and military administration) in Jerusalem, killing 90. July 25 Nuclear testing: In the first underwater test of the atomic bomb, the surplus is sunk near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, when the United States detonates the Baker device during Operation Crossroads. At Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team. In the last mass lynching in the United States, a mob of white men shoot and kill two African-American couples, near Moore's Ford Bridge in Georgia. August August 1 The United States Atomic Energy Commission is established. The Fulbright Program, a system of U.S. international educational exchange scholarships, is established. The Hungarian forint is introduced in Hungary by the government, ending the world's biggest hyperinflation in the country. The Scandinavian Airlines System is founded as a consortium of the flag carriers of Sweden, Denmark and Norway. August 3 – Santa Claus Land opens to the public at Santa Claus, Indiana. It becomes the first themed park, preceding Disneyland by 9 years, and is later renamed Holiday World. August 4 – The 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake (magnitude 8.0) hits the northern Dominican Republic, killing 100 and leaving 20,000 homeless. August 7 – The Soviet Union escalates the Turkish Straits crisis through a diplomatic demand to Turkey. August 16 Direct Action Day: Violence between Muslims and Hindus in Calcutta begins "The Week of the Long Knives", which leaves 3,000 dead. The All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress is founded in Secunderabad, India. The Kurdistan Democratic Party is founded in South Kurdistan. August 18 – The Vergarola explosion of ordnance in Croatia kills 70. August 25 – American golfer Ben Hogan wins the PGA Championship. August 30 – Bell's chief test pilot, Jack Woolams, dies in a plane crash while flying the P-39 "Cobra I" over Lake Ontario preparing for an air race the following day. September September 1 – 1946 Turin Grand Prix, the first official Formula One Grand Prix, is held in Italy. September 2 – The Interim Government of India takes charge, with Jawaharlal Nehru as vice president, as part of the transition from the British Raj to full independence for India and Pakistan. September 4 – Street violence between Muslims and Hindus erupts in Bombay. September 8 – Bulgaria is declared a People's Republic after a referendum; King Simeon II leaves. September 19 – The Council of Europe is founded following a speech by Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich. September 24 – Cathay Pacific Airways is founded in Hong Kong, by American Roy Farrell and Australian Sydney de Kantzow. September 28 1946 Australian federal election: Ben Chifley's Labor Government is re-elected with a reduced majority, defeating the Liberal/Country Coalition led by former Prime Minister Robert Menzies. This is the first occasion where a Labor government successfully wins two elections in a row on a federal level, albeit with a swing against them; among the casualties are former Prime Minister Frank Forde. This is also the first election contested by the newly formed Liberal Party, which had replaced the United Australia Party as the main centre-right political party in Australia. George II of Greece returns to Athens. October October 1 – Mensa, an international organization for people with a high intelligence quotient (IQ), is founded by Roland Berrill, an Australian-born lawyer, and Dr Lancelot Ware, an English biochemist and lawyer, in Oxford. October 2 – Communists take over in Bulgaria. October 6 – Sweden's Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson dies in office of a heart attack. October 10 – The Noakhali genocide of Hindus in Bengal begins, at the hands of Muslim mobs. October 11 – After a few days of vacancy, the Swedish premiership is taken over by Tage Erlander. October 13 – France adopts the constitution of the Fourth Republic. October 14 – The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded. October 15 – Nuremberg trials: Hermann Göring, founder of the Gestapo and recently convicted Nazi war criminal, poisons himself two hours before his scheduled execution. October 16 The remaining ten Nazi war criminals sentenced to death at the Nuremberg trials are executed by hanging, in a gymnasium in the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. The United Nations' first meeting in Long Island is held. October 23 – The United Nations General Assembly convenes for the first time, at an auditorium in Flushing, Queens, New York City. October 24 – November 11 – 1946 Bihar riots: Hindu mobs target Muslim families in the Indian state of Bihar, resulting in anywhere between 2,000 and 30,000 deaths. November November 1 – In the first Basketball Association of America game, the New York Knicks defeat the Toronto Huskies 68–66, at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens. November 4 – UNESCO is established, as a specialized agency of the United Nations. November 10 At least 1,400 people are killed in an earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter magnitude scale, in the Ancash Region and Quiches District in Peru. The Slimbridge Wetland Reserve opens in England. November 12 A truce is declared between Indonesian nationalist troops and the Dutch army, in Indonesia. In Chicago, a branch of the Exchange National Bank (now part of the LaSalle Bank) opens the first 10 drive-up teller windows. November 15 – The Netherlands recognizes the Republic of Indonesia. November 17 – Eight British servicemen are killed in Jerusalem, by Jewish nationalists. November 19 Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden join the United Nations. 1946 Romanian general election: The Romanian Communist Party wins 79.86% of the vote, through widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud. November 22 – Tony Benn is elected as Treasurer of the Oxford Union. November 23 Vietnamese riot in Haiphong and clash with French troops. The French cruiser Suffren opens fire, killing 6,000 Vietnamese. The Workers' Party of South Korea is founded. November 27 – Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appeals to the United States and the Soviet Union to end nuclear testing and to start nuclear disarmament, stating that such an action would "save humanity from the ultimate disaster." November 29 – The All Indonesia Centre of Labour Organizations (SOBSI) is founded in Jakarta. December December 1 – Miguel Alemán Valdés takes office as President of Mexico. December 2 – The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is signed in Washington, D.C. to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry" through establishment of the International Whaling Commission. December 7 – A fire at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, United States kills 119. December 11 – UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund) is founded. December 12 The United Nations severs relations with Franco's Spain, and recommends that member countries sever diplomatic relations. Léon Blum founds a government of socialist parties in France. Iran crisis of 1946: Iranian troops recapture the Azerbaijan province. December 14 The International Labour Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations. Proposed United States purchase of Greenland from Denmark: An offer is made through diplomatic channels. Aspen Skiing Company opens Aspen Mountain (ski area) in Colorado with Ski Lift No. 1, at the world's longest chairlift at this time. December 15 The first French India Representative Assembly election is held. Iran crisis of 1946: Iranian troops recapture the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad. December 16 – Siam joins the United Nations (changes its name to Thailand in 1949). December 19 – Viet Minh forces begin a war against French occupying forces in Vietnam, succeeding in 1954 with France's surrender at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. December 20 Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life, featuring James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, Henry Travers and Thomas Mitchell, is released in New York. 1946 Nankai earthquake; At least 1,362 people are killed in an earthquake and associated tsunami in Japan. December 22 – The Havana Conference begins between U.S. organized crime bosses in Havana, Cuba. December 24 – France's Fourth Republic is founded. December 25 – The first artificial, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in Europe is initiated, within the Soviet (Russian) nuclear reactor F-1. December 26 The Flamingo Hotel opens on the Las Vegas Strip. David Lean's film of Great Expectations, based on the Charles Dickens novel, and featuring John Mills, Valerie Hobson, Martita Hunt, Alec Guinness, Francis L. Sullivan, Jean Simmons, and Finlay Currie, is released to great acclaim in the UK. December 31 – President Harry S. Truman delivers Proclamation 2714, which officially ends hostilities in World War II. Date unknown The cancelled 1946 FIFA World Cup. Female suffrage is enacted in Belgium, Romania, Yugoslavia, Argentina and the Canadian province of Quebec. The first female police officers are hired in Korea and Japan. The Chinese Civil War intensifies between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the balance-of-payments crisis. Eva Perón tours Spain, Italy and France on behalf of Argentina, a circuit called the Rainbow Tour. The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team is formed. The 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun contract is released. The Casio company is founded by engineer Tadao Kashio in Japan. The first Tupperware is sold in department and hardware stores in the United States. Binghamton University is founded in New York (state). Births January January 1 Alfonso Caruana, Italian mobster Roberto Rivelino, Brazilian football player January 3 John Paul Jones, English rock bassist (Led Zeppelin, Them Crooked Vultures) Cissy King, American dancer, singer January 4 – Diana Ewing, American actress January 5 – Diane Keaton, American actress, film director (Annie Hall) January 6 – Syd Barrett, English rock guitarist, singer and songwriter (Pink Floyd) (d. 2006) January 8 – Robby Krieger, American rock musician (The Doors) January 9 Levon Ter-Petrosyan, President of Armenia Mogens Lykketoft, Danish politician January 10 – Kalidas Karmakar, Bangladeshi artist Ha Yu, Hong Kong actor January 12 – George Duke, African-American musician (d. 2013) January 14 Feró Nagy, Hungarian singer Harold Shipman, British serial killer (d. 2004) January 16 Kabir Bedi, Indian actor Michael Coats, American astronaut Katia Ricciarelli, Italian singer January 18 Paul Shmyr, Canadian former National Hockey League player (d. 2004) Joseph Deiss, Swiss Federal Councillor January 19 Julian Barnes, English novelist Dolly Parton, American singer-songwriter, actress, businesswoman and philanthropist January 20 – David Lynch, American film director January 22 Malcolm McLaren, English singer, songwriter, musician and music manager (d. 2010) Serge Savard, Canadian hockey player, executive January 23 – Arnoldo Alemán, President of Nicaragua January 24 – Michael Ontkean, Canadian actor (The Rookies) January 25 – Géza Bereményi, Hungarian writer, screenwriter and film director January 26 Gene Siskel, American film critic (Sneak Previews) (d. 1999) Michel Delpech, French singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2016) January 27 – Nedra Talley, African-American singer (The Ronettes) January 29 – Bettye LaVette, African-American soul singer, songwriter January 31 – Terry Kath, American rock musician (Chicago) (d. 1978) February February 1 – Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (d. 2011) February 2 Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea Blake Clark, American actor, comedian February 5 – Charlotte Rampling, British actress February 6 Kate McGarrigle, Canadian singer, songwriter (d. 2010) Jim Turner, American politician February 7 Sammy Johns, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2013) Pete Postlethwaite, English character actor (d. 2011) February 9 Seán Neeson, Northern Irish politician Jim Webb, American politician and author Vince Papale, American football player February 13 Joe Estevez, American actor Colin Matthews, British composer February 14 Bernard Dowiyogo, 7-time President of Nauru (d. 2003) Gregory Hines, African-American dancer, actor (d. 2003) February 16 – Marvin Sease, American blues, and soul singer-songwriter (d. 2011) February 19 – Karen Silkwood, American activist (d. 1974) February 20 Brenda Blethyn, British actress Sandy Duncan, American singer, dancer, comedian and actress J. Geils, American guitarist (The J. Geils Band) (d. 2017) February 21 Monica Johnson, American screenwriter (d. 2010) Tyne Daly, American actress (Cagney & Lacey) Anthony Daniels, English actor Alan Rickman, English actor, film director (d. 2016) Vito Rizzuto, Italian-Canadian mobster (d. 2013) February 26 Colin Bell, English footballer (d. 2021) Jiří Bělohlávek, Czech orchestral conductor (d. 2017) February 25 Andrew Ang, judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore Franz Xaver Kroetz, German dramatist Jean Todt, French motorsport manager February 26 – Ahmed Zewail, Egyptian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) February 27 – Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn, British aristocrat (d. 2018) February 28 Don Ciccone, American singer, songwriter (The Critters) (d. 2016) Robin Cook, British politician (d. 2005) Don Francisco, American Christian musician Syreeta Wright, African-American singer, songwriter ("With You I'm Born Again") (d. 2004) March March 1 Jan Kodeš, Czech tennis player Lana Wood, American actress, producer March 4 Michael Ashcroft, English entrepreneur Haile Gerima, Ethiopian filmmaker Harvey Goldsmith, British impresario March 5 Murray Head, English singer, actor Lova Moor, French singer, dancer March 6 Larry Huber, American television producer, animator David Gilmour, English rock musician (Pink Floyd) Martin Kove, American film and television actor March 7 John Heard, American actor (d. 2017) Okko Kamu, Finnish conductor, violinist Leandro Mendoza, Filipino politician (d. 2013) Peter Wolf, American rock musician (The J. Geils Band) March 10 – Mike Hollands, Australian animator March 12 Frank Welker, American voice actor, singer Liza Minnelli, American singer, actress March 13 – Yonatan Netanyahu, American-born Israeli Army officer (d. in Operation Entebbe) (d. 1976) March 14 Álvaro Arzú, 32nd President of Guatemala (d. 2018) Wes Unseld, American basketball player (d. 2020) March 15 – Bobby Bonds, American baseball player, manager (d. 2003) March 17 Georges J. F. Köhler, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1995) Larry Langford, American politician (d. 2019) March 19 – Steve Halliwell, English actor March 21 – Timothy Dalton, Welsh actor March 25 – Cliff Balsom, English footballer March 26 – Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, Spanish judge (d. 2019) March 27 Carl Weintraub, American actor Olaf Malolepski, German musician (Die Flippers) Mike Jackson, American former MLB pitcher March 28 – Alejandro Toledo, 63rd President of Peru March 29 Segun Bucknor, Nigerian musician, journalist (d. 2017) Billy Thorpe, English-born Australian singer, songwriter (d. 2007) March 30 – Carolyn Simpson, judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales March 31 Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 1984) F'Murr, French comics artist (d. 2018) April April 1 Ronnie Lane, English musician (Small Faces, Faces) (d. 1997) Arrigo Sacchi, Italian footballer and manager April 2 – Hamengkubuwono X, Sultan of the historic Yogyakarta Sultanate in Indonesia, the current Governor of Yogyakarta Special Region April 3 – Hanna Suchocka, Prime Minister of Poland April 4 – Dave Hill, English guitarist (Slade) April 5 Jane Asher, English actress János Bródy, Hungarian singer, guitarist, composer and songwriter Björn Granath, Swedish actor (d. 2017) April 7 Colette Besson, French track and field athlete (d. 2005) Léon Krier, Luxembourgian architect April 8 Catfish Hunter, American baseball player (d. 1999) Tim Thomerson, American actor and comedian April 10 – David Angell, American television producer (d. 2001) April 11 – Chris Burden, American artist (d. 2015) April 12 – Ed O'Neill, American actor (Married... with Children) April 13 – Al Green, African-American singer, songwriter and record producer April 15 – Marsha Hunt, American actress, singer and novelist April 16 – Margot Adler, American journalist April 18 – Hayley Mills, English actress April 19 – Tim Curry, British actor, singer and composer (The Rocky Horror Picture Show) April 20 Julien Poulin, Canadian actor Ricardo Maduro, President of Honduras April 22 John Waters, American film director Paul Davies, English physicist April 24 – Phil Robertson, American businessman and reality television personality April 25 John Fox, British statistician Talia Shire, American actress (Rocky) Strobe Talbott, American journalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician April 26 Jennie Stoller, British actress (d. 2018) Richard S. Fuld Jr., American banker April 28 – Larissa Grunig, American public relations theorist, feminist April 29 – Franc Roddam, English film director, businessman, screenwriter, television producer and publisher April 30 King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden Bill Plympton, American animator, graphic designer, cartoonist, and filmmaker May May 1 – Joanna Lumley, English actress, author May 2 Lesley Gore, American rock singer ("It's My Party") (d. 2015) Ralf Gothóni, Finnish pianist, conductor and composer David Suchet, British actor May 3 – Mohammed Ibrahim, businessman and philanthropist May 4 – John Watson, Northern Irish racecar driver May 5 Jim Kelly, African-American actor, martial artist and tennis player (d. 2013) Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister of Zambia (d. 1996) Beth Carvalho, Brazilian samba singer, guitarist and composer (d. 2019) Eddie Aikau, Hawaiian surfer and lifeguard (d. 1978) May 6 – Daouda Malam Wanké, 6th President of Niger (d. 2004) May 7 Thelma Houston, African-American singer ("Don't Leave Me This Way") Bill Kreutzmann, American drummer (Grateful Dead) Michael Rosen, British novelist, poet May 9 Candice Bergen, American actress (Murphy Brown) Drafi Deutscher, German singer, songwriter (d. 2006) May 10 Donovan, Scottish rock musician ("Sunshine Superman") Birutė Galdikas, Canadian anthropologist, primatologist, conservationist, ethologist and author Graham Gouldman, English songwriter, musician (10cc, Wax) Dave Mason, English rock musician (Traffic) Murade Isaac Murargy, Mozambican diplomat, politician May 11 – Robert Jarvik, American physicist, artificial heart inventor May 12 – Richard Bruce Silverman, John Evans Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University May 13 – Tim Pigott-Smith, English actor, author (d. 2017) May 14 – Elmar Brok, German politician May 15 – Klaus-Peter Siegloch, German journalist May 16 – Robert Fripp, British musician May 17 – Udo Lindenberg, German musician May 18 Joyce Purnick, NYTimes reporter,columnist,editor Reggie Jackson, American baseball player Andreas Katsulas, American actor (d. 2006) May 19 André the Giant, French professional wrestler and actor (d. 1993) Claude Lelièvre, Belgian Commissioner for Children Rights Roger Sloman, English actor May 20 Craig Patrick, American-Canadian hockey player, coach and manager Cher, American actress, rock singer May 22 George Best, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2005) Howard Kendall, English footballer (d. 2015) El Solitario, Mexican professional wrestler (d. 1986) May 23 – Frederik de Groot, Dutch actor May 24 Tansu Çiller, Turkish politician, Prime Minister of Turkey Irena Szewińska, Polish Olympic sprinter (d. 2018) Nicolau dos Reis Lobato, East Timorese politician, acting President of East Timor (d. 1978) May 26 – Mick Ronson, English guitarist (d. 1993) May 28 Bruce Alexander, English actor K. Satchidanandan, Malayalam poet May 29 – Fernando Buesa, Basque politician (d. 2000) May 30 Dragan Džajić, Serbian footballer Candy Lightner, American founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving May 31 – Adriana Bittel, Romanian writer June June 1 – Brian Cox, Scottish actor June 2 Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer (d. 2020) Tomomichi Nishimura, Japanese voice actor June 3 – Michael Clarke, American musician (d. 1993) June 4 Suzanne Ciani, American pianist, electronic composer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Indian singer (d. 2020) June 5 – Stefania Sandrelli, Italian actress June 7 Jenny Jones, Palestinian-Canadian comedian, talk show hostess Robert Tilton, American televangelist, author June 8 – Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of St. Lucia June 10 – Fernando Balzaretti, Mexican actor (d. 1998) June 13 – Paul L. Modrich, American biochemist, | – In the first Basketball Association of America game, the New York Knicks defeat the Toronto Huskies 68–66, at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens. November 4 – UNESCO is established, as a specialized agency of the United Nations. November 10 At least 1,400 people are killed in an earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter magnitude scale, in the Ancash Region and Quiches District in Peru. The Slimbridge Wetland Reserve opens in England. November 12 A truce is declared between Indonesian nationalist troops and the Dutch army, in Indonesia. In Chicago, a branch of the Exchange National Bank (now part of the LaSalle Bank) opens the first 10 drive-up teller windows. November 15 – The Netherlands recognizes the Republic of Indonesia. November 17 – Eight British servicemen are killed in Jerusalem, by Jewish nationalists. November 19 Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden join the United Nations. 1946 Romanian general election: The Romanian Communist Party wins 79.86% of the vote, through widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud. November 22 – Tony Benn is elected as Treasurer of the Oxford Union. November 23 Vietnamese riot in Haiphong and clash with French troops. The French cruiser Suffren opens fire, killing 6,000 Vietnamese. The Workers' Party of South Korea is founded. November 27 – Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appeals to the United States and the Soviet Union to end nuclear testing and to start nuclear disarmament, stating that such an action would "save humanity from the ultimate disaster." November 29 – The All Indonesia Centre of Labour Organizations (SOBSI) is founded in Jakarta. December December 1 – Miguel Alemán Valdés takes office as President of Mexico. December 2 – The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is signed in Washington, D.C. to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry" through establishment of the International Whaling Commission. December 7 – A fire at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, United States kills 119. December 11 – UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund) is founded. December 12 The United Nations severs relations with Franco's Spain, and recommends that member countries sever diplomatic relations. Léon Blum founds a government of socialist parties in France. Iran crisis of 1946: Iranian troops recapture the Azerbaijan province. December 14 The International Labour Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations. Proposed United States purchase of Greenland from Denmark: An offer is made through diplomatic channels. Aspen Skiing Company opens Aspen Mountain (ski area) in Colorado with Ski Lift No. 1, at the world's longest chairlift at this time. December 15 The first French India Representative Assembly election is held. Iran crisis of 1946: Iranian troops recapture the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad. December 16 – Siam joins the United Nations (changes its name to Thailand in 1949). December 19 – Viet Minh forces begin a war against French occupying forces in Vietnam, succeeding in 1954 with France's surrender at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. December 20 Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life, featuring James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, Henry Travers and Thomas Mitchell, is released in New York. 1946 Nankai earthquake; At least 1,362 people are killed in an earthquake and associated tsunami in Japan. December 22 – The Havana Conference begins between U.S. organized crime bosses in Havana, Cuba. December 24 – France's Fourth Republic is founded. December 25 – The first artificial, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in Europe is initiated, within the Soviet (Russian) nuclear reactor F-1. December 26 The Flamingo Hotel opens on the Las Vegas Strip. David Lean's film of Great Expectations, based on the Charles Dickens novel, and featuring John Mills, Valerie Hobson, Martita Hunt, Alec Guinness, Francis L. Sullivan, Jean Simmons, and Finlay Currie, is released to great acclaim in the UK. December 31 – President Harry S. Truman delivers Proclamation 2714, which officially ends hostilities in World War II. Date unknown The cancelled 1946 FIFA World Cup. Female suffrage is enacted in Belgium, Romania, Yugoslavia, Argentina and the Canadian province of Quebec. The first female police officers are hired in Korea and Japan. The Chinese Civil War intensifies between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the balance-of-payments crisis. Eva Perón tours Spain, Italy and France on behalf of Argentina, a circuit called the Rainbow Tour. The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team is formed. The 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun contract is released. The Casio company is founded by engineer Tadao Kashio in Japan. The first Tupperware is sold in department and hardware stores in the United States. Binghamton University is founded in New York (state). Births January January 1 Alfonso Caruana, Italian mobster Roberto Rivelino, Brazilian football player January 3 John Paul Jones, English rock bassist (Led Zeppelin, Them Crooked Vultures) Cissy King, American dancer, singer January 4 – Diana Ewing, American actress January 5 – Diane Keaton, American actress, film director (Annie Hall) January 6 – Syd Barrett, English rock guitarist, singer and songwriter (Pink Floyd) (d. 2006) January 8 – Robby Krieger, American rock musician (The Doors) January 9 Levon Ter-Petrosyan, President of Armenia Mogens Lykketoft, Danish politician January 10 – Kalidas Karmakar, Bangladeshi artist Ha Yu, Hong Kong actor January 12 – George Duke, African-American musician (d. 2013) January 14 Feró Nagy, Hungarian singer Harold Shipman, British serial killer (d. 2004) January 16 Kabir Bedi, Indian actor Michael Coats, American astronaut Katia Ricciarelli, Italian singer January 18 Paul Shmyr, Canadian former National Hockey League player (d. 2004) Joseph Deiss, Swiss Federal Councillor January 19 Julian Barnes, English novelist Dolly Parton, American singer-songwriter, actress, businesswoman and philanthropist January 20 – David Lynch, American film director January 22 Malcolm McLaren, English singer, songwriter, musician and music manager (d. 2010) Serge Savard, Canadian hockey player, executive January 23 – Arnoldo Alemán, President of Nicaragua January 24 – Michael Ontkean, Canadian actor (The Rookies) January 25 – Géza Bereményi, Hungarian writer, screenwriter and film director January 26 Gene Siskel, American film critic (Sneak Previews) (d. 1999) Michel Delpech, French singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2016) January 27 – Nedra Talley, African-American singer (The Ronettes) January 29 – Bettye LaVette, African-American soul singer, songwriter January 31 – Terry Kath, American rock musician (Chicago) (d. 1978) February February 1 – Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (d. 2011) February 2 Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea Blake Clark, American actor, comedian February 5 – Charlotte Rampling, British actress February 6 Kate McGarrigle, Canadian singer, songwriter (d. 2010) Jim Turner, American politician February 7 Sammy Johns, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2013) Pete Postlethwaite, English character actor (d. 2011) February 9 Seán Neeson, Northern Irish politician Jim Webb, American politician and author Vince Papale, American football player February 13 Joe Estevez, American actor Colin Matthews, British composer February 14 Bernard Dowiyogo, 7-time President of Nauru (d. 2003) Gregory Hines, African-American dancer, actor (d. 2003) February 16 – Marvin Sease, American blues, and soul singer-songwriter (d. 2011) February 19 – Karen Silkwood, American activist (d. 1974) February 20 Brenda Blethyn, British actress Sandy Duncan, American singer, dancer, comedian and actress J. Geils, American guitarist (The J. Geils Band) (d. 2017) February 21 Monica Johnson, American screenwriter (d. 2010) Tyne Daly, American actress (Cagney & Lacey) Anthony Daniels, English actor Alan Rickman, English actor, film director (d. 2016) Vito Rizzuto, Italian-Canadian mobster (d. 2013) February 26 Colin Bell, English footballer (d. 2021) Jiří Bělohlávek, Czech orchestral conductor (d. 2017) February 25 Andrew Ang, judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore Franz Xaver Kroetz, German dramatist Jean Todt, French motorsport manager February 26 – Ahmed Zewail, Egyptian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) February 27 – Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn, British aristocrat (d. 2018) February 28 Don Ciccone, American singer, songwriter (The Critters) (d. 2016) Robin Cook, British politician (d. 2005) Don Francisco, American Christian musician Syreeta Wright, African-American singer, songwriter ("With You I'm Born Again") (d. 2004) March March 1 Jan Kodeš, Czech tennis player Lana Wood, American actress, producer March 4 Michael Ashcroft, English entrepreneur Haile Gerima, Ethiopian filmmaker Harvey Goldsmith, British impresario March 5 Murray Head, English singer, actor Lova Moor, French singer, dancer March 6 Larry Huber, American television producer, animator David Gilmour, English rock musician (Pink Floyd) Martin Kove, American film and television actor March 7 John Heard, American actor (d. 2017) Okko Kamu, Finnish conductor, violinist Leandro Mendoza, Filipino politician (d. 2013) Peter Wolf, American rock musician (The J. Geils Band) March 10 – Mike Hollands, Australian animator March 12 Frank Welker, American voice actor, singer Liza Minnelli, American singer, actress March 13 – Yonatan Netanyahu, American-born Israeli Army officer (d. in Operation Entebbe) (d. 1976) March 14 Álvaro Arzú, 32nd President of Guatemala (d. 2018) Wes Unseld, American basketball player (d. 2020) March 15 – Bobby Bonds, American baseball player, manager (d. 2003) March 17 Georges J. F. Köhler, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1995) Larry Langford, American politician (d. 2019) March 19 – Steve Halliwell, English actor March 21 – Timothy Dalton, Welsh actor March 25 – Cliff Balsom, English footballer March 26 – Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, Spanish judge (d. 2019) March 27 Carl Weintraub, American actor Olaf Malolepski, German musician (Die Flippers) Mike Jackson, American former MLB pitcher March 28 – Alejandro Toledo, 63rd President of Peru March 29 Segun Bucknor, Nigerian musician, journalist (d. 2017) Billy Thorpe, English-born Australian singer, songwriter (d. 2007) March 30 – Carolyn Simpson, judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales March 31 Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 1984) F'Murr, French comics artist (d. 2018) April April 1 Ronnie Lane, English musician (Small Faces, Faces) (d. 1997) Arrigo Sacchi, Italian footballer and manager April 2 – Hamengkubuwono X, Sultan of the historic Yogyakarta Sultanate in Indonesia, the current Governor of Yogyakarta Special Region April 3 – Hanna Suchocka, Prime Minister of Poland April 4 – Dave Hill, English guitarist (Slade) April 5 Jane Asher, English actress János Bródy, Hungarian singer, guitarist, composer and songwriter Björn Granath, Swedish actor (d. 2017) April 7 Colette Besson, French track and field athlete (d. 2005) Léon Krier, Luxembourgian architect April 8 Catfish Hunter, American baseball player (d. 1999) Tim Thomerson, American actor and comedian April 10 – David Angell, American television producer (d. 2001) April 11 – Chris Burden, American artist (d. 2015) April 12 – Ed O'Neill, American actor (Married... with Children) April 13 – Al Green, African-American singer, songwriter and record producer April 15 – Marsha Hunt, American actress, singer and novelist April 16 – Margot Adler, American journalist April 18 – Hayley Mills, English actress April 19 – Tim Curry, British actor, singer and composer (The Rocky Horror Picture Show) April 20 Julien Poulin, Canadian actor Ricardo Maduro, President of Honduras April 22 John Waters, American film director Paul Davies, English physicist April 24 – Phil Robertson, American businessman and reality television personality April 25 John Fox, British statistician Talia Shire, American actress (Rocky) Strobe Talbott, American journalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician April 26 Jennie Stoller, British actress (d. 2018) Richard S. Fuld Jr., American banker April 28 – Larissa Grunig, American public relations theorist, feminist April 29 – Franc Roddam, English film director, businessman, screenwriter, television producer and publisher April 30 King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden Bill Plympton, American animator, graphic designer, cartoonist, and filmmaker May May 1 – Joanna Lumley, English actress, author May 2 Lesley Gore, American rock singer ("It's My Party") (d. 2015) Ralf Gothóni, Finnish pianist, conductor and composer David Suchet, British actor May 3 – Mohammed Ibrahim, businessman and philanthropist May 4 – John Watson, Northern Irish racecar driver May 5 Jim Kelly, African-American actor, martial artist and tennis player (d. 2013) Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister of Zambia (d. 1996) Beth Carvalho, Brazilian samba singer, guitarist and composer (d. 2019) Eddie Aikau, Hawaiian surfer and lifeguard (d. 1978) May 6 – Daouda Malam Wanké, 6th President of Niger (d. 2004) May 7 Thelma Houston, African-American singer ("Don't Leave Me This Way") Bill Kreutzmann, American drummer (Grateful Dead) Michael Rosen, British novelist, poet May 9 Candice Bergen, American actress (Murphy Brown) Drafi Deutscher, German singer, songwriter (d. 2006) May 10 Donovan, Scottish rock musician ("Sunshine Superman") Birutė Galdikas, Canadian anthropologist, primatologist, conservationist, ethologist and author Graham Gouldman, English songwriter, musician (10cc, Wax) Dave Mason, English rock musician (Traffic) Murade Isaac Murargy, Mozambican diplomat, politician May 11 – Robert Jarvik, American physicist, artificial heart inventor May 12 – Richard Bruce Silverman, John Evans Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University May 13 – Tim Pigott-Smith, English actor, author (d. 2017) May 14 – Elmar Brok, German politician May 15 – Klaus-Peter Siegloch, German journalist May 16 – Robert Fripp, British musician May 17 – Udo Lindenberg, German musician May 18 Joyce Purnick, NYTimes reporter,columnist,editor Reggie Jackson, American baseball player Andreas Katsulas, American actor (d. 2006) May 19 André the Giant, French professional wrestler and actor (d. 1993) Claude Lelièvre, Belgian Commissioner for Children Rights Roger Sloman, English actor May 20 Craig Patrick, American-Canadian hockey player, coach and manager Cher, American actress, rock singer May 22 George Best, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2005) Howard Kendall, English footballer (d. 2015) El Solitario, Mexican professional wrestler (d. 1986) May 23 – Frederik de Groot, Dutch actor May 24 Tansu Çiller, Turkish politician, Prime Minister of Turkey Irena Szewińska, Polish Olympic sprinter (d. 2018) Nicolau dos Reis Lobato, East Timorese politician, acting President of East Timor (d. 1978) May 26 – Mick Ronson, English guitarist (d. 1993) May 28 Bruce Alexander, English actor K. Satchidanandan, Malayalam poet May 29 – Fernando Buesa, Basque politician (d. 2000) May 30 Dragan Džajić, Serbian footballer Candy Lightner, American founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving May 31 – Adriana Bittel, Romanian writer June June 1 – Brian Cox, Scottish actor June 2 Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer (d. 2020) Tomomichi Nishimura, Japanese voice actor June 3 – Michael Clarke, American musician (d. 1993) June 4 Suzanne Ciani, American pianist, electronic composer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Indian singer (d. 2020) June 5 – Stefania Sandrelli, Italian actress June 7 Jenny Jones, Palestinian-Canadian comedian, talk show hostess Robert Tilton, American televangelist, author June 8 – Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of St. Lucia June 10 – Fernando Balzaretti, Mexican actor (d. 1998) June 13 – Paul L. Modrich, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry June 14 – Donald Trump, American businessman, television personality, 45th President of the United States June 15 Noddy Holder, English rock singer (Slade) Janet Lennon, American singer (The Lennon Sisters) Demis Roussos, Greek singer (d. 2015) June 17 – Marcy Kaptur, U.S. Representative for the Ninth Congressional District of Ohio June 18 Bruiser Brody, American professional wrestler (d. 1988) Russell Ash, British author (d. 2010) Fabio Capello, Italian football player, manager June 21 Vincenzo Camporini, Italian Chief of the Defence General Staff Kiril Ivkov, Bulgarian football defender June 22 Kay Redfield Jamison, American psychiatrist Fabio Enzo, Italian football player Józef Oleksy, 7th Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2015) June 23 – Ted Shackelford, American actor June 24 Nguyễn Đức Soát, Vietnamese general Ellison Onizuka, American astronaut (d. 1986) Robert Reich, 22nd United States Secretary of Labor June 25 Pete Vanderwaal, Dutch engineer Henk van Kessel, Dutch road racer June 26 Maria von Welser, German TV journalist, President of UNICEF Germany Anthony John Valentine Obinna, Nigerian priest Leo Rossi, American actor Ricky Jay, American actor, author, and magician (d. 2018) June 27 – Russ Critchfield, American basketball player June 28 David Duckham, English rugby union player Gilda Radner, American comedian, actress (Saturday Night Live) (d. 1989) Jaime Guzmán, Chilean lawyer and senator, founder of the Independent Democratic Union (d. 1991) June 29 Egon von Fürstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (d. 2004) Gitte Hænning, Danish singer Ram Gopal Yadav, Indian politician Ernesto Pérez Balladares, President of Panama June 30 – Allan Hunter, Irish footballer, manager July July 1 Alceu Valença, Brazilian composer, writer, performer, actor, and poet Stefan Aust, German journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly news magazine Der Spiegel (1994–2008) Mireya Moscoso, President of Panama July 2 – Richard Axel, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine July 3 – Leszek Miller, Prime Minister of Poland July 4 Sam Hunt, New Zealand poet Michael Milken, American financier Ed O'Ross, American actor Roy Cimatu, Filipino general July 5 Gerard 't Hooft, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate Ram Vilas Paswan, Indian politician July 6 George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States, 46th Governor of Texas Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter and film director (Rocky) Fred Dryer, American football defensive end, actor (Hunter) Tiemen Groen, Dutch cyclist Peter Singer, Australian moral philosopher July 7 – Tadeusz Nowicki, Polish tennis player July 8 Massimo Vanni, Italian actor Daniela Beneck, Italian freestyle swimmer July 9 Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (The Jimi Hendrix Experience) (d. 2008) Bon Scott, Australian rock singer (AC/DC) (d. 1980) July 10 Oliver Martin, American cyclist Sue Lyon, American actress (d. 2019) July 11 Jean-Pierre Coopman, Belgian boxer Jack Wrangler, American porn star (d. 2009) July 12 – Ernesto Mahieux, Italian actor July 13 João Bosco, Brazilian singer, songwriter Cheech Marin, Mexican-American actor, comedian (Cheech and Chong) July 14 Vincent Pastore, American actor John Wood, Australian actor July 15 Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei Linda Ronstadt, American singer, songwriter ("You're No Good") July 16 Toshio Furukawa, Japanese voice actor Dave Goelz, American puppeteer Monica Aspelund, Finnish singer Ron Yary, American football player July 17 Claudia Islas, Mexican actress Alun Armstrong, English actor July 18 – Kanat Saudabayev, Kazakhstani politician July 19 – Ilie Năstase, Romanian tennis player July 20 – Htin Kyaw, 9th President of Myanmar July 21 – Domingo Cavallo, Argentine economist, politician July 22 Danny Glover, African-American actor, film director and political activist Mireille Mathieu, French singer Petre Roman, 53rd Prime Minister of Romania Johnson Toribiong, 8th President of Palau July 23 – Sally Flynn, American singer July 25 – Rita Marley, Cuban-Jamaican singer July 27 Gwynne Gilford, American actress Jacques Sylla, 12th Prime Minister of Madagascar (d. 2009) July 28 – Jonathan Edwards, American singer, songwriter and guitarist July 29 – Ximena Armas, Chilean painter July 30 Neil Bonnett, American race car driver (d. 1994) A. Rahman Hassan, Malaysian singer (d. 2019) August August 1 Mike Emrick, American sportscaster Sandi Griffiths, American singer August 3 – Jack Straw, English politician August 5 Reinhard Tritscher, Austrian alpine skier (d. 2018) Ron Silliman, American poet Loni Anderson, American actress (WKRP in Cincinnati) Shirley Ann Jackson, African-American President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board August 6 – Allan Holdsworth, British musician (d. 2017) August 8 – Ralph Gonsalves, 4th Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines August 9 – Jim Kiick, American football player August 11 – Óscar Berger, 34th President of Guatemala August 12 – Terry Nutkins, English naturalist (d. 2012) August 13 – Janet Yellen, American Chair of the Federal Reserve August 14 – Dennis Hof, American brothel owner (d. 2018) August 16 Masoud Barzani, Iraqi-Kurdish politician, President of Iraqi Kurdistan Lesley Ann Warren, American actress, singer August 17 – Drake Levin, American rock guitarist (Paul Revere & the Raiders) (d. 2009) August 19 Charles Bolden, African-American astronaut Bill Clinton, 42nd President of the United States, 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas Beat Raaflaub, Swiss conductor August 20 Connie Chung, Asian-American reporter Ralf Hütter, German techno singer, musician (Kraftwerk) N. R. Narayana Murthy, Indian businessman August 23 Keith Moon, English rock drummer (The Who) (d. 1978) Raza Murad, Indian actor August 24 – John Grahl, British economist August 25 Rollie Fingers, American baseball player Charles Ghigna, American poet, children's author August 26 Valerie Simpson, African-American singer Mark Snow, American composer Zhou Ji, education minister of the People's Republic of China Swede Savage, American race car driver (d. 1973) August 29 Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, 2nd President of Burundi (d. 2016) Bob Beamon, American athlete Demetris Christofias, 6th President of Cyprus (d. 2019) Leona Gom, Canadian novelist and poet August 30 Queen Anne-Marie of Greece Peggy Lipton, American actress and model (d. 2019) August 31 Ann Coffey, Scottish politician Jerome Corsi, American political commentator and conspiracy theorist Tom Coughlin, American football player, coach, and executive September September 1 Barry Gibb, English-born Australian singer (Bee Gees) Roh Moo-hyun, President of South Korea (d. 2009) September 2 Luis Ávalos, Cuban-born American character actor (d. 2014) Billy Preston, African-American soul musician ("Nothing from Nothing") (d. 2006) Dan White, American politician, murderer (d. 1985) September 3 John N. Abrams, American military officer (d. 2018) Francisco Trois, Brazilian chess player September 4 Gary Duncan, American rock guitarist (Quicksilver Messenger Service) Greg Elmore, American rock drummer (Quicksilver Messenger Service) September 5 Dennis Dugan, American actor, director Freddie Mercury, British-Indian singer, songwriter, pianist, frontman of the rock band Queen (d. 1991) Loudon Wainwright III, American songwriter, folk singer, humorist, and actor September 7 Willie Crawford, American baseball player (d. 2004) Francisco Varela, Chilean biologist (d. 2001) September 8 Aziz Sancar, Turkish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Wong Kan Seng, Singaporean business executive, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore September 9 Doug Ingle, American rock vocalist (Iron Butterfly) Bruce Palmer, Canadian musician (Buffalo Springfield) (d. 2004) September 10 Jim Hines, American athlete Don Powell, English rock drummer (Slade) September 12 – Neil Lyndon, British journalist, writer September 13 – Henri Kuprashvili, Georgian swimmer September 15 Tommy Lee Jones, American actor (Men in Black) Tetsu Nakamura, Japanese-Afghan physician (d. 2019) Oliver Stone, American film director, producer (JFK) September 16 – Camilo Sesto, Spanish singer-songwriter music producer and composer (d. 2019) September 18 Peter Alsop, American musician Akira Kamiya, Japanese voice actor September 19 – Connie Kreski, American model (d. 1995) September 20 – Dorothy Hukill, American politician (d. 2018) September 21 Mikhail Kovalchuk, Russian physicist, official Moritz Leuenberger, Swiss Federal Councilor Richard St. Clair, American musician, composer Mart Siimann, Prime Minister of Estonia September 23 – Franz Fischler, Austrian politician September 24 Lars Emil Johansen, Prime Minister of Greenland María Teresa Ruiz, Chilean astronomer September 25 Morari Bapu, Hindu Kathakaar Felicity Kendal, English actress Jerry Penrod, American bass player September 26 Andrea Dworkin, American feminist, writer (d. 2005) Topo Igawa, Japanese actor Radha Krishna Mainali, Nepalese politician Christine Todd Whitman, American politician September 28 – Jeffrey Jones, American actor September 29 Shafie Salleh, Malaysian politician (d. 2019) Celso Pitta, Brazilian economist and politician (d. 2009) September 30 Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican singer (d. 1993) Claude Vorilhon, French-born 'messenger' of Raëlism Fran Brill, Muppeteer October October 2 General Sonthi Boonyaratglin, President of the Council for National Security, Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress October 3 – P. P. Arnold, American singer October 4 Susan Sarandon, American actress Rhie Won-bok, South Korean artist Chuck Hagel, American politician, 24 United States Secretary of Defense October 5 - Robin Lane Fox, British historian October 6 Lloyd Doggett, American politician Renate Holub, German philosopher Vinod Khanna, Indian actor, producer and politician (d. 2017) October 7 Nader Al-Dahabi, Prime Minister of Jordan Catharine MacKinnon, American feminist Xue Jinghua, Chinese ballerina October 8 Hanan Ashrawi, Palestinian scholar, legislator John T. Walton, American son of Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton (d. 2005) October 10 Anne Boyd, Australian musician Mildred Grieveson, British writer Naoto Kan, 61st Prime Minister of Japan Charles Dance, English actor, screenwriter and film director John Prine, American country folk singer-songwriter (d. 2020) Chris Tarrant, British radio, TV personality October 11 Daryl Hall, American rock musician (Hall & Oates) Sawao Katō, Japanese gymnast October 12 – Drew Edmondson, American politician October 13 Edwina Currie, English politician Dorothy Moore, American singer Demond Wilson, African-American actor, minister (Sanford and Son) October 14 Craig Venter, American biotechnologist François Bozizé, President of the Central African Republic Joey de Leon, Filipino actor, host Justin Hayward, English rock singer, songwriter (The Moody Blues) October 15 Richard Carpenter, American pop musician, composer (The Carpenters) John Getz, American actor October 16 Suzanne Somers, American actress, singer (Three's Company) Elizabeth Witmer, Dutch-born politician October 17 Vicki Hodge, English actress, model Bob Seagren, American athlete, actor October 18 James Robert Baker, American novelist, screenwriter Howard Shore, Canadian film composer Andrea Zsadon, Hungarian soprano October 19 – Philip Pullman, English author October 20 Marty Gervais, Canadian writer Elfriede Jelinek, Austrian writer, Nobel Prize laureate October 21 – Lyn Allison, Australian politician October 22 Eileen Gordon, British politician Richard McGonagle, American actor October 25 – Edith Leyrer, Austrian actress October 26 – Pat Sajak, American game-show host (Wheel of Fortune) October 27 Leslie L. Byrne, American politician Steven R. Nagel, American astronaut (d. 2014) Ivan Reitman, Slovakian-born film director, producer (d. 2022) October 28 – Sharon Thesen, Canadian poet October 29 Peter Green, British musician (d. 2020) Kathryn J. Whitmire, Texas politician; Mayor of Houston, Texas October 30 Lynne Marta, American actress Andrea Mitchell, American journalist October 31 – Stephen Rea, Northern Irish actor November November 1 Ric Grech, British rock bassist (d. 1990) Lynne Russell, American newsreader November 2 Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor, composer (d. 2001) Marieta Severo, Brazilian actress November 4 Laura Bush, former First Lady of the United States Les Lannom, American actor, musician Robert Mapplethorpe, American photographer (d. 1989) November 5 Herman Brood, Dutch artist (d. 2001) Loleatta Holloway, American singer (d. 2011) Gram Parsons, American musician (d. 1973) November 6 – Sally Field, American actress, singer (The Flying Nun) November 7 – Diane Francis, Canadian journalist November 8 Stefan Weber, Austrian singer (d. 2018) Stella Chiweshe, Zimbabwean musician John Farrar, Australian guitarist, singer and songwriter (The Shadows; Marvin, Welch & Farrar) Guus Hiddink, Dutch football player, manager November 10 Alaina Reed Hall, American actress (d. 2009) Jack Ketchum, American author (d. 2018) November 12 – P. P. Arnold, English singer November 13 – Ohara Reiko, Japanese actress November 15 Gwyneth Powell, British actress Sandy Skoglund, American photographer November 16 Mahasti, Iranian singer (d. 2007) Terence McKenna, American writer, philosopher, ethnobotanist and shaman (d. 2000) Jo Jo White, American basketball player (d. 2018) November 17 – Petra Burka, Canadian figure skater November 18 Andrea Allan, Scottish actress Alan Dean Foster, American novelist November 20 Duane Allman, American rock guitarist, co-founder and leader of the Allman Brothers Band (d. 1971) Samuel E. Wright, American actor and singer (d. 2021) November 21 Emma Cohen, Spanish actress Chaviva Hošek, Czech-born feminist Jacky Lafon, Belgian actress Marina Warner, English writer November 22 Anne Wheeler, Canadian television, film director Aston Barrett, Jamaican reggae musician November 23 Diana Quick, English actress Bobby Rush, African-American politician, activist and pastor November 24 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (d. 1989) November 25 – Marika Lindström, Swedish actress November 26 – Ottilia Borbáth, Romanian-born Hungarian actress November 27 Richard Codey, American politician, 53rd Governor of New Jersey Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, 2nd President of Djibouti Nina Maslova, Russian actress November 28 – Regina Braga, Brazilian actress November 29 Brian Cadd, Australian singer, songwriter Suzy Chaffee, American singer, actress November 30 Marina Abramović, Yugoslavian performance artist Barbara Cubin, U.S. Congresswoman from Wyoming December December 1 – Jonathan Katz, American comedian, actor and voice actor December 2 – Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer (d. 1997) December 3 Marjana Lipovšek, Slovenian singer, actress Joop Zoetemelk, Dutch cyclist December 4 Sherry Alberoni, American actress, voice artist Yō Inoue, Japanese voice actress (d. 2003) Karina, Spanish singer/actress December 5 José Carreras, Spanish tenor Eva-Britt Svensson, Swedish politician December 6 Roger Hoy, English footballer (d. 2018) Nancy Brinker, American health activist, diplomat December 8 Jacques Bourboulon, French photographer John Rubinstein, American actor |
from the Germans since the start of the invasion. Other elements of the 21st attack the Germans in the rear toward Babruysk (some 80 kilometers behind the frontlines), and even take bridges over the Berezina River. An uprising in Montenegro against the Axis powers starts, the second popular uprising in Europe (the first being the "February strike" of February 25 (see February 1941) in the Netherlands). Clemens August Graf von Galen, Catholic Bishop of Münster in Germany, preaches the first of 3 sermons against Nazi brutality. July 14 – WWII: Vichy France signs armistice terms ending all fighting in Syria and Lebanon, concluding the Allies' Syria–Lebanon campaign. July 15 – WWII: Russian forces of the 21st Mechanized Corps counterattack the Germans east of Pskov and surround most of the 8th Panzer Division. Although it does break out, it loses half of its armor (some 70 tanks). July 16 – The 29th Motorized Division fights its way into Smolensk. The Germans have created a "cauldron", a pocket full of Soviet forces, with the panzer spearheads that will try to seal them off. The Smolensk cauldron contains some 25 Soviet divisions. July 17 – Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak ends. July 19 – The Tom and Jerry cartoon short The Midnight Snack is released; it is the second appearance for the duo and the first in which they are officially named. July 20 – WWII: A BBC radio broadcast by "Colonel Britton" (Douglas Ritchie) calls on the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis, under the slogan "V for Victory". July 23 – WWII: Italian aircraft damage the British destroyer which has to be sunk. July 25 – Postal codes are introduced in Germany. July 26 – WWII: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States. General Douglas MacArthur is named commander of all U.S. forces in the Philippines; the Philippines Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt. July 29 – The Vichy Regime signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint Military Cooperation with the Empire of Japan, giving the Japanese a total of 8 airfields, allowing them greater troop presence, and the use of the Indochinese financial system, in return for continued French autonomy. July 30 – WWII: German forces of the 2nd Panzer Army led by General Heinz Guderian launch a delaying action to the south. Guderian argues with General Franz Halder, chief-of-staff of the Army High Command (OKH), in favor of an all-out drive towards Moscow. Glina massacre of July–August 1941 – The Ustaše brutally kill 200 Serbs inside a Serbian Orthodox church in Glina, Croatia, with a total of 700–1,200 being killed in the area of the next few days. July 31 – WWII: The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question." August August – The Political Warfare Executive is formed in the United Kingdom to disseminate propaganda to Germany and its occupied countries. August 1 – The Willys MB U.S. Army Jeep is first produced. August 2 – WWII: German forces of the 1st Panzer Army under General Ewald von Kleist break through the Soviet defenses at Uman and outflank the 6th Army and 12th Army from the north, while the German 17th Army under General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel has also broken through in a two-pronged advance, one to the north to meet up with von Kleist and one towards the Black Sea. August 5 – WWII: Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, commander of Army Group Centre, declares the encirclement at Smolensk over. The German forces have taken some 300,000 prisoners. The Provisional Government of Lithuania is dissolved. August 6 – Six-year-old Elaine Esposito goes to have an appendix operation in Florida and lapses into a coma, dying 37 years later, still comatose. August 7 – WWII: British submarine sinks an Italian Marconi-class submarine. August 8 – German forces encircle and annihilate the Soviet 6th Army and 12th Army during the battle of Uman, capturing some 100,000 prisoners. August 9 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet on board ship at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter (released August 14), setting goals for postwar international cooperation, is created as a result. August 16 The Holocaust: Units of the Wehrmacht and the Einsatzgruppen (as part of Operation Barbarossa) start killing Jewish children, signalling the start of the Jewish Genocide. Royal Navy Signals School and Combined Signals School opens at Leydene, near Petersfield, Hampshire, England. August 19 – The Tiraspol Agreement is signed between Germany and Romania. August 21 – In revenge for the execution two days earlier of French Resistance member Samuel Tyszelman, communist activist Pierre Georges (with others) shoots and kills a member of the German military in occupied Paris, initiating a cycle of assassinations and retribution that will claim hundreds of lives. August 25 – WWII: Operation Gauntlet: British, Canadian and Norwegian commando's raid Spitzbergen, up near the North Pole, and destroy stores of coal, oil reserves and mining machinery. The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and oilfields begin. August 27 – WWII: Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre, 23,600 Jews are shot dead by Einsatzgruppen troops and local collaborators in Ukraine. August 28 – WWII: Soviet evacuation of Tallinn – German troops capture Tallinn, Estonia from the Soviet Union, while attacks on the evacuating Soviet ships leave more than 12,000 dead in one of the bloodiest naval battles of the war. German forces will capture the entire Estonian territory by December 6. August 29 WWII: The Government of National Salvation, a Serb puppet state of the Axis powers, is established by General Milan Nedić in Nazi-occupied Serbia in Belgrade, under military commander Heinrich Danckelmann; the regime includes 15 Ministers. Robert Menzies resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after losing the support of his party. He will not return to the Prime Ministership until 1949. Arthur Fadden, leader of the Country Party, consequently becomes Prime Minister, while former Prime Minister Billy Hughes replaces Menzies as UAP leader. August 30 German troopship Bahia Laura is sunk by ; 450 are killed. Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement. August 31 WWII (Uprising in Serbia): Battle of Loznica: Chetniks capture the town of Loznica, in Nazi-occupied Serbia. The Great Gildersleeve debuts on NBC Radio in the United States. September September 3 – The Holocaust: SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Fritzsch first uses the pesticide Zyklon B, to execute Soviet prisoners of war en masse at Auschwitz concentration camp; eventually it will be used to kill about 1.2 million people. September 5 – Citizen Kane is released. September 6 – The Holocaust: The requirement to wear the Star of David, with the word "Jew" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas. September 8 – WWII: Siege of Leningrad: German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Germans deported to Siberia. Yelnya offensive: Russian forces of the 24th Army under General Konstantin Rakutin break the German front line near Yelnya and drives the 4th Army back across the Desna River for 25 kilometers. Finally, the offensive is halted at a new German defense line. The Russians lose over 30,000 casualties from a force of some 100,000 men. September 10 – WWII: German forces of the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist begin breaking out of the Dnieper bridgehead at Kremenchug. The 16th Panzer Division carves a wedge of some 20 kilometers wide between the Soviet 6th Army and 38th Army. September 11 WWII: Charles Lindbergh, at an America First Committee rally in Des Moines, Iowa, accuses "the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administration" of leading the United States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows. The Medvedev Forest massacre of political prisoners takes place, at the Oryol Prison in the Soviet Union. September 12 WWII: The first snowfall is reported on the Russian front. Construction on The Pentagon begins in Washington, D.C. Franklin Roosevelt gives one of his fireside chats, on the USS Greer incident. September 14 – The State of Vermont "declares war" on Germany, by defining the United States to be in "armed conflict", in order to extend a wartime bonus to Vermonters in the service. September 15 – The Estonian Self-Administration, headed by Hjalmar Mäe, is appointed by the German military administration. September 16 – Rezā Shāh of Iran is forced to resign in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, concluding the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. September 16–30 – The Nikolaev massacre takes place in Mykolaiv (Soviet Union); 35,782 men, women and children; mostly Jews, are killed by Einsatzgruppe D and local collaborators. September 19 – WWII: Battle of Kiev: German forces take Kiev, the encirclement battle continues. The German high command (OKH) claims to have captured 600,000 soldiers (up to 665,000). September 22 – WWII: The town of Reshetylivka in the Soviet Union is occupied by German forces. September 23 – The 1941 Texas hurricane makes landfall near Bay City, Texas, causing extensive damage and flooding in Galveston and Houston. September 27 WWII: The National Liberation Front (Greece) (the main Greek Resistance movement) is established, and Georgios Siantos is appointed its first acting leader. The first liberty ship, the , is launched at Baltimore. September 28 – WWII: The Drama Uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins. September 29 – WWII: The Moscow Conference begins; U.S. representative Averell Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, to arrange urgent assistance for Russia. Convoy PQ 1 leaves Iceland for Archangelsk. The convoy consists of 11 merchant ships loaded with raw materials, 20 tanks and 193 crated Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft. September 29–30 – The Holocaust: Babi Yar massacre – German troops, assisted by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, kill 33,771 Jews in Kiev. October October Classic Comics series is launched in the United States, with a version of The Three Musketeers. Mid-October – The first P-38E Lightning fighter is produced by Lockheed in the United States. October 1 The Holocaust: The Nazi German Majdanek concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Lublin) opens in occupied Poland, on the outskirts of the town of Lublin. Between October 1941 and July 1944, at least 200,000 people will be killed in the camp. The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy becomes the Royal New Zealand Navy. October 2 – WWII: Operation Typhoon begins, as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow. October 2 – Tudeh Party of Iran is founded. October 5 – The Holocaust: In Berdychiv, 20–30,000 Jews are shot dead. October 6 – WWII: Battle of Moscow: German forces of the 17th Panzer Division (with some 30 serviceable tanks) under General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim takes Bryansk and the bridges across the Desna. October 7 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, following the defeat of Arthur Fadden's Country/UAP Coalition Government, on the floor of the House of Representatives. October 8 – WWII: On the Western Front, Russian forces (16th Army, 19th Army, 20th Army and the 24th Army) are encircled near Vyazma. In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov, with the capture of Mariupol. October 11 – WWII: Armed insurgents from the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia attack Axis-occupied zones in the city of Prilep, beginning the National Liberation War of Macedonia. October 11–12 – Fire destroys a Firestone Tire and Rubber Company plant in Fall River, Massachusetts, consuming 15,850 tons of rubber, and causing a setback to the United States war effort. October 13 – The Holocaust: Heinrich Himmler instructs SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik to begin construction of Bełżec, the first of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps. October 15 – WWII: British submarine bombards the port of Apollonia, Cyrenaica in Italian Libya. October 16 – WWII: The Soviet government moves to Kuibyshev (modern Samara), but Stalin remains in Moscow. October 17 – WWII: Destroyer is torpedoed and damaged near Iceland, killing 11 sailors (the first American military casualties of the war, in which the US is at this time neutral). October 18 – General Hideki Tōjō becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan. October 18 – Film The Maltese Falcon is released in the United States, starring Humphrey Bogart, directed by John Huston. October 21 – WWII: Kragujevac massacre – German soldiers and local auxiliaries massacre more than 2,000 civilian men at Kragujevac, in Nazi-occupied Serbia. October 23 – Walt Disney's fourth animated film Dumbo is released in the United States. October 25 – WWII: German fighter pilot Franz von Werra disappears during a flight over the North Sea. October 29 – The Holocaust: Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941 – Over 9,200 Lithuanian Jews are shot dead. October 30 – WWII: Siege of Sevastopol: German forces of the 11th Army (part of Army Group South) begin the siege of Sevastopol. Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union. The Holocaust: 1,500 Jews from Pidhaitsi (in western Ukraine) are sent by the Nazis to the Bełżec extermination camp. October 31 WWII: Destroyer , on convoy escort, is accidentally torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors. The carving of Mount Rushmore in South Dakota is completed. November November 5 – WWII: The United States holds peace talks with Japan. November 6 – WWII: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was earlier this year on July 2). He states that 350,000 Soviet troops have been killed in German attacks, but that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a gross exaggeration), and that Soviet victory is near. November 7 – WWII: The Soviet hospital ship Armenia is sunk by German aircraft while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several Crimean hospitals. It is estimated that more than 5,000 die in the sinking. November 10 – In a speech at the Mansion House, London, Winston Churchill promises "should the United States become involved in war with Japan, the British declaration will follow within the hour". November 12 – WWII: As the Battle of Moscow begins, temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C, and the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time, against the freezing German forces near the city. Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is hit three times in the Severnaya Bay by bombs from German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers from II./StG 77 during the Siege of Sevastopol. November 14 WWII: British aircraft carrier sinks under tow off Gibraltar, after being torpedoed the previous day by . The Holocaust: In Slonim (Byelorussian SSR), German forces engaged in Operation Barbarossa murder 9,000 Jews. November 17 – WWII: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables to Washington, D.C. a warning, that Japan may strike suddenly and unexpectedly. November 18 – WWII: Operation Crusader: The British Eighth Army under General Alan Cunningham begins an offensive operation to relieve the Siege of Tobruk in North Africa. In the morning, 30th Corps crosses the border into Libya and marches unmolested to Gabr Saleh. The 7th Armored Brigade and the 22nd Armored Brigade of the British 7th Armored Division ("Desert Rats") advances north-west towards Tobruk. November 19 – WWII: British tanks of the 7th Armored Brigade advances to Sidi Rezegh, while the rest of the British 7th Armored Division remains at Gabr Saleh. The 22nd Armored Brigade attacks the Italian 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" during the action at Bir el Gubi, losing 52 Crusader tanks. Meanwhile, the 7th Armored Brigade and the 7th Support Group capture Sidi Rezegh airfield. Battle between HMAS Sydney and German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran – Both commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran and Australian cruiser sink following a battle off the coast of Western Australia. There are no survivors from the 645 Australian sailors aboard Sydney. November 21 – The live blues radio program King Biscuit Time is broadcast for the first time on KFFA in Helena, Arkansas; it will attain its 17,000th broadcast in 2014 making it the longest-running daily American radio broadcast. November 22 – WWII: sinks commerce raiding , ending the longest warship cruise of the war (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair). November 24 – WWII: German forces led by Erwin Rommel make a 'dash to the wire' to relieve the siege of Bardia and the frontier garrisons. He sends all the armor (some 90 tanks) of the Afrika Corps to Sidi Omar, causing chaos and splitting the British 30th Corps. German forces of Army Group South begin to evacuate Rostov because of Soviet counterattacks. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt (who has given the order for the retreat) has been expressly forbidden by Hitler. November 26 – WWII: The Hull note (Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for Secretary of State Cordell Hull, is delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States. A Japanese task force (named the Kidō Butai) of 6 aircraft carriers and supported by 27 ships led by Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo, leaves Hitokapu Bay for Pearl Harbor, under strict radio silence. November 27 – WWII: German forces of the 3rd Panzer Army under General Georg-Hans Reinhardt reach their closest approach to Moscow (some 35 kilometers). They are subsequently frozen by cold weather and stopped by attacks by the Soviets. The 2nd New Zealand Division under General Bernard Freyberg links up with the British 70th Infantry Division (who have broken out of Tobruk) at Ed Duda on the Tobruk by-pass. A group of young men stops traffic on U.S. Highway 99 south of Yreka, California, handing out fliers proclaiming the establishment of the State of Jefferson. November 30 and December 8 – Rumbula massacre: Nazi forces kill approximately 24,000 Latvian Jews and 1,000 German Jews outside of Riga. December December 1 – WWII: Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York City and Director of the Office of Civilian Defense, signs Administrative Order 9, creating the Civil Air Patrol under the authority of the United States Army Air Forces. A state of emergency is declared in British Malaya and the Straits Settlements. December 2 – WWII: The coded message "Climb Mount Niitaka" is transmitted to the Japanese task force, indicating that negotiations have broken down and that the attack on Pearl Harbor is to be carried out according to plan. December 4 – The State of Jefferson is declared in Yreka, California, with a judge, John Childs, as governor. December 5 – WWII: The United Kingdom declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania. December 6 – WWII: Soviet counterattacks begin against German troops encircling Moscow. The Heer is subsequently pushed back over . British submarine is mined off Cephalonia. December 7 (December 8 – 3:18 a.m., Japan Standard Time) – WWII: Attack on Pearl Harbor: Aircraft flying from Imperial Japanese Navy carriers launch a surprise attack on the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, thus drawing the United States into World War II. The attack begins at 7:55 a.m. Hawaiian Standard Time, and is announced on radio stations in the U.S. at about 11:26 a.m. PST (19.26 GMT). The Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire is published in Japanese evening newspapers, but not formally delivered to the U.S. until the following day. Canada declares war on Japan. Adolf Hitler makes his Nacht und Nebel decree, declaring that all political prisoners and those involved in both German resistance to Nazism and resistance to Nazism throughout German-occupied Europe are to be apprehended by the Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst and other security forces under Heinrich Himmler's control. Tobruk's British and Commonwealth garrison is relieved after Axis forces under Rommel withdraw. December 8 WWII: The Battle of Hong Kong begins shortly after 8:00 a.m. (local time), less than 8 hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japanese forces invade Hong Kong, which is defended by British, Canadian and local troops. The United Kingdom officially declares war on the Empire of Japan. WWII: The Japanese Invade Shanghai International Settlement, to occupy the British and the American sectors, after the attack on Pearl Harbor. WWII: The Japanese invasion of the Philippines begins 10 hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japanese forces invade Luzon and destroy U.S. aircraft on Clark Field. WWII: President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt delivers his "Infamy Speech" to a Joint session of the United States Congress at 12:30 p.m. EST (17.30 GMT). Transmitted live over all four major national networks, it attracts the largest audience ever for an American radio broadcast, over 81% of homes. Within an hour, Congress agrees to the President's request for a United States declaration of war upon Japan, and he signs it at 4:10 p.m. WWII: Australia, New Zealand, The Netherlands, the Free French, Yugoslavia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras also officially declare war on Japan, and the Republic of China declares war on the Axis powers. WWII: Japanese forces attack British Malaya and Thailand. WWII: The German advance on Moscow (Operation Typhoon) is suspended for the winter. The Holocaust: The Nazi German Chełmno extermination camp opens in occupied Poland, near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem. Between December 1941-April 1943 and June 1944-January 1945, at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp. The Holocaust The first mass gassing of Jews begins at the Chełmno extermination camp on December 8, 1941, when the Nazis use gas vans to murder people from the Lodz ghetto. December 10 – WWII: British battleships and battlecruiser HMS Repulse are sunk by Japanese aircraft in the South China Sea north of Singapore. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea officially declares war on Japan. December 11 – WWII: American forces repel a Japanese landing force at Wake Island. Two Japanese destroyers are sunk, killing 5,350 men. Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind. Mildred Gillars ("Axis Sally") delivers her first propaganda broadcast to Allied troops. December 11–13 – WWII: Battle of Jitra: Japanese compel British troops to withdraw from their positions in Malaya. December 12 – WWII: Hungary and Romania declare war on the United States. British India declares war on the Empire of Japan. The United States seizes the French ship . The Kimura Detachment of the Japanese Imperial forces occupies Legaspi, Albay, Philippines. The Holocaust: The Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, held provately in Berlin between Hitler and high-ranking officials of the Nazi Party, marks a decisive step toward implementation of the Final Solution when Hitler confirms his intention to annihilate the Jewish race. December 13 WWII: The United Kingdom, New Zealand and South Africa declare war on Bulgaria; Hungary declares war on the United States; and Honduras declares war on Germany and Italy. WWII: The Battle of Cape Bon Is fought off Cape Bon, Tunisia: Italian cruisers Alberico da Barbiano and Alberto da Giussano are sunk without loss to the Allies. Sweden's low-temperature record of −53 °C is set in a village within the Vilhelmina Municipality. December 14 – WWII: The Independent State of Croatia declares war on the United States and the United Kingdom. December 15 – WWII: At Drobytsky Yar, 15,000 Jews are shot dead by German troops. December 16 – WWII: Japanese forces invade Borneo with landings at Miri, Seria and Lutong. The British and Dutch set fire to the oil facilities before they retreat their forces. December 17 – WWII: General Erich von Manstein arrives at his new headquarters in Mykolaiv, after the previous commander Eugen Ritter von Schobert is killed during a plane landing (which contains a Soviet minefield). German forces of the 54th Army Corps begin the attacks on Sevastopol. December 19 – WWII: Adolf Hitler canceled the withdrawal of German forces on the Eastern Front and orders Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) to prepare a defensive frontline. He dismisses Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch as Commander-in-Chief and appoints himself as head of the German Army. Raid on Alexandria: Italian Regia Marina divers on human torpedoes place limpet mines on ships of the British Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet in port at Alexandria, Egypt, disabling battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Valiant. Twelve days after the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor, the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland graduates its "Class of 1942" a semester early, so as to induct the graduating students without delay into the U.S. Navy and/or Marine Corps as officers, for immediate stationing in the war. December 20 – WWII: Soviet forces take Volokolamsk, Western Front commander Georgy Zhukov orders a new advance line from Zubtsov to Ghzatsk. The 50th Army under General Ivan Boldin begins a counter-offensive and drives the Germans back from Moscow. December 21 – WWII: Thailand and Japan sign a military alliance. The Holocaust: The Stanisławów Ghetto is established. December 22 – WWII: Japanese forces of the 14th Army under General Masaharu Homma supported by 85 transport ships, carrying 88 tanks and loads of artillery enter the Lingayen Gulf. Homma embarks three regiments of the 48th Division to conquer Luzon. The Arcadia Conference opens in Washington, D.C., the first meeting on military strategy between the heads of government of the United Kingdom and the United States, following the latter's entry into the war. December 23 – WWII: German forces capture the outer ring of forts of Sevastopol, but the Soviets bring some 14,000 reinforcements by sea as well as supplies. A second Japanese landing attempt on Wake Island is successful, and the American garrison surrenders, after a full night and morning of fighting. December 24 – WWII: British forces capture Benghazi. Japanese forces (some 7,000 soldiers) of the 16th Division land at Lamon Bay in southeast Luzon. Douglas MacArthur, commander of U.S. Army forces in the Philippines, orders a troop withdrawal to Bataan Peninsula. He moves his headquarters to the island fortress of Corregidor in Manila Bay. Dutch submarine HNLMS K XVI is the first Allied ship to sink a Japanese warship, sinking the destroyer Sagiri near Sarawak; K XVI is herself torpedoed the following day by Japanese submarine I-66. December 25 – WWII: The Battle of Hong Kong ends after 17 days, with the surrender of the British Crown colony to the Japanese. Admiral Émile Muselier seizes the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the first part of France to be liberated by the Free French Forces. December 26 – WWII: Battle of the Kerch Peninsula: Soviet forces launch an amphibious assault on the Kerch Peninsula to relieve the encircled Coastal Army at Sevastopol. Winston Churchill becomes the first British Prime Minister to address a joint session of the United States Congress. December 27 – WWII: British Commandos raid the Norwegian port of Vaagso, causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and defenses, drawing vital troops away from other areas. Date unknown Chosun Tire and Rubber Manufacture, predecessor of South Korean tire brand Hankook, is founded in a suburb of Seoul (part of the Empire of Japan at this time). Factory Canteen, predecessor of multinational foodservice company Compass Group, is founded in England by Jack Bateman. Births January January 1 Asrani, Indian actor and director Martin Evans, British biologist, Nobel Prize laureate January 5 Chuck McKinley, American tennis player (d. 1986) Hayao Miyazaki, Japanese film director and screenwriter Nawab of Pataudi, Indian cricketer (d. 2011) January 7 Frederick D. Gregory, African-American astronaut John E. Walker, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate January 8 Graham Chapman, British comedian (Monty Python's Flying Circus) (d. 1989) Boris Vallejo, Peruvian painter January 9 – Joan Baez, American singer, songwriter and activist January 11 – Gérson, Brazilian footballer January 12 – Long John Baldry, English singer (d. 2005) January 13 Pasqual Maragall, Spanish politician Walid Muallem, Syrian diplomat (d. 2020) January 14 Faye Dunaway, American actress Milan Kučan, Slovenian politician, 1st President of Slovenia January 15 – Captain Beefheart (Don Van Vliet), American singer (d. 2010) January 18 Bobby Goldsboro, American pop and country singer-songwriter David Ruffin, African-American singer (The Temptations) (d. 1991) January 19 – Pat Patterson, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2020) January 21 Plácido Domingo, Spanish opera singer, conductor and arts administrator Richie Havens, African-American musician (d. 2013) January 24 Neil Diamond, American singer-songwriter Aaron Neville, African-American singer Dan Shechtman, Israeli chemist, Nobel Prize laureate January 27 – Beatrice Tinsley, English astronomer (d. 1981) January 29 – Robin Morgan, American feminist writer January 30 Gregory Benford, American author and astrophysicist Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States, 17th US Secretary of Defense Delbert Mann, American television, film director (d. 2007) Tineke Lagerberg, Dutch swimmer January 31 Eugène Terre'Blanche, South African farmer, pro-apartheid activist (d. 2010) Jessica Walter, American actress (d. 2021) February February 3 – Dory Funk, Jr., American professional wrestler February 4 – Laisenia Qarase, Fijian politician (d. 2020) February 8 Nick Nolte, American actor Jagjit Singh, Indian singer, composer and musician (d. 2011) February 9 – Kermit Gosnell, American abortionist and serial killer February 10 – Michael Apted, British film director (d. 2021) February 11 – Sergio Mendes, Brazilian jazz musician February 12 Hubert Marcoux, Canadian solo sailor and author (d. 2009) Naomi Uemura, Japanese adventurer (d. 1984) February 13 Sigmar Polke, German painter (d. 2010) Bo Svenson, Swedish-American actor February 15 – Florinda Bolkan, Brazilian actress and model February 16 – Kim Jong-il, Leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (d. 2011) February 18 – Irma Thomas, African-American singer February 19 – David Gross, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate February 20 – Buffy Sainte-Marie, Canadian singer February 22 Hipólito Mejía, President of the Dominican Republic (2000-2004) Yau Leung, Hong Kong photographer (d. 1997) February 27 – Paddy Ashdown, British politician, diplomat (d. 2018) March March 7 – Andrei Mironov, Soviet and Russian theatre and film actor (d. 1987) March 10 – George P. Smith, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate March 12 – Erkki Salmenhaara, Finnish composer (d. 2002) March 13 – Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet and author (d. 2008) March 14 – Wolfgang Petersen, German film director March 15 – Mike Love, American musician March 16 Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian film director (d. 2018) Robert Guéï, military ruler of Côte d'Ivoire (d. 2002) March 17 – Paul Kantner, American musician (d. 2016) March 18 – Wilson Pickett, African-American singer (d. 2006) March 20 – Kenji Kimihara, Japanese long-distance runner March 21 – Dirk Frimout, Belgian cosmonaut and astrophysicist March 22 – Bruno Ganz, Swiss actor (d. 2019) March 26 – Richard Dawkins, British scientist March 27 – Ivan Gašparovič, 3rd President of Slovakia March 29 – Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr., American astrophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate March 30 – Wasim Sajjad, President of Pakistan March 31 – Rosario Green, Mexican economist, diplomat and politician (d. 2017) April April 2 – Dr. Demento (Barret Eugene Hansen), American radio disc jockey, novelty music collector April 3 – Eric Braeden, German-born American actor April 5 – Michael Moriarty, American-Canadian actor April 7 Mussum, Brazilian actor and musician (d. 1994) Cornelia Frances, Australian actress (d. 2018) ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, Tongan politician and activist, 15th Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 2019) April 8 – Peggy Lennon, American singer (The Lennon Sisters) April 9 – Kay Adams, American country singer April 10 – Paul Theroux, American travel writer and novelist April 11 – Frederick Hauck, American astronaut April 12 – Bobby Moore, English football captain (d. 1993) April 13 – Michael Stuart Brown, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine April 14 – Pete Rose, American baseball player April 18 – Michael D. Higgins, 9th President of Ireland April 19 – Roberto Carlos, Brazilian singer-songwriter April 20 – Ryan O'Neal, American actor (Love Story) April 22 – Amir Pnueli, Israeli computer scientist (d. 2009) April 23 Arie den Hartog, Dutch road bicycle racer (d. 2018) Paavo Lipponen, 59th Prime Minister of Finland Ray Tomlinson, American computer programmer (d. 2016) April 24 Richard Holbrooke, American diplomat (d. 2010) John Williams, Australian guitarist April 25 Princess Muna al-Hussein, Princess consort of Jordan Bertrand Tavernier, French director, screenwriter, actor and producer (d. 2021) April 26 – Claudine Auger, French actress (d. 2019) April 28 Lucien Aimar, French cyclist Ann-Margret, Swedish-born American actress, singer and dancer K. Barry Sharpless, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate Iryna Zhylenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 2013) May May 3 – Kornel Morawiecki, Polish politician and theoretical physicist (d. 2019) May 5 Anatoly Levchenko, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1988) Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (d. 2004) May 6 – Ivica Osim, Bosnian football player, manager May 10 – Aydın Güven Gürkan, Turkish academic, politician (d. 2006) May 11 – Eric Burdon, British singer May 13 Senta Berger, Austrian actress Ritchie Valens, American singer (La Bamba) (d. 1959) May 14 – Jesús Gómez, Mexican equestrian (d. 2017) May 18 – Miriam Margolyes, British-Australian actress May 19 – Nora Ephron, American film producer, director, and screenwriter (d. 2012) May 20 – Goh Chok Tong, 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore May 23 – K. Raghavendra Rao, Indian film director, producer, screenwriter and choreographer May 24 – Bob Dylan, American poet, musician and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature May 25 – Vladimir Voronin, 3rd President of Moldova May 31 Louis Ignarro, American pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine William Nordhaus, American economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences June June 1 Jigjidiin Mönkhbat, Mongolian wrestler (d. 2018) Alexander Zakharov, Soviet and Russian astronomer Edo de Waart, Dutch conductor June 2 Stacy Keach, American actor Charlie Watts, English rock drummer (d. 2021) June 5 Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2004) June 6 – Alexander Cockburn, Irish-American political journalist and writer (d. 2012) June 8 Robert Bradford, Northern Irish politician (murdered in 1981) George Pell, Australian cardinal June 9 – Jon Lord, English composer, pianist and organist (d. 2012) June 10 – Jürgen Prochnow, German actor June 12 – Chick Corea, American jazz pianist (d. 2021) June 13 – Esther Ofarim, Israeli singer June 15 – Harry Nilsson, American musician (d. 1994) June 19 Gilberto Benetton, Italian billionaire businessman (d. 2018) Conchita Carpio-Morales, Filipino Supreme Court jurist Václav Klaus, 2nd President of the Czech Republic June 20 Ulf Merbold, German astronaut and physicist Albert Shesternyov, Soviet footballer (d. 1994) June 21 Aloysius Paul D'Souza, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore Valeri Zolotukhin, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2013) June 22 – Michael Lerner, American actor June 23 Robert Hunter, American lyricist, singer-songwriter, translator and poet (d. 2019) Madampu Kunjukuttan, Malayalam author June 24 Julia Kristeva, Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist and novelist Nelson López, Argentine football defender Graham McKenzie, Australian cricketer Charles Whitman, American mass murderer (d. 1966) June 25 Denys Arcand, French-Canadian film director, screenwriter and producer Kenneth Walker, Australian cricketer June 26 Gil Garrido, Panamanian baseball player Tamara Moskvina, Russian competitive skater and pair skating coach Thomas Yeh Sheng-nan, Taiwanese prelate June 27 Ian Black, British competitive swimmer John Goold, Australian rules footballer Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish film director (d. 1996) Pavel Schenk, Czech volleyball player June 28 Ilana Adir, Israeli Olympic runner and long jumper David Johnston, 28th Governor General of Canada Barbara Stolz, German gymnast June 29 Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Ture), Trinidadian-American civil rights activist (d. 1998) Margitta Gummel, German Olympic athlete (d. 2021) June 30 Roberto Castrillo, Cuban sports shooter Otto Sander, German actor (d. 2013) July July 1 Alfred G. Gilman, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel | 8 – WWII: The U.S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act. February 9 – Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, tells the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British: "Give us the tools, and we will finish the job." February 12 Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli. Elements of the German Afrika Korps, the 5th Light Division (later renamed 21st Panzer Division) and the 15th Panzer Division, are also arriving in the Libyan port. Reserve Constable Albert Alexander, a patient at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, England, becomes the first person treated with penicillin intravenously, by Howard Florey's team. He reacts positively, but there is insufficient supply of the drug to reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during May. February 13 – Aircraft from attack Massawa in Eritrea. February 14 – WWII: Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura begins his duties as Japanese Ambassador to the United States. February 19–22 – WWII: Three Nights' Blitz over Swansea, South Wales: Over these 3 nights of intensive bombing, which lasts a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea's town center is almost obliterated by the 896 high explosive bombs employed by the Luftwaffe; 397 casualties and 230 deaths are reported. February 22 – WWII: bombards Barawa, on the coast between Kismayo and Mogadishu. February 23 – Glenn T. Seaborg isolates and discovers plutonium. February 25 – WWII: The occupied Netherlands starts the first popular uprising in Europe against the Axis powers, the "February strike" against German deportation of Jews in Amsterdam and surroundings. British submarine attacks an Italian convoy, sinking the cruiser Armando Diaz. February 27 – WWII: The New Zealand Division cruiser HMS Leander (1931) sinks Italian armed merchant raider Ramb I off the Maldives. March March 1 WWII: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, thus joining the Axis powers. Arthur L. Bristol becomes Rear Admiral for the United States Navy's Support Force, Atlantic Fleet. March 4 – WWII: Operation Claymore – British Commandos carry out a successful raid on the Lofoten Islands, off the north coast of Norway. March 7 – WWII: The first British troops (some 60,000 men) arrive in Greece at the ports of Piraeus and Volos. March 8 – WWII: The U.S. Senate passes the Lend-Lease Act. March 11 – WWII: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, providing for the U.S. to provide Lend-Lease aid to the Allies. March 15 – Richard C. Hottelet is arrested by the Gestapo on "suspicion of espionage", but eventually released in July as part of a prisoner exchange with the U.S. March 16 – A group of U.S. warships arrives in Auckland, New Zealand, on a goodwill visit. On March 20, they arrive in Sydney, Australia. March 17 In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. British Minister of Labour Ernest Bevin calls for women to fill vital jobs. March 22 – Washington state's Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity. March 24 – WWII: Erwin Rommel launches his first offensive in Cyrenaica. Elements of the 5th Light Division advance to and take El Agheila, at the western limit of Allied territory. March 25 – WWII: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia joins the Axis powers in Vienna. March 27 – WWII: Battle of Cape Matapan: Off the Peloponnese coast in the Mediterranean, British naval forces defeat those of Italy, sinking 5 warships (the battle ends on March 29). Yugoslav coup d'état: An anti-Axis coup d'état in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia led by General Dušan Simović, Brigadier General Borivoje Mirković, Colonels Dragutin Savić and Stjepan Burazović, Colonel General Miodrag Lazić, Milorad Petrović and many other general officers (with British support) forces Prince Paul into exile; 17-year-old King Peter II assumes power following the coup and Simović is elected new Prime Minister of Yugoslavia. Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, to study the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, in preparation for a future attack. March 30 – WWII: All German, Italian and Danish ships anchored in United States waters are taken into "protective custody". A German Lorenz cipher machine operator sends a 4,000-character message twice, allowing British mathematician Bill Tutte to decipher the machine's coding mechanism. March 31 – WWII: Erwin Rommel orders the attack on Mersa Brega. Elements of the 5th Light Division capture the city, and the Western Desert Force falls back to Agedabia. April April Action 14f13, the gassing of "unfit" Nazi concentration camp prisoners, begins. The Valley of Geysers is discovered on the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia, by Tatyana Ustinova. April 1 – 1941 Iraqi coup d'état: A military coup, launched by Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani, overthrows the pro-British regime in Iraq. April 4 – WWII: Axis forces recapture Benghazi. April 6 – WWII: Invasion of Yugoslavia and Battle of Greece begin with German advances. April 7 – WWII: The Italian armored division Ariete captures the British garrison at Mechili. April 9 – The U.S. acquires full military defense rights in Greenland. April 10 – WWII: U.S. destroyer , while picking up survivors from a sunken Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German U-boat (the first "shot in anger" fired by America against Germany). The Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of the Axis powers, is established with Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić as head (Poglavnik) of the government. Siege of Tobruk: The 5th Light Division and the Italian 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" attack Tobruk, but are repulsed by the Australian garrison. April 12 – WWII: German troops enter Belgrade. April 13 – The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact is signed. April 15 – WWII: Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass, on the Libyan-Egyptian frontier. April 18 – WWII: The Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates. Greek Prime Minister Alexandros Koryzis commits suicide as German troops approach Athens. April 19 – Bertolt Brecht's anti-war play Mother Courage and Her Children () receives its first theatrical production, at the Schauspielhaus Zürich. April 21 – WWII: Battle of Greece: Greece capitulates to Germany. Commonwealth troops and some elements of the Greek Army withdraw to Crete. April 23 – The America First Committee holds its first mass rally in New York City, with Charles Lindbergh as keynote speaker. April 25 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, criticizes Lindbergh by comparing him to the Copperheads of the Civil War period. In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on April 28. April 27 – WWII: German troops enter Athens. April 28 – World War II persecution of Serbs: Gudovac massacre – Members of the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement kill around 190 Bjelovar Serbs in the village of Gudovac in the Independent State of Croatia. May May 1 Orson Welles' film Citizen Kane premieres in New York City. The first Defense Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on sale in the United States, to help fund the greatly increased production of military equipment. May 2 – Anglo-Iraqi War: British combat operations against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq begin. May 5 – WWII: Emperor Haile Selassie enters Addis Ababa, which has been liberated from Italian forces; this date is subsequently commemorated as Liberation Day in Ethiopia. May 5/May 12 – WWII: Operation Tiger and Splice: A British convoy (supported by HMS Renown and HMS Ark Royal) sails from Gibraltar to Alexandria, combined with a supply run for Malta by six destroyers of Force H. May 6 – At California's March Field, entertainer Bob Hope performs his first USO Show. May 8 – WWII: The German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin is sunk by in the Indian Ocean; 555 are killed. May 9 – WWII: The is captured by the British Royal Navy. Onboard is the latest Enigma cryptography machine, which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages. May 10 WWII: The British House of Commons is damaged by the Luftwaffe, in an air raid. WWII: Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland, claiming to be on a peace mission. May 11/May 12 – WWII: The Ustaše massacre 260–373 Serb men in a Catholic church in Glina, Croatia, where the men had assembled to be received into the Catholic faith, in exchange for their lives. May 12 – Konrad Zuse presents the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer, in Berlin. May 13 – WWII: Yugoslav General Draža Mihailović and a group of 80 soldiers and officers cross the Drina river in Bosnia and Herzegovina, arrive at Ravna Gora, in western Nazi-occupied Serbia and start fighting with German occupation troops. May 15 The first British jet aircraft, the Gloster E.28/39, is flown. Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak in baseball begins, as the New York Yankees' center fielder goes 1 for 4 against Chicago White Sox Pitcher Eddie Smith. May 19 – The Viet Minh is formed at Pác Bó in Vietnam to overthrow French rule of the nation, as an alliance between the Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the Nationalist party. It will become the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. May 20 – WWII: The Battle of Crete begins, as Germany launches an airborne invasion of Crete, the first mainly airborne invasion in military history. May 21 – The sinks the U.S.-flagged off the west African coast, having allowed the passengers and crew to disembark. May 24 WWII: In the North Atlantic, The German battleship Bismarck sinks battlecruiser , killing all but 3 crewmen from a total of 1,418 aboard the pride of the Royal Navy. WWII: The British submarine torpedoes and sinks Italian ocean liner . May 26 WWII: Operation Skorpion: Erwin Rommel begins a counter-attack on the British positions at Halfaya Pass, which is captured during Operation Brevity (15–16 May). WWII: In the North Atlantic, Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the carrier cripple the steering of the Bismarck in an aerial torpedo attack. May 27 WWII: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, proclaims an "unlimited national emergency." WWII: The Bismarck is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing 2,300. It is eventually found in 1989. The Swiss Socialist Federation is banned. May 29 – The Disney animators' strike occurs, due to Walt Disney refusing to recognize his animators and their low pay. May 30 – WWII: Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas tear down the Nazi swastika on the Acropolis in Athens and replace it with the Greek flag. May 31 – Anglo-Iraqi War: British troops complete the re-occupation of the Kingdom of Iraq, returning Prince 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II. June June – WWII: German forces begin occupation of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. June 1 – WWII: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete surrenders to invading German forces. June 5 Second Sino-Japanese War: Four thousand Chongqing residents are asphyxiated in a bomb shelter during the Bombing of Chongqing. Smederevo Fortress explosion: A Serbian ammunition depot explodes at Smederevo on the outskirts of Belgrade, Serbia, killing 2,500 and injuring over 4,500. June 6 – WWII: The Commissar Order is issued by Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, requiring all Soviet political commissars identified in Operation Barbarossa among captured forces to receive summary execution. June 8 – WWII: British and Free French forces invade Syria, opening the Allies' Syria–Lebanon campaign against Vichy French possessions in the Levant. June 12 – Winston Churchill unites the heads of invaded countries to pledge unity against Hitler. June 13 – TASS, the official Soviet news agency, denies reports of tension between Germany and the Soviet Union. June 14 June deportation: Soviet officials deport about 65,000 people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Siberia. All German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen. June 15 – WWII: Operation Battleaxe: The Western Desert Force starts an offensive to raise the Siege of Tobruk and recapture eastern Cyrenaica from German and Italian forces. June 16 All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed, and their staffs to leave the country by July 10. WWII: British Fleet Air Arm aircraft sink the Vichy French ship Chevalier Paul. June 18 – The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship is signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey, in Ankara. June 20 The United States Army Air Corps becomes the United States Army Air Forces, with the earlier name reserved solely for the new USAAF's logistics and training elements. Walt Disney's live-action/animated feature The Reluctant Dragon is released. June 22 WWII: Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union. Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast: "Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe." Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union. WWII: The First Sisak Partisan Brigade, the first anti-fascist armed unit in occupied Europe, is founded by Yugoslav partisans near Sisak, Croatia. June Uprising in Lithuania: A Provisional Government of Lithuania is established by the Lithuanian Activist Front, in an attempt to liberate Lithuania from Soviet occupation. Rapid escalation of the Holocaust in Lithuania: Between now and the end of the year, an estimated 190,000-195,000 out of 210,000 Lithuanian Jews will be massacred, killing an estimated 95% of the nation's Jewish population. Rapid Vienna beats Schalke 04, in the final of the German Fottballchampionship, after 0:3 with 4:3. June 23 – WWII: Hungary and Slovakia declare war on the Soviet Union. June 24 The Soviet Information Bureau, the predecessor of RIA Novosti, is founded. Rainiai massacre: Approximately 80 political prisoners are killed by the NKVD in Lithuania. June 25 – WWII: Finland (as a co-belligerent with Germany) attacks the Soviet Union, to start the Continuation War. June 28 WWII: German forces are advanced 1/3 of the way from the border to Moscow. The 29th Motorized Division is diverted to the German 4th Army under General Günther von Kluge to isolate the Soviet formations at Minsk, Smolensk and Bryansk. WWII: Albania declares war on the Soviet Union. June 28–30 – Holocaust: The Iași pogrom takes place, killing "at least 13,266" Romanian Jews. June 29 – WWII: Hitler's second-in-command, Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring, is appointed as Hitler's successor in a written decree. The decree will come into effect, should Hitler die in the middle of the war. (The decree becomes void in April 1945, after Göring tries to assume power while Hitler is still alive, leading to Göring's expulsion from the Nazi Party.) July July – The British Army's Special Air Service is formed. July 1 Commercial television is authorized by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States. NBC Television begins commercial operation on WNBT, on Channel 1. The world's first legal TV commercial, for Bulova watches, occurs at 2:29 PM over WNBT, before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The 10-second spot displays a picture of a clock superimposed on a map of the United States, accompanied by the voice-over "America runs on Bulova time." As a one-off special, the first quiz show called "Uncle Bee" is telecast on WNBT's inaugural broadcast day, followed later the same day by Ralph Edwards hosting the second game show broadcast on U.S. television, Truth or Consequences, as simulcast on radio and TV and sponsored by Ivory Soap. Weekly broadcasts of the show commence in 1956, with Bob Barker. CBS Television begins commercial operation on New York station WCBW (modern-day WCBS-TV), on Channel 2. WWII: German forces capture Riga. Germany and Italy recognize the Japanese-sponsored Chinese reorganized national government under Wang Jingwei as the legitimate government of China. July 2 – WWII: The Empire of Japan calls up 1 million men for military service. The Romanian 3rd and 4th armies and the German 11th Army under General Eugen Ritter von Schobert begin large scale attacks in the Soviet southern sector. These attacks make it urgent to relocate the factories of the Soviet Union. The arrival of SS Einsatzkommando 9 in Vilnius (Lithuania, within Reichskommissariat Ostland) begins the Ponary massacre, the systematic murder of up to 100,000 Jews and others over the next three years, many by Ypatingasis būrys and other Lithuanian collaborators. July 3 – WWII: Joseph Stalin, in his first address since the German invasion, calls upon the Soviet people to carry out a "scorched earth" policy of resistance to the bitter end. July 4 – A massacre of Polish scientists and writers is committed by Nazi German troops, in the occupied Polish city of Lwów. July 5 – WWII: Operation Barbarossa: German troops reach the Dnieper River. British troopship is torpedoed and sunk by in the Atlantic Ocean, with the loss of around 250 out of about 1,310 on board. July 5–31: War is fought between Peru and Ecuador. July 7 Uprising in Serbia: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia raises an uprising against the Nazi occupation, beginning when Žikica Jovanović Španac kill two gendarmes in the village of Bela Crkva, WWII: American forces take over the defense of Iceland from the British. July 10 – The Holocaust: Jedwabne pogrom: Local ethnic Poles massacre at least 340 Jewish residents of Jedwabne, in occupied Poland. The Jewish residents are locked in a barn and the barn set on fire July 11 – The Northern Rhodesian Labour Party holds its first congress in Nkana. July 13 – WWII: Russian forces of the Western Front under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko start a counter-offensive with the 21st Army under General Fyodor Kuznetsov (reinforced with the 67th Rifle Corps). They cross the Dnieper River on pontoon bridges and recapture Rahachow and Zhlobin, the first large towns to be retaken from the Germans since the start of the invasion. Other elements of the 21st attack the Germans in the rear toward Babruysk (some 80 kilometers behind the frontlines), and even take bridges over the Berezina River. An uprising in Montenegro against the Axis powers starts, the second popular uprising in Europe (the first being the "February strike" of February 25 (see February 1941) in the Netherlands). Clemens August Graf von Galen, Catholic Bishop of Münster in Germany, preaches the first of 3 sermons against Nazi brutality. July 14 – WWII: Vichy France signs armistice terms ending all fighting in Syria and Lebanon, concluding the Allies' Syria–Lebanon campaign. July 15 – WWII: Russian forces of the 21st Mechanized Corps counterattack the Germans east of Pskov and surround most of the 8th Panzer Division. Although it does break out, it loses half of its armor (some 70 tanks). July 16 – The 29th Motorized Division fights its way into Smolensk. The Germans have created a "cauldron", a pocket full of Soviet forces, with the panzer spearheads that will try to seal them off. The Smolensk cauldron contains some 25 Soviet divisions. July 17 – Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak ends. July 19 – The Tom and Jerry cartoon short The Midnight Snack is released; it is the second appearance for the duo and the first in which they are officially named. July 20 – WWII: A BBC radio broadcast by "Colonel Britton" (Douglas Ritchie) calls on the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis, under the slogan "V for Victory". July 23 – WWII: Italian aircraft damage the British destroyer which has to be sunk. July 25 – Postal codes are introduced in Germany. July 26 – WWII: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States. General Douglas MacArthur is named commander of all U.S. forces in the Philippines; the Philippines Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt. July 29 – The Vichy Regime signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint Military Cooperation with the Empire of Japan, giving the Japanese a total of 8 airfields, allowing them greater troop presence, and the use of the Indochinese financial system, in return for continued French autonomy. July 30 – WWII: German forces of the 2nd Panzer Army led by General Heinz Guderian launch a delaying action to the south. Guderian argues with General Franz Halder, chief-of-staff of the Army High Command (OKH), in favor of an all-out drive towards Moscow. Glina massacre of July–August 1941 – The Ustaše brutally kill 200 Serbs inside a Serbian Orthodox church in Glina, Croatia, with a total of 700–1,200 being killed in the area of the next few days. July 31 – WWII: The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question." August August – The Political Warfare Executive is formed in the United Kingdom to disseminate propaganda to Germany and its occupied countries. August 1 – The Willys MB U.S. Army Jeep is first produced. August 2 – WWII: German forces of the 1st Panzer Army under General Ewald von Kleist break through the Soviet defenses at Uman and outflank the 6th Army and 12th Army from the north, while the German 17th Army under General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel has also broken through in a two-pronged advance, one to the north to meet up with von Kleist and one towards the Black Sea. August 5 – WWII: Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, commander of Army Group Centre, declares the encirclement at Smolensk over. The German forces have taken some 300,000 prisoners. The Provisional Government of Lithuania is dissolved. August 6 – Six-year-old Elaine Esposito goes to have an appendix operation in Florida and lapses into a coma, dying 37 years later, still comatose. August 7 – WWII: British submarine sinks an Italian Marconi-class submarine. August 8 – German forces encircle and annihilate the Soviet 6th Army and 12th Army during the battle of Uman, capturing some 100,000 prisoners. August 9 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet on board ship at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter (released August 14), setting goals for postwar international cooperation, is created as a result. August 16 The Holocaust: Units of the Wehrmacht and the Einsatzgruppen (as part of Operation Barbarossa) start killing Jewish children, signalling the start of the Jewish Genocide. Royal Navy Signals School and Combined Signals School opens at Leydene, near Petersfield, Hampshire, England. August 19 – The Tiraspol Agreement is signed between Germany and Romania. August 21 – In revenge for the execution two days earlier of French Resistance member Samuel Tyszelman, communist activist Pierre Georges (with others) shoots and kills a member of the German military in occupied Paris, initiating a cycle of assassinations and retribution that will claim hundreds of lives. August 25 – WWII: Operation Gauntlet: British, Canadian and Norwegian commando's raid Spitzbergen, up near the North Pole, and destroy stores of coal, oil reserves and mining machinery. The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and oilfields begin. August 27 – WWII: Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre, 23,600 Jews are shot dead by Einsatzgruppen troops and local collaborators in Ukraine. August 28 – WWII: Soviet evacuation of Tallinn – German troops capture Tallinn, Estonia from the Soviet Union, while attacks on the evacuating Soviet ships leave more than 12,000 dead in one of the bloodiest naval battles of the war. German forces will capture the entire Estonian territory by December 6. August 29 WWII: The Government of National Salvation, a Serb puppet state of the Axis powers, is established by General Milan Nedić in Nazi-occupied Serbia in Belgrade, under military commander Heinrich Danckelmann; the regime includes 15 Ministers. Robert Menzies resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after losing the support of his party. He will not return to the Prime Ministership until 1949. Arthur Fadden, leader of the Country Party, consequently becomes Prime Minister, while former Prime Minister Billy Hughes replaces Menzies as UAP leader. August 30 German troopship Bahia Laura is sunk by ; 450 are killed. Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement. August 31 WWII (Uprising in Serbia): Battle of Loznica: Chetniks capture the town of Loznica, in Nazi-occupied Serbia. The Great Gildersleeve debuts on NBC Radio in the United States. September September 3 – The Holocaust: SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Fritzsch first uses the pesticide Zyklon B, to execute Soviet prisoners of war en masse at Auschwitz concentration camp; eventually it will be used to kill about 1.2 million people. September 5 – Citizen Kane is released. September 6 – The Holocaust: The requirement to wear the Star of David, with the word "Jew" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas. September 8 – WWII: Siege of Leningrad: German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Germans deported to Siberia. Yelnya offensive: Russian forces of the 24th Army under General Konstantin Rakutin break the German front line near Yelnya and drives the 4th Army back across the Desna River for 25 kilometers. Finally, the offensive is halted at a new German defense line. The Russians lose over 30,000 casualties from a force of some 100,000 men. September 10 – WWII: German forces of the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist begin breaking out of the Dnieper bridgehead at Kremenchug. The 16th Panzer Division carves a wedge of some 20 kilometers wide between the Soviet 6th Army and 38th Army. September 11 WWII: Charles Lindbergh, at an America First Committee rally in Des Moines, Iowa, accuses "the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administration" of leading the United States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows. The Medvedev Forest massacre of political prisoners takes place, at the Oryol Prison in the Soviet Union. September 12 WWII: The first snowfall is reported on the Russian front. Construction on The Pentagon begins in Washington, D.C. Franklin Roosevelt gives one of his fireside chats, on the USS Greer incident. September 14 – The State of Vermont "declares war" on Germany, by defining the United States to be in "armed conflict", in order to extend a wartime bonus to Vermonters in the service. September 15 – The Estonian Self-Administration, headed by Hjalmar Mäe, is appointed by the German military administration. September 16 – Rezā Shāh of Iran is forced to resign in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, concluding the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. September 16–30 – The Nikolaev massacre takes place in Mykolaiv (Soviet Union); 35,782 men, women and children; mostly Jews, are killed by Einsatzgruppe D and local collaborators. September 19 – WWII: Battle of Kiev: German forces take Kiev, the encirclement battle continues. The German high command (OKH) claims to have captured 600,000 soldiers (up to 665,000). September 22 – WWII: The town of Reshetylivka in the Soviet Union is occupied by German forces. September 23 – The 1941 Texas hurricane makes landfall near Bay City, Texas, causing extensive damage and flooding in Galveston and Houston. September 27 WWII: The National Liberation Front (Greece) (the main Greek Resistance movement) is established, and Georgios Siantos is appointed its first acting leader. The first liberty ship, the , is launched at Baltimore. September 28 – WWII: The Drama Uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins. September 29 – WWII: The Moscow Conference begins; U.S. representative Averell Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, to arrange urgent assistance for Russia. Convoy PQ 1 leaves Iceland for Archangelsk. The convoy consists of 11 merchant ships loaded with raw materials, 20 tanks and 193 crated Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft. September 29–30 – The Holocaust: Babi Yar massacre – German troops, assisted by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, kill 33,771 Jews in Kiev. October October Classic Comics series is launched in the United States, with a version of The Three Musketeers. Mid-October – The first P-38E Lightning fighter is produced by Lockheed in the United States. October 1 The Holocaust: The Nazi German Majdanek concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Lublin) opens in occupied Poland, on the outskirts of the town of Lublin. Between October 1941 and July 1944, at least 200,000 people will be killed in the camp. The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy becomes the Royal New Zealand Navy. October 2 – WWII: Operation Typhoon begins, as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow. October 2 – Tudeh Party of Iran is founded. October 5 – The Holocaust: In Berdychiv, 20–30,000 Jews are shot dead. October 6 – WWII: Battle of Moscow: German forces of the 17th Panzer Division (with some 30 serviceable tanks) under General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim takes Bryansk and the bridges across the Desna. October 7 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, following the defeat of Arthur Fadden's Country/UAP Coalition Government, on the floor of the House of Representatives. October 8 – WWII: On the Western Front, Russian forces (16th Army, 19th Army, 20th Army and the 24th Army) are encircled near Vyazma. In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov, with the capture of Mariupol. October 11 – WWII: Armed insurgents from the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia attack Axis-occupied zones in the city of Prilep, beginning the National Liberation War of Macedonia. October 11–12 – Fire destroys a Firestone Tire and Rubber Company plant in Fall River, Massachusetts, consuming 15,850 tons of rubber, and causing a setback to the United States war effort. October 13 – The Holocaust: Heinrich Himmler instructs SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik to begin construction of Bełżec, the first of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps. October 15 – WWII: British submarine bombards the port of Apollonia, Cyrenaica in Italian Libya. October 16 – WWII: The Soviet government moves to Kuibyshev (modern Samara), but Stalin remains in Moscow. October 17 – WWII: Destroyer is torpedoed and damaged near Iceland, killing 11 sailors (the first American military casualties of the war, in which the US is at this time neutral). October 18 – General Hideki Tōjō becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan. October 18 – Film The Maltese Falcon is released in the United States, starring Humphrey Bogart, directed by John Huston. October 21 – WWII: Kragujevac massacre – German soldiers and local auxiliaries massacre more than 2,000 civilian men at Kragujevac, in Nazi-occupied Serbia. October 23 – Walt Disney's fourth animated film Dumbo is released in the United States. October 25 – WWII: German fighter pilot Franz von Werra disappears during a flight over the North Sea. October 29 – The Holocaust: Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941 – Over 9,200 Lithuanian Jews are shot dead. October 30 – WWII: Siege of Sevastopol: German forces of the 11th Army (part of Army Group South) begin the siege of Sevastopol. Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union. The Holocaust: 1,500 Jews from Pidhaitsi (in western Ukraine) are sent by the Nazis to the Bełżec extermination camp. October 31 WWII: Destroyer , on convoy escort, is accidentally torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors. The carving of Mount Rushmore in South Dakota is completed. November November 5 – WWII: The United States holds peace talks with Japan. November 6 – WWII: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet |
Yuan Dynasty. 1290s 1290: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England. 1291: The Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms. 1291: Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades). 1292: Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom. 1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri. 1292: King Mangrai founds the Lanna kingdom. 1293: Mongol invasion of Java, Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, repelling Mongol forces. 1293: On 10 November, the coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java. 1296: First War of Scottish Independence begins. 1297: Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein. 1299: Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I. 1300 1300: Islam is thought to have become established in the Aceh region. 1300: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama. 1300: The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku. 1300: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Timeline of historic inventions#13th century Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut, during the Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music. Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books. Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century. Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298. The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare. The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world. Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London. 1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy. Late 13th century – Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Late 13th century – Descent of the Amida Trinity, raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century. See also Christianity in the 13th century References External links 2nd millennium Centuries | America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to being equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century London. In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco begins. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reaches its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom are founded. In the history of Maya civilizations, the 13th century marks the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. In the periodization of Precolumbian Peru, the 13th century is part of the Late Intermediate Period. Events 1200s 1200: Construction begins on the Grand Village of the Natchez near Natchez, Mississippi. This ceremonial center for the Natchez people is occupied and built upon until the early 17th century. 1202: Introduction of Liber Abaci by Fibonacci. 1202: Battle of Basian occurs on July 27, between Kingdom of Georgia and Seljuks. 1202: Battle of Mirebeau occurs on August 1, between Arthur I of Brittany and John of England. 1204: Islamization of Bengal by Bakhtiyar Khalji and oppression of Buddhism in East India. 1204: Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204 captures Zadar for Venice and sacks Byzantine Constantinople, creating the Latin Empire. 1204: Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to the French King, Philip Augustus, end of Norman domination of France. 1205: The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. 1206: Genghis Khan is declared Great Khan of the Mongols. 1209: Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan Order. 1210s 1212: The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia marks the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, mainly from 1230–1248, with the defeat of Moorish forces. 1213: The Kingdom of France defeats the Crown of Aragon at the Battle of Muret. 1214: France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the Battle of Bouvines. 1215: King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede. 1216: Battle of Lipitsa between Russian principalities. 1217–1221: Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta; ultimately the Crusaders withdraw. 1220s C. 1220: The Kingdom of Mapungubwe dissolves 1220: The Kingdom of Zimbabwe begins 1221: Venice signs a trade treaty with the Mongol Empire. 1222: Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility. 1223: The Signoria, of the Republic of Venice is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia. 1223: The Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River. 1223: Volga Bulgaria defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the Battle of |
called the United States. June 28 – Princess Wilhelmina of Orange, sister of King Frederick William II of Prussia, is captured by Dutch Republican patriots, taken to Goejanverwellesluis and not allowed to travel to The Hague. July–September July 13 – The Congress of the Confederation enacts the Northwest Ordinance, establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory (the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin). It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states, and limits the expansion of slavery. July 18 – The United States ratifies its first treaty with the Sultanate of Morocco. August 9 – South Carolina cedes to the United States its claims to a 12-mile wide strip of land that runs across northern Alabama and Mississippi. August 27 – Launching a steam powered craft on the Delaware River, John Fitch demonstrates the first U.S. patent for his design. September 13 – Prussian troops invade the Dutch Republic. Within a few weeks 40,000 Patriots (out of a population of 2,000,000) go into exile in France (and learn from observation the ideals of the French Revolution). September 17 – The United States Constitution is signed by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. September 24 – Washington Academy (later Washington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. October–December October 1 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) – Battle of Kinburn: Alexander Suvorov, though sustaining a wound, routs the Turks. October 27 – The first of The Federalist Papers, a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, is published in The Independent Journal, a New York newspaper. October 29 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni (libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte) premieres in the Estates Theatre in Prague. November 1 – The first secondary education school open to girls in Sweden, Societetsskolan, is founded in Gothenburg. November 21 – Treaty of Versailles (1787) signed, forming an alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, future Emperor of Vietnam. December 3 – James Rumsey demonstrates his water-jet propelled boat on the Potomac River. December 7 – Delaware ratifies the Constitution, and becomes the first U.S. state. December 8 – La Purisima Mission is founded by Padre Fermín Lasuén as the eleventh of the Spanish missions in California. December 12 – Pennsylvania becomes the second U.S. state. December 18 – New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state. December 23 – Captain William Bligh sets sail from England for Tahiti, in . Date unknown Caroline Herschel is granted an annual salary of £50, by King George III of Great Britain, for acting as assistant to her brother William in astronomy. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Waynesborough, and designates it the seat for Wayne County, North Carolina. Antoine Lavoisier is the first to suggest that silica is an oxide of a hitherto unknown metallic chemical element, later isolated and named silicon. Freed slave Ottobah Cugoano publishes Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species in England. J. Cl. Todes Døtreskole, the first serious school for girls in Denmark, is founded. A fossil bone is recovered from Cretaceous strata at Woodbury, New Jersey is discussed by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Births January 1 – Manuel José Arce, Revolutionary General and first President of The Federal Republic of Central America (d. 1847) February 10 – William Bradley, Britain's tallest man ever at 7 ft 9 in. (d. 1820) February 17 – George Mogridge (Old Humphrey), English writer, poet (d. 1854) February 23 – Emma Willard, American educator (d. 1870) March 6 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German optician (d. 1826) March 7 – George Bethune English, American explorer, writer (d. 1828) March 9 - Josephine Kablick, Czech botanist, paleontologist (d. 1863) March 10 – Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1862) March 11 – Ivan Nabokov, Russian General (d. 1852) April 26 – Ludwig Uhland, German poet (d. 1862) May 25 – José María Bocanegra, 3rd President of Mexico (d. 1862) June 28 – Sir Harry Smith, English soldier, military commander (d. 1860) July 28 – Pedro Vélez, Mexican politician (d. 1848) August 24 – James Weddell, British sailor known for discovering the Weddell Sea (d. 1834) September 5 – François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist, geologist (d. 1850) October 4, – François Guizot, Prime Minister of France (d. 1874) November 4 – Edmund Kean, English actor (d. 1833) November 7 Carl Carl, Polish-born actor and theatre director (d. 1854) Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Serbian linguist, | eleventh of the Spanish missions in California. December 12 – Pennsylvania becomes the second U.S. state. December 18 – New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state. December 23 – Captain William Bligh sets sail from England for Tahiti, in . Date unknown Caroline Herschel is granted an annual salary of £50, by King George III of Great Britain, for acting as assistant to her brother William in astronomy. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Waynesborough, and designates it the seat for Wayne County, North Carolina. Antoine Lavoisier is the first to suggest that silica is an oxide of a hitherto unknown metallic chemical element, later isolated and named silicon. Freed slave Ottobah Cugoano publishes Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species in England. J. Cl. Todes Døtreskole, the first serious school for girls in Denmark, is founded. A fossil bone is recovered from Cretaceous strata at Woodbury, New Jersey is discussed by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Births January 1 – Manuel José Arce, Revolutionary General and first President of The Federal Republic of Central America (d. 1847) February 10 – William Bradley, Britain's tallest man ever at 7 ft 9 in. (d. 1820) February 17 – George Mogridge (Old Humphrey), English writer, poet (d. 1854) February 23 – Emma Willard, American educator (d. 1870) March 6 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German optician (d. 1826) March 7 – George Bethune English, American explorer, writer (d. 1828) March 9 - Josephine Kablick, Czech botanist, paleontologist (d. 1863) March 10 – Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1862) March 11 – Ivan Nabokov, Russian General (d. 1852) April 26 – Ludwig Uhland, German poet (d. 1862) May 25 – José María Bocanegra, 3rd President of Mexico (d. 1862) June 28 – Sir Harry Smith, English soldier, military commander (d. 1860) July 28 – Pedro Vélez, Mexican politician (d. 1848) August 24 – James Weddell, British sailor known for discovering the Weddell Sea (d. 1834) September 5 – François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist, geologist (d. 1850) October 4, – François Guizot, Prime Minister of France (d. 1874) November 4 – Edmund Kean, English actor (d. 1833) November 7 Carl Carl, Polish-born actor and theatre director (d. 1854) Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Serbian linguist, major reformer of the Serbian language (d. 1864) November 18 – Louis Daguerre, French artist, chemist (d. 1851) November 21 – Samuel Cunard, Canadian business, prominent Nova Scotian, founder of the Cunard Line (d. 1865) November 25 – Franz Xaver Gruber, Austrian composer (d. 1863) December 10 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator (d. 1851) December 11 – Macacha Güemes, Argentine heroine (d. 1866) December 16 – Mary Russell Mitford, English novelist, dramatist (d. 1855) December 17 – Jan Evangelista Purkyne, Czech anatomist, botanist (d. 1869) Date unknown Hugh Maxwell, Scottish-born American lawyer, politician (d. 1873) Juana Galán, Spanish heroine (d. 1812) Shaka, Zulu king (d. 1828) Deaths January 1 – Arthur Middleton, American politician (b. 1742) January 4 – Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, German prince (b. 1702) February 2 – Ignác Raab, Czech artist (b. 1715) February 5 – Hugh Farmer, British theologian (b. 1714) February 4 – Pompeo Batoni, Italian painter (b. 1708) February 13 Rudjer Boscovich, Croatian scientist, diplomat (b. 1711) Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, French statesman, diplomat (b. 1717) February 21 – Antonio Rodríguez de Hita, Spanish composer (b. 1722) February 28 – Princess Ulrike Friederike Wilhelmine of Hesse-Kassel, German princess (b. 1722) March 8 – Samuel Graves, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1713) March 22 – Charles de Fitz-James, Marshal of France (b. 1712) April 1 – Floyer Sydenham, English classical scholar (b. 1710) April 2 – Thomas Gage, British general (b. 1719) May 10 – William Watson, English physician, scientist (b. 1715) May 26 – Lord John Murray, British politician (b. 1711) May 28 – Leopold Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1719) May 31 – Felix of Nicosia, Cypriot Catholic saint (b. 1715) June 10 – La Caramba (Maria Antonia Fernandez), Spanish flamenco singer and dancer (b. 1751) June 14 – Johann Georg Dominicus von Linprun, German scientist (b. 1714) June 17 – José de Gálvez, Spanish politician (b. 1720) June 20 – Carl Friedrich Abel, German composer (b. 1723) July 4 – Charles, Prince of Soubise, Marshal of France (b. 1715) July 25 – Arthur Devis, British artist (b. 1712) August 1 – Alphonsus Liguori, Italian founder of the Redemptorist Order (b. 1696) August 7 – Francis Blackburne, English Anglican churchman, activist (b. 1705) August 13 – Marc Antoine René de Voyer, French noble (b. 1722) August 16 – John Ponsonby (politician), Irish politician (b. 1713) September 7 – Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Liria and Jérica, Spanish duke (b. 1752) October 7 – Henry Muhlenberg, German-born founder of the U.S. Lutheran Church (b. |
another night of protests against the poll tax. Newfoundland Premier Clyde Wells confirms he will rescind Newfoundland's approval of the Meech Lake Accord. March 10 – Prosper Avril is ousted in a coup in Haiti, eighteen months after seizing power. March 11 – Singing Revolution: The Lithuanian SSR declares independence from the Soviet Union with the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania March 11–13 – The March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak produces 64 tornadoes across six US states, including four violent F4/F5 tornadoes. The outbreak leaves 2 dead, 89 injured, and causes over $500 million in damages. March 12 – Cold War: Soviet soldiers begin leaving Hungary under terms of an agreement to withdraw all Soviet troops by June 1. March 13 – The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union approves changes to the Constitution of the Soviet Union to create a strong U.S.-style presidency. Mikhail Gorbachev is elected to a five-year term as the first-ever President of the Soviet Union on March 15. March 15 Iraq hangs British journalist Farzad Bazoft for spying. Daphne Parish, a British nurse, is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment as an accomplice. Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first executive president of the Soviet Union. Singing Revolution: The Soviet Union announces that Lithuania's declaration of independence is invalid. Fernando Collor de Mello takes office as President of Brazil, Brazil's first democratically elected president since Jânio Quadros in 1961. The next day, he announces a currency freeze and freezes large bank accounts for 18 months. March 18 Twelve paintings and a Shang dynasty vase, collectively worth $100 to $300 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts by two thieves posing as police officers. This is the largest art theft in US history, and the paintings () have not been recovered. Cold War: East Germany holds its first free elections. March 20 – Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering. March 21 – After 75 years of South African rule since World War I, Namibia becomes independent. March 24 – 1990 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor Government is re-elected with a reduced majority, narrowly defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by Andrew Peacock. March 25 In New York City, a fire due to arson at an illegal social club called "Happy Land" kills 87. Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie announces his intention to retire at the end of the year. In the Hungarian parliamentary election, Hungary's first multiparty election since 1948, the Hungarian Democratic Forum wins the most seats. March 26 – The 62nd Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, with Driving Miss Daisy winning Best Picture. March 27 – The United States begins broadcasting Radio y Televisión Martí to Cuba. March 28 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal. March 30 – Singing Revolution: After its first free elections on March 18, the Estonian SSR declares the Soviet rule to have been illegal since 1940 and declares a transition period for full independence. March 31 – "The Second Battle of Trafalgar": A massive anti-poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square, London, turns into a riot; 471 people are injured, and 341 are arrested. April April 1 The Community Charge (poll tax) takes effect in England and Wales amid widespread protests Strangeways Prison riot: The longest prison riot in Britain's history begins at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, and continues for 3 weeks and 3 days, until April 25. The 1990 United States Census begins. There are 248,709,873 residents in the U.S. April 6 – Robert Mapplethorpe's "The Perfect Moment" show of nude and homoerotic photographs opens at the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, in spite of accusations of indecency by Citizens for Community Values. April 7 Iran–Contra affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of 5 charges for his part in the scandal; the convictions are later reversed on appeal. Scandinavian Star, a Bahamas-registered ferry, catches fire en route from Norway to Denmark, leaving 158 dead. April 8 In Nepal, Birendra of Nepal lifts a ban on political parties following violent protests. In the Greek legislative election, the conservative New Democracy wins the most seats in the Hellenic Parliament; its leader, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, becomes Prime Minister of Greece on April 11. In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia holds Yugoslavia's first multiparty election since 1938. After the election, a center-right coalition led by Lojze Peterle forms Yugoslavia's first non-Communist government since 1945. April 9 – Comet Austin, the brightest comet visible from Earth since 1975, makes its closest approach to the sun. April 12 – Lothar de Maizière becomes prime minister of East Germany, heading a conservative coalition that favors German reunification. April 13 – Cold War: The Soviet Union apologizes for the Katyn massacre. April 14 – Junk bond financier Michael Milken pleaded guilty to fraud-related charges. He agreed to pay US$500 million in restitution and was sentenced on November 21 to 10 years in jail. April 20 – 17-year-old Christopher Kerze goes missing in Eagan, Minnesota. He remains missing . April 21 – Japanese Yoshio Tani, M.Sc murders gold merchant Turkka Elovirta and businessman Juhani Komulainen in Siuntio, Finland, having convinced them to buy a nonexistent 500 kilogram stash of Nazi gold. April 22 Lebanon hostage crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release American educator Robert Polhill, who had been held hostage since January 1987. Earth Day 20 is celebrated by millions worldwide. April 24 Cold War: West Germany and East Germany agree to merge currency and economies on July 1. STS-31: The Hubble Space Telescope is launched aboard Space Shuttle Discovery. President of Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko lifts a 20-year ban on opposition parties. April 25 – Violeta Chamorro is sworn in as President of Nicaragua, the first woman elected (February 25) in her own right as a head of state in the Americas. April 30 – Lebanon hostage crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release American educator Frank H. Reed, who had been held hostage since September 1986. May May 1 – The former Episcopal Church in the Philippines (supervised by the Episcopal Church of the United States of America) is granted full autonomy and raised to the state of an Autocephalous Anglican province and renamed the Episcopal Church of the Philippines. May 2 – In London, a man brandishing a knife robs a courier of bearer bonds worth £292 million (the second largest mugging to date). May 2–4 – First talks between the government of South Africa and the African National Congress. May 4 – Singing Revolution: The Latvian SSR declares independence from the Soviet Union. May 6–13 – Pope John Paul II visits Mexico. May 8 Singing Revolution: The Estonian SSR restores the formal name of the country, the Republic of Estonia, as well as other national emblems (the coat of arms, the flag and the anthem). Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier assumes office as President of Costa Rica. May 9 – In South Korea, police battle anti-government protesters in Seoul and two other cities. May 12 – Jeanne Calment surpasses Augusta Holtz to become the oldest verified person ever. May 13 In the Philippines, gunmen kill two United States Air Force airmen near Clark Air Base on the eve of talks between the Philippines and the United States over the future of American military bases in the Philippines. The Dinamo–Red Star riot took place at Maksimir Stadium in Zagreb, Croatia between the Bad Blue Boys (fans of Dinamo Zagreb) and the Delije (fans of Red Star Belgrade). May 15 Singing Revolution: The pro-Soviet Intermovement attempts to take power in Tallinn, Estonia, but are forced down by local Estonians. Portrait of Dr. Gachet by Vincent van Gogh is sold for a record $82.5 million. May 17 – The World Health Organization removes homosexuality from its list of diseases. May 18 – German reunification: East Germany and West Germany sign a treaty to merge their economic and social systems, effective July 1. May 19 – The US and the USSR agree to end production of chemical weapons and to destroy most of their stockpiles of chemical weapons. May 20 – Cold War: The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania. May 21 – In Kashmir, a Kashmiri Islamic leader is assassinated and Indian security forces open fire on mourners carrying his body, killing at least 47 people. May 22 Cold War: The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen. May 27 In the Burmese general election, Burma's first multiparty election in 30 years, the National League for Democracy led by Aung San Suu Kyi wins in a landslide, but the State Law and Order Restoration Council nullifies the election results. In the Colombian presidential election, César Gaviria is elected President of Colombia; he takes office on August 7. May 29 Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Ottawa for a 29-hour visit. Boris Yeltsin is elected as the first ever elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) founded. May 30 – George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev begin a four-day summit meeting in Washington, D.C. June June – Joanne Rowling gets the idea for Harry Potter while on a train from Manchester to London Euston railway station. She begins writing Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone which will be completed in 1995 and published in 1997. June 1 Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks. Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army shoot and kill Major Michael Dillon-Lee and Private William Robert Davies of the British Army. Dillon-Lee is killed outside his home in Dortmund, Germany and Davies is killed at a railway station in Lichfield, England. June 2 – The Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak spawns 88 confirmed tornadoes in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, killing 12; 37 tornadoes occur in Indiana, eclipsing the previous record of 21 during the Super Outbreak of April 1974. June 4 – Violence breaks out in the Kirghiz SSR between the majority Kyrgyz people and minority Uzbeks over the distribution of homestead land. June 7 Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad is elected Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. June 8 The 1990 FIFA World Cup begins in Italy. This was the first broadcast of digital HDTV in history; Europe would not begin HDTV broadcasting en masse until 2004. Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Shamir ends 88 days with only an acting government by forming a coalition of right-wing and religious parties led by Shamir's Likud party. June 8–9 – In the Czechoslovakian parliamentary election, Czechoslovakia's first free election since 1946, the Civic Forum wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. June 9 – Mega Borg oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico near Galveston, Texas. June 10 Alberto Fujimori is elected President of Peru; he takes office on July 28. First round of the Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election sees the Bulgarian Socialist Party win a majority. The second round of voting is held June 17. June 11 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam massacre over 600 unarmed police officers in the Eastern Province. June 12 Cold War: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty. In the Algerian local elections, Algeria's first multiparty election since 1962, the Islamic Salvation Front wins control of more than half of municipalities and 32 of Algeria's 48 provinces. June 13 – Cold War – The destruction of the Berlin Wall by East Germany officially starts, 7 months after it was opened the previous November. June 13–15 – June 1990 Mineriad: Clashes break out in Bucharest between supporters and opponents of the ruling National Salvation Front. June 14 – 1990 Panay earthquake: An earthquake measuring struck Panay Island in the Philippines, killing 8 and injuring 41. June 15 – Dublin Regulation on treatment of applications for right of asylum under European Union law agreed (comes into force 1997). June 17–30 – Nelson Mandela tours North America, visiting 3 Canadian and 8 U.S. cities. June 19 – The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic holds its inaugural conference in Moscow. June 21 – The 7.4 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake affects northern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 35,000–50,000, and injuring 60,000–105,000. June 22 – Cold War: Checkpoint Charlie is dismantled. June 23 – In Canada, the Meech Lake Accord of 1987 dies after the Manitoba and Newfoundland legislatures fail to approve it ahead of the deadline. June 24 – Kathleen Margaret Brown and Irene Templeton are ordained as priests in St Anne's Cathedral in Belfast, becoming the first female Anglican priests in the United Kingdom. July July 1 – German reunification: East Germany and West Germany merge their economies, the West German Deutsche Mark becoming the official currency of the East also. The Inner German border (constructed 1945) also ceases to function. July 2 1990 Hajj stampede: A stampede in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca kills 1,426. A U.S. District Court acquits Imelda Marcos on racketeering and fraud charges. July 5 – In Kenya, riots erupt against the Kenya African National Union's monopoly on power. July 6 President of Bulgaria Petar Mladenov resigns over accusations that he ordered tanks to disperse anti-government protests in December 1989. Somali President Siad Barre's bodyguards massacre anti-government demonstrators during a soccer match; 65 people are killed, more than 300 seriously injured. July 7–8 – In tennis, Martina Navratilova of the United States wins the 1990 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles and Stefan Edberg of Sweden wins the 1990 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles. July 8 – 1990 FIFA World Cup Final (Association football): West Germany defeats Argentina 1–0 to win the 1990 FIFA World Cup. July 9–11 – The 16th G7 summit is held in Houston, Texas. July 11 – Terrorists blow up a passenger bus travelling from Kalbajar to Tartar in Azerbaijan. 14 people are killed, 35 wounded. July 12 – Foster v British Gas plc decided in the European Court of Justice, a leading case on the definition of the "state" under European law. July 13 – The Lenin Peak disaster occurs when an earthquake triggers an avalanche in the Pamir Mountains with the loss of 43 lives. July 16 – 1990 Luzon earthquake: An earthquake measuring kills more than 2,400 in the Philippines. July 22 – First round of the Mongolian legislative election, the first multiparty ever held in Mongolia; the Mongolian People's Party wins by a wide margin after the second round of voting on July 29. July 25 George Carey, Bishop of Bath and Wells, is named as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England. The Serb Democratic Party (Croatia) declares the sovereignty of the Serbs in Croatia. Roseanne Barr infamously sings "The Star-Spangled Banner" extremely poorly, causing controversy. July 26 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act, designed to protect disabled Americans from discrimination. July 27 The parliament building and a government television house in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago are stormed by the Jamaat al Muslimeen in a coup d'état attempt which lasts five days. Approximately 26 to 30 people are killed and several are wounded (including the prime minister, A. N. R. Robinson, who is shot in the leg). Cold War: Belarus declares its sovereignty, a key step toward independence from the Soviet Union. July 28 – Alberto Fujimori becomes president of Peru. July 30 – British politician and former Member of Parliament Ian Gow is assassinated by a Provisional Irish Republican Army car bomb outside his home in England. August August 1 The National Assembly of Bulgaria elects Zhelyu Zhelev as the first non-Communist President of Bulgaria in 40 years. RELCOM is created in the Soviet Union by combining several computer networks. Later in August, the Soviet Union got its first connection to the Internet. August 2 Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War. The first ban of smoking in bars in the US (and possibly the world) is passed in San Luis Obispo, California. August 6 Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait. President of Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto, accusing her of corruption and abuse of power. The South African government and ANC begin talks on ending Apartheid in South Africa. August 7 U.S. President Bush orders U.S. combat planes and troops to Saudi Arabia to prevent a possible attack by Iraq. Prime Minister of India V. P. Singh announces plan to reserve 49% of civil service jobs for lower-caste Hindus. The plan triggers riots, leaving at least 70 dead by September. August 8 Iraq announces its formal annexation of Kuwait. The government of Peru announces an austerity plan that results in huge increases in the price of food and gasoline. The plan sets off days of rioting and a national strike on August 21. August 10 Egypt, Syria, and 10 other Arab states vote to send military forces to Saudi Arabia to discourage an invasion from Iraq. A passenger bus, traveling along the route "Tbilisi-Agdam", is blown up; 20 people died and 30 were injured. The organizers of the crime were Armenians A. Avanesian and M. Tatevosian who were brought to criminal trial. August 12 In South Africa, fighting breaks out between the Xhosa people and the Zulu people; more than 500 people are killed by the end of August. "Sue", the best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex specimen ever found, is discovered near Faith, South Dakota by Sue Hendrickson. August 19 – Leonard Bernstein conducts his final concert, ending with Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. August 21 – Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone send peacekeepers to intervene in the First Liberian Civil War. August 22 – U.S. President Bush calls up U.S. military reservists for service in the Persian Gulf Crisis. August 23 – East Germany and West Germany announce they will unite on October 3. August 24 The Armenian SSR declares its independence from the Soviet Union. Northern Ireland writer Brian Keenan is released from Lebanon after being held hostage for nearly 5 years. Indonesian commercial television network SCTV was established as the nation's third television station after RCTI, and also debuted as local television channel in Surabaya. During its earlier days, SCTV was the rival for RCTI, the first commercial television network. SCTV began broadcasting nationwide from Jakarta by January 29, 1991. August 26 – In Sofia, protesters set fire to the headquarters of the governing Bulgarian Socialist Party. August 28 – The Plainfield Tornado (F5 on the Fujita scale) strikes the towns of Plainfield, Crest Hill, and Joliet, Illinois, killing 29 people (the strongest tornado to date to strike the Chicago metropolitan area). September September 1–10 – Pope John Paul II visits Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and Ivory Coast. September 2 – Cold War: Transnistria declares its independence from the Moldavian SSR; however, the declaration is not recognized by any government. September 4 – Geoffrey Palmer resigns as Prime Minister of New Zealand and is replaced by Mike Moore. September 4–6 – Premier of North Korea Yon Hyong-muk meets with President of South Korea Roh Tae-woo, the highest level contact between leaders of the two Koreas since 1945. September 5 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers massacre 158 civilians. September 6 – In Myanmar, the State Law and Order Restoration Council orders the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi and five other political dissidents. September 9 U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev meet in Helsinki to discuss the Persian Gulf crisis. First Liberian Civil War: Liberian president Samuel Doe is captured by rebel leader Prince Johnson and killed in a filmed execution. Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers massacre 184 civilians in Batticaloa. September 10 – The first Pizza Hut opens up in the Soviet Union. September 11 Gulf War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait. First Pizza Hut opens in the People's Republic of China, nearly 3 years after the first KFC opened there in 1987. September 12 Cold War: The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German reunification. A judge in Australia orders the arrest of media tycoon Christopher Skase, former owner of the Seven Network, after he fails to give evidence in a liquidator's examination of failed shipbuilding company Lloyds Ships Holdings, an associate of Skase's Qintex Australia Ltd. September 17 – In what is now regarded as a landmark event in regards to women in journalism, reporter Lisa Olson was sexually harassed by multiple New England Patriots players while trying to conduct a locker room interview. September 18 The International Olympic Committee awards the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta. Provisional Irish Republican Army assassination attempt on the life of Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Terry at his home near Stafford, England. Hit by at least 9 bullets, the former Governor of Gibraltar survives, as does his wife, Lady Betty Terry, who is also shot (most likely by accident). September 24 – The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union grants Gorbachev special powers for 18 months to secure the Soviet Union's transition to a market economy. September 27 – David Souter is confirmed to serve on the Supreme Court, replacing retiring Justice William Brennan. September 29 Washington, D.C.'s National Cathedral is finished. The Tampere Hall, the largest concert and congress center in the Nordic countries, was inaugurated in Tampere, Finland. September 29–30 – The United Nations World Summit for Children draws more than 70 world leaders to United Nations Headquarters. October October – Tim Berners-Lee begins his work on the World Wide Web, 19 months after his seminal 1989 outline of what would become the Web concept. October 1 – The rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front invades Rwanda from Uganda, marking the start of the Rwandan Civil War. October 2 – According to The Civil Aviation of China, two commercial planes collide on the runway at the Baiyun Airport of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. The total death toll is 128; 53 people were wounded, 97 were rescued. October 3 – Cold War: East Germany and West Germany reunify into a single Germany. October 4 – Moro conflict: Rebel forces seize two military posts on the island of Mindanao, Philippines before surrendering on October 6. October 8 Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount. Globalization: The first McDonald's restaurant is opened in Mainland China in Shenzhen, near Hong Kong. Since 1979, Shenzhen has been a Special economic zone. October 13 – Lebanese Civil War: Syrian military forces invade and occupy Mount Lebanon, ousting General Michel Aoun's government. This effectively consolidates Syria's 14 year occupation of Lebanese soil. October 14 – Composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein dies of a heart attack at his home in New York City at the age of 72. October 15 Cold War: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and reform his nation. South Africa ends segregation of libraries, trains, buses, toilets, swimming pools, and other public facilities. October 17 North Kalimantan Communist Party insurgents sign a peace agreement which formally ends 28 years of Sarawak Communist insurgency in Malaysia. A major financial service of Russia, VTB Bank is founded in Russia SSR, former part of Soviet Union, as predecessor name was Vneshtorg Bank. October 21 – The remains of the former Estonian head of state, Konstantin Päts, found in the Tver region in Russia, are brought to Tallinn and buried at state expense in the Metsakalmistu cemetery. October 22 – Nizhny Novgorod restores its official name from Gorky, Volga Federal District, Russia. October 24 In the Pakistani general election, Prime Minister Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party loses power to a center-right coalition government led by the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad party. Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti reveals the existence of Operation Gladio, a clandestine NATO "stay-behind" operation in Italy during the Cold War. October 27 Cold War: The Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz SSR selects Askar Akayev as the republic's first president. The New Zealand National Party wins the New Zealand general election, and its leader, Jim Bolger, becomes prime minister. October 29 – In Norway, the government headed by Prime Minister of Norway Jan P. Syse collapses. October 30 – The first | Expedition, a group of six explorers from six nations, completes the first dog sled crossing of Antarctica. March 8 – The Nintendo World Championships were held within the Fair Park's Automobile Building, kickstarting an almost year long gaming competition across 29 American cities. March 9 Police seal off Brixton in South London after another night of protests against the poll tax. Newfoundland Premier Clyde Wells confirms he will rescind Newfoundland's approval of the Meech Lake Accord. March 10 – Prosper Avril is ousted in a coup in Haiti, eighteen months after seizing power. March 11 – Singing Revolution: The Lithuanian SSR declares independence from the Soviet Union with the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania March 11–13 – The March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak produces 64 tornadoes across six US states, including four violent F4/F5 tornadoes. The outbreak leaves 2 dead, 89 injured, and causes over $500 million in damages. March 12 – Cold War: Soviet soldiers begin leaving Hungary under terms of an agreement to withdraw all Soviet troops by June 1. March 13 – The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union approves changes to the Constitution of the Soviet Union to create a strong U.S.-style presidency. Mikhail Gorbachev is elected to a five-year term as the first-ever President of the Soviet Union on March 15. March 15 Iraq hangs British journalist Farzad Bazoft for spying. Daphne Parish, a British nurse, is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment as an accomplice. Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first executive president of the Soviet Union. Singing Revolution: The Soviet Union announces that Lithuania's declaration of independence is invalid. Fernando Collor de Mello takes office as President of Brazil, Brazil's first democratically elected president since Jânio Quadros in 1961. The next day, he announces a currency freeze and freezes large bank accounts for 18 months. March 18 Twelve paintings and a Shang dynasty vase, collectively worth $100 to $300 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts by two thieves posing as police officers. This is the largest art theft in US history, and the paintings () have not been recovered. Cold War: East Germany holds its first free elections. March 20 – Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering. March 21 – After 75 years of South African rule since World War I, Namibia becomes independent. March 24 – 1990 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor Government is re-elected with a reduced majority, narrowly defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by Andrew Peacock. March 25 In New York City, a fire due to arson at an illegal social club called "Happy Land" kills 87. Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie announces his intention to retire at the end of the year. In the Hungarian parliamentary election, Hungary's first multiparty election since 1948, the Hungarian Democratic Forum wins the most seats. March 26 – The 62nd Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, with Driving Miss Daisy winning Best Picture. March 27 – The United States begins broadcasting Radio y Televisión Martí to Cuba. March 28 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal. March 30 – Singing Revolution: After its first free elections on March 18, the Estonian SSR declares the Soviet rule to have been illegal since 1940 and declares a transition period for full independence. March 31 – "The Second Battle of Trafalgar": A massive anti-poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square, London, turns into a riot; 471 people are injured, and 341 are arrested. April April 1 The Community Charge (poll tax) takes effect in England and Wales amid widespread protests Strangeways Prison riot: The longest prison riot in Britain's history begins at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, and continues for 3 weeks and 3 days, until April 25. The 1990 United States Census begins. There are 248,709,873 residents in the U.S. April 6 – Robert Mapplethorpe's "The Perfect Moment" show of nude and homoerotic photographs opens at the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, in spite of accusations of indecency by Citizens for Community Values. April 7 Iran–Contra affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of 5 charges for his part in the scandal; the convictions are later reversed on appeal. Scandinavian Star, a Bahamas-registered ferry, catches fire en route from Norway to Denmark, leaving 158 dead. April 8 In Nepal, Birendra of Nepal lifts a ban on political parties following violent protests. In the Greek legislative election, the conservative New Democracy wins the most seats in the Hellenic Parliament; its leader, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, becomes Prime Minister of Greece on April 11. In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia holds Yugoslavia's first multiparty election since 1938. After the election, a center-right coalition led by Lojze Peterle forms Yugoslavia's first non-Communist government since 1945. April 9 – Comet Austin, the brightest comet visible from Earth since 1975, makes its closest approach to the sun. April 12 – Lothar de Maizière becomes prime minister of East Germany, heading a conservative coalition that favors German reunification. April 13 – Cold War: The Soviet Union apologizes for the Katyn massacre. April 14 – Junk bond financier Michael Milken pleaded guilty to fraud-related charges. He agreed to pay US$500 million in restitution and was sentenced on November 21 to 10 years in jail. April 20 – 17-year-old Christopher Kerze goes missing in Eagan, Minnesota. He remains missing . April 21 – Japanese Yoshio Tani, M.Sc murders gold merchant Turkka Elovirta and businessman Juhani Komulainen in Siuntio, Finland, having convinced them to buy a nonexistent 500 kilogram stash of Nazi gold. April 22 Lebanon hostage crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release American educator Robert Polhill, who had been held hostage since January 1987. Earth Day 20 is celebrated by millions worldwide. April 24 Cold War: West Germany and East Germany agree to merge currency and economies on July 1. STS-31: The Hubble Space Telescope is launched aboard Space Shuttle Discovery. President of Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko lifts a 20-year ban on opposition parties. April 25 – Violeta Chamorro is sworn in as President of Nicaragua, the first woman elected (February 25) in her own right as a head of state in the Americas. April 30 – Lebanon hostage crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release American educator Frank H. Reed, who had been held hostage since September 1986. May May 1 – The former Episcopal Church in the Philippines (supervised by the Episcopal Church of the United States of America) is granted full autonomy and raised to the state of an Autocephalous Anglican province and renamed the Episcopal Church of the Philippines. May 2 – In London, a man brandishing a knife robs a courier of bearer bonds worth £292 million (the second largest mugging to date). May 2–4 – First talks between the government of South Africa and the African National Congress. May 4 – Singing Revolution: The Latvian SSR declares independence from the Soviet Union. May 6–13 – Pope John Paul II visits Mexico. May 8 Singing Revolution: The Estonian SSR restores the formal name of the country, the Republic of Estonia, as well as other national emblems (the coat of arms, the flag and the anthem). Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier assumes office as President of Costa Rica. May 9 – In South Korea, police battle anti-government protesters in Seoul and two other cities. May 12 – Jeanne Calment surpasses Augusta Holtz to become the oldest verified person ever. May 13 In the Philippines, gunmen kill two United States Air Force airmen near Clark Air Base on the eve of talks between the Philippines and the United States over the future of American military bases in the Philippines. The Dinamo–Red Star riot took place at Maksimir Stadium in Zagreb, Croatia between the Bad Blue Boys (fans of Dinamo Zagreb) and the Delije (fans of Red Star Belgrade). May 15 Singing Revolution: The pro-Soviet Intermovement attempts to take power in Tallinn, Estonia, but are forced down by local Estonians. Portrait of Dr. Gachet by Vincent van Gogh is sold for a record $82.5 million. May 17 – The World Health Organization removes homosexuality from its list of diseases. May 18 – German reunification: East Germany and West Germany sign a treaty to merge their economic and social systems, effective July 1. May 19 – The US and the USSR agree to end production of chemical weapons and to destroy most of their stockpiles of chemical weapons. May 20 – Cold War: The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania. May 21 – In Kashmir, a Kashmiri Islamic leader is assassinated and Indian security forces open fire on mourners carrying his body, killing at least 47 people. May 22 Cold War: The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen. May 27 In the Burmese general election, Burma's first multiparty election in 30 years, the National League for Democracy led by Aung San Suu Kyi wins in a landslide, but the State Law and Order Restoration Council nullifies the election results. In the Colombian presidential election, César Gaviria is elected President of Colombia; he takes office on August 7. May 29 Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Ottawa for a 29-hour visit. Boris Yeltsin is elected as the first ever elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) founded. May 30 – George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev begin a four-day summit meeting in Washington, D.C. June June – Joanne Rowling gets the idea for Harry Potter while on a train from Manchester to London Euston railway station. She begins writing Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone which will be completed in 1995 and published in 1997. June 1 Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks. Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army shoot and kill Major Michael Dillon-Lee and Private William Robert Davies of the British Army. Dillon-Lee is killed outside his home in Dortmund, Germany and Davies is killed at a railway station in Lichfield, England. June 2 – The Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak spawns 88 confirmed tornadoes in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, killing 12; 37 tornadoes occur in Indiana, eclipsing the previous record of 21 during the Super Outbreak of April 1974. June 4 – Violence breaks out in the Kirghiz SSR between the majority Kyrgyz people and minority Uzbeks over the distribution of homestead land. June 7 Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad is elected Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. June 8 The 1990 FIFA World Cup begins in Italy. This was the first broadcast of digital HDTV in history; Europe would not begin HDTV broadcasting en masse until 2004. Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Shamir ends 88 days with only an acting government by forming a coalition of right-wing and religious parties led by Shamir's Likud party. June 8–9 – In the Czechoslovakian parliamentary election, Czechoslovakia's first free election since 1946, the Civic Forum wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. June 9 – Mega Borg oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico near Galveston, Texas. June 10 Alberto Fujimori is elected President of Peru; he takes office on July 28. First round of the Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election sees the Bulgarian Socialist Party win a majority. The second round of voting is held June 17. June 11 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam massacre over 600 unarmed police officers in the Eastern Province. June 12 Cold War: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty. In the Algerian local elections, Algeria's first multiparty election since 1962, the Islamic Salvation Front wins control of more than half of municipalities and 32 of Algeria's 48 provinces. June 13 – Cold War – The destruction of the Berlin Wall by East Germany officially starts, 7 months after it was opened the previous November. June 13–15 – June 1990 Mineriad: Clashes break out in Bucharest between supporters and opponents of the ruling National Salvation Front. June 14 – 1990 Panay earthquake: An earthquake measuring struck Panay Island in the Philippines, killing 8 and injuring 41. June 15 – Dublin Regulation on treatment of applications for right of asylum under European Union law agreed (comes into force 1997). June 17–30 – Nelson Mandela tours North America, visiting 3 Canadian and 8 U.S. cities. June 19 – The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic holds its inaugural conference in Moscow. June 21 – The 7.4 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake affects northern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 35,000–50,000, and injuring 60,000–105,000. June 22 – Cold War: Checkpoint Charlie is dismantled. June 23 – In Canada, the Meech Lake Accord of 1987 dies after the Manitoba and Newfoundland legislatures fail to approve it ahead of the deadline. June 24 – Kathleen Margaret Brown and Irene Templeton are ordained as priests in St Anne's Cathedral in Belfast, becoming the first female Anglican priests in the United Kingdom. July July 1 – German reunification: East Germany and West Germany merge their economies, the West German Deutsche Mark becoming the official currency of the East also. The Inner German border (constructed 1945) also ceases to function. July 2 1990 Hajj stampede: A stampede in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca kills 1,426. A U.S. District Court acquits Imelda Marcos on racketeering and fraud charges. July 5 – In Kenya, riots erupt against the Kenya African National Union's monopoly on power. July 6 President of Bulgaria Petar Mladenov resigns over accusations that he ordered tanks to disperse anti-government protests in December 1989. Somali President Siad Barre's bodyguards massacre anti-government demonstrators during a soccer match; 65 people are killed, more than 300 seriously injured. July 7–8 – In tennis, Martina Navratilova of the United States wins the 1990 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles and Stefan Edberg of Sweden wins the 1990 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles. July 8 – 1990 FIFA World Cup Final (Association football): West Germany defeats Argentina 1–0 to win the 1990 FIFA World Cup. July 9–11 – The 16th G7 summit is held in Houston, Texas. July 11 – Terrorists blow up a passenger bus travelling from Kalbajar to Tartar in Azerbaijan. 14 people are killed, 35 wounded. July 12 – Foster v British Gas plc decided in the European Court of Justice, a leading case on the definition of the "state" under European law. July 13 – The Lenin Peak disaster occurs when an earthquake triggers an avalanche in the Pamir Mountains with the loss of 43 lives. July 16 – 1990 Luzon earthquake: An earthquake measuring kills more than 2,400 in the Philippines. July 22 – First round of the Mongolian legislative election, the first multiparty ever held in Mongolia; the Mongolian People's Party wins by a wide margin after the second round of voting on July 29. July 25 George Carey, Bishop of Bath and Wells, is named as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England. The Serb Democratic Party (Croatia) declares the sovereignty of the Serbs in Croatia. Roseanne Barr infamously sings "The Star-Spangled Banner" extremely poorly, causing controversy. July 26 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act, designed to protect disabled Americans from discrimination. July 27 The parliament building and a government television house in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago are stormed by the Jamaat al Muslimeen in a coup d'état attempt which lasts five days. Approximately 26 to 30 people are killed and several are wounded (including the prime minister, A. N. R. Robinson, who is shot in the leg). Cold War: Belarus declares its sovereignty, a key step toward independence from the Soviet Union. July 28 – Alberto Fujimori becomes president of Peru. July 30 – British politician and former Member of Parliament Ian Gow is assassinated by a Provisional Irish Republican Army car bomb outside his home in England. August August 1 The National Assembly of Bulgaria elects Zhelyu Zhelev as the first non-Communist President of Bulgaria in 40 years. RELCOM is created in the Soviet Union by combining several computer networks. Later in August, the Soviet Union got its first connection to the Internet. August 2 Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War. The first ban of smoking in bars in the US (and possibly the world) is passed in San Luis Obispo, California. August 6 Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait. President of Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto, accusing her of corruption and abuse of power. The South African government and ANC begin talks on ending Apartheid in South Africa. August 7 U.S. President Bush orders U.S. combat planes and troops to Saudi Arabia to prevent a possible attack by Iraq. Prime Minister of India V. P. Singh announces plan to reserve 49% of civil service jobs for lower-caste Hindus. The plan triggers riots, leaving at least 70 dead by September. August 8 Iraq announces its formal annexation of Kuwait. The government of Peru announces an austerity plan that results in huge increases in the price of food and gasoline. The plan sets off days of rioting and a national strike on August 21. August 10 Egypt, Syria, and 10 other Arab states vote to send military forces to Saudi Arabia to discourage an invasion from Iraq. A passenger bus, traveling along the route "Tbilisi-Agdam", is blown up; 20 people died and 30 were injured. The organizers of the crime were Armenians A. Avanesian and M. Tatevosian who were brought to criminal trial. August 12 In South Africa, fighting breaks out between the Xhosa people and the Zulu people; more than 500 people are killed by the end of August. "Sue", the best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex specimen ever found, is discovered near Faith, South Dakota by Sue Hendrickson. August 19 – Leonard Bernstein conducts his final concert, ending with Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. August 21 – Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone send peacekeepers to intervene in the First Liberian Civil War. August 22 – U.S. President Bush calls up U.S. military reservists for service in the Persian Gulf Crisis. August 23 – East Germany and West Germany announce they will unite on October 3. August 24 The Armenian SSR declares its independence from the Soviet Union. Northern Ireland writer Brian Keenan is released from Lebanon after being held hostage for nearly 5 years. Indonesian commercial television network SCTV was established as the nation's third television station after RCTI, and also debuted as local television channel in Surabaya. During its earlier days, SCTV was the rival for RCTI, the first commercial television network. SCTV began broadcasting nationwide from Jakarta by January 29, 1991. August 26 – In Sofia, protesters set fire to the headquarters of the governing Bulgarian Socialist Party. August 28 – The Plainfield Tornado (F5 on the Fujita scale) strikes the towns of Plainfield, Crest Hill, and Joliet, Illinois, killing 29 people (the strongest tornado to date to strike the Chicago metropolitan area). September September 1–10 – Pope John Paul II visits Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and Ivory Coast. September 2 – Cold War: Transnistria declares its independence from the Moldavian SSR; however, the declaration is not recognized by any government. September 4 – Geoffrey Palmer resigns as Prime Minister of New Zealand and is replaced by Mike Moore. September 4–6 – Premier of North Korea Yon Hyong-muk meets with President of South Korea Roh Tae-woo, the highest level contact between leaders of the two Koreas since 1945. September 5 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers massacre 158 civilians. September 6 – In Myanmar, the State Law and Order Restoration Council orders the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi and five other political dissidents. September 9 U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev meet in Helsinki to discuss the Persian Gulf crisis. First Liberian Civil War: Liberian president Samuel Doe is captured by rebel leader Prince Johnson and killed in a filmed execution. Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers massacre 184 civilians in Batticaloa. September 10 – The first Pizza Hut opens up in the Soviet Union. September 11 Gulf War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait. First Pizza Hut opens in the People's Republic of China, nearly 3 years after the first KFC opened there in 1987. September 12 Cold War: The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German reunification. A judge in Australia orders the arrest of media tycoon Christopher Skase, former owner of the Seven Network, after he fails to give evidence in a liquidator's examination of failed shipbuilding company Lloyds Ships Holdings, an associate of Skase's Qintex Australia Ltd. September 17 – In what is now regarded as a landmark event in regards to women in journalism, reporter Lisa Olson was sexually harassed by multiple New England Patriots players while trying to conduct a locker room interview. September 18 The International Olympic Committee awards the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta. Provisional Irish Republican Army assassination attempt on the life of Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Terry at his home near Stafford, England. Hit by at least 9 bullets, the former Governor of Gibraltar survives, as does his wife, Lady Betty Terry, who is also shot (most likely by accident). September 24 – The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union grants Gorbachev special powers for 18 months to secure the Soviet Union's transition to a market economy. September 27 – David Souter is confirmed to serve on the Supreme Court, replacing retiring Justice William Brennan. September 29 Washington, D.C.'s National Cathedral is finished. The Tampere Hall, the largest concert and congress center in the Nordic countries, was inaugurated in Tampere, Finland. September 29–30 – The United Nations World Summit for Children draws more than 70 world leaders to United Nations Headquarters. October October – Tim Berners-Lee begins his work on the World Wide Web, 19 months after his seminal 1989 outline of what would become the Web concept. October 1 – The rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front invades Rwanda from Uganda, marking the start of the Rwandan Civil War. October 2 – According to The Civil Aviation of China, two commercial planes collide on the runway at the Baiyun Airport of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. The total death toll is 128; 53 people were wounded, 97 were rescued. October 3 – Cold War: East Germany and West Germany reunify into a single Germany. October 4 – Moro conflict: Rebel forces seize two military posts on the island of Mindanao, Philippines before surrendering on October 6. October 8 Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount. Globalization: The first McDonald's restaurant is opened in Mainland China in Shenzhen, near Hong Kong. Since 1979, Shenzhen has been a Special economic zone. October 13 – Lebanese Civil War: Syrian military forces invade and occupy Mount Lebanon, ousting General Michel Aoun's government. This effectively consolidates Syria's 14 year occupation of Lebanese soil. October 14 – Composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein dies of a heart attack at his home in New York City at the age of 72. October 15 Cold War: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and reform his nation. South Africa ends segregation of libraries, trains, buses, toilets, swimming pools, and other public facilities. October 17 North Kalimantan Communist Party insurgents sign a peace agreement which formally ends 28 years of Sarawak Communist insurgency in Malaysia. A major financial service of Russia, VTB Bank is founded in Russia SSR, former part of Soviet Union, as predecessor name was Vneshtorg Bank. October 21 – The remains of the former Estonian head of state, Konstantin Päts, found in the Tver region in Russia, are brought to Tallinn and buried at state expense in the Metsakalmistu cemetery. October 22 – Nizhny Novgorod restores its official name from Gorky, Volga Federal District, Russia. October 24 In the Pakistani general election, Prime Minister Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party loses power to a center-right coalition government led by the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad party. Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti reveals the existence of Operation Gladio, a clandestine NATO "stay-behind" operation in Italy during the Cold War. October 27 Cold War: The Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz SSR selects Askar Akayev as the republic's first president. The New Zealand National Party wins the New Zealand general election, and its leader, Jim Bolger, becomes prime minister. October 29 – In Norway, the government headed by Prime Minister of Norway Jan P. Syse collapses. October 30 – The first transatlantic fiber optic cable TAT-8 fails, causing a slowdown of Internet traffic between the United States and Europe. November November – The earliest known portable digital camera sold in the United States ships. November 7 – Mary Robinson defeats odds-on favorite Brian Lenihan to become the first female President of Ireland. November 2 – British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television plc merge to form BSkyB as a result of massive losses. November 3 – Gro Harlem Brundtland assumes office as Prime Minister of Norway. November 5 – Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the far-right Kach movement, is shot dead after a speech at a New York City hotel. November 6 – Nawaz Sharif is sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. November 7 Indian Prime Minister Singh resigns over losing a confidence vote in the Parliament of India, having lost the support of Hindus who want a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya torn down to build a Hindu temple. The final military parade to mark the anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution takes place in the USSR. November 9 A new constitution comes into effect in the Kingdom of Nepal, establishing multiparty democracy and constitutional monarchy; this is the culmination of the 1990 People's Movement. The Parliament of Singapore enacts the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act. November 10 – Chandra Shekhar becomes Prime Minister of India as head of a minority government. November 12 Akihito is enthroned as the 125th emperor of Japan following the death of his father on January 7, 1989. Tim Berners-Lee publishes a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web. November 13 The first known web page is written. In New Zealand, David Gray kills 13 people in what will become known as the Aramoana massacre. November 14 – Germany and Poland sign a treaty confirming the border at the Oder–Neisse line. November 15 STS-38: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on a classified U.S. military mission. President Bush signed new Clean Air Act, focused on urban pollution and cancer-causing emissions from industrial sources. November 17 – Soviet President Gorbachev proposes a radical restructuring of the Soviet government, including the creation of a Federal Council to be made up of the heads of the 15 Soviet republics. November 19–21 – The leaders of Canada, the United States, and 32 European states meet in Paris to formally mark the end of the Cold War. November 20 – Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers, is arrested in Novocherkassk. November 21 Charter of Paris for a New Europe signed. Agreement for decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults in Queensland, Australia. The Super Nintendo Entertainment System was released in Japan. November 22 – Margaret Thatcher announces she will not contest the second ballot of the leadership election for the Conservative Party. November 25 – Lech Wałęsa and Stanisław Tymiński win the first round of the first Polish presidential election. November 27 – Women's suffrage is introduced in the last Swiss half-canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden. November 28 Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew resigns and is replaced by Goh Chok Tong. The first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher, resigns after 11 years and is replaced by John Major. November 29 Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council passes UN Security Council Resolution 678, authorizing military intervention in Iraq if that state does not withdraw its forces from Kuwait and free all foreign hostages by Tuesday, January 15, 1991. Prime Minister of Bulgaria Andrey Lukanov and his government of former communists resign under pressure from strikes and street protests. December December 1 Channel Tunnel workers from the United Kingdom and France meet 40 metres beneath the English Channel seabed, establishing the first land connection between Great Britain and the mainland of Europe for around 8,000 years. President of Chad Hissène Habré is deposed by the Patriotic Salvation Movement and replaced as president by its leader Idriss Déby. December 2 – The German federal election (the first election held since German reunification) is won by Helmut Kohl, who becomes Chancellor of Germany. December 3 At Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Northwest Airlines Flight 1482 (a McDonnell Douglas DC-9) collides with Northwest Airlines Flight 299 (a Boeing 727) on the runway, killing 8 passengers and 4 crew members on Flight 1482. Mary Robinson begins her term as President of Ireland, becoming the first female to hold this office. December 6 Saddam Hussein releases a group of Western hostages he captured. President Hussain Muhammad Ershad of Bangladesh is forced to resign following massive protests; he is replaced by Shahabuddin Ahmed, who becomes interim president. December 7 In Brussels, trade talks fail because of a dispute between the U.S. and the European Union over farm export subsidies. The National Assembly of Bulgaria elects Dimitar Iliev Popov as Prime Minister of Bulgaria. December 9 Slobodan Milošević elected President of Serbia in first round, general elections won by his Socialist Party. Lech Wałęsa wins the 2nd round of Poland's first presidential election. December 11 – Fall of communism in Albania: Ramiz Alia, leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, following massive demonstrations by students and workers, announces that a free national election will be held next spring of 1991 with political parties other than the Party of Labour permitted; an opposition Democratic Party is formed the following day. December 11 A multi-vehicle traffic collision known as the 1990 Interstate 75 fog disaster occurs; 12 deaths and 42 were caused by this event December 16 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected president of Haiti, ending 3 decades of military rule. December 20 Eduard Shevardnadze announces his resignation as Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Tim Berners-Lee completes the test for the first webpage at CERN. December 22 The first constitution of the Republic of Croatia is adopted. The Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia become independent, after the termination of their trusteeship. The Polish government-in-exile is dissolved in London after being in exile since 1939. December 23 – In the Slovenian independence referendum, 88.5% of the overall electorate (94.8% of votes), with the turnout of 93.3%, support independence of the country. December 24 – Ramsewak Shankar is ousted as President of Suriname by a military coup. December 25 – Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov is commissioned. December 31 – Russian Garry Kasparov holds his title by winning the World Chess Championship match against his countryman Anatoly Karpov. World population Births January January 1 – Xavier Avery, American baseball player January 2 – Karel Abraham, Czech motorcycle racer January 4 Toni Kroos, German footballer Alberto Paloschi, Italian footballer January 5 Leroy Fer, Dutch footballer Yoseob, Korean pop singer January 6 Sandro Cortese, German motorcycle racer Abhinav Mukund, Indian cricketer Alex Teixeira, Brazilian footballer Natalie Palamides, American voice actress known for The Powerpuff Girls January 7 Fernando Dente, Argentine actor, singer, dancer, theater director and TV presenter Elene Gedevanishvili, Georgian figure skater Gregor Schlierenzauer, Austrian ski jumper January 8 Robin Olsen, Swedish footballer Xu Xin, Chinese table tennis player Scott Pye, Australian professional racing driver January 9 Todor Skrimov, Bulgarian male volleyball player Melissa Ricks, Filipino-American actress Son Ji-hyun, South Korean actress and singer January 10 Facundo Gambandé, Argentine actor and singer Tao Li, Singaporean Olympic swimmer Renan Buiatti, Brazilian volleyball player Aishwarya Rajesh, Indian actress Mirko Bortolotti, Italian racing driver January 11 – Ryan Griffin, American footballer January 12 – Sergey Karjakin, Ukrainian chess player January 13 – Liam Hemsworth, Australian actor January 14 Grant Gustin, American actor and singer Áron Szilágyi, Hungarian fencer Mikee Lee, Filipino actor, model and host January 15 Chris Warren, American actor Luke Willson, American football player January 16 – Simon Porte Jacquemus, French fashion designer January 17 – Tom Bosworth, British race walker January 18 Nacho, Spanish footballer Gift Ngoepe, South African-born baseball player January 21 George Finn, Georgian actor Kelly Rohrbach, American model and actress Jacob Smith, American actor January 22 Alizé Cornet, French tennis player Logic, American rapper, singer-songwriter, and record producer January 23 – Artsem Mikhalenka, Belarusian singer January 24 Mao Abe, Japanese singer-songwriter Ermin Bičakčić, Bosnian footballer January 25 – Natalie Hall, Canadian actress January 26 Rupan Bal, Canadian–Indian YouTuber, actor, director and comedian Kherington Payne, American dancer and actress Christopher Massey, American actor, comedian and rapper Peter Sagan, Slovakian road bicycle racer Sergio Pérez, Mexican racing driver January 27 – Nicholas Bett, Kenyan track and field athlete (d. 2018) January 28 – Luce, French actress/singer January 29 – MacKenzie Porter, Canadian actress and singer January 30 Eiza González, Mexican actress and singer Mitchell Starc, Australian cricketer Jake Thomas, American actor, voice actor and photographer January 31 – Nate Augspurger, American rugby union player February February 1 Laura Marling, British singer-songwriter Hersi Matmuja, Albanian singer February 2 – Clara Alonso, Argentine actress, singer, |
21 – Marco Asensio, Spanish footballer January 24 – Patrik Schick, Czech footballer January 31 Joel Courtney, American actor Nikita Dragun, American YouTuber, make-up artist, and model February February 1 – Ahmad Abughaush, Jordanian taekwondo athlete February 2 Paul Mescal, Irish actor Harry Winks, English footballer February 5 – Zeng Siqi, Chinese artistic gymnast February 7 David Castro, American actor Aaron Ekblad, Canadian ice hockey player Mai Hagiwara, Japanese singer Pierre Gasly, French racing driver February 9 Jimmy Bennett, American actor Kelli Berglund, American actress Chungha, South Korean singer and dancer February 11 Daniil Medvedev, Russian tennis player Lucas Torreira, Uruguayan footballer February 13 – Muhammad Rian Ardianto, Indonesian badminton player February 14 Lucas Hernandez, French footballer Viktor Kovalenko, Ukrainian footballer February 17 – Sasha Pieterse, South African-born American actress February 19 – Ashnikko, American singer and rapper February 20 – Mabel, English singer February 21 Noah Rubin, American tennis player Sophie Turner, English actress February 23 – D'Angelo Russell, American basketball player February 24 – Mana Kinjo, Japanese actress and model (d. 2020) February 25 – Emel Dereli, Turkish shot putter February 27 – Ten, Thai singer February 28 – Shi Yuqi, Chinese badminton player March March 1 – Ye Shiwen, Chinese swimmer March 5 – Emmanuel Mudiay, Congolese professional basketball player March 6 Christian Coleman, American sprinter Timo Werner, German footballer Yan Han, Chinese figure skater March 8 – Emil Imre, Hungarian short track speed skater March 9 – Giorgio Minisini, Italian synchronized swimmer March 14 – Janai Haupapa, Canadian rugby league player March 19 – Yung Gravy, American rapper and singer-songwriter March 23 – Alexander Albon, Thai racing driver March 24 Valentino Lazaro, Austrian footballer Myles Turner, American basketball player March 25 – Marloes Frieswijk, Dutch korfball player March 26 – Kathryn Bernardo, Filipina actress March 27 – Rosabell Laurenti Sellers, Italian-American actress March 28 Benjamin Pavard, French footballer Xie Siyi, Chinese diver March 29 – Fredo Bang, American rapper March 31 Kira Hagi, Romanian actress Liza Koshy, American YouTuber April April 2 Polina Agafonova, Russian figure skater Matheus Santana, Brazilian swimmer April 3 – Sarah Jeffery, Canadian actress April 4 – Austin Mahone, American singer-songwriter and actor April 9 – Giovani Lo Celso, Argentinian footballer April 10 Andreas Christensen, Danish footballer Thanasi Kokkinakis, Australian tennis player Loïc Nottet, Belgian singer Audrey Whitby, American actress April 11 Dele Alli, English footballer Summer Walker, American singer April 12 Polina Korobeynikova, Russian figure skater Nuttanicha Dungwattanawanich, Thai actress April 14 – Abigail Breslin, American actress April 16 – Anya Taylor-Joy, American-born Argentine-British actress April 18 – Ski Mask the Slump God, American rapper April 17 – Dee Dee Davis, American actress April 22 – Wendy Sulca, Peruvian singer April 23 – Álex Márquez, Spanish motorcycle racer April 24 – Ashleigh Barty, Australian tennis player April 25 Mack Horton, Australian swimmer Allisyn Ashley Arm, American actress April 28 – Tony Revolori, American actor April 29 – Katherine Langford, Australian actress May May 2 Julian Brandt, German footballer Cherprang Areekul, Thai singer and idol May 3 Alex Iwobi, Nigerian footballer Noah Munck, American actor May 4 Arielle Gold, American snowboarder Pelayo Roza, Spanish sprint canoeist. May 8 – 6ix9ine, American rapper May 9 Noah Centineo, American actor Mary Mouser, American actress May 10 – Tyus Jones, American basketball player May 11 – Andrés Cubas, Argentinian footballer May 14 TheOdd1sout, American YouTube animator Martin Garrix, Dutch DJ and producer McKaley Miller, American actress Cole Bennett, American music video director May 15 – Birdy, English singer and songwriter May 17 – Ryan Ochoa, American actor and musician May 18 – Violett Beane, American actress May 19 Lakshmi Menon, Indian film actress BlocBoy JB, American rapper May 18 – Yuki Kadono, Japanese snowboarder May 20 – Harris Reed, British-American fashion designer May 23 – Katharina Althaus, German ski jumper May 30 Aleksandr Golovin, Russian footballer Erik Jones, American race car driver May 31 – Normani, American singer June June 1 – Tom Holland, English actor June 3 – Han Tianyu, Chinese short track speed skater June 4 – Maria Bakalova, Bulgarian actress June 7 – Christian McCaffrey, American football player June 10 – Wen Junhui, Chinese singer and actor June 12 – Davinson Sánchez, Colombian footballer June 13 Kingsley Coman, French footballer Kodi Smit-McPhee, Australian actor June 15 – Aurora, Norwegian singer June 16 – Lily Zhang, American table tennis player June 17 – Godfred Donsah, Ghanese footballer June 18 – Alen Halilović, Croatian footballer June 19 – Larisa Iordache, Romanian artistic gymnast June 22 Hugo Calderano, Brazilian table tennis player Kong Sang-jeong, South Korean short track speed skater June 24 – Harris Dickinson, English actor, writer, and director June 25 – Lele Pons, American YouTuber June 27 – Lauren Jauregui, American singer June 28 Milot Rashica, Kosovar footballer Donna Vekić, Croatian tennis player July July 1 – Adelina Sotnikova, Russian figure skater July 3 – Kendji Girac, French singer July 5 – Risa Shōji, Japanese figure skater July 7 – Ivan Ljubic, Austrian footballer July 10 – Moon Ga-young, South Korean actress July 11 Alessia Cara, Canadian singer-songwriter Andrija Živković, Serbian footballer July 15 – Vivianne Miedema, Dutch international footballer July 16 – Nicky Jones, American child actor July 18 – Yung Lean, Swedish rapper and record producer July 20 – Ben Simmons, Australian basketball player July 23 – David Dobrik, American YouTuber August August 1 Arisa Higashino, Japanese badminton player Cymphonique Miller, American actress and singer August 2 – Simone Manuel, American swimmer August 5 Francesca Deagostini, Italian artistic gymnast Mai Murakami, Japanese artistic gymnast August 6 – Merrell Twins, American YouTubers August 12 – Arthur, Brazilian footballer August 14 – Brianna Hildebrand, American actress August 16 – Caeleb Dressel, American swimmer August 19 Almoez Ali, Sudanese-Qatari footballer Laura Tesoro, Belgian singer and actress August 20 – Axell Hodges, American motocross competitor August 24 – Kenzō Shirai, Japanese gymnast August 27 Femke Van den Driessche, Belgian cyclist found guilty of mechanical doping Ebru Topçu, Turkish footballer August 28 – Kim Se-jeong, South Korean singer and actress August 30 Gabriel Barbosa, Brazilian footballer Chen Dequan, Chinese short track speed skater August 17 – Gigi Radics, Hungarian singer September September 1 – Zendaya, American actress and singer September 3 – Joy, South Korean singer and actress September 4 – Cherry Rondina, Filipino volleyball player September 5 – Sigrid, Norwegian singer September 6 – Lil Xan, American rapper September 9 – Jaïro Riedewald, Dutch footballer September 12 – Colin Ford, American actor September 13 – Lili Reinhart, American actress September 16 – Baka Prase, Serbian YouTuber, rapper, gamer, and entertainer September 17 Duje Ćaleta-Car, Croatian footballer Ella Purnell, English actress Esteban Ocon, French Formula 1 Driver September 19 Pia Mia, Guamanian singer-songwriter and model Ugly God, American rapper and internet personality September 20 – Tay Keith, American record producer September 22 – Anthoine Hubert, French Racing Driver (d. 2019) September 23 Lee Hi, South Korean singer-songwriter Evgeny Rylov, Russian swimmer September 25 – Mie Nielsen, Danish swimmer September 27 – Maxwel Cornet, French-Ivorian footballer September 28 – Michael Ronda, Mexican actor and singer October October 3 – Kelechi Iheanacho, Nigerian footballer October 4 – Ella Balinska, English actress October 5 – Sevn Alias, Dutch rapper October 7 – Lewis Capaldi, Scottish singer-songwriter October 8 – Sara Takanashi, Japanese ski jumper October 9 Jacob Batalon, American-Filipino actor Bella Hadid, American model October 10 – Oscar Zia, Swedish singer and songwriter October 13 – Joshua Wong, Hong Kong student activist and politician October 15 – Zelo, Korean singer October 20 – Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Indonesian badminton player October 24 Jaylen Brown, American basketball player Kyla Ross, American gymnast October 28 – Lee June-hyoung, South Korean figure skater October 30 Devin Booker, American basketball player Mizuki Fukumura, Japanese singer November November 1 Sean Gelael, Indonesian racing driver Lil Peep, American rapper (d. 2017) Jeongyeon, South Korean singer Daniela Melchior, Portuguese actress November 4 – Michael Christian Martinez, Filipino figure skater November 7 André Horta, Portuguese footballer Lorde, New Zealand singer-songwriter November 9 Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên, Vietnamese swimmer Momo Hirai, Japanese singer and dancer November 11 Adam Ounas, French-born Algerian footballer Tye Sheridan, American actor November 14 – Borna Ćorić, Croatian tennis player November 16 – Brendan Murray, Irish singer November 17 – Ruth Jebet, Bahraini long-distance runner November 18 Akram Afif, Qatari footballer Noah Ringer, American actor Sorn, South Korean based singer November 19 FaZe Rug, American YouTuber Liliána Szilágyi, Hungarian swimmer November 20 – Denis Zakaria, Swiss footballer November 22 Hailey Baldwin, American model and socialite JuJu Smith-Schuster, American football player November 23 James Maddison, English footballer Anna Yanovskaya, Russian ice dancer November 26 – Louane Emera, French singer and actress November 27 – Amanda Todd, Canadian cyberbullying victim and high school student (d. 2012) November 29 – Gonçalo Guedes, Portuguese footballer December December 4 – Daria Svatkovskaya, Russian artistic gymnast December 6 – Stefanie Scott, American actress and singer December 8 Rohit Suresh Saraf, Indian actor and model Teala Dunn, American actress and YouTuber (Wonder Pets!) December 10 Joe Burrow, American football player Kang Daniel, South Korean singer December 11 Eliza McCartney, New Zealand track and field athlete Hailee Steinfeld, American actress, model and singer Jack Griffo, American actor December 12 Lucas Hedges, American actor Oliver Askew, American racing driver December 14 – Li Zijun, Chinese figure skater December 15 Oleksandr Zinchenko, Ukrainian footballer Tayna, Kosovo-Albanian singer December 16 – Wilfred Ndidi, Nigerian footballer December 17 – Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Russian figure skater December 19 – Franck Kessié, Ivorian footballer December 21 – Kaitlyn Dever, American actress December 28 – Alfred Kipketer, Kenyan middle-distance runner December 29 Dylan Minnette, American actor, singer and musician Sana, Japanese singer Deaths January January 1 Arleigh Burke, American naval officer (b. 1901) Arthur Rudolph, German rocket engineer (b. 1906) January 5 – Yahya Ayyash, Palestinian shaheed (b. 1966) January 7 Károly Grósz, 51st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1930) Tarō Okamoto, Japanese artist (b. 1911) January 8 – François Mitterrand, French politician, 21st President of France (b. 1916) January 9 – Fearless Nadia, Australian-Indian actress and stuntwoman (b. 1908) January 15 Les Baxter, American musician and composer (b. 1922) Moshoeshoe II, King of Lesotho (b. 1938) January 17 – Barbara Jordan, American lawyer, educator, politician and civil rights activist (b. 1936) January 18 Leonor Fini, Argentine artist (b. 1908) Endel Puusepp, Estonian pilot (b. 1909) N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, producer, director, editor and politician (b. 1923) January 19 – Don Simpson, American film producer (b. 1943) January 20 – Gerry Mulligan, American musician (b. 1927) January 25 – Jonathan Larson, American composer and playwright (b. 1960) January 28 Joseph Brodsky, Russian-born American Nobel poet (b. 1940) Jerry Siegel, American cartoonist (b. 1914) February February 2 – Gene Kelly, American actor and dancer (b. 1912) February 3 – Audrey Meadows, American actress (b. 1922) February 4 – Alfredo Nobre da Costa, 106th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1923) February 6 – Guy Madison, American actor (b. 1922) February 7 – Boris Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (b. 1925) February 9 – Adolf Galland, German general (b. 1912) February 11 – Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1946) February 12 Bob Shaw, Irish science fiction writer (b. 1931) Ryōtarō Shiba, Japanese novelist (b. 1923) February 13 – Martin Balsam, American actor (b. 1919) February 14 Eva Hart, British Titanic survivor (b. 1905) Bob Paisley, English football manager (b. 1919) February 15 Tommy Rettig, American actor (b. 1941) McLean Stevenson, American actor (b. 1927) February 16 Roger Bowen, American actor (b. 1932) Pat Brown, American politician (b. 1905) February 20 Solomon Asch, Polish-American psychologist (b. 1907) Audrey Munson, American model and actress (b. 1891) Toru Takemitsu, Japanese composer (b. 1930) February 21 – Morton Gould, American musician and composer (b. 1913) February 23 William Bonin, American serial killer (b. 1947) Helmut Schön, German football player and manager (b. 1915) February 25 – Haing S. Ngor, Cambodian activist and actor (b. 1940) February 26 – Mieczysław Weinberg, Polish composer (b. 1919) February 27 – Sarah Palfrey Cooke, American tennis player (b. 1912) March March 2 Jacobo Majluta Azar, 47th President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1934) Lyle Talbot, American actor (b. 1902) March 3 Marguerite Duras, French author and director (b. 1914) John Krol, American cardinal (b. 1910) Léo Malet, French novelist and surrealist (b. 1909) March 4 – Minnie Pearl, American comedian (b. 1912) March 5 Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, 5th President of Bangladesh (b. 1918) Whit Bissell, American actor (b. 1909) March 9 – George Burns, American comedian and actor (b. 1896) March 10 – Ross Hunter, American film producer (b. 1920) March 11 – Vince Edwards, American actor (b. 1928) March 12 – Gyula Kállai, 48th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1910) March 13 Lucio Fulci, Italian film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1927) Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish film director (b. 1941) March 16 – Ray Steiner Cline, American government official (b. 1918) March 17 – René Clément, French film director (b. 1913) March 18 – Odysseas Elytis, Greek writer (b. 1911) March 19 Virginia Henderson, American nurse and theorist (b. 1897) Chen Jingrun, Chinese mathematician (b. 1933) March 22 Claude Mauriac, French author and journalist (b. 1914) Robert F. Overmyer, American astronaut (b. 1936) March 25 – Lola Beltrán, Mexican singer, actress, and television presenter (b. 1932) March 26 Edmund Muskie, American politician (b. 1914) David Packard, American engineer (b. 1912) March 31 – Jeffrey Lee Pierce, American musician (b. 1958) April April 3 – Ron Brown, American politician (b. 1941) April 4 – Barney Ewell, American athlete (b. 1918) April 6 – Greer Garson, British-American actress (b. 1904) April 8 – Ben Johnson, American actor and stuntman (b. 1918) April 13 – James Burke, Irish-American gangster (b. 1931) April 16 – Lucille Bremer, American actress and dancer (b. 1917) April 18 – Bernard Edwards, American bass player (b. 1952) April 20 – Christopher Robin Milne, English author and bookseller (b. 1920) April 21 – Dzhokhar Dudayev, Chechen politician and President of Ichkeria (b. 1944) April 22 – Erma Bombeck, American humorist and writer (b. 1927) April 23 – P. L. Travers, British actress, journalist, novelist and writer (b. 1899) April 25 – Saul Bass, American graphic designer (b. 1920) April 26 – Stirling Silliphant, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1918) April 28 – Siti Hartinah, 2nd First Lady of Indonesia (b. 1923) May May 1 – David M. Kennedy, American politician, businessman (b. 1905) May 2 – Emile Habibi, Palestinian Israeli writer (b. 1922) May 3 – Jack Weston, American actor (b. 1924) May 6 – Leo Joseph Suenens, Belgian cardinal (b. 1904) May 11 Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1st President of Nigeria (b. 1904) Scott Fischer, American mountaineer (b. 1955) Rob Hall, New Zealand mountaineer (b. 1961) Andrew Harris, New Zealand mountaineer (b. 1964) Doug Hansen, American mountaineer (b. 1949) Yasuko Namba, Japanese mountaineer (b. 1949) Tsewang Samanla, Indo-Tibetan Border police officer and mountaineer (b. 1957) Tsewang Paljor, Indo-Tibetan Border police officer and mountaineer (b. 1968) Dorje Morup, Indo-Tibetan Border police officer and mountaineer (b. 1948) Ademir de Menezes, Brazilian footballer (b. 1922) May 17 – Johnny "Guitar" Watson, American singer, songwriter and musician (b. 1935) May 19 – John Beradino, American baseball player and actor (b. 1917) May 20 – Jon Pertwee, British actor (b. 1919) May 23 – Sim Iness, American Olympic athlete (b. 1930) May 24 John Abbott, English actor (b. 1905) Jacob Druckman, American composer (b. 1928) May 25 – Bradley Nowell, American musician (b. 1968) May 29 – Tamara Toumanova, Russian-American dancer and actress (b. 1919) May 31 – Timothy Leary, American writer and social activist (b. 1920) June June 1 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, 6th President of India (b. 1913) June 2 John Alton, American cinematographer (b. 1901) Pilar Lorengar, Spanish soprano (b. 1928) June 3 – Peter Glenville, English film director (b. 1913) June 6 Kusuo Kitamura, Japanese Olympic swimmer (b. 1917) George Davis Snell, American Nobel geneticist (b. 1903) June 10 – Jo Van Fleet, American actress (b. 1914) June 11 – Brigitte Helm, German actress (b. 1908) June 15 – Ella Fitzgerald, American singer (b. 1917) June 19 Hillevi Rombin, Swedish actress and beauty queen (b. 1933) Edvin Wide, Swedish middle- and long-distance runner (b. 1896) June 23 Ray Lindwall, Australian cricketer (b. 1921) Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1919) June 26 – Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist (b. 1958) June 27 – Albert R. Broccoli, American film producer (b. 1909) June 28 – Kwan Tak-hing, Hong Kong actor (b. 1905) July July 1 – Margaux Hemingway, American fashion model and actress (b. 1954) July 3 – Raaj Kumar, Indian film actor (b. 1926) July 9 Eno Raud, Estonian writer (b. 1928) Sergey Kuryokhin, Russian pianist, composer, improvisor, performance artist and actor (b. 1954) July 13 – Pandro S. Berman, American film producer (b. 1905) July 15 – Dana Hill, American actress (b. 1964) July 17 – Paul Touvier, French Nazi collaborator (b. 1915) July 20 – František Plánička, Czech footballer (b. 1904) July 21 Luana Anders, American actress (b. 1938) Herb Edelman, American actor (b. 1933) July 22 – Jessica Mitford, British-American author, journalist and political campaigner (b. 1917) July 23 – Jean Muir, American actress (b. 1911) July 27 – Jane Drew, English architect (b. 1911) July 28 – Roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist and artist (b. 1908) July 30 – Claudette Colbert, American actress (b. 1903) August August 1 Mohamed Farrah Aidid, Somali military commander and politician (b. 1934) Frida Boccara, French singer (b. 1940) Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-Swiss Nobel chemist (b. 1897) August 2 Michel Debré, 99th Prime Minister of France (b. 1912) Obdulio Varela, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1917) August 6 – Hernán Siles Zuazo, 46th President of Bolivia (b. 1914) August 8 – Nevill Francis Mott, English Nobel physicist (b. 1905) August 11 Rafael Kubelík, Czech-born Swiss conductor (b. 1914) Baba Vanga, Bulgarian mystic, clairvoyant and herbalist (b. 1911) August 12 – Viktor Hambardzumyan, Armenian scientist (b. 1908) August 13 António de Spínola, 14th President of Portugal (b. 1910) David Tudor, American pianist and composer (b. 1926) August 14 – Camilla Horn, German actress (b. 1903) August 20 – Rio Reiser, German musician and singer (b. 1950) August 21 – Mary Two-Axe Earley, Canadian indigenous women's rights activist (b. 1911) August 26 – Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, 37th President of Argentina (b. 1918) August 27 – Greg Morris, American actor (b. 1933) August 30 – Christine Pascal, French actress, director and screenwriter (b. 1953) September September 1 – Vagn Holmboe, Danish composer (b. 1909) September 7 – Bibi Besch, American actress (b. 1942) September 9 Ruggero Mastroianni, Italian film editor (b. 1929) Bill Monroe, American musician (b. 1911) September 10 – Joanne Dru, American actress (b. 1922) September 12 – Ernesto Geisel, Brazilian general, 29th President of Brazil (b. 1907) September 13 – Tupac Shakur, American rapper (b. 1971) September 14 – Juliet Prowse, American dancer and actress (b. 1936) September 16 McGeorge Bundy, American academic (b. 1919) Gene Nelson, American dancer and actor (b. 1920) September 17 – Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice President of the United States (b. 1918) September 18 – Annabella, French actress (b. 1907) September 20 Murtaza Bhutto, Pakistani politician (b. 1954) Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1913) Max Manus, Norwegian resistance fighter (b. 1914) September 21 – Henri Nouwen, Dutch priest and author (b. 1932) September 22 Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani, 1st Prime Minister of Algeria (b. 1927) Dorothy Lamour, American actress (b. 1914) September 23 – Fujiko F. Fujio, Japanese cartoonist (b. 1933) September 24 – Zeki Müren, Turkish singer, composer, songwriter, actor and poet (b. 1931) September 26 Nicu Ceaușescu, Romanian politician (b. 1951) Pavel Sudoplatov, Soviet spy (b. 1907) Geoffrey Wilkinson, English Nobel chemist (b. 1921) September 27 – Mohammad Najibullah, President of Afghanistan (b. 1947) September 29 – Shūsaku Endō, Japanese author (b. 1923) October October 4 – Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (b. 1913) October 5 – Seymour Cray, American computer scientist (b. 1925) October 11 Renato Russo, | hit Decatur, Illinois, causing approximately $10.5 million in damage. The April 19 Tornado also hit Urbana and Ogden April 21 – A general election in Italy proclaims a new center-left government headed by Romano Prodi, replacing Silvio Berlusconi. April 22 – General Lino Oviedo is fired of his role as commander of the army by the president Juan Carlos Wasmosy. After this, he tries to orchestrate a Coup d'état, but he fails because the president was not willing to resign. April 24 – At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause calling for the removal of Israel. The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine. April 28 Port Arthur massacre: Martin Bryant kills 35 people at the Port Arthur tourist site in Tasmania, Australia. A bomb explodes in Bhaiperu, Pakistan, killing more than 60 people. May May – Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM supervises the destruction of Al-Hakam, Iraq's main production facility of biological warfare agents. May 9 South Africa's National Party pulls out of the coalition government formed two years earlier, and the African National Congress assumes full political control. Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni wins a landslide victory in the country's first direct presidential elections, securing 75% of the vote. May 10 1996 Everest disaster: A sudden storm engulfs Mount Everest with several climbing teams high on the mountain, leaving eight people dead. By the end of the month, at least four other climbers die in the worst season of fatalities on the mountain to date. The Australian government introduces a nationwide ban on the private possession of both automatic and semi-automatic rifles, in response to the Port Arthur massacre. May 11 – After takeoff from Miami, a fire started by improperly handled oxygen canisters in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Flight 592 causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 people on board. May 13 – Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kill 600 people. May 17–28 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected as Prime Minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive an overall majority and Vajpayee resigns thirteen days later rather than face a no confidence vote and is replaced by the United Front leader, Deve Gowda. May 18 – The X Prize Foundation launches the $10,000,000 Ansari X Prize. May 21 The MV Bukoba sinks in Tanzanian waters in Lake Victoria, killing nearly 1,000 people in one of Africa's worst maritime disasters. The Trappist Martyrs of Atlas are executed. May 23 – Members of the Armed Islamic Group in Algeria kill seven French Trappist monks, after talks with French government concerning the imprisonment of several GIA sympathisers break down. May 27 – First Chechnya War: Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a ceasefire for the dispute. May 28 – Albania's general election of May 26 is declared unfair by international monitors, and the ruling Democratic Party under President Muhannad Ibrahim is charged by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with rigging the elections. Several hundred protestors gather in Tirana to demonstrate against the election result. May 30 – The Likud Party, led by Benjamin Netanyahu, wins a narrow victory in the Israeli general election. June June – Iraq disarmament crisis: As Iraq continues to refuse inspectors access to a number of sites, the United States fails in its attempt to build support for military action against Iraq in the UN Security Council. June 1–3 – The Czech Republic's first general election ends inconclusively. Prime Minister Václav Klaus and his incumbent Civic Democratic Party emerge as the winners, but are unable to form a majority government. President Václav Havel refuses to invite Klaus to form a coalition. June 4 – The space rocket Ariane 5 explodes forty seconds after takeoff in French Guiana. The project costs European governments $7,500,000,000 over eleven years. June 6 – Leighton W. Smith, Jr. resigns as NATO commander in the face of increasing criticism. June 8–30 – England hosts the UEFA Euro 1996 football tournament, which is won by Germany. June 11 An explosion in a São Paulo suburban shopping centre kills 44 people and injures more than 100. A peace convoy carrying Chechen separatist leaders and international diplomats is targeted by a series of remotely controlled land mines; eight people are killed. June 15 – In Manchester, England, an IRA bomb injures over 200 people and devastates a large part of the city centre. June 23 – The Nintendo 64 was released in Japan, along with its launch and most popular title Super Mario 64. June 28 A new government is formed in Turkey, with Necmettin Erbakan of Refah Partisi becoming Prime Minister of the coalition government, and Deputy/Foreign Minister Tansu Çiller of the True Path Party succeeding him after two years. The Constitution of Ukraine is signed into law. June 29 The Prince's Trust concert is held in Hyde Park, London, and is attended by 150,000 people. The Who headlines the event in their first performance since 1989. An explosion in a firecrackers factory in Sichuan Province, China kills at least 52 people and injures 83 others. June 30 Costas Simitis is elected president of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece. Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić relinquishes power to his deputy, Biljana Plavšić. July July Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. Inspector Scott Ritter attempts to conduct surprise inspections on the Republican Guard facility at the airport but is blocked by Iraqi officials. The Indian government officially renames the city of Madras, restoring the name Chennai. July 1 The Northern Territory in Australia legalises voluntary euthanasia. German orthography reform of 1996 agreed internationally. July 3 – Boris Yeltsin is re-elected as President of Russia after the second round of elections. July 5 – Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, is born at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, UK. July 11 – Arrest warrants are issued for Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić by the Russell Tribunal in The Hague. July 12 – Hurricane Bertha: made landfall in North Carolina as a Category 2 storm, causing $270 million in damage ($ in present-day terms) to the United States and its possessions and many indirect deaths. July 16 – An outbreak of E. coli food poisoning in Japan results in 6,000 children being ill, including two deaths, after a group of school children eat contaminated lunches. July 17 The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) is constituted. Paris- and Rome-bound TWA Flight 800 (Boeing 747) explodes off the coast of Long Island, New York, killing all 230 people on board. July 18 An F-5 tornado strikes Oakfield, WI. July 19 The 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States, begin. Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić resigns from public office in Republika Srpska after being indicted for war crimes. July 21 – The Saguenay Flood, one of Canada's most costly natural disasters, is caused by flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec. July 24 – The Dehiwala train bombing kills 56 commuters outside Colombo. July 25 – The Tutsi-led Burundian army performs a coup and reinstalls previous president Pierre Buyoya, ousting current president Sylvestre Ntibantunganya. July 27 The Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics kills one person and injures 111. Indonesian government forces attacked the head office of the Indonesian Democratic Party, which was being occupied by supporters of recently ousted party leader Megawati Sukarnoputri. Australian serial killer Ivan Milat is sentenced to life in prison for carrying out the Backpacker murders of 1989–93. He remains at the Long Bay Correctional Centre until his death in 2019. July 28 – The remains of a man who lived 8,000 to 9,000 years ago are discovered in Kennewick, Washington and are named Kennewick Man. August August The first three-parent baby is conceived in New Jersey through mitochondrial donation. The invasive species Asian long-horned beetle is found in New York City. August 1 Sarah Balabagan returns to the Philippines. A pro-democracy demonstration supporting Megawati Sukarnoputri in Indonesia is broken up by riot police. August 4 – The 1996 Summer Olympics conclude. August 6 – NASA announces that the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, may contain evidence of primitive lifeforms; further tests are inconclusive. August 7 – Heavy rains kill more than 80 campers near Huesca, Spain. August 9 – Boris Yeltsin is sworn in at the Kremlin for a second term as President of Russia. August 11 – Oasis headlines the biggest free-standing concert in UK history in two nights (Aug 10th & 11th) at Knebworth, Hertfordshire. August 13 – Data sent back by the Galileo space probe indicates there may be water on one of Jupiter's moons. August 14 – A rocket ignited during a fireworks display in Arequipa, Peru knocks down a high-tension power cable into a dense crowd, electrocuting 35 people. August 15 – Bob Dole is nominated for President of the United States, and Jack Kemp for vice president, at the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California. August 16 – Brookfield Zoo, Chicago. After a 3-year-old boy falls into the deep gorilla enclosure, Binti Jua, a female lowland gorilla sits with the injured boy until his rescue. August 21 Former State President of South Africa, F. W. de Klerk, makes an official apology for crimes committed under Apartheid to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Cape Town. In the UK, Queen Elizabeth II issues letters patent on divorced former wives of British princes, taking away from the ex-wives the attribute and style of Royal Highness. With that Sarah, Duchess of York as well as Diana, Princess of Wales legally cease to be Royals, but they remain as non-royal Duchess and Princess. August 23 – Osama bin Laden writes "The Declaration of Jihad on the Americans Occupying the Country of the Two Sacred Places," a call for the removal of American military forces from Saudi Arabia. August 28 – Their Royal Highnesses, the Prince and Princess of Wales, are formally divorced at the High Court of Justice in London. Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales is restyled Diana, Princess of Wales, due to the Queen's letters patent issued a week earlier. August 29 U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore are re-nominated at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. A Russian Tupolev 154 jetliner crashes into a mountain as it approaches the airport at Spitsbergen, Norway, killing all 141 people on board. August 31 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces launch an offensive into the northern No-Fly Zone and capture Arbil. September September 2 – A permanent peace agreement is signed at the Malacañan Palace between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front. September 3 – The United States launches Operation Desert Strike against Iraq in reaction to the attack on Arbil. September 4 – The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia attack a military base in Guaviare, Colombia, starting three weeks of guerrilla warfare that will claim the lives of at least 130 Colombians. September 5 – Hurricane Fran makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina as a Category 3 storm with sustained winds. Fran caused over $3 billion in damages ($ in present-day terms) and killed 27 people, mainly in North Carolina. The name "Fran" was retired due to the extensive damage. September 10 – Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) signed (it will be ratified 180 days after ratification by 44 Annex 2 countries). September 13 Alija Izetbegović is elected President of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the country's first election since the Bosnian War. Rapper and actor Tupac Shakur dies at the age of 25, six days after being shot and mortally wounded in Las Vegas. September 13-September 18 – A North Korean Sang-O-class submarine runs aground in South Korea. The crew are described as spies by the South Korean government and killed by the South Korean military. September 20 – Leader of Pakistani opposition party Pakistan Peoples Party Murtaza Bhutto is killed during a gunfight with police. September 22 – The Panhellenic Socialist Movement under the leadership of Costas Simitis succeeds in the 1996 Greek legislative election. September 24 – U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the United Nations. September 25 – A sports wear and apparel brand on worldwide, Under Armour was founded by Kevin Plank in United States. September 26 – Nintendo introduces in American market the new game console with the name Nintendo 64. September 27 – In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city of Kabul, after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah. September 29 – The final NASCAR race is held at North Wilkesboro Speedway, which is won by Jeff Gordon. October October 2 The former Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Andrey Lukanov, is assassinated. Aeroperú Flight 603 crashes into the Pacific Ocean when the instruments fail just after takeoff from Lima Airport, killing all 70 people on board. October 6 – The government of New Zealand agrees to pay $130 million worth of compensation for the loss of land suffered by the Māori population between the years of 1844 and 1864. October 7 – Fox News Channel is launched. October 10 – Time Warner completes its million-dollar acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System. October 22 – A fire at La Planta prison in southwest Caracas, Venezuela, kills thirty prisoners. October 30 – Fighting erupts when Banyamulenga Tutsis of Laurent Kabila in Zaire seize Uvira and proceed to kill Hutu refugees. October 31 – TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 crashes into a densely populated area of São Paulo, killing all 96 people on board. November November – Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM inspectors uncover buried prohibited missile parts. Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM teams to remove remnants of missile engines for analysis outside of the country. November 5 1996 United States presidential election: Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeats his Republican challenger, Bob Dole. Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's government is dismissed by President Farooq Leghari after widespread allegations of corruption. November 7 A category 4 cyclone strikes Andhra Pradesh, India, killing at least 1,000 people. NASA launches the Mars Global Surveyor. November 8 – All 144 people on board a Nigerian-owned Boeing 727 die after the aircraft crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while approaching Lagos airport. November 12 – Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 collides in mid-air with Kazakhstan Airlines Il-76 in New Delhi, India, resulting in the loss of 349 lives. November 17 A bomb explodes in Kaspiysk, Russia, killing 32 people. Emil Constantinescu is elected as President of Romania. November 18 – Frederick Chiluba is re-elected as President of Zambia. November 19 Martin Bryant is sentenced to 35 consecutive sentences of life imprisonment plus 1,035 years without parole for murdering 35 people in a shooting spree in Tasmania earlier this year. Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Organization (CTBTO) established. STS-80: Space Shuttle Columbia conducts the longest mission of the Space Shuttle program. November 20 – The 1996 Garley Building fire occurred in Hong Kong, resulting in 41 deaths and 81 injuries. November 21 – A propane explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store and office building in San Juan, Puerto Rico kills 33 people. November 23 The Republic of Angola officially joins the World Trade Organization as Angola. Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 is hijacked, then crashes into the Indian Ocean off the coast of Comoros after running out of fuel, killing 125. Tamagotchi is released in Japan by Bandai. November 25 – An ice storm strikes the U.S. killing 26 directly and hundreds more from accidents. A powerful windstorm blasts Florida with winds gusts up to 90 mph. December December 9 – Jerry Rawlings is re-elected as President of Ghana. December 11 – Tung Chee-hwa is appointed to become the new leader of Hong Kong after it reverts to Chinese rule on July 1, 1997, at the end a 99-year lease to the United Kingdom. December 13 – Ghanaian diplomat Kofi Annan is elected by the United Nations Security Council the next Secretary-General of the United Nations. December 17 – The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru. December 25 – At least 283 migrants drown in the sinking of F174 near Capo Passero (Sicily). December 26 The largest strike in South Korean history begins. Six-year-old JonBenét Ramsey is found beaten and strangled in the basement of her family's home in Boulder, Colorado. December 27 – Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Air Base, solidifying their buffer zone around Kabul. December 29 – Guatemala and the leaders of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity sign a peace accord that ends the 36-year Guatemalan Civil War. December 30 – In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists, killing 26. December 31 – USA's largest railway network, BNSF Railway is formed as a merger from Burlington Northern and AT&SF Railway and as of 2009, BNSF has 32,500 miles of trackage in 28 states. Births January January 1 – Stunna 4 Vegas, American rapper January 2 – Xiaoyu Yu, Chinese figure skater January 3 – Florence Pugh, English actress January 5 Maxim Baldry, English actor Tyler Ulis, American basketball player January 6 |
Zealand Maori rugby player (d. 1986) April 26 – Raúl Leoni, President of Venezuela (d. 1972) April 29 – George Beamish, British Royal Air Force air marshal, Irish rugby player (d. 1967) April 30 – Sergey Nikolsky, Russian mathematician (d. 2012) May 3 – Werner Fenchel, German mathematician (d. 1988) May 5 – Floyd Gottfredson, American cartoonist, primarily known for the Mickey Mouse comic strip (d. 1986) May 9 – Lilí Álvarez, Spanish tennis player, author and feminist (d. 1998) May 11 Lise de Baissac, Mauritian-born SOE agent, war hero (d. 2004) Catherine Bauer Wurster, American architect and public housing advocate (d. 1964) May 13 – Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, Indian lawyer, politician and 5th President of India (d. 1977) May 15 – Joseph Cotten, American actor (d. 1994) May 16 – Henry Fonda, American actor (d. 1982) May 17 – Roy Nelson, American cartoonist (d. 1956) May 20 – Gerrit Achterberg, Dutch poet (d. 1962) May 24 – Mikhail Sholokhov, Russian novelist, short story writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984) May 27 Signe Johansson-Engdahl, Swedish Olympic diver (d. 2010) Lilo Milchsack (b. Lisalotte Duden), German promoter of Anglo-German relations (d. 1992) May 28 – Sada Abe, Japanese actress (d. 1970) May 29 – Sebastian Shaw, English actor (d. 1994) June 1 – Robert Newton, English actor (d. 1956) June 3 Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole, Samoan politician (d. 1963) Martin Gottfried Weiss, Nazi commandant (d. 1946) June 5 – John Abbott, English actor (d. 1996) June 7 – James J. Braddock, Irish-American wrestler (d. 1974) June 11 – Paul Wormser, French fencer (d. 1944) June 12 – Ray Barbuti, American athlete (d. 1975) June 13 – Franco Riccardi, Italian fencer (d. 1968) June 14 Liesel Bach, German aerobatic pilot (d. 1992) Arthur Davis, American animator (d. 2000) June 19 – Mildred Natwick, American stage, film actress (d. 1994) June 21 Tino Bianchi, Italian actor (d. 1996) Jean-Paul Sartre, French existentialist (d. 1980) Zeng Xueming, Chinese midwife, wife of Hồ Chí Minh (d. 1991) June 23 Jack Pickersgill, Canadian civil servant and politician (d. 1997) Isaac Schapera, English anthropologist (d. 2003) Mary Livingstone, American radio comedian (d. 1983) June 24 – Fred Alderman, American sprint runner (d. 1998) June 25 Leon deValinger, Jr., American archivist, historian (d. 2000) Arthur Maria Rabenalt, Austrian film director (d. 1993) Jun'ichi Yoda, Japanese poet (d. 1997) June 26 – Jack Longland, British educator, mountain climber and broadcaster (d. 1993) June 27 Lady Rachel Pepys, Lady-in-Waiting to Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (d. 1992) Kwan Tak-hing, Hong Kong actor (d. 1996) Tarzan Woltzen, American professional basketball player (d. 1995) June 28 – Ashley Montagu, British-American anthropologist (d. 1999) June 29 – Oswald Denison, New Zealand rower (d. 1990) June 30 John Harmon, American actor (d. 1985) Nestor Paiva, American actor (d. 1966) John Van Ryn, American tennis champion (d. 1999) July – September July 2 – Eugene E. Lindsey, United States Navy officer (d. 1942) July 3 Johnny Gibson, American runner, Olympic athlete (d. 2006) Clorinda Málaga de Prado, First Lady of Peru (d. 1993) July 4 Robert Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey, British diplomat, public servant (d. 1996) Irving Johnson, American sail training pioneer (d. 1991) Marie-Thérèse Paquin, Canadian pianist (d. 1997) Lionel Trilling, American literary critic, short story writer, essayist and teacher (d. 1975) July 5 – Jock Cameron, South African cricketer (d. 1935) July 6 – Leonid Pavlovich Potapov, Russian ethnographer (d. 2000) July 8 Kathleen Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn (d. 1990) Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator (d. 1997) July 10 – Thomas Gomez, American actor (d. 1971) July 11 Betty Allan, Australian statistician and biometrician (d. 1952) Kikutaro Baba, Japanese malacologist (d. 2000) David Louis Lidman, American actor (d. 1982) July 12 Edward Bernds, American director (d. 2000) Prince John of the United Kingdom (d. 1919) July 13 Magda Foy, American child actress (d. 2000) Eugenio Pagnini, Italian modern pentathlete (d. 1993) Edvin Laine, Finnish film director (d. 1989) Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general (d. 1990) July 14 – Laurence Chisholm Young, American mathematician (d. 2000) July 15 Anita Farra, Italian actress (d. 2008) Dorothy Fields, American songwriter (d. 1988) Addie McPhail, American actress (d. 2003) Shirley Povich, American sports columnist (d. 1998) July 16 – Lou Garland, American baseball player (d. 1990) July 17 William Gargan, American actor (d. 1979) Guillermo Hyslop, American businessman (d. 1993) Araken Patusca, Brazilian footballer (d. 1990) Marjorie Reeves, British historian, educationalist (d. 2003) July 19 Geertje Kuijntjes, Dutch supercentenarian (d. 2019) Giuseppe Girotti, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (d. 1945) July 20 – Joseph Levis, American fencer (d. 2005) July 21 David M. Kennedy, American politician, businessman (d. 1996) Diana Trilling, American literary critic, author (d. 1996) July 22 – Doc Cramer, American baseball player (d. 1990) July 23 – Leopold Engleitner, Austrian Holocaust survivor (d. 2013) July 25 Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-born British writer (d. 1994) Masazō Nonaka, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019) Denys Watkins-Pitchford, British writer of children's books (d. 1990) July 26 – Alex Radcliffe, American baseball player (d. 1983) July 29 Clara Bow, American film actress (d. 1965) Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish diplomat, 2nd Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 1961) July 30 – Pedro Quartucci, Argentine boxer, actor (d. 1983) July 31 – Robert A. Grant, American judge (d. 1998) August 2 Ernst Kals, German submarine commander (d. 1979) Franz König, Austrian Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 2004) Myrna Loy, American actress (d. 1993) August 4 – Abeid Karume, 1st President of Zanzibar (assassinated) (d. 1972) August 8 – André Jolivet, French composer (d. 1974) August 9 – Leo Genn, English actor (d. 1978) August 11 – Erwin Chargaff, Austrian biochemist (d. 2002) August 13 - Gareth Jones, Welsh journalist (d. 1935) August 16 – Marian Rejewski, Polish mathematician, cryptologist (d. 1980) August 20 Jean Gebser, German-born author, linguist and poet (d. 1973) Mikio Naruse, Japanese filmmaker (d. 1969) August 22 – John Lyng, Norwegian politician, prime minister (d. 1978) August 23 – Constant Lambert, British composer (d. 1951) August 24 – Siaka Stevens, President of Sierra Leone (d. 1988) August 25 – Faustina Kowalska, Polish "Secretary of Divine Mercy", saint (d. 1938) August 28 – Sam Levene, American actor (d. 1980) August 29 Dhyan Chand, Indian hockey player (d. 1979) Al Taliaferro, Disney comics artist (d. 1969) August 31 – Dore Schary, American film writer, director and producer (d. 1980) September 1 Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum, Cambodian politician (d. 2009) Elvera Sanchez, Puerto Rican dancer (d. 2000) September 3 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991) September 5 Arthur Koestler, Hungarian-born novelist and social philosopher (d. 1983) Justiniano Montano, Filipino politician (d. 2005) Walther Müller, German physicist (d. 1979) September 10 – Ibrahim Biçakçiu, Albanian politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1977) September 12 Linda Agostini, English-Australian murder victim (d. 1934) Ali Amini, Iranian politician, 67th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1992) September 18 Eddie Anderson, African-American actor (d. 1977) Agnes de Mille, American choreographer (d. 1993) Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (d. 1990) September 19 – Judith Auer, German World War II resistance fighter (d. 1944) September 20 – Reinhold O. Carlson, American politician (d. 2006) September 22 Haakon Lie, Norwegian politician (d. 2009) Eugen Sänger, Austrian aerospace engineer (d. 1964) September 24 – Severo Ochoa, Spanish–American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993) September 26 Juliana Koo, Chinese-American diplomat and supercentenarian (d. 2017) Emilio Navarro, Puerto Rican baseball player (d. 2011) September 28 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (d. 2005) September 30 Savitri Devi, Greek writer, National Socialist philosopher (d. 1982) Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996) Michael Powell, English film director (d. 1990) October – December October 6 – Helen Wills, American tennis player (d. 1998) October 7 – Andy Devine, American character actor (d. 1977) October 11 – Fred Trump, American real estate developer, father of Donald J. Trump, 45th President of the United States (d. 1999) October 15 – C. P. Snow, English novelist (d. 1980) October 18 – Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Ivory Coast (d. 1993) October 23 Felix Bloch, Swiss-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983) Claude de Cambronne, French aircraft manufacturer (d. 1993) Yen Chia-kan, 2nd President of the Republic of China (d. 1993) October 29 Giuseppe Alessi, Italian politician (d. 2009) Reg Bunn, English comic book artist (d. 1971) Berthold Wolpe, German-born British calligrapher, typographer and illustrator (d. 1989) October 31 – Harry Frederick Harlow, American psychologist (d. 1981) November 2 Isobel Andrews, New Zealand writer (d. 1990) Georges Schehadé, Lebanese poet, playwright (d. 1989) November 3 – Lois Mailou Jones, African-American artist (d. 1998) November 4 – Dragutin Tadijanović, Croatian poet (d. 2007) November 5 – Sajjad Zaheer, Indian-born Urdu writer, revolutionary (d. 1973) November 7 – William Alwyn, English composer (d. 1985) November 9 – Erika Mann, German author, war correspondent (d. 1969) November 15 – Mantovani, Italian-born conductor, arranger (d. 1980) November 17 Queen Astrid of Belgium (d. 1935) Mischa Auer, Russian-American actor (d. 1967) November 19 – Tommy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1956) November 21 – Georgina Battiscombe, British biographer (d. 2006) November 25 – Samiha Ayverdi, Turkish author and Sufi mystic (d. 1993) December 5 Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, British peer, politician and reformer (d. 2001) Otto Preminger, Austrian-born American film director (d. 1986) December 7 Gerard Kuiper, Dutch astronomer (d. 1973) Edelgard Huber von Gersdorff, German supercentenarian (d. 2018) December 8 – Frank Faylen, American actor (d. 1985) December 11 – Gilbert Roland, Mexican-born American actor (d. 1994) December 16 – Ruben Nirvi, Finnish linguist and professor (d. 1986) December 17 – Simo Häyhä, Finnish sniper (d. 2002) December 19 – Irving Kahn, American financial analyst, investor (d. 2015) December 21 – Anthony Powell, British author (d. 2000) December 22 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (d. 1982) December 24 – Howard Hughes, American millionaire, aviation pioneer and film mogul (d. 1976) December 27 – Cliff Arquette (Charley Weaver), American comic (d. 1974) December 31 – Jule Styne, English-born composer (d. 1994) Date unknown Gershon Liebman, French rabbi (d. 1997) Deaths January–February January 1 Johannes Ludovicus Paquay, Belgian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1828) Mabel Cahill, Irish tennis champion (b. 1863) January 2 – Clara Augusta Jones Trask, American dime novelist (b. 1839) January 6 José María Gabriel y Galán, Spanish poet (b. 1870) Ann Eliza Smith, American patriot (b. 1819) January 9 – Louise Michel, French anarchist (b. 1830) January 11 – Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter, Polish Hasidic rabbi (b. 1847) January 14 – Ernst Abbe, German physicist (b. 1840) January 19 – Debendranath Tagore, Indian philosopher (b. 1817) January 20 – Gyula Szapáry, 10th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1832) January 22 Ștefan Fălcoianu, Romanian general and politician (b. 1835) Clara Harrison Stranahan, American college co-founder and trustee (b. 1831) January 27 – Watson Heston, American cartoonist (b. 1846) January 31 – Konstantin Savitsky, Russian painter (b. 1844) February 2 – Adolf Bastian, German anthropologist (b. 1826) February 4 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (b. 1841) February 5 – Andrijica Šimić, Croatian hajduk (b. 1833) February 6 – Maria Theresia Bonzel, German nun, founder of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration (b. 1830) February 9 – Adolph von Menzel, German painter (b. 1815) February 12 – Marcel Schwob, French writer (b. 1867) February 15 – Lew Wallace, American writer (Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ) (b. 1827) February 16 – Jay Cooke, American financier (b. 1821) February 17 – Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (b. 1857) February 19 – Benjamin Harris Babbidge, Australian politician, 19th Mayor of Brisbane (b. 1836) February 20 – Jeremiah W. Farnham, American merchant captain (b. c. 1828) February 24 – Fanny Cochrane Smith, Aboriginal Tasmanian (b. 1834) February 25 – Edward Cooper, 83rd Mayor of New York City (b. 1824) March–April March 1 – Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume, French sculptor (b. 1822) March 3 – Antonio Annetto Caruana, Maltese archaeologist, author (b. 1830) | the founding of Las Vegas. 1905 is also the year in which Albert Einstein, at this time resident in Bern, publishes his four Annus Mirabilis papers in Annalen der Physik (Leipzig) (March 18, May 11, June 30 and September 27), laying the foundations for more than a century's study of theoretical physics. Events January January 1 – Russo-Japanese War: The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur, in Qing Dynasty China. January 5 – Baroness Emma Orczy's play The Scarlet Pimpernel, the forerunner of her novel, opens at the New Theatre in London, beginning a run of 122 performances and numerous revivals. January 22 (January 9 O.S.) – The Bloody Sunday massacre of peaceful Russian demonstrators, led by Russian Orthodox priest Father Gapon, at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, helps trigger the abortive Revolution of 1905. January 26 (January 13 O.S.) Russian Revolution of 1905: The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on demonstrators in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, killing 73 and injuring 200 people. The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa, at the Premier Mine. February February 16 – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of eleven crew members. February 17 – At Fremantle, Australia, the RMS Orizaba is wrecked, but all 160 passengers and the mail are saved. February 20 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Mukden begins in Manchuria. February 23 – Rotary International is founded, in Chicago, Illinois. March March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma). March 4 – Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in for a full term as 26th President of the United States. March 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden, after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days. March 10 Russo-Japanese War: The Japanese capture of Mukden (modern-day Shenyang) completes the rout of Russian armies in Manchuria. Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland, Ohio, for fraud. Chelsea F.C. is founded in London. March 13 – Mata Hari introduces her exotic dance act in Paris. March 18 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light", in which he explains the photoelectric effect using the notion of light quanta (published June 9). March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster: A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, Massachusetts, kills 58. March 23 – Theriso revolt: About 1,500 men, led by Eleftherios Venizelos, meet at the village of Theriso in Crete to challenge the island's authoritarian government and press for its unification with Greece. March 31 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis. April April 1 – The Imperial Penny Post is extended to include Australia. April 2 – The Simplon Tunnel is officially opened, through the Alps. April 3 – Boca Juniors football club is founded in Buenos Aires, Argentina. April 4 – In India, the 1905 Kangra earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, kills 20,000 and destroys most buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj and Dharamshala. April 6 – Lochner v. New York: The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New York's 8-hour-day law. April 14 – Erik Gustaf Boström resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of the Swedish-Norwegian Union; his Minister without Portfolio, Johan Ramstedt, becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden. April 30 – Albert Einstein completes his doctoral dissertation, A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions (submitted July 30 to the University of Zurich). May May 11 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen" ("On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"), based on his doctoral research, delineating a stochastic model of Brownian motion (published July 18). May 15 – Las Vegas is founded when , in what later becomes downtown, are auctioned off. May 17 – Kappa Delta Rho is founded in Room 14 of Old Painter Hall, at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont. May 22 – The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II establishes the Ullah Millet for the Aromanians of the empire. For this reason, the Aromanian National Day is sometimes celebrated on this day. May 23 – The Ottoman Sultan's decision to create the Ullah Millet is publicly announced. This day is the most common date for the celebration of the Aromanian National Day. May 27–28 – Russo-Japanese War – Battle of Tsushima: The Japanese fleet under Admiral Heihachiro Togo destroys the Russian fleet under Admiral Zinovi Petrovich Rozhdestvenski, in a 2-day battle. June June 7 – The Norwegian Parliament declares dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, giving Norway full independence. June 9 – Charlton Athletic F.C. is founded in London, England. June 15 – Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Skåne (Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden). June 21 – The New York Central Railroad's flagship passenger train, the 20th Century Limited, is derailed in an apparent act of sabotage in Mentor, Ohio, killing 21. June 27 – (June 14 O.S.): Mutiny breaks out on the Russian ironclad Potemkin. June 29 – The Automobile Association is founded in the United Kingdom. June 30 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", establishing his theory of special relativity (published September 26). July July 8 – President Theodore Roosevelt sends his 21-year-old daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, and her party on a diplomatic journey to Japan, the Philippines, Hong Kong, China and Korea. July 22 – Taft–Katsura Secret Agreement: The United States and Japan meet to discuss their respective positions regarding Korea and the Philippines. July 22 – Florence Kelly delivers speech about child labor before the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in Philadelphia. July 23 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time. July 24 – An magnitude 8.4 earthquake strikes Mongolia and Becoming the second Biggest recorded in Mongolia. August August – Mexican-American prospector Pablo Valencia gets lost in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona with no water. August 2 Businessman and right-wing politician Christian Lundeberg becomes Prime Minister of Sweden. The Ancient Order of Druids initiate neo-Druidic rituals at Stonehenge in England. August 12 Leopold II of Belgium opens the Antwerpen-Central railway station. The first running takes place of the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb in England, the world's oldest motorsport event to be staged continuously on its original course. Aug 20 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary, forms the first chapter of T'ung Meng Hui, a union of all secret societies determined to bringing down the Manchu dynasty. September September 1 – The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are established, from the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories. September 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Treaty of Portsmouth – In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin together with port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan. September 8 – The 7.2 Calabria earthquake shakes Southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 557 and 2,500 people. September 10 – Crystal Palace F.C. is founded in London. September 27 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", in which he puts forward the idea of mass–energy equivalence by publishing the famous equation E = mc2 (published November 21). October October – Fauvist artists, led by Henri Matisse and André Derain, first exhibit their works, at the Salon d'Automne in Paris. October 1 – Turkish Football team Galatasaray was founded in Istanbul. October 1 – A Czech worker, František Pavlík (b. 1885), is bayoneted to death during a demonstration for a Czech university in Brno. This event is the motivation for a piano sonata, 1. X. 1905, by composer Leoš Janáček, which premières on 27 January 1906. October 2 – is laid down in the United Kingdom, revolutionizing battleship design and triggering a naval arms race. October 5 – The Wright brothers' third aeroplane (Wright Flyer III) stays in the air for 39 minutes with Wilbur piloting, the first aeroplane flight lasting over half an hour. October 11 – The Institute of Musical Art, predecessor of the Juilliard School, opens in New York City. October 16 – The Partition of Bengal is made by Lord Curzon to separate the region of Bengal into Muslim and Hindu territories until its reunification in 1911. October 26 – Sweden agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway. October 29 (October 16 O.S.) – In the Russian Empire: Russian Revolution of 1905: The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on a meeting at a street market in Tallinn, Governorate of Estonia, killing 94 and injuring over 200 people. The Circum-Baikal Railway is brought into permanent operation, completing through rail communication on the Trans-Siberian Railway. October 30 (October 17 Old Style) – October Manifesto: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is forced to announce the granting of his country's first constitution (the Russian Constitution of 1906), conceding a national assembly (State Duma) with limited powers. November November 4 – The application of the infamous February Manifesto, removing the veto of the Diet of the autonomous Grand Principality of Finland over matters considered by the Emperor to concern Russian imperial interests, is interrupted by the new November Manifesto. The Senate of Finland |
to the employee for amounts paid during the taxable year for medical care (determined without regard to whether the employee itemizes deductions for such taxable year). Amounts withdrawn are subject to ordinary income taxes to the participant. The Internal Revenue Code generally defines a hardship as any of the following. Unreimbursed medical expenses for the participant, the participant's spouse, or the participant's dependent. Purchase of principal residence for the participant. Payment of college tuition and related educational costs such as room and board for the next 12 months for the participant, the participant's spouse or dependents, or children who are no longer dependents. Payments necessary to prevent foreclosure or eviction from the participant's principal residence. Funeral and burial expenses. Repairs to damage of participant's principal residence. Some employers may disallow one, several, or all of the previous hardship causes. To maintain the tax advantage for income deferred into a 401(k), the law stipulates the restriction that unless an exception applies, money must be kept in the plan or an equivalent tax deferred plan until the employee reaches years of age. Money that is withdrawn prior to the age of typically incurs a 10% penalty tax unless a further exception applies. This penalty is on top of the "ordinary income" tax that has to be paid on such a withdrawal. The exceptions to the 10% penalty include: the employee's death, the employee's total and permanent disability, separation from service in or after the year the employee reached age 55, substantially equal periodic payments under section 72(t), a qualified domestic relations order, and for deductible medical expenses (exceeding the 7.5% floor). This does not apply to the similar 457 plan. As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the CARES Act allowed people to withdraw funds before the age of up to $100,000 without the 10% penalty due for 2020. Loans Many plans also allow participants to take loans from their 401(k). The "interest" on the loan is paid not to the financial institution, but is instead paid into the 401(k) plan itself, essentially becoming additional after-tax contributions to the 401(k). The movement of the principal portion of the loan is tax-neutral as long as it is properly paid back. However, the interest portion of the loan repayments are made with after-tax funds but do not increase the after-tax basis in the 401(k). Therefore, upon distribution/conversion of those funds, the owner will have to pay taxes on (only) the interest funds a second time. The loan principal is not taxable income nor subject to the 10% penalty as long as it is paid back in accordance with section 72(p) of the Internal Revenue Code. This section requires, among other things, that the loan is for a term no longer than 5 years (except for the purchase of a primary residence), that a "reasonable" rate of interest be charged, and that substantially equal payments (with payments made at least every calendar quarter) be made over the life of the loan. Employers, of course, have the option to make their plan's loan provisions more restrictive. When an employee does not make payments in accordance with the plan or IRS regulations, the outstanding loan balance will be declared in "default". A defaulted loan, and possibly accrued interest on the loan balance, becomes a taxable distribution to the employee in the year of default with all the same tax penalties and implications of a withdrawal. Required minimum distributions (RMD) Account owners must begin making distributions from their accounts by April 1 of the calendar year after turning age or April 1 of the calendar year after retiring, whichever is later. The amount of distributions is based on life expectancy according to the relevant factors from the appropriate IRS tables. For individuals who attain age after December 31, 2019, distributions are required by April 1 of the calendar year after turning age 72 or April 1 of the calendar year after retiring, whichever is later. The required minimum distribution is not required for a particular calendar year if the account owner is employed by the employer during the entire calendar year and the account owner does not own more than 5% of the employer's business at any point during the calendar year. Required minimum distributions apply to both traditional contributions and Roth contributions to a 401(k) plan. A person who is required to make a required minimum distribution, but does not do so, is subject to a penalty of 50% of the amount that should have been distributed. In response to the United States economic crisis of 2007–2009, Congress suspended the RMD requirement for 2009. Required distributions for some former employees A 401(k) plan may have a provision in its plan documents to close the account of former employees who have low account balances. Almost 90% of 401(k) plans have such a provision. As of March 2005, a 401(k) plan may require the closing of a former employee's account if and only if the former employee's account has less than $1,000 of vested assets. When a former employee's account is closed, the former employee can either roll over the funds to an individual retirement account, roll over the funds to another 401(k) plan, or receive a cash distribution, less required income taxes and possibly a penalty for a cash withdrawal before the age of . Rollovers Rollovers between eligible retirement plans are accomplished in one of two ways: by a distribution to the participant and a subsequent rollover to another plan or by a direct rollover from plan to plan. Rollovers after a distribution to the participant must generally be accomplished within 60 days of the distribution. If the 60-day limit is not met, the rollover will be disallowed and the distribution will be taxed as ordinary income and the 10% penalty will apply, if applicable. The same rules and restrictions apply to rollovers from plans to IRAs. Direct rollovers A direct rollover from an eligible retirement plan to another eligible retirement plan is not taxable, regardless of the age of the participant. Traditional to Roth conversions In 2013, the IRS began allowing conversions of existing Traditional 401(k) contributions to Roth 401(k). In order to do so, an employee's company plan must offer both a Traditional and Roth option and explicitly permit such a conversion. Technical details Contribution deferral limits There is a maximum limit on the total yearly employee pre-tax or Roth salary deferral into the plan. This limit, known as the "402(g) limit", was $19,000 for 2019, $19,500 for 2020–2021, and $20,500 for 2022. For future years, the limit may be indexed for inflation, increasing in increments of $500. Employees who are at least 50 years old at any time during the year are now allowed additional pre-tax "catch up" contributions of up to $6,000 for 2015–2019, and $6,500 for 2020–2021. The limit for future "catch up" contributions may also be adjusted for inflation in increments of $500. In eligible plans, employees can elect to contribute on a pre-tax basis or as a Roth 401(k) contribution, or a combination of the two, but the total of those two contributions amounts must not exceed the contribution limit in a single calendar year. This limit does not apply to post-tax non-Roth elections. If the employee contributes more than the maximum pre-tax/Roth limit to 401(k) accounts in a given year, the excess, as well as the deemed earnings for those contributions, must be withdrawn or corrected by April 15 of the following year. This violation most commonly occurs when a person switches employers mid-year and the latest employer does not know to enforce the contribution limits on behalf of their employee. If this violation is noticed too late, the employee will not only be required to pay tax on the excess contribution amount the year was earned, the tax will effectively be doubled as the late corrective distribution is required to be reported again as income along with the earnings on such excess in the year the late correction is made. Plans which are set up under section 401(k) can also have employer contributions that cannot exceed other regulatory limits. Employer matching contributions can be made on behalf of designated Roth contributions, but the employer match must be made on a pre-tax basis. Some plans also have a profit-sharing provision where employers make additional contributions to the account and may or may not require matching contributions by the employee. These additional contributions may or may not require a matching employee contribution to earn them. As with the matching funds, these contributions are also made on a pre-tax basis. There is also a maximum 401(k) contribution limit that applies to all employee and employer 401(k) contributions in a calendar year. This limit is the section 415 limit, which is the lesser of 100% of the employee's total pre-tax compensation or $56,000 for 2019, or $57,000 in 2020. For employees over 50, the catch-up contribution limit is also added to the section 415 limit. Governmental employers in the United States (that is, federal, state, county, and city governments) are currently barred from offering 401(k) retirement plans unless the retirement plan was established before May 1986. Governmental organizations may set up a section 457(b) retirement plan instead. IRS Raises 2022 401(k) Contribution Limit to $20,500, a $1,000 boost from 2021 contribution limits. Contribution deadline For a corporation, or LLC taxed as a corporation, contributions must be made by the end of a calendar year. For a sole proprietorship, partnership, or an LLC taxed as a sole proprietorship, the deadline for depositing contributions is generally the personal tax filing deadline (April 15, or September 15 if an extension was filed). Highly compensated employees (HCE) To help ensure that companies extend their 401(k) plans to low-paid employees, an IRS rule limits the maximum deferral by the company's highly compensated employees (HCEs) based on the average deferral by the company's non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs). If the less compensated employees save more for | required to pay tax on the excess contribution amount the year was earned, the tax will effectively be doubled as the late corrective distribution is required to be reported again as income along with the earnings on such excess in the year the late correction is made. Plans which are set up under section 401(k) can also have employer contributions that cannot exceed other regulatory limits. Employer matching contributions can be made on behalf of designated Roth contributions, but the employer match must be made on a pre-tax basis. Some plans also have a profit-sharing provision where employers make additional contributions to the account and may or may not require matching contributions by the employee. These additional contributions may or may not require a matching employee contribution to earn them. As with the matching funds, these contributions are also made on a pre-tax basis. There is also a maximum 401(k) contribution limit that applies to all employee and employer 401(k) contributions in a calendar year. This limit is the section 415 limit, which is the lesser of 100% of the employee's total pre-tax compensation or $56,000 for 2019, or $57,000 in 2020. For employees over 50, the catch-up contribution limit is also added to the section 415 limit. Governmental employers in the United States (that is, federal, state, county, and city governments) are currently barred from offering 401(k) retirement plans unless the retirement plan was established before May 1986. Governmental organizations may set up a section 457(b) retirement plan instead. IRS Raises 2022 401(k) Contribution Limit to $20,500, a $1,000 boost from 2021 contribution limits. Contribution deadline For a corporation, or LLC taxed as a corporation, contributions must be made by the end of a calendar year. For a sole proprietorship, partnership, or an LLC taxed as a sole proprietorship, the deadline for depositing contributions is generally the personal tax filing deadline (April 15, or September 15 if an extension was filed). Highly compensated employees (HCE) To help ensure that companies extend their 401(k) plans to low-paid employees, an IRS rule limits the maximum deferral by the company's highly compensated employees (HCEs) based on the average deferral by the company's non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs). If the less compensated employees save more for retirement, then the HCEs are allowed to save more for retirement. This provision is enforced via "non-discrimination testing". Non-discrimination testing takes the deferral rates of HCEs and compares them to NHCEs. In 2008, an HCE was defined as an employee with compensation greater than $100,000 in 2007, or as an employee that owned more than 5% of the business at any time during the year or the preceding year. In addition to the $100,000 limit for determining HCEs, employers can elect to limit the top-paid group of employees to the top 20% of employees ranked by compensation. That is, for plans with the first day of the plan-year in the 2007 calendar year, HCEs are employees who earned more than $100,000 in gross compensation (also known as 'Medicare wages') in the prior year. For example, most testing done in 2009 was for the 2008 plan-year, which compared 2007 plan-year gross compensation to the $100,000 threshold in order to determine who was an HCE and who was an NHCE. The threshold was $125,000 for 2019, and is $130,000 for 2020. The actual deferral percentage (ADP) of all HCEs as a group cannot exceed 2 percentage points greater than all NHCEs as a group. This is known as the ADP test. When a plan fails the ADP test, it essentially has two options to come into compliance. A return of excess can be given to the HCEs to lower the HCE ADP to a passing level, or it can process a "qualified non-elective contribution" (QNEC) to some or all of the NHCEs in order to raise the NHCE ADP to a passing level. A return of excess requires the plan to send a taxable distribution to the HCEs (or reclassify regular contributions as catch-up contributions subject to the annual catch-up limit for those HCEs over 50) by March 15 of the year following the failed test. A QNEC must be vested immediately. The annual contribution percentage (ACP) test is similarly performed but also includes employer matching and employee after-tax contributions. ACPs do not use the simple 2% threshold, and include other provisions which can allow the plan to "shift" excess passing rates from the ADP over to the ACP. A failed ACP test is likewise addressed through return of excess, or a QNEC or qualified match (QMAC). There are a number of "safe harbor" provisions that can allow a company to be exempted from the ADP test. This includes making a "safe harbor" employer contribution to employees' accounts. Safe harbor contributions can take the form of a match (generally totaling 4% of pay) or a non-elective profit sharing (totaling 3% of pay). Safe harbor 401(k) contributions must be 100% vested at all times with immediate eligibility for employees. There are other administrative requirements within the safe harbor, such as requiring the employer to notify all eligible employees of the opportunity to participate in the plan, and restricting the employer from suspending participants for any reason other than due to a hardship withdrawal. Automatic enrollment Employers are allowed to automatically enroll their employees in 401(k) plans, requiring employees to actively opt out if they do not want to participate (traditionally, 401(k)s required employees to opt in). Companies offering such automatic 401(k)s must choose a default investment fund and saving rate. Employees who are enrolled automatically will become investors in the default fund at the default rate, although they may select different funds and rates if they choose, or even opt out completely. Automatic 401(k)s are designed to encourage high participation rates among employees. Therefore, employers can attempt to enroll non-participants as often as once per year, requiring those non-participants to opt out each time if they do not want to participate. Employers can also choose to escalate participants' default contribution rate, encouraging them to save more. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 made automatic enrollment a safer option for employers. Prior to the Pension Protection Act, employers were held responsible for investment losses as a result of such automatic enrollments. The Pension Protection Act established a safe harbor for employers in the form of a "Qualified Default Investment Alternative", an investment plan that, if chosen by the employer as the default plan for automatically enrolled participants, relieves the employer of financial liability. Under Department of Labor regulations, three main types of investments qualify as QDIAs: lifecycle funds, balanced funds, and managed accounts. QDIAs provide sponsors with fiduciary relief similar to the relief that applies when participants affirmatively elect their investments. Fees 401(k) plans charge fees for administrative services, investment management services, and sometimes outside consulting services. They can be charged to the employer, the plan participants or to the plan itself and the fees can be allocated on a per participant basis, per plan, or as a percentage of the plan's assets. For 2011, the average total administrative and management fees on a 401(k) plan was 0.78 percent or approximately $250 per participant. The United States Supreme Court ruled, in 2015, that plan administrators could be sued for excessive plan fees and expenses, in Tibble v. Edison International. In the Tibble case, the Supreme Court took strong issue with a large company placing plan investments in "retail" mutual fund shares as opposed to "institutional" class shares. Top-heavy provisions The IRS monitors defined contribution plans such as 401(k)s to determine if they are top-heavy, or weighted too heavily in providing benefits to key employees. If the plans are too top-heavy, the company must remedy this by allocating funds to the other employees' (known as non-key employees) benefit plans. Plans for certain small businesses or sole proprietorships The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) made 401(k) plans more beneficial to the self-employed. The two key changes enacted related to the allowable "Employer" deductible contribution, and the "Individual" IRC-415 contribution limit. Prior to EGTRRA, the maximum tax-deductible contribution to a 401(k) plan was 15% of eligible pay (reduced by the amount of salary deferrals). Without EGTRRA, an incorporated business person taking $100,000 in salary would have been limited in Y2004 to a maximum contribution of $15,000. EGTRRA raised the deductible limit to 25% of eligible pay without reduction for salary deferrals. Therefore, that same businessperson in Y2008 can make an "elective deferral" of $15,500 plus a profit sharing contribution of $25,000 (i.e. 25%), and—if this person is over age 50—make a catch-up contribution of $5,000 for a total of $45,500. For those eligible to make "catch-up" contribution, and with salary of $122,000 or higher, the maximum possible total contribution in 2008 would be $51,000. To take advantage of these higher contributions, many vendors now offer Solo 401(k) plans or Individual(k) plans, which can be administered as a Self-Directed 401(k), permitting investment in real estate, mortgage notes, tax liens, private companies, and virtually any other investment. Note: an unincorporated business person is subject to slightly different calculation. The government mandates calculation of profit sharing contribution as 25% of net self-employment (Schedule C) income. Thus on $100,000 of self-employment income, the contribution would be 20% of the gross self-employment income, 25% of the net after the contribution of $20,000. Rollovers as business start-ups (ROBS) ROBS is an arrangement in which prospective business owners use their 401(k) retirement funds to pay for new business start-up costs. ROBS is an acronym from the United States Internal Revenue Service for the IRS ROBS Rollovers as Business Start-Ups Compliance Project. ROBS plans, while not considered an abusive tax avoidance transaction, are questionable because they may solely benefit one individual – the individual who rolls over his or her existing retirement 401(k) withdrawal funds to the ROBS plan in a tax-free transaction. The ROBS plan then uses the rollover assets to purchase the stock of the new business. A C corporation must be set up in order to roll the 401(k) withdrawal. Other countries Even though the term "401(k)" is a reference to a specific provision of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code section 401, it has become so well known that it |
Danville, Virginia, kills 11 people and inspires a ballad. September 29 – Prussia becomes the second jurisdiction to require mandatory driver's licenses for operators of motor vehicles, after New York State in 1901. October October 1-13 – First modern World Series: The Boston Americans defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates, in 8 games. October 6 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time. October 10 – The Women's Social and Political Union is founded in the U.K. November November 2 – Maggie L. Walker becomes the first African American woman to charter a bank. November 3 – Separation of Panama from Colombia: With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent of Colombia. November 6 – The English-language South China Morning Post newspaper is first published in Hong Kong. November 13 – The United States recognizes the independence of Panama. November 17 – The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party splits into two groups: the Bolsheviks (Russian for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority"). November 18 – The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone. November 23 – Colorado Governor James Hamilton Peabody sends the state militia into the town of Cripple Creek to break up a miners' strike. November 28 – is wrecked on a reef outside Melbourne, Australia, causing one of the world's first major oil spills. December December 16 – The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, opens its doors to guests. December 17 – Orville Wright flies an aircraft with a petrol engine, the Wright Flyer, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the first documented and successful powered and controlled heavier-than-air flight. December 30 – The Iroquois Theatre fire in Chicago kills 600. December 31 – The National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden) is founded. Date unknown The Lincoln–Lee Legion is established to promote the American temperance movement, and the signing of alcohol abstinence pledges by children. The first box of Crayola crayons is made and sold for 5 cents. It contains 8 colors; brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and black. Osea Island off Maldon, Essex, England, is bought by Frederick Nicholas Charrington to provide an addiction treatment centre. The Czech women's organisation Ženský Klub Český is founded. American motorbike brand, Harley-Davidson is founded in Wisconsin. Compression Rheostat, as predecessor of industrial automation and industrial equipment parts brand, Rockwell Automation is founded in Wisconsin, United States. Births January January 1 – Jasimuddin, Bangladeshi poet, lyricist, composer and writer (d. 1976) January 2 – Kane Tanaka, Japanese supercentenarian, oldest Japanese ever, world's oldest living person, last surviving person born in 1903 January 6 – Maurice Abravanel, Greek-born conductor (d. 1993) January 10 – Barbara Hepworth, English sculptor (d. 1975) January 11 – Alan Paton, South African author, anti-apartheid activist (d. 1988) January 12 Igor Kurchatov, Soviet and Russian physicist (d. 1960) Andrew J. Transue, American politician and attorney (Morissette v. United States) (d. 1995) January 16 Peter Brocco, American actor (d. 1992) William Grover-Williams, French race car driver, war hero (d. 1945) January 17 – Warren Hull, American actor (d. 1974) January 18 – Gladys Hooper, British supercentenarian (d. 2016) January 22 – Fritz Houtermans, Polish physicist (d. 1966) January 23 – Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian politician (d. 1948) January 27 – John Eccles, Australian neuropsychologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997) February February 2 – Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, Dutch mathematician (d. 1996) February 3 – Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish nobleman, aviation pioneer (d. 1973) February 4 – Alexander Imich, American parapsychologist, chemist (d. 2014) February 6 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (d. 1991) February 8 Greta Keller, Vienna-born cabaret singer, actress (d. 1977) Tunku Abdul Rahman, first Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1990) February 10 Waldemar Hoven, German physician (d. 1948) Matthias Sindelar, Austrian footballer (d. 1939) February 11 Rex Lease, American actor (d. 1966) Hans Redlich, Austrian composer (d. 1968) February 12 Jorge Basadre, Peruvian historian (d. 1980) Lincoln Maazel, American singer and actor (d. 2009) February 13 – Georges Simenon, French writer (d. 1989) February 14 – Stuart Erwin, American actor (d. 1967) February 16 – Edgar Bergen, American ventriloquist (d. 1978) February 21 Anaïs Nin, French writer (d. 1977) Raymond Queneau, French poet, novelist (d. 1976) February 22 Morley Callaghan, Canadian writer, media personality (d. 1990) Ain-Ervin Mere, Estonian Nazi (d. 1969) Frank P. Ramsey, English mathematician (d. 1930) February 24 – Vladimir Bartol, Slovenian author (d. 1967) February 26 – Giulio Natta, Italian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) February 27 – Grethe Weiser, German actress (d. 1970) February 28 – Vincente Minnelli, American director (d. 1986) March March 4 William C. Boyd, American immunochemist (d. 1983) Dorothy Mackaill, British-born American actress (d. 1990) John Scarne, American magician, card expert (d. 1985) March 6 – Empress Kōjun, empress consort of Japan (d. 2000) March 10 Bix Beiderbecke, American jazz musician (d. 1931) Clare Boothe Luce, American publisher, writer (d. 1987) March 11 Ronald Syme, New Zealand-born classicist, historian (d. 1989) Lawrence Welk, American television musician, bandleader (d. 1992) March 14 – Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish politician (d. 1979) March 18 – Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari, Italian aristocrat and diplomat (d. 1944) March 19 – W.R. Supratman, Indonesian violinist (d. 1938) March 20 Edgar Buchanan, American actor (d. 1979) Maria Giuseppa Robucci, Italian supercentenarian (d. 2019) March 21 – Frank Sargeson, New Zealand writer (d. 1982) March 23 – Germán Busch, 36th President of Bolivia (d. 1939) March 24 Adolf Butenandt, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995) Malcolm Muggeridge, English journalist (d. 1990) March 25 – Nahum Norbert Glatzer, Jewish-American scholar (d. 1990) March 27 – Betty Balfour, English screen actress (d. 1977) March 28 – Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (d. 1991) March 31 – H. J. Blackham, British humanist, author (d. 2009) April April 3 – Lola Alvarez Bravo, Mexican photographer (d. 1993) April 5 – Hilda Bruce, British zoologist (d. 1974) April 6 Mickey Cochrane, American baseball player (d. 1962) Doc Edgerton, American electrical engineer (d. 1990) April 9 – Gregory Goodwin Pincus, American biologist, researcher (d. 1967) April 12 – Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) April 15 – John Williams, English-born actor (d. 1983) April 17 Gregor Piatigorsky, American cellist (d. 1976) Morgan Taylor, American athlete (d. 1975) April 19 – Eliot Ness, American Prohibition agent (d. 1957) April 24 – José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Spanish politician (d. 1936) April 25 – Andrey Kolmogorov, Soviet and Russian mathematician (d. 1987) May May 2 – Benjamin Spock, American pediatrician (d. 1998) May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer, actor (d. 1977) May 4 Luther Adler, American actor (d. 1984) Paul Demel, Czech actor (d. 1951) May 6 – Toots Shor, New York restaurateur (d. 1977) May 8 – Fernandel, French actor (d. 1971) May 10 – Hans Jonas, German-born philosopher (d. 1993) May 11 – Charlie Gehringer, American baseball player (d. 1993) May 12 – Faith Bennett, British actress, WWII ATA pilot (d. 1969) May 14 – Billie Dove, American actress (d. 1997) May 18 – Frits Warmolt Went, Dutch botanist (d. 1990) May 19 – Shimoe Akiyama, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019) May 23 – Shelah Richards, Irish actress, director, and producer (d. 1985) May 24 – Lofton R. Henderson, American naval aviator (killed in the Battle of Midway) (d. 1942) May 25 – Binnie Barnes, English actress (d. 1998) May 29 – Bob Hope, English-born American comedian, actor (d. 2003) June June 1 Niní Marshall, Argentine humorist, comic actress and screenwriter (d. 1996) Vasyl Velychkovsky, Ukrainian bishop (d. 1973) June 6 Aram Khachaturian, Soviet and Armenian composer (d. 1978) Bakht Singh, Indian evangelist, well-known Bible teacher, preacher (d. 2000) June 8 – Marguerite Yourcenar, Belgian-French author (d. 1987) June 10 – Theo Lingen, German actor (d. 1978) June 12 – Emmett Hardy, American musician (d. 1925) June 15 – Huldreich Georg Früh, Swiss composer (d. 1945) June 18 Jeanette MacDonald, American singer, actress (d. 1965) Raymond Radiguet, French author (d. 1923) June 19 Lou Gehrig, American baseball player (d. 1941) Wally Hammond, English cricketer (d. 1965) June 20 – Eddie Laughton, British-born American film actor (d. 1952) June 21 Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003) Lucy Sutherland, Australian-born British historian, academic and public servant (d. 1980) June 22 John Dillinger, American bank robber (d. 1934) Jiro Horikoshi, Japanese aircraft designer (d. 1982) Carl Hubbell, American baseball player (d. 1988) Ben Pollack, American jazz drummer, bandleader (d. 1971) Ben Robertson, American novelist, journalist, and war correspondent (d. 1943) June 23 Louis Seigner, French actor (d. 1991) Frances Dewey Wormser, American stage actress, entertainer and vaudeville performer (d. 2008) Paul Martin Sr., Canadian politician (d. 1992) June 25 Pierre Brossolette, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. 1944) George Orwell, English author (d. 1950) Anne Revere, American actress (d. 1990) June 26 Harry DeWolf, Canadian naval officer (d. 2000) Big Bill Broonzy, American blues singer, composer (d. 1958) (some sources give his year of birth as 1893) June 29 Max Winter, American businessman, sport executive (d. 1996) Alan Blumlein, British electronics engineer (d. 1942) July July 1 Don Beddoe, American character actor (d. 1991) Amy Johnson, English aviator (d. 1941) July 2 Harwell Hamilton Harris, American architect (d. 1990) Charles Poletti, American lawyer and politician (d. 2002) Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995) King Olav V of Norway (d. 1991) July 3 – Ace Bailey, Canadian hockey player (d. 1992) July 4 Corrado Bafile, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 2005) Walter Trohan, American journalist (d. 2003) Howard Hobson, American basketball player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball (d. 1991) July 5 Edward Woods, American actor (d. 1989) Willem Peters, Dutch athlete (d. 1995) July 6 – Hugo Theorell, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1982) July 7 Gustaf Jonsson, Swedish cross country skier (d. 1990) Steven Runciman, English historian (d. 2000) July 10 – Werner Best, German SS officer, jurist (d. 1989) July 12 – Judith Hare, Countess of Listowel, Hungarian-born journalist, writer (d. 2003) July 13 Olle Hallberg, Swedish long jumper (d. 1996) Kenneth Clark, English art historian (d. 1983) July 14 Thomas D. Clark, American historian (d. 2005) Henricus Cockuyt, Belgian sprinter (d. 1993) July 16 – Mary Philbin, American notable film actress of the silent film era (d. 1993) | 1994) Shimaki Kensaku, Japanese author (d. 1945) John Kloza, Polish professional baseball player, manager (d. 1962) September 8 – Jane Arbor, British writer (d. 1994) September 9 Lev Shankovsky, Ukrainian military historian (d. 1995) Edward Upward, English author (d. 2009) Phyllis Whitney, American mystery writer (d. 2008) September 10 – Cyril Connolly, English critic, writer (d. 1974) September 11 – Theodor W. Adorno, German philosopher (d. 1969) September 13 – Claudette Colbert, American actress (d. 1996) September 15 Roy Acuff, American country musician (d. 1992) Yisrael Kristal, Polish-born Israeli supercentenarian, Holocaust survivor, and former world's oldest living man (d. 2017) September 17 – Karel Miljon, Dutch boxer (d. 1984) September 21 – Preston Tucker, American automobile designer (d. 1956) September 25 Abul A'la Maududi, Pakistani journalist, theologian, and philosopher (d. 1979) Mark Rothko, Latvian-born painter (d. 1970) September 27 – Leonard Barr, American stand-up comic, actor, and dancer (d. 1980) September 28 – Tateo Katō, Japanese fighter ace (d. 1942) September 29 – Miguel Alemán Valdés, Mexican lawyer and civilian president (1946-1952) (d. 1983) September 29 – Ted de Corsia, American actor (d.1973) September 30 – Lyle Goodhue, American chemist, inventor and entomologist (d. 1981) October October 1 – Vladimir Horowitz, American pianist (d. 1989) October 4 – John Vincent Atanasoff, American computer engineer (d. 1995) October 5 – M. King Hubbert, American geophysicist (d. 1989) October 6 – Ernest Walton, Irish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995) October 8 – Ferenc Nagy, 40th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1979) October 9 – Walter O'Malley, American baseball executive (d. 1979) October 10 Prince Charles, Count of Flanders (d. 1983) Bei Shizhang, Chinese biologist, educator (d. 2009) October 11 – Kazimierz Kordylewski, Polish astronomer (d. 1981) October 16 Rex Bell, American actor and politician (d. 1962) Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (d. 2003) October 18 – Lina Radke, German athlete (d. 1983) October 20 – John Davis Lodge, American actor and politician (d. 1985) October 22 George Beadle, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1989) Zlatyu Boyadzhiev, Bulgarian painter (d. 1976) Jerome "Curly Howard" Horwitz, American comedian, actor (The Three Stooges) (d. 1952) October 23 Thaddeus B. Hurd, American architect, historian (d. 1989) Maurice Tillet, French professional wrestler (d. 1954) October 24 - Melvin Purvis, American lawman and FBI agent (d. 1960) October 25 Katharine Byron, American politician (d. 1976) Harry Shoulberg, American painter (d. 1995) October 26 – Bill Allington, American baseball player, manager (d. 1966) October 28 – Evelyn Waugh, English novelist (d. 1966) October 29 – Vivian Ellis, English composer, lyricist (d. 1996) October 31 – Joan Robinson, English economist (d. 1983) November November 1 – Max Adrian, Northern Irish actor (d. 1973) November 2 – Edgard Potier, Belgian spy (d. 1944) November 3 Walker Evans, American photographer (d. 1975) Charles Rigoulot, French weightlifter (d. 1962) November 4 Robert Emerson, American scientist (d. 1959) Watchman Nee, Chinese Christian preacher, church leader (d. 1972) November 6 – Carl Rakosi, German-born poet (d. 2004) November 7 Dean Jagger, American actor (d. 1991) Konrad Lorenz, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1989) November 8 – Alfred Thambiayah, Ceylon Tamil businessman, politician (d.?) November 11 – Blessed Victoria Díez Bustos de Molina, Spanish teacher, religious woman (d. 1936) November 12 – Jack Oakie, American actor (d. 1978) November 19 – Nancy Carroll, American actress (d. 1965) November 25 – DeHart Hubbard, American Olympic athlete (d. 1976) November 26 – Alice Herz-Sommer, Czech-British supercentenarian and pianist and teacher (d. 2014) November 27 Jamil Hashweh, Palestinian translator (d. 1982) Lars Onsager, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) November 29 – E. Harold Munn, American temperance movement leader, presidential candidate (d. 1992) December December 4 Lazar Lagin, Soviet and Russian writer (d. 1979) A. L. Rowse, English historian (d. 1997) December 5 Johannes Heesters, Dutch singer, actor (d. 2011) Cecil Frank Powell, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969) December 10 – Una Merkel, American actress (d. 1986) December 12 Dagmar Nordstrom, American composer, pianist (d. 1976) Yasujirō Ozu, Japanese film director (d. 1963) December 13 – Ella Baker, American civil rights activist (d. 1986) December 16 – Harold Whitlock, British Olympic athlete (d. 1985) December 17 – Erskine Caldwell, American author (d. 1987) December 19 – George Davis Snell, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996) December 22 – Haldan Keffer Hartline, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983) December 24 – Joseph Cornell, American sculptor (d. 1972) December 26 – Elisha Cook Jr., American actor (d. 1995) December 28 Earl Hines, American jazz pianist (d. 1983) John von Neumann, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. 1957) December 29 – Clyde McCoy, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1990) December 31 – Nathan Milstein, Ukrainian violinist (d. 1992) Deaths January–June January 3 – Alois Hitler, Austrian civil servant, father of Adolf Hitler (b. 1837) January 4 – Alexander Aksakov, Russian writer (b. 1832) January 5 – Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Spanish politician, eight-time Prime Minister (b. 1825) January 17 – Quintin Hogg, British philanthropist (b. 1845) January 24 – Petko Karavelov, 4th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1843) January 28 Augusta Holmès, French composer (b. 1847) Robert Planquette, French composer (b. 1850) February 1 – Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Irish mathematician, physicist (b. 1819) February 4 – Zhang Peilun, Chinese naval commander and government official (b. 1848) February 7 – James Glaisher, English meteorologist, aeronaut (b. 1809) February 9 – Sir Charles Duffy, Irish-born Australian politician, 8th Premier of Victoria (b. 1816) February 14 – Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (b. 1831) February 17 – Joseph Parry, Welsh composer (b. 1841) February 22 – Hugo Wolf, Austrian composer (b. 1860) February 26 – Richard Jordan Gatling, American inventor (b. 1818) March 2 – Rafael Zaldívar, former President of El Salvador (b. 1834) March 3 - Robert Sanford Foster, Union Army general (b. 1834) March 4 – Joseph Henry Shorthouse, English novelist (b. 1834) March 5 – Gaston Paris, French scholar (b. 1839) March 7 – István Bittó, 7th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1822) March 11 – Lou Graham (Seattle madame), American brothel owner (b. 1857) March 13 – George Granville Bradley, English vicar, scholar (b. 1821) March 16 – Roy Bean, American justice of the peace (b. 1825) March 25 – Sir Hector MacDonald, British army general (b. 1853) March 28 – Émile Baudot, French telegraph engineer (b. 1845) April 4 – Margaret Ann Neve, English supercentenarian (b. 1792) April 11 – Gemma Galgani, Italian mystic, Catholic saint (b. 1878) April 13 – Moritz Lazarus, German philosopher (b. 1824) April 19 – Sir Oliver Mowat, Canadian politician (b. 1820) April 28 Frances Augusta Hemingway Conant, American journalist (b. 1841) Josiah Willard Gibbs, American physical chemist (b. 1839) April 29 – Stuart Robson, American stage actor, comedian (b. 1836) May 4 – Gotse Delchev, Macedonian revolutionary (b. 1872) May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter (b. 1848) May 13 – Apolinario Mabini, Filipino political theoretician, Prime Minister of the Philippines (b. 1864) June 9 – Gaspar Núñez de Arce, Spanish poet (b. 1834) June 11 Alexander I, King of Serbia (b. 1876) Nikolai Bugaev, Russian mathematician (b. 1837) Draga Mašin, Serbian queen consort (b. 1861) June 14 – Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist (b. 1826) June 15 – Joseph Abbott, Australian wool-broker and politician (b. 1843) June 19 – Herbert Vaughan, English Catholic cardinal, archbishop (b. 1832) July–December July 2 – Ed Delahanty, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1867) July 3 – Harriet Lane, Acting First Lady of the United States (b. 1830) July 11 – William Ernest Henley, English poet, critic and editor (b. 1849) July 13 – Béni Kállay, Austro-Hungarian statesman (b. 1839) July 17 – James McNeill Whistler, American painter (b. 1834) July 20 – Pope Leo XIII, Italian Roman Catholic Pope (b. 1810) August 1 – Calamity Jane, American frontierswoman (b. 1852) August 3 – Édouard Pottier, French admiral (b. 1839) August 5 – Phil May, English artist (b. 1864) August 8 – Adolf Schiel, German-born Boer army officer (b. 1858) August 11 – Eugenio María de Hostos, Puerto Rican philosopher, sociologist (b. 1839) August 17 – Hans Gude, Norwegian painter (b. 1825) August 22 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1830) August 23 – Fray Mocho, Argentine writer (b. 1858) August 28 – Frederick Law Olmsted, American landscape architect (b. 1822) September 1 – Charles Renouvier, French philosopher (b. 1815) September 2 – Julia McNair Wright, American author (b. 1840) September 13 – Carl Schuch, Austrian painter (b. 1846) September 18 Alexander Bain, Scottish philosopher (b. 1818) Jules Pellechet, French architect (b. 1829) September 19 – Washington Teasdale, English engineer (b. 1830) October 4 – Otto Weininger, Austrian-Jewish author (b. 1880) October 20 – Thomas Vincent Welch, American politician (b. 1850) October 22 – William Edward Hartpole Lecky, Irish historian, member of the House of Commons (b. 1838) November 1 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1817) November 11 – Lavilla Esther Allen, American author (b. 1834) November 13 – Camille Pissarro, French painter (b. 1830) November 25 – Sabino Arana, Spanish Basque writer, nationalist (b. 1865) December 8 – Herbert Spencer, English philosopher (b. 1820) December 27 – Lydia Hoyt Farmer, American author, women's rights activist (b. 1842) December 28 – Margaret Frances Sullivan, Irish-born American author, journalist and editor (b. 1847) December 29 – Jerome Sykes, American actor (b. 1868) Unknown date Mary Elizabeth Beauchamp, American educator and author (b. 1825) Nobel Prizes Physics – Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie Chemistry – Svante August Arrhenius Medicine |
The Philadelphia Phillies of the National League defeat the Kansas City Royals of the American League, 4–1, in Game Six of the World Series to win the championship. October 25 – Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude at The Hague. October 27 – Six Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners in Maze prison in Northern Ireland refuse food and demand status as political prisoners; the hunger strike lasts until December. October 30 – El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice. October 31 The Polish government recognizes Solidarity. Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the Shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne. November November 4 – 1980 United States presidential election: Republican challenger and former Governor Ronald Reagan of California defeats incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and was elected the 40th President of the United States. November 10 – 12 – Voyager program: The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn, when it flies within of the planet's cloud-tops and sends the first high resolution images of the world back to scientists on Earth. November 20 – The Gang of Four trial begins in China. November 21 A fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip kills 85 people. A record number of viewers at this date (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. television show Dallas to learn who shot lead character J. R. Ewing. The "Who shot J.R.?" event is an international obsession. November 23 – The 6.9 Irpinia earthquake shakes southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Officially, there were 2,483 people killed and 8,934 injured, though the deaths may have been as high as 4,900. December December 2 – A missionary (Jean Donovan) and three Roman Catholic nuns (Maura Clarke, Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel), all Americans, are murdered by a military death squad in El Salvador while doing charity work during that country's civil war. December 8 – Murder of John Lennon: Mark David Chapman is arrested following the murder of English musician John Lennon, formerly of the Beatles, outside his New York City apartment building, The Dakota. December 11 – The Superfund for cleanup of toxic pollution sites is created, after CERCLA is enacted by the U.S. Congress. December 14 – Four people are murdered and four others are injured by two armed robbers at Bob's Big Boy on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, in what is one of the city's most brutal crimes ever. December 15 – The Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Academy of the Asturian language) is created. December 16 – During a summit on the island of Bali, OPEC decides to raise the price of petroleum by 10%. Date unknown The Right Livelihood Award is founded by Jakob von Uexkull. Hassan Fathy and Plenty International/Stephen Gaskin are its first winners. The World Hockey Association and NHL merge, adding teams in Hartford, Quebec City, Edmonton and Winnipeg to the league. Accompanying the newly added Edmonton Oilers as the first team in Alberta, the Atlanta Flames move to Calgary. First modern guided bus opens in Essen, Germany. World population Births January January 1 – Richie Faulkner, British rock guitarist January 4 Erin Cahill, American actress Greg Cipes, American voice, film and television actor Happy Salma, Indonesian actress, model, and writer January 7 – Hele Kõrve, Estonian actress and singer January 8 Adam Goodes, Australian rules footballer Rachel Nichols, American actress January 9 Sergio García, Spanish golfer Wang Zulan, Hong Kong actor January 10 – Sarah Shahi, American actress January 11 – Lovieanne Jung, American softball player January 12 – Amerie, American singer January 13 – María de Villota, Spanish racing driver (d. 2013) January 14 Carlos Alvarado Quesada, Costa Rican politician, 48th President of Costa Rica Monika Kuszyńska, Polish singer and songwriter January 16 Albert Pujols, Dominican Major League Baseball player Michelle Wild, Hungarian actress Lin-Manuel Miranda, Puerto Rican-American actor, composer and writer January 17 Zooey Deschanel, American actress, singer and musician Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Ukrainian-American dance champion, choreographer and instructor January 18 Estelle, British singer Jason Segel, American actor and comedian January 19 Luke Macfarlane, Canadian actor and singer Jenson Button, British racing driver Arvydas Macijauskas, Lithuanian basketball player January 20 Philippe Cousteau Jr., American-French oceanographer Philippe Gagnon, Canadian Paralympic swimmer Kim Jeong-hoon, South Korean singer and actor Brigitte Olivier, Belgian martial artist Matthew Tuck, Welsh singer and guitarist January 21 – Nana Mizuki, Japanese voice actress and singer January 24 Nyncke Beekhuyzen, Dutch actress Suzy, Portuguese singer January 25 Christian Olsson, Swedish athlete Xavi, Spanish footballer Michelle McCool, American professional wrestler January 27 – Marat Safin, Russian tennis player January 28 – Nick Carter, American pop singer (Backstreet Boys) January 29 Yael Bar Zohar, Israeli actress and model Jason James Richter, American actor February February 2 – Nina Zilli, Italian singer-songwriter February 5 – Robin Vik, Czech tennis player February 6 Ryan Parmeter, American professional wrestler Mamiko Noto, Japanese actress and singer February 7 Adrian Alandy, Filipino actor Richie Castellano, American musician Chris Moss, American basketball player February 8 Yang Wei, Chinese gymnast William Jackson Harper, American actor February 9 – Angelos Charisteas, Greek footballer February 10 César Izturis, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player Steve Tully, English footballer February 11 – Matthew Lawrence, American actor February 12 Juan Carlos Ferrero, Spanish tennis player Christina Ricci, American actress Gucci Mane, American rapper February 15 – Petr Elfimov, Belarusian singer February 17 – Jason Ritter, American actor and producer February 18 – Regina Spektor, Russian-American singer-songwriter February 19 Mike Miller, American basketball player Ma Lin, Chinese table-tennis player February 20 Imanol Harinordoquy, French rugby player Artur Boruc, Polish football (soccer) goalkeeper February 21 Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, King of Bhutan February 22 – Jeanette Biedermann, German singer and actress February 23 – Dmitry Sholokhov, Belarusian artist February 24 Emma Johnson, Australian swimmer Shinsuke Nakamura, Japanese professional wrestler February 26 – Júlio César da Silva e Souza, Brazilian footballer February 27 Chelsea Clinton, daughter of U.S. President Bill Clinton and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Don Diablo, Dutch DJ and producer February 28 Tayshaun Prince, American basketball player Piotr Giza, Polish footballer March March 1 – Shahid Afridi, Pakistani cricketer March 2 – Rebel Wilson, Australian actress March 3 – Katherine Waterston, American actress March 4 – Omar Bravo, Mexican footballer March 5 – Jessica Boehrs, German singer and actress March 7 Murat Boz, Turkish singer and actor Laura Prepon, American actress Mart Toome, Estonian actor March 9 – Matthew Gray Gubler, American actor and filmmaker March 10 – Chingy, American rapper, singer and actor March 11 – Gabriela Pichler, Swedish film director and screenwriter March 12 – Juliana Silveira, Brazilian actress March 13 – Caron Butler, American basketball player March 14 – Aaron Brown, English footballer March 18 – Alexei Yagudin, Russian figure skater March 19 – Johan Olsson, Swedish cross country skier March 20 – Hamada Helal, Egyptian singer March 21 – Ronaldinho, Brazilian footballer March 30 – Yalın, Turkish pop singer and songwriter March 31 Maaya Sakamoto, Japanese voice actress and singer Chien-Ming Wang, Taiwanese Major League Baseball player April April 1 – Randy Orton, American professional wrestler and actor April 4 – Björn Wirdheim, Swedish racing driver April 5 Matt Bonner, American basketball player Rafael Cavalcante, Brazilian mixed martial artist David Chocarro, Argentinian baseball player April 6 – Margarita Simonyan, Russian journalist April 9 – Arlen Escarpeta, Belizean actor April 10 Charlie Hunnam, English actor Andy Ram, Israeli tennis player April 12 – Brian McFadden, Irish pop singer April 15 – Willie Mason, New Zealand-Australian rugby league player April 16 Samir Javadzadeh, Azerbaijani singer Paul London, American professional wrestler April 17 Brenda Villa, American water polo player Lee Hyun-il, South Korean badminton player April 20 Vibeke Skofterud, Norwegian cross country skier (d. 2018) Jasmin Wagner, German singer Waylon, Dutch singer April 22 – Nicolas Douchez, French footballer April 23 Małgorzata Socha, Polish actress Taio Cruz, British singer April 24 Austin Nichols, American actor Karen Asrian, Armenian chess Grandmaster (d. 2008) April 26 Jordana Brewster, American actress and model Marlon King, Jamaican footballer Channing Tatum, American actor, producer and dancer April 27 – Zayed Khan, Indian actor April 28 – Josh Howard, American basketball player April 29 Kian Egan, Irish singer (Westlife) Emmad Irfani, Pakistani model and TV actor April 30 Akhdiyat Duta Modjo, Indonesian singer-songwriter, musician, actor, multi-instrumentalist and talent judge Luis Scola, Argentine basketball player May May 1 – Ana Claudia Talancón, Mexican actress May 2 Tim Borowski, German footballer Ellie Kemper, American actress and comedian May 5 Maia Hirasawa, Swedish pop singer Yossi Benayoun, Israeli footballer May 6 – Dimitris Diamantidis, Greek basketball player May 7 – Johan Kenkhuis, Dutch swimmer May 9 Grant Hackett, Australian swimmer Carolin Kebekus, German comedian and actress May 17 – Alistair Overeem, Dutch mixed martial artist and kickboxer May 18 – Ali Zafar, Pakistani music composer, singer-songwriter, painter and actor May 19 – Dean Heffernan, Australian footballer May 21 – Gotye, Belgian-Australian multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter May 22 – Evelin Võigemast, Estonian actress and singer May 24 – Cecilia Cheung, Hong Kong actress May 28 Mark Feehily, Irish singer Jørgen Strickert, Norwegian comedian May 29 – Michael Stasko, Canadian actor May 30 – Steven Gerrard, English footballer June June 1 – Damien Fahey, American MTV VJ, television host and drummer June 3 – Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar June 6 – Mmusi Maimane, South African politician June 8 – David Holoubek, Czech football manager June 9 – David Oliver Cohen, American writer, actor and entrepreneur June 10 Matuzalém, Brazilian footballer Jessica DiCicco, American voice actress Bambang Pamungkas, Indonesian footballer Wang Yuegu, Singaporean Olympic table tennis player June 13 Sarah Connor, German singer Juan Carlos Navarro, Spanish basketball player June 16 Brad Gushue, Canadian curler Joey Yung, Hong Kong singer June 17 – Venus Williams, American tennis player June 21 Richard Jefferson, American basketball player Branko Bošković, Montenegrin footballer June 22 – Ilya Bryzgalov, Russian ice hockey player June 23 Erick Elías, Mexican actor Mark Greaney, Irish singer and guitarist Ramnaresh Sarwan, West Indian cricketer Manus Boonjumnong, Thai boxer Daniel Örlund, Swedish footballer Niusila Opeloge, Samoan weightlifter Melissa Rauch, American actress June 24 Minka Kelly, American actress Cicinho, Brazilian footballer June 25 – Philippe Lacheau, French actor, director and writer June 26 Rémy Vercoutre, French footballer Rafiz Abu Bakar, Malaysian footballer June 27 Kevin Pietersen, South African-English cricketer Dmitry Pirog, Russian politician and boxer Leandro García Morales, Uruguayan-Italian basketball player June 29 – Katherine Jenkins, Welsh soprano June 30 Adil Annani, Moroccan long-distance runner Ryan ten Doeschate, Dutch cricketer Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht, Iranian footballer Nelbert Omolon, Filipino professional basketball player July July 1 Nelson Cruz, Dominican baseball player Shon Seung-mo, South Korean badminton player July 3 Olivia Munn, American actress and model Roland Schoeman, South African swimmer Harbhajan Singh, Indian international cricketer July 4 Ivan Babikov, Russian-Canadian cross country skier Kim Chapiron, French film director, screenwriter and actor July 5 Zayed Khan, Indian actor and producer Fabián Ríos, Colombian actor and model July 6 Pau Gasol, Spanish basketball player Eva Green, French actress and model July 7 Gerti Bogdani, Albanian politician Marika Domińczyk, Polish American actress Michelle Kwan, American figure skater July 8 – Robbie Keane, Irish footballer July 10 Cláudia Leitte, Brazilian singer Jessica Simpson, American singer July 11 – Mathias Boe, Danish badminton player July 12 – Kristen Connolly, American actress July 13 – Pejman Nouri, Iranian football player July 15 JW-Jones, Canadian blues musician Julia Perez, Indonesian singer and actress (d. 2017) Mike Zambidis, Greek kickboxer and martial artist July 16 Svetlana Feofanova, Russian pole-vaulter Jang Su-won, South Korean singer Oliver Marach, Austrian tennis player Adam Scott, Australian golfer July 17 Brett Goldstein, British actor, comedian and writer Rashid Ramzi, Moroccan-Bahraini athlete July 18 Kristen Bell, American actress David Blu (born David Bluthenthal), American–Israeli basketball player Brendon de Jonge, Zimbabwean professional golfer July 19 Yeoh Kay Bin, Malaysian badminton player Adam Muto, American writer, director and storyboard artist Mark Webber, American actor July 20 Gisele Bündchen, Brazilian supermodel Jin Goo, South Korean actor July 21 – CC Sabathia, American baseball player July 22 Scott Dixon, New Zealand racing driver Dirk Kuyt, Dutch footballer Kate Ryan, Belgian singer-songwriter July 25 – Cha Du-ri, South Korean footballer July 26 – Jacinda Ardern, 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand July 27 – Nick Nemeth, American professional wrestler July 29 – Fernando González, Chilean tennis player August August 3 – Nadia Ali, Pakistani-American singer-songwriter August 5 – Wayne Bridge, English footballer August 6 Vitantonio Liuzzi, Italian racing driver Will Pan, American-Taiwanese singer-songwriter and actor August 9 – Dominic Tabuna, Nauruan politician August 11 – Monika Pyrek, Polish pole vaulter August 16 Julien Absalon, French mountain biker Vanessa Carlton, American singer August 17 Lindsey Leavitt, American author Lene Marlin, Norwegian singer and musician August 18 – Damion Stewart, Jamaican footballer August 19 – Adrian Lulgjuraj, Albanian singer August 21 – Paul Menard, American race car driver August 23 – Rex Grossman, American football player August 26 Macaulay Culkin, American actor Chris Pine, American actor August 29 William Levy, Cuban-American actor David West, American basketball player September September 3 Jennie Finch, American softball player Jason McCaslin, Canadian Guitarist Polina Smolova, Belarusian singer September 6 Samuel Peter, Nigerian boxer and heavyweight champion Joseph Yobo, Nigerian footballer September 7 Nigar Jamal, Azerbaijani singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2011 winner Gabriel Milito, Argentine footballer Andriy Kyforenko, Ukrainian ice speed skater September 9 – Michelle Williams, American actress September 10 – Mikey Way, American musician (My Chemical Romance) September 11 – Mike Comrie, Canadian ice hockey player September 12 Yao Ming, Chinese basketball player Hiroyuki Sawano, Japanese composer September 13 – Ben Savage, American actor September 14 – Odd-Magnus Williamson, Norwegian comedian and actor September 15 Jolin Tsai, Taiwanese singer Faiz Khaleed, Malaysian astronaut September 21 Kareena Kapoor, Indian actress Autumn Reeser, American actress September 24 – Victoria Pendleton, English cyclist September 25 – T.I., African-American rap artist, film and music producer, actor and author September 26 – Daniel and Henrik Sedin, Swedish ice hockey players September 29 – Zachary Levi, American actor and singer September 30 Martina Hingis, Swiss tennis player Guillermo Rigondeaux, Cuban boxer October October 4 Me'Lisa Barber, American athlete Tomáš Rosický, Czech footballer October 5 Joakim Brodén, Swedish-Czech singer and songwriter (Sabaton) James Toseland, English motorcycle racer October 8 Michael Mizanin, American professional wrestler Nick Cannon, American comedian, rapper, and television host October 10 Sherine, Egyptian singer Lynn Hung, Hong Kong actress October 12 – Ledley King, English footballer October 13 Ashanti, American singer, songwriter, record producer, model, dancer, and actress Scott Parker, English footballer October 14 – Ben Whishaw, English actor October 15 – Tom Boonen, Belgian cyclist October 16 – Sue Bird, Israeli-American basketball player October 17 – Yekaterina Gamova, Russian volleyball player October 18 – Reetinder Singh Sodhi, Indian cricket player October 19 – José Bautista, Dominican baseball player October 21 – Kim Kardashian, American socialite and television personality October 24 Monica, American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman Casey Wilson, American actress and comedian November November 5 Luke Hemsworth, Australian actor Christoph Metzelder, German footballer November 6 – Anri Jokhadze, Georgian pop singer Pål Sverre Hagen, Norwegian actor November 7 – Gervasio Deferr, Spanish gymnast November 9 – Vanessa Lachey, American television personality, fashion model, and beauty queen November 10 – Calvin Chen, Taiwanese pop singer November 12 – Ryan Gosling, Canadian actor and musician November 13 – Stalin González, Venezuelan lawyer and politician November 15 – Kevin Staut, French equestrian November 16 – Kayte Christensen, American basketball player November 18 – François Duval, Belgian rally driver November 19 – Tofik Dibi, Dutch politician November 21 Hiroyuki Tomita, Japanese gymnast Elaine Yiu, Hong Kong actress November 24 – Edhie Yudhoyono, Indonesian politician November 26 – Satoshi Ohno, Japanese singer November 28 – Lisa Middelhauve, German singer (Xandria) November 29 Janina Gavankar, American actress and musician Ilias Kasidiaris, Greek politician December December 3 – Anna Chlumsky, American actress December 5 – Ibrahim Maalouf, Lebanese-born French trumpeter December 7 – John Terry, English footballer December 9 – Simon Helberg, American actor, comedian and musician December 10 – Sarah Chang, American violinist December 13 – Bosco Wong, Hong Kong actor December 16 – Kim Dae-myung, South Korean actor December 18 Christina Aguilera, American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality Quique Escamilla, Mexican-Canadian singer-songwriter Mark Essien, Nigerian entrepreneur, founder of Hotels.ng December 19 Jake Gyllenhaal, American actor Roberta Sá, Brazilian singer Jamuna Tudu, Indian environmental activist December 20 – Ashley Cole, English footballer December 21 – Stefan Liv, Swedish ice hockey player December 22 – Andrey Stenin, Russian photojournalist (d. 2014) December 23 Wael Ghonim, Egyptian internet activist and computer engineer Rouzbeh Rashidi, Iranian filmmaker December 27 – Cesaro, Swiss professional wrestler December 31 – Richie McCaw, New Zealand rugby player Deaths January January 1 Adolph Deutsch, American composer (b. 1897) Pietro Nenni, Italian politician (b. 1891) Frank Wykoff, American Olympic athlete (b. 1909) January 2 – Alessandro Bruschetti, Italian artist (b. 1910) January 3 – Joy Adamson, Austrian-born conservationist and author (b. 1910; murdered) January 6 – Piersanti Mattarella, President of Sicily (b. 1935; assassinated) January 7 – Simonne Mathieu, French tennis champion (b. 1908) January 8 – John Mauchly, American physicist and inventor (b. 1907) January 11 – Barbara Pym, English novelist (b. 1913) January 13 – Andre Kostelanetz, Russian conductor and arranger (b. 1901) January 18 – Sir Cecil Beaton, English photographer (b. 1904) January 21 – Georges Painvin, French cryptographer (b. 1886) January 22 Walter Pym, Australian actor (b. 1905) Teresa Noce, Italian labor leader, activist, and journalist (b. 1900) January 24 – Lil Dagover, German actress (b. 1887) January 27 Hans Aeschbacher, Swiss sculptor (b. 1906) Peppino De Filippo, Italian actor (b. 1903) Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, German general, 20 July Plotter (b. 1905) January 28 – Franco Evangelisti, Italian composer (b. 1926) January 29 – Jimmy Durante, American actor, singer and comedian (b. 1893) January 30 Maria Bolognesi, Italian Roman Catholic laywoman, mystic and blessed (b. 1924) Professor Longhair, American musician (b. 1918) January 31 – Eduardo Cáceres, Guatemalan politician (b. 1906) February February 2 Hanna Rovina, Russian-born Israeli actress (b. 1889) William Howard Stein, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911) February 7 – Sir Richard Williams, Royal Australian Air Force officer (b. 1890) February 8 Nikos Xilouris, Greek pop singer (b. 1936) Francesco Zucchetti, French Olympic cyclist (b. 1902) February 10 – Wels Eicke, Australian rules football player (b. 1893) February 11 – R. C. Majumdar, Indian historian (b. 1884) February 13 – David Janssen, American actor (b. 1931) February 14 – Luitkonwar Rudra Baruah, Assamese composer and actor (b. 1926) February 17 – Graham Sutherland, English artist (b. 1903) February 19 Robert Morrison, British Olympic rower (b. 1902) Bon Scott, Scottish-born Australian rock singer (AC/DC) (b. 1946) February 21 – Aldo Andreotti, Italian mathematician (b. 1924) February 22 – Oskar Kokoschka, Austrian painter and poet (b. 1886) February 23 – Enrico Celio, Swiss politician, 49th President of the Swiss Confederation (b. 1889) February 24 Michael Browne, Irish Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1895) Clement Martyn Doke, South African linguist (b. 1893) February 26 – Mario Mattoli, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1898) February 27 – Shin'ichi Hisamatsu, Japanese philosopher (b. 1889) February 29 – Yigal Allon, Israeli politician and army general (b. 1918) March March 1 Dixie Dean, English football player (b. 1907) Daniil Khrabrovitsky, Soviet film director (b. 1923) Wilhelmina, Dutch-born American high-fashion model and owner of model agency (b. 1940) March 5 – Jay Silverheels, Canadian actor (b. 1912) March 6 – Barbara Brukalska, Polish architect (b. 1899) March 9 Nikolay Bogolyubov, Soviet and Russian actor (b. 1899) Olga Chekhova, Russian-German actress (b. 1897) March 13 – Roland Symonette, 1st Premier of the Bahamas (b. 1898) March 14 Anna Jantar, Polish singer (b. 1950) Mohammad Hatta, Indonesia's first vice president (b. 1902) Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, Spanish naturalist and television presenter (b. 1928) March 17 – Boun Oum, 4th Prime Minister of Laos (b. 1911) March 18 Elsa Goveia, Guyanese-born Jamaican scholar (b. 1925) Erich Fromm, German-born psychologist and philosopher (b. 1900) Louise Lovely, Australian actress (b. 1895) Tamara de Lempicka, Polish-born painter (b. 1898) March 24 Pierre Etchebaster, French real tennis player (b. 1893) Óscar Romero, Salvadorian Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1917) March 25 Erminio Macario, Italian actor (b. 1902) Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (b. 1913) Milton H. Erickson, American psychiatrist (b.1901) March 26 – Roland Barthes, French literary critic and writer (b. 1915) March 28 Helena Bochořáková-Dittrichová, Czechoslovak illustrator (b. 1894) Dick Haymes, Argentine actor and singer (b. 1918) March 29 – Mantovani, Italian-born conductor and arranger (b. 1905) March 30 – Tôn Đức Thắng, 2nd President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (b. 1888) March 31 Vladimír Holan, Czech poet (b. 1905) Jesse Owens, American Olympic athlete (b. 1913) April April 6 – Nils Ericson, Swedish actor (b. 1906) April 9 | begin demonstrations, calling for democratic reforms. May 20 – 1980 Quebec referendum: Voters in Quebec reject by a vote of 60% a proposal to seek independence from Canada. May 22 – Pac-Man, the highest-earning arcade game of all time, is released in Japan. May 24 The International Court of Justice calls for the release of U.S. Embassy hostages in Tehran. The New York Islanders win their first Stanley Cup, from a goal by Bobby Nystrom in Game 6 overtime of the 1980 Stanley Cup Finals over the Philadelphia Flyers. May 25 – Indianapolis 500: Johnny Rutherford wins for a third time in car owner Jim Hall's revolutionary ground effect Chaparral car; the victory is Hall's second as an owner. May 26 John Frum supporters in Vanuatu storm government offices on the island of Tanna. Vanuatu government troops land the next day and drive them away. In South Korea, military government forces and pro-democracy protesters clash; 2,000 protesters die. May 28 – A fiery bus crash near the small village of Webb, Saskatchewan, claims 22 lives. May 29 – Vernon Jordan is shot and critically injured in an assassination attempt in Fort Wayne, Indiana, by Joseph Paul Franklin (the first major news story for CNN). June June 1 – The first 24-hour news channel, Cable News Network (CNN) is launched. June 3 – 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak: A series of deadly tornadoes strikes Grand Island, Nebraska, causing over $300m in damage, killing five people and injuring over 250. June 10 Apartheid: The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a statement by their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela. A Unabomber bomb injures United Airlines president Percy Wood in Lake Forest, Illinois. June 11 – 22 – Italy hosts the UEFA Euro 1980 football tournament, which is won by West Germany. June 20 – Augusta AVA becomes the first federally recognized American Viticultural Area. June 23 – September 6 – The 1980 United States heat wave claims 1,700 lives. June 23 Sanjay Gandhi, the politically influential son of prime minister Indira Gandhi, is killed in a plane crash. Tim Berners-Lee begins work on ENQUIRE, the system that will eventually lead to the creation of the World Wide Web in autumn 1990. June 25 – A Muslim Brotherhood assassination attempt against Syrian president Hafez al-Assad fails. Assad retaliates by sending the army against them. June 27 Itavia Flight 870 crashes into the sea near Ustica island, Italy, killing all 81 people on board. The cause of the accident remains unclear. U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs Proclamation 4771, requiring 18- to 25-year-old males to register for a peacetime military draft, in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. June 29 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is elected President of Iceland, making her the first woman democratically elected as head of state. June 30 – Queen releases their eighth studio album The Game. July July 1 – The State Rail Authority of New South Wales is founded. July 8 – A wave of strikes begins in Lublin, Poland. July 9 – Pope John Paul II visits Brazil; seven people are crushed to death in a crowd waiting to see him at afternoon Mass at the stadium in Fortaleza. July 15 – Western Wisconsin Derecho: A severe and destructive thunderstorm strikes four counties in western Wisconsin, including the city of Eau Claire. It causes over $250 million in damage and one person is killed. July 16 – Former California Governor and actor Ronald Reagan is nominated for U.S. president, at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit. Influenced by the Religious Right, the convention also drops its long-standing support for the Equal Rights Amendment, dismaying moderate Republicans. July 18 - India launches Rohini RS-1 Satellite using its own SLV rocket making India the 7th nation to launch satellites using its own rocket. July 19 – Former Turkish Prime Minister Nihat Erim is killed by two gunmen in Istanbul, Turkey. July 19 – August 3 – The 1980 Summer Olympics are held in Moscow, Soviet Union. 82 countries boycott the Games, athletes from 16 of them participate under a neutral flag. July 25 – The album Back in Black is released by the Australian band AC/DC. July 27 – Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, deposed Shah of Iran, dies in Cairo. July 30 Vanuatu gains independence. Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law. August August 1 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir becomes the 4th President of Iceland, the world's first democratically directly elected female president. August 2 – Strage di Bologna: A terrorist bombing at the Bologna Centrale railway station in Italy kills 85 people and wounds more than 200. August 4 – Hurricane Allen (category 5) pounds Haiti, where it kills more than 200 people. August 7–31 – Lech Wałęsa leads the first of many strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard in the Polish People's Republic. August 10 – An annular solar eclipse was visible in Pacific Ocean, and was the 37th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 135. August 11 - The Tyne and Wear Metro system opens. August 14 U.S. President Jimmy Carter defeats Senator Edward Kennedy to win renomination, at the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City. Dorothy Stratten, the 1980 Playboy Playmate of the Year, is murdered by estranged husband Paul Leslie Snider, who subsequently commits suicide. August 17 – In Australia, baby Azaria Chamberlain disappears from a campsite at Ayers Rock (Uluru), reportedly taken by a dingo. August 19 – In one of aviation's worst disasters, 301 people are killed when Saudia Flight 163 catches fire in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. August 31 – Victory of the strike in Gdańsk Shipyard, Poland. The Gdańsk Agreement is signed, opening a way to start the first free (i.e. not state-controlled) trade union in the communist bloc, "Solidarity" (Solidarność). September September 1 – Terry Fox is forced to end his Marathon of Hope run outside of Thunder Bay, Ontario, after finding out that the cancer has spread to his lungs. September 2 – Ford Europe launches the Escort MK3, a new front-wheel drive hatchback. September 3 – Zimbabwe breaks diplomatic and consular relations with South Africa, even though it maintains a commercial mission in Johannesburg. September 5 – The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at , stretching from Göschenen to Airolo beneath the Gotthard Pass. September 11 – A referendum on a new constitution is held in Chile. A 67% of the ballots confirm the Constitution. The vote is held without electoral registers, opposition campaign and with electoral fraud. September 12 – Kenan Evren stages a military coup in Turkey. It stops political gang violence, but begins stronger state violence leading to the execution of many young activists. September 17 – After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland, the nationwide independent trade union Solidarity is established. September 21 – Bülent Ulusu, ex admiral, forms the new government of Turkey (44th government, composed mostly of technocrats). September 22 – The command council of Iraq orders its army to "deliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets", initiating the Iran–Iraq War. September 26 Oktoberfest bombing: 13 people are killed and 211 injured in a right-wing terror attack in Munich (West Germany). The Mariel boatlift in Cuba officially ends. September 30 – Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel and Xerox introduce the DIX standard for Ethernet, which is the first implementation outside of Xerox and the first to support 10 Mbit/s speeds. October October 5 The Elisabeth blast furnace is demolished at Bilston Steelworks marking the end of iron and steel production in the Black Country region of the UK. British Leyland launches its new Metro, a three-door entry-level hatchback which is designed as the eventual replacement for the Mini. It gives BL a long-awaited modern competitor for the likes of the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Chevette. October 10 The 7.1 El Asnam earthquake shakes northern Algeria with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 2,633–5,000 and injuring 8,369–9,000. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher delivers her famous "The lady's not for turning" speech. October 13 – Erich Honecker formulates the Gera Demands October 14 – The Staggers Rail Act is enacted, deregulating American railroads. October 15 James Callaghan announces his resignation as leader of the British Labour Party. James Hoskins forces his way into WCPO's television studio in Cincinnati, holding 9 employees hostage for several hours before releasing them and taking his own life. October 18 – 1980 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Bill Hayden. The Government also loses control of the Senate, with the Australian Democrats winning the balance of power. October 20 Greece rejoins the NATO military structure. In continuous production since 1962, the last MG MGB roadster rolls off the assembly line at the Abingdon-on-Thames (England) factory, ending production for the MG Cars marque. October 21 – In Major League Baseball, The Philadelphia Phillies of the National League defeat the Kansas City Royals of the American League, 4–1, in Game Six of the World Series to win the championship. October 25 – Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude at The Hague. October 27 – Six Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners in Maze prison in Northern Ireland refuse food and demand status as political prisoners; the hunger strike lasts until December. October 30 – El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice. October 31 The Polish government recognizes Solidarity. Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the Shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne. November November 4 – 1980 United States presidential election: Republican challenger and former Governor Ronald Reagan of California defeats incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and was elected the 40th President of the United States. November 10 – 12 – Voyager program: The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn, when it flies within of the planet's cloud-tops and sends the first high resolution images of the world back to scientists on Earth. November 20 – The Gang of Four trial begins in China. November 21 A fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip kills 85 people. A record number of viewers at this date (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. television show Dallas to learn who shot lead character J. R. Ewing. The "Who shot J.R.?" event is an international obsession. November 23 – The 6.9 Irpinia earthquake shakes southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Officially, there were 2,483 people killed and 8,934 injured, though the deaths may have been as high as 4,900. December December 2 – A missionary (Jean Donovan) and three Roman Catholic nuns (Maura Clarke, Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel), all Americans, are murdered by a military death squad in El Salvador while doing charity work during that country's civil war. December 8 – Murder of John Lennon: Mark David Chapman is arrested following the murder of English musician John Lennon, formerly of the Beatles, outside his New York City apartment building, The Dakota. December 11 – The Superfund for cleanup of toxic pollution sites is created, after CERCLA is enacted by the U.S. Congress. December 14 – Four people are murdered and four others are injured by two armed robbers at Bob's Big Boy on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, in what is one of the city's most brutal crimes ever. December 15 – The Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Academy of the Asturian language) is created. December 16 – During a summit on the island of Bali, OPEC decides to raise the price of petroleum by 10%. Date unknown The Right Livelihood Award is founded by Jakob von Uexkull. Hassan Fathy and Plenty International/Stephen Gaskin are its first winners. The World Hockey Association and NHL merge, adding teams in Hartford, Quebec City, Edmonton and Winnipeg to the league. Accompanying the newly added Edmonton Oilers as the first team in Alberta, the Atlanta Flames move to Calgary. First modern guided bus opens in Essen, Germany. World population Births January January 1 – Richie Faulkner, British rock guitarist January 4 Erin Cahill, American actress Greg Cipes, American voice, film and television actor Happy Salma, Indonesian actress, model, and writer January 7 – Hele Kõrve, Estonian actress and singer January 8 Adam Goodes, Australian rules footballer Rachel Nichols, American actress January 9 Sergio García, Spanish golfer Wang Zulan, Hong Kong actor January 10 – Sarah Shahi, American actress January 11 – Lovieanne Jung, American softball player January 12 – Amerie, American singer January 13 – María de Villota, Spanish racing driver (d. 2013) January 14 Carlos Alvarado Quesada, Costa Rican politician, 48th President of Costa Rica Monika Kuszyńska, Polish singer and songwriter January 16 Albert Pujols, Dominican Major League Baseball player Michelle Wild, Hungarian actress Lin-Manuel Miranda, Puerto Rican-American actor, composer and writer January 17 Zooey Deschanel, American actress, singer and musician Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Ukrainian-American dance champion, choreographer and instructor January 18 Estelle, British singer Jason Segel, American actor and comedian January 19 Luke Macfarlane, Canadian actor and singer Jenson Button, British racing driver Arvydas Macijauskas, Lithuanian basketball player January 20 Philippe Cousteau Jr., American-French oceanographer Philippe Gagnon, Canadian Paralympic swimmer Kim Jeong-hoon, South Korean singer and actor Brigitte Olivier, Belgian martial artist Matthew Tuck, Welsh singer and guitarist January 21 – Nana Mizuki, Japanese voice actress and singer January 24 Nyncke Beekhuyzen, Dutch actress Suzy, Portuguese singer January 25 Christian Olsson, Swedish athlete Xavi, Spanish footballer Michelle McCool, American professional wrestler January 27 – Marat Safin, Russian tennis player January 28 – Nick Carter, American pop singer (Backstreet Boys) January 29 Yael Bar Zohar, Israeli actress and model Jason James Richter, American actor February February 2 – Nina Zilli, Italian singer-songwriter February 5 – Robin Vik, Czech tennis player February 6 Ryan Parmeter, American professional wrestler Mamiko Noto, Japanese actress and singer February 7 Adrian Alandy, Filipino actor Richie Castellano, American musician Chris Moss, American basketball player February 8 Yang Wei, Chinese gymnast William Jackson Harper, American actor February 9 – Angelos Charisteas, Greek footballer February 10 César Izturis, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player Steve Tully, English footballer February 11 – Matthew Lawrence, American actor February 12 Juan Carlos Ferrero, Spanish tennis player Christina Ricci, American actress Gucci Mane, American rapper February 15 – Petr Elfimov, Belarusian singer February 17 – Jason Ritter, American actor and producer February 18 – Regina Spektor, Russian-American singer-songwriter February 19 Mike Miller, American basketball player Ma Lin, Chinese table-tennis player February 20 Imanol Harinordoquy, French rugby player Artur Boruc, Polish football (soccer) goalkeeper February 21 Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, King of Bhutan February 22 – Jeanette Biedermann, German singer and actress February 23 – Dmitry Sholokhov, Belarusian artist February 24 Emma Johnson, Australian swimmer Shinsuke Nakamura, Japanese professional wrestler February 26 – Júlio César da Silva e Souza, Brazilian footballer February 27 Chelsea Clinton, daughter of U.S. President Bill Clinton and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Don Diablo, Dutch DJ and producer February 28 Tayshaun Prince, American basketball player Piotr Giza, Polish footballer March March 1 – Shahid Afridi, Pakistani cricketer March 2 – Rebel Wilson, Australian actress March 3 – Katherine Waterston, American actress March 4 – Omar Bravo, Mexican footballer March 5 – Jessica Boehrs, German singer and actress March 7 Murat Boz, Turkish singer and actor Laura Prepon, American actress Mart Toome, Estonian actor March 9 – Matthew Gray Gubler, American actor and filmmaker March 10 – Chingy, American rapper, singer and actor March 11 – Gabriela Pichler, Swedish film director and screenwriter March 12 – Juliana Silveira, Brazilian actress March 13 – Caron Butler, American basketball player March 14 – Aaron Brown, English footballer March 18 – Alexei Yagudin, Russian figure skater March 19 – Johan Olsson, Swedish cross country skier March 20 – Hamada Helal, Egyptian singer March 21 – Ronaldinho, Brazilian footballer March 30 – Yalın, Turkish pop singer and songwriter March 31 Maaya Sakamoto, Japanese voice actress and singer Chien-Ming Wang, Taiwanese Major League Baseball player April April 1 – Randy Orton, American professional wrestler and actor April 4 – Björn Wirdheim, Swedish racing driver April 5 Matt Bonner, American basketball player Rafael Cavalcante, Brazilian mixed martial artist David Chocarro, Argentinian baseball player April 6 – Margarita Simonyan, Russian journalist April 9 – Arlen Escarpeta, Belizean actor April 10 Charlie Hunnam, English actor Andy Ram, Israeli tennis player April 12 – Brian McFadden, Irish pop singer April 15 – Willie Mason, New Zealand-Australian rugby league player April 16 Samir Javadzadeh, Azerbaijani singer Paul London, American professional wrestler April 17 Brenda Villa, American water polo player Lee Hyun-il, South Korean badminton player April 20 Vibeke Skofterud, Norwegian cross country skier (d. 2018) Jasmin Wagner, German singer Waylon, Dutch singer April 22 – Nicolas Douchez, French footballer April 23 Małgorzata Socha, Polish actress Taio Cruz, British singer April 24 Austin Nichols, American actor Karen Asrian, Armenian chess Grandmaster (d. 2008) April 26 Jordana Brewster, American actress and model Marlon King, Jamaican footballer Channing Tatum, American actor, producer and dancer April 27 – Zayed Khan, Indian actor April 28 – Josh Howard, American basketball player April 29 Kian Egan, Irish singer (Westlife) Emmad Irfani, Pakistani model and TV actor April 30 Akhdiyat Duta Modjo, Indonesian singer-songwriter, musician, actor, multi-instrumentalist and talent judge Luis Scola, Argentine basketball player May May 1 – Ana Claudia Talancón, Mexican actress May 2 Tim Borowski, German footballer Ellie Kemper, American actress and comedian May 5 Maia Hirasawa, Swedish pop singer Yossi Benayoun, Israeli footballer May 6 – Dimitris Diamantidis, Greek basketball player May 7 – Johan Kenkhuis, Dutch swimmer May 9 Grant Hackett, Australian swimmer Carolin Kebekus, German comedian and actress May 17 – Alistair Overeem, Dutch mixed martial artist and kickboxer May 18 – Ali Zafar, Pakistani music composer, singer-songwriter, painter and actor May 19 – Dean Heffernan, Australian footballer May 21 – Gotye, Belgian-Australian multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter May 22 – Evelin Võigemast, Estonian actress and singer May 24 – Cecilia Cheung, Hong Kong actress May 28 Mark Feehily, Irish singer Jørgen Strickert, Norwegian comedian May 29 – Michael Stasko, Canadian actor May 30 – Steven Gerrard, English footballer June June 1 – Damien Fahey, American MTV VJ, television host and drummer June 3 – Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar June 6 – Mmusi Maimane, South African politician June 8 – David Holoubek, Czech football manager June 9 – David Oliver Cohen, American writer, actor and entrepreneur June 10 Matuzalém, Brazilian footballer Jessica DiCicco, American voice actress Bambang Pamungkas, Indonesian footballer Wang Yuegu, Singaporean Olympic table tennis player June 13 Sarah Connor, German singer Juan Carlos Navarro, Spanish basketball player June 16 Brad Gushue, Canadian curler Joey Yung, Hong Kong singer June 17 – Venus Williams, American tennis player June 21 Richard Jefferson, American basketball player Branko Bošković, Montenegrin footballer June 22 – Ilya Bryzgalov, Russian ice hockey player June 23 Erick Elías, |
1–4 – American Civil War – Battle of Chancellorsville: General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson (fatally wounded by friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties. May 8 The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia, under President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. January Uprising: The Polish insurgent army is defeated by the Russians near Gudiškis. May 14 – American Civil War – Battle of Jackson, Mississippi: Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeats Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, opening the way for the siege of Vicksburg. May 17 After a 2-month siege, the French army of Bazaine takes Puebla, Mexico. The opening of Salon des Refusés in Paris draws attention to paintings by avant-garde artists, notably Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe. May 18 – American Civil War: The siege of Vicksburg begins (ends July 4, when 30,189 Confederate men surrender). May 21 American Civil War: The siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana, by Union forces begins. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is formed in Battle Creek, Michigan. May 23 – Ferdinand Lassalle founds the (General German Workers' Association, ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany. May 28 – American Civil War – The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston to fight for the Union. May 31 – The first Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race is held. June 7 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces enter Mexico City. June 9 – American Civil War: The Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia ends inconclusively. June 12 – The Arts Club is founded by Charles Dickens, Frederic Leighton and others in Hanover Square, London. June 13 – Samuel Butler's dystopian article "Darwin among the Machines" is published (under the pen name Cellarius) in The Press newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand; it will be incorporated into his novel Erewhon (1872). June 14 – American Civil War – Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia. June 17 – American Civil War: The Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign ends inconclusively. June 20 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state. July–September July – The tiny Confederate States of America hand-propelled submarine H. L. Hunley is first tested successfully. July 1 – Slavery is abolished in the Dutch colonies of Suriname (independent from 1975) and Curaçao and Dependencies. July 1 – The Kingston loop line of the London and South Western Railway opens. July 1–3 – American Civil War: Battle of Gettysburg – Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee in the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union). July 4 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg – Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi, after the town surrenders, following a 47-day siege. July 6 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent, annexing to South Australia the part of the colony of New South Wales that will later become the Northern Territory. July 9 – American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends, and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time. July 13 – American Civil War – New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription begin 3 days of violent rioting, which will be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States with around 120 killed. July 16 – Battle of Shimonoseki Straits: The screw sloop engages with the Chōshū Domain fleet before withdrawing, in Japan's first naval engagement between elements of modern navies. July 17 – The New Zealand Wars against the Māori people resume, as British forces in New Zealand led by Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato. July 17 – American Civil War – Battle of Honey Springs: Union troops win a strategic victory over the Confederates, for control of Indian Territory north of the Arkansas River. July 18 – American Civil War: The first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held Fort Wagner but their valiant fighting still proves the worth of African American soldiers during the war. Their commander, Colonel Robert Shaw, is shot leading the attack, and is buried with his men (450 Union, along with 175 Confederate). July 26 – American Civil War – Morgan's Raid: At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 375 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces. July 30 – American Indian Wars: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including Chief Pocatello (of the Shoshone) sign the Treaty of Box Elder. August 1 At the suggestion of Senator J. V. Snellman and the order of Emperor Alexander II, full rights were promised to the Finnish language by a language regulation in the Grand Duchy of Finland. A pharmaceutical brand on worldwide, Bayer was founded by Friedrich Bayer in Germany. August 3 – Otago Boys' High School is founded in New Zealand. August 8 – American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (Davis refuses the request upon receipt). August 15–17 – Bombardment of Kagoshima: The British Royal Navy bombards the town of Kagoshima in Japan in retribution, after the Namamugi Incident of 1862. August 16 – After Spain's annexation of the Dominican Republic, rebels raise the Dominican flag in Santiago to begin the Dominican Restoration War. August 17 – American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter (the bombardment does not end until December 31). August 21 – American Civil War– Battle of Lawrence: Lawrence, Kansas is attacked by William Quantrill's raiders, who kill an estimated 200 men and boys. The raid becomes notorious in the North as one of the most vicious atrocities of the Civil War. American clipper Anglo Saxon (westbound) is captured and burned by Confederate privateer Florida, off the south coast of Ireland. August 26 – The Swedish-language liberal newspaper Helsingfors Dagblad proposed the current blue-and-white cross flag as the flag of Finland. September – The Western Railroad from Fayetteville, North Carolina to the coal fields of Egypt, North Carolina is completed. September 6 – American Civil War: Confederates evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island, in South Carolina. September 16 – Robert College of Istanbul, Turkey, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist. September 19–20 – American Civil War – Battle of Chickamauga: Confederate forces turn back a Union invasion of Georgia. September 30 – Georges Bizet's opera Les pêcheurs de perles debuts, at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris. October–December October 3 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln proclaims a national Thanksgiving Day, to be celebrated on the final Thursday in November. October 5 – The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road starts operations in Brooklyn, New York; this is now the oldest right-of-way on the New York City Subway, the largest rapid transit system in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. October 14 – American Civil War – Battle of Bristoe Station: Confederate General Robert E. Lee's forces fail to drive the Union army out of Virginia. October 15 – American Civil War: The Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley sinks during a test, killing Horace Lawson Hunley (its inventor) and a crew of seven. October 23 – Ffestiniog Railway in North Wales introduces steam locomotives into general service, the first time this has been done anywhere in the world on a public railway of such a narrow gauge (). October 26 – The Football Association is formed in London. October 26–29 – The Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed by sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agreeing to form the International Red Cross. October 29 – American Civil War – Battle of Wauhatchie: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant, having fought through the night, ward off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee. November 4 – Hector Berlioz's opera Les Troyens is performed for the first time, at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris. November 15 – The death of King Frederick VII of Denmark, and the succession of his distant cousin Christian IX, marks the beginning of the Second Schleswig-Holstein crisis. November 16 – American Civil War – Battle of Campbell's Station: Near Knoxville, Tennessee, Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside. November 17 – American Civil War – Siege of Knoxville: Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege (the two-week-long siege and an attack are unsuccessful). November 18 – King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November Constitution, which declares Schleswig to be part of Denmark, regarded by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, leading to the German–Danish war of 1864. November 19 – American Civil War: U. S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address, at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. November 23 – American Civil War – Battle of Chattanooga III: Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and counter-attack Confederate troops. November 24 – American Civil War – Battle of Lookout Mountain: Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain, and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city, led by General Braxton Bragg. November 25 – American Civil War – Battle of Missionary Ridge: At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the siege of Chattanooga, by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg. November 26 – American Civil War – Mine Run: Union forces under General George Meade position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (Meade's forces can not find any weaknesses in the Confederate lines, and give up trying after five days). November 27 – American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison, and return safely to the South. December 1 – The first steam-operated passenger railway opens in New Zealand, at Christchurch in South Island. December 6 – C.S.A.C. Fides Quadrat Intellectum, the First Reformed student society, is founded at the Theologische Universiteit Kampen (Broederweg), in Kampen, the Netherlands. December 8 The Church of the Company Fire in Santiago, Chile, kills between 2,000 and 3,000. The Football Association laws are agreed. December 15 Romania opens its first mountain railway (from Anina to Oravița). Gerard Adriaan Heineken, 22, buys the brewery 'De Hooiberg' ("The Haystack") in Amsterdam. December 19 Linoleum is patented in the United Kingdom. Association football is played for the first time in the modern era. December 25 – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow writes the poem Christmas Bells, or, as it is better known I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day. Date unknown The Second Anglo-Ashanti war begins. Bartolomé Mitre secretly backs the revolt of Venancio Flores, against the Uruguayan Blanco government. The Chōshū Five leave Japan secretly to study at University College London, which is part of the ending of sakoku. Douglas becomes the capital of the Isle of Man, after its parliament (Tynwald) moves its chambers from Castletown. The first outbreak of phylloxera on the European mainland is observed, in the vineyards of the southern Rhône region of France. The recipe for the herbal liqueur Bénédictine is devised by Alexandre Le Grand in Fécamp, France. Richard Owen publishes the first description of a fossilised bird, Archaeopteryx. The Winged Victory of Samothrace is found at Samothrace by Charles Champoiseau. Made c. 190 BC, it will be | fortnight earlier. January 4 – The New Apostolic Church, a Christian and chiliastic church, is established in Hamburg, Germany. January 7 – In the Swiss canton of Ticino, the village of Bedretto is partly destroyed and 29 killed, by an avalanche. January 8 Ground is broken in Sacramento, California, on the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States. The Yorkshire County Cricket Club is founded at the Adelphi Hotel, in Sheffield, England. American Civil War – Second Battle of Springfield January 10 – The first section of the London Underground Railway (Paddington to Farringdon Street) opens officially. January 11 American Civil War – Battle of Arkansas Post: General John McClernand and Admiral David Dixon Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union. In the Swiss Canton Ticino, the roof of the church of Sant'Antonio in Locarno collapses under the weight of snow, killing 47. January 15 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces bombard Veracruz. January 21 – Adam Opel founds Opel AG. January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation. January 29 – American Indian Wars – Bear River Massacre: The United States Army, led by General Patrick Edward Connor, massacres Chief Bear Hunter and forces of the Shoshone, in the Idaho Territory. January 31 – Jules Verne's first adventure novel, Five Weeks in a Balloon (Cinq semaines en ballon), is published in Paris. February 1 – Radicals in Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, northern Ukraine and western Russia join the January Uprising. February 2 – January Uprising: Polish peasants are massacred by Russian hussars at Čysta Būda, near Marijampolė. February 7 – sinks, while attempting to enter Manukau Harbour in New Zealand, with the loss of 189 lives. February 10 World-famous midgets General Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren get married in New York City; P. T. Barnum takes an entrance fee. Alanson Crane of Virginia patents a fire extinguisher. February 16 – Kansas State Agricultural College is established, as the first land grant college created under the 1862 Morrill Act. February 17 – The "Committee of the Five" holds their first meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, which is regarded as the foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross, following the lead of humanitarian businessman Henry Dunant. February 24 – Arizona is organized as a United States territory. February 26 – Abraham Lincoln signs the National Banking Act into law. March 2 – The Clapham Junction railway station opens in London. March 3 Idaho Territory is organized by the U.S. Congress. The U.S. National Conscription Act is signed, leading to the New York City draft riots in July. March 10 – Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark (later Queen Alexandra). March 14 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent granting Goulburn, New South Wales, city status, making it Australia's first inland city. March 19 – The is destroyed on her maiden voyage, while attempting to run the blockade into Charleston, South Carolina. The wreck is discovered exactly 102 years later, by E. Lee Spence. March 30 – Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark, 17, is elected by the Hellenic Parliament as George, King of the Hellenes; he will reign in Greece for 50 years. He arrives in Athens on October 30 to take the throne. March 31 – The charter of Boston College is approved by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, establishing the college. April–June April 14 – The Treaty of Huế is signed between Vietnam and the French Empire. April 17–May 2 – American Civil War – Grierson's Raid: Union cavalrymen are ambushed, while crossing the Tickfaw River in Mississippi. April 20 – American Civil War: The Battle of Washington ends inconclusively in Beaufort County, North Carolina. April 21 : Bahá'u'lláh begins a 12-day stay in the Najibiyyih gardens, Baghdad (now known as the Garden of Ridván) during which he declares his station as He whom God shall make manifest. This date is celebrated in the Baháʼí Faith as the festival of Ridván. January Uprising: The Polish peasant army, now led by Zygmunt Sierakowski, achieves its first victory over the Russian army, near Raguva. April 30 – Battle of Camarón in Mexico: 65 soldiers of the French Foreign Legion fight 2,000 Mexicans. May 1–4 – American Civil War – Battle of Chancellorsville: General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson (fatally wounded by friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties. May 8 The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia, under President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. January Uprising: The Polish insurgent army is defeated by the Russians near Gudiškis. May 14 – American Civil War – Battle of Jackson, Mississippi: Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeats Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, opening the way for the siege of Vicksburg. May 17 After a 2-month siege, the French army of Bazaine takes Puebla, Mexico. The opening of Salon des Refusés in Paris draws attention to paintings by avant-garde artists, notably Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe. May 18 – American Civil War: The siege of Vicksburg begins (ends July 4, when 30,189 Confederate men surrender). May 21 American Civil War: The siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana, by Union forces begins. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is formed in Battle Creek, Michigan. May 23 – Ferdinand Lassalle founds the (General German Workers' Association, ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany. May 28 – American Civil War – The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston to fight for the Union. May 31 – The first Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race is held. June 7 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces enter Mexico City. June 9 – American Civil War: The Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia ends inconclusively. June 12 – The Arts Club is founded by Charles Dickens, Frederic Leighton and others in Hanover Square, London. June 13 – Samuel Butler's dystopian article "Darwin among the Machines" is published (under the pen name Cellarius) in The Press newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand; it will be incorporated into his novel Erewhon (1872). June 14 – American Civil War – Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia. June 17 – American Civil War: The Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign ends inconclusively. June 20 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state. July–September July – The tiny Confederate States of America hand-propelled submarine H. L. Hunley is first tested successfully. July 1 – Slavery is abolished in the Dutch colonies of Suriname (independent from 1975) and Curaçao and Dependencies. July 1 – The Kingston loop line of the London and South Western Railway opens. July 1–3 – American Civil War: Battle of Gettysburg – Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee in the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union). July 4 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg – Ulysses S. |
Alaric to escape north to Epirus with his loot. Presumably, Stilicho left Greece in order to prepare for military action in northern Africa, where a rebellion (see Gildonic Revolt in 398) seemed imminent. Emperor Honorius passes a law making barbarian styles of dress illegal in the city of Rome. As a result of this law, everybody in Rome is forbidden from wearing boots, trousers, animal skins, and long hair. This law is passed in response to the increasing popularity of barbarian fashions among the people of Rome. China The Xiongnu occupy the Gansu area, an economically important province situated along the Silk | skins, and long hair. This law is passed in response to the increasing popularity of barbarian fashions among the people of Rome. China The Xiongnu occupy the Gansu area, an economically important province situated along the Silk Road. By topic Religion April 4 – Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, dies in his diocese after 23 years in office, during which he dominated the political life of the Roman Empire. August 28 – Council of Carthage: The biblical canon is definitely declared. September 7 – First Council of Toledo: Hispanic bishops, including Lampius, condemn Priscillianism. November 13 – John Chrysostom is appointed Archbishop of Constantinople. Mor Gabriel Monastery is founded and located on the Tur Abdin plateau near Midyat (Turkey). Sulpicius Severus writes the earliest biography of Martin |
throughout this period, but recurring invasions by Germanic tribes plagued the empire from 376 CE onward. These early invasions marked the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire. In China, the Jin dynasty, which had united the nation prior in 280, began to quickly face troubles by the start of the century due to political infighting, which led to the opportunistic insurrections of the northern barbarian tribes (starting the Sixteen Kingdoms period), which quickly overwhelmed the empire, forcing the Jin court to retreat and entrench itself in the south past the Yangtze river, starting what is known as the Eastern Jin dynasty around 317. Towards the end of the century, Emperor of the Former Qin, Fu Jiān, united the north under his banner, and planned to conquer the Jin dynasty in the south, so as to finally reunite the land, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Fei River in 383, causing massive unrest and civil war in his empire, thereby leading to the fall of the Former Qin, and the continued existence of the Eastern Jin dynasty. According to archaeologists, sufficient archaeological evidence correlates of state-level societies coalesced in the 4th century to show the existence in Korea of the Three Kingdoms (300/400–668 CE) of Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. Long Fourth Century Historians of the Roman Empire may refer to the "Long Fourth Century" which is the period spanning the fourth century proper, but starting earlier with the accession of the emperor Diocletian in 284 and ending later with the death of Honorius in 423 or of Theodosius II in 450. Events Noba people settle in Africa. Early 4th century – Former audience hall now known as the Basilica, Trier, Germany, is built. 301: Armenia first to adopt Christianity as state religion. 304 – 439: The Sixteen Kingdoms in China begins. 306 – 337: Constantine the Great, ends persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (see also Constantinian shift) and Constantinople becomes new seat of government (New Rome). 320: Butuan Boat One, the oldest known Balangay, a multi-purpose ship native to the Philippines is built. 325 – 328: The Kingdom of Aksum adopts Christianity. 325: Constantine the Great calls the First Council of Nicaea to pacify Christianity in the grip of the Arian controversy. 335 – 380: Samudragupta expands the Gupta Empire. 337: Constantine the Great is baptized on his death bed. 350: About this time the Kingdom of Aksum conquers the Kingdom of Kush. 350 – 400: At some time during this period, the Huns began to attack the Sassanid Empire. 350: The Kutai Martadipura kingdom in eastern Borneo produced the earliest known stone inscriptions in Indonesia known as the Mulavarman inscription written in the Sanskrit language using Pallava scripture. 365: An earthquake with a magnitude of at least eight strikes the Eastern Mediterranean. The following | empire, he is also noted for re-establishing a single imperial capital, choosing the site of ancient Byzantium in 330 (over the current capitals, which had effectively been changed by Diocletian's reforms to Milan in the West, and Nicomedeia in the East) to build the city soon called Nova Roma (New Rome); it was later renamed Constantinople in his honor. The last emperor to control both the eastern and western halves of the empire was Theodosius I. As the century progressed after his death, it became increasingly apparent that the empire had changed in many ways since the time of Augustus. The two emperor system originally established by Diocletian in the previous century fell into regular practice, and the east continued to grow in importance as a centre of trade and imperial power, while Rome itself diminished greatly in importance due to its location far from potential trouble spots, like Central Europe and the East. Late in the century Christianity became the official state religion, and the empire's old pagan culture began to disappear. General prosperity was felt throughout this period, but recurring invasions by Germanic tribes plagued the empire from 376 CE onward. These early invasions marked the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire. In China, the Jin dynasty, which had united the nation prior in 280, began to quickly face troubles by the start of the century due to political infighting, which led to the opportunistic insurrections of the northern barbarian tribes (starting the Sixteen Kingdoms period), which quickly overwhelmed the empire, forcing the Jin court to retreat and entrench itself in the south past the Yangtze river, starting what is known as the Eastern Jin dynasty around 317. Towards the end of the century, Emperor of the Former Qin, Fu Jiān, united the north under his banner, and planned to conquer the Jin dynasty in the south, so as to finally reunite the land, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Fei River in 383, causing massive unrest and civil war in his empire, thereby leading to the fall of the Former Qin, and the continued existence of the Eastern Jin dynasty. According to archaeologists, sufficient archaeological evidence correlates of state-level societies coalesced in the 4th century |
Hoysala architecture reaches a peak. In the Middle East, the icon of Theotokos of Vladimir is painted probably in Constantinople. Everything but the faces will later be retouched, and the icon will go to the Tretyakov Gallery of Moscow. The Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli composes his epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin. Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi founds his "school of illumination". In North Africa, the kasbah of Marrakesh is built, including the city gate Bab Agnaou and the Koutoubia mosque. In sub-Saharan Africa, Kente cloth is first woven. In France, the first piedfort coins in the history of numismatics were minted. The city of Tula burns down, marking the end of the Toltec Empire Inventions, discoveries and introductions by year List of 12th-century inventions 1104: The Venice Arsenal of Venice, Italy, is founded. It employed some 16,000 people for the mass production of sailing ships in large assembly lines, hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution. 1106: Finished building of Gelati. 1107: The Chinese engineer Wu Deren combines the mechanical compass vehicle of the south-pointing chariot with the distance-measuring odometer device. 1111: The Chinese Donglin Academy is founded. 1165: The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, is built. 1170: The Roman Catholic notion of Purgatory is defined. 1185: First record of windmills. Political events by year 1100s 1100: On August 5, Henry I is crowned King of England. 1100: On December 25, Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. 1101: In July, the Treaty of Alton is signed between Henry I of England and his older brother Robert, Duke of Normandy in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ends a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings. 1101–1103: David the Builder takes over Kakheti and Hereti, (now parts of Georgia). 1102: King Coloman unites Hungary and Croatia under the Hungarian Crown. 1102: Muslims conquer Señorio de Valencia 1103-1104: A church council is convened by King David the Builder in Urbnisi to reorganize the Georgian Orthodox Church. 1104: In the Battle of Ertsukhi, King David the Builder defeats an army of Seljuks. 1104: King Jayawarsa of Kadiri (on Java) ascends to the throne. 1106: Battle of Tinchebray 1107–1111: Sigurd I of Norway becomes the first Norwegian king to embark on a crusade to the Holy Land. He fights in Lisbon and on various Mediterranean isles, and helps the King of Jerusalem to take Sidon from the Muslims. 1108: By the Treaty of Devol, signed in September, Bohemond I of Antioch has to submit to the Byzantine Empire, becoming the vassal of Alexius I. 1109: On June 10, Bertrand of Toulouse captures the County of Tripoli (northern Lebanon/western Syria). 1109: In the Battle of Nakło, Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats the Pomeranians and re-establishes Polish access to the sea. 1109: On August 24, in the Battle of Hundsfeld, Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats Emperor Henry V of Germany and stops German expansion eastward. 1110s 1111: On April 14, during Henry V's first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1113: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King Suryavarman II in Cambodia. He expands the Khmer Empire and builds Angkor Wat during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China. 1115: The Georgian army occupies Rustavi in the war to free Georgia from the Muslims. 1115: In Java, King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. Janggala ceases to exist and comes under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin Smaradahana, a eulogy for the king which become the inspiration for the Panji cycle tales, which spread across Southeast Asia. 1116: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion. 1116: Death of doña Jimena Díaz, governor of Valencia since 1099 to 1102. c. 1119: The Knights Templar are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem. 1120s 1120: On January 16, the Council of Nablus, a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom. 1120: On November 25, William Adelin, the only legitimate son of King Henry I of England, drowns in the White Ship Disaster, leading to a succession crisis which will bring down the Norman monarchy of England. 1121: On August 12, in the Battle of Didgori, the greatest military victory in Georgian history, King David the Builder with 40,000 Georgians, 15,000 Kipchak auxiliaries, 500 Alan mercenaries and 300 French Crusaders defeats a Seljuk-led Muslim coalition army of 400,000. 1121: On December 25, St. Norbert and 29 companions make their solemn vows in Premontre, France, establishing the Premonstratensian Order. 1122: The Battle of Beroia (Modern-day Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) results in the disappearance of the Pechenegs Turkish tribe as an independent force. 1122: On September 23, the Concordat of Worms (Pactum Calixtinum) is drawn up between Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II bringing an end to the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. 1122: King David the Builder captures Tbilisi and declares it the capital city of Georgia, ending 400 years of Arab rule. 1123: The Jurchen dynasty of China forces Koryo (now Korea) to recognize their suzerainty. 1124: In April or May, David I is crowned King of the Scots. 1125: On June 11, in the Battle of Azaz, the Crusader states, led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, defeat the Seljuk Turks. 1125: In November, the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty declare war on the Song dynasty, beginning the Jin–Song wars. 1125: Lothair of Supplinburg, duke of Saxony, is elected Holy Roman Emperor instead of the nearest heir, Frederick of Swabia, beginning the great struggle of Guelf and Ghibelline. 1127: The Northern Song dynasty loses power over northern China to the Jin dynasty. 1128: On June 24, the Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León at the Battle of São Mamede; (recognised by León in 1143). 1130s 1130–1180: 50-year drought in the American Southwest. 1130–1138: Papal schism, Pope Innocent II vs. Antipope Anacletus II. 1130: On March 26, Sigurd I of Norway dies. A golden era of 95 years comes to an end for Norway as civil wars between the members of Harald Fairhair's family line rage for the remainder of the century. 1130: On Christmas Day, Roger II is crowned King of Sicily, the royal title being bestowed on him by Antipope Anacletus II. 1130: King Jayabaya of Kadiri ascends to the throne. 1132: The Southern Song dynasty establishes China's first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. The main admiral's office is at the port of Dinghai. 1132–1183: the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 marine soldiers to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated paddle wheel craft are assembled for the navy, in order to fight the Jurchen's Jin dynasty in the north. 1135–1154: The Anarchy is a period of civil war in England. 1136: Suger begins rebuilding the abbey church at St Denis north of Paris, which is regarded as the first major Gothic building. 1137: On July 22, the future King Louis VII of France marries Eleanor, the Duchess of Aquitaine. 1138: On October 11, the 1138 Aleppo earthquake devastates much of northern Syria. 1139: in April, the Second Lateran Council ends the papal schism. 1139: On July 5, in the Treaty of Mignano, Pope Innocent II confirms Roger II as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, and Prince of Capua and invests him with his titles. 1139: On July 26, the Portuguese defeat the Almoravids led by Ali ibn Yusuf in the Battle of Ourique; Prince Afonso Henriques is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. 1140s 1140–1150: Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon (modern-day New Mexico). 1141: The Treaty of Shaoxing ends the conflict between the Jin dynasty and Southern Song dynasty, legally establishing the boundaries of the two countries and forcing the Song dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River. The treaty reduces the Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of the Jurchen Jin dynasty. 1143: Afonso Henriques is proclaimed King of Portugal by the cortes. 1143: The Treaty of Zamora recognizes Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Portugal also recognizes the suzerainty of the pope. 1144: On December 24, Edessa falls to the Atabeg Zengi. 1145–1148: The Second Crusade is launched in response to the fall of the County of Edessa. 1147: On October 25, the four-month-long Siege of Lisbon successfully brings the city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling the Moorish overlords. | ibn Yusuf in the Battle of Ourique; Prince Afonso Henriques is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. 1140s 1140–1150: Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon (modern-day New Mexico). 1141: The Treaty of Shaoxing ends the conflict between the Jin dynasty and Southern Song dynasty, legally establishing the boundaries of the two countries and forcing the Song dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River. The treaty reduces the Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of the Jurchen Jin dynasty. 1143: Afonso Henriques is proclaimed King of Portugal by the cortes. 1143: The Treaty of Zamora recognizes Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Portugal also recognizes the suzerainty of the pope. 1144: On December 24, Edessa falls to the Atabeg Zengi. 1145–1148: The Second Crusade is launched in response to the fall of the County of Edessa. 1147: On October 25, the four-month-long Siege of Lisbon successfully brings the city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling the Moorish overlords. 1147: A new Berber dynasty, the Almohads, led by Emir Abd al-Mu'min, takes North Africa from the Almoravides and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula. The Almohads began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. 1147: The Wendish Crusade against the Polabian Slavs (or "Wends") in what is now northern and eastern Germany. 1150s 1150: Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona marries Petronilla, the Queen of Aragon. 1151: The Treaty of Tudilén (or Treaty of Tudején) is signed by Alfonso VII of León and Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, recognising the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia. 1153: The Treaty of Wallingford (Treaty of Winchester, Treaty of Westminster), effectively ends the civil war between Empress Matilda and her cousin King Stephen of England fought over the English crown. Stephen acknowledges Matilda's son Henry of Anjou as his heir. 1153: The First Treaty of Constance is signed between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Eugene III, by the terms of which, the emperor is to prevent any action by Manuel I Comnenus to reestablish the Byzantine Empire on Italian soil and to assist the pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome. 1154: the Moroccan-born Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi publishes his Geography. 1154: On December 27, Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. 1155: Pope Adrian IV grants overlordship of Ireland to Henry II of England in the bull Laudabiliter. 1156: On June 18, the Treaty of Benevento is entered into by Pope Adrian IV and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After years of turbulent relations, the popes finally settles down to a peace with the Hauteville kings. The kingship of William I is recognised over all Sicily, Apulia, Calabria, Campania, and Capua. The tribute to the pope of 600 schifati agreed upon by Roger II in 1139 at Mignano is affirmed and another 400 schifati is added for the new lands. 1158: The Treaty of Sahagún ends the war between Castile and León. 1160s 1161: the Song dynasty Chinese navy, employing gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchets, defeats the enormous Jin dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the Battle of Tangdao and on the Yangtze River in the Battle of Caishi. 1161: Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rum, makes peace with the Byzantine Empire, recognizing the emperor's primacy. 1161: In the siege of Ani, Georgian troops take over control of city, only to have it sold for the second time to the Shaddadids, a Kurdish dynasty. 1162: Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, is born as Temüjin. 1163: The Norwegian Law of Succession takes effect. 1168: King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in northern Europe. 1169: On May 1, the Norman invasion of Ireland begins. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster. 1170s 1170: The Treaty of Sahagún is signed by Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso II of Aragon. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to give Alfonso II three hostages, to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia and Murcia. 1170: On December 29, Thomas Becket is murdered in Canterbury Cathedral. 1171: Saladin deposes the last Fatimid Caliph Al-'Āḍid and establishes the Ayyubid dynasty. 1171: On November 11, Henry II of England lands in Ireland to assert his claim as Lord of Ireland. 1174: On July 12, William I of Scotland is captured by the English in the Battle of Alnwick. He accepts the feudal overlordship of the English crown and pays ceremonial allegiance at York. 1175: Hōnen Shōnin (Genkū) founds the Jōdo shū (Pure Land) sect of Buddhism. 1175: The Treaty of Windsor is signed by King Henry II of England and the High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair. 1176: On May 29, Frederick Barbarossa's forces are defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League which results in the emperor's acknowledgement of the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States and Alexander acknowledging the emperor's overlordship of the imperial Church. 1176: On September 17, The Battle of Myriokephalon (Myriocephalum; Turkish: Miryakefalon Savaşı) is fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phrygia. It is a serious reversal for the Byzantine forces and will be the final, unsuccessful, effort by the Byzantines to recover the interior of Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks. 1177: The Treaty or Peace of Venice is signed by the Papacy and its allies, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily also takes part in negotiations and the treaty thereby determines the political course of all Italy for the next several years. 1178: Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a Guangzhou customs officer, writes of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly Madagascar), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants. 1179: The Treaty of Cazola (Cazorla) is signed by Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding. 1180s 1180: The Portuguese Navy defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of Cape Espichel. 1180–1185: the Genpei War in Japan. 1182: revolt of the people of Constantinople against the Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming Andronicus I Comnenus co-emperor. 1183: On January 25, the final Peace of Constance between Frederick Barbarossa, the pope, and the Lombard towns is signed, confirming the Peace of Venice of 1177. 1183: On September 24, Andronicus I Comnenus has his nephew Alexius II Comnenus strangled. 1184: On March 24, Queen Tamar, King of Georgia, accedes to the throne as sole ruler after reigning with her father, George III, for six years. 1184: Diet of Pentecost organised by Emperor Frederick I in Mainz 1185: The Uprising of Asen and Peter against the Byzantine Empire leads to the restoration of the Bulgarian Empire. 1185: Andronicus I Comnenus is deposed and, on September 12, executed as a result of the Norman massacre of the Greeks of |
patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway'). 1030: Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and Kingdom of Sunda. (to 1579) 1035: Raoul Glaber chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France 1035: Canute the Great dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne. 1035: William Iron Arm ventures to the Mezzogiorno 1037: Ferdinand I of León conquers the Kingdom of Galicia. 1040s 1040: Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. Macbeth succeeds him. 1041: Samuel Aba became King of Hungary. 1041: Airlangga divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms Janggala and Kadiri and abdicates in favour of his successors. 1042: the Normans establish Melfi as the capital of southern Italy. 1041–1048: Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing 1043: the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that includes the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos. 1043: the Byzantine General George Maniaces, who had served in Sicily back in 1038, is proclaimed emperor by his troops while he is catepan of Italy; he leads an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos and is killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople. 1043: the Song dynasty Chancellor of China, Fan Zhongyan, and prominent official and historian Ouyang Xiu introduce the Qingli Reforms, which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms. 1043: the Kingdom of Nri of West Africa is said to have started in this year with Eze Nri Ìfikuánim 1044: the Chinese Wujing Zongyao, written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowder-impregnated fuses for flamethrowers. It also described an early form of the compass, a thermoremanence compass. 1044: Henry III of the Holy Roman Empire defeats the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Ménfő; Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire. 1045: The Zirids, a Berber dynasty of North Africa, break their allegiance with the Fatimid court of Egypt and recognize the Abbasids of Baghdad as the true caliphs. 1050s 1052: Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts the rural villa at Byōdō-in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple. 1053: the Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in the Battle of Civitate against the Lombards and the papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by the Normans. 1054: the Great Schism, in which the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years. 1054: a large supernova is observed by astronomers, the remnants of which would form the Crab Nebula. 1054: the Battle of Atapuerca is fought between García V of Navarre and Ferdinand I of León 1055: the Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, taking the Buyid Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim prisoner. 1056: Ferdinand I of León, King of Castile and King of León, is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of All Hispania). 1056: William II of England the son of William the Conqueror, is born. 1057: Anawrahta, ruler of the Pagan Kingdom, defeated the Mon city of Thaton, thus unifying all of Myanmar. 1057: Macbeth, king of Scotland, dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III. 1057: Invasion of the Banu Hilal, Kairouan destroyed, Zirids reduced to a tiny coastal strip, remainder fragments into petty Bedouin emirates. 1060s 1061–1091: Norman conquest of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea 1065: Seljuks first invasion to Georgia under leadership of Alp Arslan 1065: Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal under the rule of Garcia 1066: in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, the last Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson defeated his brother Tostig Godwinson and Harold III of Norway. 1066: Edward the Confessor dies; Harold Godwinson is killed in the Battle of Hastings, while the Norman William the Conqueror is crowned king of England. This is what most experts think of as the end of the Viking age. 1066: the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and many others are killed in the 1066 Granada massacre. 1068–1073: the reign of Japanese Emperor Go-Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the Fujiwara clan. 1068: Virarajendra Chola begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia. 1068: Seljuks destroyed Georgia for the second time 1069–1076: with the support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of the Chinese Song dynasty introduces the 'New Policies', including the Baojia system of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine, reforming the land survey system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent. 1070s 1070: the death of Athirajendra Chola and the ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks the transition between the Medieval Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas. 1071: Defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic Golden Age. 1072: the Battle of Golpejera is fought between Sancho II of Castile and Alfonso VI of Castile 1073: the Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from the Byzantines. 1074: the Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem from the Byzantines, and cut pilgrim transit. 1075: Henry IV suppresses the rebellion of Saxony in the First Battle of Langensalza. 1075: the Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in the Dictatus papae extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself. 1075: Chinese official and diplomat Shen Kuo asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of Emperor Daozong of Liao, who had asserted that Liao dynasty territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds. 1075–1076: a civil war in the Western Chalukya Empire of India; the Western Chalukya monarch Someshvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy, Kulothunga Chola I of the Chola Empire; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king. 1075–1077: the Song dynasty of China and the Lý Dynasty of Vietnam fight a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day Hanoi, the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached. 1076: the Ghana Empire is attacked by the Almoravids, who sack the capital of Koumbi Saleh, ending the rule of king Tunka Manin 1076: the Chinese Song dynasty places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of sulfur and saltpetre, in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as the Tanguts and Khitans. 1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese Champa and Cambodian Chenla to conquer the Lý Dynasty, which is an unsuccessful campaign. 1077: the Walk to Canossa by Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire. 1077: Chinese official Su Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to the Liao dynasty and discovers that the Khitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than the Song calendar; Emperor Zhezong later sponsors Su Song's astronomical clock tower in order to compete with Liao astronomers. 1078: Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev; Oleg escapes to Tmutarakan, but is imprisoned by the Khazars, sent to Constantinople as a prisoner, and then exiled to Rhodes. 1078: the revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII 1079: Malik Shah I reforms the Iranian Calendar. 1079: Franks start to settle around the Way of Saint James (Today, modern North Spain) 1080s 1080–1081: The Chinese statesman and scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against the Western Xia, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it. 1081: birth of Urraca of León and Castile future Queen of Castille and León. 1084: the enormous Chinese historical work of the Zizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters 1085: Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Moorish Muslim city of Toledo, Spain. 1085: the Katedralskolan, Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark 1086: compilation of the Domesday Book by order of William I of England; it was similar to a modern-day government census, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly taxed. 1086: the Battle of az-Zallaqah between the Almoravids and Castilians 1087: a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia. 1087: the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa engage in the African Mahdia campaign 1087: William II of England, son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England. 1088: the renowned polymath Chinese scientist and official Shen Kuo made the world's first reference to the magnetic compass in his book Dream Pool Essays, along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries. 1088: The University of Bologna is established. 1088: Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England led by Odo of Bayeux. 1090s 1091: Normans from the Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta and surrounding islands. 1091: the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion 1093: Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire, defeats the army of Kulothunga Chola I in the Battle of Vengi. 1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them. 1093: the Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at the Battle of the Stugna River 1093: Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is killed by the forces of William II of England. 1094: the astronomical clock tower of Kaifeng, China—engineered by the official Su Song—is completed. 1094: El Cid, the great Spanish hero, conquers the Muslim city of Valencia 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia into the new Nizari religious branch. 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the First Crusade. c. 1095–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the Song of Roland 1096: University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures 1097: the Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade 1097: Diego Rodriguez, a son of El Cid, dies in the Battle of Consuegra, an Almoravid victory 1098: the Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade 1098: Pope Urban II makes an appearance at the Siege of Capua 1098: the Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of the Song dynasty Chinese official and poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the New Policies Group. 1098: the birth of Hildegard of Bingen, Doctor of the Church, abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, German composer and writer, polymath. 1099: the Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders. 1099: after the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established, the Al-Aqsa Mosque is made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem. 1099: death of the great Spanish hero Rodrigo Díaz "El Cid Campeador". 1099: after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks. King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon, returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism. The Tuareg migrate to the Aïr region. Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria. The first of seven Hausa city-states are founded in Nigeria. The Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert. Fortified Chinese trade bases were established in the Philippines, to gather forest products and distribute imports. Gallery Architecture Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, Georgia, is totally renewed in 1029 The St Albans Cathedral of Norman-era England is completed in 1089. The Al-Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013. The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China is built in 1049. The Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, Japan, is completed in 1053. The Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I. The Fruttuaria of San Benigno Canavese, Italy is completed in 1007. The Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi, India, is built in 1060 by the Western Chalukyas. Construction work begins in 1059 on the Parma Cathedral of Italy. The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052, the oldest existent church in Russia. Construction begins on the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, Kievan Rus, in 1037. The Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees the completion of its Katholikon (main church), the earliest extant domed-octagon church from 1011 to 1012. The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in 1045. The Pagoda of Fogong Temple of Shanxi province, China, is completed under the Liao dynasty in 1056. The Nikortsminda Cathedral of Georgia is completed in 1014. The Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany is completed in 1061. The Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw the construction of the Wanan Bridge in Fujian. The Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire. The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed in 1063. Reconstruction of the San Liberatore a Maiella in Italy begins in 1080. Westminster Abbey, London, England, is completed in 1065. The Ananda Temple of the Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091. The Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070. Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071. The tallest pagoda tower in China's pre-modern history, the Liaodi Pagoda, is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft). The Tower of Gonbad-e Qabus in Iran is built in 1006. Construction begins on the Sassovivo Abbey of Foligno, Italy, in 1070. The Palace of Aljafería is built in Zaragoza, Spain, during the Al-Andalus period. The Rotonda di San Lorenzo is built in Mantua, Lombardy, Italy, during the late 11th century. Construction of the Ponte della Maddalena bridge in the Province of Lucca, Italy begins in 1080. The domes of the Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Iran are built in 1086 to 1087. 11th–18th century – Courtyard, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built. The Chester Castle in England was built in 1069. Construction begins on the Bagrati Cathedral in Georgia in 1003. The St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1031. The Basilica of Sant'Abbondio of Lombardy, Italy is completed in 1095. Construction begins on the Great Zimbabwe National Monument, sometime in the century. Construction begins on the San Pietro in Vinculis in Pisa, Italy, in 1072. The Tower of London in England | University of Bologna is established. 1088: Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England led by Odo of Bayeux. 1090s 1091: Normans from the Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta and surrounding islands. 1091: the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion 1093: Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire, defeats the army of Kulothunga Chola I in the Battle of Vengi. 1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them. 1093: the Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at the Battle of the Stugna River 1093: Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is killed by the forces of William II of England. 1094: the astronomical clock tower of Kaifeng, China—engineered by the official Su Song—is completed. 1094: El Cid, the great Spanish hero, conquers the Muslim city of Valencia 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia into the new Nizari religious branch. 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the First Crusade. c. 1095–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the Song of Roland 1096: University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures 1097: the Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade 1097: Diego Rodriguez, a son of El Cid, dies in the Battle of Consuegra, an Almoravid victory 1098: the Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade 1098: Pope Urban II makes an appearance at the Siege of Capua 1098: the Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of the Song dynasty Chinese official and poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the New Policies Group. 1098: the birth of Hildegard of Bingen, Doctor of the Church, abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, German composer and writer, polymath. 1099: the Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders. 1099: after the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established, the Al-Aqsa Mosque is made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem. 1099: death of the great Spanish hero Rodrigo Díaz "El Cid Campeador". 1099: after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks. King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon, returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism. The Tuareg migrate to the Aïr region. Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria. The first of seven Hausa city-states are founded in Nigeria. The Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert. Fortified Chinese trade bases were established in the Philippines, to gather forest products and distribute imports. Gallery Architecture Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, Georgia, is totally renewed in 1029 The St Albans Cathedral of Norman-era England is completed in 1089. The Al-Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013. The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China is built in 1049. The Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, Japan, is completed in 1053. The Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I. The Fruttuaria of San Benigno Canavese, Italy is completed in 1007. The Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi, India, is built in 1060 by the Western Chalukyas. Construction work begins in 1059 on the Parma Cathedral of Italy. The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052, the oldest existent church in Russia. Construction begins on the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, Kievan Rus, in 1037. The Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees the completion of its Katholikon (main church), the earliest extant domed-octagon church from 1011 to 1012. The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in 1045. The Pagoda of Fogong Temple of Shanxi province, China, is completed under the Liao dynasty in 1056. The Nikortsminda Cathedral of Georgia is completed in 1014. The Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany is completed in 1061. The Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw the construction of the Wanan Bridge in Fujian. The Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire. The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed in 1063. Reconstruction of the San Liberatore a Maiella in Italy begins in 1080. Westminster Abbey, London, England, is completed in 1065. The Ananda Temple of the Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091. The Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070. Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071. The tallest pagoda tower in China's pre-modern history, the Liaodi Pagoda, is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft). The Tower of Gonbad-e Qabus in Iran is built in 1006. Construction begins on the Sassovivo Abbey of Foligno, Italy, in 1070. The Palace of Aljafería is built in Zaragoza, Spain, during the Al-Andalus period. The Rotonda di San Lorenzo is built in Mantua, Lombardy, Italy, during the late 11th century. Construction of the Ponte della Maddalena bridge in the Province of Lucca, Italy begins in 1080. The domes of the Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Iran are built in 1086 to 1087. 11th–18th century – Courtyard, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built. The Chester Castle in England was built in 1069. Construction begins on the Bagrati Cathedral in Georgia in 1003. The St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1031. The Basilica of Sant'Abbondio of Lombardy, Italy is completed in 1095. Construction begins on the Great Zimbabwe National Monument, sometime in the century. Construction begins on the San Pietro in Vinculis in Pisa, Italy, in 1072. The Tower of London in England is founded in 1078. The St. Grigor's Church of Kecharis Monastery in Armenia is built in 1003. The Martin-du-Canigou monastery on Mount Canigou in southern France is built in 1009. The St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1020. The One Pillar Pagoda in Hanoi, Vietnam, is constructed in 1049. The St Michael at the Northgate, Oxford's oldest building, is built in Saxon England in 1040. The Oxford Castle in England is built in 1071. The Florence Baptistry in Florence, Italy is founded in 1059. The Kandariya Mahadeva temple in India is built in 1050. The St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy is rebuilt in 1063. The Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England is completed by 1077. Construction begins on the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain in 1075. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Science and technology List of 11th century inventions Early 11th century – Fan Kuan paints Travelers among Mountains and Streams. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China). c. 1000–Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) of al-Andalus publishes his influential 30-volume Arabic medical encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif c. 1000–Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir. c. 1000 Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) c. 1000 – Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi c. 1000–Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, and Abu al-Wafa. c. 1000 – Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili 1000–1048 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics. 1001–1100 – the demands of the Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to a huge amount of deforestation, which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron and steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland. 1003 – Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d'Aurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century; his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, a hydraulic-powered organ, the reintroduction of the abacus to Europe, and a possible treatise on the astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later. The contemporary monk Richer from Rheims described Gerbert's contributions in reintroducing the armillary sphere that was lost to European science after the Greco-Roman era; from Richer's description, Gerbert's placement of the tropics was nearly exact and his placement of the equator was exact. He reintroduced the liberal arts education system of trivium and quadrivium, which he had borrowed from the educational institution of Islamic Córdoba. Gerbert also studied and taught Islamic medicine. 1013 – One of the Four Great Books of Song, the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau compiled by 1013 was the largest of the Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters. 1020 – Ibn Samh of Al-Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe. 1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq writes his influential Book of Optics from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt), 1024 – The world's first paper-printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song dynasty China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s. 1025 – Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise, The Canon of Medicine, which remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries, and The Book of Healing, a scientific encyclopedia. 1027 – The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical compass-vehicle of the south-pointing chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in the 3rd century. 1028–1087 – Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) builds the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe. 1031 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī writes Kitab al-qanun al-Mas'udi 1031–1095 – Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation, or geomorphology, theorized that climate change occurred over time, discovers the concept of true north, improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the pole star indefinitely, hypothesizes the retrogradation theory of planetary motion, and by observing lunar eclipse and solar eclipse he hypothesized that the sun and moon were spherical. Shen Kuo also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with quantitative attributes. He also took an interdisciplinary approach to studies in archaeology. 1041–1048 – Artisan Bi Sheng of Song dynasty China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters. Mid 11th century – Harbaville Triptych, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris. Mid-11th century – Xu Daoning paints Fishing in a Mountain Stream. Northern Song dynasty. 1068 – First known use of the drydock in China. 1070 – With a team of scholars, the Chinese official Su Song also published the Ben Cao Tu Jing in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, and mineralogy. Some of the drug concoctions in Su's book included ephedrine, mica minerals, and linaceae. 1075 – the Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell and Needham consider to be a predecessor to the 18th century Bessemer process. 1077 – Constantine the African introduces ancient Greek medicine to the Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno, Italy. c. 1080 – the Liber pantegni, a compendium of Hellenistic and Islamic medicine, is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian Constantine the African, paraphrasing translated passages from the Kitab al-malaki of Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi as well as other Arabic texts. 1088 – As written by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays, the earlier 10th-century invention of the pound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 tan (49½ tons) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 tan (113 tons). 1094 – The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism and the world's first known chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, the astronomical clock, and the striking clock jacks of his clock tower in Kaifeng. In Europe, the introduction of the horizontal loom operated by foot-treadles makes weaving faster and more efficient. Literature 1000 – The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries is written by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī. c. 1000 – The Al-Tasrif is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis). c. 1000 – The Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi is written by the Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus. 1000–1037 – Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is written by Avicenna. 1008 – The Leningrad Codex, one of the oldest full manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, is completed. c. 1010 – The oldest known copy of the epic poem Beowulf was written around this year. 1013 – The Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau, a Chinese encyclopedia, is completed by a team of scholars including Wang Qinruo. 1020 – The Bamberg Apocalypse commissioned by Otto III is completed. 1021 – Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes her Japanese novel, The Tale of Genji. 1021 – The Book of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen or Alhacen) is completed. 1025 – The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) is completed. 1027 – The Book of Healing is published by Avicenna. 1037 – The Jiyun, a Chinese rime dictionary, is published by Ding Du and expanded by later scholars. 1037 – Birth of the Chinese poet Su Shi, one of the renowned poets of the Song dynasty, who also penned works of travel literature. 1044 – The Wujing Zongyao military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide. 1048–1100 – The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is written by Omar Khayyam sometime after 1048. 1049 – The Record of Tea is written by Chinese official Cai Xiang 1052 – The Uji Dainagon |
Alps confront and defeat Austrian forces, led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban. May 26, June 2 – Geologist Joseph Prestwich and amateur archaeologist John Evans report (to the Royal Society and Society of Antiquaries of London, respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the Somme valley and elsewhere, extending human history back to what will become known as the Paleolithic Era. May 30 – Battle of Palestro: The Sardinians defeat the Austrian army. May 31 – Big Ben, the Great Clock at the Palace of Westminster, London, is started. June 4 – Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Magenta: The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians. June 6 – The British Crown colony of Queensland in Australia is created, by devolving part of the territory of New South Wales (Queensland Day). June 8 – The discovery of the Comstock Lode in the western Utah Territory sets off the Rush to Washoe. June 15 – The so-called Pig War border dispute between the Americans and the British, over the San Juan Islands, begins by the death of the namesake pig. June 17 – The only recorded simoom ever in North America hits Goleta and Santa Barbara, California. June 18 – Aletschhorn, the second summit of the Bernese Alps, is first ascended. June 24 – Battle of Solferino: The Kingdom of Sardinia and the armies of Napoleon III of France defeat Franz Joseph I of Austria in northern Italy; the battle inspires Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross. June 30 – Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope, for the first time. July–September July Count Camillo Benso di Cavour resigns, as president of Piedmont-Sardinia. Pike's Peak Gold Rush begins in the Colorado Territory. July 1 – The first intercollegiate baseball game is played, between Amherst and Williams Colleges. July 8 – Charles XV succeeds his father Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (as Charles IV). July 11 The chimes of Big Ben ring for the first time in London. By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep Venetia, and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close. July 30 – Grand Combin, one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended. August 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, ending an ascendancy of 109 years. August 27 – Edwin Drake drills the first oil well in the United States, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, starting the Pennsylvania oil rush. August 28 – September 2– The solar storm of 1859, the largest geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes the Northern lights to be visible as far south as Montería, Colombia and knocks out telegraph communication (this is also called the Carrington Event). September – British merchant Thomas Blake Glover begins business in Nagasaki, Japan. September 17 – In San Francisco, Joshua Norton proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. October–December October 16 – John Brown raids the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion. October 18 – Troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee overpower John Brown, at the Federal arsenal. October 26 – The steamship Royal Charter is wrecked on the coast of Anglesey, Wales, with 454 dead. November 1 – The current Cape Lookout, North Carolina, lighthouse is lighted for the first time (its first-order Fresnel lens can be seen for 19 miles). November 10 – The Treaty of Zürich, reaffirming the terms of the Treaty of Villafranca, brings the Austro-Sardinian War to an official close. November 15 – The first Zappas Olympics open in Greece. November 24 English naturalist Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, a book which argues for the gradual evolution of species through natural selection (it immediately sells out its initial print run). The French Navy's La Gloire, the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched. December 2 – Militant abolitionist leader John Brown is hanged for his October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. December 10 – The Ateneo de Manila University is founded, as the Escuela Municipal de Manila. Date unknown District nursing begins in Liverpool, England, when philanthropist William Rathbone employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes. The island of Timor is divided between Portugal and the Netherlands. The Rancho Rincon de Los Esteros Land Grant is confirmed to Rafael Alvisa (part of the present Santa Clara County, California). Bernhard Riemann in November 1859 publishes On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude. In his paper there is an incidental comment that later becomes the Riemann Hypothesis, one of the most important unsolved problems in Mathematics. Brisbane is declared the capital of newly separated colony Queensland, Australia. The University of Michigan Law School is founded. Karl Marx publishes A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. John Stuart Mill publishes On Liberty. George Eliot publishes Adam Bede. Alfred, Lord Tennyson publishes the first set of Idylls of the King. The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women is founded. The Mary Institute is founded in Missouri. Tidskrift för hemmet, the first women's magazine in the Nordic countries, begins publication in Sweden. Nillmij, as predecessor of Aegon, an insurance service in worldwide, founded in Dutch East Indies. (now Indonesia) Births January–March January 6 – Hugh Rodman, American admiral (d. 1940) January 8 – Fanny Bullock Workman, American geographer, writer and mountain climber (d. 1925) January 11 – George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, British statesman, Viceroy of India (d. 1925) January 27 – Wilhelm II of Germany, last Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia (d. 1941) January 29 – Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, American-born Parisian socialite, model for the painting Portrait of Madame X (d. 1915) February 1 Henry Miller, English-born American stage actor, producer (d. 1926) Victor Herbert, Irish-born composer (Babes In Toyland) (d. 1924) February 3 – Hugo Junkers, German industrialist, aircraft designer (d. 1935) February 5 – Louis Cheikho, Lebanese Jesuit Chaldean priest and venerable (d. 1927) February 9 – Akiyama Yoshifuru, Japanese general (d. 1930) February 10 – Alexandre Millerand, President of France (d. 1943) February 14 Henry Valentine Knaggs, English physician, author (d. 1954) George Washington Gale Ferris Jr., American inventor of the Ferris wheel (d. 1896) February 19 – Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1927) February 25 – Vasil Kutinchev, Bulgarian general (d. 1941) February 26 – Louise DeKoven Bowen, American philanthropist, activist (d. 1953) February 28 – Florian Cajori, Swiss historian of mathematics (d. 1930) March 2 – Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d. 1916) March 8 – Kenneth Grahame, English author (d. 1932) March 9 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1938) March 12 – Abraham H. Cannon, American | Idylls of the King. The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women is founded. The Mary Institute is founded in Missouri. Tidskrift för hemmet, the first women's magazine in the Nordic countries, begins publication in Sweden. Nillmij, as predecessor of Aegon, an insurance service in worldwide, founded in Dutch East Indies. (now Indonesia) Births January–March January 6 – Hugh Rodman, American admiral (d. 1940) January 8 – Fanny Bullock Workman, American geographer, writer and mountain climber (d. 1925) January 11 – George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, British statesman, Viceroy of India (d. 1925) January 27 – Wilhelm II of Germany, last Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia (d. 1941) January 29 – Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, American-born Parisian socialite, model for the painting Portrait of Madame X (d. 1915) February 1 Henry Miller, English-born American stage actor, producer (d. 1926) Victor Herbert, Irish-born composer (Babes In Toyland) (d. 1924) February 3 – Hugo Junkers, German industrialist, aircraft designer (d. 1935) February 5 – Louis Cheikho, Lebanese Jesuit Chaldean priest and venerable (d. 1927) February 9 – Akiyama Yoshifuru, Japanese general (d. 1930) February 10 – Alexandre Millerand, President of France (d. 1943) February 14 Henry Valentine Knaggs, English physician, author (d. 1954) George Washington Gale Ferris Jr., American inventor of the Ferris wheel (d. 1896) February 19 – Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1927) February 25 – Vasil Kutinchev, Bulgarian general (d. 1941) February 26 – Louise DeKoven Bowen, American philanthropist, activist (d. 1953) February 28 – Florian Cajori, Swiss historian of mathematics (d. 1930) March 2 – Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d. 1916) March 8 – Kenneth Grahame, English author (d. 1932) March 9 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1938) March 12 – Abraham H. Cannon, American Mormon apostle (d. 1896) March 13 – Alice Bellvadore Sams Turner, American physician (d. 1915) – Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist (d. 1906 [O.S. 1905]) March 26 – A. E. Housman, English poet (d. 1936) April–June April 3 – Reginald De Koven, American composer, music critic (d. 1920) April 7 – Jacques Loeb, German–American physiologist, biologist (d. 1924) April 8 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (d. 1938) April 14 – Luigi Capello, Italian general (d. 1941) April 17 – Willis Van Devanter, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1941) May 1 – Jacqueline Comerre-Paton, French artist (d. 1955) May 15 – Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1906) May 22 – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Scottish writer (d. 1930) June 5 – Belle Archer, American actress (d. 1900) June 9 – Doveton Sturdee, British admiral (d. 1925) June 21 – Henry Ossawa Tanner, American artist (d. 1937) July–September July 6 Alexander Hamilton-Gordon, British general (d. 1939) Verner von Heidenstam, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940) July 13 – Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, British co-founder of the London School of Economics (d. 1947) July 28 – Mary Anderson, American stage actress (d. 1940) July 29 – Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz, Portuguese priest (d. 1948) August 2 – Auguste Adib Pacha, 2-time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1936) August 4 – Knut Hamsun, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952) August 16 – Dora Knowlton Ranous, American actress, author and translator (d. 1916) August 18 – Anna Ancher, Danish painter (d. 1935) September 3 – Jean Jaurès, French socialist (d. 1914) September 7 – Margaret Crosfield, British palaeontologist, geologist (d. 1952) September 16 – Yuan Shikai, Chinese dictator (d. 1916) September 17 William H. Bonney (Billy The Kid), American outlaw, gunfighter (d. 1881) I. L. Patterson, American politician, 18th Governor of Oregon (d. 1929) September 18 – Lincoln Loy McCandless, Hawaiian politician, rancher (d. 1940) September 19 – Marshall Pinckney Wilder, American actor, humorist, comedian and monologist (d. 1915) September 21 – Francesc Macià, Catalan politician (d. 1933) September 24 – Radko Dimitriev, Bulgarian and Russian general (d. 1918) September 28 – Alfredo Baquerizo, 19th President of Ecuador (d. 1951) October–December October 6 – Frank Seiberling, American inventor, co-founder of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (d. 1955) October 9 – Alfred Dreyfus, French military officer, subject of the Dreyfus affair (d. 1935) October 12 – Diana Abgar, Armenian diplomat (d. 1937) October 18 – Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1941) October 20 – John Dewey, American philosopher, psychologist and educator (d. 1952) November 10 – Gustav Globočnik Edler von Vojka, Austro-Hungarian nobleman and field marshal (d. 1946) November 14 – Alexander Samsonov, Russian general (d. 1914) November 15 Jean César Graziani, French general (d. 1932) Christopher Hornsrud, 11th Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1960) November 19 – Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer (d. 1935) November 22 – Fusajiro Yamauchi, Japanese founder of Nintendo (d. 1940) November 24 – Cass Gilbert, American architect (Woolworth Building, United States Supreme Court building) (d. 1934) November 27 – William Bliss Baker, American painter (d. 1886) November 29 – Jesse Pomeroy, youngest convicted murderer in Massachusetts (d. 1932) December 2 – Georges Seurat, French painter (d. 1891) December 5 – John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, British admiral (d. 1935) December 15 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (d. 1917) December 17 – Paul César Helleu, French artist (d. 1927) December 24 – Olive E. Dana, American author (unknown year of death) December 29 – Venustiano Carranza, 37th President of Mexico (d. 1920) Date unknown Vittorio Alinari, Italian photographer (d. 1932) Margaret Manton Merrill, English-American journalist and writer (d. 1893) Deaths January–June January 21 – Henry Hallam, |
January 11 – Over 100 people are killed in the Sidi-Hamed massacre in Algeria. January 12 – Nineteen European nations agree to forbid human cloning. January 14 – The World Trade Center is robbed by Mafia Member Ralph Guarino. January 17 – The Drudge Report breaks the story about U.S. President Bill Clinton's alleged affair with Monica Lewinsky, which would lead to the House of Representatives' impeachment of him. February February 3 – Cavalese cable car disaster: a United States military pilot causes the deaths of 20 people near Trento, Italy, when his low-flying EA-6B Prowler severs the cable of a cable-car. February 4 – The 5.9 Afghanistan earthquake shakes the Takhar Province with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). With up to 4,000 killed, and 818 injured, damage is considered extreme. February 7–22 – The 1998 Winter Olympics are held in Nagano, Japan. February 20 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein negotiates a deal with U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, allowing weapons inspectors to return to Baghdad, preventing military action by the United States and Britain. February 28 A massacre in Likoshane, FR Yugoslavia starts the Kosovo War. A study led by Andrew Wakefield is published in The Lancet suggesting an alleged link between MMR vaccine and autism. Now known to be full of data manipulation, the study was instantly controversial and fueled the nascent anti-vaccination movement. Although subsequent large epidemiological research found no link between vaccines and autism, the study contributed – in the following years and decades – to a sharp drop in vaccination rates and the resurgence of measles in several countries. The study, fully retracted in 2010, was later characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the 20th Century". March March 1 – Titanic becomes the first film to gross US$1 billion. March 2 – Data sent from the Galileo probe indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice. March 5 – NASA announces that the Clementine probe orbiting the Moon has found enough water in polar craters to support a human colony and rocket fueling station. March 11 – 1998 Danish general election: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen is re-elected. March 13 – The High-Z Supernova Search Team becomes the first team to publish evidence that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. March 23 – The 70th Academy Awards ceremony, hosted for the 6th time by Billy Crystal, is held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. Titanic wins 11 Oscars including Best Picture. March 26 – Oued Bouaicha massacre in Algeria: 52 people are killed with axes and knives; 32 of the killed are babies under the age of two. April April 5 – In Japan, the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge linking Shikoku with Honshū and costing about US$3.6 billion, opens to traffic, becoming the largest suspension bridge in the world. April 6 – Pakistan tests medium-range missiles capable of hitting India. April 10 – Good Friday Agreement: 1 hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party. April 20 – The alleged date the German Red Army Faction (created 1970) is dissolved. April 23 – The Yugoslav Army ambushes a group of Kosovo Liberation Army fighters attempting to smuggle weapons from Albania into Kosovo, killing 19. May May 11 India conducts three underground nuclear tests in Pokhran, including one thermonuclear device. The first euro coins are minted in Pessac, France. Because the final specifications for the coins were not finished in 1998, they will have to be melted and minted again in 1999. May 12 - Trisakti shootings: Indonesian soldiers open fire on unarmed protesters, killing 4 people. May 13–14 – Riots directed against Chinese Indonesians break out in Indonesia, killing around 1,000 people. May 19 The Galaxy IV communications satellite fails, leaving 80–90% of the US's pagers without service. The wreck of the aircraft carrier , sunk during the Battle of Midway in 1942, is found near Midway Atoll by a team led by former US Navy officer Robert D. Ballard. May 21 – Suharto (elected 1967) resigns after 31 years as President of Indonesia, effectively ending the New Order period. It is his 7th consecutive re-election by the Indonesian Parliament (MPR). Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B. J. Habibie, becomes Indonesia's third president. May 22 - Expo '98 (1998 Lisbon World Exposition) in Portugal opened doors to 30 September 1998. The theme of the fair was "The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future". May 28 – Nuclear testing: In response to a series of Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan explodes five nuclear devices of its own in the Chaghai hills of Baluchistan, codenamed Chagai-I, prompting the United States, Japan and other nations to impose economic sanctions. Pakistan celebrates Youm-e-Takbir annually. May 30 A 6.5 magnitude earthquake hits northern Afghanistan, killing up to 5,000. A second nuclear test, codenamed Chagai-II, is conducted and supervised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). June June 1 – European Central Bank established, replacing the European Monetary Institute. June 3 – Eschede train disaster: an Intercity-Express high-speed train derails between Hanover and Hamburg, Germany, causing 101 deaths. June 7 Former Brigadier-General Ansumane Mané seizes control over military barracks in Bissau, marking the beginning of the Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–99). James Byrd Jr. is beaten and dragged to death by three white men in Jasper, Texas. Two are subsequently executed. June 10–July 12 – The 1998 FIFA World Cup in France: France beats Brazil 3–0 in the FIFA World Cup Final. June 10 – The Organisation of African Unity passes a resolution which states that its members will no longer comply with punitive sanctions applied by the UN Security Council against Libya. June 27 – Kuala Lumpur International Airport officially opened, becoming the new international gateway into Malaysia. June 30 – Philippine Vice President Joseph Estrada is sworn in as the 13th President of the Philippines. July July 5 – Japan launches a probe to Mars, joining the United States and Russia as an outer space-exploring nation. July 6 – The new Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok opens, while the old Kai Tak Airport closes. July 17 At a conference in Rome, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. In Saint Petersburg, Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after he and his family were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. The 7.0 Papua New Guinea earthquake shakes the region near Aitape with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). This submarine earthquake triggered a landslide that caused a destructive tsunami, leaving more than 2,100 dead and thousands injured. July 21 – September 5 – The 1998 Sydney water crisis involved the suspected contamination by the microscopic pathogens cryptosporidium and giardia of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney. July 24 – Russell Eugene Weston Jr. enters the United States Capitol Building and opens fire, killing two members of the United States Capitol Police, Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson. August August 4 – The Second Congo War begins; 5.4 million people die before it ends in 2003, making it the bloodiest war, to date, since World War II. August 7 Yangtze River Floods: in China the Yangtze river breaks through the main bank; before this, from August 1–5, peripheral levees collapsed consecutively in Jiayu County Baizhou Bay. The death toll exceeds 12,000, with many thousands more injured. 1998 U.S. embassy bombings: the bombings of the United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, kill 224 people and injure over 4,500; they are linked to terrorist Osama bin Laden, an exile of Saudi Arabia. August 15 – The Omagh bombing is carried out in Northern Ireland by the Real Irish Republican Army. Shortly after these events, the group would call a ceasefire in response, signaling an end to the 30+ year conflict known as the Troubles. August 22 – An annular solar eclipse is visible in Sumatra, Borneo and Pacific. The Moon was 10.6 days past perigee and 5.2 days before apogee. August 26 – Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama wins the Libertadores Cup after a 2–1 win against Barcelona S.C. August 30 – The First Google Doodle celebrates Burning Man. September September 2 A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 airliner (Swissair Flight 111) crashes near Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia, after taking off from New York City en route to Geneva; all 229 people on board are killed. A United Nations court finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide, marking the first time that the 1948 law banning genocide is enforced. September 2 – Anwar Ibrahim was sacked from Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia position by Mahathir Mohamad. He later charged as sodomy trial in court. September 4 – Google, Inc. is founded in Menlo Park, California, by Stanford University PhD candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin. September 5 – The Government of North Korea adopts a military dictatorship on its 50th anniversary. September 8 – St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Mark McGwire hits his 62nd home run of the season, thus breaking the single season record of 61 which had been held by Roger Maris since 1961. September 10 – At midnight, a shooting occurs aboard an Akula-class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Russian Navy docked in the northern Russian port city of Severomorsk. September 11 – 1998 Commonwealth Games was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. September 12 – The Cuban Five intelligence agents are arrested in Miami, and convicted of espionage. The agents claim they were not spying against the United States Government but against the Cuban exile community in Miami. September 24 – Iranian President Mohammad Khatami retracts a fatwa against Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie that was in force since 1989 stating that the Iranian government will "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie". September 29 – Nipah virus epidemic begins in Malaysia. October October 1 – Europol is established when the Europol Convention signed by all of its member states comes into force. October 3 – 1998 Australian federal election: John Howard's Liberal/National Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Kim Beazley. October 6 – Matthew Shepard, a gay University of Wyoming student, is beaten and left for dead outside of Laramie, Wyoming. The subsequent media coverage, followed by his death on October 12, opens a larger conversation on homophobia in the United States. October 10 – Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet: General Augusto Pinochet, Chilean dictator from 1973 to 1990, is indicted for human rights violations he committed in Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón. 6 days later British police place him under house arrest during his medical treatment in the UK. This is a leading case in the law of universal jurisdiction. October 17 – 1998 Jesse pipeline explosion: An oil pipeline explosion in Jesse, Nigeria results in 1,082 deaths. October 29 Hurricane Mitch makes landfall in Central America, killing an estimated 11,000 people. STS-95: Former astronaut John Glenn returns to space, as a payload specialist. November November 11 – Tencent, a multinational technology company, is founded in Shenzhen, China. November 17 – Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant man-made object from the Solar System, at a distance of . November 20 – A Russian Proton rocket is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carrying the first segment of the International Space Station, the 21-ton Zarya Module. November 24 – A declassified report by Swiss International Olympic Committee official Marc Hodler reveals that bribes had been used to bring the 2002 Winter Olympics to Salt Lake City during bidding process in 1995. The IOC, the Salt Lake Organizing Committee, the United States Olympic Committee and the United States Department of Justice immediately launch an investigation into the scandal. December December 4 – The Space Shuttle Endeavour launches the first American component to the International Space Station, the Unity module on STS-88. It docks with Zarya two days later. December 6 – Hugo Chávez, politician and former member of the Venezuelan military, is elected President of Venezuela. December 14 – The Yugoslav Army ambushes a column of 140 Kosovo Liberation Army militants attempting to smuggle arms from Albania into Kosovo, killing 36. December 16 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. President Bill Clinton orders airstrikes on Iraq. UNSCOM withdraws all weapons inspectors from Iraq. December 19 – The U.S. House of Representatives forwards articles of impeachment against President Clinton to the Senate, making him the second president to be impeached in the nation's history. December 29 – Khmer Rouge leaders apologize for the post-Vietnam War genocide in Cambodia that killed more than one million people in the 1970s. December 31 The first leap second since June 30, 1997, occurs. In the Eurozone, the currency rates of this day are fixed permanently. Date unknown Ibrahim Hanna, the last native speaker of Mlahsô, dies in Qamishli, Syria, making the language effectively extinct. Also, the last native speaker of related Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, dies in Jerusalem. In Australia, The Wiggles re-release three videos after the video release of The Wiggles Movie, including Yummy Yummy, Wiggle Time, and Wiggledance!. However, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time contains new footage, as they have been re-recorded, Wiggledance! cuts out the song "Vini Vini". Births January January 1 – Sara Ahmed, Egyptian weightlifter January 2 – Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Dutch footballer January 3 – Patrick Cutrone, Italian footballer January 4 – Liza Soberano, Filipino actress and singer January 9 – Kerris Dorsey, American actress and singer January 11 Louisa Johnson, English singer Odessa Young, Australian actress January 12 – Juan Foyth, Argentine footballer January 13 – Gabrielle Daleman, Canadian figure skater January 17 – Anthony Zambrano, Colombian sprinter January 18 Vashti Cunningham, American track and field athlete Éder Militão, Brazilian footballer Lisandro Martínez, Argentinian footballer January 20 – Frances Tiafoe, American tennis player January 23 XXXTentacion, American rapper (d. 2018) Cole Custer, NASCAR Driver January 28 – Ariel Winter, American actress and voice actress January 31 Amadou Haidara, Malian footballer Bradie Tennell, American figure skater February February 3 – Yang | dragged to death by three white men in Jasper, Texas. Two are subsequently executed. June 10–July 12 – The 1998 FIFA World Cup in France: France beats Brazil 3–0 in the FIFA World Cup Final. June 10 – The Organisation of African Unity passes a resolution which states that its members will no longer comply with punitive sanctions applied by the UN Security Council against Libya. June 27 – Kuala Lumpur International Airport officially opened, becoming the new international gateway into Malaysia. June 30 – Philippine Vice President Joseph Estrada is sworn in as the 13th President of the Philippines. July July 5 – Japan launches a probe to Mars, joining the United States and Russia as an outer space-exploring nation. July 6 – The new Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok opens, while the old Kai Tak Airport closes. July 17 At a conference in Rome, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. In Saint Petersburg, Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after he and his family were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. The 7.0 Papua New Guinea earthquake shakes the region near Aitape with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). This submarine earthquake triggered a landslide that caused a destructive tsunami, leaving more than 2,100 dead and thousands injured. July 21 – September 5 – The 1998 Sydney water crisis involved the suspected contamination by the microscopic pathogens cryptosporidium and giardia of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney. July 24 – Russell Eugene Weston Jr. enters the United States Capitol Building and opens fire, killing two members of the United States Capitol Police, Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson. August August 4 – The Second Congo War begins; 5.4 million people die before it ends in 2003, making it the bloodiest war, to date, since World War II. August 7 Yangtze River Floods: in China the Yangtze river breaks through the main bank; before this, from August 1–5, peripheral levees collapsed consecutively in Jiayu County Baizhou Bay. The death toll exceeds 12,000, with many thousands more injured. 1998 U.S. embassy bombings: the bombings of the United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, kill 224 people and injure over 4,500; they are linked to terrorist Osama bin Laden, an exile of Saudi Arabia. August 15 – The Omagh bombing is carried out in Northern Ireland by the Real Irish Republican Army. Shortly after these events, the group would call a ceasefire in response, signaling an end to the 30+ year conflict known as the Troubles. August 22 – An annular solar eclipse is visible in Sumatra, Borneo and Pacific. The Moon was 10.6 days past perigee and 5.2 days before apogee. August 26 – Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama wins the Libertadores Cup after a 2–1 win against Barcelona S.C. August 30 – The First Google Doodle celebrates Burning Man. September September 2 A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 airliner (Swissair Flight 111) crashes near Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia, after taking off from New York City en route to Geneva; all 229 people on board are killed. A United Nations court finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide, marking the first time that the 1948 law banning genocide is enforced. September 2 – Anwar Ibrahim was sacked from Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia position by Mahathir Mohamad. He later charged as sodomy trial in court. September 4 – Google, Inc. is founded in Menlo Park, California, by Stanford University PhD candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin. September 5 – The Government of North Korea adopts a military dictatorship on its 50th anniversary. September 8 – St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Mark McGwire hits his 62nd home run of the season, thus breaking the single season record of 61 which had been held by Roger Maris since 1961. September 10 – At midnight, a shooting occurs aboard an Akula-class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Russian Navy docked in the northern Russian port city of Severomorsk. September 11 – 1998 Commonwealth Games was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. September 12 – The Cuban Five intelligence agents are arrested in Miami, and convicted of espionage. The agents claim they were not spying against the United States Government but against the Cuban exile community in Miami. September 24 – Iranian President Mohammad Khatami retracts a fatwa against Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie that was in force since 1989 stating that the Iranian government will "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie". September 29 – Nipah virus epidemic begins in Malaysia. October October 1 – Europol is established when the Europol Convention signed by all of its member states comes into force. October 3 – 1998 Australian federal election: John Howard's Liberal/National Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Kim Beazley. October 6 – Matthew Shepard, a gay University of Wyoming student, is beaten and left for dead outside of Laramie, Wyoming. The subsequent media coverage, followed by his death on October 12, opens a larger conversation on homophobia in the United States. October 10 – Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet: General Augusto Pinochet, Chilean dictator from 1973 to 1990, is indicted for human rights violations he committed in Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón. 6 days later British police place him under house arrest during his medical treatment in the UK. This is a leading case in the law of universal jurisdiction. October 17 – 1998 Jesse pipeline explosion: An oil pipeline explosion in Jesse, Nigeria results in 1,082 deaths. October 29 Hurricane Mitch makes landfall in Central America, killing an estimated 11,000 people. STS-95: Former astronaut John Glenn returns to space, as a payload specialist. November November 11 – Tencent, a multinational technology company, is founded in Shenzhen, China. November 17 – Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant man-made object from the Solar System, at a distance of . November 20 – A Russian Proton rocket is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carrying the first segment of the International Space Station, the 21-ton Zarya Module. November 24 – A declassified report by Swiss International Olympic Committee official Marc Hodler reveals that bribes had been used to bring the 2002 Winter Olympics to Salt Lake City during bidding process in 1995. The IOC, the Salt Lake Organizing Committee, the United States Olympic Committee and the United States Department of Justice immediately launch an investigation into the scandal. December December 4 – The Space Shuttle Endeavour launches the first American component to the International Space Station, the Unity module on STS-88. It docks with Zarya two days later. December 6 – Hugo Chávez, politician and former member of the Venezuelan military, is elected President of Venezuela. December 14 – The Yugoslav Army ambushes a column of 140 Kosovo Liberation Army militants attempting to smuggle arms from Albania into Kosovo, killing 36. December 16 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. President Bill Clinton orders airstrikes on Iraq. UNSCOM withdraws all weapons inspectors from Iraq. December 19 – The U.S. House of Representatives forwards articles of impeachment against President Clinton to the Senate, making him the second president to be impeached in the nation's history. December 29 – Khmer Rouge leaders apologize for the post-Vietnam War genocide in Cambodia that killed more than one million people in the 1970s. December 31 The first leap second since June 30, 1997, occurs. In the Eurozone, the currency rates of this day are fixed permanently. Date unknown Ibrahim Hanna, the last native speaker of Mlahsô, dies in Qamishli, Syria, making the language effectively extinct. Also, the last native speaker of related Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, dies in Jerusalem. In Australia, The Wiggles re-release three videos after the video release of The Wiggles Movie, including Yummy Yummy, Wiggle Time, and Wiggledance!. However, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time contains new footage, as they have been re-recorded, Wiggledance! cuts out the song "Vini Vini". Births January January 1 – Sara Ahmed, Egyptian weightlifter January 2 – Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Dutch footballer January 3 – Patrick Cutrone, Italian footballer January 4 – Liza Soberano, Filipino actress and singer January 9 – Kerris Dorsey, American actress and singer January 11 Louisa Johnson, English singer Odessa Young, Australian actress January 12 – Juan Foyth, Argentine footballer January 13 – Gabrielle Daleman, Canadian figure skater January 17 – Anthony Zambrano, Colombian sprinter January 18 Vashti Cunningham, American track and field athlete Éder Militão, Brazilian footballer Lisandro Martínez, Argentinian footballer January 20 – Frances Tiafoe, American tennis player January 23 XXXTentacion, American rapper (d. 2018) Cole Custer, NASCAR Driver January 28 – Ariel Winter, American actress and voice actress January 31 Amadou Haidara, Malian footballer Bradie Tennell, American figure skater February February 3 – Yang Hao, Chinese diver February 4 Scott Jones, English paralympic athlete Malik Monk, American basketball player February 8 – Rui Hachimura, Japanese basketball player February 11 – Khalid, American singer and songwriter February 14 – Sander Berge, Norwegian footballer February 15 Zachary Gordon, American actor George Russell, British racing driver February 24 – Mariel Pamintuan, Filipino actress February 24 – Ismaïla Sarr, Senegalese footballer February 27 – Elisa Balsamo, Italian cyclist March March 3 – Jayson Tatum, American basketball player March 4 – Obi Toppin, American basketball player March 5 – Merih Demiral, Turkish footballer March 7 – Amanda Gorman, American poet and activist March 10 – Justin Herbert, American football quarterback March 13 – Jack Harlow, American rapper March 18 Zane Waddell, South African swimmer Abigail Cowen, American actress March 19 – Sakura Miyawaki, Japanese singer, former member of IZ*ONE March 22 – Paola Andino, Puerto-Rican-American actress March 25 – Vergil Ortiz Jr., American professional boxer March 26 Daria Grushina, Russian ski jumper Satoko Miyahara, Japanese figure skater March 30 Kalyn Ponga, Australian rugby league footballer Im Sung-jae, South Korean golfer March 31 – Anna Seidel, German short track speed skater April April 3 – Paris Jackson, American actress and model April 6 Peyton List, American actress and model Spencer List, American actor April 8 – Renan Lodi, Brazilian footballer April 9 – Elle Fanning, American actress and model April 10 Anna Pogorilaya, Russian figure skater Fedor Chalov, Russian footballer April 15 – Dorsa Derakhshani, Iranian chess player April 19 – Patrik Laine, Finnish ice hockey player April 21 – Jarrett Allen, American basketball player April 24 – Ryan Newman, American actress and model April 26 – Jan-Krzysztof Duda, Polish chess grandmaster April 30 – Olivia DeJonge, Australian actress May May 2 – Jonathan Ikoné, French footballer May 5 Tijana Bogdanović, Serbian taekwondo practitioner Olli Juolevi, Finnish ice hockey player Aryna Sabalenka, Belarusian tennis player May 7 Jimmy Donaldson, American YouTuber Dani Olmo, Spanish footballer May 12 – Mohamed Bamba, American basketball player May 14 – Aaron Ramsdale, English footballer May 17 – Abdulrahman Akkad, Syrian Blogger LGBT activist May 18 – Polina Edmunds, American figure skater May 19 – Alex Král, Czech footballer May 23 Salwa Eid Naser, Bahraini track and field sprinter Steve Lacy, American musician, singer, songwriter and record producer May 28 – Dahyun, South Korean singer, rapper, and dancer May 29 Markelle Fultz, American basketball player Lucía Gil, Spanish singer and actress June June 1 – Aleksandra Soldatova, Russian rhythmic gymnast June 5 Yulia Lipnitskaya, former Russian figure skater Maxim Burov, Russian freestyle skier June 11 – Charlie Tahan, American actor June 15 – Alexander Samarin, Russian figure skater June 16 Ritsu Doan, Japanese footballer Lauren Taylor, American actress and singer June 19 Suzu Hirose, Japanese actress and model Atticus Shaffer, American actor June 23 – Josip Brekalo, Croatian footballer June 24 – Pierre-Luc Dubois, Canadian ice hockey player June 25 – Kyle Chalmers, Australian swimmer June 29 – Michael Porter Jr., American basketball player June 30 – Houssem Aouar, French footballer July July 3 – Pedro Piquet, Brazilian racing driver July 7 – Dylan Sprayberry, American actor July 8 Maya Hawke, American actress and model Jaden Smith, American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor Daria Spiridonova, Russian artistic gymnast July 9 – Robert Capron, American actor July 10 Kimia Alizadeh, Iranian taekwondo athlete Haley Pullos, American actress July 12 – Shai Gilgeous-Alexander, Canadian basketball player July 16 – Rina Matsuno, Japanese singer, model, and actress (d. 2017) July 17 – Don Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón, Spanish noble July 18 Devin Bush Jr., American football player Luísa Sonza, Brazilian singer-songwriter. July 21 – Kim Magnus, South Korean Olympic cross-country skier July 22 Madison Pettis, American actress and model Federico Valverde, Uruguayan footballer Khairul Hafiz Jantan, Malaysian sprinter July 23 – Deandre Ayton, Bahamian basketball player July 24 – Bindi Irwin, Australian television personality and conservationist July 28 – Frank Ntilikina, French basketball player July 30 – Gery-Nikol, Bulgarian singer July 31 – Rico Rodriguez, American actor August August 2 – Giarnni Regini-Moran, British artistic gymnast August 3 – Cozi Zuehlsdorff, American actress, pianist, and singer August 4 – Lil Skies, American rapper August 5 João Almeida, Portuguese cyclist Mimi Keene, English actress Daniil Pakhomov, Russian swimmer August 8 Shawn Mendes, Canadian singer-songwriter Ryan Garcia, American professional boxer August 9 Jorrit Croon, Dutch hockey player Panagiotis Retsos, Greek footballer August 10 Diptayan Ghosh, Indian chess grandmaster Eythóra Thorsdóttir, Dutch gymnast August 11 – Juan Miguel Echevarría, Cuban long jumper August 12 Stefanos Tsitsipas, Greek tennis player Rudy Pankow, American actor August 13 Arina Averina, Russian rhythmic gymnast Dina Averina, Russian rhythmic gymnast Carter Hart, Canadian ice hockey goaltender August 18 Tenshin Nasukawa, Japanese kickboxer and mixed martial artist Clairo, American singer-songwriter August 24 – Marc Hirschi, Swiss cyclist August 25 Abraham Mateo, Spanish singer and actor China Anne McClain, American actress and singer August 27 – Kevin Huerter, American basketball player August 28 – Weston McKennie, American footballer September September 5 – Matteo Rizzo, Italian figure skater September 10 – Sheck Wes, American rapper September 17 – Richard Wang, Canadian chess champion September 18 – Christian Pulisic, American soccer player September 18 – Sukhwinder Singh, First Indian Director Of Interns September 19 – Trae Young, American basketball player September 20 – Rashid Khan, Afghan cricket player September 21 Tadej Pogačar, Slovenian cyclist Miguel Tanfelix, Filipino actor September 28 Máscara de Bronce, Mexican wrestler Aleksandra Goryachkina, Russian chess Grandmaster September 30 – Trevi Moran, American recording artist, singer and YouTube personality October October 1 – Jehan Daruvala, Indian racing driver October 5 – Exequiel Palacios, Argentinian footballer October 7 – Trent Alexander-Arnold, English footballer October 9 Tako Natsvlishvili, Georgian model Patson Daka, Zambian footballer October 10 Nash Aguas, Filipino actor Fabio Di Giannantonio, Italian motorcycle racer October 17 – Erin Kellyman, British actress October 22 Ianis Hagi, Romanian footballer Roddy Ricch, American rapper October 23 – Amandla Stenberg, American actress and singer October 25 Lee Know, Korean vocalist Juan Soto, Dominican baseball outfielder October 27 – Dayot Upamecano, French footballer October 28 Nolan Gould, American actor Perrine Laffont, French mogul skier October 29 Maria Kharenkova, Russian artistic gymnast Lance Stroll, Canadian racing driver November November 1 – Marie-Antoinette Katoto, French footballer November 2 – Elkie, South Korean based singer and actress November 3 – Maddison Elliott, Australian paralympic swimmer November 4 – Achraf Hakimi, Moroccan footballer November 5 – Takehiro Tomiyasu, Japanese footballer November 12 – Elias Pettersson, Swedish ice hockey player November 14 – Sofia Kenin, American tennis player November 15 – Hinako Shibuno, Japanese golfer November 17 Devin Haney, American professional boxer Kara Hayward, American actress November 23 – Bradley Steven Perry, American actor November 26 – Aubrey Joseph, American actor and rapper November 29 – Ayumu Hirano, Japanese snowboarder December December 2 – Juice Wrld, American rapper and singer (d. 2019) December 4 – Si Yajie, Chinese diver December 5 – Conan Gray, American singer December 6 – Joe Fraser, British artistic gymnast December 8 Owen Teague, American actor Matthew Wilson, Australian swimmer Tanner Buchanan, American actor December 14 Yan Dhanda, English footballer Maggie Voisin, American freestyle skier December 16 – Zhou Jieqiong, Chinese singer December 17 – Martin Ødegaard, Norwegian footballer December 18 – Simona Quadarella, Italian swimmer December 19 – Frans Jeppsson Wall, Swedish singer December 20 – Kylian Mbappé, French football player December 22 G Hannelius, American actress and singer Casper Ruud, Norwegian tennis player Latto, American rapper December 24 – Nikita Howarth, New Zealand paralympic swimmer December 28 – Jared Gilman, American actor December 29 Paris Berelc, American actress and model Victor Osimhen, Nigerian footballer Kaz Grala, American Race Car Driver December 30 Zachary Brault-Guillard, Canadian footballer Jutta Leerdam, Dutch speed skater Deaths January January 1 Åke Seyffarth, Swedish speed skater (b. 1919) Helen Wills, American tennis player (b. 1905) January 4 Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, Italian film director (b. 1894) |
Minister of Hungary June June 1 – David Westhead, English actor and producer June 2 – Bernard Cazeneuve, Prime Minister of France June 3 – Alessandra Karpoff, Italian voice actress June 4 Sean Fitzpatrick, New Zealand rugby union player mossimo giannulli, American fashion designer June 5 – Joe Rudán, Hungarian heavy metal singer June 6 – Jason Isaacs, British actor June 9 – Johnny Depp, American actor and film director June 10 – Jeanne Tripplehorn, American actress June 11 – Chic Charnley, Scottish footballer June 12 – Warwick Capper, Australian rules footballer June 13 – Bettina Bunge, German tennis player June 14 – Rambo Amadeus, Montenegrin singer-songwriter June 15 Helen Hunt, American actress Lourdes Valera, Venezuelan actress June 17 – Greg Kinnear, American actor June 18 Juan Chioran, Argentine-Canadian actor Rumen Radev, President of Bulgaria June 19 – Laura Ingraham, American television host June 21 Cherie Gil, Filipino actress Tiger Huang, Taiwanese popular singer Rene Medvešek, Croatian actor Jan Pinkava, Czech director and writer June 22 Randy Couture, American mixed martial arts fighter and actor Hokutoumi Nobuyoshi, Japanese sumo wrestler John Tenta, Canadian wrestler (d. 2006) June 23 Marianne Berglund, Swedish road racing cyclist Laureen Harper, wife of Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper Shin Ji-ho, South Korean politician Liu Cixin, Chinese science fiction writer Márcio França, Brazilian lawyer and politician Colin Montgomerie, Scottish golfer June 24 Preki, Serbia-born American footballer Sükhbaataryn Batbold, Mongolian politician Jascha Richter, Danish single and songwriter, frontman of Michael Learns to Rock June 25 Doug Gilmour, Canadian hockey player Yann Martel, Canadian author George Michael, British singer-songwriter (d. 2016) June 26 Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian businessman, activist and oligarch Farukh Ruzimatov, Russian ballet dancer June 27 Gerrit Plomp, Dutch football defender Miroslav Šindelka, Slovak director, writer and producer June 28 – Wisit Sasanatieng, Thai film director and screenwriter June 29 Anne-Sophie Mutter, German violinist Thomas W. Gabrielsson, Swedish actor Mark Bourneville, New Zealand rugby league player Rupert Graves, English actor Yngwie Malmsteen, Swedish guitarist, composer and bandleader Vladimir Vermezović, Serbian football player and coach Judith Hoag, American actress July July 1 Naser Khader, Danish-Syrian politician Igor Zhelezovski, Belarusian speed skater Zhang Zhicheng, Chinese fencer July 2 – Faiq Al Sheikh Ali, Iraqi lawyer and politician July 3 – Zainudin Nordin, Singaporean politician July 4 Henri Leconte, French tennis player R.S. Thanenthiran, Malaysian politician and businessman July 5 Edie Falco, American actress Zbigniew Hoffmann, Polish politician July 6 – Sorin Matei, Romanian high jumper July 7 Othman Abdul, Malaysian politician Vonda Shepard, American pop/rock singer, songwriter and actress Doug Dunakey, American golfer Fermín Alvarado Arroyo, Mexican politician Janni Larsen, Danish female darts player José María Larrañaga, Peruvian swimmer Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, Indian filmmaker and screenwriter July 8 Michael Cuesta, American film and television director Luis de Jesús Rodríguez, Dominican attorney, businessman and entrepreneur Dmitry Pevtsov, Russian actor July 9 – Marc Mero, American amateur boxer and professional wrestler July 10 Fatemeh Goudarzi, Iranian actress Ian Lougher, British motorcycle racer John Altschuler, American television and film producer and writer July 11 Al MacInnis, Canadian ice hockey player Manuel Marrero Cruz, Cuban politician; Prime Minister of Cuba Lisa Rinna, American actress July 12 Bertus Servaas, Polish entrepreneurr Aleksandr Domogarov, Russian actor Andrés Roemer, Mexican diplomat July 13 Kenny Johnson, American actor, producer, and model Spud Webb, American basketball player July 14 – Wouter Bos, Dutch politician July 15 Steve Thomas, British-Canadian retired ice hockey player Brigitte Nielsen, Danish actress Joy Smithers, Australian actress July 16 Phoebe Cates, American actress Mikael Pernfors, Swedish tennis player Srečko Katanec, Slovenian football manager and player Goran Pandurović, Serbian footballer July 17 Suha Arafat, widow of Yasser Arafat King Letsie III of Lesotho Matti Nykänen, Finnish ski jumper (d. 2019) July 18 – Martín Torrijos, President of Panama July 19 Sándor Wladár, Hungarian swimmer Bertrand Burgalat, French musician, composer and producer July 20 Alexander Zhulin, Russian ice dancing coach and competitor Gbenga Aluko, Nigerian politician Adoni Maropis, Greek-American actor Roy Cheung, Hong Kong actor July 21 – Giant Silva, Brazilian national basketball player, mixed martial artist and professional wrestler July 22 Joanna Going, American actress Rob Estes, American actor Emilio Butragueño, Spanish football player July 24 – Karl Malone, American professional basketball player July 27 – Donnie Yen, Hong Kong actor and martial artist July 28 – Beverley Craven, British singer-songwriter July 29 Jim Beglin, Irish football commentator Alexandra Paul, American actress, activist, health coach, and former model July 30 Lisa Kudrow, American actress Chris Mullin, American basketball player, coach, and executive Gisèle Meygret, French fencer (d. 1999) Mandakini (aka Yasmeen Joseph), Indian Bollywood actress July 31 Fatboy Slim, English DJ, musician, and record producer Martin H. Wiggers, German economist, editor, author and businessman August August 1 Coolio, American rapper Demián Bichir, Mexican-American actor John Carroll Lynch, American actor and film director August 3 Tasmin Archer, English singer James Hetfield, American musician (Metallica) August 4 – Keith Ellison, American politician and lawyer August 5 Mark Strong, English actor Doris Schröder-Köpf, German journalist August 6 – Kevin Mitnick, American computer hacker August 7 Hiroaki Hirata, Japanese voice actor Harold Perrineau, American actor Wendy van der Plank, Welsh actress August 9 – Whitney Houston, American singer (d. 2012) August 13 Sridevi, Indian actress (d. 2018) Édouard Michelin, French businessman (d. 2006) Valerie Plame, American writer and spy novelist August 14 – Emmanuelle Béart, French actress August 15 Alejandro González Iñárritu, Mexican film director, producer and screenwriter Valery Levaneuski, entrepreneur, politician and political prisoner August 16 – Christine Cavanaugh, American actress and voice actress (d. 2014) August 17 – James Whitbourn, British composer August 18 – Heino Ferch, German actor August 19 Marcos Palmeira, Brazilian actor John Stamos, American actor Joey Tempest, Swedish singer-songwriter (Europe) August 21 King Mohammed VI of Morocco August 22 – Tori Amos, American singer August 23 Glória Pires, Brazilian actress Hans-Henning Fastrich, German field hockey player Laura Flores, Mexican actress, hostess and singer Park Chan-wook, South Korean film director and screenwriter August 24 – Hideo Kojima, Japanese director, screenwriter, video game designer and video game producer August 25 – Miro Cerar, 10th Prime Minister of Slovenia August 26 Liu Huan, Chinese singer Michael Tao, Hong Kong actor August 30 Michael Chiklis, American actor Phil Mills, British racing driver August 31 – Todd Carty, Irish actor September September 1 – Carola Smit, Dutch musician September 2 - Tio Pakusadewo, Indonesian actor September 6 Betsy Russell, American actress Geert Wilders, Dutch politician and critic of Islam September 8 – Li Ning, Chinese gymnast September 9 – Markus Wasmeier, German alpine-skier September 10 Randy Johnson, American baseball player Jay Laga'aia, New Zealand-Australian actor and singer Gabriel Tiacoh, Ivorian sprinter (d. 1992) September 11 – Gabriela Goldsmith, Mexican actress September 12 – Michael McElhatton, Irish actor and writer September 14 – Robert Herjavec, Canadian businessman, investor and television personality September 16 Andréa Beltrão, Brazilian actress Richard Marx, American pop/rock singer September 17 – Masahiro Chono, Japanese professional wrestler September 18 Christopher Heyerdahl, Canadian actor Dan Povenmire, American animator, producer and voice actor September 19 Jarvis Cocker, English rock musician (Pulp) David Seaman, English football goalkeeper September 21 Cecil Fielder, American baseball player Angus Macfadyen, Scottish actor Mamoru Samuragochi, Japanese impostor September 25 – Tate Donovan, American actor and director September 29 Dave Andreychuk, Canadian hockey player Les Claypool, American bassist (Primus) October October 1 Mark McGwire, American baseball player Iriana Joko Widodo, 7th First Lady of Indonesia, wife of Joko Widodo October 2 – Maria Ressa, Filipina American campaigning journalist, Nobel Prize laureate October 4 – Marcelo Buquet, Uruguayan-Mexican actor, previously model October 5 –Dame Laura Davies, English golfer October 6 – Elisabeth Shue, American actress October 10 Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (d. 2003) Daniel Pearl, American journalist (d. 2002) Jolanda de Rover, Dutch swimmer October 11 – Ronny Rosenthal, Israeli footballer October 12 – Satoshi Kon, Japanese anime director (d. 2010) October 14 – Alan McDonald, Northern Irish footballer October 19 Prince Laurent of Belgium Sinitta, Anglo-American singer October 20 Domingos Simões Pereira, 16th Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau Gisela Kozak, Venezuelan writer and essayist. John Storgårds, Finnish conductor and violinist Julie Payette, Canadian astronaut and Governor General of Canada October 21 – Marisa Orth, Brazilian actress, singer and TV host October 22 – Brian Boitano, American figure skater October 23 – Wilson Yip, Hong Kong actor and director October 25 – John Levén, Swedish bassist (Europe) October 26 – Tom Cavanagh, Canadian actor and director October 27 Sergey Smiryagin, Russian freestyle swimmer (d. 2020) Feyyaz Uçar, Turkish footballer Farin Urlaub, German singer, band Die Ärzte Marla Maples, American actress and television personality October 28 – Lauren Holly, American actress October 31 Johnny Marr, English musician Dermot Mulroney, American actor Rob Schneider, American actor, comedian and film director November November 1 Rick Allen, British rock musician (Def Leppard) Mark Hughes, Welsh football player & manager Katja Riemann, German actress November 2 Brian Kemp, American politician, 83rd Governor of Georgia Craig Saavedra, American filmmaker Borut Pahor, incumbent President of Slovenia November 4 – Lena Zavaroni, Scottish entertainer (d. 1999) November 5 Tatum O'Neal, American actress and author Gabby Concepcion, Filipino actor November 7 – John Barnes, Jamaican-born English footballer November 8 – Paul Butcher, American football linebacker November 10 Hugh Bonneville, British actor Mike Powell, American long jumper November 11 – Billy Gunn, American professional wrestler November 15 – Benny Elias, Australian rugby league player November 18 – Peter Schmeichel, Danish-born football goalkeeper November 19 Jon Potter, British field hockey player Terry Farrell, American actress Peter Schmeichel, Danish football player November 20 – Ming-Na Wen, Macanese-American actress November 21 – Nicollette Sheridan, English actress November 22 Winsor Harmon, American actor Brian Robbins, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter November 23 Erika Buenfil, Mexican actress, TV host and singer Yoshino Takamori, Japanese voice actress November 25 – Holly Cole, Canadian jazz singer November 27 – Dave Prichard, American guitarist (d. 1990) November 28 – Matt Parkinson, Australian comedian, actor, radio presenter, and game show personality December December 2 – Ann Patchett, American novelist December 4 – Sergey Bubka, Ukrainian pole vaulter December 7 Mark Bowen, Welsh footballer Saifuddin Nasution Ismail, Malaysian politician Paul Dobson, British voice actor December 8 Greg Howe, American guitarist Toshiaki Kawada, Japanese professional wrestler December 9 Empress Masako, Empress of Japan Bárbara Palacios, Miss Universe 1986 December 12 Juan Carlos Varela, Panamian politician and 37th President of Panama Ai Orikasa, Japanese voice actress December 13 Uwe-Jens Mey, German speed skater Jake White, South African rugby coach December 14 Cynthia Gibb, American actress Vytautas Juozapaitis, Lithuanian baritone, professor and television host December 15 – Helen Slater, American actress, singer and songwriter December 16 Benjamin Bratt, American actor Jeff Carson, American singer Bärbel Schäfer, German television presenter and talk show host December 18 Pauline Ester, French singer Rikiya Koyama, Japanese voice actor Charles Oakley, American basketball player Brad Pitt, American actor and film producer, co-founder of Plan B Entertainment December 19 Jennifer Beals, American actress Til Schweiger, German actor December 20 Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo Joel Gretsch, American actor December 21 Donovan Ruddock, Jamaican Canadian former professional boxer Govinda Ahuja, Indian actor and politician Jacques Simonet, Belgian politician (d. 2007) Chua Tian Chang, Malaysian politician December 22 Vladimir Flórez, Colombian cartoonist Bryan Gunn, Scottish footballer Russell Lewis, British child actor and television writer Luna H. Mitani, Japanese-American Surrealist painter December 23 – Donna Tartt, American author December 24 Sanjay Mehrotra, Indian entrepreneur Caroline Aherne, English actress, comedienne and writer (d. 2016) December 26 – Lars Ulrich, Danish rock drummer (Metallica) December 29 Graciano Rocchigiani, German professional boxer (d. 2018) Francisco Bustamante, Filipino billiard player Sean Payton, American football coach December 30 – Kim Hill, American Christian singer December 31 – Azalina Othman Said, Malaysian politician Deaths January January 2 Jack Carson, Canadian actor (b. 1910) Dick Powell, American actor (b. 1904) January 5 – Erik Strandmark, Swedish film actor (b. 1919) January 6 – Frank Tuttle, American film director (b. 1892) January 7 – Erik Lundqvist, Swedish athlete (b. 1908) January 9 – Enea Bossi, Sr., Italian-born American aerospace engineer and aviation pioneer (b. 1888) January 10 – Franz Planer, European film cinematographer (b. 1894) January 13 Sonny Clark, American jazz pianist (b. 1931) Sylvanus Olympio, Togolese politician, 1st President of Togo (assassinated) (b. 1902) Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Spanish writer (b. 1888) January 14 – Gustav Regler, German socialist novelist (b. 1898) January 15 – Cesare Fantoni, Italian actor and voice actor (b. 1905) January 18 Hugh Gaitskell, British politician, leader of the Labour Party (b. 1906) Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (b. 1899) January 20 – Fyodor Terentyev, Soviet Olympic cross-country skier (b. 1925) January 21 – Al St. John, American actor (b. 1893) January 23 Mohammad Ali Bogra, Pakistani statesman, politician and diplomat, 3rd Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1909) Józef Gosławski, Polish sculptor and medallic artist (b. 1908) January 24 Otto Harbach, American lyricist and librettist (b. 1873) Kenneth Western, part of The Western Brothers (b. 1899) January 25 – Marion Sunshine, American actress (b. 1894) January 26 – Ole Olsen, American actor (b. 1892) January 27 – John Farrow, Australian-born American film director (b. 1904) January 29 Anthony Coldeway, American screenwriter (b. 1887) Robert Frost, American poet (b. 1874) Lee Meadows, American baseball player (b. 1894) Isaías de Noronha, 13th President of Brazil (b. 1874) January 30 Jane Gail, American silent movie and stage actress (b. 1890) Francis Poulenc, French composer (b. 1899) January 31 – Alasgar Alakbarov, Azerbaijani actor (b. 1910) February February 1 Louis D. Lighton, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1895) Wyndham Standing, English actor (b. 1880) February 2 – William Gaxton, American vaudeville, film and theatre performer (b. 1893) February 6 Abd el-Krim, Riffian political and military leader (b. 1882) Piero Manzoni, Italian artist (b. 1933) February 8 George Dolenz, American actor (b. 1908) Ernst Glaeser, German writer (b. 1902) February 9 – Abd al-Karim Qasim, Iraqi general, 24th Prime Minister of Iraq (executed) (b. 1914) February 11 – Sylvia Plath, American poet and novelist (b. 1932) February 15 Edgardo Donato, Uruguayan tango composer and orchestra leader (b. 1897) Louis J. Gasnier, French film director (b. 1875) Bump Hadley, Major League Baseball pitcher (b. 1904) February 16 Else Jarlbak, Danish film actress (b. 1911) László Lajtha, Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and conductor (b. 1892) February 18 Monte Blue, American actor (b. 1887) Beppe Fenoglio, Italian writer (b. 1887) Fernando Tambroni, Italian politician and 36th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1901) Tokugawa Iemasa, Japanese politician, 17th head of the Tokugawa shogunate (b. 1884) Zareh I, Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia (b. 1915) February 19 – Benny Moré, Cuban singer (b. 1919) February 20 Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (b. 1914) Jacob Gade, Danish violinist and composer (b. 1879) Bill Hinchman, American baseball player (b. 1883) February 22 – Arthur Guy Empey, American soldier (in British service), author, screenwriter and actor (b. 1883) February 24 – Herbert Asbury, American journalist and writer (b. 1889) February 25 – Melville J. Herskovits, American anthropologist (b. 1895) February 28 Rajendra Prasad, Indian politician, 1st President of India (b. 1884) Eppa Rixey, American baseball player (Cincinnati Reds) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1891) March March 1 – Irish Meusel, American baseball player (b. 1893) March 4 – William Carlos Williams, American writer (b. 1883) March 5 Patsy Cline, American singer plane crash (b. 1932) Ludde Gentzel, Swedish film actor (b. 1885) Cyril Smith, Scottish actor (b. 1892) Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, Egyptian intellectual and anti-colonial activist (b. 1872) March 6 – Robert E. Cornish, scientist (b. 1903) March 7 – Joachim Holst-Jensen, Norwegian film actor (b. 1880) March 11 Ignat Bednarik, Romanian painter (b. 1882) Joe Judge, American baseball player (b. 1894) March 16 Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria (b. 1883) William Beveridge, British economist (b. 1879) March 17 Thomas Lennon, screenwriter (b. 1896) Lizzie Miles, American blues singer (b. 1895) March 18 Sir Hubert Gough, British general (b. 1870) Wanda Hawley, American actress (b. 1895) March 20 – Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt, Cuban Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1879) March 21 – Felice Minotti, Italian film actor (b. 1887) March 22 Cilly Aussem, German tennis champion (b. 1909) Abraham Ellstein, American composer (b. 1907) Mihály Székely, Hungarian bass singer (b. 1901) March 23 – Thoralf Skolem, Norwegian mathematician (b. 1887) March 25 – Felix Adler, American screenwriter (b. 1884) March 26 – Jean Bruce, French writer (b. 1921) March 27 – Harry Piel, German actor, film director, screenwriter and film producer (b. 1892) March 28 Antoine Balpêtré, French film actor (b. 1898) Frank J. Marion, American motion picture pioneer (b. 1869) March 29 Pola Gojawiczyńska, Polish writer (b. 1896) Henry Bordeaux, French writer and lawyer (b. 1870) March 31 Harry Akst, American songwriter (b. 1894) Sir Harold Franklyn, British army general (b. 1885) April April 1 – Agnes Mowinckel, Norwegian actress and stage producer (b. 1875) April 3 – Alma Richards, American Olympic gold medalist (b. 1890) April 4 Gaetano Catanoso, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1879) Jason Robards Sr., American stage and screen actor, heart attack (b. 1892) Oskari Tokoi, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (b. 1873) April 6 Mario Fabrizi, comedian and actor, stress-related illness (b. 1924) Otto Struve, Russian–American astronomer (b. 1897) April 7 – Amedeo Maiuri, Neapolitan archaeologist (b. 1886) April 9 Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (b. 1891) Benno Moiseiwitsch, Jewish-Ukrainian pianist (b. 1890) Xul Solar, Argentine painter, sculptor, writer (b. 1887) April 11 – Nando Bruno, Italian film actor (b. 1895) April 12 Felix Manalo, 1st Executive Minister, Iglesia ni Cristo (b. 1886) Herbie Nichols, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1919) April 14 Abdel Messih El-Makari, Egyptian Coptic Orthodox monk, priest and saint (b. 1892) Arthur Jonath, German Olympic athlete (b. 1909) Kodō Nomura, Japanese novelist and music critic (b. 1882) Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian historian, writer and scholar (b. 1893) April 23 Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Israel historian and politician, 2nd President of Israel (b. 1884) Ferruccio Cerio, Italian film writer and director (b. 1904) Paul Fejos, Hungarian film director (b. 1897) Harry Harper, American baseball player (b. 1895) Don C. Harvey, American television and film actor (b. 1911) Frederick Peters, American film actor (b. 1884) William Lewis Moore, American postal worker (b. 1927) April 24 Rino Corso Fougier, Italian air force general (b. 1894) Leonid Lukov, Soviet film director and screenwriter (b. 1909) April 26 – Roland Pertwee, English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor (b. 1885) April 27 – Kenneth Macgowan, American film producer (b. 1888) April 30 Giovanni Grasso, Italian film actor (b. 1888) William C. Mellor, American cinematographer, heart attack (b. 1903) Bryant Washburn, American film actor, heart attack (b. 1889) May May 1 – Lope K. Santos, Filipino writer, Father of Philippine National Language and Grammar (b. 1879) May 2 – Van Wyck Brooks, American literary critic and writer (b. 1886) May 5 – Mohamed Khemisti, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria (assassinated) (b. 1930) May 6 – Monty Woolley, American actor (b. 1888) May 7 – Theodore von Kármán, Hungarian-American engineer and physicist (b. 1881) May 11 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888) May 12 Robert Kerr, Canadian Olympic athlete (b. 1882) A. W. Tozer, American Protestant pastor (b. 1897) May 16 – Oleg Penkovsky, Soviet military officer & spy (b. 1919) May 18 – Ernie Davis, American football player, first African-American to win the Heisman Trophy (b. 1939) May 24 – Elmore James, American blues guitarist (b. 1918) May 25 – Mehdi Frashëri, Albanian politician, 15th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1872) May 29 – Netta Muskett, British novelist (b. 1887) May 31 – Edith Hamilton, German-born author (b. 1867) June June 3 Pope John XXIII (b. 1881) Nâzım Hikmet, Turkish poet (b. 1902) June 6 – William Baziotes, American painter (b. 1912) June 7 – ZaSu Pitts, American actress (b. 1894) June 9 Antony Thachuparambil, Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic priest and servant of God (b. 1894) Jacques Villon, French painter (b. 1875) June 10 – Anita King, American actress and race-car driver (b. 1884) June 11 Thích Quảng Đức, Vietnamese Buddhist monk (suicide) (b. 1897) Syed Abdul Rahim, First Indian national football manager (b. 1909) Alfred V. Kidder, American archaeologist (b. 1885) June 12 Medgar Evers, American civil rights activist (b. 1925) Andrew Cunningham, British admiral (b. 1883) June 17 Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, British Field Marshal (b. 1883) Robert James Hudson, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1885) John Cowper Powys, British novelist (b. 1872) June 18 – Pedro Armendáriz, Mexican actor (b. 1912) June 19 – Amy Hannah Adamson, Australian principal (b. 1893) June 24 – Maria Guadalupe Garcia Zavala, Mexican Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1878) June 27 – John Maurice Clark, American economist (b. 1884) June 28 – Frank Baker, American baseball player (Philadelphia Athletics) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1886) July July 1 – Sultan Abdullah bin Khalifa of Zanzibar (b. 1910) July 4 – Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg, British army general and Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1889) July 6 – George, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1899) July 10 – Rasmus Hatledal, Norwegian topographer and military officer (b. 1885) July 22 – Albertus Soegijapranata, Indonesian Jesuit priest (b. 1896) August August 1 – Theodore Roethke, American poet (b. 1908) August 4 – Tom Keene, American actor (b. 1896) August 10 – Estes Kefauver, American | raids: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal to Ngô Đình Nhu, brother of President Ngô Đình Diệm, vandalise Buddhist pagodas across South Vietnam, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead. In the wake of the raids, the Kennedy administration by Cable 243 orders the United States Embassy, Saigon to explore alternative leadership in the country, opening the way towards a coup against Diệm. August 22 – American test pilot Joe Walker again achieves a sub-orbital spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting the X-15 to an altitude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers). August 24 – First games played in the Bundesliga, the primary professional Association football league in West Germany, replacing the Oberliga. August 28 – Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. It is, at that point, the single largest protest in American history. September September 1 – Establishment of language areas and facilities in Belgium comes into effect. This will become the foundation for further state reform in Belgium. September 5 – British showgirl Christine Keeler is arrested for perjury for her part in the Profumo affair. On December 6 she is sentenced to 9 months in prison. September 6 – The Centre for International Intellectual Property Studies (CEIPI) is founded. September 7 – The Pro Football Hall of Fame opens in Canton, Ohio with 17 charter members. September 10 – Sicilian Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years later, on April 11, 2006). September 15 – American civil rights movement: The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, in Birmingham, Alabama, kills 4 and injures 22. September 16 – Malaysia is formed through the merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colony of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak. September 18 – Rioters burn down the British Embassy in Jakarta, to protest the formation of Malaysia. September 23 – King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals is established by a Saudi Royal Decree as the College of Petroleum and Minerals. September 24 – The United States Senate ratifies the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. September 25 The Denning Report on the Profumo affair is published in Great Britain. In the Dominican Republic, Juan Bosch is deposed by a coup d'état led by the military with civilian support. September 29 The second period of the Second Vatican Council in Rome opens. The University of East Anglia is established in Norwich, England. October October 1 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy toasts Emperor Haile Selassie at a luncheon in Rockville, Maryland. October 2 Nigeria becomes a republic; The 1st Republican Constitution is established. The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in the United States issues its final reports to President Kennedy. October 3 – 1963 Honduran coup d'état: A violent coup in Honduras pre-empts the October 13 election, ends a period of reform under President Ramón Villeda Morales and begins two decades of military rule under General Oswaldo López Arellano. October 4 – Hurricane Flora, one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hits Hispaniola and Cuba, killing nearly 7,000 people. October 7 – Buddhist crisis: Amid worsening relations, outspoken South Vietnamese First Lady Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu arrives in the US for a speaking tour, continuing a flurry of attacks on the Kennedy administration. October 8 – Sam Cooke and his band are arrested after trying to register at a "whites only" motel in Louisiana. In the months following, he records the song "A Change Is Gonna Come". October 9 – In northeast Italy, over 2,000 people are killed when a large landslide behind the Vajont Dam causes a giant wave of water to overtop it. October 10 – Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed on August 5, takes effect. October 14 – A revolution starts in Radfan, South Yemen, against British colonial rule. October 16 – Ludwig Erhard replaces Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor of West Germany. October 19 – Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. October 24 – Fire at the Soviet Union's Baikonur Cosmodrome in an R-9 Desna underground missile silo; seven people are killed. October 28 – Demolition of the 1910 Pennsylvania Station begins in New York City, continuing until 1966. October 30 – The car manufacturing firm Lamborghini is founded in Italy. October 31 – 1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion: 81 die in a gas explosion during a Holiday on Ice show at the Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum in Indianapolis, United States. November November 1 – Arecibo Observatory, a radio telescope, officially begins operation in Puerto Rico. November 2 – 1963 South Vietnamese coup: Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, the South Vietnamese President. November 6 – 1963 South Vietnamese coup: Coup leader General Dương Văn Minh takes over as leader of South Vietnam. November 7 – 11 German miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days in what becomes known as the "Wunder von Lengede" ("miracle of Lengede"). November 8 – Finnair aircraft OH-LCA crashes before landing at Mariehamn Airport on Åland. November 9 – Two disasters in Japan: Miike coal mine explosion: A coal mine explosion kills 458 and sends 839 carbon monoxide poisoning victims to hospital. Tsurumi rail accident: A triple train disaster in Yokohama kills 161. November 10 – Malcolm X makes an historic speech in Detroit, Michigan ("Message to the Grass Roots"). November 14 – A volcanic eruption under the sea near Iceland creates a new island, Surtsey. November 16 – A newspaper strike begins in Toledo, Ohio. November 18 – The first push-button telephone is made available to AT&T customers in the United States. November 22 Assassination of John F. Kennedy: In a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, U.S. President John F. Kennedy is fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, and Governor of Texas John Connally is seriously wounded at 12:30 CST. Upon Kennedy's death, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson becomes the 36th President of the United States. A few hours later, President Johnson is sworn in aboard Air Force One, as Kennedy's body is flown back to Washington, D.C. Stores and businesses shut down for the next four days, in tribute. November 23 Moors murders: John Kilbride (12) is abducted by Ian Brady and Myra Hindley in the north of England. The first episode of the BBC television series Doctor Who is broadcast in the United Kingdom. The Golden Age Nursing Home fire kills 63 elderly people near Fitchville, Ohio, United States. November 24 Lee Harvey Oswald, assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by Jack Ruby in Dallas, an event seen on live national television. Vietnam War: New U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue supporting South Vietnam militarily and economically. November 25 – State funeral of John F. Kennedy: President Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Schools around the nation cancel classes that day; millions watch the funeral on live international television. Lee Harvey Oswald's funeral takes place on the same day. November 29 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson establishes the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831, a Douglas DC-8 crashes into a wooded hillside after taking-off from Dorval International Airport near Montreal, killing all 118 on board, the worst air disaster for many years in Canada's history. Foundation stone for Mirzapur Cadet College is laid in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). November 30 – 1963 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority to an unprecedented eighth term in office, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. (This would be the final lower house election won by Menzies, who would retire from office during the term as the longest-serving Prime Minister in Australian history; he would be replaced by Harold Holt.) December December 1 – Wendell Scott becomes the first African-American driver to win a NASCAR race at Speedway Park December 3 – The Warren Commission begins its investigation into the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy. December 4 – The second period of the Second Vatican Council closes. December 5 – The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries near Cuxhaven. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of their flight and no allied laws are violated, the Soviet Union protests this action. December 7 – The first instant replay system to use videotape instead of film is used by Tony Verna, a CBS-TV director, during a live televised sporting event, the Army–Navy Game of college football played in Philadelphia, United States. December 8 A lightning strike causes the crash of Pan Am Flight 214 near Elkton, Maryland, United States, killing 81 people. Frank Sinatra, Jr. is kidnapped at Harrah's Lake Tahoe. December 10 Zanzibar gains independence from the United Kingdom, as a constitutional monarchy under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. In the United States, the X-20 Dyna-Soar spaceplane program is cancelled. Chuck Yeager narrowly escapes death while testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace trainer when his aircraft goes out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles up) and crashes. He parachutes to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident he becomes the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure suit needed for high altitude flights. December 12 – Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister. December 20 – The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials begin. December 21 – Cyprus Emergency: Inter-communal fighting erupts between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. December 22 – The cruise ship TSMS Lakonia burns north of Madeira, with the loss of 128 lives. December 25 Walt Disney releases his 18th feature-length animated motion picture The Sword in the Stone, about the boyhood of King Arthur. It is the penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney. İsmet İnönü of the Republican People's Party (CHP) forms the new government of Turkey (28th government, coalition partners; independents, İnönü has served ten times as a prime minister, this is his last government). December 26 – The Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "I Saw Her Standing There" are released in the United States, marking the beginning of Beatlemania on an international level. December 31 – Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolves. Date unknown David H. Frisch and J.H. Smith prove that the radioactive decay of mesons is slowed by their motion (see Einstein's special relativity and general relativity). The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment for the defense of the United States is fully deployed. The TAT-3 transatlantic communications cable goes into operation. Ivan Sutherland writes the revolutionary Sketchpad program and runs it on the Lincoln TX-2 computer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Construction of Moscow's Ostankino Tower begins. The IEEE Computer Society is founded. The Urdu keyboard is standardised by the Central Language Board in Pakistan. Harvey Ball invents the ubiquitous smiley face symbol. The iconic Porsche 911 is first produced. The Reformed Druids of North America is founded. The 1955 film Oklahoma!, an adaptation of the famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is re-released. Hergé's The Castafiore Emerald is published. Marvel releases their Superhero assembly team The Avengers Births January January 4 Dave Foley, Canadian actor and comedian Till Lindemann, German singer (Rammstein) January 5 – Jiang Wen, Chinese actor, film director and screenwriter January 7 – Rand Paul, American politician and physician January 10 – Kira Ivanova, Soviet Russian figure skater (d. 2001) January 14 – Steven Soderbergh, American film director January 15 – Bruce Schneier, American cryptographer, cyber security expert, and writer January 16 – James May, English motoring journalist and television show host January 17 – Kai Hansen, German power metal guitarist and singer January 19 Caron Wheeler, British singer-songwriter (Soul II Soul) John Bercow, British politician and former speaker of the British House Of Commons January 21 – Hakeem Olajuwon, Nigerian basketball player January 23 – Gail O'Grady, American actress January 25 – Fernando Haddad, Brazilian academic and politician January 26 José Mourinho, Portuguese football manager Andrew Ridgeley, English singer February February 2 – Eva Cassidy, American vocalist (d. 1996) February 3 – Gretel Killeen, Australian journalist February 4 – Pirmin Zurbriggen, Swiss alpine skier February 6 David Capel, English cricketer (d. 2020) Cláudia Ohana, Brazilian actress and singer February 12 – John Michael Higgins, American actor and voice actor February 14 Enrico Colantoni, Canadian actor and director Alex Perry, Australian fashion designer February 15 – Shoucheng Zhang, Chinese-American physicist (d. 2018) February 16 – Claudio Amendola, Italian actor, television presenter and director February 17 Jinggoy Estrada, Filipino politician, actor and film producer Michael Jordan, American basketball player Larry the Cable Guy, American actor and comedian February 18 – Rob Andrew, English rugby union player February 19 – Seal, English singer February 20 – Charles Barkley, American basketball player February 21 – William Baldwin, American actor, producer and writer February 22 – Vijay Singh, Fijian golfer February 23 – Reza Abdoh, Iranian-American director and playwright (d. 1995) February 25 – Merab Katsitadze, retired Georgian professional football player February 27 – Virginie Boutaud, Brazilian singer and actress (Metrô, Virginie & Fruto Proibido) March March 1 Miss Shangay Lily, Spanish drag queen, writer, actor, and director (d. 2016) Thomas Anders, German singer March 2 Anthony Albanese, Australian politician Tuff Hedeman, American PRCA World Champion Bull Rider March 3 – Martín Fiz, Spanish long-distance runner March 4 – Jason Newsted, American bassist March 8 – Juan Gilberto Funes, Argentine footballer (d. 1992) March 9 - Jean-Marc Vallée, Canadian filmmaker and screenwriter (d. 2021) March 10 Rick Rubin, American music producer Anna Maria Corazza Bildt, Italian politician March 11 Azem Hajdari, Albanian student leader (d. 1998) Alex Kingston, English actress David LaChapelle, American photographer March 12 Farahnaz Pahlavi, Iranian princess Jake Weber, British actor Joaquim Cruz, Brazilian runner March 13 – Fito Páez, Argentine musician March 14 Bruce Reid, Australian cricketer Mahiro Maeda, Japanese animator March 15 – Bret Michaels, American rock singer (Poison) March 16 – Kevin Smith, New Zealand actor (d. 2002) March 17 – Alex Fong, Hong Kong actor March 18 Ratna Pathak, Indian film actress Vanessa Williams, American beauty queen, actress and singer March 20 – Kathy Ireland, American model and actress March 21 – Ronald Koeman, Dutch football player and manager March 22 Marty Natalegawa, Indonesian diplomat Martín Vizcarra, Peruvian engineer and politician, 67th President of Peru March 23 – Jose Miguel Gonzalez Martin del Campo, Spanish football player March 25 – Andrew O'Connor, English actor, comedian, magician, television presenter and executive producer March 26 – Natsuhiko Kyogoku, Japanese writer March 27 Dave Koz, American jazz musician Quentin Tarantino, American actor, director, writer and producer Xuxa, Brazilian television personality March 28 Chieko Honda, Japanese voice actress (d. 2013) Bernice King, American activist, lawyer, and minister March 30 – Panagiotis Tsalouchidis, Greek footballer March 31 – Stephen Tataw, Cameroonian footballer (d. 2020) April April 3 – Sarah Woodward, English actress April 4 Siraj Raisani, Pakistani politician (d. 2018) Dale Hawerchuk, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020) Graham Norton, Irish comedian and talk show host Frank Yallop, Canadian footballer April 6 Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador Clark Spencer, American film producer, businessman and studio executive Shaun Toub, Iranian-born American actor April 8 Julian Lennon, British musician, son of John Lennon Dean Norris, American actor April 9 Marc Jacobs, American fashion designer Erdal Tosun, Turkish actor (d. 2016) April 10 – Doris Leuthard, Swiss politician and lawyer April 11 Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Nigerian-born British biophysicist and virologist (d. 2021) Chris Ferguson, American poker player April 13 – Garry Kasparov, Russian chess player April 15 Beata Szydło, Prime Minister of Poland Diosdado Cabello, Venezuelan politician April 16 – Jimmy Osmond, American singer April 18 Universo 2000, Mexican professional wrestler (d. 2018) Eric McCormack, Canadian actor Conan O'Brien, American television entertainer and talk show host April 21 – Roy Dupuis, Canadian actor April 22 – Blanca Fernández Ochoa, Spanish ski racer (d. 2019) April 23 – Mohammad Ali Ramazani Dastak, Iranian politician (d. 2020) April 26 – Jet Li, Chinese martial artist and actor April 27– Russell T Davies, Welsh television producer and writer April 28 – Beate Grimsrud, Norwegian novelist and playwright (d. 2020) April 29 – Mike Babcock, Canadian ice hockey coach May May 2 – Yoram Yosefsberg, Israeli actor and voice actor May 5 – James LaBrie, Canadian vocalist (Dream Theater) May 8 – Anthony Field, Australian musician, actor, songwriter and producer (The Wiggles) May 9 – Gary Daniels, British martial artist and actor May 10 Rich Moore, American film and television animation director, screenwriter and voice actor Lisa Nowak, American naval flight officer and NASA astronaut A. Raja, Indian politician May 11 Roark Critchlow, Canadian actor Natasha Richardson, British-American actress (d. 2009) May 16 – Mercedes Echerer, Austrian actress and politician May 21 – Kevin Shields, Irish-American singer (My Bloody Valentine) May 24 Michael Chabon, American author Joe Dumars, American basketball player May 25 Mike Myers, Canadian actor and comedian Eha Rünne, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower May 26 Clive Cowdery, English insurance entrepreneur Musetta Vander, South African actress May 29 – Débora Bloch, Brazilian actress May 31 – Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary June June 1 – David Westhead, English actor and producer June 2 – Bernard Cazeneuve, Prime Minister of France June 3 – Alessandra Karpoff, Italian voice actress June 4 Sean Fitzpatrick, New Zealand rugby union player mossimo giannulli, American fashion designer June 5 – Joe Rudán, Hungarian heavy metal singer June 6 – Jason Isaacs, British actor June 9 – Johnny Depp, American actor and film director June 10 – Jeanne Tripplehorn, American actress June 11 – Chic Charnley, Scottish footballer June 12 – Warwick Capper, Australian rules footballer June 13 – Bettina Bunge, German tennis player June 14 – Rambo Amadeus, Montenegrin singer-songwriter June 15 Helen Hunt, American actress Lourdes Valera, Venezuelan actress June 17 – Greg Kinnear, American actor June 18 Juan Chioran, Argentine-Canadian actor Rumen Radev, President of Bulgaria June 19 – Laura Ingraham, American television host June 21 Cherie Gil, Filipino actress Tiger Huang, Taiwanese popular singer Rene Medvešek, Croatian actor Jan Pinkava, Czech director and writer June 22 Randy Couture, American mixed martial arts fighter and actor Hokutoumi Nobuyoshi, Japanese sumo wrestler John Tenta, Canadian wrestler (d. 2006) June 23 Marianne Berglund, Swedish road racing cyclist Laureen Harper, wife of Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper Shin Ji-ho, South Korean politician Liu Cixin, Chinese science fiction writer Márcio França, Brazilian lawyer and politician Colin Montgomerie, Scottish golfer June 24 Preki, Serbia-born American footballer Sükhbaataryn Batbold, Mongolian politician Jascha Richter, Danish single and songwriter, frontman of Michael Learns to Rock June 25 Doug Gilmour, Canadian hockey player Yann Martel, Canadian author George Michael, British singer-songwriter (d. 2016) June 26 Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian businessman, activist and oligarch Farukh Ruzimatov, Russian ballet dancer June 27 Gerrit Plomp, Dutch football defender Miroslav Šindelka, Slovak director, writer and producer June 28 – Wisit Sasanatieng, Thai film director and screenwriter June 29 Anne-Sophie Mutter, German violinist Thomas W. Gabrielsson, Swedish actor Mark Bourneville, New Zealand rugby league player Rupert Graves, English actor Yngwie Malmsteen, Swedish guitarist, composer and bandleader Vladimir Vermezović, Serbian football player and coach Judith Hoag, American actress July July 1 Naser Khader, Danish-Syrian politician Igor Zhelezovski, Belarusian speed skater Zhang Zhicheng, Chinese fencer July 2 – Faiq Al Sheikh Ali, Iraqi lawyer and politician July 3 – Zainudin Nordin, Singaporean politician July 4 Henri Leconte, French tennis player R.S. Thanenthiran, Malaysian politician and businessman July 5 Edie Falco, American actress Zbigniew Hoffmann, Polish politician July 6 – Sorin Matei, Romanian high jumper July 7 Othman Abdul, Malaysian politician Vonda Shepard, American pop/rock singer, songwriter and actress Doug Dunakey, American golfer Fermín Alvarado Arroyo, Mexican politician Janni Larsen, Danish female darts player José María Larrañaga, Peruvian swimmer Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, Indian filmmaker and screenwriter July 8 Michael Cuesta, American film and television director Luis de Jesús Rodríguez, Dominican attorney, businessman and entrepreneur Dmitry Pevtsov, Russian actor July 9 – Marc Mero, American amateur boxer and professional wrestler July 10 Fatemeh Goudarzi, Iranian actress Ian Lougher, British motorcycle racer John Altschuler, American television and film producer and writer July 11 Al MacInnis, Canadian ice hockey player Manuel Marrero Cruz, Cuban politician; Prime Minister of Cuba Lisa Rinna, American actress July 12 Bertus Servaas, Polish entrepreneurr Aleksandr Domogarov, Russian actor Andrés Roemer, Mexican diplomat July 13 Kenny Johnson, American actor, producer, and model Spud Webb, American basketball player July 14 – Wouter Bos, Dutch politician July 15 Steve Thomas, British-Canadian retired ice hockey player Brigitte Nielsen, Danish actress Joy Smithers, Australian actress July 16 Phoebe Cates, American actress Mikael Pernfors, Swedish tennis player Srečko Katanec, Slovenian football manager and player Goran Pandurović, Serbian footballer July 17 Suha Arafat, widow of Yasser Arafat King Letsie III of Lesotho Matti Nykänen, Finnish ski jumper (d. 2019) July 18 – Martín Torrijos, President of Panama July 19 Sándor Wladár, Hungarian swimmer Bertrand Burgalat, French musician, composer and producer July 20 Alexander Zhulin, Russian ice dancing coach and competitor Gbenga Aluko, Nigerian politician Adoni Maropis, Greek-American actor Roy Cheung, Hong Kong actor July 21 – Giant Silva, Brazilian national basketball player, mixed martial artist and professional wrestler July 22 Joanna Going, American actress Rob Estes, American actor Emilio Butragueño, Spanish football player July 24 – Karl Malone, American professional basketball player July 27 – Donnie Yen, Hong Kong actor and martial artist July 28 – Beverley Craven, British singer-songwriter July 29 Jim Beglin, Irish football commentator Alexandra Paul, American actress, activist, health coach, and former model July 30 Lisa Kudrow, American actress Chris Mullin, American basketball player, coach, and executive Gisèle Meygret, French fencer (d. 1999) Mandakini (aka Yasmeen Joseph), Indian Bollywood actress July 31 Fatboy Slim, English DJ, musician, and record producer Martin H. Wiggers, German economist, editor, author and businessman August August 1 Coolio, American rapper Demián Bichir, Mexican-American actor John Carroll Lynch, American actor and film director August 3 Tasmin Archer, English singer James Hetfield, American musician (Metallica) August 4 – Keith Ellison, American politician and lawyer August 5 Mark Strong, English actor Doris Schröder-Köpf, German journalist August 6 – Kevin Mitnick, American computer hacker August 7 Hiroaki Hirata, Japanese voice actor Harold Perrineau, American actor Wendy van der Plank, Welsh actress August 9 – Whitney Houston, American singer (d. 2012) August |
through Ellis Island; this will be the busiest year ever seen here, with 1.1 million immigrants arriving. April 24 – Al Ahly SC is founded in Cairo by Omar Lotfi, as a gathering place for Egyptian students' unions in the struggle against colonization; it is the first association football club officially founded in Egypt or Africa. May May 3 – Turkish Football team Fenerbahçe was founded in Istanbul. May 13 – The 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party convenes in secret in London. June June 5 – Shastri Yagnapurushdas consecrates the murtis of both Sahajanand Swami and Gunatitanand Swami in a single central shrine, thus establishing the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, later a United Nations affiliate organization. June 10–August 10 – The Peking to Paris motor race is won by Prince Scipione Borghese, driving a 7-litre 35/45 hp Itala. June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference opens at The Hague. June 22 – The London Underground's Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway opens. June 26 – Tiflis bank robbery: Bolsheviks attack a cash-filled bank coach in the centre of Tiflis, Georgia, killing 40 people. July July 1 – The Orange River Colony gains autonomy, as the Orange Free State. July 6 – Guardians of the Irish Crown Jewels notice that they have been stolen. July 15 – The London Electrobus Company started running the first ever service of battery-electric buses between London's Victoria Station and Liverpool Street. July 21 – The sinks after colliding with the lumber schooner San Pedro, off Shelter Cove, California, resulting in 88 deaths. July 24 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 brings the government and military of the protectorate of Korea more firmly under Japanese control. August August 1–9 – Robert Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island, England. August 17 – Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington officially opens for business. August 24–31 – The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam meets in the Netherlands. August 28 – UPS is founded by James E. (Jim) Casey in Seattle, Washington. August 29 – The partially completed superstructure of the Quebec Bridge collapses entirely, claiming the lives of 76 workers. August 31 – Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the Anglo-Russian Entente in Saint Petersburg, bringing a pause in The Great Game in Central Asia, and establishing the Triple Entente. September September 7 – British passenger liner sets out on her maiden voyage, from Liverpool (England) to New York City. September 26 – New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions. October October – A committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language, made up of academics including Otto Jespersen, Wilhelm Ostwald and Roland Eötvös meet in Paris to select a language for international use. The committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto. October 17 – Guglielmo Marconi initiates commercial transatlantic radio communications, between his high power longwave wireless telegraphy stations in Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. October 18 – The Hague Convention is revised by the (second) Hague Peace Conference (effective 26 January, 1910). October 24 – A major United States financial crisis is averted when J. P. Morgan, E. H. Harriman, James Stillman, Henry Clay Frick and other Wall Street financiers create a $25,000,000 pool to invest in the shares on the plunging New York Stock Exchange, ending the bank panic of 1907. October 27 – Černová massacre: Fifteen people are shot during the consecration of a Catholic church in Hungary (modern-day Slovakia). October 31 – The Parliament of Finland approved the Prohibition Act, but the law was not implemented because it was not ratified by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. November November 4 – Russian immigrant bakers Perry and Ben Feigenson, began transforming their cake frosting flavors into The Feigenson Brothers Bottling Works soft drink recipe, later shortened to Faygo. November 16 British passenger liner RMS Mauretania, the world's largest and fastest at this date, sets out on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims that Oklahoma has become the 46th state in the United States. November 21 – Washington State College defeats the University of Washington 10-5 in the Apple Cup in college football, played in Seattle. November 25 – The Church of God in Christ, which becomes the fifth-largest African-American Pentecostal-Holiness Christian denomination in the United States, is founded by Bishop Charles Harrison Mason in Memphis, Tennessee. December December 6 – Monongah Mining disaster: A coal mine explosion kills 362 workers in Monongah, West Virginia. December 8 – Upon the death of Oscar II, he is succeeded by his son Gustaf V, as king of Sweden. December 14 – The largest sailing ship ever built, the 7-masted Thomas W. Lawson, is wrecked in the Isles of Scilly. December 16 – The American Great White Fleet begins its circumnavigation of the world. December 17 – Ugyen Wangchuck becomes the first Druk Gyalpo (king of Bhutan). December 19 – An explosion in a coal mine in Jacobs Creek, Pennsylvania kills 239. December 21 – Santa María School massacre: In Chile, soldiers fire at striking mineworkers gathered in the Santa María School in Iquique; over 2,000 are killed. December 31 – The first ever "ball drop" is held in Times Square, in New York City. Date unknown The triode thermionic amplifier invented by Lee de Forest, starting the development of electronics as a practical technology. The Autochrome Lumière is the first commercial color photography process. Indiana, in the United States, becomes the world's first legislature to place laws permitting compulsory sterilization for eugenic purposes on the statute book. The Moine Thrust Belt in Scotland is identified, one of the first to be discovered anywhere. The Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret is founded. James Murray Spangler invents the first Hoover vacuum cleaner. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, a private and non-commercial art school. Births January January 1 – Aftab Ali, Bengali politician, social reformer (d. 1972) January 3 – Ray Milland, Welsh actor, film director (d. 1986) January 5 – Volmari Iso-Hollo, Finnish athlete (d. 1969) January 8 – Keizō Hayashi, Japanese civil servant, military official (d. 1991) January 11 – Pierre Mendès France, French politician, 142nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1982) January 12 – Sergei Korolev, Russian rocket scientist (d. 1966) January 16 – Alexander Knox, Canadian actor, novelist (d. 1995) January 17 – Henk Badings, Dutch composer (d. 1987) January 18 – Lina Haag, German World War II resistance fighter (d. 2012) January 20 Manfred von Ardenne, German research and applied physicist, inventor (d. 1997) Paula Wessely, Austrian actress (d. 2000) January 22 – Dixie Dean, English football player (d. 1980) January 23 – Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) January 24 Maurice Couve de Murville, Prime Minister of France (d. 1999) Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah, King of Malaysia (d. 1979) January 27 – Joyce Compton, American actress (d. 1997) January 29 – Bil Dwyer, American cartoonist and humorist (d. 1987) February February 1 – Günter Eich, German writer (d. 1972) February 5 Birgit Dalland, Norwegian politician (d. 2007) Pierre Pflimlin, French politician (d. 2000) Sergio Méndez Arceo, Roman Catholic bishop of Cuernavaca, Mexico 1953-1983 (d. 1992) February 6 – Russell Gleason, American actor (d. 1945) February 9 Pierre Aliker, French-Martinican politician (d. 2013) Trường Chinh, President of Vietnam (d. 1988) February 12 – Clifton C. Edom, American photojournalism educator (d. 1991) February 15 Jean Langlais, French composer, organist (d. 1991) Cesar Romero, American actor (d. 1994) February 18 – Oscar Brodney, American screenwriter (d. 2008) February 21 – W. H. Auden, English poet (d. 1973) February 22 Sheldon Leonard, American actor, writer, director, and producer (d. 1997) Robert Young, American actor (d. 1998) February 25 – Kathryn Wasserman Davis, American philanthropist (d. 2013) February 26 Dub Taylor, American actor (d. 1994) Rosebud Yellow Robe, Native American folklorist, educator, and author (d. 1992) February 27 – Mildred Bailey, American singer (d. 1951) February 28 – Milton Caniff, American cartoonist (d. 1988) March March 8 – Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greek politician (d. 1998) March 9 – Mircea Eliade, Romanian religious historian, writer (d. 1986) March 12 Arthur Hewlett, British actor (d. 1997) Dorrit Hoffleit, American astronomer (d. 2007) March 15 – Zarah Leander, Swedish actress, singer (d. 1981) March 16 Frances Fuller, American actress (d. 1980) Hans Kleppen, Norwegian ski jumper (d. 2009) March 17 Takeo Miki, 41st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1988) Jean Van Houtte, 38th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1991) March 18 – John Zachary Young, English biologist (d. 1997) March 23 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss-born scientist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) March 27 – Mary Treen, American actress (d. 1989) March 28 – Lúcia Santos, Portuguese nun, visionary (d. 2005) March 29 – Braguinha, Brazilian songwriter (d. 2006) March 30 – Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, German Luftwaffe officer (d. 1994) April April 1 – Shivakumara Swami, Hindu religious figure and humanitarian (d. 2019) April 10 – Germán Suárez Flamerich, Venezuelan lawyer, politician and 50th President of Venezuela | Peninsula. April April 7 – Hershey Park opens in Hershey, Pennsylvania. April 17 The first Minas Geraes-class battleship is laid down for Brazil, by Armstrong Whitworth on the River Tyne, in England, triggering the South American dreadnought race. Today is the all-time busiest day of immigration to the United States through Ellis Island; this will be the busiest year ever seen here, with 1.1 million immigrants arriving. April 24 – Al Ahly SC is founded in Cairo by Omar Lotfi, as a gathering place for Egyptian students' unions in the struggle against colonization; it is the first association football club officially founded in Egypt or Africa. May May 3 – Turkish Football team Fenerbahçe was founded in Istanbul. May 13 – The 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party convenes in secret in London. June June 5 – Shastri Yagnapurushdas consecrates the murtis of both Sahajanand Swami and Gunatitanand Swami in a single central shrine, thus establishing the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, later a United Nations affiliate organization. June 10–August 10 – The Peking to Paris motor race is won by Prince Scipione Borghese, driving a 7-litre 35/45 hp Itala. June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference opens at The Hague. June 22 – The London Underground's Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway opens. June 26 – Tiflis bank robbery: Bolsheviks attack a cash-filled bank coach in the centre of Tiflis, Georgia, killing 40 people. July July 1 – The Orange River Colony gains autonomy, as the Orange Free State. July 6 – Guardians of the Irish Crown Jewels notice that they have been stolen. July 15 – The London Electrobus Company started running the first ever service of battery-electric buses between London's Victoria Station and Liverpool Street. July 21 – The sinks after colliding with the lumber schooner San Pedro, off Shelter Cove, California, resulting in 88 deaths. July 24 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 brings the government and military of the protectorate of Korea more firmly under Japanese control. August August 1–9 – Robert Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island, England. August 17 – Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington officially opens for business. August 24–31 – The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam meets in the Netherlands. August 28 – UPS is founded by James E. (Jim) Casey in Seattle, Washington. August 29 – The partially completed superstructure of the Quebec Bridge collapses entirely, claiming the lives of 76 workers. August 31 – Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the Anglo-Russian Entente in Saint Petersburg, bringing a pause in The Great Game in Central Asia, and establishing the Triple Entente. September September 7 – British passenger liner sets out on her maiden voyage, from Liverpool (England) to New York City. September 26 – New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions. October October – A committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language, made up of academics including Otto Jespersen, Wilhelm Ostwald and Roland Eötvös meet in Paris to select a language for international use. The committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto. October 17 – Guglielmo Marconi initiates commercial transatlantic radio communications, between his high power longwave wireless telegraphy stations in Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. October 18 – The Hague Convention is revised by the (second) Hague Peace Conference (effective 26 January, 1910). October 24 – A major United States financial crisis is averted when J. P. Morgan, E. H. Harriman, James Stillman, Henry Clay Frick and other Wall Street financiers create a $25,000,000 pool to invest in the shares on the plunging New York Stock Exchange, ending the bank panic of 1907. October 27 – Černová massacre: Fifteen people are shot during the consecration of a Catholic church in Hungary (modern-day Slovakia). October 31 – The Parliament of Finland approved the Prohibition Act, but the law was not implemented because it was not ratified by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. November November 4 – Russian immigrant bakers Perry and Ben Feigenson, began transforming their cake frosting flavors into The Feigenson Brothers Bottling Works soft drink recipe, later shortened to Faygo. November 16 British passenger liner RMS Mauretania, the world's largest and fastest at this date, sets out on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims that Oklahoma has become the 46th state in the United States. November 21 – Washington State College defeats the University of Washington 10-5 in the Apple Cup in college football, played in Seattle. November 25 – The Church of God in Christ, which becomes the fifth-largest African-American Pentecostal-Holiness Christian denomination in the United States, is founded by Bishop Charles Harrison Mason in Memphis, Tennessee. December December 6 – Monongah Mining disaster: A coal mine explosion kills 362 workers in Monongah, West Virginia. December 8 – Upon the death of Oscar II, he is succeeded by his son Gustaf V, as king of Sweden. December 14 – The largest sailing ship ever built, the 7-masted Thomas W. Lawson, is wrecked in the Isles of Scilly. December 16 – The American Great White Fleet begins its circumnavigation of the world. December 17 – Ugyen Wangchuck becomes the first Druk Gyalpo (king of Bhutan). December 19 – An explosion in a coal mine in Jacobs Creek, Pennsylvania kills 239. December 21 – Santa María School massacre: In Chile, soldiers fire at striking mineworkers gathered in the Santa María School in Iquique; over 2,000 are killed. December 31 – The first ever "ball drop" is held in Times Square, in New York City. Date unknown The triode thermionic amplifier invented by Lee de Forest, starting the development of electronics as a practical technology. The Autochrome Lumière is the first commercial color photography process. Indiana, in the United States, becomes the world's first legislature to place laws permitting compulsory sterilization for eugenic purposes on the statute book. The Moine Thrust Belt in Scotland is identified, one of the first to be discovered anywhere. The Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret is founded. James Murray Spangler invents the first Hoover vacuum cleaner. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, a private and non-commercial art school. Births January January 1 – Aftab Ali, Bengali politician, social reformer (d. 1972) January 3 – Ray Milland, Welsh actor, film director (d. 1986) January 5 – Volmari Iso-Hollo, Finnish athlete (d. 1969) January 8 – Keizō Hayashi, Japanese civil servant, military official (d. 1991) January 11 – Pierre Mendès France, French politician, 142nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1982) January 12 – Sergei Korolev, Russian rocket scientist (d. 1966) January 16 – Alexander Knox, Canadian actor, novelist (d. 1995) January 17 – Henk Badings, Dutch composer (d. 1987) January 18 – Lina Haag, German World War II resistance fighter (d. 2012) January 20 Manfred von Ardenne, German research and applied physicist, inventor (d. 1997) Paula Wessely, Austrian actress (d. 2000) January 22 – Dixie Dean, English football player (d. 1980) January 23 – Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) January 24 Maurice Couve de Murville, Prime Minister of France (d. 1999) Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah, King of Malaysia (d. 1979) January 27 – Joyce Compton, American actress (d. 1997) January 29 – Bil Dwyer, American cartoonist and humorist (d. 1987) February February 1 – Günter Eich, German writer (d. 1972) February 5 Birgit Dalland, Norwegian politician (d. 2007) Pierre Pflimlin, French politician (d. 2000) Sergio Méndez Arceo, Roman Catholic bishop of Cuernavaca, Mexico 1953-1983 (d. 1992) February 6 – Russell Gleason, American actor (d. 1945) February 9 Pierre Aliker, French-Martinican politician (d. 2013) Trường Chinh, President of Vietnam (d. 1988) February 12 – Clifton C. Edom, American photojournalism educator (d. 1991) February 15 Jean Langlais, French composer, organist (d. 1991) Cesar Romero, American actor (d. 1994) February 18 – Oscar Brodney, American screenwriter (d. 2008) February 21 – W. H. Auden, English poet (d. 1973) February 22 Sheldon Leonard, American actor, writer, director, and producer (d. 1997) Robert Young, American actor (d. 1998) February 25 – Kathryn Wasserman Davis, American philanthropist (d. 2013) February 26 Dub Taylor, American actor (d. 1994) Rosebud Yellow Robe, Native American folklorist, educator, and author (d. 1992) February 27 – Mildred Bailey, American singer (d. 1951) February 28 – Milton Caniff, American cartoonist (d. 1988) March March 8 – Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greek politician (d. 1998) March 9 – Mircea Eliade, Romanian religious historian, writer (d. 1986) March 12 Arthur Hewlett, British actor (d. 1997) Dorrit Hoffleit, American astronomer (d. 2007) March 15 – Zarah Leander, Swedish actress, singer (d. 1981) March 16 Frances Fuller, American actress (d. 1980) Hans Kleppen, Norwegian ski jumper (d. 2009) March 17 Takeo Miki, 41st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1988) Jean Van Houtte, 38th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1991) March 18 – John Zachary Young, English biologist (d. 1997) March 23 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss-born scientist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) March 27 – Mary Treen, American actress (d. 1989) March 28 – Lúcia Santos, Portuguese nun, visionary (d. 2005) March 29 – Braguinha, Brazilian songwriter (d. 2006) March 30 – Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, German Luftwaffe officer (d. 1994) April April 1 – Shivakumara Swami, Hindu religious figure and humanitarian (d. 2019) April 10 – Germán Suárez Flamerich, Venezuelan lawyer, politician and 50th President of Venezuela (d. 1990) April 11 Paul Douglas, American actor (d. 1959) April 12 – Felix de Weldon, Austrian-born sculptor (d. 2003) April 13 – Harold Stassen, American politician (d. 2001) April 14 – François Duvalier, 32nd President of Haiti (d. 1971) April 15 – Nikolaas Tinbergen, Dutch ornithologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) April 16 – Joseph-Armand Bombardier, Canadian inventor, founder of Bombardier Inc. (d. 1964) April 21 – Wade Mainer, American singer, banjoist (d. 2011) April 23 James Hayter, British actor (d. 1983) Fritz Wotruba, Austrian sculptor (d. 1975) April 24 – William Sargant, British psychiatrist (d. 1988) April 26 – Ilias Tsirimokos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1968) April 29 Tino Rossi, French singer (d. 1983) Fred Zinnemann, Austrian director (d. 1997) May May 1 – Oliver Hill, American lawyer (d. 2007) May 2 – Pinky Lee, American comedian (d. 1993) May 3 – Dorothy Young, American entertainer (d. 2011) May 4 – Walter Walsh, American FBI agent, Olympic shooter, and USMC instructor (d. 2014) May 5 – Iryna Vilde, Ukrainian writer (d. 1982) May 9 – Baldur von Schirach, Nazi official (d. 1974) |
the British Raj; it becomes a driving force for the creation of an independent Pakistan. Date unknown The BCG vaccine for tuberculosis is first developed. Richard Oldham argues that the Earth has a molten interior. Construction begins on the modern-day Great Mosque of Djenné. The Simplo Filler Pen Company is founded, later to become the Montblanc Company in Germany. HaRishon Le Zion-Yafo Association is officially founded as a sports club in Palestine, predecessor of Maccabi Tel Aviv (Israel). Società Italiana Automobili Darracq, as predecessor of Alfa Romeo, a luxury car brand on worldwide, founded in Milan, Italy. Births January–February January 6 – Walter Battiss, South African artist (d. 1982) January 11 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist (d. 2008) January 12 – Eric Birley, British historian and archaeologist (d. 1995) January 13 – Zhou Youguang, Chinese linguist (d. 2017) January 14 – William Bendix, American film, radio, and television actor (d. 1964) January 15 – Aristotle Onassis, Greek shipping magnate (d. 1975) January 16 – Diana Wynyard, English actress (d. 1964) January 21 – Igor Moiseyev, Russian choreographer (d. 2007) January 22 – Robert E. Howard, American author (d. 1936) January 28 – Pat O'Callaghan, Irish athlete (d. 1991) February 3 – Ilona Banga, Hungarian biochemist (d. 1998) February 4 Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German religious, resistance leader (d. 1945) Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997) February 5 John Carradine, American actor (d. 1988) Mariano Cañardo, Spanish road racing cyclist (d. 1987) February 7 Oleg Antonov, Soviet aircraft designer (d. 1984) Puyi, Last Emperor of China (d. 1967) February 8 – Chester Carlson, American physicist, inventor (d. 1968) February 10 Lon Chaney Jr., American actor (d. 1973) Erik Rhodes, American actor and singer (d. 1990) February 14 – Nazim al-Kudsi, 26th Prime Minister of Syria and 14th President of Syria (d. 1998) February 17 Mary Brian, American actress (d. 2002) Galo Plaza, 29th President of Ecuador (d. 1987) February 18 – Hans Asperger, Austrian pediatrician (d. 1980) February 22 – Helge Kjærulff-Schmidt, Danish actor (d. 1982) February 26 – Madeleine Carroll, British actress (d. 1987) February 28 – Bugsy Siegel, American gangster (d. 1947) March–April March 1 Phạm Văn Đồng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2000) Abdus Sattar, 8th President of Bangladesh (d. 1985) March 6 – Lou Costello, American actor (d. 1959) March 7 – Elmar Lipping, Estonian statesman, soldier (d. 1994) March 8 – Victor Hasselblad, Swedish inventor, photographer (d. 1978) March 12 – Yin Shun, Chinese Buddhist master (d. 2005) March 13 – Dave Kaye, British pianist (d. 1996) March 16 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish writer (d. 2009) March 17 – Brigitte Helm, German film actress (d. 1996) March 19 Adolf Eichmann, German war criminal (d. 1962) Roy Roberts, American actor (d. 1975) March 20 – Ozzie Nelson, American actor, director and producer (d. 1975) March 21 – Jim Thompson, American businessman (disappeared 1967) March 25 – A. J. P. Taylor, English historian (d. 1990) March 26 Rafael Méndez, Mexican trumpet player (d. 1981) Ronald Urquhart, British general (d. 1968) March 31 – Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) April 1 – Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev, Russian engineer, airplane designer (d. 1989) April 4 – Bea Benaderet, American actress (d. 1968) April 6 – Luis Alberti, Dominican Republic musician (d. 1976) April 6 – Virginia Hall, American spy with the Special Operations Executive during WWII (d. 1982) April 9 – Antal Doráti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1988) April 11 – Julia Clements, English flower arranger and author (d. 2010) April 13 – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989) April 14 – Broda Otto Barnes, American medical researcher (d. 1988) April 22 – Eddie Albert, American actor and activist (d. 2005) April 24 – William Joyce, Irish-American World War II Nazi propaganda broadcaster ("Lord Haw-Haw") (d. 1946) April 25 Joel Brand, Hungarian rescue worker (d. 1964) William J. Brennan Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1997) A. W. Haydon, American inventor (d. 1982) April 28 Tony Accardo, American gangster (d. 1992) Kurt Gödel, Austrian logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics (d. 1978) Richard Rado, German-born British mathematician (d. 1989) Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor (d. 1999) April 29 – Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1989) May–June May 2 – Philippe Halsman, Latvian-born American photographer (d. 1979) May 3 – Mary Astor, American actress and writer (d. 1987) May 4 – Esmond Knight, English actor (d. 1987) May 6 – André Weil, French mathematician (d. 1998) May 7 – Jon Lormer, American actor (d. 1986) May 8 – Roberto Rossellini, Italian director (d. 1977) May 10 – António Ferreira Gomes, Portuguese Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1989) May 11 Jacqueline Cochran, American aviator (d. 1980) Richard Arvin Overton, oldest living man in the United States and oldest surviving American veteran (World War II) (d. 2018) Ethel Weed, American promoter of Japanese women's rights (d. 1975) May 15 – Humberto Delgado, Portuguese general, politician (d. 1965) May 16 – Arturo Uslar Pietri, Venezuelan writer (d. 2001) May 17 – Jack Carr, American actor and animator (d. 1967) May 19 Bruce Bennett, American athlete, actor (d. 2007) Jimmy MacDonald, Scottish-American sound effects artist, voice actor (d. 1991) May 20 – Giuseppe Siri, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1989) May 23 – Lucha Reyes, Mexican singer (d. 1944) May 27 – Buddhadasa, Buddhist monk (d. 1993) May 29 – T. H. White, British writer (d. 1964) May 30 – Bruno Gröning, German faith healer (d. 1959) June 3 – Josephine Baker, American-born French entertainer (d. 1975) June 4 – Ivan Knunyants, Soviet chemist (d. 1990) June 6 Paolo Stoppa, Italian actor and dubber (d. 1988) Max August Zorn, German-born American mathematician (d. 1993) June 12 – Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977) June 15 – Léon Degrelle, Belgian fascist (d. 1994) June 17 James H. Flatley, American admiral, aviator (d. 1958) Olli Ungvere, Estonian actress (d. 1991) June 19 – Ernst Boris Chain, German-born British biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) June 21 – Grete Sultan, German-American pianist (d. 2005) June 22 George W. Clarke, American politician (d. 2006) Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author, aviator (d. 2001) Billy Wilder, Austrian-born American screenwriter, film director and producer (d. 2002) June 23 – Harry Wiere, German-born American slapstick comedian, member of the Wiere Brothers (d. 1992) June 24 Pierre Fournier, French cellist (d. 1986) George Alexander Gale, Canadian politician (d. 1997) June 26 Viktor Schreckengost, American industrial designer, teacher, sculptor and artist (d. 2008) M. P. Sivagnanam, Indian politician (d. 1995) June 27 – Catherine Cookson, English author (d. 1998) June 28 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972) Yoshimi Ueda, Japanese basketball player, administrator (d. 1996) June 29 – Heinz Harmel, German officer (d. 2000) July–August July 1 Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician, academic (d. 1992) Estée Lauder, American cosmetics entrepreneur (d. 2004) Ivan Neill, British Army officer and Irish Unionist politician (d. 2001) July 2 Hans Bethe, German-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005) Károly Kárpáti, Hungarian Jewish wrestler (d. 1996) Séra Martin, French middle-distance runner (d. 1993) July 3 Alberto Lleras Camargo, Colombian politician, 20th President of Colombia (d. 1990) George Sanders, British actor (d. 1972) July 4 – Vincent Schaefer, American chemist, meteorologist (d. 1993) July 7 William Feller, Croatian-born mathematician (d. 1970) Helene Johnson, African-American poet (d. 1995) Hugh McMahon, Scottish footballer (d. 1997) Satchel Paige, American baseball player (d. 1982) July 8 – Philip Johnson, American architect (d. 2005) July 9 – Roy Leaper, Australian rules footballer (d. 2002) July 10 – Ad Liska, American baseball pitcher (d. 1998) July 11 – Herbert Wehner, German politician (d. 1990) July 12 – Pietro Tordi, Italian actor (d. 1990) July 14 – Stan Devenish Meares, Australian obstetrician, gynaecologist (d. 1994) July 16 Ichimaru, Japanese singer (d. 1997) Vincent Sherman, American director, actor (d. 2006) James Still, American poet, novelist and folklorist (d. 2001) July 17 Leonila Garcia, 8th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1994) Dunc Gray, Australian track cyclist (d. 1996) July 18 Sidney Darlington, American engineer (d. 1997) S. I. Hayakawa, Canadian-born American academic, politician (d. 1992) Speed Webb, American jazz drummer, territory band leader (d. 1994) July 21 – Caroline Smith, American diver (d. 1994) July 23 – Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) July 29 – Thelma Todd, American actress (d. 1935) August 5 Joan Hickson, British actress (d. 1998) John Huston, American film director, screenwriter, and actor (d. 1987) Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) August 5 – Marie-José of Belgium, last Queen of Italy (d. 2001) August 14 – Horst P. Horst, German photographer (d. 1999) August | China (d. 1967) February 8 – Chester Carlson, American physicist, inventor (d. 1968) February 10 Lon Chaney Jr., American actor (d. 1973) Erik Rhodes, American actor and singer (d. 1990) February 14 – Nazim al-Kudsi, 26th Prime Minister of Syria and 14th President of Syria (d. 1998) February 17 Mary Brian, American actress (d. 2002) Galo Plaza, 29th President of Ecuador (d. 1987) February 18 – Hans Asperger, Austrian pediatrician (d. 1980) February 22 – Helge Kjærulff-Schmidt, Danish actor (d. 1982) February 26 – Madeleine Carroll, British actress (d. 1987) February 28 – Bugsy Siegel, American gangster (d. 1947) March–April March 1 Phạm Văn Đồng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2000) Abdus Sattar, 8th President of Bangladesh (d. 1985) March 6 – Lou Costello, American actor (d. 1959) March 7 – Elmar Lipping, Estonian statesman, soldier (d. 1994) March 8 – Victor Hasselblad, Swedish inventor, photographer (d. 1978) March 12 – Yin Shun, Chinese Buddhist master (d. 2005) March 13 – Dave Kaye, British pianist (d. 1996) March 16 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish writer (d. 2009) March 17 – Brigitte Helm, German film actress (d. 1996) March 19 Adolf Eichmann, German war criminal (d. 1962) Roy Roberts, American actor (d. 1975) March 20 – Ozzie Nelson, American actor, director and producer (d. 1975) March 21 – Jim Thompson, American businessman (disappeared 1967) March 25 – A. J. P. Taylor, English historian (d. 1990) March 26 Rafael Méndez, Mexican trumpet player (d. 1981) Ronald Urquhart, British general (d. 1968) March 31 – Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) April 1 – Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev, Russian engineer, airplane designer (d. 1989) April 4 – Bea Benaderet, American actress (d. 1968) April 6 – Luis Alberti, Dominican Republic musician (d. 1976) April 6 – Virginia Hall, American spy with the Special Operations Executive during WWII (d. 1982) April 9 – Antal Doráti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1988) April 11 – Julia Clements, English flower arranger and author (d. 2010) April 13 – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989) April 14 – Broda Otto Barnes, American medical researcher (d. 1988) April 22 – Eddie Albert, American actor and activist (d. 2005) April 24 – William Joyce, Irish-American World War II Nazi propaganda broadcaster ("Lord Haw-Haw") (d. 1946) April 25 Joel Brand, Hungarian rescue worker (d. 1964) William J. Brennan Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1997) A. W. Haydon, American inventor (d. 1982) April 28 Tony Accardo, American gangster (d. 1992) Kurt Gödel, Austrian logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics (d. 1978) Richard Rado, German-born British mathematician (d. 1989) Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor (d. 1999) April 29 – Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1989) May–June May 2 – Philippe Halsman, Latvian-born American photographer (d. 1979) May 3 – Mary Astor, American actress and writer (d. 1987) May 4 – Esmond Knight, English actor (d. 1987) May 6 – André Weil, French mathematician (d. 1998) May 7 – Jon Lormer, American actor (d. 1986) May 8 – Roberto Rossellini, Italian director (d. 1977) May 10 – António Ferreira Gomes, Portuguese Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1989) May 11 Jacqueline Cochran, American aviator (d. 1980) Richard Arvin Overton, oldest living man in the United States and oldest surviving American veteran (World War II) (d. 2018) Ethel Weed, American promoter of Japanese women's rights (d. 1975) May 15 – Humberto Delgado, Portuguese general, politician (d. 1965) May 16 – Arturo Uslar Pietri, Venezuelan writer (d. 2001) May 17 – Jack Carr, American actor and animator (d. 1967) May 19 Bruce Bennett, American athlete, actor (d. 2007) Jimmy MacDonald, Scottish-American sound effects artist, voice actor (d. 1991) May 20 – Giuseppe Siri, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1989) May 23 – Lucha Reyes, Mexican singer (d. 1944) May 27 – Buddhadasa, Buddhist monk (d. 1993) May 29 – T. H. White, British writer (d. 1964) May 30 – Bruno Gröning, German faith healer (d. 1959) June 3 – Josephine Baker, American-born French entertainer (d. 1975) June 4 – Ivan Knunyants, Soviet chemist (d. 1990) June 6 Paolo Stoppa, Italian actor and dubber (d. 1988) Max August Zorn, German-born American mathematician (d. 1993) June 12 – Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977) June 15 – Léon Degrelle, Belgian fascist (d. 1994) June 17 James H. Flatley, American admiral, aviator (d. 1958) Olli Ungvere, Estonian actress (d. 1991) June 19 – Ernst Boris Chain, German-born British biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) June 21 – Grete Sultan, German-American pianist (d. 2005) June 22 George W. Clarke, American politician (d. 2006) Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author, aviator (d. 2001) Billy Wilder, Austrian-born American screenwriter, film director and producer (d. 2002) June 23 – Harry Wiere, German-born American slapstick comedian, member of the Wiere Brothers (d. 1992) June 24 Pierre Fournier, French cellist (d. 1986) George Alexander Gale, Canadian politician (d. 1997) June 26 Viktor Schreckengost, American industrial designer, teacher, sculptor and artist (d. 2008) M. P. Sivagnanam, Indian politician (d. 1995) June 27 – Catherine Cookson, English author (d. 1998) June 28 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972) Yoshimi Ueda, Japanese basketball player, administrator (d. 1996) June 29 – Heinz Harmel, German officer (d. 2000) July–August July 1 Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician, academic (d. 1992) Estée Lauder, American cosmetics entrepreneur (d. 2004) Ivan Neill, British Army officer and Irish Unionist politician (d. 2001) July 2 Hans Bethe, German-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005) Károly Kárpáti, Hungarian Jewish wrestler (d. 1996) Séra Martin, French middle-distance runner (d. 1993) July 3 Alberto Lleras Camargo, Colombian politician, 20th President of Colombia (d. 1990) George Sanders, British actor (d. 1972) July 4 – Vincent Schaefer, American chemist, meteorologist (d. 1993) July 7 William Feller, Croatian-born mathematician (d. 1970) Helene Johnson, African-American poet (d. 1995) Hugh McMahon, Scottish footballer (d. 1997) Satchel Paige, American baseball player (d. 1982) July 8 – Philip Johnson, American architect (d. 2005) July 9 – Roy Leaper, Australian rules footballer (d. 2002) July 10 – Ad Liska, American baseball pitcher (d. 1998) July 11 – Herbert Wehner, German politician (d. 1990) July 12 – Pietro Tordi, Italian actor (d. 1990) July 14 – Stan Devenish Meares, Australian obstetrician, gynaecologist (d. 1994) July 16 Ichimaru, Japanese singer (d. 1997) Vincent Sherman, American director, actor (d. 2006) James Still, American poet, novelist and folklorist (d. 2001) July 17 Leonila Garcia, 8th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1994) Dunc Gray, Australian track cyclist (d. 1996) July 18 Sidney Darlington, American engineer (d. 1997) S. I. Hayakawa, Canadian-born American academic, politician (d. 1992) Speed Webb, American jazz drummer, territory band leader (d. 1994) July 21 – Caroline Smith, American diver (d. 1994) July 23 – Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) July 29 – Thelma Todd, American actress (d. 1935) August 5 Joan Hickson, British actress (d. 1998) John Huston, American film director, screenwriter, and actor (d. 1987) Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) August 5 – Marie-José of Belgium, last Queen of Italy (d. 2001) August 14 – Horst P. Horst, German photographer (d. 1999) August 17 – Marcelo Caetano, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1980) August 19 – Philo Farnsworth, American inventor (d. 1971) August 21 – Friz Freleng, American cartoon director (d. 1995) August 23 – Zoltan Sarosy, Canadian chess master (d. 2017) August 26 – Albert Sabin, Polish-American medical researcher (d. 1993) August 27 – Ed Gein, American serial killer (d. 1984) August 28 – John Betjeman, English poet (d. 1984) August 30 – Joan Blondell, American actress (d. 1979) September September 1 Joaquín Balaguer, 41st, 45th, & 49th President of the Dominican Republic, writer |
Chris Watson. April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair opens in St. Louis, Missouri (closes December 1). May May 4 United States Army engineers begin work on the Panama Canal. German Association football club FC Schalke 04 is established. May 5 Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the modern era of baseball. British expedition to Tibet: Hundreds of Tibetans attack the British camp at Changlo, and hold the advantage for a while, before being defeated by superior weapons, and losing at least 200 men. May 9 – Great Western Railway of England 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro becomes the first railway locomotive to exceed 100 mph (probably). May 15 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian minelayer Amur lays a minefield about off Port Arthur, and sinks Japan's battleships Hatsuse, 15,000 tons with 496 crew, and Yashima. May 21 – The International Federation of Association Football, FIFA, is established. May 30 – Alpha Gamma Delta, which becomes an international women's fraternity, is founded by 11 women at Syracuse University. June June 3 – The International Alliance of Women is founded. June 10 – Irish author James Joyce meets his future wife, Nora Barnacle, in Dublin. June 15 – A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York City's East River kills 1,021. June 16 Finnish nationalist Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolay Bobrikov, the Russian Governor-General of Finland, in Helsinki. James Joyce walks to Ringsend with Nora Barnacle; he later uses this date (Bloomsday) as the setting for his novel Ulysses. June 28 Danish ocean liner runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. The original icon of Our Lady of Kazan is stolen and subsequently destroyed in Russia. English Association football club Hull City A.F.C. is established. June 29 – The 1904 Moscow tornado occurs. July July – Pavlos Melas enters Macedonia with a small unit of men during the Macedonian Struggle. July 1 – The third Modern Olympic Games opens in St. Louis, Missouri, United States as part of the World's Fair. August August 3 – British expedition to Tibet: The British expedition under Colonel Francis Younghusband takes Lhasa, Tibet. August 11 – Battle of Waterberg: Lothar von Trotha defeats the Herero people in German South West Africa, and drives them into the Omaheke desert, starting the Herero and Namaqua genocide. August 14 – Ismael Montes becomes President of Bolivia. August 17 – Russo-Japanese War: A Japanese infantry charge fails to take Port Arthur. August 18 – Chris Watson resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, and is succeeded by George Reid. August 24 – Faroese Association football club Klaksvíkar Ítróttarfelag is established. September September – Stuyvesant High School opens in New York City as Manhattan's first manual trade school for boys. September 1 – Griffin Park football stadium, home ground of Brentford F.C., opens in London. September 2 – John Voss sails the rigged dugout canoe Tilikum into the River Thames in England after a 3-year voyage from Victoria, British Columbia, westabout. September 7 – British expedition to Tibet: The Dalai Lama signs the Anglo-Tibetan Treaty with Colonel Francis Younghusband. September 17 – An early study on the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular disease is published in the United States. September 25 – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President Joseph F. Smith issues a Second Manifesto against polygamy. September 26 – New Zealand dolphin Pelorus Jack is individually protected by Order in Council under the Sea Fisheries Act. October October – The Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, predecessor of Bethune–Cookman University, is opened in Florida by Mary McLeod Bethune. October 1 – Phi Delta Epsilon, the international medical fraternity, is founded by Aaron Brown and 8 of his friends, at Cornell University Medical College. October 4 – Swedish Association football club IFK Göteborg is founded, becoming the 39th IFK-association. October 5 – Alpha Kappa Psi, a co-ed professional business fraternity, is founded on the campus of New York University. October 9 – German journalist Anna Rüling, in a speech to the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in Berlin, makes the first known public statement of the socio-legal problems faced by lesbians. October 11 – Loftus Road football stadium opens in London. October 13 – Pavlos Melas is encircled at Statista and killed during the Macedonian Struggle. October 15 – Theta Tau, a professional engineering fraternity, is founded at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. October 19 – Polytechnic University of the Philippines is founded as Manila Business School, through the superintendence of American C. A. O'Reilley. October 21 – Russo-Japanese War: Dogger Bank incident – The Russian Baltic Fleet fires on British trawlers it mistakes for Japanese torpedo boats, in the North Sea. October 27 – The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens. October 28 – Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic relations. November November 8 – U.S. presidential election, 1904: Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. Parker. November 16 The settlement at Grytviken, on the British South Atlantic island territory of South Georgia, is established by Norwegian sea captain Carl Anton Larsen, as a whaling station for his Compañía Argentina de Pesca. English engineer John Ambrose Fleming receives a patent for the thermionic valve (vacuum tube). November 24 – The first successful caterpillar track is made (it later revolutionizes construction vehicles and land warfare). December December 2 – The St. Petersburg Soviet urges a run on the banks; the attempt fails, and the executive committee is arrested. December 3 – Charles Dillon Perrine discovers Jupiter's largest irregular satellite, Himalia, at California's Lick Observatory. December 4 – The K.U. or Konservativ Ungdom (Young Conservatives) is founded by Carl F. Herman von Rosen in Denmark. December 6 – Theodore Roosevelt announces his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States will intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable. December 10 – The Pi Kappa Phi fraternity is founded at the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina. December 27 – The stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up premieres in London. December 30 – The East Boston Tunnel opens. December 31 – In New York City, the first New Year's Eve celebration is held in Times Square. Date unknown Global cosmetics and skin care brand Coty is founded in Paris, France, by François Coty. Canada Dry Ginger Ale is created by John J. McLaughlin. St. Bernard's School is founded in New York City on Manhattan. Births January January 1 – Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Pakistani politician (died 1982) January 5 – Jeane Dixon, American astrologer (died 1997) January 6 – Ramiro Prialé, Peruvian politician (died 1988) January 10 – Ray Bolger, American actor, singer and dancer, best known for his role in The Wizard of Oz (died 1987) January 13 – Richard Addinsell, British composer (died 1977) January 14 Cecil Beaton, English photographer (died 1980) Hector Grey, Scottish street trader and company director (died 1985) Ernst Wellmann, highly decorated German Army officer (died 1970) January 18 – Cary Grant, English actor (died 1986) January 19 – Leo Soileau, American Cajun musician (died 1980) January 21 – Edris Rice-Wray Carson, American medical researcher (died 1990) January 22 George Balanchine, Russian-born choreographer (died 1983) Arkady Gaidar, Russian children's writer (died 1941) January 26 Ancel Keys, American scientist (died 2004) Donald Macintyre, British naval officer and naval historian (died 1981) Seán MacBride, Irish statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1988) January 27 – James J. Gibson, American psychologist (died 1979) January 28 – Canuplin, Filipino magician, bodabil entertainer (died 1979) January 29 – Arnold Gehlen, German philosopher (died 1976) February February 1 Ángel Borlenghi, Argentine labor leader, politician (died 1962) S. J. Perelman, American humorist, author (died 1979) February 2 – Valery Chkalov, Soviet test pilot (died 1938) February 3 Luigi Dallapiccola, Italian composer (died 1975) Pretty Boy Floyd, American gangster (died 1934) February 4 – MacKinlay Kantor, American writer, historian (died 1977) February 10 Emil Bodnăraș, Romanian communist politician and army officer and Soviet agent (died 1976) John Farrow, Australian film director (died 1963) February 11 Sir Keith Holyoake, 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1983) Roy MacNairy, English cricketer (died 1962) José do Patrocínio Oliveira, Brazilian musician and voice actor (died 1987) Lucile Randon, French supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1904 February 13 – Erwin Canham, journalist (died 1982) February 16 James Baskett, African-American actor (Uncle Remus in Disney's Song of the South) (died 1948) George F. Kennan, American diplomat (died 2005) Philip Rabinowitz, South African record-breaking sprinter (died 2008) February 21 – Alexei Kosygin, Premier of the Soviet Union (died 1980) February 22 – Ernst Jakob Henne, German motorcycle racer, racecar driver (died 2005) February 23 Gaston Marie Jacquier, French Roman Catholic bishop in Algeria (died 1976) William L. Shirer, American journalist, author (died 1993) February 29 – Jimmy Dorsey, American bandleader (died 1957) March March 1 Paul Hartman, American actor, dancer (died 1973) Glenn Miller, American bandleader (died 1944) March 2 – Dr. Seuss, American children's author (The Cat in the Hat) (died 1991) March 4 Luis Carrero Blanco, Prime Minister of Spain (died 1973) George Gamow, Ukrainian-born physicist (died 1968) Joseph Schmidt, Austrian-Hungarian tenor, actor (died 1942) Chief Tahachee, American-born stage, film actor (died 1978) March 5 – Mow Pang Tzu, Republic of China air force general (died 1987) March 6 – Hugh Williams, English actor, dramatist (died 1969) March 7 – Reinhard Heydrich, German Nazi official (died 1942) March 14 – Doris Eaton Travis, American actress (died 2010) March 15 – J. Pat O'Malley, English actor (died 1985) March 20 Frank Mills (politician), American politician in Ohio legislature (died 1969) B. F. Skinner, American behavioral psychologist (died 1990) March 22 – Itche Goldberg, Yiddish author (died 2006) March 23 – Joan Crawford, American actress (died 1977) (other sources report her year of birth as 1903, 1905, 1906, or 1908) March 26 Gustave Biéler, Swiss-born hero of World War II (executed) (died 1944) Joseph Campbell, American author on mythology (died 1987) Emilio Fernández, Mexican film director, actor and screenwriter (died 1986) March 30 Alexandrina Maria da Costa, Portuguese Roman Catholic mystic, victim soul and blessed (died 1955) Shin Matsushita, Japanese supercentenarian (died 2019) April April 1 – Nikolai Berzarin, Soviet general (died 1945) April 3 – Sally Rand, American dancer, actress (died 1979) April 4 – Soeman Hs, Indonesian author, educator (died 1999) April 6 William Challee, American actor (died 1989) Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Chancellor of West Germany (died 1988) April 8 – John Hicks, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1989) April 9 – Sharkey Bonano, American jazz musician (died 1972) April 10 – Nino Pavese, Italian actor and voice actor (died 1979) April 13 – Elwood Richard Quesada, American air force general (died 1993) April 14 – John Gielgud, English actor (died 2000) April 15 – Arshile Gorky, Armenian-born painter (died 1948) April 16 – Fifi D'Orsay, Canadian actress (died 1983) April 22 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (died 1967) April 24 – Willem de Kooning, Dutch artist (died 1997) April 26 Jimmy McGrory, Scottish footballer (died 1982) Xenophon Zolotas, Prime Minister of Greece (died 2004) April 27 Cecil Day-Lewis, English poet (died 1972) Syd Nathan, American record producer, music industry executive and founder of King Records (died 1968) April 29 – Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer, actor (died 1989) May May 4 Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer and actress (died 1975) Joaquín García Morato, Spanish fighter ace (died 1939) May 6 Raymond Bailey, American actor (died 1980) Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainian-born engineer (died 1984) Harry Martinson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1978) May 8 John Snagge, British radio personality (died 1996) May 10 – James Roy Andersen, American general (died 1945) May 11 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (died 1989) May 17 Marie-Anne Desmarest, French novelist (died 1973) Jean Gabin, French actor (died 1976) Mrs. Nafisa is the first runner-up of the Queen nazli May 20 – Margery Allingham, British detective fiction writer (died 1966) May 21 Robert Montgomery, American actor, director (died 1981) Fats Waller, American pianist, comedian (died 1943) May 22 – Anne de Vries, Dutch writer (died 1964) May 25 – Charles L. Melson, United States Navy admiral (died 1981) May 26 – George Formby, English singer, comedian (died 1961) May 27 – Chūhei Nambu, Japanese athlete (died 1997) May 28 – George Beck, British Roman Catholic prelate and reverend (died 1978) May 29 – Abu Bakar of Pahang, sultan of Pagang (died 1974) May 30 – Doris Packer, American actress (died 1979) June June 2 František Plánička, Czech footballer (died 1996) Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer, actor (Tarzan) (died 1984) June 3 – Jan Peerce, American tenor (died 1984) June 6 – Heinrich von Brentano, German politician (died 1964) June 7 Werner Gruner, German weapons designer (died 1995) Francisco López Merino, Argentine poet (died 1928) June 8 – Angus McBean, Welsh photographer (died 1990) June 15 – Edith Clark, French aviator, parachutist (died 1937) June 17 Ralph Bellamy, American actor (died 1991) J. Vernon McGee, American theologian, pastor, author, and Bible teacher (died 1988) June 18 – Keye Luke, Chinese-born American actor (died 1991) June 21 – Orian Landreth, American football coach (died 1996) June 22 – William O. Gallery, American admiral (died 1981) June 24 Phil Harris, American actor (died 1995) Francis Leslie Ashton, British writer (died 1994) June 26 Virginia Brown Faire, American actress (died 1980) Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born film actor (died 1964) July July 1 Mary Calderone, American physician, public health advocate (died 1998) Gordon Gunson, English football player (died 1991) July 2 – René Lacoste, French tennis player, businessman (died 1996) July 5 Harold Acton, British writer, scholar, and aesthete (died 1994) Eugenia Clinchard, American child actress (died 1989) Ernst Mayr, German-born biologist, author (died 2005) July 6 Erik Wickberg, General of The Salvation Army (died 1996) Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari, Pakistani broadcaster (died 1975) July 7 Josephine Wilson, British stage, film actress (died 1990) Nick Connor, American politician (died 1995) July 8 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (died 2008) July 9 – Hideo Oguni, Japanese writer (died 1996) July 10 Lili Damita, French-American actress, singer (died 1994) Tom Tippett, English footballer (died 1997) Haim Ben-Asher, Israeli politician (died 1998) July 12 William Cox, American athlete (died 1996) Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973) July 13 – Jim Burrows, New Zealand teacher, sportsman, administrator, and military leader (died 1991) July 14 Zita Johann, Austrian-American actress (died 1993) Richard Clarkson, British aeronautical engineer (died 1996) July 15 Rudolf Arnheim, German-born author (died 2007) Dorothy Fields, American librettist (died 1974) July 16 – Geraldine Knight Scott, pioneering American woman landscape architect (died 1989) July 18 – Stella Skopal, Croatian Jewish sculptor (died 1992) July 19 – Mark Koenig, American baseball shortstop (died 1993) July 20 – René Couzinet, French aeronautics engineer, aircraft manufacturer (died 1956) July 21 Louis Meyer, American Hall of Fame race car driver (died 1995) Wilhelm Harster, German officer (died 1991) July 24 – Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, Soviet admiral (died 1974) July 26 – Edwin Albert Link, American pioneer in aviation, underwater archaeology, and submersibles, inventor of aeronautical, navigation, and oceanographic equipment (died 1981) July 28 – Pavel Cherenkov, Soviet physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1990) July 29 – J. R. D. Tata, Indian businessman (died 1993) August August 3 – Dolores del Río, Mexican actress (died 1983) August 4 Witold Gombrowicz, Polish novelist, dramatist (died 1969) Helen Kane, American singer, dancer, comedian and actress (died 1966) August 6 – Ballard Berkeley, British actor (died 1988) August 7 – Ralph Bunche, American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1971) August 11 – Bernard Castro, Italian inventor (died 1991) August 12 – Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia (died 1918) August 13 Jonathan Hole, American actor (died 1998) Charles "Buddy" Rogers, American actor, jazz musician (died 1999) August 16 Minoru Genda, Japanese aviator, naval officer and politician (died 1989) Wendell Meredith Stanley, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1971) August 17 Mary Cain, American newspaper editor and politician (died 1984) Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (died 1991) August 19 – George de la Warr, British alternative physician (died 1969) August 21 – Count Basie, African-American musician, bandleader (died 1984) August 22 Jay Novello, American actor (died 1982) Deng Xiaoping, Chinese leader (died 1997) August 23 Viscountess Furness (born Thelma Morgan), American socialite twin (died 1970) Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt (born Gloria Morgan), American socialite twin (died 1965) William Primrose, Scottish violist (died 1982) August 24 Ida Cook, English campaigner for Jewish refugees, and romantic novelist as Mary Burchell (died 1986) Aparicio Méndez, 50th President of Uruguay | American politician in Ohio legislature (died 1969) B. F. Skinner, American behavioral psychologist (died 1990) March 22 – Itche Goldberg, Yiddish author (died 2006) March 23 – Joan Crawford, American actress (died 1977) (other sources report her year of birth as 1903, 1905, 1906, or 1908) March 26 Gustave Biéler, Swiss-born hero of World War II (executed) (died 1944) Joseph Campbell, American author on mythology (died 1987) Emilio Fernández, Mexican film director, actor and screenwriter (died 1986) March 30 Alexandrina Maria da Costa, Portuguese Roman Catholic mystic, victim soul and blessed (died 1955) Shin Matsushita, Japanese supercentenarian (died 2019) April April 1 – Nikolai Berzarin, Soviet general (died 1945) April 3 – Sally Rand, American dancer, actress (died 1979) April 4 – Soeman Hs, Indonesian author, educator (died 1999) April 6 William Challee, American actor (died 1989) Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Chancellor of West Germany (died 1988) April 8 – John Hicks, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1989) April 9 – Sharkey Bonano, American jazz musician (died 1972) April 10 – Nino Pavese, Italian actor and voice actor (died 1979) April 13 – Elwood Richard Quesada, American air force general (died 1993) April 14 – John Gielgud, English actor (died 2000) April 15 – Arshile Gorky, Armenian-born painter (died 1948) April 16 – Fifi D'Orsay, Canadian actress (died 1983) April 22 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (died 1967) April 24 – Willem de Kooning, Dutch artist (died 1997) April 26 Jimmy McGrory, Scottish footballer (died 1982) Xenophon Zolotas, Prime Minister of Greece (died 2004) April 27 Cecil Day-Lewis, English poet (died 1972) Syd Nathan, American record producer, music industry executive and founder of King Records (died 1968) April 29 – Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer, actor (died 1989) May May 4 Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer and actress (died 1975) Joaquín García Morato, Spanish fighter ace (died 1939) May 6 Raymond Bailey, American actor (died 1980) Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainian-born engineer (died 1984) Harry Martinson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1978) May 8 John Snagge, British radio personality (died 1996) May 10 – James Roy Andersen, American general (died 1945) May 11 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (died 1989) May 17 Marie-Anne Desmarest, French novelist (died 1973) Jean Gabin, French actor (died 1976) Mrs. Nafisa is the first runner-up of the Queen nazli May 20 – Margery Allingham, British detective fiction writer (died 1966) May 21 Robert Montgomery, American actor, director (died 1981) Fats Waller, American pianist, comedian (died 1943) May 22 – Anne de Vries, Dutch writer (died 1964) May 25 – Charles L. Melson, United States Navy admiral (died 1981) May 26 – George Formby, English singer, comedian (died 1961) May 27 – Chūhei Nambu, Japanese athlete (died 1997) May 28 – George Beck, British Roman Catholic prelate and reverend (died 1978) May 29 – Abu Bakar of Pahang, sultan of Pagang (died 1974) May 30 – Doris Packer, American actress (died 1979) June June 2 František Plánička, Czech footballer (died 1996) Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer, actor (Tarzan) (died 1984) June 3 – Jan Peerce, American tenor (died 1984) June 6 – Heinrich von Brentano, German politician (died 1964) June 7 Werner Gruner, German weapons designer (died 1995) Francisco López Merino, Argentine poet (died 1928) June 8 – Angus McBean, Welsh photographer (died 1990) June 15 – Edith Clark, French aviator, parachutist (died 1937) June 17 Ralph Bellamy, American actor (died 1991) J. Vernon McGee, American theologian, pastor, author, and Bible teacher (died 1988) June 18 – Keye Luke, Chinese-born American actor (died 1991) June 21 – Orian Landreth, American football coach (died 1996) June 22 – William O. Gallery, American admiral (died 1981) June 24 Phil Harris, American actor (died 1995) Francis Leslie Ashton, British writer (died 1994) June 26 Virginia Brown Faire, American actress (died 1980) Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born film actor (died 1964) July July 1 Mary Calderone, American physician, public health advocate (died 1998) Gordon Gunson, English football player (died 1991) July 2 – René Lacoste, French tennis player, businessman (died 1996) July 5 Harold Acton, British writer, scholar, and aesthete (died 1994) Eugenia Clinchard, American child actress (died 1989) Ernst Mayr, German-born biologist, author (died 2005) July 6 Erik Wickberg, General of The Salvation Army (died 1996) Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari, Pakistani broadcaster (died 1975) July 7 Josephine Wilson, British stage, film actress (died 1990) Nick Connor, American politician (died 1995) July 8 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (died 2008) July 9 – Hideo Oguni, Japanese writer (died 1996) July 10 Lili Damita, French-American actress, singer (died 1994) Tom Tippett, English footballer (died 1997) Haim Ben-Asher, Israeli politician (died 1998) July 12 William Cox, American athlete (died 1996) Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973) July 13 – Jim Burrows, New Zealand teacher, sportsman, administrator, and military leader (died 1991) July 14 Zita Johann, Austrian-American actress (died 1993) Richard Clarkson, British aeronautical engineer (died 1996) July 15 Rudolf Arnheim, German-born author (died 2007) Dorothy Fields, American librettist (died 1974) July 16 – Geraldine Knight Scott, pioneering American woman landscape architect (died 1989) July 18 – Stella Skopal, Croatian Jewish sculptor (died 1992) July 19 – Mark Koenig, American baseball shortstop (died 1993) July 20 – René Couzinet, French aeronautics engineer, aircraft manufacturer (died 1956) July 21 Louis Meyer, American Hall of Fame race car driver (died 1995) Wilhelm Harster, German officer (died 1991) July 24 – Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, Soviet admiral (died 1974) July 26 – Edwin Albert Link, American pioneer in aviation, underwater archaeology, and submersibles, inventor of aeronautical, navigation, and oceanographic equipment (died 1981) July 28 – Pavel Cherenkov, Soviet physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1990) July 29 – J. R. D. Tata, Indian businessman (died 1993) August August 3 – Dolores del Río, Mexican actress (died 1983) August 4 Witold Gombrowicz, Polish novelist, dramatist (died 1969) Helen Kane, American singer, dancer, comedian and actress (died 1966) August 6 – Ballard Berkeley, British actor (died 1988) August 7 – Ralph Bunche, American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1971) August 11 – Bernard Castro, Italian inventor (died 1991) August 12 – Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia (died 1918) August 13 Jonathan Hole, American actor (died 1998) Charles "Buddy" Rogers, American actor, jazz musician (died 1999) August 16 Minoru Genda, Japanese aviator, naval officer and politician (died 1989) Wendell Meredith Stanley, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1971) August 17 Mary Cain, American newspaper editor and politician (died 1984) Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (died 1991) August 19 – George de la Warr, British alternative physician (died 1969) August 21 – Count Basie, African-American musician, bandleader (died 1984) August 22 Jay Novello, American actor (died 1982) Deng Xiaoping, Chinese leader (died 1997) August 23 Viscountess Furness (born Thelma Morgan), American socialite twin (died 1970) Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt (born Gloria Morgan), American socialite twin (died 1965) William Primrose, Scottish violist (died 1982) August 24 Ida Cook, English campaigner for Jewish refugees, and romantic novelist as Mary Burchell (died 1986) Aparicio Méndez, 50th President of Uruguay (died 1988) August 26 Christopher Isherwood, English writer (died 1986) Georgia Schmidt, American actress (died 1997) August 28 – Secondo Campini, Italian jet pioneer (died 1980) August 29 – Werner Forssmann, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 1979) September September 7 – Daniel Prenn, Russian-born German, Polish, and British tennis player (died 1991) September 9 – Feroze Khan, Pakistani field hockey player (died 2005) Daniel Prenn (7 September 1904 – 3 September 1991) was a Russian-born German, Polish, and British tennis player who was Jewish.Lou Moore, American race car driver, team owner (died 1956) September 13 Gladys George, American actress (died 1954) Alberta Williams King, American civil rights champion, wife of Martin Luther King Sr., and mother of Martin Luther King Jr. (assassinated 1974) September 14 Frank Amyot, Canadian sprint canoeist (died 1962) Richard Mohaupt, German composer, Kapellmeister (died 1957) September 15 – Umberto II of Italy, 4th and last King of Italy (died 1983) September 19 – Elvia Allman, American actress (died 1992) September 22 – Lessie Brown, oldest living American (died 2019) September 26 – Constantin Doncea, Romanian communist activist and politician (died 1973) September 29 – Greer Garson, English actress (died 1996) October October 1 Irene Craigmile Bolam, American Amelia Earhart look-alike/believed alias (died 1982) A. K. Gopalan, Indian communist leader (died 1977) October 2 Graham Greene, English author (died 1991) Lal Bahadur Shastri, 2nd Prime Minister of India (died 1966) October 3 – Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1989) October 7 – Cyril Horn, English speed skater (died 1987) October 9 – Wally Brown, American actor, comedian (died 1961) October 11 – Tita Merello, Argentine actress, singer, and tango dancer (died 2002) October 18 – Haim Shirman, Russian-born Israeli professor of medieval Spanish Jewish poetry (died 1981) October 20 – Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician (died 1986) October 23 – Harvey Penick, American golfer (died 1995) October 25 – Vladimir Peter Tytla, American animator (died 1968) October 29 – Casimiro Montenegro Filho, Brazilian army and air force officer (died 2000) November November 1 – Laura La Plante, American silent film actress (died 1996) November 2 – Hugh Lygon, English aristocrat (died 1936) November 4 – Tadeusz Żyliński, Polish technician, textilist (died 1967) Horace Mann Bond – African American historian and college administrator (died 1972) November 11 J. H. C. Whitehead, British mathematician (died 1960) Alger Hiss, American lawyer, government official, author and lecturer (died 1996) November 12 – Jacques Tourneur, French director (died 1977) November 14 Dick Powell, American actor, singer (died 1963) Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1988) William H. Brockman Jr., United States Navy admiral (d. 1979) November 16 – Nnamdi Azikiwe, President of Nigeria (died 1996) November 18 – Masao Koga, Japanese composer (died 1978) November 22 – Louis Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2000) November 25 Lillian Copeland, American Olympic athlete (died 1964) Toni Ortelli, Italian composer, alpinist (died 2000) November 30 – Clyfford Still, American painter (died 1980) December December 3 – Roberto Marinho, Brazilian publisher, businessman and media mogul (died 2003) December 4 – Albert Norden, German politician (died 1982) December 6 – Ève Curie, French author (died 2007) December 7 – Clarence Nash, American voice actor (died 1985) December 10 – Antonín Novotný, 7th President of Czechoslovakia (died 1975) December 12 – Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg, French-born magazine editor, socialite (died 1981) December 17 – Paul Cadmus, American artist (died 1999) December 18 – George Stevens, American film director (died 1975) December 20 – Rambai Barni Svastivatana, queen consort of King Prajadhipok of Siam, (died 1984) December 21 – Jean René Bazaine, French painter (died 2001) December 24 Joseph M. Juran, American engineer, philanthropist (died 2008) Herbert D. Riley, United States Navy admiral (died 1973) December 25 Gerhard Herzberg, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1999) Flemmie Pansy Kittrell, American nutritionist (died 1980) December 26 – Alejo Carpentier, Cuban writer (died 1980) December 27 – Linwood G. Dunn, American special effects artist (died 1998) December 30 Dmitri Kabalevsky, Russian composer (died 1987) David M. Shoup, American general (died 1983) Date unknown Tevfik Esenç, Turkish-born last speaker of the Ubykh language (died 1992) Deaths January January 1 – Frederick Pabst, German-American brewer (born 1836) January 2 Mathilde Bonaparte, French princess (born 1820) James Longstreet, American Confederate Civil War general (born 1821) January 7 Parke Godwin, American journalist (born 1816) Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck, German engineer (born 1845) Emmanuel Rhoides, Greek writer (born 1836) January 9 John Brown Gordon, American general and politician, 53rd Governor of Georgia (born 1832) Hannah Lynch, Irish translator (born 1859) January 10 – Jean-Léon Gérôme, French painter (born 1824) January 13 – Samuel G. Havermale, American Methodist minister (born 1824) January 17 Sir Henry Keppel, British admiral (born 1809) Joseph Nirschl, German Roman Catholic theologian (born 1823) January 22 – Laura Vicuña, Chilean Roman Catholic holy figure and blessed (born 1891) January 23 – Gédéon Bordiau, Belgian architect (born 1832) January 24 – Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt (born 1831) January 28 Karl Emil Franzos, Austrian novelist (born 1848) Elphège Gravel, Canadian Roman Catholic priest and bishop (born 1838) January 30 Józef Gosławski, Polish architect (born 1865) Phoebe Jane Babcock Wait, American physician (born 1838) February February 3 – John James McDannold, U.S. Representative from Illinois (born 1851) February 8 Alfred Ainger, British biographer (born 1837) Malvina Garrigues, Portuguese soprano (born 1825) February 10 – Nikolay Mikhaylovsky, Russian writer (born 1842) February 11 – Vladimir Markovnikov, Russian chemist (born 1838) February 12 – Rudolf Maison, German sculptor (born 1854) February 13 John Ellison-Macartney, Irish politician (born 1818) Émile Metz, Luxembourgish politician, industrialist and engineer (born 1835) February 14 – Alvinza Hayward, American financier and businessman (born 1822) February 15 – Mark Hanna, United States Senator from Ohio (born 1837) February 17 – Hermann Emminghaus, German psychiatrist (born 1845) February 19 – Alice Sudduth Byerly, American temperance activist (born 1855) February 22 – Sir Leslie Stephen, British writer and critic (born 1832) February 26 – Prince Henry of Prussia (born 1900) February 28 – Anthony Durier, American Roman Catholic bishop (born 1833) February 29 – Antonio De Martino, Italian physician (born 1815) March March 5 John Lowther du Plat Taylor, British founder of the Army Post Office Corps (born 1829) Alfred von Waldersee, Imperial German Army marshal (born 1832) March 7 – Ferdinand André Fouqué, French geologist (born 1828) March 12 – Oliver Harriman, American businessman (born 1829) March 14 – Friedrich Wilhelm Alexander von Mechow, Prussian explorer (born 1831) March 17 – Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, grandson of King George III (born 1819) March 18 – William Elbridge Sewell, American naval officer, Governor of Guam (born 1851) March 21 Mary Charlotte Ward Granniss Webster Billings, American evangelist and missionary (born 1824) Aurélie Ghika, French writer (born 1820) March 24 – Emma Herwegh, German writer (born 1817) March 31 Mifflin E. Bell, American architect (born 1847) Valentine Blake Dillon, Irish politician (born 1847) April April 1 – Abby Morton Diaz, American teacher (born 1821) April 3 Théophile Pépin, French mathematician (born 1826) Princess Piyamavadi Sri Bajarindra Mata (born 1838) Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar (born 1827) April 5 – Tom Allen, British boxing champion (born 1840) April 6 Émile de Kératry, French author (born 1832) Princess Sophie of Baden (born 1834) April 9 – Queen Isabella II of Spain (born 1830) April 12 – Elizaveta Akhmatova, Russian translator (born 1820) April 13 – Stepan Makarov, Russian admiral (killed in action) (born 1849) April 16 – Maximilian Kronberger, German poet (born 1888) April 17 – Joe Cain, American Mardi Gras parade organiser (born 1832) April 20 – Sara Jane Lippincott, American journalist (born 1823) April 21 – Piatus of Mons, Belgian Roman Catholic theologian (born 1815) April 24 – Norodom of Cambodia, King of Cambodia (born 1834) April 27 – Mykhailo Starytsky, Ukrainian poet and writer (born 1840) May May – Henry F. Frizzell, American soldier (born 1839) May 1 Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (born 1841) Wilhelm His Sr., Swiss anatomist (born 1831) May 2 Émile Duclaux, French microbiologist (born 1840) Mathilde Esch, Austrian genre painter (born 1815) Edgar Fawcett, American poet and novelist (born 1847) May 3 – Tycho Kielland, Norwegian jurist and journalist (born 1854) May 6 Franz von Lenbach, German pahinter (born 1836) Alexander William Williamson, English chemist (born 1824) May 7 Manuel Candamo, Peruvian politician, 23rd President of Peru (born 1841) Émile-Jules Dubois, French doctor (born 1853) May 8 Richard Xavier Baxter, Canadian Roman Catholic priest and venerable (born 1821) Eadweard Muybridge, British photographer and motion picture pioneer (born 1830) May 9 George Johnston Allman, Irish mathematician, scholar and historian (born 1824) Aleksandar Bresztyenszky, Croatian writer (born 1843) Bonaventura Gargiulo, Italian Capuchin monk and Roman Catholic bishop (born 1843) May 10 Émile Sarrau, French chemist (born 1837) Sir Henry Morton Stanley, British explorer (born 1841) May 11 Hans Grisebach, German architect (born 1846) Eugen Kumičić, Croatian writer (born 1850) May 12 – Isabella Eugénie Boyer, French model (born 1841) May 13 Walter Carpenter, British admiral (born 1834) Ottokar Lorenz, German genealogist (born 1832) May 14 Rita Barcelo y Pages, Spanish Augustinian religious sister and servant of God (born 1843) Fyodor Bredikhin, Russian astronomer (born 1831) May 15 – Étienne-Jules Marey, French inventor (born 1830) May 16 – Harold Finch-Hatton, British politician (born 1856) May 17 Tomás Cámara y Castro, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop (born 1847) François Coillard, French missionary (born 1834) Princess Pauline of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (born 1852) May 19 – Auguste Molinier, French historian (born 1851) Jamsetji Tata, Indian industrialist (born 1839) May 21 – Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (born 1882) May 22 – Charles Elwood Brown, U.S. Representative from Ohio (born 1834) May 24 – Duchess Maria Isabella of Württemberg (born 1871) May 26 – Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley, English antiquarian, author, and painter (born 1833) May 27 – Anđelko Aleksić, Serbian general (born 1876) May 29 – Manuel María de Zamacona y Murphy, Mexican politician (born 1829) May 30 Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (born 1819) Marta Anna Wiecka, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (born 1874) June June 1 – Ivan Kondratyev, Russian writer (born 1849) June 4 Muhammad bin Yahya Hamid ad-Din, Imam of Yemen (born 1839) George Frederick Phillips, Canadian-born American military hero (born 1862) Princess Marie of Hanover (born 1849) June 9 – Kwasi Boakye, Dutch engineer (born 1827) June 12 – Camille of Renesse-Breidbach, Belgian Count (born 1836) June 14 – Richard Knill Freeman, British architect |
1969) January 16 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner (d. 1945) January 17 – Martin Harlinghausen, German air force general (d. 1986) January 19 – Marjorie Daw, American actress (d. 1979) January 20 Kevin Barry, Irish republican (d. 1920) Leon Ames, American actor (d. 1993) January 22 – Daniel Kinsey, American hurdler (d. 1970) January 24 – Alan Stuart Paterson, New Zealand cartoonist (d. 1968) January 25 André Beaufre, French general (d. 1975) Pablo Antonio, Filipino modernist architect (d. 1975) January 26 – Menno ter Braak, Dutch author, polemicist (d. 1940) January 31 Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (d. 1968) Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1986) February February 1 Therese Brandl, German concentration camp guard and war criminal (d. 1948) Langston Hughes, African-American writer (d. 1967) February 4 Charles Lindbergh, American aviator (d. 1974) Hartley Shawcross, British barrister, politician (d. 2003) February 5 – Iwamoto Kaoru, Japanese professional Go player (d. 1999) February 8 – Demchugdongrub, Mongolian politician (d. 1966) February 9 Blanche Calloway, American jazz singer (d. 1978) Léon M'ba, 1st President of Gabon (d. 1967) February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) February 11 – Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect, designer (d. 1971) February 12 – William Collier Jr., American actor (d. 1987) February 14 – Thelma Ritter, American actress (d. 1969) February 19 – Kay Boyle, American writer (d. 1992) February 20 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (d. 1984) February 22 – Herma Szabo, Austrian figure skater (d. 1986) February 27 Gene Sarazen, American golfer (d. 1999) John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) March March 7 Heinz Rühmann, German actor (d. 1994) Ernő Schwarz, Hungarian-American soccer player (d. 1977) March 9 – Will Geer, American actor (d. 1978) March 13 – Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer (d. 1991) March 15 – Carla Porta Musa, Italian essayist, poet (d. 2012) March 17 – Bobby Jones, American golfer (d. 1971) March 18 – Siegfried Westphal, German general (d. 1982) March 19 Fuad Chehab, 8th President of Lebanon (d. 1973) Louisa Ghijs, Belgian stage actress, wife of Johannes Heesters (d. 1985) March 21 – Son House, American musician (d. 1988) March 24 – Thomas E. Dewey, American politician (d. 1971) March 27 – Émile Benveniste, French linguist (d. 1976) March 28 – Dame Flora Robson, English actress (d. 1984) March 29 Marcel Aymé, French writer (d. 1967) William Walton, English composer (d. 1983) March 30 – Brooke Astor, American socialite, philanthropist (d. 2007) April April 2 – Jan Tschichold, German-born typographer (d. 1974) April 4 Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, French actress (d. 1969) Stanley G. Weinbaum, American science-fiction author (d. 1935) April 8 Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924) Josef Krips, Austrian conductor, violinist (d. 1974) April 12 – Louis Beel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977) April 14 Olive Diefenbaker, second wife of Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker (d. 1976) Yakov Smushkevich, Soviet Air Force general (d. 1941) April 18 – Giuseppe Pella, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1981) April 20 – Sir Donald Wolfit, English actor (d. 1968) April 23 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) April 25 – Werner Heyde, German psychiatrist (d. 1964) April 28 – Johan Borgen, Norwegian author (d. 1979) April 30 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) May May 2 – Brian Aherne, English-born actor (d. 1986) May 3 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize (d. 1984) May 6 – Max Ophüls, German film director (d. 1957) May 8 – André Michel Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994) May 10 – David O. Selznick, American film producer (d. 1965) May 15 – Richard J. Daley, American politician, 48th Mayor of Chicago (d. 1976) May 18 – Meredith Willson, American composer (d. 1984) May 21 Marcel Lajos Breuer, Hungarian-born architect (d. 1981) Anatole Litvak, Ukrainian-born film director (d. 1974) Leonidas Zervas, Greek organic chemist (d. 1980) May 22 – Al Simmons, American baseball player (d. 1956) May 24 – Wilbur Hatch, American music composer, musical director of Desilu Productions (d. 1969) May 29 – Henri Guillaumet, French aviator (d. 1940) June June 1 – C. Wade McClusky, United States Navy admiral (d. 1976) June 2 – James T. Berryman, American political cartoonist, recipient of the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (d. 1971) June 8 – James Stillman Rockefeller, American Olympic rower – Men's eights (d. 2004) June 9 – Skip James, American Delta blues singer, songwriter, and musician (d. 1969) June 16 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1992) June 22 – Henri Deglane, French wrestler (d. 1975) June 24 – Juan Antonio Yanes, Venezuelan professional baseball pioneer (d. 1987) June 25 Li Ziming, Chinese martial artist (d. 1993) Ralph Erickson, American baseball relief pitcher (d. 2002) Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu, Japanese prince (d. 1953) June 26 – Hugues Cuénod, Swiss tenor (d. 2010) June 27 – Stanisław Wycech, Polish World War I veteran (d. 2008) June 28 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (d. 1979) June 29 – Ellen Pollock, British actress (d. 1997) July July 1 – William Wyler, American film director (d. 1981) July 4 Vince Barnett, American actor (d. 1977) Meyer Lansky, Russian-born American mobster (d. 1983) George Murphy, American dancer, actor and politician (d. 1992) July 6 – Jerónimo Mihura, Spanish film director (d. 1990) July 7 – Ted Radcliffe, American professional baseball player (d. 2005) July 8 Richard Barrett Lowe, American governor of both Guam and American Samoa (d. 1972) Gwendolyn Bennett, American writer (d. 1981) July 10 Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) Nicolás Guillén, Cuban poet, journalist, political activist and writer (d. 1989) July 12 – Tony Lovink, Dutch politician (d. 1995) July 16 Alexander Luria, Russian neuropsychologist (d. 1977) Andrew L. Stone, American screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1999) July 18 – Chill Wills, American actor, singer (d. 1978) July 21 Georges Wambst, | Kent, U.K. October 21 – A five-month strike by the United Mine Workers in the United States ends. November November 15 King Leopold II of Belgium survives an attempted assassination in Brussels by Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino. The Hanoi exhibition, a world's fair, opens in French Indochina. November 16 – A newspaper cartoon inspires creation of the first teddy bear by Morris Michtom in the United States. November 30 – On the American frontier, the second-in-command of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch, Harvey Logan ("Kid Curry"), is sentenced to 20 years hard labor. December December–February 1903 – Venezuelan crisis: Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela, in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. December 10 – The first Aswan Dam on the Nile is completed. December 17 – The Commercial Telegraph Agency (TTA, Torgovo-Telegrafnue Agenstvo), predecessor of TASS, is officially established under the Ministry of Finance at Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire. December 30 – Discovery Expedition: British explorers Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reach the furthest southern point reached thus far by man, south of 82°S. Date unknown The capital of French Indochina is moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin). Construction of the Paul Doumer Bridge, linking both sections of Hanoi, is completed. The first Korean Empire passports are issued to assist Korean immigration to Hawaii. The Potawatomi Zoo in South Bend, Indiana, begins life as a duck pond. De'Longhi home appliance brand is founded in the Veneto region of Italy. Daniels Linseed, predecessor of Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), a global livestock, commodities trading, food processing brand, is founded in Minnesota, United States. Births January January 1 – Buster Nupen, South African cricketer (d. 1977) January 3 – Tommaso Dal Molin, Italian aviator (d. 1930) January 4 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1991) January 8 – Georgy Malenkov, Soviet politician (d. 1988) January 9 Sir Rudolf Bing, Austrian-born British opera manager (d. 1997) Josemaría Escrivá, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and saint (d. 1975) Ann Nixon Cooper, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2009) January 11 – Maurice Duruflé, French composer (d. 1986) Evelyn Dove, British singer and actress (d. 1987) January 15 Nâzım Hikmet, Turkish poet and director (d. 1963) King Saud of Saudi Arabia (d. 1969) January 16 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner (d. 1945) January 17 – Martin Harlinghausen, German air force general (d. 1986) January 19 – Marjorie Daw, American actress (d. 1979) January 20 Kevin Barry, Irish republican (d. 1920) Leon Ames, American actor (d. 1993) January 22 – Daniel Kinsey, American hurdler (d. 1970) January 24 – Alan Stuart Paterson, New Zealand cartoonist (d. 1968) January 25 André Beaufre, French general (d. 1975) Pablo Antonio, Filipino modernist architect (d. 1975) January 26 – Menno ter Braak, Dutch author, polemicist (d. 1940) January 31 Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (d. 1968) Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1986) February February 1 Therese Brandl, German concentration camp guard and war criminal (d. 1948) Langston Hughes, African-American writer (d. 1967) February 4 Charles Lindbergh, American aviator (d. 1974) Hartley Shawcross, British barrister, politician (d. 2003) February 5 – Iwamoto Kaoru, Japanese professional Go player (d. 1999) February 8 – Demchugdongrub, Mongolian politician (d. 1966) February 9 Blanche Calloway, American jazz singer (d. 1978) Léon M'ba, 1st President of Gabon (d. 1967) February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) February 11 – Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect, designer (d. 1971) February 12 – William Collier Jr., American actor (d. 1987) February 14 – Thelma Ritter, American actress (d. 1969) February 19 – Kay Boyle, American writer (d. 1992) February 20 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (d. 1984) February 22 – Herma Szabo, Austrian figure skater (d. 1986) February 27 Gene Sarazen, American golfer (d. 1999) John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) March March 7 Heinz Rühmann, German actor (d. 1994) Ernő Schwarz, Hungarian-American soccer player (d. 1977) March 9 – Will Geer, American actor (d. 1978) March 13 – Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer (d. 1991) March 15 – Carla Porta Musa, Italian essayist, poet (d. 2012) March 17 – Bobby Jones, American golfer (d. 1971) March 18 – Siegfried Westphal, German general (d. 1982) March 19 Fuad Chehab, 8th President of Lebanon (d. 1973) Louisa Ghijs, Belgian stage actress, wife of Johannes Heesters (d. 1985) March 21 – Son House, American musician (d. 1988) March 24 – Thomas E. Dewey, American politician (d. 1971) March 27 – Émile Benveniste, French linguist (d. 1976) March 28 – Dame Flora Robson, English actress (d. 1984) March 29 Marcel Aymé, French writer (d. 1967) William Walton, English composer (d. 1983) March 30 – Brooke Astor, American socialite, philanthropist (d. 2007) April April 2 – Jan Tschichold, German-born typographer (d. 1974) April 4 Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, French actress (d. 1969) Stanley G. Weinbaum, American science-fiction author (d. 1935) April 8 Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924) Josef Krips, Austrian conductor, violinist (d. 1974) April 12 – Louis Beel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977) April 14 Olive Diefenbaker, second wife of Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker (d. 1976) Yakov Smushkevich, Soviet Air Force general (d. 1941) April 18 – Giuseppe Pella, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1981) April 20 – Sir Donald Wolfit, English actor (d. 1968) April 23 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) April 25 – Werner Heyde, German psychiatrist (d. 1964) April 28 – Johan Borgen, Norwegian author (d. 1979) April 30 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) May May 2 – Brian Aherne, English-born actor (d. 1986) May 3 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize (d. 1984) May 6 – Max Ophüls, German film director (d. 1957) May 8 – André Michel Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994) May 10 – |
they have been sealed since the early 11th century. June 27 – The London Underground's Central London Railway opens. June 30 – Hoboken Docks fire: A wharf fire at the docks in Hoboken, New Jersey, owned by the North German Lloyd Steamship line, spreads to German passenger ships , , and . The fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing 326 people. July July 2 The first zeppelin flight is carried out over Lake Constance, near Friedrichshafen, Germany. Jean Sibelius's tone poem Finlandia receives its première with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra. July 9 – Queen Victoria gives her royal assent to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. July 12 – A German cruise liner, the SS Deutschland, breaks the record for the Blue Riband for the first time with an average speed of . July 19 – The first line of the Paris Métro is opened. July 23–25 – The First Pan-African Conference is held in London. July 25 – The Robert Charles Riots break out in New Orleans. July 29 – King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci in Monza. August August — The first Michelin Guide is published in France. August 14 – Boxer Rebellion: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades Peking and frees the European hostages. September September 8 – The 1900 Galveston hurricane kills about 6,000–12,000 people. September 12 – Admiral Fredrik von Otter becomes Prime Minister of Sweden. September 13 – Philippine–American War – Battle of Pulang Lupa: Filipino resistance fighters defeat a detachment of American soldiers. September 17 – Philippine–American War – Battle of Mabitac: Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat the Americans, under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham. September 25 – In the British general election, the recently formed Labour Party gains two seats. Winston Churchill is also elected to Parliament for the first time. October October 9 – The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom. October 19 – Max Planck discovers the law of black-body radiation (Planck's law), by introducing the notion of light quanta, leading in 1905 to Albert Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect and beginning the Quantum Revolution. October 25 – The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal. November November 3 – The first Auto show in the United States opens at New York City's Madison Square Garden. November 6 – U.S. presidential election, 1900: Republican incumbent William McKinley is reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan in a rematch. November 29 – Herbert Kitchener succeeds Frederick Roberts as commander-in-chief of the British forces in South Africa and implements a scorched earth strategy. December December 14 – Max Planck announces his discovery of the law of black body emission, marking the birth of quantum physics. December 19 – Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign. December 27 – British human rights activist Emily Hobhouse arrives in Cape Town, South Africa. December 31 – A large standing stone at Stonehenge falls over, the most recent time this has happened. Date unknown Australasian prospector Albert Fuller Ellis identifies phosphate deposits on the Pacific Islands of Nauru and Banaba Island (Ocean Island). Milton S. Hershey introduces the milk chocolate Hershey bar in the United States. In New Haven, Connecticut, U.S., Louis Lassen of Louis' Lunch makes the first modern-day hamburger sandwich. The Indian Civil Service, which administers the Presidencies and provinces of British India, consists of fewer than 3,500 overwhelmingly European officials, with power over a native population of some 300 million. Four out of every 1,000 residents of British India die of cholera each year. Births January January 1 Mieczysław Batsch, Polish footballer (d. 1977) Paola Borboni, Italian film actress (d. 1995) Xavier Cugat, Cuban bandleader (d. 1990) Hub van Doorne, Dutch businessman (d. 1979) Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat, saved Jewish WWII refugees (d. 1986) January 2 William Haines, American actor (d. 1973) Mansaku Itami, Japanese film director (tuberculosis) (d. 1946) Józef Klotz, Polish footballer (d. 1941) Una Ledingham, British physician, known for research on diabetes in pregnancy (d. 1965) January 3 Maurice Jaubert, French composer and soldier (d. 1940) Ernst Neubach, Austrian screenwriter, producer, and director (d. 1968) January 4 James Bond, American ornithologist (d. 1989) William Young, British World War I veteran (d. 2007) January 5 George Magrill, American film actor (d. 1952) Yves Tanguy, French painter (d. 1955) January 6 Queen Maria of Yugoslavia (1922-1934) (d. 1961) John Sinclair, American actor (d. 1945) Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie, French journalist and politician (d. 1969) January 8 Dorothy Adams, American character actress (d. 1988) François de Menthon, French politician, professor of law (d. 1984) January 9 – Richard Halliburton, American adventurer, writer (d. 1939) January 10 – Jean Gehret, Swedish actor and director (d. 1956) January 11 Borden Chase, American writer (d. 1971) Lloyd French, American film director (d. 1950) January 13 – Shimizugawa Motokichi, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1967) January 16 Kiku Amino, Japanese author, translator (d. 1978) Edith Frank, German-Dutch mother of Anne Frank (d. 1945) January 18 George Calnan, American Navy officer and fencer (d. 1933) Wan Laiming, Chinese animator (d. 1997) January 20 Dorothy Annan, English painter, potter, and muralist (d. 1983) Colin Clive, American actor (d. 1936) January 21 – Bernhard Rensch, German biologist and ornithologist (d. 1990) January 22 Ernst Busch, German singer and actor (d. 1980) René Pellos, French artist (d. 1998) January 23 – William Ifor Jones, Welsh conductor, organist (d. 1988) January 24 – Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ukrainian geneticist, evolutionary biologist (d. 1975) January 26 – Karl Ristenpart, German conductor (d. 1967) January 27 – Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (d. 1986) January 28 – Rajagopala Tondaiman, King of Pudukkottai (d. 1950) January 30 Martita Hunt, Argentine-born British actress (d. 1969) Isaak Dunayevsky, Soviet and Russian composer (d. 1955) January 31 – Betty Parsons, American artist, art dealer and collector (d. 1982) February February 2 Anni Frind, German lyric soprano (d. 1987) Józef Kowalski, Polish supercentenarian, one of the last surviving veterans of the Polish–Soviet War (d. 2013) February 3 – Pierre Massy, Dutch footballer (d. 1958) February 4 – Jacques Prévert, French lyricist and author (d. 1977) February 5 Ludovico Bidoglio, Argentine footballer (d. 1970) Adlai Stevenson, American politician (d. 1965) February 11 Ellen Broe, Danish nurse, pioneer in nursing education (d. 1994) Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher (d. 2002) Andrzej Przeworski, Polish footballer (d. 1952) Jōsei Toda, Japanese educator and activist (d. 1958) February 12 Pink Anderson, American blues singer and guitarist (d. 1974) Vasily Chuikov, Marshal of the Soviet Union during WWII (d. 1982) Roger J. Traynor, American judge (d. 1983) February 13 – Barbara von Annenkoff, Russian-born German film and stage actress (d. 1979) February 17 - Ruth Clifford, American actress (d. 1998) February 21 Józef Adamek, Polish footballer (d. 1974) Jeanne Aubert, French singer and actress (d. 1988) February 22 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish film director (d. 1983) February 24 – Irmgard Bartenieff, German-American dancer, physical therapist and leading pioneer of dance therapy (d. 1981) February 25 Richard Hollingshead, American inventor of the drive-in theatre (d. 1975) Illa Martin, German dendrologist, botanist, conservationist and dentist (d. 1988) Madame Satã, Brazilian drag performer and capoeirista (d. 1976) February 26 – Halina Konopacka, Polish athlete (d. 1989) February 28 – Wolfram Hirth, German pilot and aircraft designer (d. 1959) March March 2 – Kurt Weill, German-American composer (d. 1950) March 3 Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, veteran Indian Independence activist (d. 1966) Edna Best, British stage and film actress, appeared on early television in 1938 (d. 1974) Ruby Dandridge, African-American film, radio actress (d. 1987) March 4 – Herbert Biberman, American screenwriter, film director (d. 1971) March 5 Lilli Jahn, German-Jewish doctor (d. 1944) Johanna Langefeld, German guard, supervisor of three Nazi concentration camps (d. 1974) March 7 Lorimer Dods, Australian medical pioneer (d. 1981) Leslie Hutchinson, Grenada-born cabaret singer (d. 1969) Fritz London, German-Jewish physicist (d. 1954) Carel Willink, Dutch painter (d. 1983) March 8 Howard Aiken, American computing pioneer (d. 1973) Henry Abel Smith, 17th Governor of Queensland (d. 1993) March 9 – Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, Italian prince (d. 1948) March 10 – Violet Brown, Jamaican supercentenarian, oldest Jamaican ever (d. 2017) March 11 Hanna Bergas, German teacher who helped rescue Jewish children during WWII (d. 1987) Alfredo Dinale, Italian Olympic cyclist (d. 1976) March 12 Rinus van den Berge, Dutch athlete (d. 1972) Sylvi Kekkonen, Finnish writer and wife of President of Finland Urho Kekkonen (d. 1974) Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, 19th President of Colombia (d. 1975) March 13 Queen Sālote Tupou III of Tonga, (d. 1965) Andrée Bosquet, Belgian painter (d. 1980) Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1971) March 16 – Mencha Karnicheva, Macedonian revolutionary, assassin (d. 1964) March 17 – Manuel Plaza, Chilean athlete (d. 1969) March 18 – Hanne Sobek, German footballer (d. 1989) March 19 Carmen Carbonell, Spanish stage, film actress (d. 1988) Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1958) March 20 – Amelia Chopitea Villa, Bolivia's first female physician (d. 1942) March 23 – Erich Fromm, German-born psychologist, philosopher who lived in Cuernavaca, Mexico (d. 1980) March 26 – Angela Maria Autsch, German nun, died in Auschwitz helping Jewish prisoners (d. 1941) March 29 Sir John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980) Oscar Elton Sette, American fisheries scientist (d. 1972) March 30 – Santos Urdinarán, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1979) March 31 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1974) April April 1 – Stefanie Clausen, Danish Olympic diver (d. 1981) April 3 Camille Chamoun, 7th President of Lebanon (d. 1987) Albert Ingham, English mathematician (d. 1967) Albert Walsh, Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1958) April 5 Josefina Passadori, Argentinian writer and poet (d. 1987) Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967) April 8 – Marie Byles, Australian solicitor (d. 1979) April 10 Arnold Orville Beckman, American chemist and investor (d. 2004) Jean Duvieusart, Belgian politician (d. 1977) April 11 – Sándor Márai, Hungarian writer and journalist (d. 1989) April 13 – Sorcha Boru, American potter, ceramic sculptor (d. 2006) April 16 – Polly Adler, Russian-American author, madam (d. 1962) April 18 – Bertha Isaacs, Bahamian teacher, tennis player, politician and women's rights activist (d. 1997) April 19 Iracema de Alencar, Brazilian film actress (d. 1978) Rhea Silberta, Yiddish songwriter, singing teacher (d. 1959) April 20 – Fred Raymond, Austrian composer (d. 1954) April 21 – Hans Fritzsche, German Nazi official (d. 1953) April 22 – Nellie Beer, British politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (1966–67) (d. 1988) April 24 – Elizabeth Goudge, English writer (d. 1984) April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) April 26 Roberto Arlt, Argentine writer (d. 1942) Eva Aschoff, German bookbinder, calligrapher (d. 1969) Charles Francis Richter, American geophysicist, inventor (d. 1985) April 27 – August Koern, Estonian statesman, diplomat (d. 1989) April 28 Alice Berry, Australian activist (d. 1978) Jan Oort, Dutch astronomer (d. 1992) Antonieta Rivas Mercado, Mexican writer (d. 1931) Maurice Thorez, French Communist leader (d. 1964) April 29 Concha de Albornoz, Spanish feminist, intellectual, exiled during the Spanish Civil War (d. 1972) Amelia Best, Australian politician, one of the first women elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly (d. 1979) April 30 David Manners, Canadian-American actor (d. 1998) Cecily Lefort, English World War II heroine, spy for the SOE (d. 1945) May May 1 – Ignazio Silone, Italian author (d. 1978) May 2 – A. W. Lawrence, British leading authority on classical sculpture and architecture (d. 1991) May 5 Helen Redfield, American geneticist (d. 1988) Harold Tamblyn-Watts, British cartoonist (d. 1999) May 6 – Zheng Ji, Chinese nutritionist, biochemist (d. 2010) May 9 – Maria Malicka, Polish stage, film actress (d. 1992) May 10 Beryl May Dent, English mathematical physicist (d. 1977) Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, British-American astronomer, astrophysicist (d. 1979) May 11 – Thomas H. Robbins, Jr., American admiral (d. 1972) May 12 – Helene Weigel, Austrian actress (d. 1971) May 13 – Karl Wolff, German SS functionary and war criminal (d. 1984) May 14 – Cai Chang, Chinese politician, women's rights activist (d. 1990) May 15 – Ida Rhodes, American mathematician, pioneer in computer programming (d. 1986) May 22 Juan Arvizu , Mexican operatic tenor and bolero vocalist (d. 1985) Vina Bovy, Belgian operatic soprano (d. 1983) Honor Fell, British scientist and zoologist (d. 1986) May 23 – Hans Frank, German Nazi official (executed 1946) May 24 – Sonia Rosemary Keppel, British baroness, grandmother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (d. 1986) May 26 – Karin Juel, Swedish singer, actor and writer (d. 1976) May 27 Lotte Toberentz, German overseer of the Nazi Uckermark concentration camp (d. unknown) Uładzimir Žyłka, Belarusian poet (d. 1933) May 28 – Tommy Ladnier, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1939) May 29 – David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir, British politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1967) May 30 – Carlos Raúl Villanueva, Venezuelan architect (d. 1975) May 31 – Lucile Godbold, American Olympic athlete (d. 1981) June June 3 Adelaide Ames, American astronomer (d. 1932) Leo Picard, German-born Israeli geologist (d. 1997) June 4 – George Watkins, American baseball player (d. 1970) June 5 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) June 7 Jan Engelman, Dutch writer (d. 1972) Glen Gray, American saxophonist (d. 1963) Frederick Terman, American electrical engineer, professor (d. 1982) June 8 – Lena Baker, African-American maid executed for capital murder, pardoned posthumously (d. 1945) June 11 Leopoldo Marechal, Argentine writer (d. 1970) Carmen Polo, 1st Lady of Meirás, widow of Francisco Franco (d. 1988) June 12 – Netherwood Hughes, British soldier and centenarian (d. 2009) June 14 Ruth Nanda Anshen, American writer, editor and philosopher (d. 2003) June Walker, American stage, film actress (d. 1966) June 15 – Paul Mares, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1949) June 17 Martin Bormann, German Nazi official (d. 1945) Evelyn Irons, Scottish journalist, war correspondent (d. 2000) June 18 – Vlasta Vraz, Czech-American relief worker, editor and fundraiser (d. 1989) June 21 – Choi Yong-kun, North Korean general, defense minister (d. 1976) June 22 Russell Vis, American wrestler (d. 1990) Henriette Alimen, French paleontologist, geologist (d. 1996) June 23 – Blanche Noyes, American aviator, winner of the 1936 Bendix Trophy Race (d. 1981) June 24 Juan Carlos Caballero Vega, Mexican revolutionary (d. 2010) Adriaan Katte, Dutch field hockey player (d. 1991) Raphael Lemkin, Polish-born international lawyer (d. 1959) Gérard Noël, Belgian athlete (d. 1963) Bernard D. H. Tellegen, Dutch electrical engineer (d. 1990) June 25 Marta Abba, Italian actress (d. 1988) Zinaida Aksentyeva, Ukrainian/Soviet astronomer (d. 1969) Georgia Hale, American silent film actress, real estate investor (d. 1985) Philip D'Arcy Hart, British medical researcher, pioneer in tuberculosis treatment (d. 2006) Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, born Prince Louis of Battenberg, English naval officer and last Viceroy of India (assassinated) (d. 1979) June 26 John Benham, British long-distance runner (d. 1990) Jo Spier, Dutch artist and illustrator (d. 1978) June 27 – Dixie Brown, St Lucian-born British boxer (d. 1957) June 29 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot, writer (d. 1944) June 30 – Alf Ihlen, Norwegian industrialist (d. 2006) July July 2 Joe Bennett, American baseball player (d. 1987) Sophie Harris, English costume, scenic designer for theatre and opera (d. 1966) July 3 Alessandro Blasetti, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1987) Gordon MacQuarrie, American author and journalist (d. 1956) July 4 Belinda Dann, indigenous Australian who was one of the Stolen Generation, reunited with family aged 107 (d. 2007) Robert Desnos, French poet (d. 1945) Nellie Mae Rowe, African-American folk artist (d. 1982) July 5 Richard K. Webel, American landscape architect (d. 2000) Reed Howes, American model (d. 1964) July 6 Frederica Sagor Maas, American playwright, essayist, and author (d. 2012) Paul Métivier, Canadian World War I veteran (d. 2004) Elfriede Wever, German Olympic runner (d. 1941) July 7 Maria Bard, German stage, silent film actress (d. 1944) Frank W. Cyr, American educator, author (d. 1995) Earle E. Partridge, American general (d. 1990) July 9 – Joseph LaShelle, American cinematographer (d. 1989) July 10 – Evelyn Laye, English actress (d. 1996) July 11 – Lily Eberwein, Sarawakian nationalist, women's rights activist (d. 1980) July 13 Cornelius Keefe, American actor (d. 1972) George Lewis, American jazz clarinetist (d. 1968) July 15 – Enrique Cadícamo, Argentine tango lyricist, poet and novelist (d. 1999) July 16 – Mumon Yamada, Japanese Rinzai religious leader (d. 1988) July 20 – Hunter Lane, American baseball player (d. 1994) July 21 – Isadora Bennett, American theatre manager, modern dance publicity agent (d. 1980) July 23 Julia Davis Adams, American author, journalist (d. 1993) John Babcock, last surviving Canadian World War I veteran (d. 2010) Inger Margrethe Boberg, Danish folklore researcher, writer (d. 1957) Prince Kaya Tsunenori (d. 1978) July 26 – Sarah Kafrit, Israeli politician, teacher (d. 1983) July 28 – Lady Dorothy Macmillan, spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1966) July 29 Mary V. Austin, Australian community worker, political activist (d. 1986) Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) Teresa Noce, Italian labor leader, activist, and journalist (d. 1980) August August 3 – Ernie Pyle, American journalist (d. 1945) August 4 Arturo Umberto Illia, 34th President of Argentina (d. 1983) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, queen consort of George VI (d. 2002) Nabi Tajima, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in the 19th century (d. 2018) August 6 Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist, businessman (d. 2003) Grigori Shtern, Soviet general (d. 1941) August 8 – Alexis Minotis, Greek actor, stage director (d. 1990) August 9 – Charles Farrell, American actor (d. 1990) August 10 – Arthur Espie Porritt, New Zealand politician, athlete (d. 1994) August 11 Alexander Mosolov, Russian composer (d. 1973) Charley Paddock, American sprinter (d. 1943) Philip Phillips, American archaeologist (d. 1994) August 14 Margret Boveri, German journalist, recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (d. 1975) Benita von Falkenhayn, German baroness, spy for the Second Polish Republic pre-WWII (d. 1935) August 15 – Estelle Brody, American silent film actress (d. 1995) August 16 – Ida Browne, Australian geologist, palaeontologist (d. 1976) August 17 Mary Paik Lee, Korean-American writer (d. 1995) Vivienne de Watteville, British travel writer and adventurer (d. 1957) August 18 Glenn Albert Black, American archaeologist (d. 1964) Ruth Norman, American religious leader (d. 1993) August 19 Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988) Gilbert Ryle, British philosopher (d. 1976) Dorothy Burr Thompson, American archaeologist, art historian (d. 2001) August 22 Lisy Fischer, Swiss-born pianist, child prodigy (d. 1999) Sergey Ozhegov, Russian lexicographer (d. 1964) August 23 Frances Adaskin, Canadian pianist (d. 2001) Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (d. 1991) August 25 Isobel Hogg Kerr Beattie, Scottish architect (d. 1970) Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician, biochemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1981) August 26 Margaret Utinsky, American nurse, recipient of the Medal of Freedom (d. 1970) Hellmuth Walter, German engineer, inventor (d. 1980) September September 3 – Urho Kekkonen, 8th President of Finland (d. 1986) September 5 – Grace Eldering, American public health scientist, co-developed vaccine for whooping cough (d. 1988) September 6 – W. A. C. Bennett, Canadian politician (d. 1979) September 8 – Tilly Devine, English-Australian organised crime boss (d. 1970) September 11 – Jimmy Brain, English footballer (d. 1971) September 12 – Eric Thiman, English composer (d. 1975) September 17 J. Willard Marriott, American entrepreneur and founder of Marriott International (d. 1985) Lena Frances | administers the Presidencies and provinces of British India, consists of fewer than 3,500 overwhelmingly European officials, with power over a native population of some 300 million. Four out of every 1,000 residents of British India die of cholera each year. Births January January 1 Mieczysław Batsch, Polish footballer (d. 1977) Paola Borboni, Italian film actress (d. 1995) Xavier Cugat, Cuban bandleader (d. 1990) Hub van Doorne, Dutch businessman (d. 1979) Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat, saved Jewish WWII refugees (d. 1986) January 2 William Haines, American actor (d. 1973) Mansaku Itami, Japanese film director (tuberculosis) (d. 1946) Józef Klotz, Polish footballer (d. 1941) Una Ledingham, British physician, known for research on diabetes in pregnancy (d. 1965) January 3 Maurice Jaubert, French composer and soldier (d. 1940) Ernst Neubach, Austrian screenwriter, producer, and director (d. 1968) January 4 James Bond, American ornithologist (d. 1989) William Young, British World War I veteran (d. 2007) January 5 George Magrill, American film actor (d. 1952) Yves Tanguy, French painter (d. 1955) January 6 Queen Maria of Yugoslavia (1922-1934) (d. 1961) John Sinclair, American actor (d. 1945) Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie, French journalist and politician (d. 1969) January 8 Dorothy Adams, American character actress (d. 1988) François de Menthon, French politician, professor of law (d. 1984) January 9 – Richard Halliburton, American adventurer, writer (d. 1939) January 10 – Jean Gehret, Swedish actor and director (d. 1956) January 11 Borden Chase, American writer (d. 1971) Lloyd French, American film director (d. 1950) January 13 – Shimizugawa Motokichi, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1967) January 16 Kiku Amino, Japanese author, translator (d. 1978) Edith Frank, German-Dutch mother of Anne Frank (d. 1945) January 18 George Calnan, American Navy officer and fencer (d. 1933) Wan Laiming, Chinese animator (d. 1997) January 20 Dorothy Annan, English painter, potter, and muralist (d. 1983) Colin Clive, American actor (d. 1936) January 21 – Bernhard Rensch, German biologist and ornithologist (d. 1990) January 22 Ernst Busch, German singer and actor (d. 1980) René Pellos, French artist (d. 1998) January 23 – William Ifor Jones, Welsh conductor, organist (d. 1988) January 24 – Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ukrainian geneticist, evolutionary biologist (d. 1975) January 26 – Karl Ristenpart, German conductor (d. 1967) January 27 – Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (d. 1986) January 28 – Rajagopala Tondaiman, King of Pudukkottai (d. 1950) January 30 Martita Hunt, Argentine-born British actress (d. 1969) Isaak Dunayevsky, Soviet and Russian composer (d. 1955) January 31 – Betty Parsons, American artist, art dealer and collector (d. 1982) February February 2 Anni Frind, German lyric soprano (d. 1987) Józef Kowalski, Polish supercentenarian, one of the last surviving veterans of the Polish–Soviet War (d. 2013) February 3 – Pierre Massy, Dutch footballer (d. 1958) February 4 – Jacques Prévert, French lyricist and author (d. 1977) February 5 Ludovico Bidoglio, Argentine footballer (d. 1970) Adlai Stevenson, American politician (d. 1965) February 11 Ellen Broe, Danish nurse, pioneer in nursing education (d. 1994) Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher (d. 2002) Andrzej Przeworski, Polish footballer (d. 1952) Jōsei Toda, Japanese educator and activist (d. 1958) February 12 Pink Anderson, American blues singer and guitarist (d. 1974) Vasily Chuikov, Marshal of the Soviet Union during WWII (d. 1982) Roger J. Traynor, American judge (d. 1983) February 13 – Barbara von Annenkoff, Russian-born German film and stage actress (d. 1979) February 17 - Ruth Clifford, American actress (d. 1998) February 21 Józef Adamek, Polish footballer (d. 1974) Jeanne Aubert, French singer and actress (d. 1988) February 22 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish film director (d. 1983) February 24 – Irmgard Bartenieff, German-American dancer, physical therapist and leading pioneer of dance therapy (d. 1981) February 25 Richard Hollingshead, American inventor of the drive-in theatre (d. 1975) Illa Martin, German dendrologist, botanist, conservationist and dentist (d. 1988) Madame Satã, Brazilian drag performer and capoeirista (d. 1976) February 26 – Halina Konopacka, Polish athlete (d. 1989) February 28 – Wolfram Hirth, German pilot and aircraft designer (d. 1959) March March 2 – Kurt Weill, German-American composer (d. 1950) March 3 Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, veteran Indian Independence activist (d. 1966) Edna Best, British stage and film actress, appeared on early television in 1938 (d. 1974) Ruby Dandridge, African-American film, radio actress (d. 1987) March 4 – Herbert Biberman, American screenwriter, film director (d. 1971) March 5 Lilli Jahn, German-Jewish doctor (d. 1944) Johanna Langefeld, German guard, supervisor of three Nazi concentration camps (d. 1974) March 7 Lorimer Dods, Australian medical pioneer (d. 1981) Leslie Hutchinson, Grenada-born cabaret singer (d. 1969) Fritz London, German-Jewish physicist (d. 1954) Carel Willink, Dutch painter (d. 1983) March 8 Howard Aiken, American computing pioneer (d. 1973) Henry Abel Smith, 17th Governor of Queensland (d. 1993) March 9 – Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, Italian prince (d. 1948) March 10 – Violet Brown, Jamaican supercentenarian, oldest Jamaican ever (d. 2017) March 11 Hanna Bergas, German teacher who helped rescue Jewish children during WWII (d. 1987) Alfredo Dinale, Italian Olympic cyclist (d. 1976) March 12 Rinus van den Berge, Dutch athlete (d. 1972) Sylvi Kekkonen, Finnish writer and wife of President of Finland Urho Kekkonen (d. 1974) Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, 19th President of Colombia (d. 1975) March 13 Queen Sālote Tupou III of Tonga, (d. 1965) Andrée Bosquet, Belgian painter (d. 1980) Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1971) March 16 – Mencha Karnicheva, Macedonian revolutionary, assassin (d. 1964) March 17 – Manuel Plaza, Chilean athlete (d. 1969) March 18 – Hanne Sobek, German footballer (d. 1989) March 19 Carmen Carbonell, Spanish stage, film actress (d. 1988) Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1958) March 20 – Amelia Chopitea Villa, Bolivia's first female physician (d. 1942) March 23 – Erich Fromm, German-born psychologist, philosopher who lived in Cuernavaca, Mexico (d. 1980) March 26 – Angela Maria Autsch, German nun, died in Auschwitz helping Jewish prisoners (d. 1941) March 29 Sir John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980) Oscar Elton Sette, American fisheries scientist (d. 1972) March 30 – Santos Urdinarán, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1979) March 31 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1974) April April 1 – Stefanie Clausen, Danish Olympic diver (d. 1981) April 3 Camille Chamoun, 7th President of Lebanon (d. 1987) Albert Ingham, English mathematician (d. 1967) Albert Walsh, Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1958) April 5 Josefina Passadori, Argentinian writer and poet (d. 1987) Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967) April 8 – Marie Byles, Australian solicitor (d. 1979) April 10 Arnold Orville Beckman, American chemist and investor (d. 2004) Jean Duvieusart, Belgian politician (d. 1977) April 11 – Sándor Márai, Hungarian writer and journalist (d. 1989) April 13 – Sorcha Boru, American potter, ceramic sculptor (d. 2006) April 16 – Polly Adler, Russian-American author, madam (d. 1962) April 18 – Bertha Isaacs, Bahamian teacher, tennis player, politician and women's rights activist (d. 1997) April 19 Iracema de Alencar, Brazilian film actress (d. 1978) Rhea Silberta, Yiddish songwriter, singing teacher (d. 1959) April 20 – Fred Raymond, Austrian composer (d. 1954) April 21 – Hans Fritzsche, German Nazi official (d. 1953) April 22 – Nellie Beer, British politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (1966–67) (d. 1988) April 24 – Elizabeth Goudge, English writer (d. 1984) April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) April 26 Roberto Arlt, Argentine writer (d. 1942) Eva Aschoff, German bookbinder, calligrapher (d. 1969) Charles Francis Richter, American geophysicist, inventor (d. 1985) April 27 – August Koern, Estonian statesman, diplomat (d. 1989) April 28 Alice Berry, Australian activist (d. 1978) Jan Oort, Dutch astronomer (d. 1992) Antonieta Rivas Mercado, Mexican writer (d. 1931) Maurice Thorez, French Communist leader (d. 1964) April 29 Concha de Albornoz, Spanish feminist, intellectual, exiled during the Spanish Civil War (d. 1972) Amelia Best, Australian politician, one of the first women elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly (d. 1979) April 30 David Manners, Canadian-American actor (d. 1998) Cecily Lefort, English World War II heroine, spy for the SOE (d. 1945) May May 1 – Ignazio Silone, Italian author (d. 1978) May 2 – A. W. Lawrence, British leading authority on classical sculpture and architecture (d. 1991) May 5 Helen Redfield, American geneticist (d. 1988) Harold Tamblyn-Watts, British cartoonist (d. 1999) May 6 – Zheng Ji, Chinese nutritionist, biochemist (d. 2010) May 9 – Maria Malicka, Polish stage, film actress (d. 1992) May 10 Beryl May Dent, English mathematical physicist (d. 1977) Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, British-American astronomer, astrophysicist (d. 1979) May 11 – Thomas H. Robbins, Jr., American admiral (d. 1972) May 12 – Helene Weigel, Austrian actress (d. 1971) May 13 – Karl Wolff, German SS functionary and war criminal (d. 1984) May 14 – Cai Chang, Chinese politician, women's rights activist (d. 1990) May 15 – Ida Rhodes, American mathematician, pioneer in computer programming (d. 1986) May 22 Juan Arvizu , Mexican operatic tenor and bolero vocalist (d. 1985) Vina Bovy, Belgian operatic soprano (d. 1983) Honor Fell, British scientist and zoologist (d. 1986) May 23 – Hans Frank, German Nazi official (executed 1946) May 24 – Sonia Rosemary Keppel, British baroness, grandmother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (d. 1986) May 26 – Karin Juel, Swedish singer, actor and writer (d. 1976) May 27 Lotte Toberentz, German overseer of the Nazi Uckermark concentration camp (d. unknown) Uładzimir Žyłka, Belarusian poet (d. 1933) May 28 – Tommy Ladnier, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1939) May 29 – David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir, British politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1967) May 30 – Carlos Raúl Villanueva, Venezuelan architect (d. 1975) May 31 – Lucile Godbold, American Olympic athlete (d. 1981) June June 3 Adelaide Ames, American astronomer (d. 1932) Leo Picard, German-born Israeli geologist (d. 1997) June 4 – George Watkins, American baseball player (d. 1970) June 5 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) June 7 Jan Engelman, Dutch writer (d. 1972) Glen Gray, American saxophonist (d. 1963) Frederick Terman, American electrical engineer, professor (d. 1982) June 8 – Lena Baker, African-American maid executed for capital murder, pardoned posthumously (d. 1945) June 11 Leopoldo Marechal, Argentine writer (d. 1970) Carmen Polo, 1st Lady of Meirás, widow of Francisco Franco (d. 1988) June 12 – Netherwood Hughes, British soldier and centenarian (d. 2009) June 14 Ruth Nanda Anshen, American writer, editor and philosopher (d. 2003) June Walker, American stage, film actress (d. 1966) June 15 – Paul Mares, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1949) June 17 Martin Bormann, German Nazi official (d. 1945) Evelyn Irons, Scottish journalist, war correspondent (d. 2000) June 18 – Vlasta Vraz, Czech-American relief worker, editor and fundraiser (d. 1989) June 21 – Choi Yong-kun, North Korean general, defense minister (d. 1976) June 22 Russell Vis, American wrestler (d. 1990) Henriette Alimen, French paleontologist, geologist (d. 1996) June 23 – Blanche Noyes, American aviator, winner of the 1936 Bendix Trophy Race (d. 1981) June 24 Juan Carlos Caballero Vega, Mexican revolutionary (d. 2010) Adriaan Katte, Dutch field hockey player (d. 1991) Raphael Lemkin, Polish-born international lawyer (d. 1959) Gérard Noël, Belgian athlete (d. 1963) Bernard D. H. Tellegen, Dutch electrical engineer (d. 1990) June 25 Marta Abba, Italian actress (d. 1988) Zinaida Aksentyeva, Ukrainian/Soviet astronomer (d. 1969) Georgia Hale, American silent film actress, real estate investor (d. 1985) Philip D'Arcy Hart, British medical researcher, pioneer in tuberculosis treatment (d. 2006) Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, born Prince Louis of Battenberg, English naval officer and last Viceroy of India (assassinated) (d. 1979) June 26 John Benham, British long-distance runner (d. 1990) Jo Spier, Dutch artist and illustrator (d. 1978) June 27 – Dixie Brown, St Lucian-born British boxer (d. 1957) June 29 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot, writer (d. 1944) June 30 – Alf Ihlen, Norwegian industrialist (d. 2006) July July 2 Joe Bennett, American baseball player (d. 1987) Sophie Harris, English costume, scenic designer for theatre and opera (d. 1966) July 3 Alessandro Blasetti, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1987) Gordon MacQuarrie, American author and journalist (d. 1956) July 4 Belinda Dann, indigenous Australian who was one of the Stolen Generation, reunited with family aged 107 (d. 2007) Robert Desnos, French poet (d. 1945) Nellie Mae Rowe, African-American folk artist (d. 1982) July 5 Richard K. Webel, American landscape architect (d. 2000) Reed Howes, American model (d. 1964) July 6 Frederica Sagor Maas, American playwright, essayist, and author (d. 2012) Paul Métivier, Canadian World War I veteran (d. 2004) Elfriede Wever, German Olympic runner (d. 1941) July 7 Maria Bard, German stage, silent film actress (d. 1944) Frank W. Cyr, American educator, author (d. 1995) Earle E. Partridge, American general (d. 1990) July 9 – Joseph LaShelle, American cinematographer (d. 1989) July 10 – Evelyn Laye, English actress (d. 1996) July 11 – Lily Eberwein, Sarawakian nationalist, women's rights activist (d. 1980) July 13 Cornelius Keefe, American actor (d. 1972) George Lewis, American jazz clarinetist (d. 1968) July 15 – Enrique Cadícamo, Argentine tango lyricist, poet and novelist (d. 1999) July 16 – Mumon Yamada, Japanese Rinzai religious leader (d. 1988) July 20 – Hunter Lane, American baseball player (d. 1994) July 21 – Isadora Bennett, American theatre manager, modern dance publicity agent (d. 1980) July 23 Julia Davis Adams, American author, journalist (d. 1993) John Babcock, last surviving Canadian World War I veteran (d. 2010) Inger Margrethe Boberg, Danish folklore researcher, writer (d. 1957) Prince Kaya Tsunenori (d. 1978) July 26 – Sarah Kafrit, Israeli politician, teacher (d. 1983) July 28 – Lady Dorothy Macmillan, spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1966) July 29 Mary V. Austin, Australian community worker, political activist (d. 1986) Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) Teresa Noce, Italian labor leader, activist, and journalist (d. 1980) August August 3 – Ernie Pyle, American journalist (d. 1945) August 4 Arturo Umberto Illia, 34th President of Argentina (d. 1983) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, queen consort of George VI (d. 2002) Nabi Tajima, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in the 19th century (d. 2018) August 6 Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist, businessman (d. 2003) Grigori Shtern, Soviet general (d. 1941) August 8 – Alexis Minotis, Greek actor, stage director (d. 1990) August 9 – Charles Farrell, American actor (d. 1990) August 10 – Arthur Espie Porritt, New Zealand politician, athlete (d. 1994) August 11 Alexander Mosolov, Russian composer (d. 1973) Charley Paddock, American sprinter (d. 1943) Philip Phillips, American archaeologist (d. 1994) August 14 Margret Boveri, German journalist, recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (d. 1975) Benita von Falkenhayn, German baroness, spy for the Second Polish Republic pre-WWII (d. 1935) August 15 – Estelle Brody, American silent film actress (d. 1995) August 16 – Ida Browne, Australian geologist, palaeontologist (d. 1976) August 17 Mary Paik Lee, Korean-American writer (d. 1995) Vivienne de Watteville, British travel writer and adventurer (d. 1957) August 18 Glenn Albert Black, American archaeologist (d. 1964) Ruth Norman, American religious leader (d. 1993) August 19 Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988) Gilbert Ryle, British philosopher (d. 1976) Dorothy Burr Thompson, American archaeologist, art historian (d. 2001) August 22 Lisy Fischer, Swiss-born pianist, child prodigy (d. 1999) Sergey Ozhegov, Russian lexicographer (d. 1964) August 23 Frances Adaskin, Canadian pianist (d. 2001) Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (d. 1991) August 25 Isobel Hogg Kerr Beattie, Scottish architect (d. 1970) Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician, biochemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1981) August 26 Margaret Utinsky, American nurse, recipient of the Medal of Freedom (d. 1970) Hellmuth Walter, German engineer, inventor (d. 1980) September September 3 – Urho Kekkonen, 8th President of Finland (d. 1986) September 5 – Grace Eldering, American public health scientist, co-developed vaccine for whooping cough (d. 1988) September 6 – W. A. C. Bennett, Canadian politician (d. 1979) September 8 – Tilly Devine, English-Australian organised crime boss (d. 1970) September 11 – Jimmy Brain, English footballer (d. 1971) September 12 – Eric Thiman, English composer (d. 1975) September 17 J. Willard Marriott, American entrepreneur and founder of Marriott International (d. 1985) Lena Frances Edwards, African-American physician, awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom (d. 1986) Martha Ostenso, Canadian screenwriter, novelist (d. 1963) Hedwig Ross, New Zealand-born educator, political activist and founding member of the Communist Party of New Zealand |
American actress Rik Verbrugghe, Belgian road racing cyclist July 24 Eva Aridjis, Mexican-American director and screenwriter July 25 – Lauren Faust, American animator July 26 – Daniel Negreanu, Canadian poker player July 28 – Alexis Tsipras, Greek politician July 29 – Josh Radnor, American actor July 30 – Hilary Swank, American actress July 31 – Emilia Fox, English actress August August 5 – Kajol, Indian actress August 6 – Ever Carradine, American actress August 7 – Michael Shannon, American actor August 9 – Derek Fisher, American basketball player August 13 – Niklas Sundin, Swedish musician August 14 Silvio Horta, American screenwriter and television producer (d. 2020) Christopher Gorham, American actor August 15 – Natasha Henstridge, Canadian actress and model August 16 Didier Cuche, Swiss alpine skier Krisztina Egerszegi, Hungarian swimmer August 20 Amy Adams, American actress Misha Collins, American actor Maxim Vengerov, Russian-Israeli violinist August 22 Jenna Leigh Green, American actress and singer Lee Sheppard, Australian cartoonist August 23 Ray Park, Scottish actor and martial artist Ovi, Romanian-Norwegian singer-songwriter, producer and musician Shifty Shellshock, American singer August 24 – Jennifer Lien, American actress August 28 – Carsten Jancker, German footballer September September 3 – Jen Royle, American sports reporter and chef September 4 Carmit Bachar, American singer Taya Kyle, American author and wife of Chris Kyle September 6 Tim Henman, English tennis player Nina Persson, Swedish singer September 7 – Glenn Ljungström, Swedish guitarist September 10 Mirko Filipović, Croatian kickboxer; mixed martial arts fighter Ryan Phillippe, American actor Ben Wallace, American basketball player September 14 – Hicham El Guerrouj, Moroccan athlete September 15 – Wael Kfoury, Lebanese singer, musician, and songwriter September 17 Rasheed Wallace, American basketball player Austin St. John, American actor and martial artist September 18 Sol Campbell, English footballer Xzibit, American rapper September 19 Jimmy Fallon, American actor, comedian, and television personality Victoria Silvstedt, Swedish model September 23 – Matt Hardy, American professional wrestler September 24 – Kati Wolf, Hungarian singer September 26 – Joo Jin-mo, South Korean actor September 30 – Yul Bürkle, Venezuelan actor and model October October 2 – Rachana Banerjee, Indian film actress October 3 – Marianne Timmer, Dutch speed skater October 6 – Hoàng Xuân Vinh, Vietnamese sports shooter October 7 – Charlotte Perrelli, Swedish singer October 8 – Koji Murofushi, Japanese hammer thrower October 10 Dale Earnhardt Jr., American race car driver Oded Kattash, Israeli basketball player and coach Chris Pronger, Canadian hockey player October 11 – Jason Arnott, Canadian hockey player October 16 Aurela Gaçe, Albanian singer Paul Kariya, Canadian hockey player October 17 – Matthew Macfadyen, English actor October 18 – Zhou Xun, Chinese actress and singer October 21 – Lera Auerbach, Russian composer and pianist October 23 Aravind Adiga, Indian-Australian author Sander Westerveld, Dutch soccer player October 24 – Catherine Sutherland, Australian actress October 28 Nelly Ciobanu, Moldovan singer Joaquin Phoenix, American actor born in Puerto Rico October 29 Akashdeep Saigal, Indian television actor and model Yenny Wahid, Indonesian activist and politician November November 2 – Nelly, American rapper November 5 Ryan Adams, American singer and songwriter Jerry Stackhouse, American basketball player November 8 Penelope Heyns, South African swimmer Masashi Kishimoto, Japanese manga author Matthew Rhys, Welsh actor November 9 – Alessandro Del Piero, Italian football player November 10 – Chris Lilley, Australian comedian and actor November 11 – Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor, producer and environmentalist November 13 – Kerim Seiler, Swiss artist and architect November 15 Chad Kroeger, Canadian singer Ingrida Šimonytė, Prime Minister of Lithuania November 16 – Paul Scholes, English football player November 17 – Leslie Bibb, American actress and model November 18 Chloë Sevigny, American actress, model and fashion designer Petter Solberg, Norwegian rally driver November 20 Drew Ginn, Australian rower Kurt Krömer, German television presenter, comedian and actor November 24 – Stephen Merchant, English actor and comedian November 27 Wendy Houvenaghel, British racing cyclist Zsófia Polgár, Hungarian-born chess player November 29 – Ferenc Merkli, Hungarian Slovene priest, writer and translator November 30 – Wallace Chung, Hong Kong actor and singer December December 1 Costinha, Portuguese footballer Érica Rivas, Argentine actress December 5 Kid Koala, Canadian DJ, turntablist, musician and graphic novelist Ravish Kumar, Indian journalist, author and media personality December 7 – Nicole Appleton, Canadian singer December 10 – Meg White, American drummer December 11 Rey Mysterio, American wrestler Gete Wami, Ethiopian long-distance runner December 12 – Michelle Saram, Singaporean singer and actress December 17 Sarah Paulson, American actress Giovanni Ribisi, American actor December 18 Kari Byron, American artist and television personality Viki Miljković, Serbian singer December 19 Eduard Ivakdalam, Indonesian footballer Ricky Ponting, Australian cricketer December 20 – Paul Linger, English footballer December 23 – Agustin Delgado, Ecuadorian footballer December 24 Marcelo Salas, Chilean footballer Ryan Seacrest, American television personality December 27 – Alena Vinnitskaya, Ukrainian singer December 29 – Mekhi Phifer, American actor December 31 – Tony Kanaan, Brazilian racing driver Deaths January January 1 – Jimmy Smith, American Major League Baseball infielder (b. 1895) January 2 – Tex Ritter, American actor and country musician (b. 1905) January 3 Gino Cervi, Italian actor (b. 1901) Red Snapp, American baseball player (b. 1888) January 5 – Dewey Mayhew, American football coach (b. 1898) January 6 David Alfaro Siqueiros, Mexican painter and muralist (b. 1896) Lech Pijanowski, Polish screenwriter, film critic, broadcaster and director (b. 1928) January 7 – Wang Shusheng, Chinese general (b. 1905) January 8 – Charles-Édouard Ferland, Canadian jurist, Liberal politician and Senator (b. 1892) January 10 – Charles G. Bond, U.S. House of Representatives from New York (b. 1877) January 11 – Antonio Bautista, Filipino pilot with the Philippine Air Force (b. 1937) January 12 Jack Jacobs, American-born National Football League and Canadian Football League player (b. 1919) Princess Patricia of Connaught (b. 1886) January 14 – Joseph Dippolito, Italian American Mafia member of the Los Angeles crime syndicate (b. 1914) January 15 – Harold D. Cooley, U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1897) January 17 – Clara Edwards, American singer, pianist and composer (b. 1880) January 18 – Bill Finger, American comic strip and book writer (b. 1914) January 19 – Edward Seago, British artist (b. 1910) January 20 – Leonard Freeman, American television writer and producer (Hawaii Five-0) (b. 1920) January 21 – Robert Guy Howarth, Australian scholar, literary critic and poet (b. 1906) January 22 – Oskar Herman, Croatian Jewish painter (b. 1886) January 26 – Julius Patzak, Austrian tenor (b. 1898) January 27 Georgios Grivas, Greek-Cypriot colonel (b. 1898) Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, German general (b. 1886) January 28 – Oswald Cornwallis, English cricketer (b. 1894) January 29 – H. E. Bates, English writer and author (b. 1905) January 30 – Bill Whitty, Australian cricketer (b. 1886) January 31 Pina Gallini, Italian actress (b. 1888) Samuel Goldwyn, Polish-born American film studio executive (b. 1879) Glenn Morris, American Olympic athlete (b. 1912) February February 4 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian mathematician and physicist (b. 1894) February 7 – Edward Beck, British army officer (b. 1880) February 15 Kurt Atterberg, Swedish composer (b. 1887) George W. Snedecor, American mathematician and statistician (b. 1881) February 17 – Ralph W. Gerard, American neurophysiologist and behavioural scientist (b. 1900) February 21 – Tim Horton, Canadian ice hockey player and co-founder of the Tim Hortons restaurant chain (b. 1930) February 23 – George Van Biesbroeck, American-born Belgian astronomer (b. 1880) February 24 Margaret Leech, American historian and fiction writer (b. 1893) Robert A. Stemmle, German screenwriter and film director (b. 1903) March March 1 Hüseyin Kemal Gürmen, Turkish theatre and cinema actor (b. 1901) Bobby Timmons, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1935) March 2 – Péter Schell, Hungarian politician (b. 1898) March 3 Barbara Ruick, American actress and singer (b. 1930) Frank Wilcox, American character actor (b. 1907) March 4 – Adolph Gottlieb, American abstract expressionist painter (b. 1903) March 5 John Samuel Bourque, French-Canadian politician, Cabinet Minister, military member, and businessman from Québec, Canada (b. 1894) Billy De Wolfe, American character actor (b. 1907) March 6 – Ernest Becker, American anthropologist and writer; who won the 1974 Pulitzer Prize (posthumously) for his book The Denial of Death (b. 1924) March 7 Moriji Mochida, last person ever awarded the 10th dan rank in kendo (b. 1885) Hans Sachs, Holocaust survivor and poster collector (b. 1881) March 8 – Martha Wentworth, American actress (b. 1889) March 9 – Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) March 10 – Alexander John Majeski, American architect and Naval Lieutenant (b. 1920) March 12 – Oleksii Shovkunenko, Ukrainian painter (b. 1884) March 13 – Red Wing, American actress (b. 1873) March 14 – Maulana Shams-ud-din Harifal, Pakistani Islamic scholar (b. 1944) March 15 – José Tohá, Chilean Socialist politician, minister (assassinated) (b. 1927) March 17 – Louis Kahn, Russian-born American architect (b. 1901) March 19 – Edward Platt, American actor known as "The Chief" on NBC/CBS's Get Smart (b. 1916) March 20 – Chet Huntley, American television reporter (b. 1911) March 21 – Candy Darling, American actress (b. 1944) March 22 – Peter Revson, American race car driver (b. 1939) March 24 – Lewie G. Merritt, U.S. Marine, major general and aviator (b. 1897) March 27 Wilhelm Herget, German Luftwaffe flying ace (b. 1910) Eduardo Santos, Colombian publisher and politician, 15th President of Colombia (b. 1888) March 28 – Dorothy Fields, American librettist and lyricist (b. 1904) March 29 Andrea Checchi, Italian actor (La ciociara) (b. 1916) Platon Chirnoagă, Romanian general (b. 1894) Joe Stecher, American professional wrestler (b. 1893) March 31 – Frank Seno, American football running back and defensive back (b. 1921) April April 2 Douglass Dumbrille, Canadian actor (b. 1889) Georges Pompidou, 100th Prime Minister of France and 19th President of France, Co-Prince of Andorra (b. 1911) April 3 – Ossie Newton-Thompson, South African cricketer and politician (b. 1920) April 5 – A. Y. Jackson, Canadian painter and a founding member of the Group of Seven (b. 1882) April 6 Willem Marinus Dudok, Dutch modernist architect (b. 1884) Roy Wood, American professional baseball player (b. 1892) April 8 – K. A. C. Creswell, English architectural historian (b. 1879) April 9 - Marvin L. Kline, Republican politician (b. 1903) April 10 – Patricia Collinge, Irish-born American actress (b. 1892) April 11 – Edward Alexander Bott, psychologist at the University of Toronto (b. 1887) April 14 Howard Pease, American adventure novelist (b. 1894) Michael Whalen, American actor (b. 1902) April 18 Betty Compson, American actress (b. 1897) Marcel Pagnol, French novelist (b. 1895) April 19 – Ayub Khan, Pakistanian general and politician, 2nd President of Pakistan (b. 1907) April 20 – Peter Lee Lawrence, German actor in Spaghetti Westerns; such as For a Few Dollars More (b. 1944) April 21 – Mirja Mane, Finnish actress (b. 1929) April 23 – Cy Williams, American baseball player (b. 1887) April 24 Bud Abbott, American comedian (b. 1895) Franz Jonas, Austrian political figure, 7th President of Austria (b. 1899) April 25 – Gustavo R. Vincenti, Maltese architect and developer (b. 1888) April 27 – Hans W. Petersen, Danish actor of over 40 films (b. 1897) April 28 – Paul Page, American actor of the 1920s and 1930s (b. 1903) April 30 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress (b. 1900) May May 1 – Frank Packer, Australian media proprietor (b. 1906) May 2 James O. Richardson, American admiral (b. 1878) William Wantling, American ex-Marine, poet and novelist (b. 1933) May 3 Nasir Khan, Indian actor (b. 1924) Ralph McCabe, Canadian-born Major League Baseball player (b. 1918) May 4 – Ludwig Karl Koch, German broadcaster and sound recordist (b. 1881) May 6 – Robert Maestri, Mayor of New Orleans (b. 1889) May 7 Abu Bakar of Pahang, Fourth Sultan of Pahang (b. 1904) Fred Kelly, American Olympic athlete (b. 1891) May 8 – Fred Conyngham, Australian actor (b. 1901) May 10 – Takeshi Sakamoto, Japanese actor (b. 1899) May 12 – Wayne Maki, Canadian National Hockey League player (b. 1944) May 13 – Jaime Torres Bodet, Mexican public servant, 2nd Director-General of the UNESCO (b. 1902) May 14 – Jacob L. Moreno, Romanian-American psychiatrist and psychosociologist (b. 1889) May 15 – Guy Simonds, Canadian Lieutenant-General, commander of the Canadian Armed Forces in World War II (b. 1903) May 16 – Billy Welu, American professional bowler (b. 1932) May 17 – Symbionese Liberation Army shootout with the Los Angeles Police Department Angela Atwood, American founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (b. 1949) Donald DeFreeze, American leader of the Symbionese Liberation Army who went by the nom de guerre "Field Marshal Cinque" (b. 1943) Camilla Hall, American member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, one of main kidnappers of heiress Patricia Hearst (b. 1945) Nancy Ling Perry, American member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (b. 1947) Patricia Soltysik, American member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (b. 1950) May 18 – Harry Ricardo, English mechanical engineer (b. 1885) May 19 – Allal al-Fassi, Moroccan politician, poet, writer and scholar (b. 1910) May 20 – Jean Daniélou, French Catholic cardinal, theologian and academic (b. 1905) May 21 – Lily Kronberger, Hungarian figure skater (b. 1890) May 24 – Duke Ellington, American jazz pianist and bandleader (b. 1899) May 25 Donald Crisp, English-American actor, film director, screenwriter and producer (b. 1882) Arturo Jauretche, Argentine writer, politician and philosopher (b. 1901) May 26 – Kitty Gordon, English stage and silent film actress. (b. 1878) May 27 – Rudolf Altstadt, German soldier in World War II (b. 1914) May 28 – Francesco Fausto Nitti, Italian journalist (b. 1899) May 31 Adelle Davis, American author and nutritionist (b. 1904) Frederick George Topham, Canadian soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1917) June June 1 – Henry Clay Sevier, American lawyer and member from Louisiana House of Representatives (b. 1896) June 2 – Roger C. Slaughter, American lawyer and U.S. Representative from Missouri (b. 1905) June 3 – Rashid Nezhmetdinov, Soviet chess player (b. 1912) June 4 Smokey Harris, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1890) Mamerto Urriolagoitía , 43rd President of Bolivia (b. 1895) June 5 – Larry Cabrelli, American football player and assistant coach Philadelphia Eagles (b. 1917) June 7 – Abdul Rahman Hashim, Malaysian Inspector-General of Police (b. 1925) June 9 Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890) Katharine Cornell, Berlin-born, American stage actress, writer, theatre owner, and producer (b. 1893) Carlo Pisacane, Italian actor (b. 1889) June 10 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 11th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1900) June 11 Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Brazilian marshal and 16th President of Brazil (b. 1883) Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (b. 1898) June 12 – André Marie, French Radical politician, 65th Prime Minister of France (b. 1897) June 14 – Knud Jeppesen, Danish musicologist, composer, and songwriter (b. 1892) June 15 – Kevin Gately, English mathematics student at University of Warwick involved in the Red Lion Square disorders (b. 1953) June 16 Amalie Sara Colquhoun, Australian landscape and portrait painter (b. 1894) Mauritz Hugo, Swedish-born American film and television actor (b. 1909) June 17 Pamela Britton, American actress (b. 1923) Austin Gunsel, 3rd commissioner of the National Football League (b. 1909) June 18 – Georgy Zhukov, Soviet Army marshal and Minister of Defence (b. 1896) June 21 – Katsutaro Kouta, Japanese female geisha and ryūkōka singer (b. 1904) June 22 – Darius Milhaud, French composer (b. 1892) June 23 – Calvin B. Hoover, noted U.S. economist and professor (b. 1897) June 24 – József Juhász, Hungarian stage and film actor (b. 1908) June 25 – Cornelius Lanczos, Hungarian mathematician and physicist (b. 1893) June 26 – Ernest Gruening, American journalist, Governor of Alaska Territory from 1939 to 1953, and United States Senator from 1959 to 1969 (b. 1887) June 27 – Fred DeStefano, American football player and physician; who won the National Football League title with the Chicago Cardinals of 1925 (b. 1900) June 28 Vannevar Bush, American engineer, inventor and science administrator (b. 1890) Frank Sutton, American actor (b. 1923) June 29 – José Maria Ferreira de Castro, Portuguese writer and journalist (b. 1898) June 30 – Alberta Williams King, American civil rights champion, wife of Martin Luther King, Sr., and mother of Martin Luther King Jr. (b. 1904) July July 1 – Juan Perón, Argentine army general and politician, 2-time President of Argentina (b. 1895) July 2 Sonia Holm, English actress (b. 1920) Edith L. Sharp, Canadian writer (b. 1911) July 4 Georgette Heyer, British writer (b. 1902) André Randall, French actor (b. 1892) July 6 – Joseph Baldacchino, Maltese archaeologist (b. 1894) July 7 Leon Shamroy, American Academy Award-winning cinematographer (b. 1901) Cornelius Vanderbilt IV, American publisher and member of the Vanderbilt Family (b. 1898) July 8 Mário Simões Dias, Portuguese violinist (b. 1902) Margaret Furse, British Academy Award-winning costume designer for Anne of the Thousand Days (b. 1911) July 9 – Earl Warren, American jurist and politician, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b. 1891) July 10 – Nancy Wickwire, American soap opera actress (b. 1925) July 11 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891) July 12 – Sonja Ludvigsen, Norwegian politician (b. 1928) July 13 Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897) Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1898) July 14 Dame Sibyl Hathaway, Seigneur of Sark (b. 1884) Carl Andrew Spaatz, U.S. Air Force general (b. 1891) July 15 William Albrecht, Chairman of the Department of Soils at the University of Missouri (b. 1888) Christine Chubbuck, American TV personality (b. 1944) Victor Negus, British surgeon (b. 1887) July 16 – Oduvaldo Vianna Filho, Brazilian playwright (b. 1936) July 17 – Dizzy Dean, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1910) July 19 – Joe Flynn, American actor (b. 1924) July 20 – Charles Rudolph d'Olive, American | singer and songwriter March 31 Natali, Russian singer, composer and songwriter Jani Sievinen, Finnish swimmer April April 1 – Marcos Balter, Brazilian composer April 2 – Håkan Hellström, Swedish musician April 8 – Chris Kyle, American sniper (d. 2013) April 11 – Tricia Helfer, Canadian actress and model April 12 – Marley Shelton, American actress April 13 – Marta Jandová, Czech musician and actress April 15 – Danny Pino, Cuban American actor April 16 – Xu Jinglei, Chinese actress and director April 17 Mikael Åkerfeldt, Swedish musician (Opeth) Victoria Beckham, English singer and fashion designer April 18 Lorraine Pilkington, Irish actress Edgar Wright, English film director April 22 – Shavo Odadjian, Armenian-born rock bassist April 24 Jennifer Paz, Filipino actress Stephen Wiltshire, British architectural artist and autistic savant April 28 – Penélope Cruz, Spanish actress and model April 29 – Anggun, Indonesian-French singer-songwriter May May 1 – Lornah Kiplagat, Kenyan-Dutch runner May 2 Matt Berry, English actor and singer Horacio Carbonari, Argentinian footballer and manager Garðar Thór Cortes, Icelandic tenor and actor Janek Meet, Estonian footballer May 3 – Princess Haya bint Al Hussein of Jordan May 4 Miguel Cairo, Venezuelan baseball player and coach Tony McCoy, Irish jockey and sportscaster May 6 Bernard Barmasai, Kenyan runner Daniela Bártová, Czech pole vaulter and gymnast Faruk Namdar, German-Turkish footballer May 7 Lawrence Johnson, American pole vaulter Breckin Meyer, American actor May 8 – Marge Kõrkjas, Estonian swimmer May 9 – Brian Deegan, American Motocross Racer May 10 Liu Fang, Chinese pipa player Sylvain Wiltord, French footballer May 14 – Chantal Kreviazuk, Canadian singer-songwriter May 16 – Laura Pausini, Italian singer May 17 – Andrea Corr, Irish singer May 19 Andrew Johns, Australian rugby league player Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Indian film actor May 20 Mikael Stanne, Swedish singer Colette Wong, Singaporean sports anchor May 21 – Fairuza Balk, American actress and musician May 22 Sean Gunn, American actor Henrietta Ónodi, Hungarian artistic gymnast May 23 – Jewel, American singer May 26 – Lars Frölander, Swedish swimmer May 28 – Misbah-ul-Haq, Pakistani cricketer May 29 – Steve Cardenas, American martial artist and actor May 30 Big L, American rapper (d. 1999) CeeLo Green, African-American singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer, and actor May 31 – Kenan Doğulu, Turkish pop musician June June 1 – Alanis Morissette, Canadian-American singer June 2 – Gata Kamsky, American chess player June 3 – Martín Karpan, Argentinian actor June 7 Mahesh Bhupathi, Indian tennis player Bear Grylls, British survivalist June 9 – Samoth, Norwegian musician June 13 Katharina Bellowitsch, Austrian radio and TV presenter. Selma, Icelandic singer Steve-O, American actor June 21 Natasha Beaumont, Malaysian actress and model Maggie Siff, American actress Hitoshi Uematsu, Japanese short track speed skater June 22 Devayani, Indian actress Donald Faison, American actor B. V. S. Ravi, Indian writer Tu Tamarua, Cook Islands rugby union flanker Vijay, Indian actor June 23 Joel Edgerton, Australian actor and filmmaker Kim Young-chul, South Korean comedian and singer Andi Vasluianu, Romanian actor June 24 Andrea De Cruz, Singaporean actress Ruffa Gutierrez, Filipino model, beauty queen and actress June 25 Karisma Kapoor, Indian actress Tereza Pergnerová, Czech actress, singer and television presenter June 26 Derek Jeter, American baseball player Ecija Ojdanić, Croatian actress Nicole Saba, Lebanese singer and actress Kristofer Steen, Swedish musician Matt Striker, American professional wrestler and commentator June 27 – Christopher O'Neill, British-American businessman, Swedish royal June 28 – Nelson Mariano II, Filipino chess Grandmaster June 29 – Pua Khein-Seng, Malaysian businessman June 30 – Hezekiél Sepeng, South African middle-distance athlete July July 1 Timmy Hung, Hong Kong actor Jefferson Pérez, Ecuadorean race walker July 2 – Moon So-ri, South Korean actress, film director and screenwriter July 3 Taiga Ishikawa, Japanese politician and LGBT activist Marko Milošević, Serbian fugitive and refugee July 4 Kevin Hanchard, Canadian actor Karole Rocher, French actress July 7 – Jennifer Jones, Canadian curler July 8 Jeanna Friske, Russian singer, actress, model and socialite (d. 2015) Tami Erin, American actress, model, singer, and fashion designer Dragoslav Jevrić, Montenegrin footballer July 12 Parvin Dabas, Indian actor, model and director Sharon den Adel, Dutch singer July 14 Martina Hill, German actress, comedian and impersonator David Mitchell, British comedian and actor July 20 – Doug Ithier, Australian footballer July 22 Franka Potente, German actress and singer Johnny Strong, American actor July 23 Maurice Greene, American athlete Kathryn Hahn, American actress Stephanie March, American actress Rik Verbrugghe, Belgian road racing cyclist July 24 Eva Aridjis, Mexican-American director and screenwriter July 25 – Lauren Faust, American animator July 26 – Daniel Negreanu, Canadian poker player July 28 – Alexis Tsipras, Greek politician July 29 – Josh Radnor, American actor July 30 – Hilary Swank, American actress July 31 – Emilia Fox, English actress August August 5 – Kajol, Indian actress August 6 – Ever Carradine, American actress August 7 – Michael Shannon, American actor August 9 – Derek Fisher, American basketball player August 13 – Niklas Sundin, Swedish musician August 14 Silvio Horta, American screenwriter and television producer (d. 2020) Christopher Gorham, American actor August 15 – Natasha Henstridge, Canadian actress and model August 16 Didier Cuche, Swiss alpine skier Krisztina Egerszegi, Hungarian swimmer August 20 Amy Adams, American actress Misha Collins, American actor Maxim Vengerov, Russian-Israeli violinist August 22 Jenna Leigh Green, American actress and singer Lee Sheppard, Australian cartoonist August 23 Ray Park, Scottish actor and martial artist Ovi, Romanian-Norwegian singer-songwriter, producer and musician Shifty Shellshock, American singer August 24 – Jennifer Lien, American actress August 28 – Carsten Jancker, German footballer September September 3 – Jen Royle, American sports reporter and chef September 4 Carmit Bachar, American singer Taya Kyle, American author and wife of Chris Kyle September 6 Tim Henman, English tennis player Nina Persson, Swedish singer September 7 – Glenn Ljungström, Swedish guitarist September 10 Mirko Filipović, Croatian kickboxer; mixed martial arts fighter Ryan Phillippe, American actor Ben Wallace, American basketball player September 14 – Hicham El Guerrouj, Moroccan athlete September 15 – Wael Kfoury, Lebanese singer, musician, and songwriter September 17 Rasheed Wallace, American basketball player Austin St. John, American actor and martial artist September 18 Sol Campbell, English footballer Xzibit, American rapper September 19 Jimmy Fallon, American actor, comedian, and television personality Victoria Silvstedt, Swedish model September 23 – Matt Hardy, American professional wrestler September 24 – Kati Wolf, Hungarian singer September 26 – Joo Jin-mo, South Korean actor September 30 – Yul Bürkle, Venezuelan actor and model October October 2 – Rachana Banerjee, Indian film actress October 3 – Marianne Timmer, Dutch speed skater October 6 – Hoàng Xuân Vinh, Vietnamese sports shooter October 7 – Charlotte Perrelli, Swedish singer October 8 – Koji Murofushi, Japanese hammer thrower October 10 Dale Earnhardt Jr., American race car driver Oded Kattash, Israeli basketball player and coach Chris Pronger, Canadian hockey player October 11 – Jason Arnott, Canadian hockey player October 16 Aurela Gaçe, Albanian singer Paul Kariya, Canadian hockey player October 17 – Matthew Macfadyen, English actor October 18 – Zhou Xun, Chinese actress and singer October 21 – Lera Auerbach, Russian composer and pianist October 23 Aravind Adiga, Indian-Australian author Sander Westerveld, Dutch soccer player October 24 – Catherine Sutherland, Australian actress October 28 Nelly Ciobanu, Moldovan singer Joaquin Phoenix, American actor born in Puerto Rico October 29 Akashdeep Saigal, Indian television actor and model Yenny Wahid, Indonesian activist and politician November November 2 – Nelly, American rapper November 5 Ryan Adams, American singer and songwriter Jerry Stackhouse, American basketball player November 8 Penelope Heyns, South African swimmer Masashi Kishimoto, Japanese manga author Matthew Rhys, Welsh actor November 9 – Alessandro Del Piero, Italian football player November 10 – Chris Lilley, Australian comedian and actor November 11 – Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor, producer and environmentalist November 13 – Kerim Seiler, Swiss artist and architect November 15 Chad Kroeger, Canadian singer Ingrida Šimonytė, Prime Minister of Lithuania November 16 – Paul Scholes, English football player November 17 – Leslie Bibb, American actress and model November 18 Chloë Sevigny, American actress, model and fashion designer Petter Solberg, Norwegian rally driver November 20 Drew Ginn, Australian rower Kurt Krömer, German television presenter, comedian and actor November 24 – Stephen Merchant, English actor and comedian November 27 Wendy Houvenaghel, British racing cyclist Zsófia Polgár, Hungarian-born chess player November 29 – Ferenc Merkli, Hungarian Slovene priest, writer and translator November 30 – Wallace Chung, Hong Kong actor and singer December December 1 Costinha, Portuguese footballer Érica Rivas, Argentine actress December 5 Kid Koala, Canadian DJ, turntablist, musician and graphic novelist Ravish Kumar, Indian journalist, author and media personality December 7 – Nicole Appleton, Canadian singer December 10 – Meg White, American drummer December 11 Rey Mysterio, American wrestler Gete Wami, Ethiopian long-distance runner December 12 – Michelle Saram, Singaporean singer and actress December 17 Sarah Paulson, American actress Giovanni Ribisi, American actor December 18 Kari Byron, American artist and television personality Viki Miljković, Serbian singer December 19 Eduard Ivakdalam, Indonesian footballer Ricky Ponting, Australian cricketer December 20 – Paul Linger, English footballer December 23 – Agustin Delgado, Ecuadorian footballer December 24 Marcelo Salas, Chilean footballer Ryan Seacrest, American television personality December 27 – Alena Vinnitskaya, Ukrainian singer December 29 – Mekhi Phifer, American actor December 31 – Tony Kanaan, Brazilian racing driver Deaths January January 1 – Jimmy Smith, American Major League Baseball infielder (b. 1895) January 2 – Tex Ritter, American actor and country musician (b. 1905) January 3 Gino Cervi, Italian actor (b. 1901) Red Snapp, American baseball player (b. 1888) January 5 – Dewey Mayhew, American football coach (b. 1898) January 6 David Alfaro Siqueiros, Mexican painter and muralist (b. 1896) Lech Pijanowski, Polish screenwriter, film critic, broadcaster and director (b. 1928) January 7 – Wang Shusheng, Chinese general (b. 1905) January 8 – Charles-Édouard Ferland, Canadian jurist, Liberal politician and Senator (b. 1892) January 10 – Charles G. Bond, U.S. House of Representatives from New York (b. 1877) January 11 – Antonio Bautista, Filipino pilot with the Philippine Air Force (b. 1937) January 12 Jack Jacobs, American-born National Football League and Canadian Football League player (b. 1919) Princess Patricia of Connaught (b. 1886) January 14 – Joseph Dippolito, Italian American Mafia member of the Los Angeles crime syndicate (b. 1914) January 15 – Harold D. Cooley, U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1897) January 17 – Clara Edwards, American singer, pianist and composer (b. 1880) January 18 – Bill Finger, American comic strip and book writer (b. 1914) January 19 – Edward Seago, British artist (b. 1910) January 20 – Leonard Freeman, American television writer and producer (Hawaii Five-0) (b. 1920) January 21 – Robert Guy Howarth, Australian scholar, literary critic and poet (b. 1906) January 22 – Oskar Herman, Croatian Jewish painter (b. 1886) January 26 – Julius Patzak, Austrian tenor (b. 1898) January 27 Georgios Grivas, Greek-Cypriot colonel (b. 1898) Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, German general (b. 1886) January 28 – Oswald Cornwallis, English cricketer (b. 1894) January 29 – H. E. Bates, English writer and author (b. 1905) January 30 – Bill Whitty, Australian cricketer (b. 1886) January 31 Pina Gallini, Italian actress (b. 1888) Samuel Goldwyn, Polish-born American film studio executive (b. 1879) Glenn Morris, American Olympic athlete (b. 1912) February February 4 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian mathematician and physicist (b. 1894) February 7 – Edward Beck, British army officer (b. 1880) February 15 Kurt Atterberg, Swedish composer (b. 1887) George W. Snedecor, American mathematician and statistician (b. 1881) February 17 – Ralph W. Gerard, American neurophysiologist and behavioural scientist (b. 1900) February 21 – Tim Horton, Canadian ice hockey player and co-founder of the Tim Hortons restaurant chain (b. 1930) February 23 – George Van Biesbroeck, American-born Belgian astronomer (b. 1880) February 24 Margaret Leech, American historian and fiction writer (b. 1893) Robert A. Stemmle, German screenwriter and film director (b. 1903) March March 1 Hüseyin Kemal Gürmen, Turkish theatre and cinema actor (b. 1901) Bobby Timmons, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1935) March 2 – Péter Schell, Hungarian politician (b. 1898) March 3 Barbara Ruick, American actress and singer (b. 1930) Frank Wilcox, American character actor (b. 1907) March 4 – Adolph Gottlieb, American abstract expressionist painter (b. 1903) March 5 John Samuel Bourque, French-Canadian politician, Cabinet Minister, military member, and businessman from Québec, Canada (b. 1894) Billy De Wolfe, American character actor (b. 1907) March 6 – Ernest Becker, American anthropologist and writer; who won the 1974 Pulitzer Prize (posthumously) for his book The Denial of Death (b. 1924) March 7 Moriji Mochida, last person ever awarded the 10th dan rank in kendo (b. 1885) Hans Sachs, Holocaust survivor and poster collector (b. 1881) March 8 – Martha Wentworth, American actress (b. 1889) March 9 – Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) March 10 – Alexander John Majeski, American architect and Naval Lieutenant (b. 1920) March 12 – Oleksii Shovkunenko, Ukrainian painter (b. 1884) March 13 – Red Wing, American actress (b. 1873) March 14 – Maulana Shams-ud-din Harifal, Pakistani Islamic scholar (b. 1944) March 15 – José Tohá, Chilean Socialist politician, minister (assassinated) (b. 1927) March 17 – Louis Kahn, Russian-born American architect (b. 1901) March 19 – Edward Platt, American actor known as "The Chief" on NBC/CBS's Get Smart (b. 1916) March 20 – Chet Huntley, American television reporter (b. 1911) March 21 – Candy Darling, American actress (b. 1944) March 22 – Peter Revson, American race car driver (b. 1939) March 24 – Lewie G. Merritt, U.S. Marine, major general and aviator (b. 1897) March 27 Wilhelm Herget, German Luftwaffe flying ace (b. 1910) Eduardo Santos, Colombian publisher and politician, 15th President of Colombia (b. 1888) March 28 – Dorothy Fields, American librettist and lyricist (b. 1904) March 29 Andrea Checchi, Italian actor (La ciociara) (b. 1916) Platon Chirnoagă, Romanian general (b. 1894) Joe Stecher, American professional wrestler (b. 1893) March 31 – Frank Seno, American football running back and defensive back (b. 1921) April April 2 Douglass Dumbrille, Canadian actor (b. 1889) Georges Pompidou, 100th Prime Minister of France and 19th President of France, Co-Prince of Andorra (b. 1911) April 3 – Ossie Newton-Thompson, South African cricketer and politician (b. 1920) April 5 – A. Y. Jackson, Canadian painter and a founding member of the Group of Seven (b. 1882) April 6 Willem Marinus Dudok, Dutch modernist architect (b. 1884) Roy Wood, American professional baseball player (b. 1892) April 8 – K. A. C. Creswell, English architectural historian (b. 1879) April 9 - Marvin L. Kline, Republican politician (b. 1903) April 10 – Patricia Collinge, Irish-born American actress (b. 1892) April 11 – Edward Alexander Bott, psychologist at the University of Toronto (b. 1887) April 14 Howard Pease, American adventure novelist (b. 1894) Michael Whalen, American actor (b. 1902) April 18 Betty Compson, American actress (b. 1897) Marcel Pagnol, French novelist (b. 1895) April 19 – Ayub Khan, Pakistanian general and politician, 2nd President of Pakistan (b. 1907) April 20 – Peter Lee Lawrence, German actor in Spaghetti Westerns; such as For a Few Dollars More (b. 1944) April 21 – Mirja Mane, Finnish actress (b. 1929) April 23 – Cy Williams, American baseball player (b. 1887) April 24 Bud Abbott, American comedian (b. 1895) Franz Jonas, Austrian political figure, 7th President of Austria (b. 1899) April 25 – Gustavo R. Vincenti, Maltese architect and developer (b. 1888) April 27 – Hans W. Petersen, Danish actor of over 40 films (b. 1897) April 28 – Paul Page, American actor of the 1920s and 1930s (b. 1903) April 30 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress (b. 1900) May May 1 – Frank Packer, Australian media proprietor (b. 1906) May 2 James O. Richardson, American admiral (b. 1878) William Wantling, American ex-Marine, poet and novelist (b. 1933) May 3 Nasir Khan, Indian actor (b. 1924) Ralph McCabe, Canadian-born Major League Baseball player (b. 1918) May 4 – Ludwig Karl Koch, German broadcaster and sound recordist (b. 1881) May 6 – Robert Maestri, Mayor of New Orleans (b. 1889) May 7 Abu Bakar of Pahang, Fourth Sultan of Pahang (b. 1904) Fred Kelly, American Olympic athlete (b. 1891) May 8 – Fred Conyngham, Australian actor (b. 1901) May 10 – Takeshi Sakamoto, Japanese actor (b. 1899) May 12 – Wayne Maki, Canadian National Hockey League player (b. 1944) May 13 – Jaime Torres Bodet, Mexican public servant, 2nd Director-General of the UNESCO (b. 1902) May 14 – Jacob L. Moreno, Romanian-American psychiatrist and psychosociologist (b. 1889) May 15 – Guy Simonds, Canadian Lieutenant-General, commander of the Canadian Armed Forces in World War II (b. 1903) May 16 – Billy Welu, American professional bowler (b. 1932) May 17 – Symbionese Liberation Army shootout with the Los Angeles Police Department Angela Atwood, American founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (b. 1949) Donald DeFreeze, American leader of the Symbionese Liberation Army who went by the nom de guerre "Field Marshal Cinque" (b. 1943) Camilla Hall, American member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, one of main kidnappers of heiress Patricia Hearst (b. 1945) Nancy Ling Perry, American member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (b. 1947) Patricia Soltysik, American member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (b. 1950) May 18 – Harry Ricardo, English mechanical engineer (b. 1885) May 19 – Allal al-Fassi, Moroccan politician, poet, writer and scholar (b. 1910) May 20 – Jean Daniélou, French Catholic cardinal, theologian and academic (b. 1905) May 21 – Lily Kronberger, Hungarian figure skater (b. 1890) May 24 – Duke Ellington, American jazz pianist and bandleader (b. 1899) May 25 Donald Crisp, English-American actor, film director, screenwriter and producer (b. 1882) Arturo Jauretche, Argentine writer, politician and philosopher (b. 1901) May 26 – Kitty Gordon, English stage and silent film actress. (b. 1878) May 27 – Rudolf Altstadt, German soldier in World War II (b. 1914) May 28 – Francesco Fausto Nitti, Italian journalist (b. 1899) May 31 Adelle Davis, American author and nutritionist (b. 1904) Frederick George Topham, Canadian soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1917) June June 1 – Henry Clay Sevier, American lawyer and member from Louisiana House of Representatives (b. 1896) June 2 – Roger C. Slaughter, American lawyer and U.S. Representative from Missouri (b. 1905) June 3 – Rashid Nezhmetdinov, Soviet chess player (b. 1912) June 4 Smokey Harris, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1890) Mamerto Urriolagoitía , 43rd President of Bolivia (b. 1895) June 5 – Larry Cabrelli, American football player and assistant coach Philadelphia Eagles (b. 1917) June 7 – Abdul Rahman Hashim, Malaysian Inspector-General of Police (b. 1925) June 9 Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890) Katharine Cornell, Berlin-born, American stage actress, writer, theatre owner, and producer (b. 1893) Carlo Pisacane, Italian actor (b. 1889) June 10 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 11th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1900) June 11 Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Brazilian marshal and 16th President of Brazil (b. 1883) Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (b. 1898) June 12 – André Marie, French Radical politician, 65th Prime Minister of France (b. 1897) June 14 – Knud Jeppesen, Danish musicologist, composer, and songwriter (b. 1892) June 15 – Kevin Gately, English mathematics student at University of Warwick involved in the Red Lion Square disorders (b. 1953) June 16 Amalie Sara Colquhoun, Australian landscape and portrait painter (b. 1894) Mauritz Hugo, Swedish-born American film and television actor (b. 1909) June 17 Pamela Britton, American actress (b. 1923) Austin Gunsel, 3rd commissioner of the National Football League (b. 1909) June 18 – Georgy Zhukov, Soviet Army marshal and Minister of Defence (b. 1896) June 21 – Katsutaro Kouta, Japanese female geisha and ryūkōka singer (b. 1904) June 22 – Darius Milhaud, French composer (b. 1892) June 23 – Calvin B. Hoover, noted U.S. economist and professor (b. 1897) June 24 – József Juhász, Hungarian stage and film actor (b. 1908) June 25 – Cornelius Lanczos, Hungarian mathematician and physicist (b. 1893) June 26 – Ernest Gruening, American journalist, Governor of Alaska Territory from 1939 to 1953, and United States Senator from 1959 to 1969 (b. 1887) June 27 – Fred DeStefano, American football player and physician; who won the National Football League title with the Chicago Cardinals of 1925 (b. 1900) June 28 Vannevar Bush, American engineer, inventor and science administrator (b. 1890) Frank Sutton, American actor (b. 1923) June 29 – José Maria Ferreira de Castro, Portuguese writer and journalist (b. 1898) June 30 – Alberta Williams King, American civil rights champion, wife of Martin Luther King, Sr., and mother of Martin Luther King Jr. (b. 1904) July July 1 – Juan Perón, Argentine army general and politician, 2-time President of Argentina (b. 1895) July 2 Sonia Holm, English actress (b. 1920) Edith L. Sharp, Canadian writer (b. 1911) July 4 Georgette Heyer, British writer (b. 1902) André Randall, French actor (b. 1892) July 6 – Joseph Baldacchino, Maltese archaeologist (b. 1894) July 7 Leon Shamroy, American Academy Award-winning cinematographer (b. 1901) Cornelius Vanderbilt IV, American publisher and member of the Vanderbilt Family (b. 1898) July 8 Mário Simões Dias, Portuguese violinist (b. 1902) Margaret Furse, British Academy Award-winning costume designer for Anne of the Thousand Days (b. 1911) July 9 – Earl Warren, American jurist and politician, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b. 1891) July 10 – Nancy Wickwire, American soap opera actress (b. 1925) July 11 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891) July 12 – Sonja Ludvigsen, Norwegian politician (b. 1928) July 13 Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897) Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1898) July 14 Dame Sibyl Hathaway, Seigneur of Sark (b. 1884) Carl Andrew Spaatz, U.S. Air Force general (b. 1891) July 15 William Albrecht, Chairman of the Department of Soils at the University of Missouri (b. 1888) Christine Chubbuck, American TV personality (b. 1944) Victor Negus, British surgeon (b. 1887) July 16 – Oduvaldo Vianna Filho, Brazilian playwright (b. 1936) July 17 – Dizzy Dean, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1910) July 19 – Joe Flynn, American actor (b. 1924) July 20 – Charles Rudolph d'Olive, American World War I ace (b. 1896) July 22 – Wayne Morse, American lawyer, politician, and United States Senator from Oregon (1945–1969) (b. 1900) July 23 – Peter Lei, Bishop of Hong Kong (b. 1922) July 24 – Sir James Chadwick, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891) July 25 – Robert Hanbidge, Canadian lawyer and politician, Mayor of Kerrobert and 12th Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan (b. 1891) July 27 Lightnin' Slim, American blues musician (b. 1913) Joop Pelser, Dutch footballer (b. 1892) July 28 – Truman Bradley, American radio actor (b. 1905) July 29 Cass Elliot, American vocalist (b. 1941) Erich Kästner, German author (b. 1899) July 30 – Lev Knipper, Soviet composer (b. 1898) August August 2 – Cyril Smith, |
3 – Braniff Flight 352 crashes near Dawson, Texas, killing all 85 people on board. May 8 – The Kray twins were arrested. May 11 – The Montreal Canadiens defeat the St. Louis Blues in a four-game sweep to win the Stanley Cup. May 13 – Paris student riots: One million march through the streets of Paris. May 13 – Manchester City wins the 1967–68 Football League First Division by 2 clear points, over club rivals Manchester United May 14 – The Beatles announce the creation of Apple Records in a New York press conference. May 15 – An outbreak of severe thunderstorms produces tornadoes, causing massive damage and heavy casualties in Charles City, Iowa, Oelwein, Iowa, and Jonesboro, Arkansas. May 16 – Ronan Point, a 23 floor tower block in Canning Town, east London, partially collapses after a gas explosion, killing 5. May 17 – The Catonsville Nine enter the Selective Service offices in Catonsville, Maryland, take dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with napalm as a protest against the Vietnam War. May 18 Mattel's Hot Wheels toy cars are introduced. West Bromwich Albion win the Football Association Cup, defeating Everton 1–0 after extra time. The winning goal is scored by Jeff Astle. May 19 A general election is held in Italy. Nigerian forces capture Port Harcourt and form a ring around the Biafrans. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded population already suffers from hunger and starvation. May 22 – The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores. May 23 – The Federal University of São Carlos is established in São Carlos, Brazil. May 27 – Japanese student group Zenkyoto forms as violent student protests in Japan intensify. May 29 – Manchester United wins the European Cup Final, becoming the first English team to do so. May 30 – Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500. June June 2 – Student demonstrations in Yugoslavia start in Belgrade. June 3 – Radical feminist Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol at his New York City studio, The Factory; he survives after a 5-hour operation. June 4 – The Standard & Poor's 500 index in the United States closes above 100 for the first time, at 100.38. June 5 – Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Sirhan Sirhan is arrested. June 6 – Robert Kennedy dies from his injuries after being shot the previous day, aged 42. June 7 – The Ford sewing machinists strike for equal pay starts at the Ford Dagenham plant in London. June 8 – James Earl Ray is arrested for the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April. June 10 – Italy beats Yugoslavia 2–0 in a replay to win the 1968 European Championship. The original final on June 8 ended 1–1. June 12 – The horror film Rosemary's Baby premieres in the U.S. June 17 – The Malayan Communist Party launches a second insurgency and the state of emergency is again imposed in Malaysia. June 20 – Austin Currie, Member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, along with others, squats a house in Caledon to protest discrimination in housing allocations. June 23 Puerta 12 tragedy: A football stampede in Buenos Aires leaves 74 dead and 150 injured. The first round of voting takes place in the French legislative elections scheduled following the public unrest of May. June 26 The Bonin Islands are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United States Navy. The "March of the One Hundred Thousand" takes place in Rio de Janeiro as crowds demonstrate against the Brazilian military government. June 30 – The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy heavy military transport aircraft first flies in the U.S. This model will still be in service 50 years later. July July 1 The Central Intelligence Agency's Phoenix Program is officially established. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature. July 4 – Yachtsman Alec Rose, 59, receives a hero's welcome as he sails into Portsmouth, England after his 354-day round-the-world trip. July 13 – 1968 flu pandemic: Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 first recorded in Hong Kong. July 15 – The soap opera One Life to Live premieres on ABC television in the United States. July 17 – Saddam Hussein becomes Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Iraq after a coup d'état. July 18 – The semiconductor company Intel is founded. July 20 – The first International Special Olympics Summer Games are held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Ill, with about 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities. July 23–28 – Black militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police in the Glenville Shootout of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. July 25 – Pope Paul VI publishes the encyclical entitled Humanae vitae, on birth control. July 26 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Trương Đình Dzu is sentenced to 5 years hard labor, for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war. July 29 Arenal Volcano erupts in Costa Rica for the first time in centuries. Yorkshire Television starts broadcasting. July 30 – Thames Television starts transmission in London. July 31 – BBC television sitcom Dad's Army is broadcast for the first time in the UK. August August 1 – The Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul is established in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo. August 2 – The 7.6 Casiguran earthquake affects the Aurora province in the Philippines with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing at least 207 and injuring 261. August 5–8 – The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida nominates Richard Nixon for U.S. president and Spiro Agnew for vice president. August 11 – The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection of British Railways steam locomotives make the 120-mile journey from Liverpool to Carlisle and return to Liverpool – the journey is known as the Fifteen Guinea Special. August 18 – Two charter buses are forced into the Hida River on National Highway Route 41 in Japan in an accident caused by heavy rain; 104 are killed. August 20–21 – Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia: The 'Prague Spring' of political liberalization ends, as 750,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 6,500 tanks with 800 aircraft invade Czechoslovakia, the largest military operation in Europe since the end of World War II. August 21 – The Medal of Honor is posthumously awarded to James Anderson Jr.; he is the first black U.S. Marine to be given this award. August 24 – Canopus (nuclear test): France explodes its first hydrogen bomb in a test at Fangataufa atoll in French Polynesia. August 22–30 – Police clash with anti-war protesters in Chicago outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which nominates Hubert Humphrey for U.S. president and Edmund Muskie for vice president. The riots and subsequent trials are an essential part of the activism of the Youth International Party. August 28 – John Gordon Mein, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala, is assassinated on the streets of Guatemala City, the first U.S. Ambassador assassinated in the line of duty. August 29 – Crown Prince Harald of Norway marries Sonja Haraldsen, the commoner he has dated for 9 years. September September 6 – Swaziland becomes independent. September 7 – 150 women (members of New York Radical Women) arrive in Atlantic City, New Jersey to protest against the Miss America Pageant, as exploitative of women. Led by activist and author Robin Morgan, it is one of the first large demonstrations of Second Wave Feminism as Women's Liberation begins to gather much media attention. The crash of Air France Flight 1611 kills 95 people, including French Army General René Cogny as the Caravelle jetliner plunges into the Mediterranean Sea while making its approach to Nice following its departure from the island of Corsica. The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) is founded. September 8 - Arthur Ashe wins the first US Open of the Open Era, also becoming the first black male to capture the title. Virginia Wade wins the women's singles title. September 13 Albania officially withdraws from the Warsaw Pact upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since 1962. U.S. Army Major General Keith L. Ware, World War II Medal of Honor recipient, is killed when his helicopter is shot down in Vietnam. He is posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. An agreement for merger between the General Electric Company and English Electric, the largest industrial merger in the UK up to that time. September 14 – Detroit Tiger Denny McLain becomes the first baseball pitcher to win 30 games in a season since 1934. He remains the last player to accomplish the feat. September 17 – The D'Oliveira affair: The Marylebone Cricket Club tour of South Africa is cancelled when the South Africans refuse to accept the presence of Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured, in the side. September 18 – Popular Canadian band Rush is formed. September 20 – Hawaii Five-O debuts on CBS, and eventually becomes the longest-running crime show in television history, until Law & Order overtakes it in 2003. September 21 – The Soviet's Zond 5 unmanned lunar flyby mission returns to earth, with its first-of-a-kind biological payload intact. September 23 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive comes to an end in South Vietnam. September 24 – 60 Minutes debuts on CBS and is still on the air as of 2021. September 27 – Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal. September 29 – A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta. September 30 – Boeing introduces its largest passenger aircraft up to that time, the Boeing 747 at a public event at Paine Field, near Everett, Washington. October October – Golgo 13, which becomes Japan's longest-running ongoing manga, makes its debut on Big Comic. October 1 – Night of the Living Dead premieres in the United States. October 2 – Tlatelolco massacre: A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before the inauguration of the 1968 Summer Olympics. 300-400 are estimated to have been killed. October 3 – In Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado takes power in a revolution. October 5 – Police baton civil rights demonstrators in Derry, Northern Ireland, marking the beginning of The Troubles. October 7 – At the height of protests against the Vietnam War, José Feliciano performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Tiger Stadium in Detroit during Game 5 pre-game ceremonies of the 1968 World Series between the Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals. His personalized, slow, Latin jazz performance proved highly controversial, opening the door for later interpretations of the national anthem. October 8 – Vietnam War – Operation Sealords: United States and South Vietnamese forces launch a new operation in the Mekong Delta. October 10 – 1968 World Series: The Detroit Tigers defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the best of 7 series (4 games to 3) after being down 3 games to 1, completing an unlikely comeback against the heavily favored Cardinals led by the overpowering right-handed pitcher Bob Gibson. The final score of Game 7 is 4–1. October 11 Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission (Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, Walter Cunningham). Mission goals include the first live television broadcast from orbit and simulating lunar module rendezvous and docking, using the S-IVB rocket stage as a test target. In Panama, a military coup d'état, led by Col. Boris Martinez and Col. Omar Torrijos, overthrows the democratically elected (but highly controversial) government of President Arnulfo Arias. Within a year, Torrijos ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto Head of Government in Panama. October 12–27 – The Games of the XIX Olympiad are held in Mexico City, Mexico. October 12 – Equatorial Guinea receives its independence from Spain. October 14 – Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will send about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours. October 16 In Mexico City, African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their fists in a black power salute after winning, respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men's 200 metres. Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, provoked by the banning of Walter Rodney from the country. October 18 – US athlete Bob Beamon breaks the long jump world record by 55 cm / 21¾ ins at the Olympics in Mexico City. His record stands for 23 years, and is still the second longest jump in history. October 20 – Former U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy marries Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis on the Greek island of Skorpios. October 22 – The Gun Control Act of 1968 is enacted. October 25 – Led Zeppelin makes their first live performance, at Surrey University in England October 31 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1. November November 5 1968 U.S. presidential election: Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeats the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace. Luis A. Ferré, of the newly formed New Progressive Party is elected Governor of Puerto Rico, by beating incumbent governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella of the People's Party, Luis Negrón López of the Popular Democratic Party and Antonio J. Gonzalez of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, he also becomes the first "statehooder" governor of the Island. November 11 – A second republic is declared in the Maldives. November 14 – Yale University announces it is going to admit women. November 15 – Vietnam War: Operation Commando Hunt is initiated to interdict men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh trail, through Laos into South Vietnam. By the end of the operation, 3 million tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail operations. November 17 British European Airways introduces the BAC One-Eleven into commercial service. The Heidi Game: NBC cuts off the final 1:05 of an Oakland Raiders–New York Jets football game to broadcast the pre-scheduled Heidi. Fans are unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32–29) score 2 late touchdowns to win 43–32; as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood the NBC switchboards to protest. November 19 – In Mali, President Modibo Keïta's regime is overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré. November 20 – The Farmington Mine disaster in Farmington, West Virginia, kills seventy-eight men. November 22 The Beatles release their self-titled album popularly known as the White Album. "Plato's Stepchildren", 12th episode of Star Trek 3rd season is aired, featuring the first-ever interracial kiss on U.S. national television between Lieutenant Uhura and Captain James T. Kirk. November 24 – 4 men hijack Pan Am Flight 281 from JFK International Airport, New York to Havana, Cuba. November 26 – Vietnam War: United States Air Force First Lieutenant and Bell UH-1F helicopter pilot James P. Fleming rescues an Army Special Forces unit pinned down by Viet Cong fire, earning a Medal of Honor for his bravery. December December 3 – The videotaped NBC television special Singer Presents...ELVIS (sponsored by The Singer Company, the American sewing machine manufacturer) marks the comeback of Elvis Presley after the legendary musician has been away from singing. December 6 – The Rolling Stones release Beggars Banquet, which contains the classic song "Sympathy for the Devil." December 9 – Douglas Engelbart publicly demonstrates his pioneering hypertext system, NLS, in San Francisco, together with the computer mouse, at what becomes retrospectively known as "The Mother of All Demos". December 10 – Japan's biggest heist, the never-solved "300 million yen robbery", occurs in Tokyo. December 11 The film Oliver! based on the hit London and Broadway musical, opens in the U.S. after being released first in England. It goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus is filmed but is not released until 1996. December 13 – Prompted by growing unrest and a perceived proliferation of "pro-communist" violent actions, Brazilian president Artur da Costa e Silva enacts the so-called AI-5, the fifth of a series of non-constitutional emergency decrees allegedly to help "stabilize" the country after the turmoils of the early 1960s. December 17 – In England, Mary Bell, aged 11, is found guilty of murdering two small boys and sentenced to life in detention, but is released from prison in 1980 and granted anonymity. December 20 – The Zodiac Killer is believed to have shot Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday on Lake Herman Road, Benicia, San Francisco Bay, California, his first confirmed victims. December 22 David Eisenhower, grandson of former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, marries Julie Nixon, the daughter of U.S. President-elect Richard Nixon. Mao Zedong advocates that educated urban youth in China be sent for re-education in the countryside. It marks the start of the "Up to the mountains and down to the villages" movement. December 24 – Apollo program: The manned U.S. spacecraft Apollo 8 enters orbit around the Moon. Astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders become the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole, as well as having traveled further away from Earth than any people in history. Anders photographs Earthrise. The crew also give a reading from the Book of Genesis. December 26 – Led Zeppelin make their American debut in Denver. December 28 – Israeli forces fly into Lebanese airspace, launching an attack on the airport in Beirut and destroying more than a dozen aircraft. Dates unknown The Khmer Rouge is officially formed in Cambodia as an offshoot movement of the Vietnam People's Army from North Vietnam to bring communism to the nation. A few years later, they will become bitter enemies. United Artists pulls eleven Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons in its library from television due to the depiction of racist stereotypes towards African-Americans. These cartoons come to be known as the Censored Eleven. An oil field is confirmed in Northern Alaska: the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Midea Group, a well-known home appliance worldwide, founded in Guangdong Province, China. Births January January 1 Darren Greer, Canadian writer Davor Šuker, Croatian footballer January 2 Violet Berlin, British presenter and script writer Cuba Gooding Jr., African-American actor January 3 – Matheus Nachtergaele, Brazilian actor and director January 5 DJ BoBo, Swiss singer, songwriter and dancer Andrzej Gołota, Polish boxer Carrie Ann Inaba, American choreographer, game show host and singer January 6 Blanca Eekhout, Venezuelan politician John Singleton, African-American film director and writer (d. 2019) January 8 – James Brokenshire, British politician (d. 2021) January 9 Joey Lauren Adams, American actress Mikhail Gremyatskiy, retired Russian professional footballer Silver King, Mexican professional wrestler (d. 2019) January 11 – Benjamin List, German organic chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry January 12 Rachael Harris, American actress and comedian Heather Mills, British former model and second ex-wife of Sir Paul McCartney January 13 – Pat Onstad, Canadian footballer January 14 Anthony Meindl, American screenwriter, actor and writer LL Cool J, African-American rapper and actor January 15 – Chad Lowe, American actor and director January 16 David Catania, American politician and lawyer Stephan Pastis, American cartoonist Atticus Ross, English musician, songwriter, record producer and audio engineer January 17 – Svetlana Masterkova, Russian athlete January 19 Kimberly Bergalis, American woman who alleges she had contracted HIV from her dentist (d. 1991) Matt Hill, Canadian voice actor January 21 – Charlotte Ross, American actress January 22 – Guy Fieri, American chef January 24 Michael Kiske, German musician Mary Lou Retton, American gymnast January 25 – Carolina Ferraz, Brazilian actress, television presenter and model January 26 Eric Davis, American football player Novala Takemoto, Japanese author and fashion designer January 27 – Mike Patton, American singer January 28 – Sarah McLachlan, Canadian singer January 29 – Edward Burns, American actor January 30 – King Felipe VI of Spain February February 1 Lisa Marie Presley, American singer Mark Recchi, Canadian ice hockey player Pauly Shore, American actor February 3 David Scarboro, English actor (d. 1988) Vlade Divac, Serbian basketball player Marwan Khoury, Lebanese singer and composer February 4 – Saravanan Murugan, Malaysian politician February 5 Roberto Alomar, American baseball player Marcus Grönholm, Finnish rally driver Qasim Melho, Syrian television actor February 6 The Lady of Rage, American rapper February 7 Mark Tewksbury, Canadian former competition swimmer Sully Erna, American singer-songwriter and musician Peter Bondra, Slovakian ice hockey player Porntip Nakhirunkanok, Miss Universe 1988 February 8 Gary Coleman, African-American actor (d. 2010) April Stewart, American voice actress February 9 – Alejandra Guzmán, Mexican singer-songwriter, actress, and musician February 10 Laurie Foell, New Zealand/Australian actress Atika Suri, Indonesian television newscaster February 11 Lavinia Agache, Romanian artistic gymnast Mo Willems, American animator February 12 Chris McCandless, American hiker (d. 1992) Josh Brolin, American actor Chynna Phillips, American singer and actress February 13 Kelly Hu, American actress, voice artist, former fashion model and beauty queen Niamh Kavanagh, Irish singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1993 winner February 14 Jules Asner, American model and television personality Phill Lewis, American actor, comedian and director February 15 – Gloria Trevi, Mexican singer and actress February 18 Molly Ringwald, American actress Dennis Satin, German film director February 21 – Pellom McDaniels, American football player (d. 2020) February 22 Bradley Nowell, American musician (d. 1996) Jeri Ryan, American actress February 24 Andy Berman, American actor, director, producer, writer, voice artist, and comedian Mitch Hedberg, American stand-up comedian (d. 2005) February 26 Tim Commerford, American musician Jeff Forshaw, British particle physicist February 27 Shuhaimi Shafiei, Malaysian politician (d. 2018) Matt Stairs, Canadian baseball player February 29 – Sam Sneed, American producer and rapper March March 1 Kat Cressida, American voice actress Kunjarani Devi, Indian weightlifter Muho Noelke, German Zen master March 2 – Daniel Craig, British actor March 3 – Brian Leetch, American ice hockey player March 4 Giovanni Carrara, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player Patsy Kensit, British actress March 5 Gordon Bajnai, Hungarian Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini, 10th Prime Minister of Eswatini (d. 2020) March 6 Moira Kelly, American actress Mara Maravilha, Brazilian singer, songwriter, television presenter, actress and businesswoman March 7 – Jeff Kent, American baseball player March 10 – Alma Čardžić, Bosnian singer March 11 Lisa Loeb, American singer Dominic Mafham, English actor March 12 Tammy Duckworth, American politician Aaron Eckhart, American actor March 13 Akira Nogami, Japanese professional wrestler Masami Okui, Japanese singer March 14 Megan Follows, Canadian-American actress James Frain, British actor March 15 Mark McGrath, American singer Terje Riis-Johansen, Norwegian politician Sabrina Salerno, Italian singer March 16 David MacMillan, Scottish-born organic chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry Trevor Wilson, American basketball player March 17 – Nika Rurua, Georgian politician (d. 2018) March 19 – Mots'eoa Senyane, Lesotho diplomat March 20 Carlos Almeida, Cape Verdean long-distance runner Ultra Naté, American singer, songwriter, record producer, DJ and promoter March 22 – Euronymous, Norwegian musician (d. 1993) March 23 Damon Albarn, English singer-songwriter and musician Fernando Hierro, Spanish footballer Mike Atherton, English cricketer March 25 – Cathy Dennis, British singer-songwriter, record producer and actress March 26 Kenny Chesney, American country music singer James Iha, American rock musician March 27 – Ben Koldyke, American actor March 28 – Iris Chang, American author (d. 2004) March 29 Alan Budikusuma, Indonesian badminton player Lucy Lawless, New Zealand actress and singer March 30 – Celine Dion, Canadian singer April April 1 Julia Boutros, Lebanese singer Andreas Schnaas, German director April 3 Michael Reisz, American actor, voice actor, writer and producer Charlotte Coleman, English actress (d. 2001) April 4 – Zwelonke Sigcawu, South African politician and Xhosa royal (d. 2019) April 5 Paula Cole, American singer Stewart Lee, | race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. March 17 – A demonstration in London's Grosvenor Square against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War leads to violence; 91 people are injured, 200 demonstrators arrested. March 18 – Gold standard: The United States Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back U.S. currency. March 19–23 – Afrocentrism, Black Power, Vietnam War: Students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over its ROTC program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric curriculum. March 21 – Battle of Karameh March 22 – Daniel Cohn-Bendit ("Danny the Red") and 7 other students occupy the administrative offices of the University of Nanterre, setting in motion a chain of events that lead France to the brink of revolution in May. March 24 – Aer Lingus Flight 712 crashes en route from Cork to London near Tuskar Rock, Wexford, killing 61 passengers and crew. March 28 – Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death is one of the first major events against the military dictatorship. March 30 – Paradiso in Amsterdam opened its doors under the name 'Cosmic Relaxation Centre Paradiso' March 31 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces he will not seek re-election. April April 2 Bombs explode at midnight in two department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main; Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin are later arrested and sentenced for arson. In a television special broadcast in the United States on NBC, white British singer Petula Clark touches African American singer Harry Belafonte affectionately on the arm. The film 2001: A Space Odyssey premieres in Washington, D.C. First appearance of Our Lady of Zeitoun, a Marian apparition in Cairo. April 3 Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech in Memphis, Tennessee. American movie Planet of the Apes is released in theaters. April 4 Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.: Martin Luther King Jr. is shot dead at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. King-assassination riots erupt in major American cities, lasting for several days afterwards. Apollo program: Apollo-Saturn mission 502 (Apollo 6) is launched, as the second and last unmanned test-flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. AEK Athens wins the FIBA European Cup Winners Cup Final in basketball against Slavia Prague, in front of a record attendance of 80,000 spectators. It is the first major European trophy won at club level of any sport in Greece. April 6 "La, la, la" by Massiel (music and lyrics by Manuel de la Calva and Ramón Arcusa) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 for Spain, at the Royal Albert Hall in London. A shootout between Black Panthers and police in Oakland, California, results in several arrests and deaths, including 17-year-old Panther Bobby Hutton. Richmond, Indiana explosion: A double explosion in downtown Richmond kills 41 and injures 150. April 7 – British racing driver Jim Clark is killed in a Formula 2 race at Hockenheim. April 8 – The Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (under Department of Justice) (BNDD) is created. April 10 – The ferry strikes a reef at the mouth of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, with the loss of 53 lives, in Cyclone Giselle, which has created the windiest conditions ever recorded in New Zealand. April 11 Josef Bachmann tries to assassinate Rudi Dutschke, leader of the left-wing movement (APO) in Germany, and tries to commit suicide afterwards, failing in both, although Dutschke dies of his brain injuries 11 years later. German left-wing students blockade the Springer Press HQ in Berlin and many are arrested (one of them Ulrike Meinhof). U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968. MGM's classic film The Wizard of Oz makes its NBC debut after being telecast on CBS since 1956 in the United States. It will remain on NBC for the next 8 years. April 18 – John Rennie's 1831 New London Bridge is sold to Arizona entrepreneur Robert P. McCulloch and is rebuilt in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, reopening on October 5, 1971. April 20 Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes the 15th Prime Minister of Canada. British politician Enoch Powell makes his controversial Rivers of Blood speech in Birmingham. April 23 President Mobutu releases captured mercenaries in the Congo. Surgeons at the Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, perform Europe's first heart transplant, on Clovis Roblain. The United Methodist Church is created by the union in Dallas, Texas, of the former Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren churches. April 23–30 – Vietnam War: Columbia University protests of 1968 – Student protesters at Columbia University in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university. April 26 – The nuclear weapon "Boxcar" is tested at the Nevada Test Site in the biggest detonation of Operation Crosstie. April 29 – The musical Hair officially opens on Broadway. May May 2 – The Israel Broadcasting Authority commences television broadcasts. May 3 – Braniff Flight 352 crashes near Dawson, Texas, killing all 85 people on board. May 8 – The Kray twins were arrested. May 11 – The Montreal Canadiens defeat the St. Louis Blues in a four-game sweep to win the Stanley Cup. May 13 – Paris student riots: One million march through the streets of Paris. May 13 – Manchester City wins the 1967–68 Football League First Division by 2 clear points, over club rivals Manchester United May 14 – The Beatles announce the creation of Apple Records in a New York press conference. May 15 – An outbreak of severe thunderstorms produces tornadoes, causing massive damage and heavy casualties in Charles City, Iowa, Oelwein, Iowa, and Jonesboro, Arkansas. May 16 – Ronan Point, a 23 floor tower block in Canning Town, east London, partially collapses after a gas explosion, killing 5. May 17 – The Catonsville Nine enter the Selective Service offices in Catonsville, Maryland, take dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with napalm as a protest against the Vietnam War. May 18 Mattel's Hot Wheels toy cars are introduced. West Bromwich Albion win the Football Association Cup, defeating Everton 1–0 after extra time. The winning goal is scored by Jeff Astle. May 19 A general election is held in Italy. Nigerian forces capture Port Harcourt and form a ring around the Biafrans. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded population already suffers from hunger and starvation. May 22 – The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores. May 23 – The Federal University of São Carlos is established in São Carlos, Brazil. May 27 – Japanese student group Zenkyoto forms as violent student protests in Japan intensify. May 29 – Manchester United wins the European Cup Final, becoming the first English team to do so. May 30 – Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500. June June 2 – Student demonstrations in Yugoslavia start in Belgrade. June 3 – Radical feminist Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol at his New York City studio, The Factory; he survives after a 5-hour operation. June 4 – The Standard & Poor's 500 index in the United States closes above 100 for the first time, at 100.38. June 5 – Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Sirhan Sirhan is arrested. June 6 – Robert Kennedy dies from his injuries after being shot the previous day, aged 42. June 7 – The Ford sewing machinists strike for equal pay starts at the Ford Dagenham plant in London. June 8 – James Earl Ray is arrested for the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April. June 10 – Italy beats Yugoslavia 2–0 in a replay to win the 1968 European Championship. The original final on June 8 ended 1–1. June 12 – The horror film Rosemary's Baby premieres in the U.S. June 17 – The Malayan Communist Party launches a second insurgency and the state of emergency is again imposed in Malaysia. June 20 – Austin Currie, Member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, along with others, squats a house in Caledon to protest discrimination in housing allocations. June 23 Puerta 12 tragedy: A football stampede in Buenos Aires leaves 74 dead and 150 injured. The first round of voting takes place in the French legislative elections scheduled following the public unrest of May. June 26 The Bonin Islands are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United States Navy. The "March of the One Hundred Thousand" takes place in Rio de Janeiro as crowds demonstrate against the Brazilian military government. June 30 – The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy heavy military transport aircraft first flies in the U.S. This model will still be in service 50 years later. July July 1 The Central Intelligence Agency's Phoenix Program is officially established. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature. July 4 – Yachtsman Alec Rose, 59, receives a hero's welcome as he sails into Portsmouth, England after his 354-day round-the-world trip. July 13 – 1968 flu pandemic: Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 first recorded in Hong Kong. July 15 – The soap opera One Life to Live premieres on ABC television in the United States. July 17 – Saddam Hussein becomes Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Iraq after a coup d'état. July 18 – The semiconductor company Intel is founded. July 20 – The first International Special Olympics Summer Games are held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Ill, with about 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities. July 23–28 – Black militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police in the Glenville Shootout of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. July 25 – Pope Paul VI publishes the encyclical entitled Humanae vitae, on birth control. July 26 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Trương Đình Dzu is sentenced to 5 years hard labor, for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war. July 29 Arenal Volcano erupts in Costa Rica for the first time in centuries. Yorkshire Television starts broadcasting. July 30 – Thames Television starts transmission in London. July 31 – BBC television sitcom Dad's Army is broadcast for the first time in the UK. August August 1 – The Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul is established in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo. August 2 – The 7.6 Casiguran earthquake affects the Aurora province in the Philippines with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing at least 207 and injuring 261. August 5–8 – The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida nominates Richard Nixon for U.S. president and Spiro Agnew for vice president. August 11 – The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection of British Railways steam locomotives make the 120-mile journey from Liverpool to Carlisle and return to Liverpool – the journey is known as the Fifteen Guinea Special. August 18 – Two charter buses are forced into the Hida River on National Highway Route 41 in Japan in an accident caused by heavy rain; 104 are killed. August 20–21 – Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia: The 'Prague Spring' of political liberalization ends, as 750,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 6,500 tanks with 800 aircraft invade Czechoslovakia, the largest military operation in Europe since the end of World War II. August 21 – The Medal of Honor is posthumously awarded to James Anderson Jr.; he is the first black U.S. Marine to be given this award. August 24 – Canopus (nuclear test): France explodes its first hydrogen bomb in a test at Fangataufa atoll in French Polynesia. August 22–30 – Police clash with anti-war protesters in Chicago outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which nominates Hubert Humphrey for U.S. president and Edmund Muskie for vice president. The riots and subsequent trials are an essential part of the activism of the Youth International Party. August 28 – John Gordon Mein, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala, is assassinated on the streets of Guatemala City, the first U.S. Ambassador assassinated in the line of duty. August 29 – Crown Prince Harald of Norway marries Sonja Haraldsen, the commoner he has dated for 9 years. September September 6 – Swaziland becomes independent. September 7 – 150 women (members of New York Radical Women) arrive in Atlantic City, New Jersey to protest against the Miss America Pageant, as exploitative of women. Led by activist and author Robin Morgan, it is one of the first large demonstrations of Second Wave Feminism as Women's Liberation begins to gather much media attention. The crash of Air France Flight 1611 kills 95 people, including French Army General René Cogny as the Caravelle jetliner plunges into the Mediterranean Sea while making its approach to Nice following its departure from the island of Corsica. The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) is founded. September 8 - Arthur Ashe wins the first US Open of the Open Era, also becoming the first black male to capture the title. Virginia Wade wins the women's singles title. September 13 Albania officially withdraws from the Warsaw Pact upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since 1962. U.S. Army Major General Keith L. Ware, World War II Medal of Honor recipient, is killed when his helicopter is shot down in Vietnam. He is posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. An agreement for merger between the General Electric Company and English Electric, the largest industrial merger in the UK up to that time. September 14 – Detroit Tiger Denny McLain becomes the first baseball pitcher to win 30 games in a season since 1934. He remains the last player to accomplish the feat. September 17 – The D'Oliveira affair: The Marylebone Cricket Club tour of South Africa is cancelled when the South Africans refuse to accept the presence of Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured, in the side. September 18 – Popular Canadian band Rush is formed. September 20 – Hawaii Five-O debuts on CBS, and eventually becomes the longest-running crime show in television history, until Law & Order overtakes it in 2003. September 21 – The Soviet's Zond 5 unmanned lunar flyby mission returns to earth, with its first-of-a-kind biological payload intact. September 23 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive comes to an end in South Vietnam. September 24 – 60 Minutes debuts on CBS and is still on the air as of 2021. September 27 – Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal. September 29 – A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta. September 30 – Boeing introduces its largest passenger aircraft up to that time, the Boeing 747 at a public event at Paine Field, near Everett, Washington. October October – Golgo 13, which becomes Japan's longest-running ongoing manga, makes its debut on Big Comic. October 1 – Night of the Living Dead premieres in the United States. October 2 – Tlatelolco massacre: A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before the inauguration of the 1968 Summer Olympics. 300-400 are estimated to have been killed. October 3 – In Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado takes power in a revolution. October 5 – Police baton civil rights demonstrators in Derry, Northern Ireland, marking the beginning of The Troubles. October 7 – At the height of protests against the Vietnam War, José Feliciano performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Tiger Stadium in Detroit during Game 5 pre-game ceremonies of the 1968 World Series between the Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals. His personalized, slow, Latin jazz performance proved highly controversial, opening the door for later interpretations of the national anthem. October 8 – Vietnam War – Operation Sealords: United States and South Vietnamese forces launch a new operation in the Mekong Delta. October 10 – 1968 World Series: The Detroit Tigers defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the best of 7 series (4 games to 3) after being down 3 games to 1, completing an unlikely comeback against the heavily favored Cardinals led by the overpowering right-handed pitcher Bob Gibson. The final score of Game 7 is 4–1. October 11 Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission (Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, Walter Cunningham). Mission goals include the first live television broadcast from orbit and simulating lunar module rendezvous and docking, using the S-IVB rocket stage as a test target. In Panama, a military coup d'état, led by Col. Boris Martinez and Col. Omar Torrijos, overthrows the democratically elected (but highly controversial) government of President Arnulfo Arias. Within a year, Torrijos ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto Head of Government in Panama. October 12–27 – The Games of the XIX Olympiad are held in Mexico City, Mexico. October 12 – Equatorial Guinea receives its independence from Spain. October 14 – Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will send about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours. October 16 In Mexico City, African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their fists in a black power salute after winning, respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men's 200 metres. Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, provoked by the banning of Walter Rodney from the country. October 18 – US athlete Bob Beamon breaks the long jump world record by 55 cm / 21¾ ins at the Olympics in Mexico City. His record stands |
as Tintin in the Land of the Soviets (Les Aventures de Tintin, reporter..., au pays des Soviets), begins serialization in the children's newspaper supplement, Le Petit Vingtième. January 17 – The comic strip hero Popeye first appears in Thimble Theatre. January 17 – Kabul falls to Habibullāh Kalakāni's forces, beginning a 9-month period of Saqqawist rule in Afghanistan while the Afghan Civil War continues. January 29 – All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues), by Erich Maria Remarque, is published in book form. February February 9 – "Litvinov's Pact" is signed in Moscow by the Soviet Union, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia, who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves. February 10 – Liga Espanola, a professional football league of Spain, is founded. February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the "Roman Question". February 14 – "Saint Valentine's Day Massacre": Five gangsters (rivals of Al Capone), plus a civilian, are shot dead in Chicago. February 21 – In the first battle of the Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong against the Nationalist government of China, a 24,000-strong rebel force led by Zhang Zongchang is defeated at Zhifu by 7,000 NRA troops. February 26 – Grand Teton National Park is established by the United States Congress. March March 2 – The longest bridge in the world at this time, the San Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge, opens. March 3 – A revolt by Generals José Gonzalo Escobar and Jesús María Aguirre fails in Mexico. March 4 Herbert Hoover is sworn in, as the 31st President of the United States. The National Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario) is established in Mexico, by ex-President Plutarco Elías Calles. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously for the next 71 years. March 17 – Second of the Davos University Conferences opens in Switzerland; this includes the Cassirer–Heidegger debate in philosophy. March 28 – Japanese forces withdraw from Shandong province to their garrison in Tsingtao, bringing an end to the Jinan Incident. March 30 – Imperial Airways begins operating the first commercial flights between London and Karachi. April April 3 – Persia signs the Litvinov Protocol. May May 1 – The 7.2 Kopet Dag earthquake shakes the Iran-Turkmenistan border region, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing up to 3,800 and injuring 1,121. May 7 – "The Battle Of Blood Alley" is fought by a razor gang in Sydney, Australia. May 16 – The 1st Academy Awards are presented in a 15-minute ceremony at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, honoring the best movies of 1927 and 1928, Wings (1927) winning Best Picture. Gerald Duffy (died 1928) receives the only Academy Award for Best Title Writing ever awarded (for his intertitles to the silent film The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1927)). May 31 – The United Kingdom general election again returns a hung parliament; the Liberals in Parliament determine which party will govern. June June 1 – The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires. June 3 – The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between Peru and Chile. June 7 – The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified. June 8 – Ramsay MacDonald forms the United Kingdom's second Labour government. June 21 – An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow helps end the Cristero War in Mexico. June 27 – The first public demonstration of color TV is held, by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington. July July 11 – In the Soviet Union, a secret decree of the Sovnarkom creates the backbone of the Gulag system. July 24 The Kellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by most leading world powers). Union Airways Pty. Ltd. is founded, to be nationalised as South African Airways, on 1 February 1934. July 25 – Pope Pius XI emerges from the Apostolic Palace, and enters St. Peter's Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of self-imposed status by the papacy as Prisoner in the Vatican. July 27 The Geneva Convention addresses the treatment of prisoners of war. The Red Crescent is adopted as an additional emblem of the League of Red Cross Societies. July 29 - the French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns, and is succeeded by Aristide Briand. August August 8–29 – German rigid airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin makes a circumnavigation of the Northern Hemisphere eastabout out of Lakehurst, New Jersey, including the first nonstop flight of any kind across the Pacific Ocean (Tokyo–Los Angeles). August 16 – The 1929 Palestine riots break out between Palestinians and Jews in Mandatory Palestine, and continue until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed. August 20 – John Logie Baird's experimental 30-line television system is first transmitted, by the British Broadcasting Corporation. August 23–24 – The 1929 Hebron massacre: 65–68 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron. August 29 The 1929 Safed massacre: 18–20 Jews are killed in Safed by Palestinian Arabs. The collides with the oil tanker S.C.T. Dodd off the California coast, causing the San Juan to sink in 3 minutes, killing 77 people. August 31 – The Young Plan, which sets the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized. September September 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaks at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954. September 5 – Aristide Briand presents his plan for the United States of Europe. September 7 – The steamship SS Kuru sank in Lake Näsijärvi near Tampere, Finland, leading to 138 people drowning. September 17 – A coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras from his Prime Minister position in Lithuania; he is replaced by the brother-in-law of President Antanas Smetona, Juozas Tūbelis. September 30 – Fritz von Opel pilots the first rocket-powered aircraft, the Opel RAK.1, in front of a large crowd in Frankfurt am Main. October October 3 – The country officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes changes its name to Kingdom of Yugoslavia. October 6 – Serie A, the top-class professional football league of Italy, replaces the Divisione Nazionale. October 12 – 1929 Australian federal election: The Labor Party, led by James Scullin, defeats the Nationalist/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce. Scullin will be sworn in on October 22nd. Notably, this is the first occasion in Australian political history where a sitting Prime Minister loses his own seat (the second being John Howard in 2007). October 13 – Afghan Civil War ends. October 18 – On appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada on behalf of "The Famous Five" Canadian women in the landmark case of Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General), the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom announces that women are "persons" under the British North America Acts, and thus eligible for appointment to the Senate of Canada. October 22 – The government of Aristide Briand falls in France. October 24–29 – Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government). October 25 – Former U.S. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall is convicted of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal, becoming the first Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office. October 30 – The Stuttgart Cable Car is constructed in Stuttgart, Germany. November November – Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for color television. November 1 An annual solar eclipse is seen over the Atlantic Ocean and Africa. Conscription in Australia ends. November 7 – In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) opens to the public. The first exhibition Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat (November 7 – December 7) is seen by 47.000 visitors; the curator is Alfred H. Barr. November 15 – Atlantic, a film about the sinking of the RMS Titanic, is released in the U.K., the first British sound-on-film movie and, in its simultaneously-shot German-language version, the first to be released in Germany. November 18 – The 1929 Grand Banks earthquake occurs. November 29 – Bernt Balchen, U.S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley and Harold June become the first to fly over the South Pole. December December – New York toy salesman Edwin S. Lowe popularizes Bingo after coming across the game of "Beano" in Atlanta, Georgia. After someone accidentally yelled "bingo" instead of "beano" with a group of friends in Brooklyn, New York, he began production of the game, going on to develop more than 6,000 card combinations under E. S. Lowe company, as the popularity of the game grew to become a national pastime. December 27 – Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin orders the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class". December 28 – "Black Saturday" in Samoa: New Zealand colonial police kill 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa. December 29 – The All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence. Births January January 1 Haruo Nakajima, Japanese actor (d. 2017) Latif-ur-Rehman, Indian field hockey player (d. 1987) January 2 – Tellervo Koivisto, Finnish politician and First Lady of Finland January 3 Sergio Leone, Italian director (d. 1989) Gordon Moore, American computing entrepreneur January 4 – Günter Schabowski, official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (d. 2015) January 5 – Alexandre Jany, French swimmer and water polo player (d. 2001) January 7 – Terry Moore, American actress January 8 – Saeed Jaffrey, Indian-born actor (d. 2015) January 9 – Brian Friel, Irish dramatist (d. 2015) January 10 – Tony Soper, English naturalist, author and broadcaster January 11 Nureddin al-Atassi, Syrian philatelist, 54th Prime Minister of Syria and 17th President of Syria (d. 1992) Dmitri Bruns, Estonian architect (d. 2020) Wanda Wiłkomirska, Polish violinist, teacher (d. 2018) January 12 Irena Homola-Skąpska, Polish historian (d. 2017) Alasdair MacIntyre, Scottish philosopher Jaakko Hintikka, Finnish philosopher, logician (d. 2015) January 14 – Alex Treves, Italian-American Olympic fencer (d. 2020) January 15 – Martin Luther King Jr., African-American civil rights leader, Nobel laureate (d. 1968) January 17 Tan Boon Teik, Attorney-General of Singapore (d. 2012) Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (d. 1986) January 19 Edmundo Abaya, Filipino Catholic archbishop (d. 2018) Carl-Ebbe Andersen, Danish rower (d. 2009) January 20 Jimmy Cobb, American jazz drummer (d. 2020) Masaharu Kawakatsu, Japanese zoologist January 23 Patriarch Filaret, former Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate John Charles Polanyi, Canadian chemist, Nobel laureate January 25 – Benny Golson, American jazz musician January 26 Jules Feiffer, American cartoonist and author Sumiteru Taniguchi, Japanese anti-nuclear weapons activist (d. 2017) January 27 Mohamed Al-Fayed, Egyptian business magnate Hans Berliner, American chess player, writer and professor (d. 2017) Barbara York Main, Australian arachnologist and adjunct professor (d. 2019) Richard Ottinger, American politician January 28 Acker Bilk, British clarinetist (d. 2014) Edith M. Flanigen, American chemist Ali Mirzaei, Iranian weightlifter (d. 2020) Claes Oldenburg, American artist Clothespin (Oldenburg) January 30 Isamu Akasaki, Japanese physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2021) Jacqueline van Maarsen, Dutch writer January 31 Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2011) Jean Simmons, English-American actress (d. 2010) February February 1 – Basilio Lami Dozo, Argentine dictator (d. 2017) February 2 – Věra Chytilová, Czech director (d. 2014) February 5 Hal Blaine, American drummer and session musician (d. 2019) Luc Ferrari, French composer (d. 2005) Fred Sinowatz, 18th Chancellor of Austria (d. 2008) February 6 Sixten Jernberg, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012) Pierre Brice, French actor (d. 2015) February 10 Hallgeir Brenden, Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2007) Jerry Goldsmith, American composer, conductor (d. 2004) February 11 – Gunvor Pontén, Swedish actress February 14 Vic Morrow, American actor, director (Combat) (d. 1982) James Nelligan, American politician February 15 Graham Hill, English racing driver (d. 1975) Kauko Armas Nieminen, Finnish physicist (d. 2010) Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Palestinian academic (d. 2001) James Schlesinger, American politician (d. 2014) February 16 – Kazimierz Kutz, Polish film director and politician (d. 2018) February 17 Paul Meger, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2019) Alejandro Jodorowsky, Chilean-French director and screenwriter Patricia Routledge, English actress, singer February 18 Roland Minson, American basketball player and coach (d. 2020) Len Deighton, British author February 21 – Chespirito (Roberto Gómez Bolaños), Mexican actor, comedian (d. 2014) February 22 James Hong, Chinese American actor, director Miloš Radulović, President of Yugoslavia (d. 2017) Rebecca Schull, American actress February 23 – Patriarch Alexy II of Russia (d. 2008) February 24 Nils Petter Sundgren, Swedish film critic and television presenter (d. 2019) Zdzisław Beksiński, Polish surrealist painter (d. 2005) Modesta Lavana, Mexican healer and activist for indigenous rights in Hueyapan (d. 2010) February 26 Ina'am Al-Mufti, Jordanian politician (d. 2018) Paolo Ferrari, Italian actor (d. 2018) February 27 – Rube Bjorkman, American ice hockey player and coach February 28 Hayden Fry, American football player and coach (d. 2019) Frank Gehry, Canadian-born American architect Rangaswamy Srinivasan, Indian-American physical chemist and inventor March March 1 – Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (d. 1978) March 4 Columba Domínguez, Mexican actress (d. 2014) Cyril Robinson, English footballer (d. 2019) Bernard Haitink, Dutch conductor (d. 2021) March 6 Gale McArthur, American basketball player (d. 2020) Fazil Iskander, Abkhaz writer (d. 2016) Ho Dam, North Korean politician (d. 1991) Günter Kunert, German writer (d. 2019) March 7 – Marion Marlowe, American singer and actress (d. 2012) March 8 Hebe Camargo, Brazilian television presenter, actress and singer (d. 2012) Elaine Edwards, American politician (d. 2018) March 9 Desmond Hoyte, 3rd Prime Minister of Guyana, 4th President of Guyana (d. 2002) Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (d. 2013) March 10 – Lolita Rodrigues, Brazilian actress and presenter March 13 Peter Breck, American actor, drama teacher (d. 2012) Paek Nam-sun, North Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2007) Joseph Mascolo, American musician, actor (d. 2016) March 14 Michael D. Coe, American archaeologist, anthropologist, epigrapher and author (d. 2019) Bob Goalby, American golfer (d. 2022) March 15 – Cecil Taylor, African-American jazz pianist, composer, and poet (d. 2018) March 16 Gennady Bukharin, Soviet Olympic canoeist (d. 2020) Betty Johnson, American singer Nadja Tiller, Austrian actress March 17 – Howie Winter, American mob boss (d. 2020) March 18 – Christa Wolf, German literary critic, novelist, and essayist (d. 2011) March 20 – Germán Robles, Spanish-Mexican film, theater, television, and voice actor (d. 2015) March 22 Yayoi Kusama, Japanese contemporary artist P. Ramlee, Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter, composer, and producer (d. 1973) March 23 – Sir Roger Bannister, British athlete (d. 2018) March 25 Harris W. Fawell, American politician (d. 2021) Abdul Hamid Omar, 1st Chief Justice of Malaysia (d. 2009) March 26 – Edward Sorel, American illustrator and caricaturist March 29 Richard Lewontin, American biologist, geneticist and academic (d. 2021) Lennart Meri, President of Estonia (d. 2006) Olga Tass, Hungarian Olympic gymnast (d. 2020) April April 1 Barbara Bryne, English actress Milan Kundera, Czech writer April 3 – Poul Schlüter, Danish politician (d. 2021) April 5 Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws, Dutch Antillean politician (d. 2017) Ivar Giaever, Norwegian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Nigel Hawthorne, English actor (d. 2001) Joe Meek, English record producer, sound engineer, and songwriter (d. 1967) April 6 André Previn, German-American pianist, conductor and composer (d. 2019) Christos Sartzetakis, Greek politician (d. 2022) April 7 – Madavoor Vasudevan Nair, Indian Kathakali dancer (d. 2018) April 8 – Jacques Brel, Belgian singer (d. 1978) April 9 – Fred Hollows, New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist (d. 1993) April 10 Duje Bonačić, Croatian rower (d. 2020) Mike Hawthorn, British racing driver (d. 1959) Max von Sydow, Swedish actor (d. 2020) April 13 – Yvonne Clark, American engineer (d. 2019) April 14 | Abderrahmane Mahjoub, French and Moroccan international football (soccer) midfielder (d. 2011) April 26 – Alexandre Lamfalussy, Hungarian-Belgian economist and central banker (d. 2015) April 28 – Evangelina Elizondo, Mexican actress (d. 2017) April 30 – Klausjürgen Wussow, German theatre, television actor (d. 2007) May May 1 – Ralf Dahrendorf, Anglo-German sociologist (d. 2009) May 2 Eddie Garcia, Filipino actor and director (d. 2019) Link Wray, American rock and roll musician (d. 2005) Édouard Balladur, 91st Prime Minister of France May 3 – Per-Ingvar Brånemark, Swedish physician, "father of modern dental implantology" (d. 2014) May 4 Ronald Golias, Brazilian comedian and actor (d. 2005) Audrey Hepburn, British actress and activist (d. 1993) May 5 – Ilene Woods, American singer, actress (d. 2010) May 6 – Paul Lauterbur, American chemist and Nobel laureate (d. 2007) May 8 Claude Castonguay, Canadian politician and businessman (d. 2020) Girija Devi, Indian classical singer (d. 2017) Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese singer, actress (d. 2007) May 11 – Margaret Kerry, American actress, dancer, and motivational speaker May 12 Don Gibson, English footballer Ágnes Heller, Hungarian philosopher (d. 2019) Sam Nujoma, 1st President of Namibia May 13 – Ângela Maria, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 2018) May 15 – Otar Patsatsia, Georgian politician (d. 2021) May 16 Betty Carter, African-American jazz singer (d. 1998) Adrienne Rich, American poet and essayist (d. 2012) May 20 Ahmed Hamdi, Egyptian soldier (d. 1973) Pedro Trebbau, German-born Venezuelan zoologist (d. 2021) May 25 – Beverly Sills, American operatic soprano, director of the New York City Opera (d. 2007) May 26 Ernie Carroll, Australian television personality and producer John Jackson, English businessman Alfred Kunz, German-Canadian composer (d. 2019) May 29 Peter Higgs, British theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Dwijen Sharma, Bangladeshi naturalist (d. 2017) May 30 – Doina Cornea, Romanian human rights activist, professor (d. 2018) May 31 Joseph Bernardo, French Olympic swimmer Menahem Golan, Israeli director and producer (d. 2014) June June 3 – Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist and Nobel laureate June 4 Rolf Leeser, Dutch footballer and fashion designer (d. 2018) Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (d. 2021) June 6 Sunil Dutt, Hindi film actor (d. 2005) Albert Kalonji, Congolese politician (d. 2015) June 7 – John Turner, 17th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2020) June 8 – Gastone Moschin, Italian actor (d. 2017) June 10 Ian Sinclair, Australian politician E. 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Ian Macdonald, Canadian economist and civil servant Gennady Osipov, Russian scientist, sociologist and philosopher June 28 – Alfred Miodowicz, Polish politician June 29 Pete George, American weightlifter Lalla Fatima Zohra, Moroccan aristocrat (d. 2014) June 30 Othmar Mága, German conductor (d. 2020) Ron Phoenix, English footballer (d. 2021) Yang Ti-liang, Hong Kong judge July July 1 Gerald Edelman, American biologist and Nobel laureate (d. 2014) Jack Storey, Australian rules footballer July 2 Daphne Hasenjäger, South African athlete Imelda Marcos, former First Lady of the Philippines July 5 Chikao Ōtsuka, Japanese actor, voice actor and father of Akio Ōtsuka (d. 2015) Katherine Helmond, American actress (d. 2019) Thérèse Quentin, French actress (d. 2015) July 6 Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, secretary of the Académie française, historian specializing in Russian history Jean-Pierre Mocky, French film director, actor, screenwriter and producer (d. 2019) July 7 – Sergio Romano, Italian writer, journalist, and historian July 8 Milena Greppi, Italian hurdler (d. 2016) Héctor López, Panamanian baseball player July 9 Elon Lages Lima, Brazilian mathematician (d. 2017) King Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999) Chi Haotian, Chinese general July 10 Franco Graziosi, Italian actor Winnie Ewing, Scottish nationalist politician José Vicente Rangel, Venezuelan politician (d. 2020) July 13 Svein Ellingsen, Norwegian visual artist, hymnist (d. 2020) Sofia Muratova, Soviet artistic gymnast (d. 2006) July 14 Jean Konan Banny, Ivorian politician (d. 2018) Sonja Kastl, Croatian film and stage actress, teacher, dancer and choreographer Kailash Chandra Joshi, Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) (d. 2019) Syed Rahim, Indian cricketer (d. 2014) July 17 Sergei K. Godunov, Russian mathematician, academic Arthur Frommer, American writer, publisher and consumer advocate Vasco Modena, Italian racing cyclist (d. 2016) July 18 Dick Button, American figure skater Roy Killin, Canadian footballer A V Swamy, Indian politician (d. 2019) July 19 Gaston Glock, Austrian businessman and inventor Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, French historian Ronald Melzack, Canadian physiologist and professor (d. 2019) Orville Turnquest, Bahamian politician July 20 – Irving Wardle, English writer and theatre critic July 21 Birger Asplund, Swedish hammer thrower Idrissa Dione, French boxer Albert Kwesi Ocran, Ghanaian soldier, politician (d. 2019) July 22 – Midhat J. Gazalé, French international telecommunications, space consultant (d. 2009) July 24 Peter Yates, English film director and producer (d. 2011) Paolo Paoloni, Italian actor (d. 2019) July 25 Vasily Shukshin, Russian actor, writer, screenwriter and film director (d. 1974) Manuel Olivencia, Spanish economist, diplomat (d. 2018) Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018) July 27 Jean Baudrillard, French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist and political commentator (d. 2007) Jack Higgins, British novelist July 28 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the United States (d. 1994) July 31 – Don Murray, American actor August August 1 Flerida Ruth Pineda-Romero, Filipino judge (d. 2017) Hafizullah Amin, Afghan politician and statesman (d. 1979) August 2 Irwin Fridovich, American biochemist (d. 2019) José Afonso, Portuguese singer-songwriter, teacher and activist (d. 1987) August 4 – Vellore G. 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Gordon Jr., American astronaut (d. 2017) October 8 – Arthur Bisguier, American chess Grandmaster, chess promoter, and writer (d. 2017) October 9 – Ana Luisa Peluffo, Mexican actress October 15 Hubert Dreyfus, American philosopher (d. 2017) Antonino Zichichi, Italian physicist October 16 – Fernanda Montenegro, Brazilian actress October 18 – Violeta Chamorro, President of Nicaragua October 21 – Ursula K. Le Guin, American science-fiction, fantasy author (d. 2018) October 22 Patsy Elsener, American diver (d. 2019) Lev Yashin, Russian footballer (d. 1990) October 24 George Crumb, American composer (d. 2022) Ronald E. Rosser, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2020) October 25 David McReynolds, American political activist (d. 2018) Claude Rouer, French Olympic road cyclist (d. 2021) LaDell Andersen, American college and basketball coach (d. 2019) October 28 – Joan Plowright, English actress October 29 – Yevgeny Primakov, Russian politician, diplomat (d. 2015) October 30 – Jean Chapman, English author October 31 Bud Spencer, Italian actor (d. 2016) Muktha Srinivasan, Indian film director, producer (d. 2018) November November 2 Rachel Ames, American actress Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, 9th President of Pakistan Richard E. Taylor, Canadian-born physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2018) November 5 – Lennart Johansson, Swedish sports official and 5th president of UEFA (d. 2019) November 6 – June Squibb, American actress November 7 Benny Andersen, Danish author, poet and pianist (d. 2018) Eric R. Kandel, Austrian-born neuroscientist, Nobel laureate November 8 – Jona Senilagakali, Prime Minister of Fiji (d. 2011) November 9 – Imre Kertész, Hungarian writer, Nobel laureate (d. 2016) November 10 – Ninón Sevilla, Cuban-born Mexican film actress, dancer (d. 2015) November 11 – LaVern Baker, American singer (d. 1997) November 12 Grace Kelly, American actress, later Princess of Monaco (d. 1982) Michael Ende, German fantasy writer (d. 1995) Hind Rostom, Egyptian actress (d. 2011) November 13 – Fred Phelps, American pastor, activist (Westboro Baptist Church) (d. 2014) November 15 Ed Asner, American actor and voice actor (d. 2021) Gombojavyn Ochirbat, Mongolian politician November 17 – Gorō Naya, Japanese actor, voice actor, narrator and theatre director, older brother of Rokurō Naya (d. 2013) November 18 – Francisco Savín, Mexican conductor, composer (d. 2018) November 20 Jerry Hardin, American actor Milkha Singh, Indian track and field athlete (d. 2021) Raymond Lefèvre, French conductor, arranger, composer (d. 2008) November 24 Franciszek Kokot, Polish nephrologist (d. 2021) George Moscone, American attorney, politician and 37th Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1978) November 26 – Betta St. John, American actress, singer and dancer November 28 Berry Gordy, African-American record producer, songwriter Thomas Remengesau Sr., 4th President of Palau (d. 2019) November 30 – Dick Clark, American television entertainer (d. 2012) December December 1 David Doyle, American actor (d. 1997) Alfred Moisiu, 7th President of Albania December 6 Philippe Bouvard, French television and radio presenter Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Austrian conductor (d. 2016) Alain Tanner, Swiss film director December 9 Bob Hawke, 23rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2019) John Cassavetes, American actor and director (d. 1989) December 12 – Toshiko Akiyoshi, Japanese pianist and composer December 13 – Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor (d. 2021) December 14 – Fernando Sebastián Aguilar, Spanish cardinal (d. 2019) December 15 – Dina bint Abdul-Hamid, former Queen of Jordan (d. 2019) December 16 Nicholas Courtney, British actor (d. 2011) Arthur Fitzsimons, Irish football player, manager (d. 2018) December 17 – William Safire, American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter (d. 2009) December 18 – Yeoh Tiong Lay, Malaysian businessman (d. 2017) December 19 – David Douglas, 12th Marquess of Queensberry, Scottish potter and aristocrat December 20 David H. Gambrell, American attorney (d. 2021) Selim Hoss, 3-time Prime Minister of Lebanon Lee Hyun-jae, South Korean politician Milan Panić, Serbian politician December 22 – Wazir Mohammad Indian-Pakistani cricketer December 23 Chet Baker, American jazz musician (d. 1988) Monique Watteau, Belgian writer and artist December 26 Kathleen Crowley, American actress (d. 2017) Régine, Belgian-French singer Taarak Mehta, Indian playwright, humorist (d. 2017) December 27 – Tommy Rall, American actor and dancer (d. 2020) December 28 – Efraín Goldenberg, Peruvian politician, finance minister and foreign relations minister December 29 Matt "Guitar" Murphy, American blues musician (d. 2018) Susie Garrett, American actress (d. 2002) December 31 – Doug Anthony, 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2020) Deaths January January 5 Marc McDermott, Australian-born American actor (b. 1881) Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1856) January 13 – Wyatt Earp, American gunfighter (b. 1848) January 15 – Sir William Dawkins, British geologist and archaeologist (b. 1837) January 24 – Wilfred Baddeley, English tennis player (b. 1872) January 30 Franklin J. Drake, American admiral (b. 1846) La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866) February February 3 – José Gutiérrez Guerra , Bolivian economist and statesman, 28th President of Bolivia (b. 1869) February 6 – Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain (b. 1858) February 7 – Édouard Hugon, French philosopher, theologian (b. 1867) February 11 – Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1840) February 12 – Lillie Langtry, British singer, actress (b. 1853) February 14 – Thomas Burke, American Olympic athlete (b. 1875) February 18 – William Russell, American actor (b. 1884) February 24 – Frank Keenan, American actor (b. 1858) February 27 – Briton Hadden, co-founder of Time Magazine (b. 1898) March March 1 – Royal Hurlburt Weller, American politician (b. 1881) March 2 – Sir Edward Seymour, British admiral (b. 1840) March 5 – David Dunbar Buick, Scottish-American inventor (b. 1854) March 12 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman, politician (b. 1851) March 15 – Pinetop Smith, African-American blues pianist (b. 1904) March 18 – William P. Cronan, American Naval Governor of Guam (b. 1879) March 20 – Ferdinand Foch, French commander of Allied forces in World War I (b. 1851) March 23 – Maurice Sarrail, French general (b. 1856) March 25 – Robert Ridgway, American ornithologist (b. 1850) March 29 – Sir Hugh John Macdonald, 8th premier of Manitoba (b. 1850) April April 4 Karl Benz, German automotive pioneer (b. 1844) William Michael Crose, United States Navy Commander, 7th Naval Governor of American Samoa (b. 1867) April 12 – Enrico Ferri, Italian criminologist (b. 1856) April 22 – Henry Lerolle, French painter (b. 1848) April 24 – Caroline Rémy de Guebhard, French feminist (b. 1855) May May 2 Segundo de Chomón, Spanish film director (b. 1871) Charalambos Tseroulis, Greek general (b. 1879) May 12 – Charles Swickard, German-American film director (b. 1861) May 13 – Arthur Scherbius, German electrical engineer, mathematician, cryptanalyst and inventor (b. 1878) May 21 – Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1847) May 23 – John G. 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Geoff Hurst with a long pass, which Hurst carried forward while some spectators began streaming onto the field and Hurst, as he later revealed, tried to shoot the ball as far into the Wembley stands as he could, to waste time. He mishit that attempt, but the mishit went straight to the top corner of Hans Tilkowski's net, sealing a historic hattrick and winning the World Cup for England. The goal gave rise to one of the most famous calls in English football history, when BBC commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme described the situation as follows: One of the balls from the final is on display in the National Football Museum in Manchester. Details Aftermath Champions photograph and statue One of the enduring images of the celebrations in Wembley immediately after the game was the picture of the captain Bobby Moore holding the Jules Rimet Trophy aloft, on the shoulders of Geoff Hurst and Ray Wilson, together with Martin Peters. In recognition of Moore and other West Ham United players' contribution to the win, the club and Newham Borough Council jointly commissioned a statue of this scene. On 28 April 2003 Prince Andrew as president of The Football Association, duly unveiled the World Cup Sculpture (also called The Champions) in a prominent place near West Ham's ground, at the time, the Boleyn Ground, at the junction of Barking Road and Green Street. The -high bronze piece was sculpted by Philip Jackson and weighed 4 tonnes. Cultural impact Broadcasting and viewership The final is the most watched event ever on British television, as of July 2021, attracting 32.30 million viewers. Influence In Germany, a goal resulting from a shot bouncing off the crossbar and hitting the line is called a Wembley-Tor (Wembley Goal) due to the controversial nature of Hurst's second goal. This goal has been parodied many times. Some of the most notable include: England's third goal was referenced in a 2006 Adidas advertisement, where English midfielder Frank Lampard takes a shot at German keeper Oliver Kahn, and a similar event happens. On 27 June 2010 at that year's World Cup a similar goal by Lampard was wrongly disallowed (TV replays showed the ball landing past the goal line before bouncing away) which would have levelled the second-round game against Germany 2–2 (Germany won 4–1). Kenneth Wolstenholme's commentary on the third goal that bounced on the line, "It's a goal!" was used (along with the sound of breaking glass) in the tape-looped coda of an early version of The Beatles song "Glass Onion", available on the album Anthology 3. In August 1966 a special 4d stamp marked ENGLAND WINNERS was issued by the Royal Mail to celebrate the victory. It soared in value to up to 15 shillings each on the back of public enthusiasm for the victory before falling back in value when the public realised it was not rare. Marking the 50th anniversary of England's World Cup victory in July 2016, ITV broadcast 1966 – A Nation Remembers, which was narrated by the actor Terence Stamp who attended every England game at the tournament. The World Cup win features in the song "Three Lions" (known by its chorus "Football's Coming Home"), the unofficial anthem of the England football team. England's win in the final also helped fans to create the "Two World Wars and One World Cup" chant. The match features in the fifth episode, (“Signal 30”) of season 5 of American period drama Mad Men, with one of the characters, Englishman Lane Pryce, watching and celebrating the game in a pub. 2009 receipt of winners medals The players and staff of England's winning squad who did not get medals in 1966 received them on 10 June 2009 after a ceremony at 10 Downing Street in London. Initially, only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the match received medals, but FIFA later awarded medals to every non-playing squad and staff member from every World Cup-winning country from 1930 to 1974. See also England–Germany football rivalry Ghost goal References FIFA World Cup finals Final Fifa World Cup Final, 1966 England national football team matches Germany national football team matches Events at Wembley Stadium Germany at the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Final FIFA World Cup Final England–Germany | of 96,924 at the stadium, the British television audience peaked at 32.3 million viewers, making it the United Kingdom's most-watched television event ever. Road to the final Both teams were strong throughout the tournament. Each won two and drew one of their three matches in the group stages. England did not concede a goal until their semi-final against Portugal. Match Summary Normal time England, managed by Alf Ramsey and captained by Bobby Moore, won the toss and elected to kick off. After 12 minutes, Sigfried Held sent a cross into the English penalty area which Ray Wilson misheaded to Helmut Haller, who got his shot on target. Jack Charlton and goalkeeper Gordon Banks failed to deal with the shot which went in, making it 1–0 to West Germany. In the 18th minute, Wolfgang Overath conceded a free kick, which Moore took immediately, floating a cross into the West German area, where Geoff Hurst rose unchallenged; his downward glancing header went into the net and levelled the scores at 1-1. The teams were level at half-time, and after 77 minutes England won a corner. Alan Ball delivered the ball to Geoff Hurst whose deflected shot from the edge of the area found Martin Peters. He produced the final shot, beating the West German keeper from eight yards to make the score 2–1 to England. Germany pressed for an equaliser in the closing moments, and in the 89th minute Jack Charlton conceded a free kick for climbing on Uwe Seeler as they both went up for a header. The kick was taken by Lothar Emmerich, who struck it into George Cohen in the wall; the rebound fell to Held, who shot across the face of goal and into the body of Karl-Heinz Schnellinger. The ball deflected across the England six-yard box, wrong-footing the England defence and allowing Wolfgang Weber to level the score at 2–2 and force the match into extra time. Banks protested that the ball had struck Schnellinger on the arm, and reiterated the claim in his 2002 autobiography, but replays showed that it actually struck Schnellinger on the back. Extra time England pressed forward and created several chances. In particular, with five minutes gone, Bobby Charlton struck the post and sent another shot just wide. With 11 minutes of extra time gone, Alan Ball put in a cross and Geoff Hurst swivelled and shot from close range. The ball hit the underside of the crossbar, bounced down and was cleared. The referee Gottfried Dienst was uncertain if it had been a goal and consulted his linesman, Tofiq Bahramov from Azerbaijan in the USSR, who indicated that it was, and the Swiss referee awarded the goal to the home team. The crowd and the audience of 400 million television viewers were left arguing whether the goal should have been given or not. The crossbar is now on display in the Wembley Stadium. England's third goal has remained controversial ever since the match. According to the Laws of the Game the definition of a goal is when "the whole of the ball passes over the goal line". English supporters cited the good position of the linesman and the statement of Roger Hunt, the nearest England player to the ball, who claimed it was a goal and that was why he wheeled away in celebration rather than attempting to tap the rebounding ball in. Modern studies using film analysis and computer simulation have shown that the whole ball never crossed the line – only 97% did. Both Duncan Gillies of the Visual Information Processing Group at Imperial College London |
over 4,750 delegates from 181 countries in attendance. September 6 – NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb forces continue, after repeated attempts at a solution to the Bosnian War fail. September 9 – Sony enters the video game market with the release of the PlayStation. September 19 – The Washington Post and The New York Times publish the Unabomber manifesto September 26 – The trial against former Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, who is accused of Mafia connections, begins. September 27–28 – Bob Denard's mercenaries capture President Said Mohammed Djohor of the Comoros; the local army does not resist. October October 3 – O. J. Simpson is found not guilty of double murder for the deaths of former wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. October 5 – Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (51st government, a minority government which failed to receive the vote of confidence). October 6 – Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announce the discovery of 51 Pegasi b, the first confirmed extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main-sequence star. October 16 – The Million Man March is held in Washington, D.C. The event was conceived by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan. October 17 – French woman Jeanne Calment reaches the confirmed age of 120 years and 238 days, making her the oldest person ever recorded. October 24 – A total solar eclipse is visible from Iran, India, Thailand, and Southeast Asia. October 25 – A commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students. October 26 – An avalanche hits the village Flateyri in Iceland, killing 20 people. It was the second of two deadly avalanches that occurred in Iceland during the calendar year. October 28 – A fire in Baku Metro, Azerbaijan, kills 289 passengers, becoming the world's worst subway disaster. October 30 Quebec independentists narrowly lose a referendum for a mandate to negotiate independence from Canada. Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey. November November – The Indian government officially renames the city of Bombay, restoring the name Mumbai. November 1 The last signal is received from NASA's Pioneer 11 spacecraft. Participants in the Yugoslav Wars begin negotiations at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. November 2 – The Supreme Court of Argentina orders the extradition of ex-S.S. captain Erich Priebke. November 4 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated at a peace rally in Tel Aviv. November 7 – Typhoon Angela leaves the Philippines and Vietnam devastated, with 882 deaths and US$315 million in damage. The typhoon was the strongest ever to strike the Philippines in 25 years, with wind speeds of and gusts of . November 12 – The Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, a programme to implement the Harare Declaration, is announced by the Commonwealth Heads of Government. November 16 – A United Nations tribunal charges Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić with genocide during the Bosnian War. November 19 – A car bomb explosion outside the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, destroyed the face of the building, killed at least 13 people and wounded dozens more. November 21 – The Dayton Agreement to end the Bosnian War is reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio (signed December 14). November 22 The 7.3 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake shakes the Sinai Peninsula and Saudi Arabia region with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing eight and injuring 30, and generating a non-destructive tsunami. The first-ever full-length computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, is released by Pixar and Walt Disney Pictures. November 28 – 27 nations sign the Barcelona Treaty, creating the Union for the Mediterranean. November 30 – Operation Desert Storm officially ends. December December 3 – Strikes paralyze France's public sector. December 6 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approved Saquinavir, the first protease inhibitor to treat HIV/AIDS. Within 2 years of its approval, annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fell from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000. December 7 – NASA's Galileo Probe enters Jupiter's atmosphere. December 8 – 5-year-old Gyaincain Norbu is enthroned as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo Monastery. December 9 – Godzilla vs. Destoroyah is released by Toho Studios, the last Godzilla incarnation in the "Heisei" era of Godzilla films. December 14 – The Dayton Agreement is signed in Paris, officially ending the Bosnian War. December 16 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi scuba divers, under the direction of the United Nations Special Commission, dredge the Tigris near Baghdad. The divers find over 200 prohibited Russian-made missile instruments and components. December 20 American Airlines Flight 965 (Boeing 757) crashes into a mountain near Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, killing 160 of the 164 on board. NATO begins peacekeeping in Bosnia. December 30 – The lowest ever United Kingdom temperature of is recorded at Altnaharra in the Scottish Highlands. This equals the record set at Braemar, Aberdeenshire in 1895 and 1982. Date unknown Sudden oak death, the tree disease caused by the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, is first observed, in California. The existence of the Top Quark is announced by the international scientific community. World population Births January January 1 Sardar Azmoun, Iranian footballer Poppy, American musician and model January 3 – Jisoo, South Korean singer, actress, and model January 4 – María Isabel, Spanish singer January 6 – Michaela DePrince, Sierra Leonean-American ballet dancer January 8 – Laldja Bendahmane, Algerian volleyball player January 9 – Nicola Peltz, American actress January 12 Alessio Romagnoli, Italian footballer Maverick Viñales, Spanish motorcycle racer January 16 Hansamu Yama Pranata, Indonesian footballer Takumi Minamino, Japanese footballer January 19 – Mathieu van der Poel, Dutch bicycle racer January 20 Joey Badass, American rapper Calum Chambers, English footballer José Giménez, Uruguayan footballer January 24 – Callan McAuliffe, Australian actor January 28 – Mimi-Isabella Cesar, British rhythmic gymnast January 30 Danielle Campbell, American actress Viktoria Komova, Russian artistic gymnast January 31 – Nina Sublatti, Georgian singer and model February February 1 – Oliver Heldens, Dutch DJ and electronic music producer February 4 – Pione Sisto, South Sudanese-Danish footballer February 5 – Adnan Januzaj, Belgian footballer February 6 Leon Goretzka, German footballer Nyck de Vries, Dutch racing driver February 8 – Joshua Kimmich, German footballer February 9 – Mario Pašalić, Croatian footballer February 10 – Naby Keïta, Guinean footballer February 11 – Milan Škriniar, Slovak footballer February 15 – Megan Thee Stallion, American rapper February 16 – Denzel Curry, American rapper February 17 – Madison Keys, American tennis player February 18 – Mikhail Kolyada, Russian figure skater February 23 Volodymyr Khorolskyi, Ukrainian football defender Andrew Wiggins, Canadian basketball player February 27 – Sergej Milinković-Savić, Serbian footballer March March 2 – Mats Møller Dæhli, Norwegian footballer March 3 – Maine Mendoza, Filipina television personality March 7 Fajar Alfian, Indonesian badminton player Haley Lu Richardson, American actress March 8 – Keita Baldé, Senegalese footballer March 9 – Cierra Ramirez, American actress and singer March 10 – Zach LaVine, American basketball player March 12 – Kanon Fukuda, Japanese pop singer and voice actress March 13 – Mikaela Shiffrin, American skier March 15 – Jabari Parker, American basketball player March 19 Héctor Bellerín, Spanish footballer Julia Montes, Filipina actress March 23 – Ester Ledecká, Czech winter athlete March 25 – Carlos Vinícius, Brazilian footballer March 27 – Zaur Uguev, Russian freestyle wrestler March 30 – Tao Geoghegan Hart, British cyclist April April 1 – Logan Paul, American actor and YouTube personality April 3 – Adrien Rabiot, French footballer April 17 – Wheein, South Korean singer and songwriter April 18 – Divock Origi, Belgian footballer April 23 – Gigi Hadid, American fashion model April 24 – Kehlani, American singer April 26 – Daniel Padilla, Filipino actor April 28 – Melanie Martinez, American singer May May 1 Jake Cannavale, American musician and actor Radhika Madan, Indian actress and dancer May 2 – Yook Sung-jae, South Korean singer and actor May 3 – Zach Sobiech, American singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2013) May 4 Alex Lawther, English actor Chris Ikonomidis, Australian footballer May 6 – Marko Pjaca, Croatian footballer May 10 Missy Franklin, American swimmer Gabriella Papadakis, French ice dancer May 11 Gelson Martins, Portuguese footballer Shira Haas, Israeli actress May 12 – Kenton Duty, American actor, singer, and dancer May 14 – Kelly Gale, Swedish model May 15 – Ksenia Sitnik, Belarusian singer May 23 Eula Caballero, Filipina actress May 25 – José Luis Gayà, Spanish footballer May 29 – Nicolas Pépé, Ivorian footballer June June 4 – Willie Rioli, Australian football player June 5 – Troye Sivan, South African-born Australian singer June 13 – Petra Vlhová, Slovak alpine skier June 16 – Joseph Schooling, Singaporean swimmer June 21 Jessica Ahlquist, American activist and public speaker Darko Velkovski, Macedonian footballer Jesper Karlström, Swedish footballer June 22 Aleksandr Maltsev, Russian artistic (synchronized) swimmer Ádám Borbély, Hungarian handball player June 23 Eva Lazzaro, Australian actress Jorge Mateo, Dominican baseball shortstop Danna Paola, Mexican singer and actress June 24 – Abdel Fadel Suanon, Beninese footballer June 25 Wilhem Belocian, French sprinter Laura Jung, German rhythmic gymnast Juan Córdova, Chilean footballer Kamil Dragun, Polish chess grandmaster June 26 – Natsuhiko Watanabe, Japanese footballer June 28 Syafiq Ahmad, Malaysian footballer Kåre Hedebrant, Swedish actor Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, South African model and beauty pageant titleholder Adama Traoré, Malian footballer June 29 – João Paulo Silva Martins, Brazilian footballer June 30 Marina Ruy Barbosa, Brazilian actress Kristoffer Olsson, Swedish footballer July July 1 Boli Bolingoli-Mbombo, Congolese-Belgian footballer Krzysztof Piątek, Polish footballer Taeyong, South Korean singer, member of NCT July 2 Ito Ohno, Japanese fashion model and actress Ryan Murphy, American competitive swimmer July 3 – Emircan Koşut, Turkish basketball player July 4 Brayden Schnur, Canadian tennis player Álex Berenguer, Spanish footballer Post Malone, American rapper July 5 Hyuk, South Korean singer and actor Phataimas Muenwong, Thai badminton player P. V. Sindhu, Indian badminton player July 9 Georgie Henley, English actress Sandro Ramírez, Spanish footballer July 10 Trayvon Bromell, American sprinter Ada Hegerberg, Norwegian footballer Edymar Martínez, Venezuelan model Lu Shanglei, Chinese chess grandmaster July 11 Tyler Medeiros, Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer Vitali Lystsov, Russian footballer Nikita Khaykin, Israeli footballer July 12 Jordyn Wieber, American artistic gymnast Luke Shaw, English footballer Yohio, Swedish singer and songwriter July 13 Cody Bellinger, American baseball player Dante Exum, Australian basketball player July 14 – Serge Gnabry, German footballer July 15 – Vivianne Miedema, Dutch football player July 16 – Torstein Træen, Norwegian racing cyclist July 19 Manuel Akanji, Swiss footballer María José Alvarado, Honduran model (d. 2014) Matt Miazga, American soccer player Maria Paseka, Russian artistic gymnast July 20 Shaquem Griffin, American football player Shaquill Griffin, American football player July 22 – Ezekiel Elliott, American football player July 23 – Hwasa, South Korean singer, songwriter, and rapper July 24 – Kyle Kuzma, American basketball player July 25 – Alvin Kamara, American football player July 26 – Holly Bodimeade, British actress July 30 – Hirving Lozano, Mexican footballer August August 1 – Madison Cawthorn, American politician August 2 Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo, Indonesian badminton player Kristaps Porziņģis, Latvian basketball player August 4 Bruna Marquezine, Brazilian actress Jessica Sanchez, American singer August 5 – Pierre-Emile Højbjerg, Danish footballer August 6 – Sasha Vezenkov, Bulgarian professional basketball player August 9 – Hwang Min-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor August 12 – Sara Ali Khan, Indian actress August 13 – Presnel Kimpembe, French footballer August 15 – Chief Keef, American rapper August 16 – James Young, American basketball player August 17 – Gracie Gold, American figure skater August 22 Huang Wenpan, Chinese swimmer (d. 2018) Dua Lipa, English singer Jonnu Smith, American football player August 24 Lady Amelia Windsor, member of the British royal family Justine Skye, American singer August 26 Gracie Dzienny, American actress Solomon Thomas, American football player August 27 – Sergey Sirotkin, Russian racing driver August 28 – | for the first time. The Sampoong Department Store collapses in the Seocho-gu district of Seoul, South Korea, killing 502 and injuring 937. Iraq disarmament crisis: According to UNSCOM, the unity of the U.N. Security Council begins to fray, as a few countries, particularly France and Russia, become more interested in making financial deals with Iraq than in disarming the country. July July – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq threatens to end all cooperation with UNSCOM and IAEA, if sanctions against the country are not lifted by August 31. Following the defection of his son-in-law, Hussein Kamel al-Majid, Saddam Hussein makes new revelations about the full extent of Iraq's biological and nuclear weapons programs. Iraq also withdraws its last U.N. declaration of prohibited biological weapons and turns over a large amount of new documents on its WMD programs. July 1 – Iraq disarmament crisis: In response to UNSCOM's evidence, Iraq admits for first time the existence of an offensive biological weapons program, but denies weaponization. July 4 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major is re-elected as leader of the Conservative Party. July 9 – Sri Lankan Civil War: 125 civilians are killed in Navaly as result of bombing by the Sri Lanka Air Force. July 10 – Burmese dissident Aung San Suu Kyi is freed from house arrest. July 11 Srebrenica massacre: Units of the Army of Republika Srpska, under the command of General Ratko Mladić, enter Srebrenica with little resistance from Dutch peacekeepers of the United Nations Protection Force, going on to kill thousands of Bosniak men and boys and rape many women. President Clinton announces the restoration of United States–Vietnam relations twenty years after the Vietnam War. A Cubana de Aviación Antonov An-24 crashes into the Caribbean off southeast Cuba killing 44 people. July 21–26 – Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: The Chinese People's Liberation Army fires missiles into the waters north of Taiwan. August August – The International Rugby Football Board declares that rugby union players may be professional. August 4 – Croatian forces, with the cooperation of the ARBiH, launch Operation Storm against rebel forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, which subsequently ceases to exist as a political entity. August 7 – The Chilean government declares state of emergency in the southern half of the country in response to an event of intense, cold, wind, rain and snowfall known as the White Earthquake. August 16 – Bermudans reject independence in a referendum. August 24 – Windows 95 released. August 29 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi. August 30 – The NATO bombing campaign against Bosnian Serb artillery positions begins in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continuing into September. At the same time, ARBiH forces begin an offensive against the Bosnian Serb Army around Sarajevo, central Bosnia and Bosnian Krajina. September September – The European Parliament elects the first European Ombudsman, Jacob Söderman, who takes up office in September 1995. September 3– eBay is founded by Pierre Omidyar. September 4–15 The Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing with over 4,750 delegates from 181 countries in attendance. September 6 – NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb forces continue, after repeated attempts at a solution to the Bosnian War fail. September 9 – Sony enters the video game market with the release of the PlayStation. September 19 – The Washington Post and The New York Times publish the Unabomber manifesto September 26 – The trial against former Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, who is accused of Mafia connections, begins. September 27–28 – Bob Denard's mercenaries capture President Said Mohammed Djohor of the Comoros; the local army does not resist. October October 3 – O. J. Simpson is found not guilty of double murder for the deaths of former wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. October 5 – Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (51st government, a minority government which failed to receive the vote of confidence). October 6 – Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announce the discovery of 51 Pegasi b, the first confirmed extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main-sequence star. October 16 – The Million Man March is held in Washington, D.C. The event was conceived by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan. October 17 – French woman Jeanne Calment reaches the confirmed age of 120 years and 238 days, making her the oldest person ever recorded. October 24 – A total solar eclipse is visible from Iran, India, Thailand, and Southeast Asia. October 25 – A commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students. October 26 – An avalanche hits the village Flateyri in Iceland, killing 20 people. It was the second of two deadly avalanches that occurred in Iceland during the calendar year. October 28 – A fire in Baku Metro, Azerbaijan, kills 289 passengers, becoming the world's worst subway disaster. October 30 Quebec independentists narrowly lose a referendum for a mandate to negotiate independence from Canada. Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey. November November – The Indian government officially renames the city of Bombay, restoring the name Mumbai. November 1 The last signal is received from NASA's Pioneer 11 spacecraft. Participants in the Yugoslav Wars begin negotiations at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. November 2 – The Supreme Court of Argentina orders the extradition of ex-S.S. captain Erich Priebke. November 4 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated at a peace rally in Tel Aviv. November 7 – Typhoon Angela leaves the Philippines and Vietnam devastated, with 882 deaths and US$315 million in damage. The typhoon was the strongest ever to strike the Philippines in 25 years, with wind speeds of and gusts of . November 12 – The Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, a programme to implement the Harare Declaration, is announced by the Commonwealth Heads of Government. November 16 – A United Nations tribunal charges Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić with genocide during the Bosnian War. November 19 – A car bomb explosion outside the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, destroyed the face of the building, killed at least 13 people and wounded dozens more. November 21 – The Dayton Agreement to end the Bosnian War is reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio (signed December 14). November 22 The 7.3 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake shakes the Sinai Peninsula and Saudi Arabia region with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing eight and injuring 30, and generating a non-destructive tsunami. The first-ever full-length computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, is released by Pixar and Walt Disney Pictures. November 28 – 27 nations sign the Barcelona Treaty, creating the Union for the Mediterranean. November 30 – Operation Desert Storm officially ends. December December 3 – Strikes paralyze France's public sector. December 6 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approved Saquinavir, the first protease inhibitor to treat HIV/AIDS. Within 2 years of its approval, annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fell from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000. December 7 – NASA's Galileo Probe enters Jupiter's atmosphere. December 8 – 5-year-old Gyaincain Norbu is enthroned as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo Monastery. December 9 – Godzilla vs. Destoroyah is released by Toho Studios, the last Godzilla incarnation in the "Heisei" era of Godzilla films. December 14 – The Dayton Agreement is signed in Paris, officially ending the Bosnian War. December 16 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi scuba divers, under the direction of the United Nations Special Commission, dredge the Tigris near Baghdad. The divers find over 200 prohibited Russian-made missile instruments and components. December 20 American Airlines Flight 965 (Boeing 757) crashes into a mountain near Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, killing 160 of the 164 on board. NATO begins peacekeeping in Bosnia. December 30 – The lowest ever United Kingdom temperature of is recorded at Altnaharra in the Scottish Highlands. This equals the record set at Braemar, Aberdeenshire in 1895 and 1982. Date unknown Sudden oak death, the tree disease caused by the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, is first observed, in California. The existence of the Top Quark is announced by the international scientific community. World population Births January January 1 Sardar Azmoun, Iranian footballer Poppy, American musician and model January 3 – Jisoo, South Korean singer, actress, and model January 4 – María Isabel, Spanish singer January 6 – Michaela DePrince, Sierra Leonean-American ballet dancer January 8 – Laldja Bendahmane, Algerian volleyball player January 9 – Nicola Peltz, American actress January 12 Alessio Romagnoli, Italian footballer Maverick Viñales, Spanish motorcycle racer January 16 Hansamu Yama Pranata, Indonesian footballer Takumi Minamino, Japanese footballer January 19 – Mathieu van der Poel, Dutch bicycle racer January 20 Joey Badass, American rapper Calum Chambers, English footballer José Giménez, Uruguayan footballer January 24 – Callan McAuliffe, Australian actor January 28 – Mimi-Isabella Cesar, British rhythmic gymnast January 30 Danielle Campbell, American actress Viktoria Komova, Russian artistic gymnast January 31 – Nina Sublatti, Georgian singer and model February February 1 – Oliver Heldens, Dutch DJ and electronic music producer February 4 – Pione Sisto, South Sudanese-Danish footballer February 5 – Adnan Januzaj, Belgian footballer February 6 Leon Goretzka, German footballer Nyck de Vries, Dutch racing driver February 8 – Joshua Kimmich, German footballer February 9 – Mario Pašalić, Croatian footballer February 10 – Naby Keïta, Guinean footballer February 11 – Milan Škriniar, Slovak footballer February 15 – Megan Thee Stallion, American rapper February 16 – Denzel Curry, American rapper February 17 – Madison Keys, American tennis player February 18 – Mikhail Kolyada, Russian figure skater February 23 Volodymyr Khorolskyi, Ukrainian football defender Andrew Wiggins, Canadian basketball player February 27 – Sergej Milinković-Savić, Serbian footballer March March 2 – Mats Møller Dæhli, Norwegian footballer March 3 – Maine Mendoza, Filipina television personality March 7 Fajar Alfian, Indonesian badminton player Haley Lu Richardson, American actress March 8 – Keita Baldé, Senegalese footballer March 9 – Cierra Ramirez, American actress and singer March 10 – Zach LaVine, American basketball player March 12 – Kanon Fukuda, Japanese pop singer and voice actress March 13 – Mikaela Shiffrin, American skier March 15 – Jabari Parker, American basketball player March 19 Héctor Bellerín, Spanish footballer Julia Montes, Filipina actress March 23 – Ester Ledecká, Czech winter athlete March 25 – Carlos Vinícius, Brazilian footballer March 27 – Zaur Uguev, Russian freestyle wrestler March 30 – Tao Geoghegan Hart, British cyclist April April 1 – Logan Paul, American actor and YouTube personality April 3 – Adrien Rabiot, French footballer April 17 – Wheein, South Korean singer and songwriter April 18 – Divock Origi, Belgian footballer April 23 – Gigi Hadid, American fashion model April 24 – Kehlani, American singer April 26 – Daniel Padilla, Filipino actor April 28 – Melanie Martinez, American singer May May 1 Jake Cannavale, American musician and actor Radhika Madan, Indian actress and dancer May 2 – Yook Sung-jae, South Korean singer and actor May 3 – Zach Sobiech, American singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2013) May 4 Alex Lawther, English actor Chris Ikonomidis, Australian footballer May 6 – Marko Pjaca, Croatian footballer May 10 Missy Franklin, American swimmer Gabriella Papadakis, French ice dancer May 11 Gelson Martins, Portuguese footballer Shira Haas, Israeli actress May 12 – Kenton Duty, American actor, singer, and dancer May 14 – Kelly Gale, Swedish model May 15 – Ksenia Sitnik, Belarusian singer May 23 Eula Caballero, Filipina actress May 25 – José Luis Gayà, Spanish footballer May 29 – Nicolas Pépé, Ivorian footballer June June 4 – Willie Rioli, Australian football player June 5 – Troye Sivan, South African-born Australian singer June 13 – Petra Vlhová, Slovak alpine skier June 16 – Joseph Schooling, Singaporean swimmer June 21 Jessica Ahlquist, American activist and public speaker Darko Velkovski, Macedonian footballer Jesper Karlström, Swedish footballer June 22 Aleksandr Maltsev, Russian artistic (synchronized) swimmer Ádám Borbély, Hungarian handball player June 23 Eva Lazzaro, Australian actress Jorge Mateo, Dominican baseball shortstop Danna Paola, Mexican singer and actress June 24 – Abdel Fadel Suanon, Beninese footballer June 25 Wilhem Belocian, French sprinter Laura Jung, German rhythmic gymnast Juan Córdova, Chilean footballer Kamil Dragun, Polish chess grandmaster June 26 – Natsuhiko Watanabe, Japanese footballer June 28 Syafiq Ahmad, Malaysian footballer Kåre Hedebrant, Swedish actor Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, South African model and beauty pageant titleholder Adama Traoré, Malian footballer June 29 – João Paulo Silva Martins, Brazilian footballer June 30 Marina Ruy Barbosa, Brazilian actress Kristoffer Olsson, Swedish footballer July July 1 Boli Bolingoli-Mbombo, Congolese-Belgian footballer Krzysztof Piątek, Polish footballer Taeyong, South Korean singer, member of NCT July 2 Ito Ohno, Japanese fashion model and actress Ryan Murphy, American competitive swimmer July 3 – Emircan Koşut, Turkish basketball player July 4 Brayden Schnur, Canadian tennis player Álex Berenguer, Spanish footballer Post Malone, American rapper July 5 Hyuk, South Korean singer and actor Phataimas Muenwong, Thai badminton player P. V. Sindhu, Indian badminton player July 9 Georgie Henley, English actress Sandro Ramírez, Spanish footballer July 10 Trayvon Bromell, American sprinter Ada Hegerberg, Norwegian footballer Edymar Martínez, Venezuelan model Lu Shanglei, Chinese chess grandmaster July 11 Tyler Medeiros, Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer Vitali Lystsov, Russian footballer Nikita Khaykin, Israeli footballer July 12 Jordyn Wieber, American artistic gymnast Luke Shaw, English footballer Yohio, Swedish singer and songwriter July 13 Cody Bellinger, American baseball player Dante Exum, Australian basketball player July 14 – Serge Gnabry, German footballer July 15 – Vivianne Miedema, Dutch football player July 16 – Torstein Træen, Norwegian racing cyclist July 19 Manuel Akanji, Swiss footballer María José Alvarado, Honduran model (d. 2014) Matt Miazga, American soccer player Maria Paseka, Russian artistic gymnast July 20 Shaquem Griffin, American football player Shaquill Griffin, American football player July 22 – Ezekiel Elliott, American football player July 23 – Hwasa, South Korean singer, songwriter, and rapper July 24 – Kyle Kuzma, American basketball player July 25 – Alvin Kamara, American football player July 26 – Holly Bodimeade, British actress July 30 – Hirving Lozano, Mexican footballer August August 1 – Madison Cawthorn, American politician August 2 Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo, Indonesian badminton player Kristaps Porziņģis, Latvian basketball player August 4 Bruna Marquezine, Brazilian actress Jessica Sanchez, American singer August 5 – Pierre-Emile Højbjerg, Danish footballer August 6 – Sasha Vezenkov, Bulgarian professional basketball player August 9 – Hwang Min-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor August 12 – Sara Ali Khan, Indian actress August 13 – Presnel Kimpembe, French footballer August 15 – Chief Keef, American rapper August 16 – James Young, American basketball player August 17 – Gracie Gold, American figure skater August 22 Huang Wenpan, Chinese swimmer (d. 2018) Dua Lipa, English singer Jonnu Smith, American football player August 24 Lady Amelia Windsor, member of the British royal family Justine Skye, American singer August 26 Gracie Dzienny, American actress Solomon Thomas, American football player August 27 – Sergey Sirotkin, Russian racing driver August 28 – Andreas Wellinger, German ski jumper August 29 – Gud, Swedish DJ and producer September September 1 Munir El Haddadi, Spanish footballer Nathan MacKinnon, Canadian hockey player September 3 Myles Jack, American football player Niklas Süle, German footballer September 5 – Caroline Sunshine, American actress, dancer, singer and political operative September 6 – Bertrand Traoré, Burkinabé footballer September 8 – Julian Weigl, German footballer September 12 Steven Gardiner, Bahamian sprinter Ryan Potter, American actor September 13 – Robbie Kay, English actor September 15 – Awer Mabil, Australian association footballer September 16 – Aaron Gordon, American basketball player September 17 – Patrick Mahomes, American football player September 20 – Laura Dekker, Dutch sailor September 22 – Nayeon, South Korean singer September 23 Eli Dershwitz, American fencer Agnes Jebet Tirop, Kenian athlete (d. 2021) September 29 – Mozzik, Albanian rapper October October 1 – Scott Helman, Canadian singer-songwriter October 4 Mikolas Josef, Czech singer and music producer Jabrill Peppers, American football player Jeonghan, South Korean singer October 5 – Kim A-lim South Korean golfer October 9 – Kenny Tete, Dutch footballer October 13 – Jimin, South Korean singer October 15 – Billy Unger, American actor and musician October 17 – Queen Naija, American singer October 19 – Enca Haxhia, Albanian singer Sammis Reyes, Chilean sportsperson October 21 – Antoinette Guedia Mouafo, Cameroonian swimmer October 21 – Doja Cat, American singer and rapper October 23 – Ireland Baldwin, American fashion model and actress October 25 – Conchita Campbell, Canadian actress October 28 – Mia Wray, Australian pop musician November November 1 Nick D'Aloisio, British computer programmer Margarita Mamun, Russian rhythmic gymnast Nour El Sherbini, Egyptian squash player November 2 – Rafael Vitti, Brazilian actor, musician and poet November 3 Kelly Catlin, American racing cyclist (d. 2019) Kendall Jenner, American model and television personality November 6 – André Silva, Portuguese footballer November 13 – Oliver Stummvoll, Austrian model November 15 – Karl-Anthony Towns, Dominican-American basketball player November 17 – Elise Mertens, Belgian tennis player |
Cumia, American radio personality April 27 – Moana Pozzi, Italian pornographic actress, television personality and politician (d. 1994) April 28 – Futoshi Matsunaga, Japanese serial killer April 29 – Fumihiko Tachiki, Japanese voice actor April 30 – Isiah Thomas, African-American basketball player, coach and team owner May May 1 – Marilyn Milian, American judge May 2 – Steve James, English snooker player May 3 Joe Murray, American animator David Vitter, U.S. Senator (R-LA) May 4 Jay Aston, British singer (Bucks Fizz) Mary Elizabeth McDonough, American actress, producer, director and author May 5 Mike Dunleavy, American politician and the 12th governor of Alaska. Hiroshi Hase, Japanese professional wrestler May 6 George Clooney, American actor Wally Wingert, American actor and voice actor Frans Timmermans, Dutch politician and European Commissioner May 7 – Robert Spano, American conductor and pianist May 8 Bill de Blasio, 109th Mayor of New York City Janet McTeer, British actress Akira Taue, Japanese professional wrestler May 9 Rene Capo, American judoka (d. 2009) John Corbett, American actor and country music singer May 10 – Danny Carey, American drummer (Tool, Pigmy Love Circus) May 11 Paul Begala, American political commentator Lar Park Lincoln, American actress May 12 – Billy Duffy, British guitarist (The Cult) May 13 – Dennis Rodman, American basketball player and actor May 14 Urban Priol, German Kabarett artist and comedian Tim Roth, English actor and director May 15 - Larry Holden, American actor (d. 2011) May 16 Solveig Dommartin, French actress (d. 2007) Kevin McDonald, Canadian actor, voice actor and comedian Charles Wright, American professional wrestler May 17 – Enya, Irish musician May 18 – Jim Bowden, American baseball executive May 20 – Clive Allen, British footballer May 21 – Brent Briscoe, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2017) May 22 Mike Breen, American sports announcer Ann Cusack, American actress May 23 Mitar Subotić, Serbian musician and composer (d. 1999) Karen Duffy, American actress May 24 – Ilaria Alpi, Italian journalist (d. 1994) May 27 – Peri Gilpin, American actress May 28 – Roland Gift, British singer and musician (Fine Young Cannibals) May 29 – Melissa Etheridge, American musician May 30 Ralph Carter, American actor Harry Enfield, English comedian, actor, writer and director May 31 Ray Cote, Canadian ice hockey player Justin Madden, Australian footballer and politician Lea Thompson, American actress June June 1 Paul Coffey, Canadian hockey player Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor, Indian politician June 2 – Dez Cadena, American musician June 3 Lawrence Lessig, American academic and political activist Ed Wynne, English musician (Ozric Tentacles) June 4 El DeBarge, American urban singer; was member of American urban group DeBarge Sam Harris, American actor and pop musician June 5 Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999) Anthony Burger, American musician and singer (d. 2006) Rosie Kane, Member of Scottish Parliament June 6 – Tom Araya, Chilean-born rock musician (Slayer) June 8 – Katy Garbi, Greek singer June 9 Michael J. Fox, Canadian-American actor, producer and author Aaron Sorkin, American screenwriter, producer and playwright June 10 Kim and Kelley Deal, American musicians Maxi Priest, born Max Elliott, British reggae singer June 12 – Yuri Rozanov, Russian sports TV commentator (d. 2021) June 14 – Boy George, born George O'Dowd, British singer-songwriter and music producer June 15 Dave McAuley, Northern Irish boxer Greg Kouri, Lebanese-Canadian investor, real estate businessman, and co-founder of Zip2 June 17 Muslimgauze, British ethnic electronica and experimental musician (d. 1999) Kōichi Yamadera, Japanese voice actor June 18 Sakahoko Nobushige, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2019) Andrés Galarraga, Venezuelan baseball player Alison Moyet, English singer-songwriter June 19 – Bidhya Devi Bhandari, 2nd President of Nepal June 20 – Karin Kania, German speed skater June 21 Iztok Mlakar, Slovenian singer-songwriter and theatre actor Joko Widodo, 7th President of Indonesia June 23 Zoran Janjetov, Serbian comic artist David Leavitt, American novelist June 24 Raja Yong Sofia, Malaysian aristocrat Lisa Bevill, American Christian musician Iain Glen, Scottish actor Curt Smith, British singer and keyboardist June 25 Jamil Khir Baharom, Malaysian politician and former military officer Ricky Gervais, English comedian, actor, writer, director, and singer in Seona Dancing June 26 – Greg LeMond, American cyclist June 27 Tim Whitnall, English playwright, screenwriter and actor Meera Syal, British-Indian comedian and actress June 28 Jeff Malone, American basketball player Eliezer Melamed, Israeli rabbi June 29 Greg Hetson, American rock guitarist Sharon Lawrence, American actress, singer and dancer July July 1 Diana, Princess of Wales, born The Hon. Diana Spencer, English princess consort as first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (d. 1997) Vito Bratta, American rock guitarist Ivan Kaye, English actor Jefferson King, British bodybuilder and wrestler Carl Lewis, American athlete Fredy Schmidtke, German track cyclist (d. 2017) Michelle Wright, Canadian country music artist July 2 Tetchie Agbayani, Filipina actress Jimmy McNichol, American child actor Samy Naceri, French actor Ram Chiang, Hong Kong actor and singer-composer July 3 Tatiana Aleshina, Russian composer, singer-songwriter, theater artist and poet Mosi Alli, Tanzanian sprinter Suzanne Dando, English Olympic gymnast Joe Moreira, Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner and mixed martial artist July 4 Charles Hector, Malaysian human rights advocate and activist Andrew Zimmern, American television personality (Bizarre Foods) July 5 – Patrizia Scianca, Italian voice actress July 6 Richard Mofe-Damijo, Nigerian actor Rick Price, Australian singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer July 7 Peter Michael Escovedo, American percussionist and musical director Eric Jerome Dickey, American writer July 8 Toby Keith, American country music singer Olaf Johannessen, Faroese stage and actor July 9 – Raymond Cruz, American actor July 10 Jacky Cheung, Hong Kong singer and actor Lee Heung-sil, South Korean footballer Liyel Imoke, Nigerian politician Killion Munyama, Zambian-Polish economist, academic lecturer and politician July 11 João Donizeti Silvestre, Brazilian businessman, historian, biologist and politician Ron Luce, American writer Ophir Pines-Paz, Israeli politician Sylvester Tung Kiem San, Indonesian bishop July 12 – Mark McGann, English actor, director, writer and musician July 13 – Stelios Manolas, Greek footballer July 14 – Jackie Earle Haley, American actor July 15 Forest Whitaker, African-American actor and film director David Cicilline, American politician July 16 Li Ruiying, Chinese media personality and politician J. Alan Brogan, Irish programmer July 17 António Costa, Portuguese politician, 119th Prime Minister (2015–present) Jeremy Hardy, English comedian (d. 2019) Guru, American rapper (Gang Starr) (d. 2010) Zbigniew Zamachowski, Polish actor July 18 – Elizabeth McGovern, American actress and musician July 19 Noriyuki Abe, Japanese anime director Maria Filatova, Soviet gymnast Benoît Mariage, Belgian film director Lisa Lampanelli, American stand-up comedian, actress and insult comic Campbell Scott, American actor, director, producer and voice artist July 21 Kenji Haga, Japanese entertainment talent, actor and businessperson Mokgweetsi Masisi, 5th President of Botswana July 22 Masumi Hayashi, Japanese serial killer Porfirije, born Prvoslav Perić, Serbian Patriarch Irina Rozanova, Russian actress Keith Sweat, American singer July 23 Martin Gore, British musician and songwriter Michael Durant, American military pilot Milind Gunaji, Indian actor, model, television show host Woody Harrelson, American actor and comedian David Kaufman, American actor and voice actor July 24 – Joseph Kony, Ugandan insurgent, leader of the Lord's Resistance Army July 25 Katherine Kelly Lang, American actress Hugo Teufel III, American lawyer and government official, 2nd Chief Privacy Officer, Department of Homeland Security July 26 Raquel Dodge, General Prosecutor of Brazil Gary Cherone, American rock singer-songwriter David Heyman, English film producer, founder of Heyday Films Keiko Matsui, Japanese pianist and composer Dimitris Saravakos, Greek footballer July 27 Ed Orgeron, American football coach Erez Tal, Israeli television host July 28 Mustafa El Haddaoui, Moroccan footballer Aleksandr Kurlovich, Soviet-Belarusian Olympic weightlifter (d. 2018) July 30 – Laurence Fishburne, African-American actor and film director August August 1 – Danny Blind, Dutch footballer August 2 – Pete de Freitas, English musician and producer (d. 1989) August 3 Art Porter Jr., American jazz saxophonist (d. 1996) Molly Hagan, American actress Nick Harvey, English politician August 4 Pumpuang Duangjan, Thai megastar singer and actress (d. 1992) Robin Carnahan, Secretary of State of Missouri Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States Lauren Tom, American actress and voice artist August 5 Mercedes Aráoz, 1st Vice President of Peru Janet McTeer, English actress Hishamuddin Hussein, Malaysian politician August 7 Ileen Getz, American actress (d. 2005) Brian Conley, English actor, comedian, singer and presenter Yelena Davydova, Soviet gymnast Maggie Wheeler, American actress August 8 The Edge, Irish rock guitarist (U2) Bruce Matthews, American football player Rikki Rockett, American rock drummer (Poison) August 9 Brad Gilbert, American tennis player John Key, 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand August 10 – Beatrice Alda, American actress and filmmaker August 11 Suniel Shetty, Indian actor, producer and entrepreneur Jukka Tapanimäki, Finnish game programmer (d. 2000) August 12 – Lawrence, English musician August 13 Mahesh Anand, Indian actor (d. 2019) Dawnn Lewis, American voice actress Koji Kondo, Japanese video game composer (Nintendo) August 14 – Susan Olsen, American actress August 15 – Suhasini Maniratnam, Indian actress August 16 Elpidia Carrillo, Mexican-American actress Urara Takano, Japanese voice actress August 17 – Uwe Schmitt, German sprinter and hurdler (d. 1995) August 18 Huw Edwards, BAFTA award-winning Welsh journalist and presenter Bob Woodruff, American television journalist and activist August 19 – Tony Longo, American actor (d. 2015) August 20 Plamen Nikolov, Bulgarian footballer Linda Manz, American actress (d. 2020) Manuel Merino, Peruvian politician, 68th President of Peru August 21 – Stephen Hillenburg, American marine biologist, cartoonist and animator (d. 2018) August 22 – Roland Orzabal, British musician and songwriter August 23 Bhupesh Baghel, Indian politician and current Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh Alexandre Desplat, French film composer August 24 – Jared Harris, English actor August 25 Billy Ray Cyrus, American actor and singer Benjamin Bwalya, Zambian footballer and coach (d. 1999) August 27 – Tom Ford, American fashion designer and film director August 28 Jennifer Coolidge, American actress and comedian Deepak Tijori, Indian actor and director August 30 – Brian Mitchell, South African boxer August 31 – Saleem, Malaysian singer (d. 2018) September September 1 Bam Bam Bigelow, American professional wrestler (d. 2007) Boney James, American saxophonist, songwriter and record producer September 2 Eugenio Derbez, Mexican actor, comedian and filmmaker Carlos Valderrama, Colombian footballer Ron Wasserman, American composer Anthony Wong Chau-sang, Hong Kong actor September 3 Andy Griffiths, Australian author Iwan Fals, Indonesian singer-songwriter Yermi Kaplan, Israeli musician September 5 – Marc-André Hamelin, Canadian pianist and composer September 6 Bruce W. Smith, American animator, director and producer Paul Waaktaar-Savoy, Norwegian rock musician and songwriter (A-ha) September 7 – Kevin Kennedy, British actor September 11 E.G. Daily, American actress, voice actress and singer Virginia Madsen, American actress September 12 – Mylène Farmer, Canadian singer and songwriter September 13 – Dave Mustaine, American metal singer, guitarist September 14 – Martina Gedeck, German actress September 15 Terry Lamb, Australian rugby league player and coach Dan Marino, American football player Colin McFarlane, British actor and voice actor Lidia Yusupova, Chechen human-rights lawyer September 16 – Jen Tolley, American-Canadian actress and singer September 17 – Jim Cornette, American author and podcaster September 18 – James Gandolfini, American actor and producer (d. 2013) September 20 – Lisa Bloom, American lawyer September 22 Bonnie Hunt, American actress, comedian, writer, director and television producer Catherine Oxenberg, American actress September 23 Chi McBride, American actor William C. McCool, U.S. Navy Commander and astronaut (d. 2003) September 24 Fiona Corke, Australian actress Michael Tavera, American composer September 25 Heather Locklear, American actress Steve Scott, British journalist and presenter September 26 – Wes Hopkins, American football player (d. 2018) September 27 Andy Lau, Hong Kong actor and singer Melissa Newman, American artist and singer September 28 Yordanka Donkova, Bulgarian athlete Wayne Westner, South African golfer (d. 2017) September 29 – Julia Gillard, 27th Prime Minister of Australia September 30 Crystal Bernard, American actress and singer Gary Coyne, Australian rugby league player Eric Stoltz, American actor and director Sally Yeh, Hong Kong singer and actress October October 1 Gary Ablett, Australian rules footballer Rico Constantino, American professional wrestler October 3 – Ludger Stühlmeyer, German cantor, composer and musicologist October 4 Philippe Russo, French singer Jon Secada, Cuban-American singer-songwriter October 5 – Matthew Kauffman, American journalist, George Polk Award winner October 6 – Mark Shasha, American artist, author and illustrator October 10 – Jodi Benson, American actress and singer October 11 Amr Diab, Egyptian singer Steve Young, American football player October 12 – Diego García, Spanish long-distance athlete (d. 2001) October 13 Rachel De Thame, English gardener and television presenter Doc Rivers, American basketball player and coach October 14 – Jim Burns, British science-fiction illustrator October 15 – Meera Sanyal, Indian banker (d. 2019) October 16 Chris Doleman, American football player (d. 2020) Scott O'Hara, American pornographic performer, author, poet, editor and publisher (d. 1998) Paul Vaessen, English footballer (d. 2001) Randy Vasquez, American actor Kim Wayans, American actress, comedian, producer, writer and director October 18 Wynton Marsalis, African-American trumpeter and composer Rick Moody, American writer Gladstone Small, Barbadian-English cricketer October 19 – Cliff Lyons, Australian rugby league player October 20 Les Stroud, Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician Michie Tomizawa, Japanese voice actress October 22 Todd Oldham, American designer Robert Torti, American actor and singer October 24 – Dave Meltzer, American wrestling journalist October 25 Ward Burton, American NASCAR driver Pat Sharp, British radio DJ and host Chad Smith, American musician October 26 – Dylan McDermott, American actor October 29 – Randy Jackson, African-American pop singer (The Jackson 5) October 30 – Dmitry Muratov, Russian campaigning journalist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize October 31 Alonzo Babers, American runner Peter Jackson, New Zealand film director Larry Mullen, Jr., Irish rock drummer (U2) November November 1 Anne Donovan, American basketball player and coach (d. 2018) Heng Swee Keat, Singaporean politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore November 2 Lisa de Cazotte, American soap opera producer (d. 2019) k.d. lang, Canadian singer and songwriter November 3 – David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon November 4 Daron Hagen, American composer Dominic Heale, British journalist and newsreader Ralph Macchio, American actor Jeff Probst, American television personality Jerry Sadowitz, American-born British stand-up comic and card magician Nigel Worthington, Northern Irish footballer and football manager November 5 – Alan G. Poindexter, American astronaut (d. 2012) November 9 Jill Dando, British journalist and television presenter (d. 1999) Jackie Kay, Scottish poet and novelist November 12 – Nadia Comăneci, Romanian gymnast November 14 Ben Coleman, American basketball player (d. 2019) Jurga Ivanauskaitė, Lithuanian writer (d. 2007) D. B. Sweeney, American actor November 16 Andrea Prodan, Scottish-Italian film actor, composer and musician Corinne Hermès, French singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1983 winner November 18 Michael Hawley, American academic and artist (d. 2020) Steven Moffat, Scottish screenwriter Anthony Warlow, Australian singer November 19 – Meg Ryan, American actress and film director November 20 – Dave Watson, English footballer November 21 – Maria Kawamura, Japanese voice actress November 22 Mariel Hemingway, American actress Stephen Hough, British-Australian pianist Randal L. Schwartz, American computer programmer November 24 – Arundhati Roy, Indian writer and activist November 25 – Matthias Freihof, German television actor and director November 27 Lieselotte Lauer, (child family name: Schröder) german company SEL (Standard Elektrik Lorenz) Reported missing since July 1992 November 28 – Alfonso Cuarón, Mexican film director, screenwriter and producer November 29 Kim Delaney, American actress Tom Sizemore, American actor December December 1 – Salahuddin Ayub, Malaysian politician December 3 – Marcelo Fromer, Brazilian guitarist December 4 Rocky Dennis, American teenager who had craniodiaphyseal dysplasia (d. 1978) Frank Reich, American football player December 5 Alan Davies, English-Welsh international footballer (d. 1992) Laura Flanders, British born American journalist December 6 - Colin Salmon, British actor December 8 – Ann Coulter, American author, conservative commentator and attorney December 9 Beril Dedeoğlu, Turkish politician and academic (d. 2019) David Anthony Higgins, American actor December 10 Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, Nepalese Buddhist (d. 1993) Nia Peeples, American actress December 12 Daniel O'Donnell, Irish singer Sarah Sutton, British actress December 13 Karen Witter, American actress and model Per Øystein Sørensen, Norwegian lead singer Fra Lippo Lippi December 15 – Karin Resetarits, Austrian journalist and politician December 16 Bill Hicks, American comedian (d. 1994) Jon Tenney, American actor Sam Robards, American actor Shane Black, American film director December 19 Eric Allin Cornell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate Matthew Waterhouse, British actor Reggie White, American football player (d. 2004) December 20 – Mohammad Fouad, Arab singer and actor December 21 – Francis Ng, Hong Kong actor December 22 – Kassim Majaliwa, 10th Prime Minister of Tanzania December 23 – Ezzat el Kamhawi, Egyptian novelist December 24 Ilham Aliyev, 7th Prime Minister of Azerbaijan and 4th President of Azerbaijan Wade Williams, American actor December 25 Íngrid Betancourt, Colombian senator Ghislaine Maxwell, British socialite David Thompson, 6th Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2010) December 26 – John Lynch, Northern Irish actor December 27 – Guido Westerwelle, German politician (d. 2016) December 29 – Jim Reid, Scottish musician December 30 Douglas Coupland, Canadian author Bill English, 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand Sean Hannity, American radio/television host and conservative commentator Ben Johnson, Canadian athlete Deaths January January 3 – Auvergne Doherty, Australian businesswoman (b. 1896) January 4 – Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887) January 8 – František Flos, Czech novelist (b. 1864) January 9 – Emily Greene Balch, American writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1867) January 10 – Dashiell Hammett, American writer (b. 1894) January 13 Nino Marchesini, Italian actor (b. 1895) Blanche Ring, American singer and actress (b. 1871) January 14 – Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (b. 1888) January 17 – Patrice Lumumba, 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1925) January 18 – Thomas Anthony Dooley III, physician (b. 1927) January 21 Blaise Cendrars, Swiss writer (b. 1887) John J. Becker, American composer and pianist (b. 1886) January 24 – Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American swimmer and inventor (b. 1884) January 26 – Stan Nichols, English cricketer (b. 1900) January 29 – Jesse Wallace, American naval officer, 29th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1899) January 30 – Dorothy Thompson, American journalist (b. 1893) February February 2 – Anna May Wong, Chinese-American actress (b. 1905) February 3 – Viscount Dunrossil, Australian Governor-General (b. 1893) February 4 Hazel Heald, American writer (b. 1896) Sir Philip Game, British army officer, colonial governor and police officer (b. 1876) February 6 – Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland, British politician (b. 1876) February 7 – William Duncan, American actor (b. 1879) February 9 – Carlos Luz, Brazilian politician, 19th President of Brazil (b. 1894) February 12 – Richmond K. Turner, American admiral (b. 1885) February 13 – Arthur Ripley, American film director (b. 1897) February 15 – Laurence Owen, American figure skater (b. 1944) February 16 – Dazzy Vance, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1891) February 17 Horatio Berney-Filkin, British army general (b. 1892) Nita Naldi, American actress (b. 1894) February 20 – Percy Grainger, Australian composer (b. 1882) February 22 George de Cuevas, Chilean-American ballet impresario and choreographer (b. 1885) Nick LaRocca, American jazz musician (b. 1889) February 26 Karl Albiker, German sculptor (b. 1878) Uberto De Morpurgo, Italian tennis player (b. 1896) King Mohammed V of Morocco (b. 1909) February 28 – Aaron S. "Tip" Merrill, American admiral (b. 1890) March March 3 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (b. 1887) March 6 – George Formby, British singer, comedian and actor (b. 1904) March 8 Sir Thomas Beecham, English conductor (b. 1879) Gala Galaction, Romanian writer (b. 1879) March 12 Victor d'Arcy, British Olympic athlete (b. 1887) Belinda Lee, English actress (b. 1935) March 17 – Susanna M. Salter, first woman mayor in the United States (b. 1860) March 22 – Nikolai Massalitinov, Soviet-born Bulgarian actor (b. 1880) March 23 – Valentin Bondarenko, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1937) March 25 – Arthur Drewry, English administrator, 5th President of FIFA (b. 1891) March 26 – Carlos Duarte Costa, Brazilian Roman Catholic archbishop and saint, founder of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (b. 1888) April April 2 – Wallingford Riegger, American music composer (b. 1885) April 3 – Eliseo Mouriño, Argentine footballer (b. 1927) April 6 – Jules Bordet, Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1870) April 7 Vanessa Bell, English artist and interior designer (b. 1879) Jesús Guridi, Spanish Basque composer (b. 1886) Marian Driscoll Jordan, American actress and radio personality (b. 1898) April 9 – Ahmet Zog/Zog I, Skanderberg III, Albanian political leader, 11th Prime Minister of Albania, 7th President of Albania and King of Albania (b. 1895) April 10 – Sir John Hope Simpson, British politician (b. 1868) April 11 – Padma Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, 16th Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1882) April 12 Mbarek Bekkay, 1st Prime Minister of Morocco (b. 1907) Aziz Ezzat Pasha, Egyptian politician (b. 1869) April 19 – Manuel Quiroga, Spanish violinist (b. 1892) April 21 – James Melton, American tenor (b. 1904) April 24 – Lee Moran, American actor (b. 1888) April 25 Robert Garrett, American Olympic athlete (b. 1875) George Melford, American actor (b. 1877) April 27 Roy Del Ruth, American film director (b. 1893) Minoru Sasaki, Japanese general (b. 1893) April 30 Dickie Dale, English motorcycle road racer (b. 1927) Jessie Redmon Fauset, American editor, writer and educator (b. 1882) May May 3 Lajos Dinnyés, 41st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1901) Maurice Merleau-Ponty, French phenomenological philosopher (b. 1908) May 6 – Lucian Blaga, Romanian poet and philosopher (b. 1895) May 13 – Gary Cooper, American actor, best known for his role in High Noon (b. 1901) May 14 – Albert Sévigny, Canadian politician (b. 1881) May 16 – George A. Malcolm, American jurist and educator (b. 1881) May 22 – Joan Davis, American actress (b. 1912) May 30 – Rafael Trujillo, Dominican politician and soldier, 2-time President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1891) May 31 – Walter Little, Canadian politician (b. 1877) June June – Constantin Constantinescu-Claps, Romanian general (b. 1884) June 6 – Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1875) June 9 – Camille Guérin, French bacteriologist and immunologist (b. 1872) June 14 – Eddie Polo, Austrian-American actor (b. 1875) June 16 – Marcel Junod, Swiss physician (b. 1904) June 17 Jeff Chandler, American actor (b. 1918) Thomas Darden, American Rear admiral, 37th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1900) June 18 – Eddie Gaedel, American with dwarfism (b. 1925) June 19 – Sir Richard Turner, Canadian general, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1871) June 23 – Nikolai Malko, Soviet conductor (b. 1883) June 24 William J. Connors, American politician (b. 1891) George Washington Vanderbilt III, American philanthropist (b. 1914) June 25 – John Alexander Douglas McCurdy, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia and pilot (b. 1886) June 27 Paul Guilfoyle, American actor (b. 1902) Mukhtar Auezov, Kazakh writer (b. 1897) June 30 – Lee de Forest, American inventor (b. 1873) July July 1 Nasuhi al-Bukhari, Syrian soldier and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Syria (b. 1881) Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French writer (b. 1894) July 2 – Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (suicide) (b. 1899) July 4 – Franklyn Farnum, American actor (b. 1878) July 6 Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1878) Woodall Rodgers, American politician, 43rd Mayor of Dallas (b. 1890) July 9 – Whittaker Chambers, American spy and witness in Hiss case (b. 1901) July 15 – Nina Bari, Russian mathematician (b. 1901) July 17 – Ty Cobb, American baseball player and a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame (b. 1886) July 23 Esther Dale, American actress (b. 1885) Valentine Davies, American screenwriter (b. 1905) Princess Teru of Japan (b. 1925) July 28 – Harry Gribbon, American actor of silent films (b. 1885) August August 1 – Domingo Pérez Cáceres, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1892) August 4 Zoltán Tildy, 39th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1889) Maurice Tourneur, French film director (b. 1873) August 5 – Sidney Holland, New Zealand politician, 25th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1893) August 8 – Mei Lanfang, Beijing opera star (b. 1894) August 9 – Walter Bedell Smith, American general and diplomat (b. 1895) August 11 – William Jackson, American gangster (b. 1920) August 14 Henri Breuil, French | the new U.S. Supreme Court integration decision. May 5 – Mercury program: Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space, aboard Mercury-Redstone 3. May 6 – Tottenham Hotspur F.C. becomes the first team in the 20th century to win the English league and cup double. , this is the last time Tottenham have won the English League. May 8 – Briton George Blake is sentenced to 42 years imprisonment for spying. May 9 – In a speech on "Television and the Public Interest" to the National Association of Broadcasters, FCC chairman Newton N. Minow describes commercial television programming as a "vast wasteland". May 14 – Civil rights movement: A Freedom Riders bus is fire-bombed near Anniston, Alabama, and the civil rights protestors are beaten by an angry mob of Ku Klux Klan members. May 15 – J. Heinrich Matthaei alone performs the Poly-U-Experiment, and is the first person to recognize and understand the genetic code. This is the birthdate of modern genetics. May 16 – Park Chung-hee takes over in a military coup, in South Korea. May 19 – Venera 1 becomes the first man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (however, the probe has lost contact with Earth a month earlier, and does not send back any data). May 21 – Civil rights movement: Alabama Governor John Patterson declares martial law in an attempt to restore order, after race riots break out. May 22 – An earthquake rocks New South Wales. May 24 – Civil rights movement: Freedom Riders are arrested in Jackson, Mississippi for "disturbing the peace", after disembarking from their bus. May 25 – Apollo program: President Kennedy announces, before a special joint session of Congress, his goal to put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade. May 27 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, holds a press conference in Singapore, announcing his idea to form the Federation of Malaysia, comprising Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo (Sabah). May 28 – Peter Benenson's article "The Forgotten Prisoners" is published in several internationally read newspapers. This is later considered the founding of the human rights organization Amnesty International. May 30 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, totalitarian despot of the Dominican Republic since 1930, is killed in an ambush, putting an end to the second longest-running dictatorship in Latin American history. May 31 In France, rebel generals Maurice Challe and Andre Zelelr are sentenced to 15 years in prison. South Africa becomes a republic, and officially leaves the Commonwealth of Nations. President John F. Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle meet in Paris. Benfica beats Barcelona 3–2 at Wankdorf Stadium, Bern and wins the 1960–61 European Cup (football). June June 1 – Ethiopia experiences its most devastating earthquake of the 20th century, with a magnitude of 6.7. The town of Majete is destroyed, 45% of the houses in Karakore collapse, of the main road north of Karakore are damaged by landslides and fissures, and 5,000 inhabitants in the area are left homeless. June 4 – Vienna summit: John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev meet during two days in Vienna. They discuss nuclear tests, disarmament and Germany. June 16 – Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev requests asylum in France, while in Paris with the Kirov Ballet. June 17 A Paris-to-Strasbourg train derails near Vitry-le-François; 24 are killed, 109 injured. The New Democratic Party of Canada is founded, with the merger of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress. June 19 – The British protectorate ends in Kuwait and it becomes an emirate. June 22 – Moise Tshombe is released for lack of evidence of his connection to the murder of Patrice Lumumba. June 23 – The Antarctic Treaty comes into effect. June 25 – Iraqi president Abd al-Karim Qasim announces his intention to annex newly independent Kuwait (such an annexation will occur in 1990). June 27 – Kuwait requests British help against the Iraqi threat; the United Kingdom sends in troops. July July 4 – Soviet submarine K-19 suffers a reactor leak in the North Atlantic. July 5 – The first Israeli rocket, Shavit 2, is launched. July 8 – A mine explosion in Czechoslovakia leaves 108 dead. July 12 A Czechoslovakian Ilyushin Il-18 crashes while attempting to land at Casablanca, Morocco, killing all 72 persons on board. Two dams that supplied water to the City of Pune, India burst, causing death of more than 1000 residents. July 17 – Baseball legend Ty Cobb dies at the age of 74, at Emory University Hospital. July 21 – Mercury program: Virgil I. Grissom, piloting the Mercury-Redstone 4 spacecraft Liberty Bell 7, becomes the second American to go into space (sub-orbital). After splashdown, the hatch prematurely opens, and the spacecraft sinks (it is recovered in 1999). July 25 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives a widely watched TV speech on the Berlin crisis, warning "we will not be driven out of Berlin." Kennedy urges Americans to build fallout shelters, setting off a four-month debate on civil defense. July 31 At Fenway Park in Boston, the first Major League Baseball All-Star Game tie occurs, when the game is stopped in the 9th inning due to rain (the only tie until 2002). Ireland submits the first application from a non-founding country to join the European Economic Community. August August – The United States founds the Alliance for Progress. August 1 – The Six Flags Over Texas theme park officially opens to the public. August 4 – Barack Obama, who in 2009 became the first African-American president of the United States, was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. August 6 – Vostok 2: Soviet cosmonaut Gherman Titov becomes the second human to orbit the Earth, and the first to be in outer space for more than one day. August 7 – Vostok 2 lands in the Soviet Union. August 10 – The United Kingdom applies for membership in the European Economic Community. August 11 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from the Southern Ocean. August 13 – Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, restricting movement between East Berlin and West Berlin, and forming a clear boundary between West Germany and East Germany, Western Europe and Eastern Europe. On August 22 Ida Siekmann jumps from a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the first of at least 138 people to die at the Wall. August 21 – Jomo Kenyatta is released from prison in Kenya. August 25 – João Goulart replaces Jânio Quadros as President of Brazil (he is ousted in 1964). August 30 – The Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness is signed at the United Nations in New York, coming into effect December 13, 1975. September September 1 The Eritrean War of Independence officially begins, with the shooting of the Ethiopian police by Hamid Idris Awate. The first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement is held. The Soviet Union resumes nuclear testing, escalating fears over the ongoing Berlin crisis. September 7 – Tom and Jerry make a return with their first cartoon short since 1958, Switchin' Kitten. The new creator, Gene Deitch, makes 12 more Tom and Jerry shorts through 1962. September 10 – During the F1 Italian Grand Prix on the circuit of Monza, German Wolfgang von Trips, driving a Ferrari, crashes into a stand, killing 14 spectators and himself. September 12 – The African and Malagasy Union is founded. September 14 The new military government of Turkey sentences 15 members of the previous government to death. The Focolare Movement opens its first North American center in New York. September 17 Military rulers in Turkey hang former prime minister Adnan Menderes, together with the former Minister of Foreign Affairs Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and former Minister of Finance Hasan Polatkan. The world's first retractable roof stadium, the Civic Arena, opens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. September 18 – United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld dies in an air crash, en route to Katanga, Congo. September 21 – In France, the OAS slips an anti-de Gaulle message into TV programming. September 24 The old Deutsche Opernhaus in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg is returned to its newly rebuilt house, as the Deutsche Oper Berlin. In the U.S., the Walt Disney anthology television series, renamed Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, moves from ABC to NBC after seven years on the air, and begins telecasting its programs in color for the first time. Years later, after Disney's death, the still-on-the-air program will be renamed The Wonderful World of Disney. September 28 – A military coup in Damascus, Syria effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria. September 30 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is formed to replace the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). October October 1 – Baseball player Roger Maris of the New York Yankees hits his 61st home run in the last game of the season, against the Boston Red Sox, setting a new record for the longer baseball season. The record for the shorter season is still held by Babe Ruth. October 5 – Breakfast at Tiffany's (film) was theatrically released by Paramount Pictures, to critical and commercial success. October 10 – A volcanic eruption on Tristan da Cunha causes the whole population to be evacuated to Britain, where they will remain until 1963. October 12 – The death penalty is abolished in New Zealand. October 17 – Paris massacre of 1961: French police in Paris attack about 30,000 protesting a curfew applied solely to Algerians. The official death toll is 3, but human rights groups claim 240 dead. October 18 – West Side Story is released as a film in the United States. October 19 – The Arab League takes over protecting Kuwait; the last British troops leave. October 25 – The first edition of Private Eye, the British satirical magazine, is published. October 26 – Cemal Gürsel becomes the fourth president of Turkey (his former title is head of state and government; he is elected as president by constitutional referendum). October 27 An armistice begins in Katanga, Congo. Mongolia and Mauritania join the United Nations. Confrontation at Checkpoint Charlie: A standoff between Soviet and American tanks in Berlin, Germany heightens Cold War tensions. Fahrettin Özdilek becomes the acting prime minister of Turkey. October 29 DZBB-TV Channel 7, the Philippines' third TV station, is launched. Devrim, the first ever car designed and produced in Turkey, is released. The project has been completed in only 130 days almost from scratch, a period including decision on the project, research, design, development and production of four vehicles. October 30 Nuclear weapons testing: The Soviet Union detonates a 58-megaton yield hydrogen bomb known as Tsar Bomba, over Novaya Zemlya (it remains the largest ever man-made explosion). The Note Crisis: The Soviet Union issues a diplomatic note to Finland, proposing military co-operation. October 31 Hurricane Hattie devastates Belize City, Belize killing over 270. After the hurricane, the capital moves to the inland city of Belmopan. Joseph Stalin's body is removed from the Lenin Mausoleum. November November 1 The Hungry generation Movement is launched in Calcutta, India. The Interstate Commerce Commission's federal order banning segregation at all interstate public facilities officially comes into effect. November 2 – Kean opens at Broadway Theater in New York City for 92 performances. November 3 – The United Nations General Assembly unanimously elects Burmese diplomat U Thant to the position of acting Secretary-General. November 6 – The US government issues a stamp honoring the 100th birthday of James Naismith. November 8 Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8 crashes while attempting to land at Richmond, Virginia, killing 77 persons on board. KVN, Russia's longest running TV show, airs for the first time on Soviet television. November 9 – Robert White records a world air speed record of , in an X-15. November 10 – Catch-22 by Joseph Heller is first published, in the US. November 11 Congolese soldiers murder 13 Italian United Nations pilots. Stalingrad is renamed Volgograd. November 14 – Yves Saint Laurent, a luxury fashion brand of France, founded in Rue La Boetie, Paris. November 17 – Michael Rockefeller, son of New York Governor and later Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, disappears in the jungles of New Guinea. November 18 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy sends 18,000 military advisors to South Vietnam. November 19 – Rebellion of the Pilots: A military uprising overthrows the Trujillo regime in the Dominican Republic. November 20 – İsmet İnönü of the CHP forms the new government of Turkey (26th government, first coalition in Turkey, partner AP). November 21 – The "La Ronde" opens in Honolulu, the first revolving restaurant in the United States. November 24 – The World Food Programme (WFP) is formed as a temporary United Nations program. November 30 – The Soviet Union vetoes Kuwait's application for United Nations membership. December December 1 – Netherlands New Guinea raises the new Morning Star flag, and changes its name to West Papua. December 2 – Cold War: In a nationally broadcast speech, Cuban leader Fidel Castro announces he is a Marxist–Leninist, and that Cuba will adopt socialism. December 5 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives support to the Volta Dam project in Ghana. December 9 Tanganyika gains independence as a Commonwealth realm, with Julius Nyerere as its first Prime Minister, with Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tanganyika, and represented locally by the Governor-General of Tanganyika. 1961 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a one-seat majority, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. One of the closest election results in Australian history, such a result will not be replicated again until 2016. Notably, former Prime Minister Earle Page loses his seat, although he dies a few days later, never knowing the result. December 10 – The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Albania. December 11 American involvement in the Vietnam War officially begins, as the first American helicopters arrive in Saigon, along with 400 U.S. personnel. Adolf Eichmann is pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity by a panel of three Israeli judges, and sentenced to death. December 14 – Walt Disney's first live-action Technicolor musical, Babes in Toyland, a remake of the famous Victor Herbert operetta, is released, but flops at the box office. December 15 – An Israeli war crimes tribunal sentences Adolf Eichmann to death, for his part in The Holocaust. December 17 – A circus tent fire in Niterói, Brazil kills 323. December 18 – India opens hostilities in its annexation of Portuguese India, the colonies of Goa, Damao and Diu. December 19 The Portuguese surrender Goa to India, after 400 years of Portuguese rule. Indonesian president Sukarno announces that he will take West Irian by force, if necessary. December 21 – In Congo, Katangan prime minister Moise Tshombe recognizes the Congolese constitution. December 23 – Luxembourg's national holiday, the Grand Duke's Official Birthday, is set on June 23 by Grand Ducal decree. December 30 – Congolese troops capture Albert Kalonji of South Kasai (who soon escapes). December 31 – Ireland's first national television station, Telefís Éireann (later RTÉ), begins broadcasting. Date unknown Sheila Burnford's The Incredible Journey, a story of three pets travelling through the Canadian wilderness, is published in the United Kingdom. Births January January 2 Gabrielle Carteris, American actress, and trade union leader Neil Dudgeon, English actor Todd Haynes, American film director January 5 – Iris DeMent, American singer, songwriter January 7 – Supriya Pathak, Indian actress January 8 – Calvin Smith, American athlete January 9 Al Jean, American television writer Candi Milo, American voice, film, and television actress January 10 Evan Handler, American actor January 11 Lars-Erik Torph, Swedish rally driver (d. 1989) Jasper Fforde, British fantasy novelist Karl Habsburg-Lothringen, Austrian politician, noble January 13 Wayne Coyne, American musician, frontman of the band The Flaming Lips Julia Louis-Dreyfus, American actress, producer and comedian January 14 Rob Hall, New Zealand mountaineer (d. 1996) Mike Tramp, Danish rock singer (White Lion) January 17 – Maia Chiburdanidze, Georgian chess player January 18 Peter Beardsley, English footballer Mark Messier, Canadian hockey player Bob Peterson, American animator and voice actor January 19 – William Ragsdale, American actor January 22 Daniel Johnston, American singer-songwriter, musician and artist (d. 2019) Shigeru Nakahara, Japanese voice actor January 24 – Guido Buchwald, German footballer January 25 – Vivian Balakrishnan, Singaporean politician January 26 – Wayne Gretzky, Canadian hockey player January 27 Gillian Gilbert, British keyboard player Saifuddin Abdullah, Malaysian politician January 28 – Arnaldur Indriðason, Icelandic writer January 29 – Petra Thümer, German swimmer January 30 – Dexter King, American social activist, son of Martin Luther King Jr. February February 1 – Volker Fried, German field hockey player February 3 Vyacheslav Shverikas, Russian politician (d. 2021) Jim Balsillie, Canadian CEO and philanthropist February 4 – Aleksandr Nikitin, Russian football coach and player (d. 2021) February 5 – Flordelis, Brazilian pastor, singer and politician February 6 – Yuko Kobayashi, Japanese voice actress February 7 – Allen West, African-American politician February 9 – Jussi Lampi, Finnish musician and actor February 11 – Mary Docter, American speed skater February 12 – David Graeber, American anthropologist, anarchist activist and author (d. 2020) February 13 – Henry Rollins, American musician and activist February 14 – Maria do Carmo Silveira, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe February 15 Benoît Chamoux, French alpinist (d. 1995) Cheam Channy, Cambodian politician (d. 2018) February 16 – Niko Nirvi, Finnish journalist February 17 Meir Kessler, Israeli rabbi Andrey Korotayev, Russian anthropologist, economic historian and sociologist February 18 – Hironobu Kageyama, Japanese singer February 19 – Justin Fashanu, English footballer (d. 1998) February 20 Dwayne McDuffie, American writer of comics and television (d. 2011) Phil Powers, American alpinist Imogen Stubbs, British actress and playwright February 21 Christopher Atkins, American actor Abhijit Banerjee, Indian-born economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Geoff Moore, American Christian musician February 22 – Akira Takasaki, Japanese guitarist February 23 – Tatiana Cordero, Ecuadorian feminist activist (d. 2021) February 25 – Davey Allison, American race car driver (d. 1993) February 27 – James Worthy, American basketball player and analyst February 28 Mark Latham, Australian politician Richard Waugh, Canadian voice actor March March 1 – Michael Sundin, English television presenter (d. 1989) March 3 Milorad Mandić, Serbian actor (d. 2016) Mary Page Keller, American actress John Matteson, Pulitzer Prize-winning American biographer March 4 Ray Mancini, American boxer Steven Weber, American actor Roger Wessels, South African golfer March 5 – Charles Poliquin, Canadian strength coach March 6 – John Blake, American football coach (d. 2020) March 9 Mike Leach, American college football coach Rick Steiner, American professional wrestler March 10 Mike Bullard, American hockey player Laurel Clark, American astronaut (d. 2003) Mitch Gaylord, American gymnast March 11 – Elias Koteas, Canadian film and television actor March 13 - Vasily Ignatenko, Soviet firefighter at the Chernobyl disaster (d. 1986) March 14 Kim Boyce, American Christian musician Gary Dell'Abate, American radio producer Marc Koska, English businessman and inventor Hiro Matsushita, Japanese Businessman and Former Racing driver March 16 Brett Kenny, Australian rugby league player Todd McFarlane, Canadian comic book creator and entrepreneur Michiru Ōshima, Japanese composer March 17 Umayya Abu-Hanna, Palestine-born Finnish writer and politician Alexander Bard, Swedish musician (Army of Lovers) Sam Bowie, American basketball player Dana Reeve, American actress, singer and activist (d. 2006) Casey Siemaszko, American actor March 21 Kassie DePaiva, American actress Lothar Matthäus, German footballer March 22 Simon Furman, British comic book writer March 23 Norrie McCathie, Scottish footballer (d. 1996) Ali Hewson, Irish activist and businesswoman Helmi Johannes, Indonesian television newscaster March 24 Mitsuru Ogata, Japanese voice actor Yanis Varoufakis, Greek economist, Greek Finance Minister March 25 – Reggie Fils-Aimé, American businessman March 26 – William Hague, former UK Foreign Secretary and former Leader of the UK Conservative Party March 27 – Tak Matsumoto, Japanese guitarist (B'z) March 28 – Byron Scott, American basketball player and coach March 29 Amy Sedaris, American actress, comedian and writer Gerardo Teissonniere, Puerto Rican pianist March 30 – Doug Wickenheiser, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1999) March 31 – Gary Winick, American filmmaker (d. 2011) April April 1 Susan Boyle, Scottish singer Kujira, Japanese voice actress April 2 – Christopher Meloni, American actor April 3 Elizabeth Gracen, American beauty queen, actress and model Eddie Murphy, African-American actor and comedian Edward Highmore, English actor April 5 – Lisa Zane, American actress April 6 – Gene Eugene, Canadian actor and singer (d. 2000) April 7 DONDI, American graffiti artist (d. 1998) Thurl Bailey, American basketball player April 9 Mick Kennedy, Irish footballer (d. 2019) April Boy Regino, Filipino musician (d. 2020) April 10 – Rudy Dhaenens, Belgian road bicycle racer (d. 1998) April 11 – Vincent Gallo, American actor April 12 – Lisa Gerrard, Australian musician April 14 Robert Carlyle, Scottish film and television actor Neil Dougherty, American basketball coach (d. 2011) Humberto Martins, Brazilian actor April 17 Igor Lavrinenko, Belarusian politician (d. 2021) Frank J. Christensen, American labor leader Boomer Esiason, American football player and color commentator Greg Gianforte, U.S. Representative from Montana's at large district Daphna Kastner, Canadian actress April 18 – Jane Leeves, English actress April 20 Konstantin Lavronenko, Russian actor Don Mattingly, American baseball player April 21 John Jairo Arias Tascón 'Pinina', Colombian criminal (d. 1990) Cathy Cavadini, American voice actress April 22 – Alo Mattiisen, Estonian musician and composer (d. 1996) April 23 Dirk Bach, German actor and comedian (d. 2012) George Lopez, American actor and comedian April 26 Mike Francis, Italian singer and composer (d. 2009) Anthony Cumia, American radio personality April 27 – Moana Pozzi, Italian pornographic actress, television personality and politician (d. 1994) April 28 – Futoshi Matsunaga, Japanese serial killer April 29 – Fumihiko Tachiki, Japanese voice actor April 30 – Isiah Thomas, African-American basketball player, coach and team owner May May 1 – Marilyn Milian, American judge May 2 – Steve James, English snooker player May 3 Joe Murray, American animator David Vitter, U.S. Senator (R-LA) May 4 Jay Aston, British singer (Bucks Fizz) Mary Elizabeth McDonough, American actress, producer, director and author May 5 Mike Dunleavy, American politician and the 12th governor of Alaska. Hiroshi Hase, Japanese professional wrestler May 6 George Clooney, American actor Wally Wingert, American actor and voice actor Frans Timmermans, Dutch politician and European Commissioner May 7 – Robert Spano, American conductor and pianist May 8 Bill de Blasio, 109th Mayor of New York City Janet McTeer, British actress Akira Taue, Japanese professional wrestler May 9 Rene Capo, American judoka (d. 2009) John Corbett, American actor and country music singer May 10 – Danny Carey, American drummer (Tool, Pigmy Love Circus) May 11 Paul Begala, American political commentator Lar Park Lincoln, American actress May 12 – Billy Duffy, British guitarist (The Cult) May 13 – Dennis Rodman, American basketball player and actor May 14 Urban Priol, German Kabarett artist and comedian Tim Roth, English actor and director May 15 - Larry Holden, American actor (d. 2011) May 16 Solveig Dommartin, French actress (d. 2007) Kevin McDonald, Canadian actor, voice actor and comedian Charles Wright, American professional wrestler May 17 – Enya, Irish musician May 18 – Jim Bowden, American baseball executive May 20 – Clive Allen, British footballer May 21 – Brent Briscoe, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2017) May 22 Mike Breen, American sports announcer Ann Cusack, American actress May 23 Mitar Subotić, Serbian musician and composer (d. 1999) Karen Duffy, American actress May 24 – Ilaria Alpi, Italian journalist (d. 1994) May 27 – Peri Gilpin, American actress May 28 – Roland Gift, British singer and musician (Fine Young Cannibals) May 29 – Melissa Etheridge, American musician May 30 Ralph Carter, American actor Harry Enfield, English comedian, actor, writer and director May 31 Ray Cote, Canadian ice hockey player Justin Madden, Australian footballer and politician Lea Thompson, American actress June June 1 Paul Coffey, Canadian hockey player Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor, Indian politician June 2 – Dez Cadena, American musician June 3 Lawrence Lessig, American academic and political activist Ed Wynne, English musician (Ozric Tentacles) June 4 El DeBarge, American urban singer; was member of American urban group DeBarge Sam Harris, American actor and pop musician June 5 Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999) Anthony Burger, American musician and singer (d. 2006) Rosie Kane, Member of Scottish Parliament June 6 – Tom Araya, Chilean-born rock musician (Slayer) June 8 – Katy Garbi, Greek singer June 9 Michael J. Fox, Canadian-American actor, producer and author Aaron Sorkin, American screenwriter, producer and playwright June 10 Kim and Kelley Deal, American musicians Maxi Priest, born Max Elliott, British reggae singer June 12 – Yuri Rozanov, Russian sports TV commentator (d. 2021) June 14 – Boy George, born George O'Dowd, British singer-songwriter and music producer June 15 Dave McAuley, Northern Irish boxer Greg Kouri, Lebanese-Canadian investor, real estate businessman, and co-founder of Zip2 June 17 Muslimgauze, British ethnic electronica and experimental musician (d. 1999) Kōichi Yamadera, Japanese voice actor June 18 Sakahoko Nobushige, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2019) Andrés Galarraga, Venezuelan baseball player Alison Moyet, English singer-songwriter June 19 – Bidhya Devi Bhandari, 2nd President of Nepal June 20 – Karin Kania, German speed skater June 21 Iztok Mlakar, Slovenian singer-songwriter and theatre actor Joko Widodo, 7th President of Indonesia June 23 Zoran Janjetov, Serbian comic artist David Leavitt, American novelist June 24 Raja Yong Sofia, Malaysian aristocrat Lisa Bevill, American Christian musician Iain Glen, Scottish actor Curt Smith, British singer and keyboardist June 25 Jamil Khir Baharom, Malaysian politician and former military officer Ricky Gervais, English comedian, actor, writer, director, and singer in Seona Dancing June 26 – Greg LeMond, American cyclist June 27 Tim Whitnall, English playwright, screenwriter and actor Meera Syal, British-Indian comedian and actress June 28 Jeff Malone, American basketball player Eliezer Melamed, Israeli rabbi June 29 Greg Hetson, American rock guitarist Sharon Lawrence, American actress, singer and dancer July July 1 Diana, Princess of Wales, born The Hon. Diana Spencer, English princess consort as first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (d. 1997) Vito Bratta, American rock guitarist Ivan Kaye, English actor Jefferson King, British bodybuilder and wrestler Carl Lewis, American athlete Fredy Schmidtke, German track cyclist (d. 2017) Michelle Wright, Canadian country music artist July 2 Tetchie Agbayani, Filipina actress Jimmy McNichol, American child actor Samy Naceri, French actor Ram Chiang, Hong Kong actor and singer-composer July 3 Tatiana Aleshina, Russian composer, singer-songwriter, theater artist and poet Mosi Alli, Tanzanian sprinter Suzanne Dando, English Olympic gymnast Joe Moreira, Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner and mixed martial artist July 4 Charles Hector, Malaysian human rights advocate and activist Andrew Zimmern, American television personality (Bizarre Foods) July 5 – Patrizia Scianca, Italian voice actress July 6 Richard Mofe-Damijo, Nigerian actor Rick Price, Australian singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer July 7 Peter Michael Escovedo, American percussionist and musical director Eric Jerome Dickey, American writer July 8 Toby Keith, American country music singer Olaf Johannessen, Faroese stage and actor July 9 – Raymond Cruz, American actor July 10 Jacky Cheung, Hong Kong singer and actor |
English navigator and samurai (d. 1620) September 25 – Magnus Brahe, Swedish noble (d. 1633) September 28 – Sibylla of Anhalt, Duchess consort of Württemberg (1593-1608). (d. 1614) October 15 – Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1589-1613) (d. 1613) October 26 – Hans Leo Hassler, German composer and organist (d. 1612) November 3 (baptized) – Francisco Pacheco, Spanish artist (d. 1644) November 11 – Martinus Smiglecius, Polish philosopher (d. 1618) November 22 – Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English peer and traitor (d. 1618) November 24 – Joseph Gaultier de la Vallette, French astronomer (d. 1647) December 25 Johannes Buxtorf, German Calvinist theologian (d. 1629) Nicolaus Mulerius, Dutch astronomer and medical academic (d. 1630) December 31 – Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German ruler (d. 1611) approximate date – Xue Susu, Chinese artist date unknown Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Flemish painter (d. 1638) Daniel Chamier, French minister of religion (d. 1621) Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic, Bohemian composer and Protestant rebel (d. 1621) Pedro Páez, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Ethiopia (d. 1622) Thomas Shirley, English privateer (d. c.1634) probable Henry Chettle, English dramatist (d. 1607) Deaths January 9 – Margaret Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (b. 1540) February 18 – Michelangelo, Italian artist, architect and sculptor (b. 1475) February 19 – Guillaume Morel, French classical scholar (b. 1505) March 27 – Lütfi Pasha, Albanian-born Ottoman statesman, juridical scholar and poet of slave origin (b. c.1488) April – Pierre Belon, French naturalist (b. 1517) April 9 – Georg Hartmann, German instrument maker (b. 1489) May 2 – Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi, Italian humanist (b. 1500) May 27 – John Calvin, French Protestant reformer (b. 1509) June 24 – Rani Durgavati, Indian queen (b. 1524) July 23 – Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (b. 1535) July 25 – Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503) July 31 – Luís de Velasco, Viceroy of New Spain (b. 1511) August 10 – Miyoshi Nagayoshi, Japanese samurai and daimyō (b. 1522) August 30 – Duchess Sabina of Bavaria (b. 1492) October 5 – Pierre de Manchicourt, Flemish composer October 6 – Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1518) October 15 – Andreas Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (b. 1514) October 18 – Johannes Acronius Frisius, German physician and mathematician (b. 1520) December 6 – Ambrosius Blarer, influential German reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland (b. 1492) date unknown Isabella Losa, Spanish scholar (b. 1491) Giovanni da Udine, Italian painter (b. 1487) Purandara Dasa, Indian musician (b. 1484) Argula von Grumbach, German Protestant reformer (b. 1490) Charles Estienne, French anatomist (b. 1503) Isabella de Luna, Spanish-Italian courtesan Manus O'Donnell, | of Moscow, having gained a considerable extension of trading rights for the English Muscovy Company. September 4 – The Ronneby Bloodbath takes place in Ronneby, Denmark (now in Sweden). September 10 – Battle of Kawanakajima in Japan: Takeda Shingen fights the forces of Uesugi Kenshin for the final time, to a draw. November 21 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi sails from Mexico. Later, he will conquer the Philippine Islands, founding Manila. Date unknown First recorded report of a 'rat king'. approx. date – Idris Alooma starts to rule the Kanem-Bornu Empire. The first Scottish Psalter is published. Births January 1 – Šurhaci, Chinese prince (d. 1611) February 15 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist (d. 1642) February 26 (baptized) – Christopher Marlowe, English dramatist and poet (d. 1593) March 7 – Pierre Coton, French Jesuit and royal confessor (d. 1626) March 9 – David Fabricius, Frisian astronomer (d. 1617) March 15 – William Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1642) March 20 – Thomas Morton, English bishop (d. 1659) April 2 – William Bathe, Irish Jesuit priest (d. 1614) April 26 (baptized) – William Shakespeare, English dramatist and poet (d. 1616) April 27 – Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1632) April 30 – Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, Scottish noble (d. 1631) May 27 – Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Ferrara, Italian noble, patron of the arts (d. 1618) June 11 – Joseph Heintz the Elder, Swiss artist (d. 1609) June 12 – John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (d. 1633) June 28 – Cort Aslakssøn, Norwegian astronomer (d. 1624) July 6 – Johanna Sibylla of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Countess consort of Wied-Runkel and Isenburg (d. 1636) August 18 – Federico Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d. 1631) August 24 – Patrick Forbes, bishop in the Church of Scotland (d. 1635) September 13 – Vincenzo Giustiniani, Italian banker and art collector (d. 1637) September 24 – William Adams, English navigator and samurai (d. 1620) September 25 – Magnus Brahe, Swedish noble (d. 1633) September 28 – Sibylla of Anhalt, Duchess consort of Württemberg (1593-1608). (d. 1614) October 15 – Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1589-1613) (d. 1613) October 26 – Hans Leo Hassler, German composer and organist (d. 1612) November 3 (baptized) – Francisco Pacheco, Spanish artist (d. 1644) November 11 – Martinus Smiglecius, Polish philosopher (d. 1618) November 22 – Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English peer and traitor (d. 1618) November 24 – Joseph Gaultier de la Vallette, French |
Democratic Kampuchea. January 11 – The 1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game results in a 4–1 victory for the National Hockey League's Philadelphia Flyers over HC CSKA Moscow of the Soviet Union. January 16 – The trial against jailed members of the Red Army Faction begins in Stuttgart, West Germany. January 18 Full diplomatic relations are established between Bangladesh and Pakistan 5 years after the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Scottish Labour Party is formed. Super Bowl X: The Pittsburgh Steelers defeat the Dallas Cowboys, 21–17, in Miami. January 19 – Jimmy Carter wins the Iowa Democratic Caucus. January 21 – The first commercial Concorde flight takes off. January 27 The United States vetoes a United Nations resolution that calls for an independent Palestinian state. The First Battle of Amgala breaks out between Morocco and Algeria, in the Spanish Sahara. February February 4 The 1976 Winter Olympics begin in Innsbruck, Austria. The 7.5 Guatemala earthquake affects Guatemala and Honduras with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), leaving 23,000 dead and 76,000 injured. February 5 – Nearly 2,000 students become involved in a racially charged riot at Escambia High School in Pensacola, Florida; 30 students are injured in the 4-hour fray. February 9 – The Australian Defence Force is formed by unification of the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. February 11 – Clifford Alexander, Jr. is confirmed as the first African American Secretary of the United States Army. February 12 – Actor Sal Mineo is fatally stabbed in the alley behind his apartment building in West Hollywood, California. February 13 General Murtala Mohammed of Nigeria is assassinated in a military coup. Dorothy Hamill wins the gold medal in ladies figure skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. February 15 – The 1976 Constitution of Cuba is adopted by national referendum. February 19 – Former Tower of Power vocalist Rick Stevens is arrested for murdering three men during a botched drug deal. He ultimately serves 36 years of a life sentence. February 22 – Former Supremes singer Florence Ballard dies of heart failure at 32 in her hometown of Detroit, Michigan. February 24 – Cuba's constitution of 1976 is enacted. February 26 – The Spanish Armed Forces withdraw from Western Sahara. February 27 – The Polisario Front, Western Sahara's national liberation movement, declares independence of the territory under the name "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". February 28 – Madagascar becomes the first country to recognise the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. March March – The Cray-1, the first commercially developed supercomputer, is released by Seymour Cray's Cray Research, with the first purchaser being the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) in Los Alamos, New Mexico. March 1 U.K. Home Secretary Merlyn Rees ends Special Category Status for those sentenced for scheduled terrorist crimes relating to the civil violence in Northern Ireland. Bradford Bishop allegedly murders five of his family members in Bethesda, Maryland. The crime goes undiscovered for 10 days and the suspect is never caught. In 2014, he is placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. March 4 The Maguire Seven are found guilty of possessing explosives and subsequently jailed for 14 years. The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland, resulting in direct rule of Northern Ireland from London via the British Parliament. March 9 – A cable car disaster in Cavalese, Italy leaves 43 dead. March 9 – March 11 – Two coal mine explosions claim 26 lives at the Blue Diamond Coal Co. Scotia Mine, in Letcher County, Kentucky. March 14 – After eight years on NBC, The Wizard of Oz returns to CBS, where it will remain until 1999, setting what was likely then a record for the most telecasts of a Hollywood film on a commercial television network. That record is broken by The Ten Commandments in 1996, which began its annual network telecasts on ABC in 1973 and is still (as of 2020) telecast by that network. March 16 – Harold Wilson resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. March 17 – Rubin "Hurricane" Carter is retried in New Jersey. March 20 – Patty Hearst is found guilty of armed robbery of a San Francisco bank. March 22 – Star Wars begins filming in Tunisia. March 23 - Mitsuyasu Maeno attempted to assassinate Yoshio Kodama by flying a plane into his Tokyo house, kamikaze-style. March 24 Argentina military forces depose president Isabel Perón. A general strike takes place in the People's Republic of the Congo. March 26 The Toronto Blue Jays are created. The Body Shop, a well known retail chain of skin care and cosmetic products, opens its first branch in Brighton, England. March 27 The South African Defence Force withdraws from Angola and concludes Operation Savannah. The first of the Washington Metro subway system opens. March 29 – The military dictatorship of General Jorge Videla comes to power in Argentina. March 30 – The events which inspired the Land Day took place in Israel March 31 – The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that patient in a persistent vegetative state in the Karen Ann Quinlan case can be disconnected from her ventilator. She remains comatose and dies in 1985. April April 1 Apple Computer Company is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Conrail (Consolidated Rails Corporation) is formed by the U.S. government, to take control of 13 major Northeast Class-1 railroads that had filed for bankruptcy protection. Conrail takes control at midnight, as a government-owned and operated railroad until 1986, when it is sold to the public. The Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect is first reported by astronomer Patrick Moore. April 2 – Norodom Sihanouk is forced to resign as Head of State of Kampuchea by the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot and is placed under house arrest. April 3 – The Eurovision Song Contest 1976 is won by Brotherhood of Man, representing the United Kingdom, with their song Save Your Kisses for Me. April 5 James Callaghan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Tiananmen Incident: Large crowds lay wreaths at Beijing's Monument of the Martyrs to commemorate the death of Premier Zhou Enlai. Poems against the Gang of Four are also displayed, provoking a police crackdown. Segovia prison break: in Spain's largest prison break since the Spanish civil war, 29 political prisoners escape from Segovia prison. Howard Hughes, Millionaire businessman and aviator dies at age 70. April 10 – Frampton Comes Alive!, the multi-platinum selling live album by English rock musician Peter Frampton hits #1 in the Billboard 200 and remains there for 10 weeks, becoming the best-selling album of the year. April 11 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak create and release the first apple computer, the Apple 1 April 13 The Lapua Cartridge Factory explosion in Lapua, Finland kills 40. The United States Treasury Department reintroduces the two-dollar bill as a Federal Reserve Note on Thomas Jefferson's 233rd birthday as part of the United States Bicentennial celebration. April 16 – As a measure to curb population growth, the minimum age for marriage in India is raised to 21 years for men and 18 years for women. April 21 – The Great Bookie Robbery in Melbourne: Bandits steal A$1.4 million in bookmakers' settlements from Queen Street, Melbourne. April 23 The punk rock group the Ramones release their first album, Ramones. Jethro Tull release their album Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!. April 25 – Portugal's new constitution is enacted. April 29 – Sino-Soviet split: A concealed bomb explodes at the gates of the Soviet embassy in China, killing four Chinese. The targets were embassy employees, returning from lunch, but on that day they returned to the embassy earlier. May May 1 – Neville Wran becomes Premier of New South Wales. May 4 The first LAGEOS (Laser Geodynamics Satellite) is launched. A train crash in Schiedam, the Netherlands, kills 24 people. May 6 – An earthquake hits the Friuli area in Italy, killing more than 900 people and making another 100,000 homeless. May 9 – Ulrike Meinhof of the Red Army Faction is found hanged in an apparent suicide, in her Stuttgart-Stammheim prison cell. May 11 U.S. President Gerald Ford signs the Federal Election Campaign Act. An accident involving a tanker truck carrying anhydrous ammonia takes place in Houston, Texas, resulting in the deaths of 7 people. May 16 – The Montreal Canadiens sweep the Philadelphia Flyers in four games to win the Stanley Cup. Flyers' forward Reggie Leach became the only non-goaltender from a finals losing team to win the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP of the playoffs after scoring a record 19 goals in 16 playoff games. May 13 - The video arcade game Breakout is released. May 21 The Yuba City bus disaster, the worst bus crash in U.S. history to date, with 28 students and one teacher killed. The "Famous Fire" in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, destroys seven downtown structures, damages more than 12 others, and starts fires in at least 10 homes. May 24 Washington, D.C. Concorde service begins. The Judgment of Paris pits French vs. California wines in a blind taste-test in Paris, France. California wines win the contest, surprising the wine world and opening the wine industry to newcomers in several countries. May 25 – U.S. President Gerald Ford defeats challenger Ronald Reagan in 3 Republican presidential primaries: Kentucky, Tennessee and Oregon. May 30 – Indianapolis 500-Mile Race: Johnny Rutherford wins the (rain-shortened) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or . May 31 – Syria intervenes in the Lebanese Civil War in opposition to the Palestine Liberation Organization, whom it had previously supported. June June 1 – The UK and Iceland end the Cod War. June 2 A car bomb fatally injures Arizona Republic reporter Don Bolles. The Philippine government opens relations with the Soviet Union. June 4 – The Boston Celtics defeat the Phoenix Suns 128–126 in triple overtime in Game 5 of the NBA Finals at the Boston Garden. In 1997, the game is selected by a panel of experts as the greatest of the NBA's first 50 years. June 5 – The Teton Dam collapses in southeast Idaho in the US, killing 11 people. June 6 – The Double Six Crash, a plane crash in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, kills everyone on board, including Sabahan Chief Minister Tun Fuad Stephens. June 12 – Alberto Demicheli, a jurist, is inaugurated as a civilian de facto President of Uruguay after Juan María Bordaberry is deposed by the military. June 13 – Savage thunderstorms roll through the state of Iowa, spawning several tornadoes, including an F-5 tornado that destroys the town of Jordan, Iowa. June 14 – The trial begins at Oxford Crown Court of Donald Neilson, the killer known as the Black Panther. June 16 The Soweto uprising in South Africa begins. Francis E. Meloy Jr., newly appointed U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon, and two others are kidnapped in Beirut and killed. June 17 – The National Basketball Association and the American Basketball Association agree on the ABA–NBA merger. June 20 Hundreds of Western tourists are moved from Beirut and taken to safety in Syria by the U.S. military, following the murder of the U.S. Ambassador. General elections are held in Italy. Czechoslovakia beats West Germany 5–3 on penalties to win Euro 76, when the game had ended 2–2 after extra time. June 25 – Strikes start in Poland (Ursus, Radom, Płock) after communists raise food prices; they end on June 30. June 26 – The CN Tower is built in Toronto; the tallest free-standing land structure opens to the public. June 27 G-6 is renamed "Group of 7" (G-7). Palestinian militants hijack an Air France plane in Greece with 246 passengers and 12 crew. They take it to Entebbe, Uganda. June 29 Seychelles gains independence from the United Kingdom. The Conference of Communist and Workers Parties of Europe convenes in East Berlin. July July 2 – North Vietnam dissolves the Provisional Government of South Vietnam and unites the two countries to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. July 3 Gregg v. Georgia: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the death penalty is not inherently cruel or unusual and is a constitutionally acceptable form of punishment overturning the Furman v. Georgia case of 1972. The great heat wave in the United Kingdom, which is currently suffering from drought conditions, reaches its peak. July 4 The U.S. celebrates its bicentennial, in recognition of the 200th anniversary of the 1776 adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom. Entebbe Raid: Israeli airborne commandos free 103 hostages being held by Palestinian hijackers of an Air France plane at Uganda's Entebbe Airport; Yonatan Netanyahu and several Ugandan soldiers are killed in the raid. July 6 – The first class of women is inducted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. July 7 German left-wing women terrorists Monika Berberich, Gabriella Rollnick, Juliane Plambeck and Inge Viett escape from the Lehrter Straße maximum security prison in West Berlin. David Steel becomes leader of the UK's Liberal Party in the aftermath of the scandal which forced out Jeremy Thorpe. July 10 Four mercenaries, three British and one American, are shot by firing squad in Angola, following the Luanda Trial. An explosion in Seveso, Italy, causes extended pollution to a large area in the neighborhood of Milano, with many evacuations and a large number of people affected by the toxic cloud. July 12 Barbara Jordan is the first African-American to keynote a political convention. Family Feud debuts on ABC-TV. California State University, Fullerton massacre: seven people are shot and killed, and two others are wounded in a mass shooting on campus at California State University, Fullerton. Price Club, as predecessor of Costco, a membership-registration-only retailer on worldwide, founded in California, United States. July 15 Jimmy Carter is nominated for U.S. president at the Democratic National Convention in New York City. Twenty-six Chowchilla schoolchildren and their bus driver are abducted and buried in a box truck within a quarry in Livermore, California. The captives dig themselves free after 16 hours. The quarry-owner's son and two accomplices are arrested for the crime. July 16 – 20 – Albert Spaggiari and his gang break into the vault of the Société Generale Bank in Nice, France. July 17 The 1976 Summer Olympics begin in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. East Timor is declared the 27th province of Indonesia. July 18 – Nadia Comăneci earns the first of seven perfect scores of 10 at the 1976 Summer Olympics. July 19 – Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is created. July 20 Viking program: The Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars. American criminal Gary Gilmore is arrested for murdering two men in Utah. July 21 – An IRA bomb kills Christopher Ewart-Biggs, British ambassador to the Irish Republic, and Judith Cooke, a Northern Ireland Office private secretary; two others are seriously wounded but survive. July 26 – In Los Angeles, Ronald Reagan announces his choice of liberal U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker as his vice presidential running mate, in an effort to woo moderate Republican delegates away from President Gerald Ford. July 27 The United Kingdom breaks diplomatic relations with its former colony Uganda in response to the hijacking of Air France Flight 139. Delegates attending an American Legion convention at The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, US, begin falling ill with a form of pneumonia: this will eventually be recognised as the first outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and will end in the deaths of 29 attendees. July 28 – The Tangshan earthquake flattens Tangshan, China, killing 242,769 people, and injuring 164,851. July 29 – In New York City, the "Son of Sam" pulls a gun from a paper bag, killing one and seriously wounding another, in the first of a series of attacks that terrorize the city for the next year. July 30 Caitlyn Jenner (at the time, Bruce Jenner) wins the gold medal in the men's decathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. In Santiago, Chile, Cruzeiro from Brazil beats River Plate from Argentina and are the Copa Libertadores de América champions. July 31 NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1. The Big Thompson River in northern Colorado floods, destroying more than 400 cars and houses and killing 143 people. August August 1 The 1976 Summer Olympics ends in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Trinidad and Tobago becomes a republic, replacing Elizabeth II with President Ellis Clarke as its head of state. The Seattle Seahawks play their first American football game. Defending F1 World Champion Niki Lauda suffered serious burns in the German Grand Prix after a huge accident that nearly cost him his life. August 2 – A gunman murders Andrea Wilborn and Stan Farr and injures Priscilla Davis and Gus Gavrel, in an incident at Priscilla's mansion in Fort Worth, Texas. T. Cullen Davis, Priscilla's husband and one of the richest men in Texas, is tried and found innocent for Andrea's murder, involvement in a plot to kill several people (including Priscilla and a judge), and a wrongful death lawsuit. Cullen goes broke afterwards. August 5 – The Great Clock of Westminster (or Big Ben) suffers internal damage and requires frequent repairs. The clock is stopped at times on 26 of the next 275 days. August 6 – Former UK Postmaster General John Stonehouse is sentenced to 7 years' jail for fraud, theft and forgery. August 7 – Viking program: Viking 2 enters into orbit around Mars. August 8 – As part of the American Basketball Association–National Basketball Association merger, a dispersal draft was conducted to assign teams for the players on the two ABA franchises which had folded. August 11 – A sniper rampage in Wichita, Kansas on a Holiday Inn results in 3 deaths while 7 others are wounded. August 10—13 - Hurricane Belle hits Long Island and southern New England. Twelve people are killed by the storm and damage is $100 million. August 14 Around 10,000 Protestant and Catholic women demonstrate for peace in Northern Ireland. The Senegalese political party PAI-Rénovation is legally recognized, becoming the third legal party in the country. August 16 – The Ramones make their first "professional" performance at CBGB. August 18 – At Panmunjom, North Korea, two United States soldiers are killed while trying to chop down part of a tree in the Korean Demilitarized Zone which had obscured their view. August 19 – U.S. President Gerald Ford edges out challenger Ronald Reagan to win the Republican Party presidential nomination in Kansas City. August 21 - Massachusetts child, Angelo "Andy" Puglisi, went missing from a public pool near his home. The search and mystery still continues today. August 24 – In Uruguay, the army captures Marcelo Gelman and his pregnant wife. Gelman is later killed and his wife disappears. August 25 Jacques Chirac resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is succeeded by Raymond Barre. Landslide disaster in Sau Mau Ping, Hong Kong. August 26 The first known outbreak of Ebola virus occurs in Yambuku, Zaire. Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, husband of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, resigns from various posts over a scandal involving alleged corruption, in connection with business dealings with the Lockheed Corporation. August 28 – Actress Anissa Jones, famous for playing Buffy Davis in the TV series Family Affair, was found dead of an accidental overdose in Oceanside, California. August 30 – James Alexander George Smith McCartney is sworn in as the first chief minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands. September September 1 Cigarette and tobacco advertising is banned on Australian television and radio. Aparicio Méndez, a jurist, is inaugurated as a civilian de facto President of Uruguay in the framework of a dictatorship. The state of emergency, being in force since 1939, is lifted in the Republic of Ireland. September 3 – Viking program: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars, taking the first close-up color photos of the planet's surface. September 4 - The 1500th anniversary of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire September 6 Cold War: Soviet Air Force pilot Lt. Viktor Belenko lands a MiG-25 jet fighter at Hakodate, on the island of Hokkaidō in Japan, and requests political asylum in the United States. Frank Sinatra brings Jerry Lewis's former partner Dean Martin onstage, unannounced, at the 1976 Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in Las Vegas, reuniting the comedy team for the first (and only) time in over 20 years. September 9 - Mao Zedong, chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, dies at the age of 82 from a heart attack September 10 Zagreb mid-air collision: A British Airways Trident and a Yugoslav DC-9 collide near Zagreb, Yugoslavia (present-day Zagreb, Croatia), killing all 176 aboard. September 13 – The Muppet Show is broadcast for the first time on ITV. September 15 – Darryl Sittler scores the winning goal in the 1976 Canada Cup for Canada to win over Czechoslovakia in overtime, to win the first Canada Cup, which stayed in Canada. September 16 Shavarsh Karapetyan saves 20 people from a trolleybus that had fallen into a Yerevan reservoir. Beginning with the Night of the Pencils, a series of kidnappings and forced disappearances followed by torture, rape, and murder of students under the Argentine dictatorship takes place. September 17 – The space shuttle Enterprise is rolled out of a Palmdale, California hangar. September 20 – 21 – The semi-legendary 100 Club Punk Festival ignites the careers of several influential punk and post-punk bands, arguably sparking the punk movement's introduction into mainstream culture. September 21 The Seychelles join the United Nations. Orlando Letelier is assassinated in Washington, D.C. by agents of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. September 24 – Patty Hearst is sentenced to seven years in prison for her role in a 1974 bank robbery (an executive clemency order from U.S. President Jimmy Carter will set her free after only 22 months). September 25 – Irish rock band U2 is formed after drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. posts a note seeking members for a band on the notice board of his Dublin school. September 28 – American singer Stevie Wonder releases his hit album Songs in the Key of Life. October October 4 – The InterCity 125 high-speed train is introduced in the United Kingdom. October 6 Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 crashes due to a bomb placed by anti-Fidel Castro terrorists, after taking off from Bridgetown, Barbados; all 73 people on board are killed. Students gathering at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand are massacred, while protesting the return of ex-dictator Thanom Kittikachorn by a coalition of right-wing paramilitary and | Tank, American R&B musician January 2 Mahée Paiement, Canadian actress Paz Vega, Spanish actress January 3 – Angelos Basinas, Greek footballer January 4 Shiro Amano, Japanese manga artist/writer August Diehl, German actor January 5 – Shintarō Asanuma, Japanese voice actor January 6 – Johnny Yong Bosch, American actor and musician January 7 Alfonso Soriano, Dominican baseball player Nilton Pereira Mendes, Brazilian footballer (d. 2006) January 10 Eduardo Garza, Mexican voice actor, announcer, translator, puppeteer and singer Khairy Jamaluddin, Malaysian politician January 13 Michael Peña, American actor Bic Runga, New Zealand singer-songwriter Mario Yepes, Colombian football player January 15 Meredith Bishop, American actress Dorian Missick, American actor January 16 Carrie Keranen, American voice actress Eva Habermann, German actress January 19 – Marsha Thomason, English actress January 20 Kirsty Gallacher, Scottish TV presenter Gretha Smit, Dutch speed skater Anastasia Volochkova, Russian prima ballerina Michael Myers, former NFL defensive tackle January 21 – Emma Bunton, English musician (Spice Girls) January 22 – TJ Trinidad, Filipino actor January 23 Anne Margrethe Hausken, Norwegian orienteer (world champion 2008) Angelica Lee, Taiwanese actress and singer Nigel McGuinness, English professional wrestler January 24 – Paul Bowman, Australian rugby league player January 26 – Yasmine Belmadi, French actor (d. 2009) January 27 Ahn Jung-hwan, South Korean footballer and television personality Maia Estianty, Indonesian musician, music producer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman, and television personality January 28 Lee Ingleby, British voice artist Mark Madsen, American basketball player Rick Ross, American rapper January 30 – Andy Milonakis, American actor, writer, rapper, comedian, and streamer February February 1 Katrín Jakobsdóttir, Icelandic politician, 28th Prime Minister of Iceland Muteba Kidiaba, Congolese football goalkeeper February 2 Carlos Coste, Venezuelan free-diver James Hickman, British swimmer February 3 Isla Fisher, Australian actress Tim Heidecker, American comedian Tijana, Macedonian singer Daddy Yankee, Puerto rican singer songwriter and rapper February 4 – Cam'ron, African-American rapper February 5 Abhishek Bachchan, Indian actor Tony Jaa, Thai martial art film actor/choreographer/director Brian Moorman, American football player February 6 – Kim Zmeskal, American gymnast February 9 – Charlie Day, American actor February 10 – Lance Berkman, American baseball player February 10 – Keeley Hawes, British actress February 11 – Brice Beckham, American actor February 12 Jenni Falconer, British TV presenter Silvia Saint, Czech actress February 14 – Erica Leerhsen, American actress February 15 – Brandon Boyd, American singer-songwriter and author February 16 Adam Simpson, Australian rules footballer Kyo, Japanese rock musician (Dir En Grey) Janet Varney, American actress and comedian February 17 – Svein Berge, Norwegian musician (Röyksopp) February 20 Johanna Beisteiner, Austrian guitarist Chris Cillizza, American journalist February 21 – Michael McIntyre, British stand-up comedian February 23 Jeff O'Neill, Canadian hockey player Aaron Aziz, Singaporean-born Malaysian actor Kelly Macdonald, Scottish actress February 24 Yuval Noah Harari, Israeli historian Zach Johnson, American golfer February 25 – Rashida Jones, American actress, writer, model and musician February 27 – Yukari Tamura, Japanese voice actress and songwriter February 27 – Barry Opdam, Dutch footballer February 27 – Tony Gonzalez, American football player February 28 Ali Larter, American actress and model Guillaume Lemay-Thivierge, Canadian actor February 29 Ja Rule, American rapper Katalin Kovács, Hungarian sprint kayaker Mark Pollock, blind Irish adventurer and author Shane Johnson, American actor March March 1 Akhil Gogoi, Indian activist and politician Aleksey Jdanov, Uzbekistani football player Luke Mably, British actor Peter Bell, Australian rules footballer March 3 Fraser Gehrig, Australian rules footballer Isabel Granada, Filipino actress and singer (d. 2017) March 4 Robbie Blake, English footballer Hiram Bocachica, Puerto Rican baseball player Sean Covel, American film producer Tommy Jönsson, Swedish football player Regi Penxten, Belgian DJ and record producer Thierry Renaer, Belgian field hockey player March 5 Šarūnas Jasikevičius, Lithuanian basketball player Lucian Msamati, English actor Neil Jackson, English actor March 6 – Ken Anderson, American professional wrestler (Mr. Anderson) March 8 Sergej Ćetković, Montenegrin singer Gaz Coombes, English musician and singer-songwriter (Supergrass) Freddie Prinze Jr., American actor March 9 – Yamila Diaz-Rahi, Argentinean model March 10 Miroslav Kostadinov, Bulgarian singer and songwriter Haifa Wehbe, Lebanese model, actress and singer March 11 Thomas Gravesen, Danish footballer Craig Parkinson, British actor March 12 – Zhao Wei, Chinese singer and actress March 13 Danny Masterson, American actor Jamie Pressnall, American tap dancer and musician March 14 Corey Stoll, American actor Daniel Gillies, Canadian actor Brian Quinn, American actor March 15 Abhay Deol, Indian actor Cara Pifko, Canadian actress March 16 Nick Spano, American actor Blu Cantrell, American R&B singer Pál Dárdai, Hungarian football player and manager Kim Johnsson, Swedish hockey player Zhu Chen, Chinese chess grandmaster March 17 Stephen Gately, Irish singer (Boyzone) (d. 2009) Álvaro Recoba, Uruguayan footballer March 18 Emma Willis, English television presenter and former model FanFan, American-born Taiwanese singer-songwriter March 19 Rachel Blanchard, Canadian actress Andre Miller, American basketball player Alessandro Nesta, Italian football player March 20 – Chester Bennington, American singer (Linkin Park) (d. 2017) March 21 Rachael MacFarlane, American actress and singer, sister of Seth MacFarlane Dariush Ramezani, Iranian cartoonist March 22 Teun de Nooijer, Dutch field hockey player Shawty Lo, American rapper (d. 2016) Wayne Turner, American basketball player Kellie Shanygne Williams, American actress Reese Witherspoon, American actress March 23 Sir Chris Hoy, Scottish cyclist Keri Russell, American actress Sa Beining, Chinese host March 24 Aaron Brooks, American football player Aliou Cissé, Senegalese footballer Peyton Manning, former American football player March 25 – Wladimir Klitschko, Ukrainian former professional boxer March 26 Blaise Alexander, American automobile racing driver (d. 2001) Amy Smart, American actress Eirik Verås Larsen, Norwegian sprint kayaker March 27 – Carl Ng, Hong Kong/British actor and model March 29 – Jennifer Capriati, American tennis player March 30 Jessica Cauffiel, American actress and singer Ty Conklin, American ice-hockey player Ayako Kawasumi, Japanese voice actress April April 1 Troy Baker, American actor and musician Hazem El Masri, Lebanese-Australian rugby league player David Oyelowo, English-American actor Clarence Seedorf, Dutch footballer April 2 Lucy Diakovska, German-Bulgarian pop singer Daisuke Namikawa, Japanese voice actor Rory Sabbatini, South African golfer April 3 – Will Mellor, English actor April 4 – James Roday, American actor, director and screenwriter April 5 Fernando Morientes, Spanish footballer Henrik Stenson, Swedish golfer Sterling K. Brown, African-American actor April 6 – Candace Cameron Bure, American actress April 7 – Eric Wareheim, American comedian April 9 – Kris Radlinski, English rugby league player Blayne Weaver Ramkarpal Singh, Malaysian politician April 10 – Jan Werner Danielsen, Norwegian singer (d. 2006) April 12 – Andrei Lipanov, Russian ice skater April 13 Glenn Howerton, American actor Jonathan Brandis, American actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2003) April 14 – Anna DeForge, American basketball player April 15 Jason Bonsignore, Canadian ice-hockey player Brock Huard, former American football player Steve Williams, British rower April 16 David Lyons, Australian actor Lukas Haas, American actor and musician Robert Dahlqvist, Swedish guitarist and vocalist (d. 2017) Shu Qi, Taiwanese actress April 18 Gavin Creel, American actor, singer, and songwriter Melissa Joan Hart, American actress Sean Maguire, British actor and singer April 19 Wyatt Cenac, American actor, writer and director Kim Young-oh, South Korean illustrator April 20 Joey Lawrence, American actor Shay Given, Irish football goalkeeper April 21 Rommel Adducul, Filipino basketball player Petero Civoniceva, Australian rugby league player April 22 – Michał Żewłakow, Polish footballer April 23 – Darren Huckerby, English footballer April 24 George P. Bush, American attorney and politician Steve Finnan, Irish footballer April 25 Tim Duncan, American basketball player Rainer Schüttler, German tennis player Kim Jong-kook, South Korean singer, TV personality Amir Fryszer Guttman, Israeli singer April 26 – Elisabet Reinsalu, Estonian actress April 27 – Sally Hawkins, English actress April 28 – Michael Carbonaro, American actor, magician, and improv artist April 29 Jay Orpin, Swedish composer and record producer Shiho Kawaragi, Japanese voice actress April 30 – Ankaralı Namık, Turkish singer May May 1 Darius McCrary, American actor James Murray, American actor Michele Frangilli, Italian archer May 3 Beto, Portuguese footballer Jeff Halpern, American ice hockey player May 4 Jason Michaels, American baseball player Anza, Japanese actress and singer best known for playing the character of Sailor Moon in some Sailor Moon musical May 5 Juan Pablo Sorín, Argentine footballer and sports broadcaster Sage Stallone, American actor, film director, producer, and distributor (d. 2012) May 7 Stacey Jones, New Zealand rugby league player Michael P. Murphy, U.S. Navy SEAL, First recipient of the Medal of Honor in the Afghanistan War (d. 2005) May 8 Martha Wainwright, Canadian-American folk-pop singer Ian Watkins, Welsh singer (Steps) and actor May 10 Rhona Bennett, American actress, singer and model Rogério Oliveira da Costa, Brazilian-born football striker (d. 2006) May 14 – Martine McCutcheon, British actress and singer May 15 Tyler Walker, American baseball player Mark Kennedy, Irish footballer Jacek Krzynówek, Polish footballer Ryan Leaf, American former football quarterback Anže Logar, Slovenian politician, minister of foreign affairs May 16 – Ana Paula Valadão, Brazilian worship leader, singer-songwriter, pastor, author and television presenter May 19 – Kevin Garnett, African-American basketball player May 20 – Ramón Hernández, Venezuelan baseball player May 22 Chris Brazzell, Canadian and American football player Külli Teetamm, Estonian actress May 25 Stefan Holm, Swedish high jumper Cillian Murphy, Irish actor J. Michael Tatum, American voice actor Erinn Hayes, American actress Nadine Heredia, Peruvian politician, First Lady of Peru Ethan Suplee, American actor Vincent Piazza, American actor May 26 – Paul Collingwood, English cricketer May 28 Alexei Nemov, Russian gymnast Liam O'Brien, American actor May 31 Tony Hopper, English footballer (d. 2018) Colin Farrell, Irish actor Roar Ljøkelsøy, Norwegian ski jumper June June 1 – Angela Perez Baraquio, Miss America 2001 June 2 Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira, Brazilian mixed martial artist Tim Rice-Oxley, English rock musician/composer (Keane) Queen 'Masenate Mohato Seeiso of Lesotho June 3 – Jamie McMurray, American race car driver June 4 – Alexei Navalny, Russian lawyer and political activist June 5 Aesop Rock, American hip-hop artist Marc Worden, Canadian actor and voice actor Joe Gatto, American comedian June 6 Emilie-Claire Barlow, Canadian actress and singer Geoff Rowley, English skateboarder June 7 Necro, American rapper Nora Salinas, Mexican actress and model June 8 – Lindsay Davenport, American tennis player June 9 Ameesha Patel, Indian actress June 10 Esther Ouwehand, Dutch politician, parliamentarian for the Party for the Animals Mariana Seoane, Mexican actress June 12 – Thomas Sørensen, Danish football goalkeeper June 13 Kym Marsh, British singer (Hear'Say) and actress Jason "J" Brown, British singer (5ive) June 14 – Alan Carr, English comedian June 16 – Tom Lenk, American actor June 17 Peter Svidler, Russian chess grandmaster Scott Adkins, English actor June 18 Petri Haapimaa, coach and retired Finnish professional footballer Brady Haran, founder and cast of Numberphile channel Blake Shelton, American singer June 19 Anar Baghirov, Azerbaijani lawyer Ryan Hurst, American actor June 20 – Juliano Belletti, Brazilian footballer June 21 – Antonio Cochran, American football player June 22 Mike O'Brien, American actor, writer, and comedian Mikko Luoma, Finnish ice-hockey player June 23 Brandon Stokley, American football player Emmanuelle Vaugier, Canadian actress Patrick Vieira, French footballer Gavin Williamson, British politician, Secretary of State for Education June 24 – Suhaimi Mat Hassan, Malaysian football referee June 25 Sylvain N'Diaye, Senegalese footballer Hennie Otto, South African professional golfer Neil Walker, American swimmer June 26 Cédric Jimenez, French film producer, film director and screenwriter Wilson Lima, Brazilian politician and journalist Alexander Zakharchenko, Ukrainian separatist rebel (d. 2018) June 27 – Joseph Sikora, American actor June 28 Nawaf Al-Temyat, Saudi Arabian football (soccer) player Jason J. Lewis, American voice actor David Palmer, Australian squash player Seth Wescott, American snowboarder June 29 Annette Beutler, Swiss professional racing cyclist Katsutoshi Domori, Japanese football player Takahiro Mazuka, Japanese sprinter Omar Doom, American actor, musician and artist Ma Yili, Chinese actress Angelo Lekkas, Australian rules footballer June 30 Tamara Sedmak, Swiss television presenter, model and actress Kazumasa Shimizu, Japanese football player Jason Bostic, American football defensive back Christine Schürrer, German serial killer Gilbert Yvel, Dutch mixed martial artist July July 1 Justin Lo, Hong Kong singer and actor Patrick Kluivert, Dutch footballer U. K. Shyam, Singaporean athlete Haaz Sleiman, Lebanese-American actor Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer Kellie Bright, English actress July 2 Kon Arimura, Malaysian-Japanese radio personality, film critic, and film commentator Krisztián Lisztes, Hungarian footballer Tommy Pistol, American actor and director July 3 Shane Lynch, Irish singer Wanderlei Silva, Brazilian mixed martial artist Bobby Skinstad, Zimbabwean rugby union player Andrea Barber, American actress Henry Olonga, Zambian-Zimbabwean cricketer July 4 Rohan Nichol, Australian actor Aryan Vaid, Indian male model Jo Chen, American-Taiwanese comic book artist and writer Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2003) July 5 Jamie Elman, Canadian-American actor Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer Liberty Phoenix, Venezuelan actress Rufus Johnson, American rapper also known as Bizarre July 6 – Dimitrije Banjac, Serbian actor, comedian and screenwriter July 7 Kim Jong-chun, South Korean football player Lina Teoh, Malaysian actress, TV Host and model Bérénice Bejo, Argentine actress Hamish Linklater, American actor and playwright Natasha Collins, English actress and model (d. 2008) July 8 Ellen MacArthur, English yachtswoman Josh Taumalolo, Tongan rugby union player Grettell Valdez, Mexican television and film actress and former fashion model July 9 Fred Savage, American actor and director Arturo Carmona, Mexican actor Elliot Cowan, English actor July 10 Ludovic Giuly, French footballer Adrian Grenier, American actor, musician, and director July 11 – Eduardo Nájera, Mexican basketball player July 12 Anna Friel, English actress Tracie Spencer, American R&B singer July 13 – Lisa Riley, British actress and presenter July 14 – Geraint Jones, Papua New Guinea cricketer July 15 Diane Kruger, German actress Faraz Anwar, Pakistani guitarist Jim Jones, American rapper, member of hip hop group The Diplomats Gabriel Iglesias, American actor, voice actor and comedian Leslie Mahaffy, Canadian murder victim (d. 1991) July 16 John Ovia, Papua New Guinean cricketer Zak Smith, American artist and adult film performer Anna Smashnova, Israeli tennis player Bobby Lashley, American professional wrestler July 17 Luke Bryan, American country music singer-songwriter Marcos Senna, Brazilian footballer Dagmara Domińczyk, Polish-American actress and author Matt Holmes, Australian actor Eric Winter, American actor and fashion model Elsa Pataky, Spanish actress and model July 19 Diether Ocampo, Filipino actor, singer and model Benedict Cumberbatch, English actor Eric Prydz, Swedish DJ and producer July 20 Alex Yoong, Malaysian racing driver Annie Man, Hong Kong actress July 21 Jaime Murray, English actress Kang Sung-yeon, South Korean actress July 23 – Judit Polgár, Hungarian chess player July 24 Tiago Monteiro, Portuguese Formula One driver Johnny McDaid, Irish musician, songwriter and music producer Rashida Tlaib, American politician and lawyer July 25 – Timur Mutsurayev, Chechen bard July 26 – Martha Roby, American politician July 27 Scott Mason, Australian cricketer (d. 2005) Fernando Ricksen, Dutch professional footballer (d. 2019) July 28 – Jacoby Shaddix, American singer July 31 – Rod Monroe, American football player (d. 2017) August August 1 Don Hertzfeldt, American animator Nwankwo Kanu, Nigerian footballer Iván Duque Márquez, Colombian politician, 33rd President of Colombia Amar Upadhyay, Indian television actor and model August 2 – Sam Worthington, English-born Australian actor August 3 – Sarah Kendall, Australian-born comedian August 4 Paul Goldstein, American tennis player David Lewis, Canadian actor August 5 – Napoleon Beazley, juvenile offender (d. 2002) August 6 Andero Ermel, Estonian actor Soleil Moon Frye, American actress, director and screenwriter Melissa George, Australian actress Travis Kalanick, American businessman and computer programmer; co-founder of Uber August 8 JC Chasez, American singer ('N Sync) Drew Lachey, American singer (98 Degrees) August 9 Jessica Capshaw, American actress Aled Haydn Jones, Welsh radio producer and presenter Mark Priestley, Australian actor (d. 2008) Audrey Tautou, French actress August 11 – Will Friedle, American actor, voice actor, writer and comedian August 12 Mikko Lindström, Finnish rock guitarist Lina Rafn, Danish singer August 14 – Maya Nasri, Lebanese actress and singer August 15 Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopian Prime Minister, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Boudewijn Zenden, Dutch football player August 16 – Kadri Rämmeld, Estonian actress August 18 Lee Seung-yeop, South Korean baseball player Bryan Volpenhein, American rower August 23 – Scott Caan, American actor August 24 Alex O'Loughlin, Australian actor Yang Yang, Chinese short track skater August 25 – Alexander Skarsgård, Swedish actor August 26 - Mike Colter, American actor August 27 Sarah Chalke, Canadian actress Carlos Moyá, Spanish tennis player Mark Webber, Australian racing driver August 29 – Luana Piovani, Brazilian actress and model August 30 – Cristian Gonzáles, Uruguayan-born Indonesian footballer August 31 – Roque Júnior, Brazilian footballer September September 1 Marcos Ambrose, Australian racing driver Ivano Brugnetti, Italian race walker Sebastián Rozental, Chilean footballer September 3 Jevon Kearse, American football player Vivek Oberoi, Indian actor September 4 – Brian Myrow, American baseball player September 5 – Carice van Houten, Dutch actress September 6 Naomie Harris, British actress Mark Wilkerson, American musician Robin Atkin Downes, English actor and voice actor September 7 – Stevie Case, American video game celebrity September 8 – Sjeng Schalken, Dutch tennis player September 9 Mick Blue, Austrian pornographic actor and director Emma de Caunes, French actress Lúcia Moniz, Portuguese singer and actress September 10 – Gustavo Kuerten, Brazilian tennis player September 12 – Maciej Żurawski, Polish footballer September 13 – Puma Swede, Swedish pornographic actress September 15 – Rob Wiethoff, American actor September 16 – Tina Barrett, English singer (S Club 7) September 17 – Nicole Reinhart, American track and road racing cyclist (d. 2000) September 18 – Ronaldo, Brazilian footballer September 19 Raja Bell, American basketball player Isha Koppikar, Indian actress Alison Sweeney, American actress Sergey Tsinkevich, Belarusian footballer and referee September 20 Jon Bernthal, American actor Yui Horie, Japanese voice actress Enuka Okuma, Canadian actress Ryan Fleck, American filmmaker September 23 – Rob James-Collier, British actor and model September 24 – Stephanie McMahon-Levesque, American wrestling promoter September 25 Chauncey Billups, American basketball player Chiara Siracusa, Maltese singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2005 runner-up September 26 Michael Ballack, German footballer Kersti Heinloo, Estonian actress September 27 – Francesco Totti, Italian footballer September 28 – Fedor Emelianenko, Russian mixed martial arts fighter September 29 – Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian footballer October October 1 Danielle Bisutti, American actress and singer Giuliana Jakobeit, German voice actress October 2 – Anita Kulcsár, Hungarian handball player (d. 2005) October 3 – Seann William Scott, American actor and producer October 4 Mauro Camoranesi, Italian footballer Alicia Silverstone, American actress Ueli Steck, Swiss mountaineer (d. 2017) October 5 Ramzan Kadyrov, Head of the Chechen Republic Mauro Colagreco, Italian Argentine chef Matt Hamill, American mixed martial arts fighter October 6 Freddy García, Venezuelan baseball player Barbie Shu, Taiwanese actress and singer October 7 Taylor Hicks, American singer Pekka Kuusisto, Finnish violinist Gilberto Silva, Brazilian football player October 8 – Peter Stickles, American actor October 9 Sam Riegel, American voice actor and director Nick Swardson, American actor, stand-up comedian and screenwriter October 10 Bob Burnquist, Brazilian skateboarder Shane Doan, Canadian ice hockey player October 11 – Emily Deschanel, American actress October 14 – Chang Chen, Taiwanese actor October 15 – Yoon Son-ha, South Korean actress October 18 – Galder, Norwegian musician October 19 Joe Duplantier, French musician Ryuji Imada, Japanese golfer Dan Smith, Canadian ice-hockey player Michael Young, American baseball player Desmond Harrington, American actor Omar Gooding, American actor October 20 Dan Fogler, American actor, comedian and writer Plamen Goranov, Bulgarian photographer, mountain climber and a Varna-based local protest leader (d. 2013) October 21 Jeremy Miller, American actor Lavinia Miloșovici, Romanian artistic gymnast Andrew Scott, Irish actor October 23 Cat Deeley, British television presenter Ryan Reynolds, Canadian actor October 25 – Steve Jones, Northern Irish footballer October 26 Miikka Kiprusoff, Finnish hockey player Jeremy Wotherspoon, Canadian speed skater Thurop Van Orman, American animator and voice actor Florence Kasumba, Ugandan-born German actress October 29 – Stephen Craigan, Northern Irish footballer October 31 – Piper Perabo, American actress November November 1 Chad Lindberg, American actor Sam Presti, American basketball executive, general manager of the NBA's Oklahoma City Thunder since 2007 November 2 – Thierry Omeyer, French handball goalkeeper November 5 Oleh Shelayev, Ukrainian footballer Sean Brown, Canadian ice-hockey player Sebastian Arcelus, American actor November 6 Pat Tillman, American football player, victim of friendly fire (d. 2004) Troy Hambrick, American football player Wiley Wiggins, American actor Sal Vulcano, American actor November 7 – Mark Philippoussis, Australian tennis player November 8 – Brett Lee, Australian cricketer November 9 Josh Kaufman, American singer-songwriter; winner of The Voice season 6 Federica De Bortoli, Italian voice actress November 11 – Mike Leon Grosch, German singer November 12 Tevin Campbell, American singer and actor Mirosław Szymkowiak, Polish footballer November 17 – Diane Neal, American actress November 18 – Shagrath, Norwegian black metal musician (Dimmu Borgir) November 19 Jack Dorsey, American software architect, businessman, co-founder of Twitter Jun Shibata, Japanese singer and songwriter Benny Vansteelant, Belgian duathlete (d. 2007) November 20 Dominique Dawes, African-American Olympic gymnast Ji Yun-nam, North Korean footballer Laura Harris, Canadian actress November 22 Torsten Frings, German footballer Ville Valo, Finnish rock singer (HIM) November 24 Chen Lu, Chinese figure skater Christian Laflamme, Canadian ice-hockey player November 25 – Donovan McNabb, American football player November 26 – Maia Campbell, American actress and singer November 27 – Jaleel White, African-American actor November 28 – Ryan Kwanten, Australian actor and comedian November 29 Chadwick Boseman, American actor and playwright (d. 2020) Anna Faris, American actress Ehren McGhehey, American stunt performer and actor December December 1 Matthew Shepard, American murder victim (d. 1998) Laura Ling, American journalist imprisoned by North Korea in 2009 December 3 Cornelius Griffin, American football player Marcos Denner, Brazilian footballer December 4 – Amie Comeaux, American country music singer (d. 1997) December 5 Amy Acker, American actress Evonne Hsu, Taiwanese singer December 6 – Alicia Machado, Venezuelan beauty queen, Miss Universe 1996 December 7 Mark Duplass, American actor, screenwriter and director Georges Laraque, Canadian ice-hockey player Derek Ramsay, Filipino actor and model December 8 Zoe Konstantopoulou, Greek lawyer and politician Dominic Monaghan, English-German actor December 13 Mark Paston, New Zealand footballer Radosław Sobolewski, Polish footballer December 14 – Leland Chapman, American bail bondsman December 15 – Baichung Bhutia, Indian footballer December 17 Takeo Spikes, American football player Dan Hageman, American screenwriter and |
October 31 – Neal Stephenson, American writer November November 1 – John Odey, Nigerian politician (d. 2018) November 2 – Saïd Aouita, Moroccan athlete November 3 – Timothy Patrick Murphy, American actor (d. 1988) November 5 – Bryan Adams, Canadian singer and photographer November 6 – Nobuo Tobita, Japanese voice actor November 7 – Billy Gillispie, American basketball coach November 8 – Selçuk Yula, Turkish football player and top scorer November 9 – Tony Slattery, British comedian and actor November 10 Linda Cohn, American sports reporter Mackenzie Phillips, American actress Mike McCarthy, American football coach November 11 Parithi Ilamvazhuthi, Indian politician (d. 2018) Christian Schwarzenegger, Swiss legal scientist and professor November 14 Deta Hedman, Jamaican-born English darts player Paul McGann, British actor Bryan Stevenson, American lawyer and social justice activist November 16 – RaeAnn Kelsch, American politician (d. 2018) November 17 – William R. Moses, American actor November 18 Jimmy Quinn, Northern Irish footballer and football manager Karla Faye Tucker, American convicted murderer (d. 1998) November 19 Robert Barron, American bishop, author, and theologian Jo Bonner, American U.S. Representative for Alabama's 1st congressional district Allison Janney, American actress November 20 – Sean Young, American actress November 23 – Dominique Dunne, American actress (d. 1982) November 24 – Akio Ōtsuka, Japanese voice actor and actor November 25 – Charles Kennedy, British politician (d. 2015) November 26 – Dai Davies Welsh politician and independent Member of Parliament (MP) November 27 – Viktoria Mullova, Russian violinist November 28 – Judd Nelson, American actor November 29 Rahm Emanuel, American politician Platon Lebedev, Russian executive Neal Broten, American professional ice hockey player November 30 George Faber, British television producer Lorraine Kelly, British presenter and journalist December December 1 Billy Childish, English painter, writer and musician Wally Lewis, Australian rugby league player December 2 – Hans Kristian Amundsen, Norwegian newspaper editor and politician (d. 2018) December 4 – Christa Luding-Rothenburger, German speed skater December 5 – Yoshitomo Nara, Japanese artist December 6 – Satoru Iwata, Japanese president of Nintendo (d. 2015) December 8 – Yun Duk-min, Korean diplomat December 9 Mario Cantone, American comedian, writer, and actor Karl Shuker, British zoologist, crypto-zoologist, and author December 13 – Johnny Whitaker, American actor December 14 – Evan Ziporyn, American composer December 16 Alison LaPlaca, American actress Steve Mattsson, American writer December 17 – Gregg Araki, American director December 19 – Waise Lee, Hong Kong actor December 20 – Stephen Chan Chi Wan, general manager of TVB December 21 – Florence Griffith Joyner, American athlete (d. 1998) December 22 – Bernd Schuster, German footballer and manager December 24 – Keith Deller, English darts player December 25 – Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (d. 2003) December 27 – Gerina Dunwich, American author December 28 – Ana Torroja, Spanish singer December 29 Marco Antonio Solís, Mexican singer Patricia Clarkson, American actress December 30 – Tracey Ullman, British-American comedian and actress December 31 Val Kilmer, American actor Baron Waqa, Nauruan politician and composer, 14th President of Nauru Date unknown Greg Cox, American novelist Tom Grummett, Canadian comics artist Jacki Randall, American artist Deaths January January 2 – William D. Francis, Australian botanist (b. 1889) January 3 – Edwin Muir, Scottish poet, novelist and translator (b. 1887) January 6 – José Enrique Pedreira, Puerto Rican composer (b. 1904) January 8 – Zhang Xi, Chinese politician (b. 1912) January 9 – Giuseppe Bottai, Italian Fascist journalist and politician (b. 1895) January 10 – Colin Gregory, Australian tennis player (b. 1903) January 14 Eivind Berggrav, Norwegian Lutheran bishop and reverend (b. 1884) G. D. H. Cole, English political theorist, economist and historian (b. 1889) January 16 – Eduardo Braun-Menéndez, Argentine physiologist (b. 1903) January 19 – Jennie Ross Cobb, American photographer (b. 1881) January 20 – Roger Gray, American actor (b. 1881) January 21 Cecil B. DeMille, American film director (b. 1881) Frances Gertrude McGill, pioneering Canadian forensic pathologist (b. 1882) Carl Switzer, American actor (b. 1927) January 22 Elisabeth Moore, American tennis champion (b. 1876) Mike Hawthorn, English race car driver (b. 1929) January 25 – William Flannery, American director (b. 1898) January 26 Margaret Elizabeth Egan, American librarian (b. 1905) MacGillivray Milne, United States Navy Captain and the 27th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1882) January 28 – Walter Beall, American baseball player (b. 1899) February February 1 – Frank Shannon, Irish-born American actor (b. 1874) February 3 – Killed in the crash of a private plane: The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson), American rock singer (b. 1930) Buddy Holly, American rock singer (b. 1936) Ritchie Valens, American rock singer (b. 1941) February 3 Vincent Astor, American philanthropist (b. 1891) Herbert Greenwald, American real estate developer (b. 1915) Francesco De Robertis, Italian screenwriter, editor and director (b. 1902) Beulah Zachary, American television director and producer (Kukla, Fran and Ollie) (b. 1911) February 4 Una O'Connor, Irish actress (b. 1880) Robert Emerson, American scientist (b. 1903) February 7 Nap Lajoie, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1874) D. F. Malan, South African politician, 4th Prime Minister of South Africa (b. 1874) February 11 – Marshall Teague, American race car driver (b. 1921) February 12 – George Antheil, American composer (b. 1900) February 14 – Baby Dodds, American jazz musician (b. 1898) February 15 Ralph Eastwood, British army officer (b. 1890) Owen Willans Richardson, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879) February 17 – Luigi Emanueli, Italian engineer (b. 1883) February 18 – Gago Coutinho, Portuguese aviation pioneer (b. 1869) February 20 Gregório Bondar, Russian-Brazilian agronomist (b. 1881) Laurence Housman, English playwright and writer (b. 1865) February 22 – Helen Parrish, American actress (b. 1924) February 23 Pierre Frieden, Luxembourgish politician and writer, 18th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (b. 1892) Luis Palés Matos, Puerto Rican poet (b. 1898) February 25 – Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski, Soviet architect, diplomat and journalist (b. 1891) February 26 Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife, eldest grandchild of King Edward VII (b. 1891) Kōtoku Satō, Japanese general (b. 1893) Selig Suskin, Russian-born Israeli agronomist and early Zionist (b. 1873) February 27 – Shigeyoshi Miwa, Japanese admiral (b. 1892) February 28 Maxwell Anderson, American screenwriter (b. 1888) Beatrix Farrand, American gardener and architect (b. 1872) March March 1 – Mack Gordon, American composer and lyricist (b. 1904) March 2 Zalman Ben-Ya'akov, Israel politician (b. 1897) Eric Blore, English actor (b. 1887) March 3 – Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (b. 1906) March 4 Adolphe Danziger De Castro, Israeli scholar (b. 1859) Maxie Long, American athlete (b. 1878) March 6 Guido Brignone, Italian actor (b. 1886) Fred Stone, American actor (b. 1873) March 7 – Ichirō Hatoyama, Japanese politician, 36th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1883) March 15 Shalva Dadiani, Soviet novelist (b. 1874) Lester Young, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1909) March 17 – Galaktion Tabidze, Georgian poet (b. 1891) March 19 – Umberto Barbaro, Italian critic (b. 1902) March 21 – Edwin Balmer, American science fiction and mystery writer (b. 1883) March 23 – Dominick Trcka, Czechoslovak Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1886) March 24 – Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, Sudanese political figure and religious leader, Imam of the Ansar and 1st Prime Minister of Sudan (b. 1885) March 25 – Billy Mayerl, British pianist and composer (b. 1902) March 26 – Raymond Chandler, American-born novelist (b. 1888) March 27 – Grant Withers, American actor (b. 1905) March 28 – Lyubov Golanchikova, Soviet pilot (b. 1889) March 29 – Barthélemy Boganda, 1st Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (b. 1910) March 30 – Reginald R. Belknap, United States Navy rear admiral (b. 1871) April April 2 – Nicholas Charnetsky, Soviet Orthodox priest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b. 1884) April 6 – Leo Aryeh Mayer, Israeli professor and scholar of Islamic art (b. 1895) April 8 Mario de Bernardi, Italian aviator (b. 1893) Marios Makrionitis, Greek Jesuit prelate and reverend (b. 1913) Jonathan Zenneck, German physicist and electrical engineer (b. 1871) April 9 – Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect (b. 1867) April 12 – James Gleason, American actor, playwright, and screenwriter (b. 1882) April 13 – Dagmar Hansen, Danish singer (b. 1871) April 15 – Leonard Beyers, South African army general (b. 1894) April 16 – Ramón Armando Rodríguez, Venezuelan writer (b. 1895) April 17 – Cecil Cunningham, American actress (b. 1888) April 18 – Irving Cummings, American actor (b. 1888) April 19 – Óscar Únzaga, Bolivian politician (assassinated) (b. 1916) April 25 - Count Michael Mikhailovich of Torby (b. 1898) April 28 Alabert Fogarasi, Hungarian philosopher and politician (b. 1891) María Guggiari Echeverría, Paraguayan Roman Catholic religious professed and venerable (b. 1925) April 29 – Sir Kenneth Anderson, British general (b. 1891) May May 3 – Troy Sanders, American film score composer (b. 1901) May 4 – William S. Pye, American admiral (b. 1880) May 5 Georges Grente, French Roman Catholic cardinal and eminence (b. 1872) Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Argentine politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1878) May 6 – Maria Dulęba, Polish actress (b. 1881) May 8 Renato Caccioppoli, Italian mathematician (b. 1904) Hector Choquette, Canadian politician (b. 1884) Ibrahim of Johor, Malaysian sultan (b. 1873) May 11 – Marcella Albani, Italian actress (b. 1899) May 14 – Sidney Bechet, American musician (b. 1897) May 15 Joe Cook, American actor (b. 1890) Jeanne de Flandreysy, French author (b. 1874) May 16 – Elisha Scott, Irish footballer (b. 1894) May 17 George Albert Smith, English film pioneer (b. 1864) Judite Teixeira, Portuguese writer (b. 1880) May 18 Apsley Cherry-Garrard, Antarctic explorer (b. 1886) Enrique Guaita, Argentinian footballer (b. 1910) May 20 – Alfred Schütz, Austrian sociologist (b. 1899) May 22 – Henri Marchand, French actor (b. 1898) May 24 – John Foster Dulles, United States Secretary of State (b. 1888) May 29 – Ed Walsh, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1881) May 30 Hesperia, Italian actress (b. 1885) Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, Argentinian journalist (b. 1898) May 31 – Ede Zathureczky, Hungarian violinist (b. 1903) June June 3 – Kinahan Cornwallis, British diplomat (b. 1883) June 4 – Charles Vidor, American director (b. 1900) June 8 – Pietro Canonica, Italian sculptor (b. 1869) June 9 Sonnie Hale, English actor and director (b. 1902) Adolf Windaus, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876) June 12 – Clyde E. Elliott, American director, producer and writer (b. 1885) June 14 – Jerónimo Méndez, Chilean politician, former acting President of the Republic (b. 1887) June 15 – Kazimierz Bein, Polish ophthalmologist (b. 1872) June 16 – George Reeves, American television actor (b. 1914) June 18 Ethel Barrymore, American stage and screen actress (b. 1879) Vincenzo Cardarelli, Italian poet (b. 1887) June 20 – Hitoshi Ashida, Japanese politician, 34th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1887) June 22 Félix Guignot, French physician (b. 1882) Bruce Harlan, American Olympic diver (b. 1926) June 23 Cesare Maria De Vecchi, Italian soldier (b. 1884) Maria Gorczyńska, Polish actress (b. 1899) Boris Vian, French writer, poet, singer, and musician (b. 1920) June 25 Farajallah el-Helou, Lebanese militant (b. 1906) Charles Starkweather, American spree killer (b. 1938) June 27 Elias, Duke of Parma (b. 1880) Giovanni Pastrone, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1883) June 30 – José Vasconcelos, Mexican politician, writer and philosopher (b. 1882) July July 2 – Sergei Chetverikov, Russian biologist (b. 1880) July 3 – Johan Bojer, Norwegian novelist and dramatist (b. 1872) July 6 – George Grosz, German artist (b. 1893) July 7 Hermenegildo Anglada, Spanish painter (b. 1871) Ernest Newman, English music critic (b. 1868) July 14 – Grock, Swiss clown (b. 1880) July 15 Ernest Bloch, Swiss composer (b. 1880) Agostino Gemelli, Italian Franciscan friar and reverend (b. 1878) July 17 – Billie Holiday, American singer (b. 1915) July 20 – William D. Leahy, American admiral (b. 1875) July 25 Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Polish-born Chief Rabbi of Ireland, and later of Israel (b. 1888) King Mutara III of Rwanda (b. 1911) July 26 – Manuel Altolaguirre, Spanish poet (b. 1905) July 27 – Aleksandar Tsankov, 21st Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1879) July 30 Heinie Conklin, American actor (b. 1886) María Natividad Venegas de la Torre, Mexican Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1868) August August 2 – Mary Teresa Norton, American politician (b. 1875) August 3 Herb Byrne, Australian rules footballer (b. 1887) Fernando Carpi, Italian tenor (b. 1876) August 4 – Ioan Bălan, Romanian Orthodox prelate (b. 1880) August 5 – Edgar Guest, English poet (b. 1881) August 6 – Preston Sturges, American film director and writer (b. 1898) August 8 Albert Namatjira, Australian Aboriginal Artist (b. 1902) Luigi Sturzo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and politician (b. 1871) Henry St. George Tucker, American Episcopal bishop and reverend (b. 1874) Luis Araquistáin, Spanish politician and writer (b. 1886) August 9 Emil František Burian, Czechoslovak poet (b. 1904) Noboru Ishizaki, Japanese admiral (b. 1893) August 15 – Blind Willie McTell, American Piedmont blues singer and guitarist (b. 1901) August 16 Benny Fields, American singer (b. 1894) William Halsey, Jr., American US Navy Fleet admiral (b. 1882) Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (b. 1879) José Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Brazilian military officer (b. 1885) August 19 Claude Grahame-White, British aviation pioneer (b. 1879) Jacob Epstein, American-born sculptor (b. 1880) August 20 – Alexander Evreinov, Soviet Orthodox bishop and reverend (b. 1877) August 22 Marie Luise Droop, German writer, producer and director (b. 1890) Allan Aynesworth, English actor and producer (b. 1864) August 28 Raphael Lemkin, international lawyer (b. 1900) Bohuslav Martinů, Czech composer (b. 1890) September September 6 Edmund Gwenn, English actor (b. 1877) Kay Kendall, English actress (b. 1927) September 7 – Maurice Duplessis, Premier of Quebec (b. 1890) September 9 – Ramón Fonst, Cuban fencer (b. 1883) September 11 – Paul Douglas, American actor (b. 1907) September 14 – Wayne Morris, American actor (b. 1914) September 18 – Adolf Ziegler, German painter (b. 1892) September 20 – Nikandr Chibisov, Russian commander (b. 1892) September 22 Josef Matthias Hauer, Austrian composer and music theorist (b. 1883) Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside, British Field Marshal (b. 1880) September 24 – Wolfgang Paalen, German-Austrian-Mexican painter, sculptor and art philosopher (b. 1905) September 25 S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, 4th Prime Minister of Ceylon (b. 1899) Helen Broderick, American actress (b. 1891) September 28 Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (b. 1901) Vinnie Richards, American tennis player (b. 1903) September 30 – Taylor Holmes, American actor (b. 1878) October October 1 – Enrico De Nicola, Italian jurist, politician and journalist, 1st President of Italy (b. 1877) October 6 – Bernard Berenson, American art historian (b. 1865) October 7 – Mario Lanza, American tenor (b. 1921) October 9 – Shirō Ishii, Japanese microbiologist and lieutenant general of Unit 731 (b. 1892) October 11 – Bert Bell, 2nd commissioner of the National Football League (b. 1895) October 12 Edward Keane, American actor (b. 1884) Arnolt Bronnen, Austrian playwright and director (b. 1895) October 14 – Errol Flynn, Australian actor (b. 1909) October 15 – Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian nationalist leader (b. 1909) October 16 Minor Hall, American jazz musician (b. 1897) George Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1880) October 18 – Boughera El Ouafi, Algerian athlete (b. 1898) October 19 – Ebrahim Hakimi, 29th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1871) October 20 – Werner Krauss, German actor (b. 1884) October 22 – Joseph Cahill, Australian politician (b. 1891) October 25 – Genevieve R. Cline, American jurist (b. 1879) October 27 – Juan José Domenchina, Spanish poet (b. 1898) October 28 Lili Árkayné Sztehló, Hungarian painter (b. 1897) Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban revolutionary (b. 1932) November November 1 M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, Tamil film actor and producer (b. 1910) Zhang Jinghui, Chinese general and politician, second and final Prime Minister of Manchukuo (b. 1871) November 2 Michael Considine, Australian politician (b. 1885) Federico Tedeschini, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and eminence (b. 1873) November 4 George Karslidis, Greek Orthodox priest, elder and saint (b. 1901) Friedrich Waismann, Austrian mathematician, physicist and philosopher (b. 1896) November 6 José P. Laurel, Filipino politician and judge, 3rd President of the Philippines (b. 1891) Ivan Leonidov, Russian architect (b. 1902) November 7 Muhammad Mahabat Khan III, Nawab of Junagarh (b. 1900) Victor McLaglen, English actor and boxer (b. 1886) November 8 – Frank S. Land, founder of the Order of DeMolay (b. 1890) November 10 – Lupino Lane, British actor (b. 1892) November 15 – Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Scottish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869) November 17 – Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (b. 1887) November 18 – Arthur Q. Bryan, American actor, voice actor, comedian and radio personality (b. 1899) November 19 – Joseph Charbonneau, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate and reverend (b. 1892) November 21 Max Baer, American boxer and actor (b. 1909) Olav Meisdalshagen, Norwegian politician, Minister of Finance (b. 1903) November 22 – Molla Mallory, American tennis champion (b. 1884) November 24 Stepan Erzia, Russian sculptor (b. 1876) Ion Gigurtu, 42nd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1886) Dally Messenger, Australian rugby league player (b. 1883) November 25 – Gérard Philipe, French actor (b. 1922) November 29 – Hans Henny Jahnn, German playwright and novelist (b. 1894) November 30 – Alfonso López Pumarejo, Colombian political figure, 2-time President of Colombia (b. 1886) December December 2 – Giuseppe Zucca, Italian screenwriter (b. 1887) December 3 – Juozapas Skvireckas, Soviet Orthodox archbishop and reverend (b. 1873) December 4 – Hubert Marischka, Austrian film director (b. 1882) December 7 Charlie Hall, English actor (b. 1899) Prince Kuni Asaakira (b. 1901) December 9 – Donald MacDonald, American actor (b. 1898) December 11 – Jim Bottomley, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1900) December 12 Marcella Craft, American soprano (b. 1874) Russell Simpson, American actor (b. 1880) December 14 Edna Wallace Hopper, American stage actress (b. 1872) Stanley Spencer, British painter (b. 1891) December 19 – Andrés Martínez Trueba, 31st President of Uruguay (b. 1884) December 22 – Gilda Gray, Polish-born dancer and actress (b. 1901) December 23 – E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, British politician (b. 1881) December 24 – Edmund Goulding, American director (b. 1891) December 28 – Ante Pavelic, Croatian fascist leader and WWII war criminal (b. 1889) December 29 – Juan José Morosoli, Uruguayan writer (b. 1899) Unknown Al-Abbas ibn Ibrahim as-Samlali, Moroccan historian (b. 1877) Elena Săcălici, Romanian artistic gymnast (b. 1935) Nobel Prizes Physics – Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain Chemistry | Tenor saxophonist John Coltrane begins two days of principal recording sessions for his jazz album Giant Steps. May 7 – English scientist and novelist C. P. Snow delivers an influential Rede Lecture on The Two Cultures, concerning a perceived breakdown of communication between the sciences and humanities, in the University of Cambridge (U.K.) May 8 – The first Little Caesars pizza restaurant is opened, in Detroit. May 16 – The Triton Fountain is inaugurated in Valletta, Malta. May 18 – The National Liberation Committee of Côte d'Ivoire is launched in Conakry, Guinea. May 21 – Gypsy: A Musical Fable, starring Ethel Merman in her last new musical, opens on Broadway and runs for 702 performances May 24 – British Empire Day is renamed Commonwealth Day. May 28 – Jupiter AM-18 rocket launches two primates, Miss Baker and Miss Able, into space from Cape Canaveral in the United States along with living microorganisms and plant seeds. Successful recovery makes them the first living beings to return safely to Earth after space flight. June June 3 Singapore becomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain with Lee Kuan Yew as Prime Minister. Real Madrid beats Stade Reims 2–0 at Neckarstadion, Stuttgart and wins the 1958–59 European Cup (football). June 5 – A new government of the State of Singapore is sworn in by Sir William Goode. Two former ministers are re-elected to the Legislative Assembly. June 8 – The USS Barbero and United States Postal Service attempt the delivery of mail via Missile Mail. June 9 – The USS George Washington is launched as the first submarine to carry ballistic missiles. June 14 Disneyland Monorail System, the first daily operating monorail system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in Anaheim, California. A 3-front invasion of the Dominican Republic by exile forces backed by Fidel Castro and Venezuela attempt to overthrow Rafael Trujillo. June 18 – The film The Nun's Story, based on the best-selling novel, is released. Audrey Hepburn stars as the title character; she later says that this is her favorite film role. The film is a box-office hit, and is nominated for several Oscars. June 23 Seán Lemass becomes the third Taoiseach of Ireland. Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after only nine years in a British prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where he resumes a scientific career. June 25 – A KH-1 Corona, believed to be the first operational reconnaissance satellite, is launched as science mission "Discoverer 4" from Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard a Thor-Agena rocket. June 26 Elizabeth II (Queen of Canada) and United States President Dwight Eisenhower open the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Darby O'Gill and the Little People, a film based on H. T. Kavanagh's short stories, is released in the U.S. by the Walt Disney Company two days after a world premiere in Ireland. June 30 – Twenty-one students are killed and more than a hundred injured when an American North American F-100 Super Sabre jet crashes into Miamori Elementary School on the island of Okinawa. The pilot ejected before the plane struck the school. July July 1 – Australia's longest running children's TV series, Mr. Squiggle, first airs on ABC Television. July 2 – Prince Albert of Belgium marries Italian Donna Paola Ruffo di Calabria. July 4 – With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia. July 7 – At 14:28 UT Venus occults the star Regulus. The rare event (which will next occur on October 1, 2044) is used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of Venus' atmosphere. July 9 – Wing Commander Michael Beetham flying a Royal Air Force Vickers Valiant sets a record of 11 hours 27 minutes for a non-stop London-Cape Town flight. July 14 – Groups of Kurdish and communist militias rebel in Kirkuk, Iraq against the central government. July 15 – A strike occurs against the United States' steel industry. July 17 – The first skull of Australopithecus is discovered by Louis Leakey and his wife Mary in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania. July 22 – A Kumamoto University medical research group studying Minamata disease concludes that it is caused by mercury. July 24 At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, United States Vice President Richard Nixon and USSR Premier Nikita Khrushchev engage in the "Kitchen Debate". In Long Beach, United States, Akiko Kojima of Japan is crowned Miss Universe 1959. July 25 – The SR.N1 hovercraft crosses the English Channel from Calais to Dover in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary of Louis Blériot's first crossing by heavier-than-air craft. August August 4 – Martial law is declared in Laos. August 7 Explorer program: The United States launches Explorer 6 from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida. United States: The Roseburg, Oregon blast kills 14 and causes $12 million worth of damage. August 8 – A flood in Taiwan kills 2,000. August 14 – Explorer 6 sends the first picture of Earth from orbit. August 15 – Cyprus gains independence. August 17 The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake in southwest Montana kills 28. Columbia Records releases Miles Davis album Kind of Blue. August 19 – The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) is established. August 21 – Hawaii is admitted as the 50th U.S. state. August 21 - Canal 13 (Chilean TV channel) is launched in Chile August 26 – The original Mini designed by Sir Alec Issigonis is launched. August 30 – South Vietnamese opposition figure Phan Quang Dan was elected to the National Assembly despite soldiers being bussed in to vote for President Ngo Dinh Diem's candidate. August 31 – Beijing Workers' Stadium, known well for sports venues in China, officially opened. September September 12 – "Bonanza" premieres, first regularly scheduled TV aired in color. September 14 – Luna 2 becomes the first man-made object to crash on the Moon. September 15 – September 28 – USSR Premier Nikita Khrushchev and his wife tour the United States, at the invitation of U.S. President Dwight David Eisenhower. September 16 – The Xerox 914, the first plain paper copier, is introduced to the public. September 17 The first Navy Navigation Satellite System Transit 1A is launched but fails to reach orbit. The hypersonic North American X-15 research vehicle, piloted by Scott Crossfield, makes its first powered flight at Edwards Air Force Base, California. September 23 – The MS Princess of Tasmania, (Australia's first passenger RO/RO diesel ferry), makes its maiden voyage across the Bass Strait. September 25 – Ceylon's prime minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike is assassinated. September 26 Typhoon Vera hits central Honshū, Japan, as a 160 mph Category 5 storm, killing an estimated 5,098, injuring another 38,921, and leaving 1,533,000 homeless. Most of the victims and damage are centered in the Nagoya area. First large unit action of the Vietnam War takes place, when two companies of the ARVN's 23rd Division are ambushed by a well-organized Viet Cong force of several hundred, identified as the "2nd Liberation Battalion". September 30 – Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev meets Mao Zedong in Beijing. October October 1 – The 10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China is celebrated with pomp across the country. October 2 – Rod Serling's classic anthology series The Twilight Zone premieres on CBS. October 7 – The U.S.S.R. probe Luna 3 sends back the first ever photos of the far side of the Moon. October 12 – At the national APRA Congress in Peru, a group of leftist radicals is expelled from the party; they later form APRA Rebelde. October 13 – The United States launches Explorer 7. October 16 – Founding of the Boston Patriots, AFL American football club. October 21 – In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (designed by Frank Lloyd Wright) opens to the public. October 29 – First appearance of Astérix the Gaul. October 31 – Riots break out in the Belgian Congo. November November 1 – In Rwanda, Hutu politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa is beaten up by Tutsi forces, leading to a period of violence known as the wind of destruction. November 2 – At a ceremony near Toddington, British Minister of Transport Ernest Marples opens the first section of the M1 Motorway, between Watford and Crick, along with two spur motorways, the M45 and M10. Three decades of large scale motorway construction follow, leading to the rapid expansion of the UK motorway network. November 12 – The Warner Bros. religious epic The Miracle, very loosely based on the 1911 stage pantomime Das Mirakel, is released. It is a critical and financial bomb. November 15 – The Clutter family of Holcomb, Kansas is brutally murdered, inspiring Truman Capote's In Cold Blood. November 16 – The Sound of Music, written by Rodgers and Hammerstein, premiered on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre. November 18 – MGM releases widescreen Technicolor version of Ben-Hur, starring Charlton Heston. Film goes on to win record number of Academy Awards. November 19 – The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show is first broadcast. The cartoon was shown on ABC at 5:30 each afternoon and was originally called Rocky and His Friends, although Bullwinkle soon became more popular than Rocky. November 20 – The Declaration of the Rights of the Child is adopted by the United Nations. The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. It revolutionized the electronics industry, and became the fundamental building block of the Digital Revolution. The MOSFET went on to become the most widely manufactured device in history. December December 1 – Cold War – Antarctic Treaty: 12 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sign a landmark treaty that sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent (the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War). December 2 – Malpasset Dam in southern France collapses and water flows over the town of Fréjus, killing 412. December 8 – The Mona, a lifeboat based at Broughty Ferry in Scotland, capsizes during a rescue attempt, with the loss of 8 lives. December 11 – Charles Robberts Swart is appointed the 11th Governor-General of the Union of South Africa. December 14 – Makarios III is selected the first president of Cyprus. December 28 – After having been shot two years earlier, Ante Pavelić dies from his wounds in a Spanish hospital. Date unknown The Daytona International Speedway completes construction. Nylon tights, popularly called pantyhose or sheer tights, first sold on the open market as 'Panti-Legs' by Glen Raven Knitting Mills. The Workers World Party is founded by Sam Marcy. The first known human with HIV dies in the Congo. The current (as of 2006) design of the Japanese 10 yen coin is put into circulation. The Caspian tiger becomes extinct in Iran. The Henney Kilowatt goes on sale in the United States, becoming the first mass-produced electric car in almost three decades. Erving Goffman publishes his seminal study in sociology, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. The iconic 1959 Cadillac is introduced, with tailfin wars peaking that had begun in 1948. Chevy El Camino is introduced. Births January January 1 – Azali Assoumani, President of the Comoros January 4 – Vanity, Canadian singer and actress (d. 2016) January 5 – Clancy Brown, American actor and voice actor January 8 – Paul Hester, Australian musician (d. 2005) January 9 Rigoberta Menchú, Guatemalan recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Mark Martin, American NASCAR driver January 10 – Rocky Lockridge, American boxer (d. 2019) January 12 – Per Gessle, Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist (Roxette) January 16 – Sade, Nigerian-English singer January 17 Susanna Hoffs, American rock vocalist Momoe Yamaguchi, Japanese singer January 21 – Alex McLeish, Nottingham Forest player January 22 – Linda Blair, American actress January 24 – Kevin Magee, American basketball player (d. 2003) Vic Reeves, English comedian January 26 – Bob Lazar, American physicist and conspiracy theorist January 27 – Keith Olbermann, American news anchor and sportscaster January 30 – Jody Watley, African-American singer January 31 – Kelly Lynch, American model and actress February February 1 – Wade Wilson, American football player and coach (d. 2019) February 2 Jari Tervo, Finnish author Hella von Sinnen, German TV-entertainer February 3 – UliUli Fifita, Tongan professional Wrestler aka(Haku/Meng) February 4 Pamelyn Ferdin, American former child actress; animal rights activist Raquel Morell, Mexican actress Lawrence Taylor, American football player February 5 Chris Close, Australian rugby league player Jennifer Granholm, Canadian-American politician, 47th Governor of Michigan (2003–2011) February 6 Pat Bullard, Canadian game show host, comedian and writer Ken Nelson, English record producer February 7 – Vladimír Havlík, Czech action artist February 8 – Mauricio Macri, President of Argentina February 9 – Joachim Kunz, East German Olympic weightlifter February 10 John Berry, American government official Dennis Gentry, American football player February 13 Benur Pashayan, Soviet Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler (d. 2019) February 14 – Renée Fleming, American soprano February 16 – John McEnroe, American tennis player February 18 – Jayne Atkinson, English-born American film, theatre and television actress February 20 – Scott Brayton, American race car driver (d. 1996) February 21 – Werner Schünemann, Brazilian actor and film director February 22 – Kyle MacLachlan, American actor February 23 Clayton Anderson, American astronaut Ian Liddell-Grainger, British politician February 25 – Renee M. Borges, Indian ecologist February 26 – Rolando Blackman, Panamanian basketball player March March 1 – Nick Griffin, British politician March 4 Rick Ardon, Australian news presenter Irina Strakhova, Russian race walker March 5 Mike Byster, American mathematician, mental calculator and math educator Vazgen Sargsyan, 8th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. 1999) March 6 Tom Arnold, American actor and comedian Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala II, Filipino businessman Lars Larson, American conservative talk show host March 7 – Donna Murphy, American actress and singer March 8 Lester Holt, American television journalist and news anchor Aidan Quinn, Irish-American actor March 9 Giovanni di Lorenzo, German-Italian journalist and talk show host Takaaki Kajita, Japanese nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics March 10 – Mike Wallace, American race car driver March 11 Nina Hartley, American pornographic actress and director Margus Oopkaup, Estonian actor Dejan Stojanović, Serbian-American poet, writer, essayist and businessman March 13 Kathy Hilton, American actress and philanthropist Bruce Byron, English actor March 15 Harold Baines, American baseball player Fabio Lanzoni, Italian fashion model and actor Eliot Teltscher, American tennis player March 16 Flavor Flav, American rapper Gary Basaraba, Canadian-American actor Jens Stoltenberg, 27th Prime Minister of Norway March 17 Danny Ainge, American basketball player, coach and baseball player Ken Lo, Hong Kong actor and member of the Jackie Chan Stunt Team March 18 Luc Besson, French film producer, writer and director Irene Cara, American singer March 20 Steve Borden, American wrestler Richard Drummie, English guitarist and composer (Go West) Steve McFadden, British actor March 21 – Nobuo Uematsu, Japanese composer March 22 – Matthew Modine, American actor March 23 Kazue Ikura, Japanese voice actress Catherine Keener, American actress March 27 – Jun'ichi Sugawara, Japanese voice actor March 28 – Laura Chinchilla, 49th President of Costa Rica March 29 – Barry Blanchard, Canadian mountaineer March 30 – Andrew Bailey, Executive Director Banking and Chief Cashier at the Bank of England March 31 – Markus Hediger, Swiss writer and translator April April 2 Alberto Fernández, President of Argentina Badou Zaki, Moroccan football player and manager April 3 Tejumola Olaniyan, Nigerian academic (d. 2019) David Hyde Pierce, American actor April 4 – Phil Morris, American actor April 8 - Nell Newman, American entrepreneur April 10 Joy Viado, Filipino comedian and actress (d. 2016) Brian Setzer, American rock guitarist and singer Mona Juul, Norwegian diplomat and politician April 11 – Ana María Polo, Cuban-born judge and television personality April 14 – Steve Byrnes, American motorsports broadcaster (d. 2015) April 15 Fruit Chan, Hong Kong film director Ray Neufeld, Canadian ice hockey player John Onoje, Sierra Leonean-born Moldovan activist Emma Thompson, English actress Thomas F. Wilson, American actor April 16 David Feiss, American animator Alison Ramsay, Scottish field hockey player April 17 – Sean Bean, British actor April 19 – Patricia Charbonneau, American actress April 20 – Clint Howard, American actor and producer April 21 – Robert Smith, lead vocalist and guitarist of the British rock group The Cure April 22 Terry Francona, American baseball player and manager Ryan Stiles, American-Canadian comedian April 23 – Dan Frischman, American actor April 24 – Paula Yates, British television presenter (d. 2000) April 25 – Tony Phillips, American baseball player (d. 2016) April 26 – Pedro Pierluisi, Puerto Rican politician and lobbyist, Governor-designate April 27 – Sheena Easton, Scottish singer April 30 – Stephen Harper, 22nd Prime Minister of Canada May May 2 – Alan Best, Canadian animation director and producer May 3 Uma Bharti, Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh Ben Elton, British comedian and writer May 5 Peter Molyneux, British game programmer Steve Stevens, American guitarist Brian Williams, American news anchor Gary Dubin, American actor and voice actor (d. 2016) May 9 Christian Bach, Argentine-Mexican actress and producer of telenovelas (d. 2019) János Áder, President of Hungary May 10 – Victoria Rowell, American actress May 12 Ving Rhames, African-American actor Robin Rubin, Canadian voice actor May 14 – Patrick Bruel, French singer May 15 – Andrew Eldritch, British singer/songwriter May 17 – Marcelo Loffreda, Argentine rugby player and coach May 20 Bronson Pinchot, American actor Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, Hawaiian singer (d. 1997) May 21 Brian Lenihan, Irish politician (d. 2011) Loretta Lynch, American politician, 83rd United States Attorney General May 22 David Blatt, Israeli-American professional basketball player and coach Morrissey, British singer May 23 – Bob Mortimer, English comedian May 24 – Pelle Lindbergh, Swedish-born hockey player (d. 1985) May 25 – Julian Clary, English comedian, actor and author May 26 – Kevin Gage, American actor May 27 Katherine Lanpher, American journalist Donna Strickland, Canadian physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics May 28 – Steve Strange, Welsh singer (Visage) (d. 2015) May 29 Gretchen, Brazilian singer, reality television personality, actress and businesswoman Rupert Everett, British actor May 31 – Andrea de Cesaris, Italian race car driver (d. 2014) June June 7 – Mike Pence, 48th Vice President of the United States June 8 – Bernard White, Sri Lankan-born American actor, screenwriter and film director June 10 Carlo Ancelotti, Italian football player and manager Phillip |
He requests and receives help from Belgium. Harper Lee publishes her novel To Kill a Mockingbird, which later wins the Pulitzer Prize for the best American novel of 1960. July 12 – Chin Peng is exiled from Malaysia to Thailand, and the Malayan state of emergency is lifted. July 13 – U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy is nominated for President of the United States at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. July 14 – The United Nations Security Council decides to send troops to Katanga, to oversee the withdrawal of Belgian troops. July 20 – Ceylon elects Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike as its Prime Minister, the world's first elected female head of government (she takes office the following day). July 21 – Francis Chichester, English navigator and yachtsman, arrives at New York City aboard his yacht, Gypsy Moth II, crossing the Atlantic Ocean solo in a new record of just 40 days. July 25 – The Woolworth Company's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, the location of a sit-in that has sparked demonstrations by Negroes across the Southern United States, serves a meal to its first black customer. July 25–28 – In Chicago, the 1960 Republican National Convention nominates Vice President Richard Nixon as its candidate for President of the United States, and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., as its candidate to become the new vice-president. August August 1 – Dahomey (modern-day Benin) becomes independent from France. August 3 – Niger becomes independent from France. August 5 – Upper Volta (modern-day Burkina Faso) becomes independent from France. August 6 Cuban Revolution: In response to a United States embargo against Cuba, Fidel Castro nationalizes all American and foreign-owned property in Cuba. In the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (later the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Albert Kalonji declares the independence of the Autonomous State of South Kasai. August 7 The Ivory Coast becomes independent from France. The world's first standard gauge passenger preserved railway, the Bluebell Railway, opens to the public in southern England. August 9 – The government of Laos is overthrown in a coup. August 11 – Chad becomes independent from France. August 12 – Dr. Seuss publishes Green Eggs and Ham in the United States; 40 years on it will be the fourth-best selling English-language children's hardcover book yet written. August 13 – Ubangi-Shari becomes independent from France, as the Central African Republic. It later becomes the Central African Empire. August 15 – Middle Congo becomes independent from France, as the Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville). August 16 The Mediterranean island of Cyprus receives its independence from the United Kingdom. Joseph Kittinger parachutes from a balloon over New Mexico at an altitude of about 102,800 feet (31,333 meters). Kittinger sets world records for: high-altitude jump; free-fall by falling 16.0 miles (25.7 kilometers) before opening his parachute; first space dive, and fastest speed attained by a human being without mechanical or chemical assistance, about 982 k.p.h (614 m.p.h.). Kittinger survives more or less uninjured. He is also the first man to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a gas balloon, and the first man fully to witness the spherical curvature of the Earth. (Felix Baumgartner breaks his space diving record in 2012.) August 17 The newly named Beatles begin a 48-night residency at the Indra Club in Hamburg, West Germany. Gabon becomes independent from France. The trial of American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers begins in Moscow. August 18 – United States president Dwight Eisenhower is briefed on the Congo crisis at a meeting with the U.S. National Security Council, and asks whether the U.S. "can't get rid of this guy" (Patrice Lumumba). August 19 Cold War: In Moscow, American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to 10 years in prison for espionage. Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches the satellite Sputnik 5, with the dogs Belka and Strelka (the Russian for "Squirrel" and "Little Arrow"), 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants. This satellite returns to earth the next day and all animals are recovered safely. August 20 – Senegal breaks away from the Mali Federation, declaring its independence. August 25 – The 1960 Summer Olympic Games begin in Rome. August 29 – Hurricane Donna kills 50 people in Florida and New England. September September 1 Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, Sultan of Selangor and 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, dies in office. He is replaced by Tuanku Syed Putra, Raja of Perlis. Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad in the United States, marking the first shutdown in the company's history (the event lasts two days). September 2 – The first elections of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration (in exile in India) are held. The Tibetan community observes this date as Democracy Day. September 5 1960 Summer Olympic Games: Muhammad Ali (at this time Cassius Clay) of the United States wins the gold medal in light-heavyweight boxing. Congolese President Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismisses Patrice Lumumba's entire government, and also places Lumumba under house arrest. Poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is the first elected President of Senegal. September 6 – William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, two American cryptologists, announce their defection to the Soviet Union at a press conference in Moscow. September 8 – In Huntsville, Alabama, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (which had been activated by NASA on July 1). September 9 – The first regular season game in the American Football League (established as a rival league to the NFL) takes place at Boston's Nickerson Field. The Denver Broncos defeated the Boston Patriots, 13–10. September 10 – 1960 Summer Olympic Games: Abebe Bikila of Ethiopia wins the gold medal in the marathon, running barefoot in a world time, and becoming the first person from Sub-Saharan Africa to win Olympic gold. September 14 Colonel Joseph Mobutu takes power in Republic of the Congo via a military coup. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is founded by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. September 21 — Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos nationalizes the country's electrical system. September 22 – Mali, the sole remaining member of the "Mali Federation" (following the withdrawal of Senegal one month earlier), declares its full independence as the Republic of Mali. September 26 – The leading candidates for President of the United States, Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy, participate in the first televised debate. September 30 – Animated sitcom The Flintstones airs its first episode on the ABC network in the United States. October October 1 Nigeria becomes independent from the United Kingdom, and Nnamdi Azikiwe becomes its first native-born Governor General. Cameroon declares independence from the United Kingdom. October 3 – Jânio Quadros is elected President of Brazil, for a five-year term. October 5 – White South Africans vote to make the country a republic. October 7 – Nigeria becomes the 99th member of the United Nations. October 12 Cold War: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a table at a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, his way of protesting the discussion of the Soviet Union's policies toward Eastern Europe. Inejiro Asanuma, chairman of the Japan Socialist Party, is assassinated by Otoya Yamaguchi, using a wakizashi, during a political debate in Tokyo, being taped for broadcast on Japanese television. John F. Kennedy speaks before the Ministerial Association of Houston, Texas, saying, in part, "I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute; where no Catholic prelate would tell the American President, should he be Catholic, how to act; and where no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote." October 13 The third John F. Kennedy – Richard M. Nixon Presidential Debate takes place. The Pittsburgh Pirates defeat the New York Yankees in the seventh game of the World Series in baseball on Bill Mazeroski's series-clinching home run. October 14 Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps of the United States. The Premier of New South Wales officially opens Warragamba Dam, one of the world's largest domestic water supply dams. October 24 – Nedelin catastrophe: A large rocket explodes on the launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, killing at least 92 people of the Soviet space program. October 26 – Robert F. Kennedy telephones Coretta Scott King, the wife of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and secures King's release from jail for a traffic violation in Atlanta. October 29 – In Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay (four years before changing to Muhammad Ali) wins his first professional boxing match. October 30 – Dr. Michael Woodruff carries out the first successful kidney transplant in the United Kingdom, at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. November November 2 – Penguin Books is found not guilty of obscenity, in the U.K. case of D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover. November 8 – 1960 United States presidential election: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator John F. Kennedy is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President Richard Nixon, to become (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States, and the youngest man elected to this position. November 10 – Édith Piaf's recording of "Non, je ne regrette rien" is released in France. November 13 – Sammy Davis Jr., marries Swedish actress May Britt. November 14 Belgium threatens to leave the United Nations, over criticism of its policy concerning the Republic of the Congo. Stéblová train disaster: A head-on collision between two trains in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia, kills 118 people. November 15 – A Polaris missile is test-launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. November 22 – The United Nations supports the government of Joseph Kasavubu and Joseph Mobutu, in the Republic of the Congo. November 24 – National Basketball Association player Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia 76ers gets 55 rebounds in a game versus the Boston Celtics. November 28 – Mauritania becomes independent of France. December December – The African and Malagasy Organisation for Economic Cooperation (OAMCE – Organisation Africain et Malagache de Coopération Économique) is established. December 1 Patrice Lumumba, deposed premier of the Republic of the Congo, is arrested by the troops of Colonel Joseph Mobutu. A Soviet satellite containing live animals (dogs Pcholka and Mushka) and plants is launched into orbit. Due to a malfunction, it burns up during re-entry. Striking coal miners at the Miike Coal Mine in Japan return to work, ending the unprecedented 312-day-long Miike Struggle. December 2 The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Rev. Geoffrey Francis Fisher, talks with Pope John XXIII for about one hour in Vatican City. This is the first time that the principal leader of the Anglican Church had ever visited the Pope. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the use of $1.0 million for the relief and resettlement of Cuban refugees, who had been arriving in Florida at the rate of about 1,000 per week. December 4 – The admission of Mauritania to the United Nations is vetoed by the Soviet Union. December 5 Pierre Lagaillarde, who led the insurrections in 1958 and 1960 in Algeria, fails to appear in court in Paris, France. He has reportedly fled with his four fellow defendants to Spain, en route to Algeria. Boynton v. Virginia: The Supreme Court of the United States declares that segregation in public transportation is illegal in the country. December 7 – The United Nations Security Council is called into session by the Soviet Union, in order to consider Soviet demands for the Security Council to seek the immediate release of former Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba. December 8 – For the first time, Mary Martin's Peter Pan is presented as a stand-alone 2-hour special on NBC television in the United States, instead of as part of an anthology series. This version, rather than being presented live, is shown on videotape, enabling NBC to repeat it as often as they wish without having to restage it. Although nearly all of the adult actors repeat their original Broadway roles, all of the original children have, ironically, outgrown their roles and are replaced by new actors. December 9 French President Charles de Gaulle's visit to Algeria is bloodied by European and Muslim rioters, in Algeria's largest cities. These riots cause 127 deaths. The classic British TV soap opera Coronation Street premieres. Planned as a 13-part drama, it becomes such a success among viewers it will continue past its 10,000th episode in its 60th anniversary year, being shown six times a week. December 11 – MGM's The Wizard of Oz is rerun on CBS only a year after its previous telecast, thus beginning the tradition of annual telecasts of the film in the United States. December 12 – The Supreme Court of the United States upholds a lower Federal Court ruling that the State of Louisiana's racial segregation laws are unconstitutional, and overturns them. December 13 1960 Ethiopian coup attempt: While Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visits Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Bodyguard) leads a military coup against his rule, proclaiming that the emperor's son, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen Taffari, is the new emperor. The countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua announce the formation of the Central American Common Market. The U.S. Navy's Commander Leroy Heath (pilot) and Lieutenant Larry Monroe (bombardier/navigator) establish a world flight-altitude record of 91,450 feet (27,874 m), with payload, in an A-5 Vigilante bomber carrying , and better the previous world record by over four miles (6 km). December 14 Antoine Gizenga proclaims in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that he has taken over as the country's premier. The first tied test is held by the West Indian cricket team in Australia in Brisbane. December 15 King Mahendra of Nepal deposes the democratic government in his country, and takes direct control himself. King Baudouin of Belgium marries Doña Fabiola de Mora y Aragón. December 16 Secretary of State Christian Herter announces that the United States will commit five nuclear submarines and eighty Polaris missiles to the defense of the NATO countries,1 010by the end of 1963. New York mid-air collision: A United Airlines DC-8 collides in mid-air with a TWA Lockheed Constellation over Staten Island in New York City. All 128 passengers and crewmembers on the two airliners, and six people on the ground, are killed. December 17 – Troops loyal to Emperor Haile Selassie in Ethiopia overcome the coup that began on December 13, returning the reins to the Emperor upon his return from a trip to Brazil. The Emperor absolves his own son of any guilt. December 19 – Fire sweeps through the USS Constellation, to become the U.S. Navy's largest aircraft carrier, while she is under construction at the Brooklyn Navy Yard; killing 50 workers and injuring 150. December 23 – Hilkka Saarinen née Pylkkänen was murdered in the so-called the "oven homicide" case in Krootila, Kokemäki, Finland. December 27 – France sets off its third A-bomb test at its nuclear weapons testing range near Reggane, Algeria. December 31 – Last day on which the farthing, a coin first minted in England in the 13th century, is legal tender in the United Kingdom. World population World population: 3,021,475,000 Africa: 277,398,000 Asia: 1,701,336,000 Europe: 604,401,000 Latin America: 218,300,000 North America: 204,152,000 Oceania: 15,888,000 Births January January 1 Mehdi Abbasov, Azerbaijani military (d. 1992) Jeff Taylor, American basketball player (d. 2020) Allen McKenzie, American rock musician Almaz Sharman, President of the Academy of Preventive Medicine of Kazakhstan Alexey Vyzmanavin, Russian chess Grandmaster (d. 2000) January 2 Bernard Fowler, American musician Neal Jones, American film actor Naoki Urasawa, Japanese manga author and artist January 3 Washington César Santos, Brazilian footballer (d. 2014) Marla Glen, American singer Alejandro Illescas, Mexican voice actor (d. 2008) Rick Kosick, American photographer January 4 Art Paul Schlosser, American comedian and singer-songwriter Michael Stipe, American rock singer (R.E.M.) Joseph P. Overton, American politician and philosopher (d. 2003) April Winchell, American writer and voice actress January 5 – Peter Oskam, Dutch politician January 6 Natalia Bestemianova, Soviet ice dancer, 1988 Olympic Champion Kari Jalonen, Finnish ice hockey player Howie Long, American football player Nigella Lawson, English journalist, broadcaster, television personality, gourmet and food writer Miriam O'Callaghan, Irish media personality Andrea Thompson, American actress January 7 David Marciano, American actor Mohammad Javad Zarif, Iranian politician, diplomat January 8 – Dave Weckl, American jazz drummer January 9 – Michael Sis, American catholic bishop January 10 Jurrie Koolhof, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 2019) Negro Casas, Mexican professional wrestler Brian Cowen, Taoiseach of Ireland Jay Russell, American film director January 12 Oliver Platt, Canadian actor Dominique Wilkins, American basketball player January 13 Eric Betzig, American physicist Goddess Bunny, American drag queen (d. 2021) Moulay Hafid Elalamy, Moroccan businessman Bruno Heller, English screenwriter January 14 – Virginia Postrel, American political and cultural writer January 15 Kelly Asbury, American film director, screenwriter and voice actor (d. 2020) Natiq Hashim, Iraqi football player (d. 2004) January 16 Wan Mohammad Khair-il Anuar, Malaysian politician, architect and entrepreneur (d. 2016) Richard Elliot, Scottish-born American saxophonist Steve Erwin, American artist Scot Kleinendorst, American ice hockey player (d. 2019) January 17 Christopher R. Johnson, American computer scientist Chatchai Plengpanich, Thai film and television actor January 18 Ismail Sabri Yaakob, Prime Minister Of Malaysia Liew Vui Keong, Malaysian politician (d. 2020) Mark Rylance, English actor, theatre director and playwright January 19 Joe Magnarelli, American jazz trumpeter Eleanor Mondale, American radio personality, television host and actress (d. 2011) Howard A. Stone, American professor January 20 Sabar Koti, Indian singer (d. 2018) Scott Thunes, American rock musician Will Wright, American computer game designer January 21 Toxey Haas, American entrepreneur, founder of Haas Outdoors, Inc. Mamoru Nagano, Japanese designer January 22 Stephen Hahn, American oncologist Michael Hutchence, Australian rock musician (INXS) (d. 1997) January 23 Patrick de Gayardon, French skydiver and skysurfing pioneer (d. 1998) Max Keiser, American broadcaster and film maker Rob Garrison, American actor (d. 2019) Viktor Yanushevsky, Soviet–Belarusian football player (d. 1992) January 24 Abigail Disney, American documentary filmmaker Rick Leventhal, American journalist January 25 Nancy Gibbs, American essayist Miki Narahashi, Japanese voice actress January 26 Paul Feinman, American attorney (d. 2021) Charlie Gillingham, American rock keyboardist January 27 Philip Rosenthal, American television writer and producer Samia Suluhu, President of Tanzania January 28 Ferrin Barr Jr., American professional wrestler Robert von Dassanowsky, American cultural historian, writer and producer January 29 Gia Carangi, American model (d. 1986) Sean Kerly, British field hockey player Greg Louganis, American diver January 30 – Louis "Cousin Vinny" Agnello, American morality writer January 31 Fernando Lorenzo, Uruguayan economist Grant Morrison, Scottish comic book writer and playwright February February 2 David Chabala, Zambia's first choice goalkeeper (d. 1993) Jari Porttila, Finnish sports journalist Blair Tindall, American music journalist February 3 Marty Jannetty, American professional wrestler Joachim Löw, German football manager Kerry Von Erich, American professional wrestler (d. 1993) February 4 Siobhan Dowd, British writer and activist (d. 2007) Jenette Goldstein, American actress Jonathan Larson, American composer and playwright (d. 1996) February 5 – Bonnie Crombie, Canadian politician, former Member of Parliament February 6 Harry Thompson, English radio and television producer, comedy writer, novelist and biographer (d. 2005) Megan Gallagher, American theater actor February 7 Yasunori Matsumoto, Japanese voice actor Robert Smigel, American actor, comedian, and puppeteer James Spader, American actor and producer February 8 Benigno Aquino III, 15th President of the Philippines (d. 2021) Alfred Gusenbauer, Chancellor of Austria Stuart Hamm, American bass player February 9 Holly Johnson, English artist, musician, and writer Frederik Ndoci, Albanian singer, songwriter, poet, writer, actor and international Recording artist Peggy Whitson, American biochemistry researcher, and astronaut February 10 Robert Addie, English film and theatre actor (d. 2003) Jim Kent, American research scientist Abdul Rahman Ibn Abdul Aziz al-Sudais - Imam of the Grand Mosque in Mecca and president of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques February 11 – Russ Freeman, American jazz guitarist February 13 Kate Banks, American children's writer Pierluigi Collina, Italian football (soccer) referee Gary Patterson, American football coach Matt Salinger, American actor Yuriko Yamamoto, Japanese actress February 14 Jim Kelly, American football player Olivia Cheng, Hong Kong actress Eric Shea, American actor Meg Tilly, American-Canadian actress and novelist February 15 Delilah Rene, American radio personality February 16 Chris Schultz, Canadian professional football player (d. 2021) Cherie Chung, Hong Kong actress Stephen Moore, American writer and television commentator February 17 – Thom Adcox-Hernandez, American actor and voice actor February 18 Gazebo, Italian musician Tony Anselmo, American animator and voice actor February 19 Prince Andrew, Duke of York, British prince and second son of Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh Jim Lawson, American comic book artist Steve Poltz, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist February 20 Kee Marcello, Swedish rock guitarist (Easy Action, Europe) Cándido Muatetema Rivas, 4th Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (d. 2014) Wendee Lee, American voice actress February 21 Zé Beto, Portuguese footballer (d. 1990) Henry G. Brinton, American writer and minister Laurent Petitguillaume, French radio and television host Ricky Tosso, Peruvian actor (d. 2016) February 22 Paul Abbott, English television screenwriter and producer Brian Anthony Wilson, American film actor February 23 Naruhito, Emperor of Japan Gary Beacom, Canadian figure skater and choreographer Anna Gornostaj, Polish actress February 24 – Nick Esasky, American baseball player February 25 – David McGuinty, Canadian member of Parliament February 26 – Hannes Jaenicke, German actor February 27 Andrés Gómez, Ecuadorian tennis player Kara Kennedy, American television producer, daughter of Ted Kennedy (d. 2011) Stoney Jackson, American actor Mary Jo Pehl, American writer, actress and comedian Jeff Smith, American cartoonist February 28 Eric Buterbaugh, American florist Tōru Ōkawa, Japanese voice actor Dorothy Stratten, Canadian model and actress (d. 1980) February 29 Khaled, Algerian singer Steve Levitt, American actor Mark Donnelly, Canadian singer Richard Ramirez, American serial killer (d. 2013) March March 1 Art Smith, American chef Michael Bonacini, British-Canadian chef Kelly Falkner, American chemical oceanographer March 2 Hector Calma, Filipino basketball player Debra McMichael, American professional wrestling valet Mikhail Tyurin, Russian cosmonaut. March 4 Mikko Kuustonen, Finnish singer and songwriter Reggie McElroy, American football player John Mugabi, Ugandan boxer and World Junior Middleweight champion March 5 – Freddie Roach, American professional boxing trainer March 6 – Lisa Brown, American legal executive March 7 Joe Carter, American baseball player Dana King, American broadcast journalist and sculptor Ivan Lendl, Czech tennis player March 8 Finn Carter, American actress Jeffrey Eugenides, American author March 10 Aécio Neves, Brazilian economist and politician Anne MacKenzie, Scottish broadcaster March 11 Sharon Jordan, American actress Camille Turner, Canadian media and performance artist, curator, and educator. March 12 Minoru Niihara, Japanese singer (Loudness) Courtney B. Vance, American actor March 13 Joe Ranft, American screenwriter, animator, storyboard artist and voice actor (d. 2005) Adam Clayton, English-born Irish musician (U2) March 14 – Kirby Puckett, American baseball player (d. 2006) March 15 — Rosa Beltrán, Mexican writer, lecturer, and academic. March 16 – Jenny Eclair, British comedian, actress and novelist March 17 – Ruth Langsford, English television presenter March 18 Richard Biggs, American television and stage actor (d. 2004) Steve Kloves, American screenwriter March 19 Simo Aalto, Finnish magician Joey Albert, Filipino pop and jazz singer Shelly Burch, American actress Eliane Elias, Brazilian jazz pianist Eric Hahn, American entrepreneur and computer software programmer Michael Urbano, American musician and record producer March 20 Norm Magnusson, American artist Norbert Pohlmann, German computer scientist Yuri Shargin, Russian cosmonaut March 21 Ayrton Senna, Brazilian triple Formula One world champion (d. 1994) Robert Sweet, American rock drummer (Stryper) March 23 Colin Scott, Australian rugby league player Nicol Stephen, Scottish politician March 24 Jan Berglin, Swedish cartoonist Kelly Le Brock, American-English model and actress Nena, German singer Annabella Sciorra, Italian-American actress Chris Tashima, American actor and director March 25 - Brenda Strong, American actress March 26 Marcus Allen, American football player Jennifer Grey, American actress Jon Huntsman Jr., American businessman, diplomat, and politician March 27 Jess Mowry, American author Hans Pflügler, German footballer Renato Russo, Brazilian singer (Legião Urbana) (d. 1996) March 28 James Rubin, American diplomat and journalist March 29 Paddy Chew, Singaporean HIV/aids victim (d. 1999) Hiromi Tsuru, Japanese voice actress (d. 2017) March 30 Bill Corbett, American writer Bill Johnson, 1st American Olympic Gold Medalist US Ski Team in 1984 Downhill March 31 Mark Tuinei, American football player (d. 1999) Popa Chubby, American rock and blues singer Michelle Nicastro, American actress (d. 2010) April April 1 Michael Praed, British actor Jennifer Runyon, American actress April 2 John Jantsch, American author Linford Christie, British athlete April 3 – Marie Denise Pelletier, Canadian singer April 4 Murray Chandler, New Zealand chess grandmaster Lorraine Toussaint, Trinidadian-American actress and producer Hugo Weaving, Nigerian-born Australian actor April 5 Rüdiger Emshoff, German oral and maxillofacial surgeon Larry McCray, American blues guitarist Oliver Luck, American business executive, commissioner of XFL April 6 Warren Haynes, American musician, singer and songwriter John Pizzarelli, American jazz guitarist and vocalist Jane A. Rogers, American actress April 7 Elaine Miles, American actress Timothy Parker (puzzle designer), American puzzle editor Julieta Schildknecht, Swiss-Brazilian photographer and journalist April 8 – John Schneider, American actor (The Dukes of Hazzard) April 9 – Sam Moffie, American novelist April 10 Piotr Pawlukiewicz, Polish Roman Catholic priest (d. 2020) Fabio Golfetti, Brazilian musician and record producer (Violeta de Outono, Gong) Héctor Rivoira, Argentine football manager and player (d. 2019) April 11 Marko Elsner, Slovenian footballer (d. 2020) Jeremy Clarkson, English journalist, television show host and comedian April 12 Abdoulatifou Aly, Malagasy-French politician (d. 2020) Ron MacLean, Canadian sportcaster David Thirdkill, American basketball player April 13 Dinesh Kaushik, Indian politician Rudi Völler, German footballer and manager April 14 Brad Garrett, American actor, comedian and voice actor Myoma Myint Kywe, Burmese Writer and Historian April 15 Susanne Bier, Danish film director Mikhail Kornienko, Russian cosmonaut King Philippe of Belgium April 16 Wahab Akbar, Filipino politician (d. 2007) Rafael Benítez, Spanish football manager Pierre Littbarski, German footballer and coach April 18 Jim Margraff, American football coach (d. 2019) Neo Rauch, German painter J. Christopher Stevens, American diplomat, U.S. Ambassador to Libya (d. 2012) April 19 – Frank Viola, American baseball player April 20 John Altenburgh, American blues and jazz musician Miguel Díaz-Canel, Cuban politician, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba and 17th President of Cuba April 21 – Jeannette Walls, American author and journalist April 22 Benjamín Gallegos Soto, Mexican pilot and politician (d. 2018) Gary Rhodes, British restaurateur and television chef (d. 2019) Randall L. Stephenson, American telecommunications executive April 23 Valerie Bertinelli, American actress Steve Clark, English guitarist (Def Leppard) (d. 1991) David Gedge, English musician (The Wedding Present and Cinerama) Léo Jaime, Brazilian writer, actor and musician (João Penca e Seus Miquinhos Amestrados Claude Julien, Canadian ice hockey coach Marisa Silver, American author April 24 Masami Kikuchi, Japanese voice actor Robert Pape, American political scientist April 25 Paul Baloff, American singer (d. 2002) Michael Lohan, American television personality; father of Lindsay Lohan April 26 Sorin Frunzăverde, Romanian politician (d. 2019) Dolly Hall, American film producer Jonathan Rauch, American author and journalist April 27 – Misha Quint, Russian cellist April 28 John Cerutti, American baseball player and announcer (d. 2004) Elena Kagan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Icelandic strongman, powerlifter and bodybuilder (d. 1993) Ian Rankin, Scottish crime novelist April 29 – Steve Blum, American voice actor April 30 – David Miscavige, American church leader May May 1 Andy Thayer, American socialist, LGBTQ rights and anti-war activist Bart Chilton, American civil servant (d. 2019) May 2 Stephen Daldry, English film director Gjorge Ivanov, President of Macedonia Royce Simmons, Australian rugby league player and coach May 3 May Ayim, Afro-German poet, educator, and activist (d. 1996) Jaron Lanier, American computer philosophical writer May 4 Andrew Denton, Australian television presenter and comedian Werner Faymann, Chancellor of Austria Carl Hoffman, American journalist May 5 Jorge Quiroga, President of Bolivia Douglas H. Wheelock, American engineer and astronaut May 6 – John Flansburgh, American singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo They Might Be Giants May 7 – Adam Bernstein, American music video/television director May 8 Franco Baresi, Italian footballer Sergey Belyayev, Kazakhstani shooter (d. 2020) Eric Brittingham, American rock bassist Patrick McKenna, Canadian actor and comedian May 9 – Tony Gwynn, American baseball player (d. 2014) May 10 John Mieremet, Dutch underworld figure (d. 2005) Bono, Irish rock singer (U2) May 11 – Mark Burgess, English singer, bass player and songwriter May 12 – Felicia C. Adams, American attorney, Northern District of Mississippi May 13 – Michael Savage, Irish-Canadian politician, Member of Parliament May 14 Ronan Tynan, Irish tenor Steve Williams, American professional wrestler (d. 2009) May 15 Gheorghe Dogărescu, Romanian handball player (d. 2020) Julian Jarrold, English film and television director and producer May 16 Steve New, English pop music guitarist and singer (d. 2010) S. Shanmuganathan, Sri Lankan politician (d. 1998) Landon Deireragea, Nauruan politician Lovebug Starski, American rapper and disc jockey (d. 2018) May 17 Tim Canova, American politician and law professor John Payne, English actor and voice actor May 18 Tyka Nelson, American singer Jari Kurri, Finnish hockey player Yannick Noah, French tennis player May 19 Mark Ashton, British gay rights activist (d. 1987) Yazz, British pop singer May 20 John Billingsley, American actor Tony Goldwyn, American actor, voice actor, and film director May 21 Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (d. 1994) Kent Hrbek, American baseball player John O'Brien, American author (d. 1994) Mark Ridgway, Australian cricketer Vladimir Salnikov, Russian swimmer May 21 – Mohanlal, Indian actor May 22 Amir Ishemgulov, Russian biologist and politician (d. 2020) Hideaki Anno, Japanese director May 23 – Linden Ashby, American actor May 24 Greg Conescu, Australian rugby league player Guy Fletcher, British keyboardist (Dire Straits) Doug Jones, American actor Kristin Scott Thomas, English actress May 25 Wallace Roney, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2020) Amy Klobuchar, American politician Oh Yun-kyo, South Korean footballer (d. 2000) May 26 – Rob Murphy, American baseball player May 27 Alexander Bashlachev, Soviet poet and rock musician (d. 1988) D. Kupendra Reddy, Indian politician May 28 – Scott Rigell, American politician, Virginia U.S. Representative May 29 Lorena Borjas, Mexican-American transgender and immigrant rights activist (d. 2020) Thomas Baumer, Swiss economist, interculturalist and personality assessor Neil Crone, Canadian actor May 30 Micah Barnes, Canadian pop singer-songwriter Carmen Velasquez, American justice, New York City Civil Court May 31 Greg Adams, Canadian ice hockey player Chris Elliott, American actor and comedian June June 1 Vladimir Krutov, Soviet hockey forward (d. 2012) Lucy McBath, American gun control advocate and politician Elena Mukhina, Soviet artistic gymnast (d. 2006) June 2 P. Balasubramaniam, Malaysian police officer (d. 2013) Tony Hadley, British pop musician and was lead singer of Spandau Ballet Kyle Petty, American NASCAR driver and sports commentator Maria Lourdes Sereno, Filipina jurist, 24th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines June 3 Jeff Colyer, American surgeon, Governor of Kansas Catherine Davani, first female Papua New Guinean judge (d. 2016) June 4 Suzy Aitchison, English actress Paul Taylor, American musician (Winger) Bradley Walsh, English actor and comedian June 5 Paul Montgomery, American entrepreneur and inventor (d. 1999) Seiichi Endo, Japanese criminal (d. 2018) June 6 Ervin A. Gonzalez, American attorney (d. 2017) Steve Vai, American guitarist June 7 Bill Prady, American television writer Hirohiko Araki, Japanese manga artist, creator of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Steffen Seibert, Spokesman for the German Government June 8 Gary Trousdale, American animator and film director Diane Meredith Belcher, American concert organist, teacher, and church musician Mick Hucknall, English rock singer and songwriter (Simply Red) Garth Smith, American pianist June 9 – Steve Paikin, Canadian journalist June 10 – Nandamuri Balakrishna, Indian actor June 11 – Mehmet Oz, Turkish-American cardiothoracic surgeon and television personality June 12 – Corynne Charby, French model, actress and singer June 13 – Jacques Rougeau, Canadian professional wrestler June 14 – Peter Mitchell, Australian newsreader June 15 – Michèle Laroque, French actress June 16 – Peter Sterling, Australian rugby league player June 17 Thomas Haden Church, American actor and film director Adrián Campos, Spanish Formula One driver (d. 2021) June 18 West Arkeen, American musician (d. 1997) Dan Buettner, American author (National Geographic Society) June 19 – Laurent Gamelon, French actor June 20 – Julie Cooper, British politician, Member of Parliament (MP) June 21 Kate Brown, American politician Kevin Harlan, American sports announcer Karl Erjavec, Slovenian lawyer and politician June 22 Tracy Pollan, American actress Adam Schiff, American attorney and politician, U.S. Representative of California's 28th district Erin Brockovich, American environmental activist Joseph Victor Gonzales, Malaysian choreographer June 23 – Per Morberg, Swedish actor, chef and news presenter June 24 Chris Knight, American singer-songwriter Robert Stiff, Southern Rhodesia–British entrepreneur June 25 Frances Black, Irish singer and politician Eve Gordon, American actress June 26 – Mauro Carlesse, Brazilian politician, Governor of Tocantins June 27 Jeremy Swift, English television actor David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley, British peer and filmmaker Lü Jihong, Chinese singer Michael Mayer, American theatre director, film director, television director and playwright June 28 John Elway, American football player Richard Rycroft, English actor and comedian June 29 – Ivans Ribakovs, Latvian politician June 30 Anna Šišková, Slovak actress David Headley, American-Pakistani terrorist David Frum, Canadian-American political commentator Tony Bellotto, Brazilian guitarist and writer Diego Trujillo, Colombian actor Vincent Klyn, New Zealand-born actor and surfer Murray Cook, Australian musician and actor, former member of The Wiggles July July 1 Đorđe Đogani, Serbian singer Kōji Ishii, Japanese voice actor Mikael Håfström, Swedish film director and screenwriter Helena Little, English actress Dave Thompson, English stand-up comedian, actor and writer July 2 James Hirvisaari, Finnish politician Michel Moore, American policeman July 3 Martyn J. Fogg, British physicist and geologist Vince Clarke, British musician and composer (Depeche Mode, Erasure) Perrine Pelen, French alpine skier Håkan Loob, Swedish ice hockey player July 4 Mark Steel, English comedian, broadcaster, newspaper columnist and author Sid Eudy, American professional wrestler Barry Windham, American professional wrestler Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian Formula One driver (d. 1994) July 5 Jack Radcliffe, American pornographic film actor Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor Brad Loree, Canadian actor and stuntman Hugo Rubio, Chilean football player Bruce Lanoil, American actor and voice actor meir banai, Israeli singer July 6 Ferenc Juhász, Minister of Defence for Hungary Lyudmyla Denisova, Ukrainian politician July 7 Kevin A. Ford, American astronaut Ralph Sampson, American basketball player Billy Wright, Northern Irish paramilitary leader (d. 1997) Ying Da, Chinese actor and director Yem Ponhearith, Cambodian politician July 8 Thilo Martinho, German composer and singer-songwriter Mal Meninga, Australian rugby league player and coach | Hahn, American entrepreneur and computer software programmer Michael Urbano, American musician and record producer March 20 Norm Magnusson, American artist Norbert Pohlmann, German computer scientist Yuri Shargin, Russian cosmonaut March 21 Ayrton Senna, Brazilian triple Formula One world champion (d. 1994) Robert Sweet, American rock drummer (Stryper) March 23 Colin Scott, Australian rugby league player Nicol Stephen, Scottish politician March 24 Jan Berglin, Swedish cartoonist Kelly Le Brock, American-English model and actress Nena, German singer Annabella Sciorra, Italian-American actress Chris Tashima, American actor and director March 25 - Brenda Strong, American actress March 26 Marcus Allen, American football player Jennifer Grey, American actress Jon Huntsman Jr., American businessman, diplomat, and politician March 27 Jess Mowry, American author Hans Pflügler, German footballer Renato Russo, Brazilian singer (Legião Urbana) (d. 1996) March 28 James Rubin, American diplomat and journalist March 29 Paddy Chew, Singaporean HIV/aids victim (d. 1999) Hiromi Tsuru, Japanese voice actress (d. 2017) March 30 Bill Corbett, American writer Bill Johnson, 1st American Olympic Gold Medalist US Ski Team in 1984 Downhill March 31 Mark Tuinei, American football player (d. 1999) Popa Chubby, American rock and blues singer Michelle Nicastro, American actress (d. 2010) April April 1 Michael Praed, British actor Jennifer Runyon, American actress April 2 John Jantsch, American author Linford Christie, British athlete April 3 – Marie Denise Pelletier, Canadian singer April 4 Murray Chandler, New Zealand chess grandmaster Lorraine Toussaint, Trinidadian-American actress and producer Hugo Weaving, Nigerian-born Australian actor April 5 Rüdiger Emshoff, German oral and maxillofacial surgeon Larry McCray, American blues guitarist Oliver Luck, American business executive, commissioner of XFL April 6 Warren Haynes, American musician, singer and songwriter John Pizzarelli, American jazz guitarist and vocalist Jane A. Rogers, American actress April 7 Elaine Miles, American actress Timothy Parker (puzzle designer), American puzzle editor Julieta Schildknecht, Swiss-Brazilian photographer and journalist April 8 – John Schneider, American actor (The Dukes of Hazzard) April 9 – Sam Moffie, American novelist April 10 Piotr Pawlukiewicz, Polish Roman Catholic priest (d. 2020) Fabio Golfetti, Brazilian musician and record producer (Violeta de Outono, Gong) Héctor Rivoira, Argentine football manager and player (d. 2019) April 11 Marko Elsner, Slovenian footballer (d. 2020) Jeremy Clarkson, English journalist, television show host and comedian April 12 Abdoulatifou Aly, Malagasy-French politician (d. 2020) Ron MacLean, Canadian sportcaster David Thirdkill, American basketball player April 13 Dinesh Kaushik, Indian politician Rudi Völler, German footballer and manager April 14 Brad Garrett, American actor, comedian and voice actor Myoma Myint Kywe, Burmese Writer and Historian April 15 Susanne Bier, Danish film director Mikhail Kornienko, Russian cosmonaut King Philippe of Belgium April 16 Wahab Akbar, Filipino politician (d. 2007) Rafael Benítez, Spanish football manager Pierre Littbarski, German footballer and coach April 18 Jim Margraff, American football coach (d. 2019) Neo Rauch, German painter J. Christopher Stevens, American diplomat, U.S. Ambassador to Libya (d. 2012) April 19 – Frank Viola, American baseball player April 20 John Altenburgh, American blues and jazz musician Miguel Díaz-Canel, Cuban politician, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba and 17th President of Cuba April 21 – Jeannette Walls, American author and journalist April 22 Benjamín Gallegos Soto, Mexican pilot and politician (d. 2018) Gary Rhodes, British restaurateur and television chef (d. 2019) Randall L. Stephenson, American telecommunications executive April 23 Valerie Bertinelli, American actress Steve Clark, English guitarist (Def Leppard) (d. 1991) David Gedge, English musician (The Wedding Present and Cinerama) Léo Jaime, Brazilian writer, actor and musician (João Penca e Seus Miquinhos Amestrados Claude Julien, Canadian ice hockey coach Marisa Silver, American author April 24 Masami Kikuchi, Japanese voice actor Robert Pape, American political scientist April 25 Paul Baloff, American singer (d. 2002) Michael Lohan, American television personality; father of Lindsay Lohan April 26 Sorin Frunzăverde, Romanian politician (d. 2019) Dolly Hall, American film producer Jonathan Rauch, American author and journalist April 27 – Misha Quint, Russian cellist April 28 John Cerutti, American baseball player and announcer (d. 2004) Elena Kagan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Icelandic strongman, powerlifter and bodybuilder (d. 1993) Ian Rankin, Scottish crime novelist April 29 – Steve Blum, American voice actor April 30 – David Miscavige, American church leader May May 1 Andy Thayer, American socialist, LGBTQ rights and anti-war activist Bart Chilton, American civil servant (d. 2019) May 2 Stephen Daldry, English film director Gjorge Ivanov, President of Macedonia Royce Simmons, Australian rugby league player and coach May 3 May Ayim, Afro-German poet, educator, and activist (d. 1996) Jaron Lanier, American computer philosophical writer May 4 Andrew Denton, Australian television presenter and comedian Werner Faymann, Chancellor of Austria Carl Hoffman, American journalist May 5 Jorge Quiroga, President of Bolivia Douglas H. Wheelock, American engineer and astronaut May 6 – John Flansburgh, American singer-songwriter, half of alternative rock duo They Might Be Giants May 7 – Adam Bernstein, American music video/television director May 8 Franco Baresi, Italian footballer Sergey Belyayev, Kazakhstani shooter (d. 2020) Eric Brittingham, American rock bassist Patrick McKenna, Canadian actor and comedian May 9 – Tony Gwynn, American baseball player (d. 2014) May 10 John Mieremet, Dutch underworld figure (d. 2005) Bono, Irish rock singer (U2) May 11 – Mark Burgess, English singer, bass player and songwriter May 12 – Felicia C. Adams, American attorney, Northern District of Mississippi May 13 – Michael Savage, Irish-Canadian politician, Member of Parliament May 14 Ronan Tynan, Irish tenor Steve Williams, American professional wrestler (d. 2009) May 15 Gheorghe Dogărescu, Romanian handball player (d. 2020) Julian Jarrold, English film and television director and producer May 16 Steve New, English pop music guitarist and singer (d. 2010) S. Shanmuganathan, Sri Lankan politician (d. 1998) Landon Deireragea, Nauruan politician Lovebug Starski, American rapper and disc jockey (d. 2018) May 17 Tim Canova, American politician and law professor John Payne, English actor and voice actor May 18 Tyka Nelson, American singer Jari Kurri, Finnish hockey player Yannick Noah, French tennis player May 19 Mark Ashton, British gay rights activist (d. 1987) Yazz, British pop singer May 20 John Billingsley, American actor Tony Goldwyn, American actor, voice actor, and film director May 21 Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (d. 1994) Kent Hrbek, American baseball player John O'Brien, American author (d. 1994) Mark Ridgway, Australian cricketer Vladimir Salnikov, Russian swimmer May 21 – Mohanlal, Indian actor May 22 Amir Ishemgulov, Russian biologist and politician (d. 2020) Hideaki Anno, Japanese director May 23 – Linden Ashby, American actor May 24 Greg Conescu, Australian rugby league player Guy Fletcher, British keyboardist (Dire Straits) Doug Jones, American actor Kristin Scott Thomas, English actress May 25 Wallace Roney, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2020) Amy Klobuchar, American politician Oh Yun-kyo, South Korean footballer (d. 2000) May 26 – Rob Murphy, American baseball player May 27 Alexander Bashlachev, Soviet poet and rock musician (d. 1988) D. Kupendra Reddy, Indian politician May 28 – Scott Rigell, American politician, Virginia U.S. Representative May 29 Lorena Borjas, Mexican-American transgender and immigrant rights activist (d. 2020) Thomas Baumer, Swiss economist, interculturalist and personality assessor Neil Crone, Canadian actor May 30 Micah Barnes, Canadian pop singer-songwriter Carmen Velasquez, American justice, New York City Civil Court May 31 Greg Adams, Canadian ice hockey player Chris Elliott, American actor and comedian June June 1 Vladimir Krutov, Soviet hockey forward (d. 2012) Lucy McBath, American gun control advocate and politician Elena Mukhina, Soviet artistic gymnast (d. 2006) June 2 P. Balasubramaniam, Malaysian police officer (d. 2013) Tony Hadley, British pop musician and was lead singer of Spandau Ballet Kyle Petty, American NASCAR driver and sports commentator Maria Lourdes Sereno, Filipina jurist, 24th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines June 3 Jeff Colyer, American surgeon, Governor of Kansas Catherine Davani, first female Papua New Guinean judge (d. 2016) June 4 Suzy Aitchison, English actress Paul Taylor, American musician (Winger) Bradley Walsh, English actor and comedian June 5 Paul Montgomery, American entrepreneur and inventor (d. 1999) Seiichi Endo, Japanese criminal (d. 2018) June 6 Ervin A. Gonzalez, American attorney (d. 2017) Steve Vai, American guitarist June 7 Bill Prady, American television writer Hirohiko Araki, Japanese manga artist, creator of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Steffen Seibert, Spokesman for the German Government June 8 Gary Trousdale, American animator and film director Diane Meredith Belcher, American concert organist, teacher, and church musician Mick Hucknall, English rock singer and songwriter (Simply Red) Garth Smith, American pianist June 9 – Steve Paikin, Canadian journalist June 10 – Nandamuri Balakrishna, Indian actor June 11 – Mehmet Oz, Turkish-American cardiothoracic surgeon and television personality June 12 – Corynne Charby, French model, actress and singer June 13 – Jacques Rougeau, Canadian professional wrestler June 14 – Peter Mitchell, Australian newsreader June 15 – Michèle Laroque, French actress June 16 – Peter Sterling, Australian rugby league player June 17 Thomas Haden Church, American actor and film director Adrián Campos, Spanish Formula One driver (d. 2021) June 18 West Arkeen, American musician (d. 1997) Dan Buettner, American author (National Geographic Society) June 19 – Laurent Gamelon, French actor June 20 – Julie Cooper, British politician, Member of Parliament (MP) June 21 Kate Brown, American politician Kevin Harlan, American sports announcer Karl Erjavec, Slovenian lawyer and politician June 22 Tracy Pollan, American actress Adam Schiff, American attorney and politician, U.S. Representative of California's 28th district Erin Brockovich, American environmental activist Joseph Victor Gonzales, Malaysian choreographer June 23 – Per Morberg, Swedish actor, chef and news presenter June 24 Chris Knight, American singer-songwriter Robert Stiff, Southern Rhodesia–British entrepreneur June 25 Frances Black, Irish singer and politician Eve Gordon, American actress June 26 – Mauro Carlesse, Brazilian politician, Governor of Tocantins June 27 Jeremy Swift, English television actor David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley, British peer and filmmaker Lü Jihong, Chinese singer Michael Mayer, American theatre director, film director, television director and playwright June 28 John Elway, American football player Richard Rycroft, English actor and comedian June 29 – Ivans Ribakovs, Latvian politician June 30 Anna Šišková, Slovak actress David Headley, American-Pakistani terrorist David Frum, Canadian-American political commentator Tony Bellotto, Brazilian guitarist and writer Diego Trujillo, Colombian actor Vincent Klyn, New Zealand-born actor and surfer Murray Cook, Australian musician and actor, former member of The Wiggles July July 1 Đorđe Đogani, Serbian singer Kōji Ishii, Japanese voice actor Mikael Håfström, Swedish film director and screenwriter Helena Little, English actress Dave Thompson, English stand-up comedian, actor and writer July 2 James Hirvisaari, Finnish politician Michel Moore, American policeman July 3 Martyn J. Fogg, British physicist and geologist Vince Clarke, British musician and composer (Depeche Mode, Erasure) Perrine Pelen, French alpine skier Håkan Loob, Swedish ice hockey player July 4 Mark Steel, English comedian, broadcaster, newspaper columnist and author Sid Eudy, American professional wrestler Barry Windham, American professional wrestler Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian Formula One driver (d. 1994) July 5 Jack Radcliffe, American pornographic film actor Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor Brad Loree, Canadian actor and stuntman Hugo Rubio, Chilean football player Bruce Lanoil, American actor and voice actor meir banai, Israeli singer July 6 Ferenc Juhász, Minister of Defence for Hungary Lyudmyla Denisova, Ukrainian politician July 7 Kevin A. Ford, American astronaut Ralph Sampson, American basketball player Billy Wright, Northern Irish paramilitary leader (d. 1997) Ying Da, Chinese actor and director Yem Ponhearith, Cambodian politician July 8 Thilo Martinho, German composer and singer-songwriter Mal Meninga, Australian rugby league player and coach Duncan Roy, English film director and producer, script writer, art director and television personality Eleanor Scott, British archaeologist and politician July 9 Yūko Asano, Japanese actress and singer Charles Gavin, Brazilian drummer and producer Wanda Vázquez Garced, Puerto Rican politician, Governor Michael Feichtenbeiner, German football coach July 10 Roger Craig, American former football player Martyn P. Casey, English-Australian rock bass guitarist Ariel Castro, Puerto Rican-American kidnapper and rapist (d. 2013) Jeff Bergman, American voice actor, comedian and impressionist July 11 Terry Domburg, Australian rules footballer David Baerwald, American singer-songwriter, composer, and musician Ronald M. Schernikau, German writer (d. 1991) Kumar Gaurav, Indian film actor Caroline Quentin, English actress and television presenter July 12 – Sully Díaz, Puerto Rican actress and singer July 13 Ian Hislop, British journalist and broadcaster Frane Perišin, Croatian actor July 14 Kyle Gass, American music singer-songwriter-guitarist/actor Jane Lynch, American actress, comedian and author Michal David, Czech pop-singer, songwriter and producer Taung Galay Sayadaw, Burmese buddhist monk Angélique Kidjo, Beninese singer-songwriter and activist July 15 Dennis Storhøi, Norwegian actor Martyn Joseph, Welsh singer-songwriter Sergio Kato, Brazilian actor, television host, comedian and martial artist Kim Alexis, American model and actress July 16 Cedric Foo, Singaporean politician and corporate executive Jacqueline Gold, British businesswoman Leila Kenzle, American actress Todd Brown, American football player PJ Powers, South African musician July 17 Robin Shou, Hong Kong martial artist and actor Mark Burnett, British television and film producer Jan Wouters, Dutch football player and manager July 18 Lamine Guèye, Senegalese skier Anne-Marie Johnson, American actress July 19 Kevin Haskins, English drummer Ethan Canin, American author, educator, and physician Atom Egoyan, Armenian-Canadian film maker Steve Viksten, American television writer and voice actor (d. 2014) Terrie Hall, American anti-smoking advocate (d. 2013) July 20 – Jonathon Morris, English actor and television presenter July 21 Ezequiel Viñao, Argentine-born composer Fritz Walter, German footballer July 22 Torben Grael, Brazilian sailor Djamel Menad, Algerian footballer Daryl Shuttleworth, Canadian actor July 27 Vladimir Galayba, retired Russian professional footballer Uddhav Thackeray, Indian Politician, Chief Minister Of Maharashtra State Conway Savage, Australian rock musician (d. 2018) July 28 Jonathan Gold, American food critic (d. 2018) Harald Lesch, German physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author, television presenter, professor of physics July 30 – Richard Linklater, American director July 31 Dale Hunter, Canadian ice hockey player and coach Luca Ward, Italian actor and voice actor August August 1 Chuck D, American rapper (Public Enemy) Professor Griff, American rapper (Public Enemy) Maria Vidal, American singer-songwriter August 4 Dean Malenko, American professional wrestler José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Prime Minister of Spain Tim Winton, Australian writer August 6 – Dale Ellis, American basketball player August 7 Rosana Pastor, Spanish actress David Duchovny, American actor Deborah Ellis, Canadian author (The Breadwinner) August 10 Antonio Banderas, Spanish actor and film director Kenny Perry, American golfer August 11 – J. F. Lawton, American screenwriter August 12 – Laurent Fignon, French road bicycle racer (d. 2010) August 13 Koji Kondo, Japanese composer Phil Taylor, English darts player August 14 – Sarah Brightman, English soprano singer and actress August 15 – Judy Holt, British television actress August 16 Timothy Hutton, American actor Martha Moxley, American murder victim (d. 1975) Leonid Toptunov, Soviet engineer who was the senior reactor control chief engineer during the events of the Chernobyl disaster (b. 1960) August 17 – Sean Penn, American actor and film director August 18 – Stuart Matthewman, English songwriter August 19 – Morten Andersen, American football player August 20 – Elizabeth Alda, American actress August 22 – Regina Taylor, American actress August 23 – Chris Potter, Canadian actor and musician August 24 – Cal Ripken Jr., American baseball player August 25 – Marciano Cantero, Argentine singer and musician August 26 Branford Marsalis, American musician Ola Ray, American actress and model August 28 Jodi Carlisle, American actress Emma Samms, British actress August 29 Chingiz Mustafayev, Azerbaijani journalist (d. 1992) Viire Valdma, Estonian actress August 30 Chalino Sánchez, Mexican singer and songwriter (d. 1992) Gary Gordon, American soldier (d. 1993) Ranjit Khanwilkar, Indian cricket (d. 1988) August 31 – Chris Whitley, American blues/rock singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005) September September 1 – Joseph Williams, American singer and film score composer September 2 Paul Sirba, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2019) John S. Hall, American poet and spoken-word artist September 4 Kim Thayil, American rock guitarist (Soundgarden) Damon Wayans, African-American actor and comedian September 5 – Karita Mattila, Finnish soprano September 7 Phillip Rhee, American actor, producer and writer Dušan Pašek, Slovak ice hockey player (d. 1998) September 8 – Stefano Casiraghi, Italian speedboat racer, socialite, and businessman (d. 1990) September 9 Mario Batali, American chef and host Hugh Grant, English actor and activist Bob Stoops, American football coach September 10 Margaret Ferrier, Scottish politician Colin Firth, English actor September 11 – Annie Gosfield, American composer September 12 Road Warrior Animal, American Hall of Fame professional wrestler (d. 2020) Evan Jenkins, American politician Robert John Burke, American actor September 13 Kevin Carter, South African photojournalist (d. 1994) Greg Baldwin, American voice actor September 14 Melissa Leo, American actress Callum Keith Rennie, Canadian actor September 15 – Jimmy Bridges, American actor September 16 John Franco, American baseball player Yianna Katsoulos, French singer September 17 Alan Krueger, American economist (d. 2019) Damon Hill, British 1996 Formula 1 world champion Kevin Clash, American actor and puppeteer September 19 – Yolanda Saldívar, American murderer of tejano singer Selena September 21 – David James Elliott, Canadian-American actor September 22 – Scott Baio, American actor September 25 Eduardo Yáñez, Mexican film and television actor Sam Whipple, American actor (d. 2002) September 26 – Andre Harrell, American record executive, record producer, songwriter and rapper (d. 2020) September 27 – David Gasman, American voice actor, translator, and voice director (Rayman, Code Lyoko) September 28 – Jennifer Rush, American singer September 29 – Alan McGee, British music industry mogul and musician September 30 – Blanche Lincoln, American politician October October 1 Peter Seabourne, English composer October 4 Ana Patricia Botín, Spanish banker Billy Hatcher, American baseball player Blake Nordstrom, American businessman (d. 2019) October 5 Careca, Brazilian footballer Hitomi Kuroki, Japanese actress Daniel Baldwin, American actor October 6 Richard Jobson, Scottish rock singer-songwriter, filmmaker and television presenter (Skids) Toru Takahashi, Japanese race car driver (d. 1983) October 8 – Rano Karno, Indonesian actor and politician October 9 Marin Mazzie, American actress and singer (d. 2018) Maddie Blaustein, American voice actress and comic writer (d. 2008) October 12 Alexei Kudrin, Russian Minister of Finance Hiroyuki Sanada, Japanese actor October 13 – Joey Belladonna, American heavy metal singer (Anthrax) October 16 Leila Pinheiro, Brazilian singer, pianist and composer Alexander Solonik, Russian gangster (d. 1997) Bob Mould, American musician October 17 Guy Henry, English actor Bernie Nolan, Irish actress and singer (The Nolans) (d. 2013) Grant Shaud, American actor October 18 Alex Ferrer, Cuban-American television personality, lawyer and judge Jean-Claude Van Damme, Belgian actor and martial artist Erin Moran, American actress (d. 2017) October 19 – Kerry Sanders, American news correspondent October 21 – Paul Rugg, American voice actor and producer October 24 Wolfgang Güllich, German rockclimber (d. 1992) BD Wong, American actor Jaime Garzón, Colombian journalist and comedian (d. 1999) October 26 – Jouke de Vries, Dutch–Frisian politician October 28 – Landon Curt Noll, American astronomer, cryptographer and mathematician October 29 Lídia Brondi, Brazilian actress and psychologist Finola Hughes, British actress Dieter Nuhr, German comedian October 30 – Diego Maradona, Argentine footballer (d. 2020) October 31 Luis Fortuño, Puerto Rican politician, Governor of Puerto Rico (2009–2013) Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran November November 1 – Tim Cook, American businessman and current CEO of Apple, Inc November 2 – Anu Malik, Indian music director and singer November 3 Francis Beckwith, American philosopher Karch Kiraly, American volleyball player November 4 – Siniša Glavašević, Croatian reporter (d. 1991) November 5 – Tilda Swinton, British actress November 8 Elizabeth Avellán, Venezuelan-born American film producer Michael Nyqvist, Swedish actor (d. 2017) Megan Cavanagh, American actress and voice actress November 9 Andreas Brehme, German football player and manager Joëlle Ursull, Guadeloupean singer November 10 – Neil Gaiman, English author November 11 Billy James (publicist), musician, music producer, writer Stanley Tucci, American actor and film director November 12 Maurane, Belgian singer and actress (d. 2018) Dave Hackett, professional skateboarder November 13 – Neil Flynn, American actor November 14 Tom Judson, American musical theatre actor and composer Sylvia Bretschneider, German politician (d. 2019) November 15 – Susanne Lothar, German actress (d. 2012) November 17 Jonathan Ross, English television presenter RuPaul, American drag queen and entertainer November 18 Ivans Klementjevs, Latvian canoeist Elizabeth Perkins, American actress Kim Wilde, English singer and gardener November 19 Miss Elizabeth, American professional wrestling valet (d. 2003) Hiroshi Naka, Japanese voice actor November 20 – Marc Labrèche, Canadian actor and television host November 24 – Amanda Wyss, American actress November 25 Robert Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcycle racer (d. 2008) Amy Grant, American Christian and pop musician John F. Kennedy Jr., American lawyer, journalist and son of 35th President John F. Kennedy (d. 1999) November 26 Greg Berg, American actor and voice actor Harold Reynolds, American baseball player and broadcaster November 27 Eike Immel, German football player and manager Tim Pawlenty, American politician Yulia Tymoshenko, Prime Minister of Ukraine in 2005 and 2007-2010 November 28 - Dave Duerson, American football player (d. 2011) November 29 – Cathy Moriarty, American actress November 30 Rich Fields, American television personality Gary Lineker, English footballer and sports presenter December December 1 – Carol Alt, American model and actress December 2 Rick Savage, British rock musician Sydney Youngblood, American singer December 3 Daryl Hannah, American actress and environmental activist Igor Larionov, Russian ice hockey player Julianne Moore, American actress and children's author Mike Ramsey, American professional ice hockey player December 4 – Glynis Nunn, Australian athlete December 5 Brian Bromberg, American jazz bassist and composer Jack Russell, American rock singer (Great White) December 8 – Lim Guan Eng, Malaysian politician and former Chief Minister of Penang, Malaysia December 9 Steve Doll, American professional wrestler (d. 2009) Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, American animator, writer, director, producer, and voice actor December 10 Kenneth Branagh, Northern Irish actor and director Michael Schoeffling, American actor and model December 12 Lourdes Munguía, Mexican actress Volker Beck, German politician December 14 Don Franklin, American actor James Comey, American lawyer and former FBI director December 17 – Tarako, Japanese voice actress December 18 Hans-Jörg Criens, German footballer (d. 2019) Kazuhide Uekusa, Japanese economist December 20 – Kim Ki-duk, South Korean director and screenwriter (d. 2020) December 22 – Jean-Michel Basquiat, American musician and graffiti painter (d. 1988) December 24 – Fei Xiang, Chinese American singer December 26 – Temuera Morrison, New Zealand actor December 27 Maryam d'Abo, British actress Fred Hammond, African-American gospel musician December 28 Ray Bourque, Canadian ice hockey player John Fitzgerald, Australian tennis player December 29 – Dave Pelzer, American author December 30 – Heather Wilson, American soldier and politician; Secretary of the Air Force December 31 Steve Bruce, English footballer John Allen Muhammad, African-American spree killer (d. 2009) Deaths January January 1 Gianni Franciolini, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1910) Margaret Sullavan, American actress (b. 1909) January 3 – Victor Sjöström, Swedish actor (b. 1879) January 4 Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize winner (b. 1913) Hugo Meurer, German admiral (b. 1869) Dudley Nichols, American screenwriter (b. 1895) January 5 – Donald Knight, English cricketer (b. 1894) January 7 – Dorothea Chambers, English tennis champion (b. 1878) January 8 – Ion Codreanu, Romanian general (b. 1891) January 9 – Elsie J. Oxenham, English children's novelist (b. 1880) January 10 – Arthur S. Carpender, American admiral (b. 1884) January 11 – Isabel Emslie Hutton, Scottish nurse in Serbia during World War I and psychiatrist (b. 1887) January 12 – Nevil Shute, English-born novelist (b. 1899) January 17 – Andrew Kennaway Henderson, New Zealand illustrator, cartoonist and pacifist (b. 1879) January 19 – Dadasaheb Torne, Indian filmmaker (b. 1890) January 24 Matt Moore, Irish-American actor (b. 1888) Edwin Fischer, Swiss pianist and conductor (b. 1886) January 25 Diana Barrymore, American stage and film actress (b. 1921) Rutland Boughton, English composer (b. 1878) Beno Gutenberg, German-American seismologist (b. 1889) January 27 – Osvaldo Aranha, Brazilian politician (b. 1894) January 28 – Zora Neale Hurston, American folklorist, anthropologist and author (b. 1891) January 30 – J. C. Kumarappa, Indian economist (b. 1892) February February 2 – Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha, Hindu teacher (b. 1884) February 3 – Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (b. 1921) February 6 – Jesse Belvin, American urban singer (b. 1932) February 7 – Igor Kurchatov, Soviet physicist (b. 1903) February 8 J. L. Austin, British philosopher (b. 1911) Giles Gilbert Scott, British architect (b. 1880) February 9 – Adolph Coors III (b. 1916) February 10 – Aloysius Stepinac, Yugoslav Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1898) February 11 – Ernő Dohnányi, Hungarian conductor (b. 1877) February 12 – Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (b. 1913) February 14 – Masatomi Kimura, Japanese admiral (b. 1891) February 20 Leonard Woolley, English archaeologist (b. 1880) Adone Zoli, Italian politician, 35th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1887) February 29 Jacques Becker, French director (b. 1906) Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (b. 1901), last Vicereine of India Melvin Purvis, American lawman and FBI agent (b. 1903) Walter Yust, American encyclopedia editor (b. 1894) March March 2 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general (b. 1874) March 4 – Leonard Warren, American opera singer (b. 1911) March 9 – Jack Beattie, Irish politician (b. 1886) March 11 Roy Chapman Andrews, American explorer, adventurer and naturalist (b. 1884) Takuma Kajiwara, Japanese-born American photographer (b.1876) March 13 Louis Wagner, French Grand Prix racer, aviator (b. 1882) Yosef Zvi HaLevy, Israeli rabbi and judge (b. 1874) March 14 – Oliver Kirk, American Olympic boxer (b. 1884) March 22 – José Antonio Aguirre, Spanish politician (b. 1904) March 23 – Franklin Pierce Adams, American journalist (b. 1881) March 26 – Ian Keith, American actor (b. 1899) March 27 Mario Talavera, Mexican songwriter (b. 1885) Gregorio Marañón, Spanish physician, scientist, historian and philosopher. (b. 1887) April April 1 – Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, King of Malaysia (b. 1895) April 3 – Norodom Suramarit, King of Cambodia (b. 1896) April 5 Cuthbert Burnup, English sportsman (b. 1875) Peter Llewelyn Davies, namesake for Peter Pan (b. 1897) Alma Kruger, American actress (b. 1868) April 10 – Arthur Benjamin, Australian composer (b. 1893) April 17 – Eddie Cochran, American rock singer (b. 1938) April 19 – Beardsley Ruml, American economist and tax plan author (b. 1894) April 24 Hope Emerson, American actress, performer, and strongwoman (b. 1897) |
Baseball, the Cincinnati Reds win the World Series, five games to three, over the Chicago White Sox, whose players are later found to have lost intentionally. October 10 – Estonia adopts a radical land reform, nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to Baltic Germans. October 11–November 18 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The Red army defeat the white army in the Orel–Kursk operation, recapturing the cities and stopping the white's offensive to Moscow. October 13 – The Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed, in Paris, France. October 13–November 16 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: Using massive cavalry forces, The Red army threatened the flank of the white army in the Voronezh–Kastornoye operation (1919). October 16 In Germany, Adolf Hitler gives his first speech for the German Workers' Party (DAP). The historic Condado Vanderbilt Hotel is inaugurated, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. October 26 – 1919 Luxembourg general election, the first in the duchy with female suffrage, following constitutional amendments of May 15. October 28 – Prohibition in the United States: The United States Congress passes the Volstead Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. Prohibition goes into effect on January 17, 1920, under the provisions of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution. November November 1 – The Coal Strike of 1919 begins in the United States, by the United Mine Workers under John L. Lewis; a final agreement is reached on December 10. November 7 The first of the Palmer Raids is conducted on the second anniversary of the Russian Revolution; over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists are arrested in 23 different U.S. cities. Inspired by Cape Town's daily Noon Gun Three Minute Pause, King George V institutes the Two Minute Silence, following a suggestion by Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, to be observed annually at the Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month. November 9 – Felix the Cat debuts in Feline Follies. November 10–12 – The first national convention of the American Legion is held in Minneapolis. November 10 – Abrams v. United States: The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the conviction Abrams for inciting resistance to the war effort against Soviet Russia. November 11 Russian Civil War: The Northwestern Army of General Nikolai Yudenich retreats to Estonia and is disarmed. The Centralia Massacre in Centralia, Washington (United States), originating at an Armistice Day parade, results in the deaths of four members of the American Legion, and the lynching of a local leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). First Remembrance Day observed in the British Empire with a two-minute silence at 11:00 hours. November 14 – Russian Civil War, Siberian Front: Admiral Alexander Kolchak's White forces begin the Great Siberian Ice March from the cities of Omsk and Tomsk to Irkutsk, escaping from the victorious Red Army. November 16 – After Entente pressure, Romanian forces withdraw from Budapest and allow Admiral Horthy to march in. November 19 – The Treaty of Versailles fails a critical ratification vote in the United States Senate. It will never be ratified by the U.S. November 22 – An annular solar eclipse took place at Atlantic Ocean. The greatest eclipse was 6º56'01.68" N, 48º52'42.24" W. November 27 – The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine is signed between the Allies and Bulgaria. November 30 – Health officials declare the global "Spanish" flu pandemic has ceased. December December 1 American-born Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, becomes the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, having become the second to be elected on November 28. XWA (modern-day CINW), in Montreal, becomes the first public radio station in North America to go on the air. December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, including two collapses causing 89 deaths, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic. December 4 – The French Opera House in New Orleans, Louisiana is destroyed by fire. December 5 – The Turkish Ministry of War releases Greeks, Armenians and Jews from military service. December 10–December 16 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: Kiev is captured by The Red army. December 17 – Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty. December 18–December 31 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The Red army captures the Donbas region from the Volunteer Army. December 21 – The United States deports 249 people, including Emma Goldman, to Russia on the USAT Buford. December 23 – Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 becomes law in the United Kingdom. December 25 – Cliftonhill Stadium in Coatbridge, Scotland, opens as the home of Albion Rovers F.C. They lose the opening match 2–0 to St Mirren. December 26 – American baseball player Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at this time, a deal made public at the beginning of January 1920. Date unknown John Browning finalizes the design for the M1919 Browning machine gun (.30 caliber), the first widely distributed and practical air cooled medium machine gun introduced to the United States Military. It receives an official designation, and production is started in the same year. Severe inflation in Germany sees the Papiermark rise to 47 marks against the United States dollar by December, compared to 12 marks in April. Foundation of the Yugoslav Women's Alliance. Births January January 1 Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, 5th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2006) Rocky Graziano, American boxer (d. 1990) Carole Landis, American actress (d. 1948) Daniil Granin, Soviet-Russian author (d. 2017) J. D. Salinger, American novelist (d. 2010) January 13 – Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003) January 14 Giulio Andreotti, Italian politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2013) Andy Rooney, American television personality (d. 2011) January 15 – George Cadle Price, twice Prime Minister of Belize (1981–84 and 1989–93) (d. 2011) January 17 – Mingote, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2012) January 18 – Juan Orrego-Salas, Chilean-American composer (d. 2019) January 19 Antonio Pietrangeli, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1968) Wasfi Tal, three times Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1971) January 23 Frances Bay, Canadian actress (d. 2011) Hans Hass, Austrian zoologist (d. 2013) Ernie Kovacs, American comedian (d. 1962) Bob Paisley, English footballer and manager (d. 1996) January 24 Mario Bunge, Spanish writer, Slavonic scholar, Portuguese scholar, literary critic and translator (d. 2020) Leon Kirchner, American composer (d. 2009) January 26 Valentino Mazzola, Italian footballer (d. 1949) Hyun Soong-jong, 22nd Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2020) January 27 – Ross Bagdasarian Sr., American musician and actor (Alvin and the Chipmunks) (d. 1972) January 30 – Fred Korematsu, Japanese-American civil rights activist (d. 2005) January 31 – Jackie Robinson, African-American baseball player (d. 1972) February February 2 – Carlo D'Angelo, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 1973) February 4 – Janet Waldo, American actress (d. 2016) February 5 Red Buttons, American actor (d. 2006) Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (1981–89 and 1993–96) (d. 1996) February 7 – Desmond Doss, American combat medic (d. 2006) February 11 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress, best known for her role in Green Acres (d. 1995) February 12 Forrest Tucker, American actor, better known for his role in F Troop (d. 1986) Ferruccio Valcareggi, Italian football player and manager (d. 2005) February 13 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American musician (d. 1991) February 17 – Kathleen Freeman, American film, television, voice actress, and stage actress (d. 2001) February 18 Jack Palance, American actor (d. 2006) José de Jesús Pimiento Rodríguez, Colombian cardinal (d. 2019) February 20 – Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, Iranian Marja (d. 2022) February 21 – Kehat Shorr, Israeli shooting coach (d. 1972) February 22 – Harold Rahm, American-Brazilian Roman Catholic priest (d. 2019) February 24 – Árpád Bogsch, Hungarian international civil servant (d. 2004) February 25 – Karl H. Pribram, Austrian-American neuroscientist (d. 2015) February 26 – Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (d. 2003) March March 2 – Jennifer Jones, American film actress (d. 2009) March 3 Peter Abrahams, South African-born Jamaican novelist and journalist (d. 2017) Tadahito Mochinaga, Japanese stop-motion animator (d. 1999) March 5 – Peter Florjančič, Slovenian inventor (d. 2020) March 7 – M. N. Nambiar, Indian film actor (d. 2008) March 10 Marion Hutton, American singer and actress (d. 1987) Leonor Oyarzún, First Lady of Chile (d. 2022) March 11 – Kira Golovko, Russian actress (d. 2017) March 14 – Dickey Chapelle, American photojournalist (d. 1965) March 15 – Lawrence Tierney, American actor (d. 2002) March 17 Nat King Cole, African-American singer ("Unforgettable") (d. 1965) Mad Mike Hoare, Indian-born British mercenary of Irish parentage (d. 2020) March 18 – Santiago Álvarez, Cuban filmmaker (d. 1998) March 19 – Abdullah Tariki, Saudi politician and government official (d. 1997) March 20 – Gerhard Barkhorn, German World War II fighter ace (d. 1983) March 21 – Prasert na Nagara, Thai scholar (d. 2019) March 24 – Lawrence Ferlinghetti, American poet and publisher (d. 2021) March 25 – Jeanne Cagney, American actress (d. 1984) March 26 – B. J. Khatal-Patil, Indian politician (d. 2019) April April 1 Joseph Murray, American surgeon, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012) Jeannie Rousseau, French Allied intelligence agent (d. 2017) April 5 – Lester James Peries, Sri Lankan director, screenwriter and producer (d. 2018) April 6 – Caren Marsh Doll, American actress and dancer April 8 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (1967–79) (d. 2007) April 12 – Billy Vaughn, American singer, multi-instrumentalist, orchestra leader (d. 1991) April 13 – Howard Keel, American singer and actor (d. 2004) April 18 – Esther Afua Ocloo, Ghanaian entrepreneur and pioneer of microlending (d. 2002) April 19 – Gloria Marín, Mexican actress (d. 1983) April 21 Licio Gelli, Italian financer (d. 2015) André Bettencourt, French politician (d. 2007) April 22 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) April 23 – Osman Nuhu Sharubutu, Ghanaian Islamic cleric April 24 Glafcos Clerides, Cypriot president (1993–2003) (d. 2013) César Manrique, Spanish artist, sculptor, architect and activist (d. 1992) Yi Hae-won, South Korean princess (d. 2020) May May 1 Lance Barnard, Australian politician (d. 1997) Manna Dey, Indian playback singer (d. 2013) Mohammed Karim Lamrani, Prime Minister of Morocco (d. 2018) Dan O'Herlihy, Irish film actor (d. 2005) May 3 – Pete Seeger, American folk singer and musician (d. 2014) May 5 – Georgios Papadopoulos, President of Greece and Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1999) May 7 – Eva Perón, wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (d. 1952) May 8 – Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973) May 10 – Atmasthananda, Indian Hindu leader (d. 2017) May 15 – Eugenia Charles, 3rd Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2005) May 16 – Liberace, American pianist, singer and actor (d. 1987) May 17 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2007) May 18 – Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (d. 1991) May 19 Arvid Andersson, Swedish weightlifter (d. 2011) Mitja Ribičič, Slovene politician, 25th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (d. 2013) May 21 – Vera Altayskaya, Soviet actress (d. 1978) May 22 – Paul Vanden Boeynants, twice Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2001) May 23 – Betty Garrett, American actress and dancer (d. 2011) May 25 – Raymond Smullyan, American mathematician, logician, and philosopher (d. 2017) May 30 – René Barrientos, 47th President of Bolivia (d. 1969) June June 5 – Veikko Huhtanen, Finnish artistic gymnast (d. 1976) June 8 – Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, 2nd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 1969) June 12 – Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (d. 1989) June 16 – V. T. Sambanthan, Malaysian politician (d. 1979) June 18 – Gordon A. Smith, English-Canadian artist (d. 2020) June 19 – Pál Fábry, Hungarian politician (d. 2018) June 21 K. R. Gowri Amma, Indian politician (d. 2021) Tsilla Chelton, French actress (d. 2012) June 23 Mohamed Boudiaf, 4th President of Algeria (d. 1992) Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian educator (d. 1986) June 27 – Amala Shankar, Indian danseuse (d. 2020) June 29 Slim Pickens, American film and television actor (d. 1983) Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (d. 2008) July July 1 Malik Dohan al-Hassan, Iraqi politician (d. 2021) Mikhail Shultz, Soviet and Russian physical chemist (d. 2006) Arnold Meri, Estonian colonel (d. 2009) July 3 – Gabriel Valdés, Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (d. 2011) July 4 – Gerd Hagman, Swedish actress (d. 2011) July 8 – Walter Scheel, President of Germany (d. 2016) July 10 – Pierre Gamarra, French poet, novelist and literary critic (d. 2009) July 11 – Donald Zilversmit, Dutch-born U.S. nutritional biochemist, researcher and educator (d. 2010) July 13 – Grisha Filipov, leading member of the Bulgarian communist party (d. 1994) July 14 – Lino Ventura, Italian actor (d. 1987) July 15 – Iris Murdoch, British novelist and philosopher (d. 1999) July 16 Choi Kyu-hah, 19th Prime Minister of South Korea and 4th President of South Korea (d. 2006) Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian SS officer (d. 1999) July 18 – Lilia Dale, | John Browning finalizes the design for the M1919 Browning machine gun (.30 caliber), the first widely distributed and practical air cooled medium machine gun introduced to the United States Military. It receives an official designation, and production is started in the same year. Severe inflation in Germany sees the Papiermark rise to 47 marks against the United States dollar by December, compared to 12 marks in April. Foundation of the Yugoslav Women's Alliance. Births January January 1 Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, 5th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2006) Rocky Graziano, American boxer (d. 1990) Carole Landis, American actress (d. 1948) Daniil Granin, Soviet-Russian author (d. 2017) J. D. Salinger, American novelist (d. 2010) January 13 – Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003) January 14 Giulio Andreotti, Italian politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2013) Andy Rooney, American television personality (d. 2011) January 15 – George Cadle Price, twice Prime Minister of Belize (1981–84 and 1989–93) (d. 2011) January 17 – Mingote, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2012) January 18 – Juan Orrego-Salas, Chilean-American composer (d. 2019) January 19 Antonio Pietrangeli, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1968) Wasfi Tal, three times Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1971) January 23 Frances Bay, Canadian actress (d. 2011) Hans Hass, Austrian zoologist (d. 2013) Ernie Kovacs, American comedian (d. 1962) Bob Paisley, English footballer and manager (d. 1996) January 24 Mario Bunge, Spanish writer, Slavonic scholar, Portuguese scholar, literary critic and translator (d. 2020) Leon Kirchner, American composer (d. 2009) January 26 Valentino Mazzola, Italian footballer (d. 1949) Hyun Soong-jong, 22nd Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2020) January 27 – Ross Bagdasarian Sr., American musician and actor (Alvin and the Chipmunks) (d. 1972) January 30 – Fred Korematsu, Japanese-American civil rights activist (d. 2005) January 31 – Jackie Robinson, African-American baseball player (d. 1972) February February 2 – Carlo D'Angelo, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 1973) February 4 – Janet Waldo, American actress (d. 2016) February 5 Red Buttons, American actor (d. 2006) Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (1981–89 and 1993–96) (d. 1996) February 7 – Desmond Doss, American combat medic (d. 2006) February 11 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress, best known for her role in Green Acres (d. 1995) February 12 Forrest Tucker, American actor, better known for his role in F Troop (d. 1986) Ferruccio Valcareggi, Italian football player and manager (d. 2005) February 13 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American musician (d. 1991) February 17 – Kathleen Freeman, American film, television, voice actress, and stage actress (d. 2001) February 18 Jack Palance, American actor (d. 2006) José de Jesús Pimiento Rodríguez, Colombian cardinal (d. 2019) February 20 – Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, Iranian Marja (d. 2022) February 21 – Kehat Shorr, Israeli shooting coach (d. 1972) February 22 – Harold Rahm, American-Brazilian Roman Catholic priest (d. 2019) February 24 – Árpád Bogsch, Hungarian international civil servant (d. 2004) February 25 – Karl H. Pribram, Austrian-American neuroscientist (d. 2015) February 26 – Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (d. 2003) March March 2 – Jennifer Jones, American film actress (d. 2009) March 3 Peter Abrahams, South African-born Jamaican novelist and journalist (d. 2017) Tadahito Mochinaga, Japanese stop-motion animator (d. 1999) March 5 – Peter Florjančič, Slovenian inventor (d. 2020) March 7 – M. N. Nambiar, Indian film actor (d. 2008) March 10 Marion Hutton, American singer and actress (d. 1987) Leonor Oyarzún, First Lady of Chile (d. 2022) March 11 – Kira Golovko, Russian actress (d. 2017) March 14 – Dickey Chapelle, American photojournalist (d. 1965) March 15 – Lawrence Tierney, American actor (d. 2002) March 17 Nat King Cole, African-American singer ("Unforgettable") (d. 1965) Mad Mike Hoare, Indian-born British mercenary of Irish parentage (d. 2020) March 18 – Santiago Álvarez, Cuban filmmaker (d. 1998) March 19 – Abdullah Tariki, Saudi politician and government official (d. 1997) March 20 – Gerhard Barkhorn, German World War II fighter ace (d. 1983) March 21 – Prasert na Nagara, Thai scholar (d. 2019) March 24 – Lawrence Ferlinghetti, American poet and publisher (d. 2021) March 25 – Jeanne Cagney, American actress (d. 1984) March 26 – B. J. Khatal-Patil, Indian politician (d. 2019) April April 1 Joseph Murray, American surgeon, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012) Jeannie Rousseau, French Allied intelligence agent (d. 2017) April 5 – Lester James Peries, Sri Lankan director, screenwriter and producer (d. 2018) April 6 – Caren Marsh Doll, American actress and dancer April 8 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (1967–79) (d. 2007) April 12 – Billy Vaughn, American singer, multi-instrumentalist, orchestra leader (d. 1991) April 13 – Howard Keel, American singer and actor (d. 2004) April 18 – Esther Afua Ocloo, Ghanaian entrepreneur and pioneer of microlending (d. 2002) April 19 – Gloria Marín, Mexican actress (d. 1983) April 21 Licio Gelli, Italian financer (d. 2015) André Bettencourt, French politician (d. 2007) April 22 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) April 23 – Osman Nuhu Sharubutu, Ghanaian Islamic cleric April 24 Glafcos Clerides, Cypriot president (1993–2003) (d. 2013) César Manrique, Spanish artist, sculptor, architect and activist (d. 1992) Yi Hae-won, South Korean princess (d. 2020) May May 1 Lance Barnard, Australian politician (d. 1997) Manna Dey, Indian playback singer (d. 2013) Mohammed Karim Lamrani, Prime Minister of Morocco (d. 2018) Dan O'Herlihy, Irish film actor (d. 2005) May 3 – Pete Seeger, American folk singer and musician (d. 2014) May 5 – Georgios Papadopoulos, President of Greece and Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1999) May 7 – Eva Perón, wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (d. 1952) May 8 – Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973) May 10 – Atmasthananda, Indian Hindu leader (d. 2017) May 15 – Eugenia Charles, 3rd Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2005) May 16 – Liberace, American pianist, singer and actor (d. 1987) May 17 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2007) May 18 – Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (d. 1991) May 19 Arvid Andersson, Swedish weightlifter (d. 2011) Mitja Ribičič, Slovene politician, 25th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (d. 2013) May 21 – Vera Altayskaya, Soviet actress (d. 1978) May 22 – Paul Vanden Boeynants, twice Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2001) May 23 – Betty Garrett, American actress and dancer (d. 2011) May 25 – Raymond Smullyan, American mathematician, logician, and philosopher (d. 2017) May 30 – René Barrientos, 47th President of Bolivia (d. 1969) June June 5 – Veikko Huhtanen, Finnish artistic gymnast (d. 1976) June 8 – Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, 2nd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 1969) June 12 – Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (d. 1989) June 16 – V. T. Sambanthan, Malaysian politician (d. 1979) June 18 – Gordon A. Smith, English-Canadian artist (d. 2020) June 19 – Pál Fábry, Hungarian politician (d. 2018) June 21 K. R. Gowri Amma, Indian politician (d. 2021) Tsilla Chelton, French actress (d. 2012) June 23 Mohamed Boudiaf, 4th President of Algeria (d. 1992) Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian educator (d. 1986) June 27 – Amala Shankar, Indian danseuse (d. 2020) June 29 Slim Pickens, American film and television actor (d. 1983) Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (d. 2008) July July 1 Malik Dohan al-Hassan, Iraqi politician (d. 2021) Mikhail Shultz, Soviet and Russian physical chemist (d. 2006) Arnold Meri, Estonian colonel (d. 2009) July 3 – Gabriel Valdés, Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (d. 2011) July 4 – Gerd Hagman, Swedish actress (d. 2011) July 8 – Walter Scheel, President of Germany (d. 2016) July 10 – Pierre Gamarra, French poet, novelist and literary critic (d. 2009) July 11 – Donald Zilversmit, Dutch-born U.S. nutritional biochemist, researcher and educator (d. 2010) July 13 – Grisha Filipov, leading member of the Bulgarian communist party (d. 1994) July 14 – Lino Ventura, Italian actor (d. 1987) July 15 – Iris Murdoch, British novelist and philosopher (d. 1999) July 16 Choi Kyu-hah, 19th Prime Minister of South Korea and 4th President of South Korea (d. 2006) Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian SS officer (d. 1999) July 18 – Lilia Dale, Italian actress July 19 – Patricia Medina, English-born actress (d. 2012) July 20 – Sir Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, conqueror of Mount Everest (d. 2008) July 24 Asadollah Alam, Iranian politician, 40th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1978) Ferdinand Kübler, Swiss racing cyclist (d. 2016) July 26 – James Lovelock, English biologist and chemist July 31 Maurice Boitel, French painter (d. 2007) Primo Levi, Italian chemist and writer (d. 1987) August August 2 Nehemiah Persoff, Israeli-American character actor Carlo Savina, Italian composer and conductor (d. 2002) August 4 – Michel Déon, French writer (d. 2016) August 8 Dino De Laurentiis, Italian film producer (d. 2010) Hau Pei-tsun, Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2020) August 9 – Joop den Uyl, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977 (d. 1987) August 11 – Ginette Neveu, French violinist (d. 1949) August 12 – Margaret Burbidge, English-American astrophysicist and academic (d. 2020) August 13 – George Shearing, Anglo-American jazz pianist (d. 2011) August 15 – Dina Wadia, Indian political figure (d. 2017) August 17 – Georgia Gibbs, American singer (d. 2006) August 20 – Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2000) August 24 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, 31st President of Ecuador (d. 2004) August 25 – George Wallace, American politician, 45th Governor of Alabama (d. 1998) August 28 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) August 30 Maurice Hilleman, American microbiologist and vaccinologist (d. 2005) Joachim Rønneberg, Norwegian war veteran (d. 2018) Wolfgang Wagner, German opera director (d. 2010) Kitty Wells, American country music singer (d. 2012) August 31 – Amrita Pritam, Indian poet and author (d. 2005) September September 2 – Marge Champion, American actress (d. 2020) September 8 – Maria Lassnig, American painter (d. 2014) September 9 – Barbara Fiske Calhoun, American cartoonist in WWII and artist; co-founded Quarry Hill Creative Center, where she taught art for many years (d. 2014). Pyotr Braiko, Soviet soldier (d. 2018) September 11 Ota Šik, Czech economist and politician (d. 2004) Daphne Odjig, Canadian artist (d. 2016) September 13 Olle Anderberg, Swedish wrestler (d. 2003) Mary Midgley, English philosopher (d. 2018) September 14 – Kay Medford, American character actress and comedian (d. 1980) September 15 – Fausto Coppi, Italian cyclist (d. 1960) September 18 – Pál Losonczi, Hungarian politician (d. 2005) September 21 Mario Bunge, Argentine philosopher and physicist (d. 2020) Fazlur Rahman, Pakistani Islamic scholar (d. 1988) September 26 – Matilde Camus, Spanish poet and researcher (d. 2012) September 27 Jayne Meadows, American actress (d. 2015) James H. Wilkinson, English mathematician (d. 1986) September 29 – Margot Hielscher, German singer and film actress (d. 2017) October October 3 – James M. Buchanan, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) October 5 – Donald Pleasence, English actor (d. 1995) October 6 – Siad Barre, President of Somalia (d. 1995) October 7 – Zelman Cowen, Governor-General of Australia (d. 2011) October 8 – Kiichi Miyazawa, 49th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007) October 11 – Art Blakey, American jazz drummer (d. 1990) October 14 – Edward L. Feightner, United States Navy officer (d. 2020) October 16 – Kathleen Winsor, American writer (d. 2003) October 17 Isaak Khalatnikov, Ukrainian-Russian physicist and academic (d. 2021) Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 2005) October 18 Anita O'Day, American jazz singer (d. 2006) Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000) Orlando Drummond, Brazilian stage, television and film actor (d. 2021) October 22 Abdulrahim Abby Farah, Somali diplomat and politician (d. 2018) Doris Lessing, Persian-born English writer, winner of Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2013) October 23 – Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist (d. 1992) October 26 Edward Brooke, U. S. Senator from Massachusetts (d. 2015) Princess Ashraf of Iran (d. 2016) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (d. 1980) October 30 – Stane Kavčič, Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 1987) October 31 – Tong Siv Eng, Cambodian politician (d. 2001) November November 1 Hermann Bondi, British-Austrian mathematician and cosmologist (d. 2005) Russell Bannock, Canadian fighter ace (d. 2020) November 4 Martin Balsam, American actor (d. 1996) Shirley Mitchell, American actress (d. 2013) November 6 – Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Portuguese poet and writer (d. 2004) November 9 – Eva Todor, Hungarian-born Brazilian actress (d. 2017) November 10 Mikhail Kalashnikov, Russian firearms inventor (d. 2013) Moïse Tshombe, Congolese business and politician (d. 1969) November 18 – Andrée Borrel, French World War II heroine (d. 1944) November 19 Elizabeth Strohfus, American aviator (d. 2016) Alan Young, British-born Canadian-American actor (d. 2016) Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican nationalist (d. 2010) November 21 – Gert Fredriksson, Swedish canoer (d. 2006) November 26 Ryszard Kaczorowski, President of Poland (d. 2010) Frederik Pohl, American science fiction writer (d. 2013) November 28 – Keith Miller, Australian sportsman and Air force pilot (d. 2004) December December 2 – Norma Miller, African-American dancer, choreographer, actress, author and comedian (d. 2019) December 4 – I. K. Gujral, Indian politician, Prime Minister of India (d. 2012) December 6 – Paul de Man, Belgian-born literary critic (d. 1983) December 8 – Mieczysław Weinberg, Polish composer (d. 1996) December 9 – William Lipscomb, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011) December 11 – Paavo Aaltonen, Finnish gymnast (d. 1962) December 13 – Hans-Joachim Marseille, German World War II fighter ace (d. 1942) December 24 – Pierre Soulages, French artist Deaths January January 4 – Georg von Hertling, 7th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1843) January 6 Max Heindel, Christian occultist, astrologer, and mystic (b. 1865) Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States (b. 1858) Jacques Vaché, French writer, associated with Surrealism (b. 1895) January 8 Peter Altenberg, Austrian writer (b. 1859) J. Franklin Bell, Major General of the US Army (b. 1856) January 10 – Wallace Clement Sabine, American physicist (b. 1868) January 12 – Sir Charles Wyndham, British actor and theatrical manager (b. 1837), Spanish flu January 15 Karl Liebknecht, German communist politician (b. 1871; assassinated) Rosa Luxemburg, German communist politician (b. 1871; assassinated) January 16 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician, 5th President of Brazil (b. 1848), Spanish flu January 17 Alexis, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt (b. 1881) Arichi Shinanojō, Japanese admiral (b. 1843) January 18 Prince John of the United Kingdom (b. 1905) Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria (b. 1842) January 21 – Gojong, first Emperor of Korea (b. 1852) January 22 – Carl Larsson, Swedish painter (b. 1853) January 24 – Ismail Qemali, Albanian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Albania and 1st President of Albania (b. 1844) January 27 Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (b. 1877) French Ensor Chadwick, American admiral (b. 1844) Nikolai Iudovich Ivanov, Russian general (b. 1851) January 28 Franz Mehring, German communist politician (b. 1846) Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1860) January 31 – Nat Goodwin, American actor and comedian (b. 1857) February February 2 – Julius Kuperjanov, Estonian military commander (b. 1894) February 4 – John C. Bates, American general (b. 1842) February 14 – Pál Luthár, Slovene teacher, cantor and writer (b. 1839) February 17 – Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 7th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1841) February 20 Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1872; assassinated) Augusta Lundin, Swedish fashion designer (b. 1840) February 21 Kurt Eisner, German socialist revolutionary (b. 1867; assassinated) Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern (b. 1868) Mary Edwards Walker, American physician (b. 1832) March March 2 – Melchora Aquino, Filipino revolutionary hero (b. 1812) March 5 – Ernest von Koerber, Austrian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1850) March 10 – Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr, American novelist (b. 1831) March 16 – Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik revolutionary and politician (b. 1885), Spanish flu March 26 – Ernest Henry, British explorer (b. 1837) April April 4 Francisco Marto, Portuguese saint (b. 1908) Sir William Crookes, British chemist and physicist (b. 1832) April 8 – Frank Winfield Woolworth, American businessman (b. 1852) April 9 – Sidney Drew, American stage and film actor (b. 1863) April 10 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary (b. 1879) April 14 – Auguste-Réal Angers, Canadian judge and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b. 1837) April 15 – Jane Delano, American nurse and founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service (b. 1862) April 19 – Andrei Eberhardt, Russian admiral (b. 1856) April 20 Vasili Altfater, Russian and Soviet admiral (b. 1883) Thomas Egan, American gangster (b. 1874) April 21 – Jules Védrines, French pre-war aviator and World War I pilot (b. 1881) April 23 – Prince Tsunehisa Takeda (b. 1882), Spanish flu April 27 María Antonia Bandrés Elósegui, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1898) Anton Irv, Estonian military officer (b. 1886) May May 2 – Gustav Landauer, German anarchist (b. 1870; assassinated) May 4 – Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak general, politician, and astronomer (b. 1880) May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American author, poet, playwright, actor and independent filmmaker (The Wizard of Oz) (b. 1856) May 9 – Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, Dominican political figure, 2-time President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1846) May 12 – D. M. Canright, American Seventh-day Adventist minister and author, later one of the church's severest critics (b. 1840) May 14 – Henry J. Heinz, American entrepreneur (b. 1844) May 15 – Aaron Aaronsohn, Romanian-born Israeli botanist (b. 1876) May 21 – Victor Segalen, French naval doctor, ethnographer, archeologist, writer, poet, explorer, art-theorist, linguist and literary critic (b. 1878) May 25 – Madam C. J. Walker, African-American entrepreneur and philanthropist (b. 1867) May 28 – Hermann von Spaun, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1833 June June 1 – Caroline Still Anderson, American physician (b. 1848) June 5 – Eugen Leviné, German revolutionary (b. 1883; assassinated) June 6 – Frederic Thompson, American architect and showman (b. 1873) June 15 – Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza (b. 1879) June 19 – Petre P. Carp, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1837) June 29 José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan medician and Roman Catholic venerable (b. 1864) Alexander Ragoza, Russian general and Ukrainian politician (executed) (b. 1858) June 30 – John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1842) July July 2 – Friedrich Soennecken, German entrepreneur and inventor of hole punch and ringbinder (b. 1848) July 10 Edward Abeles, American actor (b. 1869) Jean Navarre, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1895) July 15 – Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852) July 17 – Charles Conrad Abbott, American naturalist (b. 1848) July 18 – Raymonde de Laroche, French aviator, the first woman to receive an aviators license (b. 1882) July 21 Eremia Grigorescu, Romanian general (b. 1863) Gustaf Retzius, Swedish physician and anatomist (b. 1842) July 26 – Sir Edward Poynter, British painter (b. 1836) August August 1 – Oscar Hammerstein I, Polish-born theater impresario and composer (b. 1847) August 7 – Felice Abrami, Italian painter (b. 1872) August 9 Ralph Albert Blakelock, American romanticist painter (b. 1847) Ernst Haeckel, German biologist, naturalist and philosopher (b. 1834) Ruggero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (b. 1857) August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-born businessman and philanthropist (b. 1835) August 23 – Augustus George Vernon Harcourt, English chemist (b. 1834) August 24 – Friedrich Naumann, German politician and pastor (b. 1860) August 27 – Louis Botha, Boer general, statesman, 1st Prime Minister of South Africa (b. 1862) September September 16 – Alfred Parland, Russian architect (b. 1842) September 22 – Alajos Gáspár, Slovene writer in Hungary (b. 1848) September 27 – Adelina Patti, Italian opera singer (b. 1843) September 29 – Masataka Kawase, a.k.a. Kogorō Ishikawa, Japanese political activist and diplomat (b. 1840) October October 1 – Princess Charlotte of Prussia, German royal (b. 1850) October 2 – Victorino de la Plaza, Argentinian politician, 18th President of Argentina, leader (b. 1840) October 6 – Ricardo Palma, Peruvian writer (b. 1833) October 7 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1856) October 11 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857) October 18 – William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor, American financier and statesman (b. 1848) October 22 W. N. P. Barbellion, English naturalist and diarist (b. 1889) John Cyril Porte, Irish-born British flying boat pioneer (b. 1884) November November 3 – Terauchi Masatake, 9th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1852) November 7 – Hugo Haase, German Socialist politician and jurist (b. 1863) November 9 – Eduard Müller, Swiss Federal Councillor (b. 1848) November 15 – Alfred Werner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866) December December 2 Henry Clay Frick, American industrialist (b. 1849) Sir Evelyn Wood, British field marshal and Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1838) December 3 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter (b. 1841) December 12 - Feng Guozhang, Chinese general (b. 1859) December 16 – Julia Lermontova, Russian chemist (b. 1846) December 18 – Sir John Alcock, British aviator; pilot of first nonstop transatlantic flight in airplane, June 1919 (b. 1892) December 19 Alice Moore McComas, American suffragist (b. 1850) Martin Savage, IRA commander (b. 1898) December 22 – Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt, American poet (b. 1836) December 28 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist (b. 1854) Nobel Prizes Physics – Johannes Stark |
1934) February 5 Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author (d. 1907) Belle Starr, American outlaw (d. 1889) February 13 – Hermann von Eichhorn, German field marshal (d. 1918) February 14 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (d. 1934) February 16 Octave Mirbeau, French art critic, novelist (d. 1917) Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist (d. 1935) February 18 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933) February 24 Grant Allen, Canadian author (d. 1899) Andrew Inglis Clark, Australian jurist and politician (d. 1907) February 25 – King William II of Württemberg (d. 1921) February 27 – Sir Hubert Parry, English composer (d. 1918) March 3 – Adelaide Neilson, English actress (d. 1880) March 18 – Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, daughter of Queen Victoria (d. 1939) March 19 – Wyatt Earp, American lawman and gunfighter (d. 1929) March 21 - David McNair, Scottish plasterer and amateur footballer (Falkirk F.C.) (d.1935) March 29 – Aleksey Kuropatkin, Russian general, Imperial Russian Minister of War (d. 1925) March 31 – William Waldorf Astor, American-born British financier and statesman (d. 1919) April–June April 3 - Arturo Prat, Chilean lawyer and navy officer (d. 1879) April 7 – Randall Davidson, British Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930) April 10 – Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (d. 1914) April 27 – King Otto of Bavaria (d. 1916) May 3 – Francisco Teixeira de Queiroz, Portuguese writer (d. 1919) May 10 – Sir Thomas Lipton, Scottish retailer and yachtsman (d. 1931) May 20 – Howard Vernon, Australian actor (d. 1921) May 23 Otto Lilienthal, German engineer, aviation pioneer (d. 1896) Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, German general (d. 1916) June 7 Paul Gauguin, French artist (d. 1903) Dolores Jiménez y Muro, Mexican revolutionary and educator (d. 1925) June 13 – Cornélie Huygens, Dutch writer, social democrat and feminist (d. 1902) June 15 – Sol Smith Russell, American stage comedian (d. 1902) June 19 – Mary R. Platt Hatch, American author (d. 1935) July–September July 3 – Lothar von Trotha, German military commander (d. 1920) July 6 – Gábor Baross, Hungarian statesman (d. 1892) July 7 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, 5th President of Brazil (d. 1919) July 9 – Robert I, Duke of Parma, last ruling Duke of Parma (d. 1907) July 10 – Anatoly Stessel, Russian baron and general (d. 1915) July 15 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (d. 1923) July 18 – W. G. Grace, English cricketer (d. 1915) July 22 Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1914) Winfield Scott Stratton, American miner (d. 1902) July 25 – Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930) July 31 – Jean-Baptiste Olive, French painter (d. 1936) August 6 – Susie Taylor, African American nurse. First nurse in the Black Army (d. 1912) August 15 – António Enes, Portuguese writer and politician (d. 1901) August 19 – Gustave Caillebotte, French painter (d. 1894) August 24 – Kate Claxton, American actress (d. 1924) August 30 – Gheorghe Bengescu, Romanian diplomat and man of letters (d. 1922) September 4 – Lewis Howard Latimer, African-American inventor (d. 1928) September 8 – Viktor Meyer, German chemist (d. 1897) September 20 – Friedrich Soennecken, German entrepreneur, inventor of the hole punch and ringbinder (d. 1919) October–December October 3 – Henry Lerolle, French painter (d. 1929) October 5 – Liborius Ritter von Frank, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1935) October 15 – Harmon Northrop Morse, American chemist (d. 1920) November 8 – Gottlob Frege, German logician (d. 1925) November 11 – Zinovy Rozhestvensky, Russian admiral (d. 1909) November 12 – Eduard Müller, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1919) November 13 – Albert I, Prince of Monaco (d. 1922) November 14 – Sándor Wekerle, 3-time Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1921) November 20 – James M. Spangler, American inventor (d. 1915) November 24 – Zhang Peilun, Chinese naval commander and government official (d. 1903) November 25 – Margaret Abigail Cleaves, American physician and writer (d. 1917) November 27 – Maximilian von Prittwitz, German general (d. 1917) November 29 – Paul Pau, French general (d. 1932) December 6 – Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (d. 1925) December 17 – William Wynn Westcott, British freemason (d. 1925) Date unknown Alexander Bedward, Jamaican preacher (d. 1930) Alice Williams Brotherton, American author (d. 1930) Maryana Marrash, Syrian writer, salonist (d. 1919) Mary Thomas (labor leader), (d. 1905) Mírzá Mihdí, youngest child of Baháʼí founder Baháʼu'lláh (d. 1870) Viktor Sakharov, Russian general (d. 1905) Deaths January–June January 9 – Caroline Herschel, German astronomer (b. 1750) January 17 – Petrobey Mavromichalis, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1765) January 19 – Isaac D'Israeli, English author (b. 1766) January 20 – Christian VIII, King of Denmark (b. 1786) February 15 – Hermann von Boyen, Prussian field marshal (b. 1771) February 22 – Wilhelmine Reichard, first German woman balloonist (b. 1788) February 23 – John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (b. 1767) March 29 – John Jacob Astor, American businessman (b. 1763) April 8 – Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797) May 24 – Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (b. 1797) June 23 – Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (b. 1776) June 27 – Denis Auguste Affre, Archbishop of Paris (b. 1793) July–December July 4 – François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer, diplomat (b. 1768) July 9 – Jaime Balmes, Spanish philosopher, theologian (b. 1810) July 10 – Karoline Jagemann, German actor (b. 1777) July 20 – Francis R. Shunk, American politician (b. 1788) August 3 – Edward Baines, British newspaperman, politician (b. 1774) August 5 – Pedro Vélez, Mexican politician (b. 1787) August 7 – Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Swedish chemist (b. 1779) August 8 – Puran Appu, Sri Lankan hero who led the Matale rebellion against the British (b. 1812) August 9 – Frederick Marryat, British | occupying Transylvania. During these events (mostly in October 1848 – January 1849, but also between May–July 1849) between 7,500 and 8,500 Hungarian civilians (men, women, and children) are massacred by the Romanian insurgents. October 18 – Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life, is published anonymously in London. October 24 – Romanian bands massacre 640 Hungarian civilians at the town of Zlatna, Transylvania. October 28 – In Catalonia, Spain, the Barcelona–Mataró railroad route (the first to be constructed in the Iberian Peninsula) is inaugurated. October 30 – Battle of Schwechat: Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and Josip Jelačić. October 31 – Vienna is occupied by the imperial forces led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, who crushes the revolution here. November 1 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, the Boston Female Medical School (which later merges with Boston University School of Medicine), opens. November 3 – A new Constitution of the Netherlands (drafted by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke), severely limiting the power of the monarchy and introducing representative democracy, is proclaimed. November 4 – France ratifies a new constitution. The French Second Republic is set up, ending the state of temporary government lasting since the Revolution of 1848. November 7 – 1848 United States presidential election: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan, in the first U.S. presidential election held in every state on the same day. November 24 – Pope Pius IX flees Rome in disguise for Naples. December 2 – Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Joseph, who will serve as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, until his death in 1916. December 6 – The Austrian imperial army, led by Franz Schlik, attacks Hungary. December 10 – Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected first president of the French Second Republic. December 16 – The main Austrian imperial forces, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, cross the Hungarian border. December 18 – Punta Arenas, the first major settlement in the Strait of Magellan, is founded. December 20 President Napoleon III takes his oath of office in front of the French National Assembly. Slavery is abolished in Réunion (this day is celebrated every year from 1981). December 25 – Hungarian forces, led by Józef Bem, enter Kolozsvár (Cluj), after defeating the Austrian armies in northern Transylvania. December 30 – Battle of Mór: The imperial army, led by Josip Jelačić, defeats the Hungarian army, led by Mór Perczel. Date unknown British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea. Admiral Nevelskoy demonstrates that the Strait of Tartary is a strait. Labuan is made a British Crown colony. A cholera epidemic in New York kills 5,000. The University of Mississippi admits its first students. Geneva College (Pennsylvania) is founded as Geneva Hall in Northwood, Logan County, Ohio. The city of Joensuu was founded in North Karelia, Finland by Czar Nicholas I of Russia. Rhodes College is founded in Clarksville, Tennessee as the Masonic University of Tennessee. The Shaker song "Simple Gifts" is written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred, Maine. Richard Wagner begins writing the libretto that will become Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). Watch brand Omega is founded by Louis Brandt in Switzerland. Ongoing events Great Famine (Ireland) (1845–52). Births January–March January 4 – Katsura Tarō, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1913) January 6 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1876) January 21 – Henri Duparc, French composer (d. 1933) January 24 – Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (d. 1916) January 27 – Tōgō Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (d. 1934) February 5 Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author (d. 1907) Belle Starr, American outlaw (d. 1889) February 13 – Hermann von Eichhorn, German field marshal (d. 1918) February 14 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (d. 1934) February 16 Octave Mirbeau, French art critic, novelist (d. 1917) Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist (d. 1935) February 18 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933) February 24 Grant Allen, Canadian author (d. 1899) Andrew Inglis Clark, Australian jurist and politician (d. 1907) February 25 – King William II of Württemberg (d. 1921) February 27 – Sir Hubert Parry, English composer (d. 1918) March 3 – Adelaide Neilson, English actress (d. 1880) March 18 – Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, daughter of Queen Victoria (d. 1939) March 19 – Wyatt Earp, American lawman and gunfighter (d. 1929) March 21 - David McNair, Scottish plasterer and amateur footballer (Falkirk F.C.) (d.1935) March 29 – Aleksey Kuropatkin, Russian general, Imperial Russian Minister of War (d. 1925) March 31 – William Waldorf Astor, American-born British financier and statesman (d. 1919) April–June April 3 - Arturo Prat, Chilean lawyer and navy officer (d. 1879) April 7 – Randall Davidson, British Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930) April 10 – Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (d. 1914) April 27 – King Otto of Bavaria (d. 1916) May 3 – Francisco Teixeira de Queiroz, Portuguese writer (d. 1919) May 10 – Sir Thomas Lipton, Scottish |
1942) April 8 – Alfred Allen, American actor (d. 1947) April 13 – Butch Cassidy, American outlaw (k. 1908) April 14 – Anne Sullivan, American tutor of Helen Keller (d. 1936) April 17 – Ernest Starling, English physiologist (d. 1927) April 21 – Josefa Toledo de Aguerri, Nicaraguan pioneer educator (d. 1962) April 22 – Hans von Seeckt, German general (d. 1936) April 24 – Ishii Kikujirō, Japanese diplomat (d. 1945) May 10 – Richard H. Jackson, American four-star admiral (d. 1971) May 17 – Erik Satie, French composer (d. 1925) May 22 – Charles F. Haanel, American New Thought author and businessman (d. 1949) June 4 – Miina Sillanpää, Finnish politician (d. 1952) June 26 George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, English financier of Egyptian excavations (d. 1923) Josef Swickard, German actor (d. 1940) July–September July 6 – Charles Mangin, French general (d. 1925) July 9 – Macklyn Arbuckle, American actor (d. 1931) July 13 – La Goulue, French dancer (d. 1929) July 25 – Frederick Blackman, English plant physiologist (d. 1947) July 27 – António José de Almeida, 6th President of Portugal and 64th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1929) July 28 – Beatrix Potter, English children's author (Peter Rabbit and Jemima Puddle-Duck) (d. 1943) August 2 – Adrien de Gerlache, Belgian naval officer and explorer (d. 1934) August 4 – Gheorghe Mărdărescu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1938) August 6 – Chief Thunderbird, Native American actor (d. 1946) August 8 – Matthew Henson, African-American explorer (d. 1955) August 12 – Jacinto Benavente, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954) August 14 – Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Russian novelist, poet and religious thinker (d. 1941) September 1 James J. Corbett, American boxer (d. 1933) Thomas F. Woodlock, editor of The Wall Street Journal and Interstate Commerce Commission commissioner (d. 1945) September 7 – Tristan Bernard, French writer (d. 1947) September 10 – Jeppe Aakjær, Danish poet and novelist (d. 1930) September 16 – Joe Vila, American sportswriter (d. 1934) September 21 Charles Nicolle, French bacteriologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936) H. G. Wells, English writer (d. 1946) September 22 – Witmer Stone, American ornithologist and botanist (d. 1939) September 27 – Eurosia Fabris, Italian Catholic Blessed (d. 1932) September 25 – Thomas Hunt Morgan, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1945) October–December October 6 Reginald Fessenden, Canadian inventor (d. 1932) Nina Bang, Danish politician (d. 1928) October 12 – Ramsay MacDonald, Scottish Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937) October 29 – Antonio Luna, Filipino general (d. 1899) November 3 – Paul Lincke, German composer (d. 1946) November 11 – Martha Annie Whiteley, English chemist and mathematician (d. 1956) November 12 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary (d. 1925) November 16 – Cornelia Sorabji, Indian-born lawyer (d. 1954) November 28 Sy Sanborn, American sportswriter (d. 1934) David Warfield, American stage actor (d. 1951) November 30 Robert Broom, Scottish paleontologist (d. 1951) Andrey Lyapchev, 22nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1933) December 2 – Constantin Cristescu, Romanian general (d. 1923) December 11 - Ada Baker, Australian soprano, singing teacher and vaudeville star (d. 1949) December 12 – Alfred Werner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919) December 16 (December 4 O.S.) – Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-born painter (d. 1944) December 17 – Kazys Grinius, 5th Prime Minister of Lithuania (d. 1950) December 29 – Marie Cahill, American singer and actress (d. 1933) Date unknown William M. Dalton, American Old West outlaw (d. 1894) Deaths January–June January (date unknown) – Thomas Baldwin Marsh, American religious leader (b. 1799) January 16 – Phineas Quimby, American physician (b. 1802) January 19 – Harriet Ludlow Clarke, British artist January 23 – Thomas Love Peacock, English satirist (b. 1785) January 31 – Friedrich Rückert, German poet, translator and professor of Oriental languages (b. 1788) February 25 – Sarah Ann Gill, Barbadian national heroine (b. 1795) March 4 – Alexander Campbell, Irish/U.S. founder of the Disciples of Christ (b. 1788) March 6 – William Whewell, English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (b. 1794) March 20 – Rikard Nordraak, Norwegian composer (b. 1842) March 21 – Nadezhda Durova, first female Russian military officer (b. 1783) March 28 – Solomon Foot, American politician (b. 1802) March 29 – John Keble, British churchman (b. 1792) April 1 – Elizabeth Jesser Reid, English social reformer, founder of Bedford College (b. 1789) April 4 – William Dick, founder of Edinburgh Veterinary College (b. 1793) April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin, British physician (b. 1798) April 7 – Johann Sedlatzek, German flautist (b. 1789) April 12 – Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, English Member of Parliament and developer (b. 1801) May 13 – Nikolai Brashman, Russian mathematician of Czech origin (b. 1796) May 29 – Winfield Scott, American general and presidential candidate (b. 1786) June 7 – Chief Sealth, Native American for whom Seattle is named (b. c. 1786) June 17 – Lewis Cass, American military officer, politician, and statesman (b. 1782) July–December July 20 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (b. 1826) July 25 – Floride Calhoun, | the Paraguayan War, with 16,000 casualties. May 26 – First production of the comic opera Cox and Box by F. C. Burnand and Arthur Sullivan at Moray Lodge, Kensington June 2 – Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at the battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie. June 5 – Calculations indicate Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion (furthest point from the Sun) between 1618 and August 2113. June 8 – The Parliament of Canada meets for the first time in Ottawa. June 11 – The Agra High Court is established (later shifted to the Allahabad High Court). June 14 – The Austro-Prussian War begins, when the Austrians and most of the medium German states declare war on Prussia. June 20 – The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria. June 22 – In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates votes to replace itself by an elected two-chamber Riksdag. June 27–29 – Battle of Langensalza: The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army. July–September July 3 – Battle of Königgrätz: the Prussian army under King Wilhelm and Helmuth von Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Ludwig von Benedek, leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War. July 5 – Princess Helena, third daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. July 10 – Reconstruction Treaty with Choctaw & Chickasaw, completing the abolition of slavery in the United States, see also Choctaw freedmen. July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued. July 20 – Naval Battle of Lissa: The Austrian fleet under Wilhelm von Tegetthoff defeats the Italian fleet of Carlo di Persano. July 24 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War. July 25 – The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army (now called "5-star general"); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank. July 27 – The successfully completes laying the transatlantic telegraph cable between Valentia Island, Ireland and Heart's Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications link. July 28 – The Metric Act of 1866 becomes law and legalizes the standardization of weights and measures in the United States. August 23 – The Treaty of Prague ends the Austro-Prussian War. The Duchy of Limburg leaves the German Confederation. September – The Great Tea Race of 1866 ends in London, narrowly won by the clipper ship Taeping. September 22 – Paraguay successfully defends Curupayty against the Triple Alliance in the Paraguayan War, killing more than 5,000 with just about 50 casualties. October–December October 12 – The Treaty of Vienna ends the war between Austria and Italy; it formalizes the annexation of Venetia by Italy. October 14 – French troops under the command of Rear Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze land at Ganghwa Island, Korea as part of a punitive expedition against that kingdom for the execution of French Jesuit priests. It is the first military contact between Korea and a Western force. October 22 – The office of State President of the South African Republic is created by constitutional amendment approved at a session of the Volksraad. November 7 – The Ruse–Varna railway line (the first railway in Bulgaria) officially opens. December 12– Oaks explosion: The worst mining disaster in England kills 383 miners and rescuers. December 18 – The College of Wooster is founded in Ohio. Date unknown Federalist revolts occur in Argentina. Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Germany. Foundation of the predecessors of Nestlé S.A., the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé. The Minneapolis Milling Company, predecessor of General Mills, builds its own mills. Marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia. The recommendations of the state Girls' School Committee of 1866 result in a series of progressive reforms in women's rights in Sweden. The Famine of 1866–68 begins in Finland. Erasmus Jacobs discovers the Eureka Diamond near Hopetown on the banks of the Orange River in the Cape of Good Hope. Magirus Kommamditist, as predecessor of a major commercial vehicles manufacturing brand on worldwide, Iveco, that founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Births January–March January 13 George Gurdjieff, Russian spiritual teacher (d. 1949) Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (d. 1901) January 15 Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1931) Horatio Dresser, American New Thought religious leader and writer (d. 1954) January 16 – Percy Pilcher, English inventor and pioneer aviator (d. 1899) January 19 – Harry Davenport, American actor (d. 1949) January 29 Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944) Frank Tudor, Australian |
is fined 1 shilling for speeding at (exceeding the contemporary speed limit of , the first speeding fine). February 1 – Puccini's opera La bohème premieres in Turin, Italy. February 11 – Oscar Wilde's play Salomé premieres in Paris. February 19 – Braamfontein Explosion: A train carrying 56 tons of dynamite explodes at Braamfontein, Johannesburg, killing more than 78 people. March 1 – Battle of Adwa: Ethiopia defends its independence from Italy, ending the First Italo-Ethiopian War. March 3 – Publication begins for Der Eigene, the world's first magazine with an orientation to male homosexuality, by Adolf Brand in Berlin. March 9 – Responding to national outrage at the defeat at Adwa, Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi resigns. March 23 – The New York State Legislature passes the Raines law, restricting Sunday alcoholic beverage sales to hotels. April–June April – The first study of the sensitivity of global climate to atmospheric carbon dioxide is published. Svante Arrhenius presents his findings in his paper, "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground", the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, as an extract of a paper that had been presented to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on December 11, 1895. April 3 – The first edition of the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is published. April 4 – The first known women's basketball game between two colleges is played between Stanford and California. April 6 – The opening ceremonies of the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern Olympic Games, are held in Athens, Greece. April 9 – The National Farm School (later Delaware Valley College) is chartered in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. May 8 – Cricket: Against Warwickshire, Yorkshire sets a still-standing County Championship record, when they accumulate an innings total of 887. May 13 – The Franchise Bill is passed by the Colony of Natal's Legislative Assembly, disfranchising natives of other countries. May 18 – Plessy v. Ferguson: The U.S. Supreme Court introduces the separate but equal doctrine, and upholds racial segregation. May 26 – Eleven years after its foundation, a group of 12 purely industrial stocks were chosen to form the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The index is composed entirely of industrial shares for the first time. May 27 – St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado: The costliest and third deadliest tornado in U.S. history levels a mile wide swath of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, incurring US$2.9 billion (1997 USD) in normalized damages, killing more than 255 and injuring over 1,000 people. June 4 – The Ford Quadricycle, the first vehicle Henry Ford developed, is completed, eventually leading Ford to build the empire that "put America on wheels". June 7 – Mahdist War – Battle of Ferkeh: British and Egyptian troops are victorious. June 12 – J.T. Hearne sets a record for the earliest date of taking 100 wickets in cricket (it is equalled by Charlie Parker in 1931). June 15 – The 8.5 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami kills 22,000 in northeastern Japan. June 18 – The New York Telephone Company is formed, succeeding the Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company, to control telephone service within New York City. June 23 – Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier defeats Charles Tupper during Canadian federal elections for the 8th Canadian Parliament, to become the first Francophone Prime Minister of Canada. June 28 – Twin Shaft disaster: An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pittston, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave-in that kills 58 miners. July–September July 9 – William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of Gold speech at the Democratic National Convention, which nominates him for president of the United States. July 11 – Wilfrid Laurier becomes Canada's seventh prime minister, and the first French-speaker to hold that office. July 21 – In Washington, D.C., in response to a "call to confer" issued by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin to all women of color, the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs is organized. July 26 – The International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress opens in London. July 27 – A causeway is opened between the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu in Estonia. July 30 – Atlantic City rail crash: Shortly after 6:30 pm, at a crossing just west of Atlantic City, New Jersey, two trains collide, crushing five loaded passenger coaches, killing 50 and seriously injuring approximately sixty. August – The 1896 Eastern North America heat wave kills 1,500 people from Chicago, Illinois to Boston, Massachusetts. August 1 – The Park Seung-jik Shop, as predecessor of South Korean conglomerate enterprises, Doosan Group founded in former Kingdom of Korea. August 14 – The Uganda Railway Act, 1896, is approved in the United Kingdom, for construction of a railway in Africa, from Mombasa to Lake Victoria. August 16 – Skookum Jim Mason, George Carmack and Dawson Charlie discover gold in the Klondike, Yukon. August 17 – Bridget Driscoll is run over by a Benz car on the grounds of The Crystal Palace, London (the world's first motoring fatality). August 23 – The Cry of Pugad Lawin initiates the Philippine Revolution. August 27 The shortest war in recorded history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War, starts at 9:00 in the morning, and lasts for 45 minutes of shelling. Britain establishes a Protectorate over the Ashanti concluding the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War. September 2 – Clarkson University holds its first classes, with 17 students attending in Potsdam, New York. September 15 – The Crash at Crush train wreck stunt is held in Texas. September 22 – Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history. September 28 – Pathé or Pathé Frères a French film company and one of the oldest film companies is founded by the brothers Charles Pathé, Théophile Pathé, Émile Pathé and Jacques Pathé. September 30 – Italy and France sign a treaty, whereby Italy virtually recognizes Tunisia as a French dependency. October–December October 1 – Gottlieb Daimler builds the first worldwide gasoline truck. October 2 – The Victorian Football League is established as Aussie rules football in Australia (a predecessor for the Australian Football League). October 16 – The design of the flag of Knoxville, Tennessee is officially approved by the Knoxville City Council. October 30 – Augusta, Kentucky: The Augusta High School cornerstone is laid, marking the end of the Augusta Methodist College. November 3 – 1896 U.S. presidential election: Republican William McKinley defeats William Jennings Bryan. The event is viewed by some as a political realignment for the United States Republican Party. November 27 – Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss) is first performed in Frankfurt. November 30 The Udinese Calcio is founded. St. Augustine Monster: A large carcass, later postulated to be the remains of a gigantic octopus, is found washed ashore near St. Augustine, Florida. December 1 – Archaeologist Alois Anton Führer, Nepalese General Khadga Samsher Rana, and an expedition, rediscover the great stone pillar of Ashoka at Lumbini, traditionally the spot of the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, after using Faxian's records. December 10 New York Aquarium opens. The premiere of Alfred Jarry's absurdist play Ubu Roi in Paris causes a near-riot. December 14 – The Glasgow Subway, the third-oldest underground metro system in the world, opens. December 25 – John Philip Sousa composes his magnum opus, The Stars and Stripes Forever. December 30 – José Rizal, Filipino scholar and poet, is executed by Spanish authorities in the Philippines. Date unknown The Pontifical University of Maynooth is established by decree of the Vatican. France establishes an administrative post in Abengourou, Ivory Coast. Sperry & Hutchinson begin offering S&H Green Stamps to U.S. retailers. Devonport High School for Boys is founded (in Plymouth, UK) Blackpool Pleasure Beach, a popular English theme park (Britain's Biggest Tourist Attraction), is founded by Alderman William George Bean. A school of mines opens in Kimberley and will later form the core of the University of the Witwatersrand. Racing Club de Lyon, a football club in France, is officially founded and becomes a predecessor for Olympique Lyonnais. A pharmaceutical and healthcare brand Hoffmann-La Roche was founded in Switzerland. Births January–February January 1 – Hankyu Sasaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1971) January 2 – Dziga Vertov, Russian filmmaker (d. 1954) January 4 Everett Dirksen, American politician (d. 1969) André Masson, French artist (d. 1987) January 8 Arthur Ford, American psychic spiritual medium, clairaudient (d. 1971) Clifton Sprague, American admiral (d. 1955) January 12 – Uberto | South Australian politician (d. 1981) July 7 – Harold Beamish, New Zealand World War I flying ace (d. 1986) July 8 – James B. Wilson, American football player, coach (d. 1986) July 9 Thomas Barlow, American professional basketball player (d. 1983) Cullen Landis, American actor and director (d. 1975) July 10 Stefan Askenase, Polish-Belgian classical pianist and pedagogue (d. 1985) Maurice Zbriger, Canadian violinist, composer and conductor (d. 1981) July 13 Mordecai Ardon, Israeli painter (d. 1992) John Henry Cates, American businessman, political figure (d. 1986) July 14 – Grigore Bălan, Romanian general (d. 1944) July 15 – Gladys Edgerly Bates, American sculptor (d. 2003) July 16 Léon Weil, French veteran of World War I (d. 2006) Gertrude Welcker, German actress (d. 1988) Trygve Lie, Norway-born United Nations Secretary General (d. 1968) July 17 – Dumitru Dămăceanu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1978) July 18 Thelma Payne, American diver (d. 1988) Patrick O'Boyle, American prelate (d. 1987) July 19 – Stafford L. Warren, American physician and radiologist; inventor of the mammogram (d. 1981) July 20 – Ellen Louise Mertz, Denmark's first female geologist (d. 1987) July 21 – Gladys Hulette, American actress (d. 1991) July 27 – Henri Longchambon, French politician (d. 1969) July 28 – Vasile Chițu, Romanian general (d. 1968) August 9 Erich Hückel, German physicist, physical chemist (d. 1980) Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (d. 1980) Léonide Massine, Russian ballet dancer, choreographer (d. 1979) August 12 – Ejner Federspiel, Danish actor (d. 1981) August 13 – Rudolf Schmundt, German general (d. 1944) August 14 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1917) August 15 Gerty Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1957) Paul Outerbridge, American photographer (d. 1958) August 18 – Jack Pickford, Canadian-born American actor, film director, and producer (d. 1933) August 22 – W. E. Lawrence, American actor (d. 1947) August 26 – Besse Cooper, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1896 (d. 2012) August 27 – Léon Theremin, Russian inventor (d. 1993) August 28 Morris Ankrum, American actor (d. 1964) Arthur Calwell, Australian politician (d. 1973) August 30 – Raymond Massey, Canadian-born American actor (d. 1983) September–October September 1 – A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Indian religious leader, founder-acharya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (d. 1977) September 4 – Antonin Artaud, French stage actor, director (d. 1948) September 8 – Marion Allnutt, welfare worker and full-time secretary and commanding officer of the NGO, Women's Australian National Services (WANS) (d. 1980) September 10 – Adele Astaire, American dancer (d. 1981) September 14 – Fray José de Guadalupe Mojica, Mexican Franciscan friar, tenor and film actor (d. 1974) September 15 – Robert B. McClure, American general (d. 1973) September 21 – Walter Breuning, American supercentenarian; last known surviving male born in 1896 (d. 2011) September 22 – Uri Zvi Greenberg, Israeli poet and journalist (d. 1981) September 24 – F. Scott Fitzgerald, American writer (d. 1940) September 25 – Sandro Pertini, President of Italy (d. 1990) September 30 – Jolie Gabor, Hungarian-American entrepreneur, jeweler and memoirist (d. 1997) October 1 – Abraham Sofaer, Burmese-born actor (d. 1988) October 3 – Auvergne Doherty, Australian businesswoman (d. 1961) October 7 – Paulino Alcántara, Filipino-Spanish soccer player (d. 1964) October 12 – Eugenio Montale, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) October 14 – Bud Flanagan, British entertainer, comedian (d. 1968) October 17 – Prince Roman Petrovich of Russia (d. 1978) October 22 – Earle Clements, American politician, Governor of Kentucky (1947–1950), Senate Whip October 27 – Edith Haisman, South African-born RMS Titanic survivor (d. 1997) October 28 – Howard Hanson, American composer (d. 1981) October 30 – Ruth Gordon, American actress, screenwriter, and playwright (d. 1985) October 31 – Ethel Waters, American singer, actress (d. 1977) November–December November 4 Carlos P. Garcia, 8th President of the Philippines (d. 1971) Ian Wolfe, American actor (d. 1992) November 8 Erika Abels d'Albert, Austrian artist (d. 1975) Bucky Harris, American baseball player (d. 1977) Marie Prevost, Canadian-born American actress (d. 1937) November 10 Jimmy Dykes, American baseball player, manager (d. 1976) Mary, Lady Heath (born Sophie Mary Peirce-Evans), Irish aviator (d. 1939) Andreas Stihl, Swiss engineer, inventor and businessman (d. 1973) November 13 – Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1987) November 14 – Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States (d. 1979) November 15 – Giovanni Ancillotto, Italian World War I flying ace (d. 1924) November 16 Jim Jordan, American actor (d. 1988) Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists (d. 1980) Lawrence Tibbett, American opera singer, actor (d. 1960) November 17 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934) November 23 – Klement Gottwald, Czechoslovak communist politician (d. 1953) November 25 Virgil Thomson, American composer, critic (d. 1989) Jessie Royce Landis, American actress (d. 1972) Priscilla Dean, American actress (d. 1987) Albertus Soegijapranata, Indonesian Jesuit priest (d. 1963) November 26 – Manuel A. Odría, 79th President of Peru (d. 1974) November 28 – Lilia Skala, Austrian-American actress (d. 1994) December 1 – Georgi Zhukov, Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1974) December 2 – Alfons Tracki, German-Albanian priest (martyred 1946) December 5 – Carl Ferdinand Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1984) December 6 – Ira Gershwin, American lyricist (d. 1983) December 8 – Christl Mardayn, German actress (d. 1976) December 12 – Vasily Gordov, Soviet general (d. 1950) December 14 – Jimmy Doolittle, American aviation pioneer, World War II United States Army Air Forces general (d. 1993) December 15 – Miles Dempsey, British general (d. 1969) December 16 – Anna Anderson, pretender to the Russian throne (d. 1984) December 17 – Robert Francis Anthony Studds, American admiral and engineer, fourth Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (d. 1962) December 21 Leroy Robertson, American composer (d. 1971) Eleni Skoura, Greek politician (d. 1991) December 23 – Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, Italian writer (d. 1957) December 27 – Louis Bromfield, American writer (d. 1956) Carl Zuckmayer, German writer, playwright (d. 1977) December 28 – Roger Sessions, American composer (d. 1985) December 29 – David Alfaro Siqueiros, Mexican muralist (d. 1974) Date unknown Ion Constantinescu, Romanian general (death date unknown) Lawrence Riley, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 1974) Deaths January–June January 4 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German Old Catholic bishop (b. 1821) January 5 – Charlie Bassett, American sheriff (b. 1847) January 6 – Thomas W. Knox, American author, journalist (b. 1835) January 8 – Paul Verlaine, French lyric poet (b. 1844) January 15 – Mathew Brady, American photographer (b. 1822) January 18 – Charles Floquet, Prime Minister of France (b. 1828) January 20 Prince Henry of Battenberg, Lombardy-born British royal, married to Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (b. 1858) Graciano López Jaena, Filipino journalist, writer and patriot (b. 1856) February 7 – William Hayden English, American politician (b. 1822) February 25 – Joseph P. Fyffe, American admiral (b. 1832) March 30 – Charilaos Trikoupis, 7-time Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1832) April 9 – Gustav Koerner, German-American statesman (b. 1809) April 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1815) April 30 – Hamilton Disston, American industrialist and land developer (b. 1844) May 1 – Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia, King of Herat (b. 1831) May 7 – H. H. Holmes, American serial killer (executed) (b. 1861) May 10 – Antti Ahlström, Finnish industrialist, founder of Ahlstrom (b. 1827) May 13 – Nora Perry, American newspaper correspondent (b. 1831) May 17 – Muhammad Al-Sabah, emir of Kuwait (b. 1831) May 18 – Daniel Pollen, 9th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1813) May 19 – Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria, father of Archduke Ferdinand (b. 1833) May 20 – Clara Schumann, German composer, pianist (b. 1819) May 24 – Luigi Federico Menabrea, Italian soldier, statesman (b. 1809) June 19 – Louis Brière |
into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing all 113 people on board. China General Aviation Flight 7552 bound for Xiamen crashes soon after taking off from Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport, killing 108 of the 116 people on board. August August 3–4 – Millions of black South Africans participate in a general strike called by the African National Congress to protest the lack of progress in negotiations with the government of State President of South Africa F. W. de Klerk. August 12 – Canada, Mexico, and the United States announce that a deal has been reached on the North American Free Trade Agreement; the deal will be formally signed on December 17, 1992. August 18 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major announces the creation of the Iraqi no-fly zones. August 20 – Krifast, a new road system connecting Kristiansund to the mainland of Norway, opens. August 23 – Hurricane Andrew attains Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale and, at 2100 UTC, hits Eleuthera and the Bahama Banks. August 24 Concordia University massacre – Valery Fabrikant murders four colleagues and seriously wounds another in a shooting at Concordia University, in Montreal, Quebec. China and South Korea establish diplomatic relations. August 24–28 – Hurricane Andrew hits south Florida and Louisiana and dissipates over the Tennessee valley when it merges with a storm system; 23 are killed. August 29 – In Rostock, Germany, tens of thousands rally to protest neo-Nazi attacks on refugees and immigrants begun on August 22. September September 1 – In Beijing, police arrest Shen Tong for his role in organizing the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. September 2 – The 7.7 Nicaragua earthquake affects the west coast of Nicaragua. With a – disparity of half a unit, this tsunami earthquake triggers a tsunami that causes most of the damage and casualties, with at least 116 killed. Average runup heights are . September 7 In Ciskei, members of the Ciskei Defence Force loyal to dictator Oupa Gqozo open fire into a crowd of anti-Gqozo protestors organized by the African National Congress, killing at least 28 people and wounding nearly 200. President of Tajikistan Rahmon Nabiyev is forced to resign following weeks of clan and religious warfare that left nearly 2,000 people dead. September 11 – Hurricane Iniki hits the Hawaiian Islands, Kauai and Oahu. September 12 – In Peru, police arrest Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path guerilla movement, who had evaded capture for 12 years. September 16 – Black Wednesday: The pound sterling and the Italian lira are forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. September 17 – Two Kurdish opposition leaders are assassinated by the Iranian Kazem Darabi and the Lebanese Abbas Rhayel. September 20 – French voters narrowly approve the Maastricht Treaty in the French Maastricht Treaty referendum. September 21 – Mexico establishes diplomatic relations with Vatican City, ending a break that lasted over 130 years. September 23 – Operation Julin is the last nuclear test conducted by the United States at the Nevada Test Site. September 28 – Law enforcement officials in the United States, Colombia, and Italy announce that they have arrested more than 165 people on money laundering charges related to cocaine trafficking. September 29 – The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil votes to impeach President of Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello, the country's first democratically elected leader in 29 years. Vice President Itamar Franco becomes acting president. October October 2 – A riot breaks out in the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil, resulting in the Carandiru massacre. October 3 – After performing a song protesting alleged child abuse at the Catholic Church, Sinéad O'Connor rips up a photo of Pope John Paul II on the US TV programme Saturday Night Live, causing huge controversy. October 4 The government of Mozambique signs a truce with leaders of RENAMO, ending the 16-year-old Mozambican Civil War. Israeli cargo plane El Al Flight 1862 crashes into residential buildings in Amsterdam's Bijlmermeer, Netherlands, after taking off from Schiphol Airport and losing two engines, killing all 4 people on board and 39 on the ground. October 6 – Lennart Meri becomes the first President of Estonia after regaining independence. The Estonian Government in Exile resigns on the next day. October 7 – In Peru, Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán is convicted of treason and sentenced to life in prison. October 11 – The Catechism of the Catholic Church is promulgated by Pope John Paul II with his apostolic constitution, Fidei depositum. October 12 In the Dominican Republic, Pope John Paul II celebrates the 500th anniversary of the meeting of two cultures. The 5.8 Cairo earthquake affects the city with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 545 dead and 6,512 injured. October 14 – In Japan, Shin Kanemaru of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party resigns over receiving illegal payments from Sagawa Express. October 19 – The Communist Party of China promotes several market-oriented reformers to the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, signaling a defeat for hard-line ideologues. October 21 – 150,000 coal miners march in London to protest government plans to close coal mines and reduce the number of coal miners. October 23 – Emperor of Japan Akihito begins the first imperial visit of China, telling a Beijing audience he felt deep sorrow for the suffering of the Chinese people during World War II. October 25 – Lithuania holds a referendum on its first constitution after declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. October 26 – In a national referendum, voters in Canada reject the Charlottetown Accord. October 31 – Pope John Paul II issues an apology and lifts the edict of the Inquisition against Galileo Galilei. November November 3 – Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton defeats Republican President George H. W. Bush and Independent Ross Perot in the 1992 Presidential Election. November 8 – More than 350,000 people rally in Berlin to protest right-wing violence against immigrants; stones and eggs are thrown at President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker and Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl. November 11 – The Church of England votes to allow women to become priests. November 13 The government of Peru announces it has arrested a small group of army officers who were plotting the assassination of President Alberto Fujimori. A report by the World Meteorological Organization reports an unprecedented level of ozone depletion in both the Arctic and Antarctic. November 15 – The Lithuanian parliamentary election sees the Communists of the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, led by Algirdas Brazauskas, return to power. November 18 – Russian President Boris Yeltsin releases the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) of Korean Air Flight 007, which was shot down by the Soviets in 1983. November 24 – In China, China Southern Airlines Flight 3943, a China Southern Airlines domestic flight, crashes, killing all 141 people on board. November 25 The Czechoslovakia Federal Assembly votes to split the country into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, starting on January 1, 1993. In a national referendum related to abortion, voters in Ireland reject the proposed Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992 but approve the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. November 27 – The government of Venezuela announces that it has put down a coup attempt by a group of army officers who bombed the presidential palace. December December 1 – South Korea and South Africa reestablish diplomatic relations. South Korea previously had diplomatic relations with South Africa from 1961 to 1978, when they were severed by the former due to the latter's policy of apartheid. December 3 UN Security Council Resolution 794 is unanimously passed, approving a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States to form UNITAF, tasked with ensuring humanitarian aid gets distributed and establishing peace in Somalia. A test engineer for Sema Group uses a personal computer to send the world's first text message via the Vodafone network to the phone of a colleague. December 4 – U.S. military forces land in Somalia. December 6 – Extremist Hindu activists demolish Babri Masjid – a 16th-century mosque in Ayodhya, India, which has been used as a temple since 1949, leading to widespread communal violence, including the Bombay riots, in all killing over 1,500 people. December 9 – The Prince and Princess of Wales publicly announce their separation. December 12 – The 7.8 Flores earthquake affects the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) leaving at least 2,500 dead. A destructive tsunami with wave heights of follows. December 16 – The Czech National Council adopts the Constitution of the Czech Republic. December 18 – The South Korean presidential election is won by Kim Young-sam, the first non-military candidate elected since 1961. December 21 – President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević defeats Milan Panić in the Serbian presidential election. December 22 – The Archives of Terror are discovered by Dr. Martín Almada, detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans who had been secretly kidnapped, tortured, and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay in what became known as Operation Condor. December 24 – President George H. W. Bush pardons six national security officials implicated in the Iran–Contra affair, including Caspar Weinberger. December 29 – Brazil's president Fernando Collor de Mello is found guilty on charges that he stole more than $32 million from the government, preventing him from holding any elected office for eight years. Births January January 1 Shane Duffy, Irish footballer He Kexin, Chinese artistic gymnast January 3 – Gao Lei, Chinese trampoline gymnast January 4 Sajjad Ganjzadeh, Iranian karateka Quincy Promes, Dutch footballer January 5 – Trent Sainsbury, Australian footballer January 8 – Koke, Spanish footballer January 9 – Fang Bo, Chinese table tennis player January 10 Christian Atsu, Ghanaian footballer Šime Vrsaljko, Croatian footballer January 11 – Dani Carvajal, Spanish footballer January 13 – Santiago Arias, Colombian footballer January 14 – Robbie Brady, Irish footballer January 19 Shawn Johnson East, American Olympic gymnast Logan Lerman, American actor Mac Miller, American rapper, singer, and record producer (d. 2018) January 26 Vincent Aboubakar, Cameroonian footballer Sasha Banks, American professional wrestler January 31 – Tyler Seguin, Canadian ice hockey player February February 5 Neymar, Brazilian footballer Kejsi Tola, Albanian singer Stefan de Vrij, Dutch footballer February 9 – Avan Jogia, Canadian actor February 10 – Karen Fukuhara, American actress and voice actress February 11 – Taylor Lautner, American actor and model February 14 Christian Eriksen, Danish footballer Freddie Highmore, English actor February 16 Hugo Bueno, Mexican footballer February 19 – Camille Kostek, American model February 23 Casemiro, Brazilian footballer Samara Weaving, Australian actress February 25 Zahia Dehar, French lingerie designer Hideki Matsuyama, Japanese golfer February 29 – Saphir Taïder, Algerian footballer March March 1 Rohit Chand, Nepalese footballer Tom Walsh, New Zealand athlete March 6 – Momoko Tsugunaga, Japanese singer March 9 – María Eugenia Suárez, Argentine actress and model March 10 Pablo Espinosa, Spanish actor, singer, and musician Emily Osment, American actress, singer, and songwriter March 11 - Austin Swift, American actor, younger brother of Taylor Swift March 13 Lucy Fry, Australian actress George MacKay, English actor Kaya Scodelario, English actress and model March 17 Eliza Bennett, English actress John Boyega, English actor March 21 – Karolína Plíšková, Czech tennis player March 23 Kyrie Irving, American-Australian basketball player Vanessa Morgan, Canadian actress and singer March 27 – Aoi Yūki, Japanese actress and singer March 30 – Enrique Gil, Filipino actor, dancer and singer April April 1 – Sui Lu, Chinese artistic gymnast April 6 – Ken, South Korean singer and actor April 7 – Alexis Jordan, American singer and actress April 8 Mathew Ryan, Australian footballer Shelby Young, American actress April 10 Sadio Mané, Senegalese footballer Daisy Ridley, English actress Chaz Mostert, Australian racing driver April 12 – Chad le Clos, South African Olympic swimmer April 13 – George North, Welsh rugby player April 15 Amy Deasismont, Swedish pop musician Richard Sandrak, American bodybuilder April 16 – Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg April 18 – Chloe Bennet, American actress and singer April 21 Isco, Spanish footballer Deng Linlin, Chinese gymnast April 24 Joe Keery, American actor and musician Laura Kenny, British cyclist May May 1 – Hani, South Korean singer and entertainer May 4 Phyllis Francis, American track and field athlete Victor Oladipo, American basketball player Ashley Rickards, American actress May 6 Byun Baek-hyun, South Korean singer, songwriter, and actor Jonas Valančiūnas, Lithuanian basketball player May 8 – Olivia Culpo, American fashion influencer May 10 – Jake Zyrus, Filipino singer May 11 Thibaut Courtois, Belgian footballer Pablo Sarabia, Spanish footballer May 18 – Spencer Breslin, American actor and musician Brian Idowu, Russian footballer May 19 – Sam Smith, English singer and songwriter May 20 Cate Campbell, Australian swimmer Jack Gleeson, Irish actor May 21 – Olivia Olson, American actress and singer-songwriter May 28 – Gaku Shibasaki, Japanese footballer May 30 – Harrison Barnes, American basketball player June June 3 – Mario Götze, German footballer June 6 – Hyuna, South Korean singer June 9 – Yannick Agnel, French Olympic swimmer June 10 – Kate Upton, American model and actress June 12 – Philippe Coutinho, Brazilian footballer June 14 – Daryl Sabara, American actor June 15 Mohamed Salah, Egyptian footballer Dafne Schippers, Dutch track and field athlete June 19 – Oscar Taveras, Dominican–Canadian baseball player (d. 2014) June 21 – Max Schneider, American singer-songwriter and actor June 23 Bridget Sloan, American artistic gymnast Tugstsogt Nyambayar, Mongolian boxer June 24 – David Alaba, Austrian football player June 26 – Jennette McCurdy, American actress and singer June 27 – Ahn So-hee, South Korean actress and singer June 28 – Elaine Thompson-Herah, Jamaican track and field sprinter July July 1 – Ásgeir Trausti, Icelandic singer-songwriter and musician July 3 Nathalia Ramos, Spanish actress Maasa Sudo, Japanese singer July 7 – Manjot Singh, Indian actor July 8 Sky Ferreira, American singer, songwriter, model, and actress Son Heung-min, South Korean footballer Sandi Morris, American pole vaulter July 9 – Douglas Booth, English actor July 10 Ahn Ji-hyun, South Korean actress Eva Lim, Dutch figure skater July 11 – Mohamed Elneny, Egyptian footballer July 12 – Woo Do-hwan, South Korean actor July 15 – Wayde van Niekerk, South African athlete July 19 – Ellie Rowsell, English singer-songwriter and musician July 22 – Selena Gomez, American singer, songwriter, and actress July 23 – Diwakar Vaish, Indian roboticist July 30 - Fabiano Caruana, Italian-American chess player August August 2 – Hallie Eisenberg, American actress August 3 – Karlie Kloss, American model August 4 Cole Sprouse, American actor Dylan Sprouse, American actor and entrepreneur August 9 – Farahnaz Forotan, Afghan journalist August 11 - Tomi Lahren, FOX Nation commentator, former host of The Blaze,Rival to Candace Owens August 12 – Cara Delevingne, English model, actress, and singer August 13 – Lucas Moura, Brazilian footballer August 16 – Diego Schwartzman, Argentine tennis player August 18 – Frances Bean Cobain, American visual artist August 20 – Demi Lovato, American singer-songwriter and actor August 21 – Felipe Nasr, Brazilian racing driver August 25 Miyabi Natsuyaki, Japanese singer Miguel Trauco, Peruvian footballer Ricardo Rodríguez, Swiss footballer August 26 – Yang Yilin, Chinese artistic gymnast August 28 – Bismack Biyombo, Congolese basketball player August 31 – Nicolás Tagliafico, Argentine footballer September September 1 – Kirani James, Grenadian sprinter September 11 – María Gabriela de Faría, Venezuelan actress and singer September 12 – Mahmood, Italian singer-songwriter September 14 Connor Fields, American BMX cyclist Danielle Williams, Jamaican athlete September 16 – Nick Jonas, American singer-songwriter and actor September 18 Joji, Japanese singer and record producer Amber Liu, Taiwanese-American singer September 19 – Diego Antonio Reyes, Mexican footballer September 20 – Safura Alizadeh, Azerbaijani singer, actress, and saxophonist September 21 Alireza Beiranvand, Iranian footballer Mariya Muzychuk, Ukrainian chess player September 22 – Philip Hindes, British cyclist September 24 – Jack Sock, American tennis player September 27 – Granit Xhaka, Swiss footballer September 28 Keir Gilchrist, English-Canadian actor and musician Kōko Tsurumi, Japanese artistic gymnast September 29 – Zhou Shen, Chinese singer September 30 – Ezra Miller, American actor October October 2 – Alisson, Brazilian footballer October 10 – Gabrielle Aplin, English singer and songwriter October 11 – Cardi B, American hip hop artist October 12 – Josh Hutcherson, American actor and producer October 14 – Ahmed Musa, Nigerian footballer October 20 – Ksenia Semyonova, Russian Olympic gymnast October 22 21 Savage, American rapper Sofia Vassilieva, American actress October 23 – Álvaro Morata, Spanish footballer October 27 – Stephan El Shaarawy, Italian footballer November November 2 – Chelsea Davis, American artistic gymnast November | 25418, dissolving the Congress of the Republic of Peru, imposing censorship and having opposition politicians arrested, setting off the 1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis. April 6 – Republic of Ilirida, was proclaimed by Albanian Macedonian activists in Struga, Republic of Macedonia. April 7 – The United States recognizes the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The European Communities also recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina. April 9 A Miami jury convicts former Panamanian ruler Manuel Noriega of assisting Colombia's cocaine cartel. The United Kingdom general election is narrowly won by the Conservative Party led by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major. April 10 First Nagorno-Karabakh War: Maraga massacre – At least 43 Armenian civilians are killed as their village of Maraga, Azerbaijan, is captured and destroyed by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces. A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb explodes in the Baltic Exchange in the City of London; three are killed, 91 injured. April 13 – The 5.3 Roermond earthquake affects the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). April 15 – The National Assembly of Vietnam adopts the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. April 16 – President of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah is ousted and detained by Muslim rebels moving towards Kabul, setting the stage for the civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96). April 20 – The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, held at Wembley Stadium, London, is televised live to over one billion people and raises millions of dollars for AIDS research. April 21 – The death of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia results in a succession dispute between Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia and Vladimir's daughter Maria for the leadership of the Imperial Family of Russia. April 22 – Fuel leaking into a sewer causes a series of explosions in Guadalajara, Mexico; 215 are killed, 1,500 injured. April 27 – Betty Boothroyd becomes the first woman elected Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. April 28 – The two remaining constituent republics of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – Serbia and Montenegro – form a new state, named the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (which in 2003 became Serbia and Montenegro), bringing to an end the official state union of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Bosnian Muslims, and Macedonians that existed from 1918 (with the exception of an occupation period during World War II). April 29 Los Angeles riots: The acquittal of four police officers in the Rodney King beating criminal trial triggers massive rioting in Los Angeles. The riots will last for six days resulting in 63 deaths and over $1 billion in damages before order is restored by the military. In Sierra Leone, a group of young soldiers launch a military coup that sends president Joseph Saidu Momoh into exile in Guinea, and the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) is established with 25-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser as its chairman and Head of State of the country. May May 1 – Lithuania introduces a new temporary currency, the talonas. May 5 Russian leaders in Crimea declare their separation from Ukraine as a new republic. They withdraw the secession on May 10. Armand Césari Stadium disaster in Bastia (Corsica): 18 people are killed and 2,300 are injured when one of the terraces collapses before a football match between SC Bastia and Olympique de Marseille. May 7 STS-49: Space Shuttle Endeavour makes its maiden flight, as a replacement for Space Shuttle Challenger. In the Sydney River McDonald's murders in Nova Scotia, Canada, three McDonald's employees were killed and a fourth was left permanently disabled during a botched robbery. May 9 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is adopted in New York. The Westray Mine in Plymouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, explodes, killing all 26 miners working the night shift. May 10 – Sweden wins the Ice Hockey World Championships in Czechoslovakia defeating Finland, 5–2, in the final game in Prague. May 13 – Falun Gong is introduced by Li Hongzhi in China. May 15 – The Commonwealth of Independent States Collective Security Treaty (CST) is signed (effective April 20, 1994). May 16–17 – Bosnian War: U.N. peacekeepers withdraw from Sarajevo. May 17 – Protests begin in Bangkok, Thailand, against the government of General Suchinda Kraprayoon, sparking a bloody crackdown. May 18 – The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution is enacted. May 23 – Capaci bombing: A Mafia bomb on the autostrada in Sicily kills five people, including Italian anti-Mafia judge Giovanni Falcone. May 24 In Thailand, Suchinda Kraprayoon agrees to resign. Parliamentary election held in Burkina Faso, for the first time since 1978. May 30 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 imposes economic sanctions on Yugoslavia in an effort to end its attacks on Bosnia and Herzegovina. June June 2 – In a national referendum Denmark rejects the Maastricht Treaty by a narrow margin. June 8 – The first World Oceans Day is celebrated, coinciding with the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. June 10–26 – Sweden hosts the UEFA Euro 1992 football tournament, which is won by Denmark. June 16 – A 'Joint Understanding' agreement on arms reduction is signed by U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin (this is later codified in START II). June 17 Two German relief workers held since 1989, Thomas Kemptner and Heinrich Struebig, are handed over to the German authorities after their release; they are the last Western hostages in Lebanon. Violence breaks out between the African National Congress and the Inkatha Freedom Party in Boipatong, South Africa, leaving 46 dead. June 18 – Ireland votes to accept the Maastricht Treaty with a popular vote of over 69%. June 20 – Estonia adopts the kroon and becomes the first former Soviet Republic to replace the Soviet ruble. June 20 - In Paraguay the National Constituent Assemby approves the current Constitution of Paraguay. June 21 – Nelson Mandela announces that the African National Congress will halt negotiations with the government of South Africa following the Boipatong massacre of June 17. June 22 – Two skeletons excavated in Yekaterinburg are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra. June 23 – The Israeli legislative election is won by the Israeli Labor Party under the leadership of Yitzhak Rabin, ousting a Likud government. June 25 – The Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is founded. June 26 – Denmark beats Germany 2–0 in the final to win the 1992 UEFA European Football Championship at Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden. June 28 – Estonia holds a referendum on its constitution, which will come into effect on July 3. July July 6–8 – The 18th G7 summit is held in Munich. July 6–29 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses a U.N. inspection team access to the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. UNSCOM claims that it has reliable information that the site contains archives related to illegal weapons activities. U.N. inspectors stage a 17-day "sit-in" outside of the building, but leave when their safety is threatened by Iraqi soldiers. July 9 – Bill Clinton announces his selection of Al Gore as his running mate in the 1992 U.S. presidential election. July 10 In Miami, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations. The Giotto spacecraft flies past Comet 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup, gathering measurements about the comet. July 13 – Yitzhak Rabin becomes prime minister of Israel. July 16 – At the 1992 Democratic National Convention, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton accepts his party's presidential nomination on behalf of the "forgotten middle class". July 17 – The Slovak National Council declares Slovakia an independent country, signaling the breakup of Czechoslovakia. July 19 Via D'Amelio bombing: A car bomb placed by the Mafia (with the collaboration of Italian intelligence) kills judge Paolo Borsellino and five members of his police escort. The Cabinet of Israel approves a freeze on new settlements in the occupied territories, a move expected to reinvigorate the Middle East Peace Process. July 20 – Václav Havel resigns as president of Czechoslovakia. July 21 – Transnistria War ends with a ceasefire. July 22 – Near Medellín, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison, fearing extradition to the United States. July 23 – Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia. July 25 – August 9 – The 1992 Summer Olympics are held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. July 26 – Iraq agrees to allow U.N. weapons inspectors to search the Iraqi Agricultural Ministry building in Baghdad. When inspectors arrive on July 28 and 29, they find nothing and voice suspicions that Iraqi records had been removed. July 31 Georgia becomes the 179th member of the United Nations after seceding from the Soviet Union the previous year. Thai Airways International Flight 311, an Airbus A310-300, crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing all 113 people on board. China General Aviation Flight 7552 bound for Xiamen crashes soon after taking off from Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport, killing 108 of the 116 people on board. August August 3–4 – Millions of black South Africans participate in a general strike called by the African National Congress to protest the lack of progress in negotiations with the government of State President of South Africa F. W. de Klerk. August 12 – Canada, Mexico, and the United States announce that a deal has been reached on the North American Free Trade Agreement; the deal will be formally signed on December 17, 1992. August 18 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major announces the creation of the Iraqi no-fly zones. August 20 – Krifast, a new road system connecting Kristiansund to the mainland of Norway, opens. August 23 – Hurricane Andrew attains Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale and, at 2100 UTC, hits Eleuthera and the Bahama Banks. August 24 Concordia University massacre – Valery Fabrikant murders four colleagues and seriously wounds another in a shooting at Concordia University, in Montreal, Quebec. China and South Korea establish diplomatic relations. August 24–28 – Hurricane Andrew hits south Florida and Louisiana and dissipates over the Tennessee valley when it merges with a storm system; 23 are killed. August 29 – In Rostock, Germany, tens of thousands rally to protest neo-Nazi attacks on refugees and immigrants begun on August 22. September September 1 – In Beijing, police arrest Shen Tong for his role in organizing the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. September 2 – The 7.7 Nicaragua earthquake affects the west coast of Nicaragua. With a – disparity of half a unit, this tsunami earthquake triggers a tsunami that causes most of the damage and casualties, with at least 116 killed. Average runup heights are . September 7 In Ciskei, members of the Ciskei Defence Force loyal to dictator Oupa Gqozo open fire into a crowd of anti-Gqozo protestors organized by the African National Congress, killing at least 28 people and wounding nearly 200. President of Tajikistan Rahmon Nabiyev is forced to resign following weeks of clan and religious warfare that left nearly 2,000 people dead. September 11 – Hurricane Iniki hits the Hawaiian Islands, Kauai and Oahu. September 12 – In Peru, police arrest Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path guerilla movement, who had evaded capture for 12 years. September 16 – Black Wednesday: The pound sterling and the Italian lira are forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. September 17 – Two Kurdish opposition leaders are assassinated by the Iranian Kazem Darabi and the Lebanese Abbas Rhayel. September 20 – French voters narrowly approve the Maastricht Treaty in the French Maastricht Treaty referendum. September 21 – Mexico establishes diplomatic relations with Vatican City, ending a break that lasted over 130 years. September 23 – Operation Julin is the last nuclear test conducted by the United States at the Nevada Test Site. September 28 – Law enforcement officials in the United States, Colombia, and Italy announce that they have arrested more than 165 people on money laundering charges related to cocaine trafficking. September 29 – The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil votes to impeach President of Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello, the country's first democratically elected leader in 29 years. Vice President Itamar Franco becomes acting president. October October 2 – A riot breaks out in the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil, resulting in the Carandiru massacre. October 3 – After performing a song protesting alleged child abuse at the Catholic Church, Sinéad O'Connor rips up a photo of Pope John Paul II on the US TV programme Saturday Night Live, causing huge controversy. October 4 The government of Mozambique signs a truce with leaders of RENAMO, ending the 16-year-old Mozambican Civil War. Israeli cargo plane El Al Flight 1862 crashes into residential buildings in Amsterdam's Bijlmermeer, Netherlands, after taking off from Schiphol Airport and losing two engines, killing all 4 people on board and 39 on the ground. October 6 – Lennart Meri becomes the first President of Estonia after regaining independence. The Estonian Government in Exile resigns on the next day. October 7 – In Peru, Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán is convicted of treason and sentenced to life in prison. October 11 – The Catechism of the Catholic Church is promulgated by Pope John Paul II with his apostolic constitution, Fidei depositum. October 12 In the Dominican Republic, Pope John Paul II celebrates the 500th anniversary of the meeting of two cultures. The 5.8 Cairo earthquake affects the city with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 545 dead and 6,512 injured. October 14 – In Japan, Shin Kanemaru of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party resigns over receiving illegal payments from Sagawa Express. October 19 – The Communist Party of China promotes several market-oriented reformers to the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, signaling a defeat for hard-line ideologues. October 21 – 150,000 coal miners march in London to protest government plans to close coal mines and reduce the number of coal miners. October 23 – Emperor of Japan Akihito begins the first imperial visit of China, telling a Beijing audience he felt deep sorrow for the suffering of the Chinese people during World War II. October 25 – Lithuania holds a referendum on its first constitution after declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. October 26 – In a national referendum, voters in Canada reject the Charlottetown Accord. October 31 – Pope John Paul II issues an apology and lifts the edict of the Inquisition against Galileo Galilei. November November 3 – Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton defeats Republican President George H. W. Bush and Independent Ross Perot in the 1992 Presidential Election. November 8 – More than 350,000 people rally in Berlin to protest right-wing violence against immigrants; stones and eggs are thrown at President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker and Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl. November 11 – The Church of England votes to allow women to become priests. November 13 The government of Peru announces it has arrested a small group of army officers who were plotting the assassination of President Alberto Fujimori. A report by the World Meteorological Organization reports an unprecedented level of ozone depletion in both the Arctic and Antarctic. November 15 – The Lithuanian parliamentary election sees the Communists of the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, led by Algirdas Brazauskas, return to power. November 18 – Russian President Boris Yeltsin releases the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) of Korean Air Flight 007, which was shot down by the Soviets in 1983. November 24 – In China, China Southern Airlines Flight 3943, a China Southern Airlines domestic flight, crashes, killing all 141 people on board. November 25 The Czechoslovakia Federal Assembly votes to split the country into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, starting on January 1, 1993. In a national referendum related to abortion, voters in Ireland reject the proposed Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992 but approve the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. November 27 – The government of Venezuela announces that it has put down a coup attempt by a group of army officers who bombed the presidential palace. December December 1 – South Korea and South Africa reestablish diplomatic relations. South Korea previously had diplomatic relations with South Africa from 1961 to 1978, when they were severed by the former due to the latter's policy of apartheid. December 3 UN Security Council Resolution 794 is unanimously passed, approving a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States to form UNITAF, tasked with ensuring humanitarian aid gets distributed and establishing peace in Somalia. A test engineer for Sema Group uses a personal computer to send the world's first text message via the Vodafone network to the phone of a colleague. December 4 – U.S. military forces land in Somalia. December 6 – Extremist Hindu activists demolish Babri Masjid – a 16th-century mosque in Ayodhya, India, which has been used as a temple since 1949, leading to widespread communal violence, including the Bombay riots, in all killing over 1,500 people. December 9 – The Prince and Princess of Wales publicly announce their separation. December 12 – The 7.8 Flores earthquake affects the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) leaving at least 2,500 dead. A destructive tsunami with wave heights of follows. December 16 – The Czech National Council adopts the Constitution of the Czech Republic. December 18 – The South Korean presidential election is won by Kim Young-sam, the first non-military candidate elected since 1961. December 21 – President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević defeats Milan Panić in the Serbian presidential election. December 22 – The Archives of Terror are discovered by Dr. Martín Almada, detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans who had been secretly kidnapped, tortured, and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay in what became known as Operation Condor. December 24 – President George H. W. Bush pardons six national security officials implicated in the Iran–Contra affair, including Caspar Weinberger. December 29 – Brazil's president Fernando Collor de Mello is found guilty on charges that he stole more than $32 million from the government, preventing him from holding any elected office for eight years. Births January January 1 Shane Duffy, Irish footballer He Kexin, Chinese artistic gymnast January 3 – Gao Lei, Chinese trampoline gymnast January 4 Sajjad Ganjzadeh, Iranian karateka Quincy Promes, Dutch footballer January 5 – Trent Sainsbury, Australian footballer January 8 – Koke, Spanish footballer January 9 – Fang Bo, Chinese table tennis player January 10 Christian Atsu, Ghanaian footballer Šime Vrsaljko, Croatian footballer January 11 – Dani Carvajal, Spanish footballer January 13 – Santiago Arias, Colombian footballer January 14 – Robbie Brady, Irish footballer January 19 Shawn Johnson East, American Olympic gymnast Logan Lerman, American actor Mac Miller, American rapper, singer, and record producer (d. 2018) January 26 Vincent Aboubakar, Cameroonian footballer Sasha Banks, American professional wrestler January 31 – Tyler Seguin, Canadian ice hockey player February February 5 Neymar, Brazilian footballer Kejsi Tola, Albanian singer Stefan de Vrij, Dutch footballer February 9 – Avan Jogia, Canadian actor February 10 – Karen Fukuhara, American actress and voice actress February 11 – Taylor Lautner, American actor and model February 14 Christian Eriksen, Danish footballer Freddie Highmore, English actor February 16 Hugo Bueno, Mexican footballer February 19 – Camille Kostek, American model February 23 Casemiro, Brazilian footballer Samara Weaving, Australian actress February 25 Zahia Dehar, French lingerie designer Hideki Matsuyama, Japanese golfer February 29 – Saphir Taïder, Algerian footballer March March 1 Rohit Chand, Nepalese footballer Tom Walsh, New Zealand athlete March 6 – Momoko Tsugunaga, Japanese singer March 9 – María Eugenia Suárez, Argentine actress and model March 10 Pablo Espinosa, Spanish actor, singer, and musician Emily Osment, American actress, singer, and songwriter March 11 - Austin Swift, American actor, younger brother of Taylor Swift March 13 Lucy Fry, Australian actress George MacKay, English actor Kaya Scodelario, English actress and model March 17 Eliza Bennett, English actress John Boyega, English actor March 21 – Karolína Plíšková, Czech tennis player March 23 Kyrie Irving, American-Australian basketball player Vanessa Morgan, Canadian actress and singer March 27 – Aoi Yūki, Japanese actress and singer March 30 – Enrique Gil, Filipino actor, dancer and singer April April 1 – Sui Lu, Chinese artistic gymnast April 6 – Ken, South Korean singer and actor April 7 – Alexis Jordan, American singer and actress April 8 Mathew Ryan, Australian footballer Shelby Young, American actress April 10 Sadio Mané, Senegalese footballer Daisy Ridley, English actress Chaz Mostert, Australian racing driver April 12 – Chad le Clos, South African Olympic swimmer April 13 – George North, Welsh rugby player April 15 Amy Deasismont, Swedish pop musician Richard Sandrak, American bodybuilder April 16 – Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg April 18 – Chloe Bennet, American actress and singer April 21 Isco, Spanish footballer Deng Linlin, Chinese gymnast April 24 Joe Keery, American actor and musician Laura Kenny, British cyclist May May 1 – Hani, South Korean singer and entertainer May 4 Phyllis Francis, American track and field athlete Victor Oladipo, American basketball player Ashley Rickards, American actress May 6 Byun Baek-hyun, South Korean singer, songwriter, and actor Jonas Valančiūnas, |
Tunari massacre: Bolivian anti-narcotics police kills 9 to 12 and injuries over a hundred protesting coca-growing peasants. June 30 – Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrates four bishops at Écône, Switzerland for his apostolate, along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer, without a papal mandate. July July 1 – The Soviet Union votes to end the CPSU's monopoly on economic and other non-political power and to further economic changes towards a less rigidly Marxist-Leninist economy. July 3 The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus. Iran Air Flight 655 is shot down by a missile launched from the , killing a total of 290 people on board. July 6 The Piper Alpha production platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners. 61 workers survive. Syringe Tide: the first reported medical waste on beaches in the Greater New York area (including hypodermic needles and syringes possibly infected with the AIDS virus) washes ashore on Long Island. Subsequent medical waste discoveries on beaches in Coney Island, Brooklyn and in Monmouth County, New Jersey force the closure of numerous New York–area beaches in the middle of one of the hottest summers on record in the American Northeast. July 31 – Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Malaysia. August August 5 – The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis culminates in the ousting of the Lord President of Malaysia, Salleh Abas. August 6–7 – Tompkins Square Park Police Riot in New York City: A riot erupts in Tompkins Square Park when police attempt to enforce a newly passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people and political activists are caught up in the police action that takes place during the night of August 6 and early into August 7. August 8 – 8888 Uprising: Thousands of protesters in Burma, now known as Myanmar, are killed during anti-government demonstrations. August 11 – A meeting of Islamic Jihadi leaders, including Osama bin Laden, takes place, leading to the founding of Al-Qaeda. August 17 – Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Lewis Raphel, are among those killed when a plane crashes and explodes near Bahawalpur. August 20 – A ceasefire effectively ends the Iran–Iraq War, with an estimated one million lives lost. August 21 – The 6.9 Nepal earthquake shakes the Nepal–India border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 709–1,450 people killed and thousands injured. August 28 – Seventy-five people are killed and 346 injured in one of the worst air show disasters in history at Germany's Ramstein Air Base, when three jets from the Italian air demonstration team, Frecce Tricolori, collide, sending one of the aircraft crashing into the crowd of spectators. September September 5 – With the United States' largest thrift institution, American Savings and Loan Association, entering receivership, the Robert M. Bass Group agrees to buy its good assets with US$1.7 billion in federal aid (completed December). September 11 – Singing Revolution: In the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, 300,000 people gather to express their support for independence. September 12 – Hurricane Gilbert devastates Jamaica; it turns towards Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula 2 days later, causing an estimated $5 billion in damage. September 15 – The International Olympic Committee awards Lillehammer the right to host the 1994 Winter Olympics. September 17–October 2 – The 1988 Summer Olympics are held in Seoul, South Korea. September 20 – Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, gives her "Bruges speech", opposing moves to transition the European Economic Community into a federal Europe. September 22 – The Ocean Odyssey drilling rig suffers a blowout and fire in the North Sea (see also July 6), resulting in one death. September 29 – STS-26: NASA resumes Space Shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster, with Space Shuttle Discovery. October October 5 Thousands riot in Algiers, Algeria against the National Liberation Front government; by October 10 the army has tortured and killed about 500 people in crushing the riots. Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet loses a national plebiscite on his rule; he relinquishes power in 1990. October 12 Walsh Street police shootings: Two Victoria Police officers are gunned down, execution style, in Australia. The Birchandra Manu massacre occurs in Tripura, India. October 19 – The United Kingdom bans broadcast interviews with IRA members. The BBC gets around this stricture through the use of professional actors. October 20 – The Los Angeles Dodgers won 4 games to 1 in the 1988 World Series against the Oakland Athletics. October 27 – Ronald Reagan decides to tear down the new U.S. Embassy in Moscow because of Soviet listening devices in the building structure. October 28 – Abortion: 48 hours after announcing it was abandoning RU-486, French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it will resume distribution of the drug. October 29 – Pakistan's General Rahimuddin Khan resigns from his post as the governor of Sindh, following attempts by the President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, to limit the powers Rahimuddin had accumulated. October 30 – Jericho bus firebombing: Five Israelis are killed and five wounded in a Palestinian attack in the West Bank. November November – TAT-8, the first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fibers, is completed. This led to more robust connections between the American and European Internet. November 2 – The Morris worm, the first computer worm distributed via the Internet, written by Robert Tappan Morris, is launched from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S. November 3 – Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries try to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the coup attempt within 24 hours. November 6 – The 1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes kills at least 938 people when it strikes the China–Myanmar border region in Yunnan. November 8 – The United States Vice-President and Republican nominee George H. W. Bush, defeats the Democratic nominee and Governor of Massachusetts, Michael Dukakis, in the 1988 United States Presidential Election. November 10 – The United States Air Force acknowledges the existence of the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk in a Pentagon press conference. November 15 The 300-foot Green Bank Telescope collapses in Green Bank, West Virginia. In the Soviet Union, the unmanned Shuttle Buran is launched by an Energia rocket on its maiden orbital spaceflight (the first and last space flight for the shuttle). Israeli–Palestinian conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed at the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253–46. The very first Fairtrade label, Max Havelaar, is launched by Nico Roozen, Frans van der Hoff and ecumenical development agency Solidaridad in the Netherlands. November 16 Singing Revolution: The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopts the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in which the laws of the Estonian SSR are declared supreme over those of the Soviet Union. The USSR declares it unconstitutional on November 26. It is the first declaration of sovereignty from Moscow of any Soviet or Eastern Bloc entity. In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister. Elections are held as planned despite head of state Zia-ul-Haq's death earlier in August. November 22 – In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed. November 23 – Former Korean president Chun Doo-hwan makes a formal apology for corruption during his presidency, announcing he will go into exile. December December 1 Carlos Salinas de Gortari takes office as President of Mexico. The first World AIDS Day is held. December 2 Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state. A cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless and thousands dead. December 6 – The Australian Capital Territory is granted self-government by the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988. December 7 In Soviet Armenia, the 6.8 Spitak earthquake kills nearly 25,000, injures 31,000 and leaves 400,000 homeless. Singing Revolution: Estonian language replaces Russian as the official language of the Estonian SSR. December 9 – The last Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant roll off the assembly line in a Chrysler factory in the U.S. December 12 – The Clapham Junction rail crash in London kills 35 and injures 132. December 16 – Perennial U.S. presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche is convicted of mail fraud. December 20 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna. December 21 Pan Am Flight 103 is blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing a total of 270 people. Libya is suspected of involvement. Drexel Burnham Lambert agrees to plead guilty to insider trading and other violations and pay penalties of US$650 million. Date unknown Near the end of the year, the first proper and official Internet connection to Europe is made between Princeton, New Jersey and Stockholm, Sweden. The U.S. Drought of 1988 causes big crop damage in many states, impacts many portions of the United States and causes around $60 billion in damage. Multiple regions suffer in the conditions. Heat waves cause 4,800 to 17,000 excess deaths while scorching many areas of the United States during 1988. Zebra mussels, a species originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, are found in | Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Sumgait pogrom of Armenians occurs in Sumqayit. February 29 – A Nazi document implicates Kurt Waldheim in World War II deportations. March March 6 – Operation Flavius: A Special Air Service team of the British Army shoots dead 3 unarmed members of a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) Active service unit in Gibraltar. March 13 Opening to rail traffic of the Seikan Tunnel beneath the Tsugaru Strait connecting the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido (53.85 km (33.49 mi)), the world's longest (until 2016) and deepest. Gallaudet University, a university for the deaf in Washington, D.C., elects Dr. I. King Jordan as the first deaf president in its history, following the Deaf President Now campaign, considered a turning point in the deaf civil rights movement. March 16 The Halabja chemical attack is carried out by Iraqi government forces. Iran–Contra affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States. Milltown Cemetery attack: Three men are killed and 70 wounded in a gun and grenade attack by loyalist paramilitary Michael Stone on mourners at Milltown Cemetery in Belfast, Northern Ireland, during the funerals of the 3 IRA members killed in Gibraltar. In the United States, the First Republic Bank of Texas fails and enters FDIC receivership, the largest FDIC assisted bank failure in history. March 17 A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into the side of the mountains near the Venezuelan border, killing 143. Eritrean War of Independence – Battle of Afabet: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on 3 sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF). March 19 – Corporals killings in Belfast: Two British Army corporals are abducted, beaten and shot dead by Irish republicans after driving into the funeral cortege of IRA members killed in the Milltown Cemetery attack. March 20 – Eritrean War of Independence: Having defeated the Nadew Command, the EPLF enters the town of Afabet, victoriously concluding the Battle of Afabet. March 24 An Israeli court sentences Mordechai Vanunu to 18 years in prison for disclosing Israel's nuclear program to The Sunday Times. The first McDonald's restaurant in a country run by a Communist party opens in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. In 1989 it will be followed by one in Budapest, and in 1990 in Moscow and Shenzhen, China. March 25 – The Candle demonstration in Bratislava, Slovakia is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the socialist government in Czechoslovakia. April April 5 – Kuwait Airways Flight 422 is hijacked while en route from Bangkok, Thailand, to Kuwait. The hijackers demand the release of 17 Shiite Muslim prisoners held by Kuwait. Kuwait refuses to release the prisoners, leading to a 16-day siege across 3 continents. Two passengers are killed before the siege ends. April 10 - The Ojhri Camp Disaster occurs in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. April 14 In the Geneva Accords, the Soviet Union commits itself to withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan. The USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) strikes a naval mine in the Persian Gulf, while deployed on Operation Earnest Will, during the Tanker War phase of the Iran–Iraq War. April 16 - Israeli commandos kill the PLO's Abu Jihad in Tunisia. April 18 – The United States Navy retaliates for the mining with Operation Praying Mantis, in a day of strikes against Iranian oil platforms and naval vessels. April 20 – The world's longest skyjacking comes to an end when the remaining passengers of Kuwait Airways Flight 422 are released by their captors. April 22 – The Ouvéa cave hostage taking begins in Ouvéa, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. April 25 – In Israel, John Demjanjuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II. He is accused by survivors of being the notorious guard at the Treblinka extermination camp known as "Ivan the Terrible". The conviction is later overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court. April 28 – Aloha Airlines Flight 243 safely lands after losing its roof in midair, killing a flight attendant to die injuring 65 people. April 30 – World Expo 88 opens in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. May May 4 – PEPCON disaster in Henderson, Nevada: An explosion at an industrial solid-fuel rocket plant causes damage extending up to away, including McCarran International Airport (Las Vegas). May 5 – The Ouvéa cave hostage taking ends in Ouvéa, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. May 8 – Re-election of François Mitterrand as President of France for 7 years. May 15 – Soviet–Afghan War: After more than 8 years of fighting, the Soviet Army begins its withdrawal from Afghanistan. May 16–18 – 1988 Gilgit massacre: A revolt by the Shias of Gilgit (in northern Pakistan) is ruthlessly suppressed by the Zia-ul Haq regime. May 26 – The Edmonton Oilers defeat the Boston Bruins in a four-game sweep to win their fourth Stanley Cup in ice hockey. May 27-29 – Somaliland War of Independence: Somali National Movement launches a major offensive against Somali government forces in Hargeisa and Burao, then second and third largest cities of Somalia. May 29 – The ETR 450 becomes the world's first Pendolino train to enter regular high-speed service, in Italy. June June 10–14 – Spontaneous 100,000 strong mass night-singing demonstrations in Estonian SSR eventually give name to the Singing Revolution. June 10–25 – West Germany hosts the UEFA Euro 1988 football tournament, which is won by the Netherlands. June 11 – Wembley Stadium hosts a concert featuring stars from the fields of music, comedy and film, in celebration of the 70th birthday of imprisoned ANC leader Nelson Mandela. June 12 - Rusty Wallace wins the last Nascar Winston Cup Series Budweiser 400 auto race at Riverside International Raceway in Riverside, California. June 14 – A small wildfire is started by a lightning strike in Montana, United States, near the boundary for Yellowstone National Park. The Storm Creek fire expands into the park, then merges with dozens of other drought-aggravated fires. Eventually, over of Yellowstone – 36% of the park's area – burns before firefighters gain control in late September. June 23 – NASA scientist James Hansen testifies to the U.S. Senate that man-made global warming has begun, becoming one of the first environmentalists to warn of the problem. June 27 The Gare de Lyon rail accident occurs in Paris, France as a commuter train headed inbound to the terminal crashes into a stationary outbound train, killing 56 and injuring 57. Villa Tunari massacre: Bolivian anti-narcotics police kills 9 to 12 and injuries over a hundred protesting coca-growing peasants. June 30 – Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrates four bishops at Écône, Switzerland for his apostolate, along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer, without a papal mandate. July July 1 – The Soviet Union votes to end the CPSU's monopoly on economic and other non-political power and to further economic changes towards a less rigidly Marxist-Leninist economy. July 3 The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus. Iran Air Flight 655 is shot down by a missile launched from the , killing a total of 290 people on board. July 6 The Piper Alpha production platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners. 61 workers survive. Syringe Tide: the first reported medical waste on beaches in the Greater New York area (including hypodermic needles and syringes possibly infected with the AIDS virus) washes ashore on Long Island. Subsequent medical waste discoveries on beaches in Coney Island, Brooklyn and in Monmouth County, New Jersey force the closure of numerous New York–area beaches in the middle of one of the hottest summers on record in the American Northeast. July 31 – Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Malaysia. August August 5 – The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis culminates in the ousting of the Lord President of Malaysia, Salleh Abas. August 6–7 – Tompkins Square Park Police Riot in New York City: A riot erupts in Tompkins Square Park when police attempt to enforce a newly passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people and political activists are caught up in the police action that takes place during the night of August 6 and early into August 7. August 8 – 8888 Uprising: Thousands of protesters in Burma, now known as Myanmar, are killed during anti-government demonstrations. August 11 – A meeting of Islamic Jihadi leaders, including Osama bin Laden, takes place, leading to the founding of Al-Qaeda. August 17 – Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Lewis Raphel, are among those killed when a plane crashes and explodes near Bahawalpur. August 20 – A ceasefire effectively ends the Iran–Iraq War, with an estimated one million lives lost. August 21 – The 6.9 Nepal earthquake shakes the Nepal–India border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 709–1,450 people killed and thousands injured. August 28 – Seventy-five people are killed and 346 injured in one of the worst air show disasters in history at Germany's Ramstein Air Base, when three jets from the Italian air demonstration team, Frecce Tricolori, collide, sending one of the aircraft crashing into the crowd of spectators. September September 5 – With the United States' largest thrift institution, American Savings and Loan Association, entering receivership, the Robert M. Bass Group agrees to buy its good assets with US$1.7 billion in federal aid (completed December). September 11 – Singing Revolution: In the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, 300,000 people gather to express their support for independence. September 12 – Hurricane Gilbert devastates Jamaica; it turns towards Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula 2 days later, causing an estimated $5 billion in damage. September 15 – The International Olympic Committee awards Lillehammer the right to host the 1994 Winter Olympics. September 17–October 2 – The 1988 Summer Olympics are held in Seoul, South Korea. September 20 – Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, gives her "Bruges speech", opposing moves to transition the European Economic Community into a federal Europe. September 22 – The Ocean Odyssey drilling rig suffers a blowout and fire in the North Sea (see also July 6), resulting in one death. September 29 – STS-26: NASA resumes Space Shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster, with Space Shuttle Discovery. October October 5 Thousands riot in Algiers, Algeria against the National Liberation Front government; by October 10 the army has tortured and killed about 500 people in crushing the riots. Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet loses a national plebiscite on his rule; he relinquishes power in 1990. October 12 Walsh Street police shootings: Two Victoria Police officers are gunned down, execution style, in Australia. The Birchandra Manu massacre occurs in Tripura, India. October 19 – The United Kingdom bans broadcast interviews with IRA members. The BBC gets around this stricture through the use of professional actors. October 20 – The Los Angeles Dodgers won 4 games to 1 in the 1988 World Series against the Oakland Athletics. October 27 – Ronald Reagan decides to tear down the new U.S. Embassy in Moscow because of Soviet listening devices in the building structure. October 28 – Abortion: 48 hours after announcing it was abandoning RU-486, French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it will resume distribution of the drug. October 29 – Pakistan's General Rahimuddin Khan resigns from his post as the governor of Sindh, following attempts by the President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, to limit the powers Rahimuddin had accumulated. October 30 – Jericho bus firebombing: Five Israelis are killed and five wounded in a Palestinian attack in the West Bank. November November – TAT-8, the first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fibers, is completed. This led to more robust connections between the American and European Internet. November 2 – The Morris worm, the first computer worm distributed via the Internet, written by Robert Tappan Morris, is launched from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S. November 3 – Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries try to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the coup attempt within 24 hours. November 6 – The 1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes kills at least 938 people when it strikes the China–Myanmar border region in Yunnan. November 8 – The United States Vice-President and Republican nominee George H. W. Bush, defeats the Democratic nominee and Governor of Massachusetts, Michael Dukakis, in the 1988 United States Presidential Election. November 10 – The United States Air Force acknowledges the existence of the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk in a Pentagon press conference. November 15 The 300-foot Green Bank Telescope collapses in Green Bank, West Virginia. In the Soviet Union, the unmanned Shuttle Buran is launched by an Energia rocket on its maiden orbital spaceflight (the first and last space flight for the shuttle). Israeli–Palestinian conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed at the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253–46. The very first Fairtrade label, Max Havelaar, is launched by Nico Roozen, Frans van der Hoff and ecumenical development agency Solidaridad in the Netherlands. November 16 Singing Revolution: The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopts the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in which the laws of the Estonian SSR are declared supreme over those of the Soviet Union. The USSR declares it unconstitutional on November 26. It is the first declaration of sovereignty from Moscow of any Soviet or Eastern Bloc entity. In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister. Elections are held as planned despite head of state Zia-ul-Haq's death earlier in August. November 22 – In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed. November 23 – Former Korean president Chun Doo-hwan makes a formal apology for corruption during his presidency, announcing he will go into exile. December December 1 Carlos Salinas de Gortari takes office as President of Mexico. The first World AIDS Day is held. December 2 Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state. A cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless and thousands dead. December 6 – The Australian Capital Territory is granted self-government by the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988. December 7 In Soviet Armenia, the 6.8 Spitak earthquake kills nearly 25,000, injures 31,000 and leaves 400,000 homeless. Singing Revolution: Estonian language replaces Russian as the official language of the Estonian SSR. December 9 – The last Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant roll off the assembly line in a Chrysler factory in the U.S. December 12 – The Clapham Junction rail crash in London kills 35 and injures 132. December 16 – Perennial U.S. presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche is convicted of mail fraud. December 20 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna. December 21 Pan Am Flight 103 is blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing a total of 270 people. Libya is suspected of involvement. Drexel Burnham Lambert agrees to plead guilty to insider trading and other violations and pay penalties of US$650 million. Date unknown Near the end of the year, the first proper and official Internet connection to Europe is made between Princeton, New Jersey and Stockholm, Sweden. The U.S. Drought of 1988 causes big crop damage in many states, impacts many portions of the United States and causes around $60 billion in damage. Multiple regions suffer in the conditions. Heat waves cause 4,800 to 17,000 excess deaths while scorching many areas of the United States during 1988. Zebra mussels, a species originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, are found in the Great Lakes of North America. The Communist Party of Britain is founded by a Marxist–Leninist faction of the Communist Party of Great Britain, after its leadership embraces Eurocommunism. BlackRock founded as a global asset management company in New York City by Larry Fink and others; it will become the world's largest. Births January January 3 – Jonny Evans, Northern Irish footballer January 5 – Azizulhasni Awang, Malaysian professional track cyclist January 7 – Haley Bennett, American actress and singer January 8 – Alex Tyus, American-Israeli basketball player January 12 – Claude Giroux, Canadian ice hockey player January 15 – Skrillex, American musician and DJ January 16 Nicklas Bendtner, Danish footballer FKA Twigs, English singer-songwriter, record producer, director and dancer Li Xiaoxia, Chinese table tennis player January 18 – Angelique Kerber, German tennis player January 21 Ashton Eaton, American decathlete Glaiza de Castro, Filipino actress and singer January 27 – Liu Wen, Chinese model January 29 – Stephanie Gilmore, Australian professional surfer February February 3 Cho Kyuhyun, Korean singer Gregory van der Wiel, Dutch footballer Kamil Glik, Polish footballer February 4 – Carly Patterson, American gymnast February 7 Ai Kago, Japanese singer Lee Joon, South Korean idol singer (MBLAQ), dancer, actor and model February 12 – Nicolás Otamendi, Argentinian footballer February 13 – Aston Merrygold, English singer February 14 – Ángel Di María, Argentine footballer February 16 Zhang Jike, Chinese table tennis player Kim Soo-hyun, South Korean actor February 17 – Natascha Kampusch, Austrian television hostess and kidnapping victim February 18 - Changmin, South Korean singer, songwriter, lyricist, and actor February 20 – Rihanna, Barbadian pop singer February 21 – Matthias de Zordo, German javelin thrower February 22 Ximena Navarrete, Mexican actress, Miss Universe 2010 Efraín Juárez, Mexican footballer February 25 – Tom Marshall, British photo colouriser. February 28 – Markéta Irglová, Czech songwriter February 29 Lena |
of Nepal. February February 2 A bomb explodes at the British Yacht Club in West Berlin, killing Irwin Beelitz, a German boat builder. The German militant group 2 June Movement claims responsibility, announcing its support of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Anti-British riots take place throughout Ireland. The British Embassy in Dublin is burned to the ground, as are several British-owned businesses. The last draft lottery is held, a watershed event in the wind-down of military conscription in the United States during the Vietnam era. These draft candidates are never called to duty. February 3–13 – The 1972 Winter Olympics are held in Sapporo, Japan. February 4 – Mariner 9 sends pictures as it orbits Mars. February 15 President of Ecuador José María Velasco Ibarra is deposed for the fourth time. Phonorecords are granted U.S. federal copyright protection for the first time. February 17 – Volkswagen Beetle sales exceed those of the Ford Model T when the 15,007,034th Beetle is produced. February 18 – The California Supreme Court voids the state's death penalty, commuting all death sentences to life in prison. February 19 – Asama-Sansō incident: Five United Red Army members break into a lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge keeper hostage. February 21 – The Soviet unmanned spaceship Luna 20 lands on the Moon. February 21 – February 28 – U.S. President Richard M. Nixon makes an unprecedented 8-day visit to the People's Republic of China and meets with Mao Zedong. February 22 Aldershot Bombing: An Official IRA bomb kills seven in Aldershot, UK. Lufthansa Flight 649 is hijacked and taken to Aden. Passengers are released the following day after a ransom of 5 million US dollars is agreed. February 23 – US activist Angela Davis is released from jail. Rodger McAfee, a farmer from Caruthers, California, helps her make bail. February 26 A coal sludge spill kills 125 people in Buffalo Creek, West Virginia. Luna 20 comes back to Earth with 55 grams (1.94 oz) of lunar soil. February 28 – The Asama-Sanso incident ends in a standoff between 5 members of the Japanese United Red Army and the authorities, in which two policemen are killed and 12 injured. March March 1 – Juan María Bordaberry is sworn in as President of Uruguay amid accusations of electoral fraud. March 2 The Club of Rome presents the research results leading to its report The Limits to Growth, published later in the month. The Pioneer 10 spacecraft is launched from Cape Kennedy, to be the first man-made spacecraft to leave the solar system. Jean-Bédel Bokassa becomes President of the Central African Republic. March 3 Sculpted figures of Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson are completed at Stone Mountain in the U.S. state of Georgia. Mohawk Airlines Flight 405 crashed into a house on Edgewood Avenue in Albany, New York, killing 16 of the 47 persons on board, and one person in an upstairs apartment. The impact happened at 8:48 pm after the commuter plane lost power during a snowstorm. Thick as a Brick by Jethro Tull is released, a concept album supposedly written by an 8-year-old boy, Gerald Bostock. March 4 Libya and the Soviet Union sign a cooperation treaty. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference Charter is signed (effective February 28, 1973). March 5 – Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis leaves the Greek Communist Party. March 13 The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China elevate diplomatic exchanges to the ambassadorial level after 22 years. Clifford Irving admits to a New York court that he had fabricated Howard Hughes' "autobiography". March 15 – The Godfather has its premiere at the Loew's State Theatre in New York City. March 16 – The first building of the Pruitt–Igoe housing development in St. Louis is destroyed. March 19 – India and Bangladesh sign the Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace. March 22 The 92nd U.S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification. Eisenstadt v. Baird: Supreme Court rules that unmarried people have the right to access contraception on the same basis as married couples March 24 – The British government announces the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland and the introduction of 'Direct Rule' of Northern Ireland, after the Unionist government refuses to cede security powers. March 25 – Après toi sung by Vicky Leandros (music by Klaus Munro & Mario Panas, lyric by Klaus Munro & Yves Dessca) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1972 for Luxembourg. March 26 An avalanche on Mount Fuji kills 19 climbers. The last trolleybus system in the United Kingdom closes in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire after over 60 years of operation. After 14 years, the last of Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts is telecast by CBS. This last concert is devoted to Gustav Holst's The Planets. March 27 – The First Sudanese Civil War ends. March 30 Vietnam War: The Easter Offensive begins after North Vietnamese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of South Vietnam The Parliament of Northern Ireland is suspended. April April 7 – Vietnam War veteran Richard McCoy Jr. hijacks a United Airlines jet and extorts $500,000; he is later captured. April 10 The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing the Biological Weapons Convention, an agreement to ban biological warfare. Tombs containing bamboo slips, among them Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's lost military treatise, are accidentally discovered by construction workers in Shandong. The 6.7 Qir earthquake shook southern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 5,374 people in the province of Fars. The 44th Annual Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. April 12 – The X-rated animated movie Fritz the Cat is released. April 13 – The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative, effectively expelling the Republic of China administering Taiwan. April 16 Apollo 16 (John Young, Ken Mattingly, Charlie Duke) is launched. During the mission, the astronauts, driving the Lunar Roving Vehicle, achieve a lunar rover speed record of 18 km/h. Vietnam War – Nguyen Hue Offensive: Prompted by the North Vietnamese offensive, the United States resumes bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong. April 17 – The first Boston Marathon in which women are officially allowed to compete. April 22 – Sylvia Cook and John Fairfax finish rowing across the Pacific. April 26 – The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar enters service with Eastern Airlines. April 27 The Burundian Genocide against the Hutu begins; more than 500,000 Hutus die. A no-confidence vote against German Chancellor Willy Brandt fails under obscure circumstances. April 29 – The fourth anniversary of the Broadway musical Hair is celebrated with a free concert at a Central Park bandshell, followed by dinner at the Four Seasons. There, 13 Black Panther protesters and the show's co-author, Jim Rado, are arrested for disturbing the peace and for using marijuana. May May 2 – Fire at the Sunshine Mine, a silver mine in Idaho, kills 91. May 5 – An Alitalia DC-8 crashes west of Palermo, Sicily; 115 die. May 7 – General elections are held in Italy. May 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the mining of Haiphong Harbor in Vietnam. May 10 – Operation Linebacker and Operation Custom Tailor begin with large-scale bombing operations against North Vietnam by tactical fighter aircraft. May 11 – The Boston Bruins defeat the New York Rangers four games to two to win the Stanley Cup. May 13 – A fire in a nightclub atop the Sennichi department store in Osaka, Japan, kills 115. May 15 Okinawa is returned to Japan after 27 years of United States occupation. Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama is shot and paralyzed by Arthur Bremer at a political rally in Laurel, Maryland, United States. May 18 – Four troopers of the British Special Air Service and Special Boat Service are parachuted onto the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth 2 across the Atlantic after a bomb threat and ransom demand which turn out to be bogus. May 19 – Three out of six bombs explode in the Axel Springer AG media company offices in Hamburg, Germany, injuring 17; the Red Army Faction claims responsibility. May 21 – In St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City), Laszlo Toth attacks Michelangelo's Pietà statue with a geologist's hammer, shouting that he is Jesus Christ. May 22 The Dominion of Ceylon becomes the republic of Sri Lanka under prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, when its new constitution is ratified. Ferit Melen forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (35th government) May 23 – The Tamil United Front (later known as Tamil United Liberation Front), a pro-Tamil organization, is founded in Sri Lanka. May 24 Scottish Association football club Rangers F.C. win the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, defeating FC Dynamo Moscow 3–2 in the final at Camp Nou in Barcelona (Spain). A pitch invasion by their supporters leads to the team being banned from defending the trophy the following season. A Red Army Faction bomb explodes in the Campbell Barracks of the U.S. Army Supreme European Command in Heidelberg, West Germany; three U.S. soldiers (Clyde Bonner, Ronald Woodard and Charles Peck) are killed. The Magnavox Odyssey video game system is first demoed, marking the dawn of the video game age; it goes on sale to the public in August. May 26 Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I treaty in Moscow, as well as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other agreements. Wernher von Braun retires from NASA, frustrated by the agency's unwillingness to pursue a manned trans-orbital space program. Willandra National Park is established in Australia. May 27 – Mark Donohue wins the Indianapolis 500 in a Penske Racing McLaren–Offenhauser. May 30 The Angry Brigade, a far-left militant group who carried out bomb attacks in England between 1970 and 1972, go on trial. Lod Airport massacre: Three Japanese Red Army members kill 26 and injure 80 people at Lod Airport, Israel. June June – Iraq nationalizes the Iraq Petroleum Company. June 2 – Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe, Holger Meins and some other members of the Red Army Faction are arrested in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, after a shootout. June 5–16 – The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is held in Stockholm, Sweden June 8 Seven men and three women hijack a plane from Czechoslovakia to West Germany. Vietnam War: Associated Press photographer Nick Ut takes his Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of a naked nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc running down a road after being burned by napalm. June 9 – The Black Hills flood kills 238 in South Dakota. June 11 – Henri Pescarolo (France) and co-driver former World Drivers' Champion Graham Hill (Britain) win the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the Equipe Matra MS670. June 14–23 – Hurricane Agnes kills 117 on the U.S. East Coast. June 14 Japan Airlines Flight 471 crashes outside of New Delhi airport, killing 82 of 87 occupants. The first Popeyes fried chicken restaurant opens in the New Orleans suburb of Arabi, Louisiana. June 15 – Ulrike Meinhof and Gerhard Müller of the Red Army Faction are arrested in a teacher's apartment in Langenhagen, West Germany. June 15–18 – The first U.S. Libertarian Party National Convention is held in Denver, Colorado. June 16 – 108 die as two passenger trains hit the debris of a collapsed railway tunnel near Soissons, France. June 17 Watergate scandal: Five White House operatives are arrested for burglarizing the offices of the Democratic National Committee. Chilean president Salvador Allende forms a new government. June 18 Staines air disaster: 118 die when a Trident 1 jet airliner crashes two minutes after takeoff from London Heathrow Airport. West Germany beats the Soviet Union 3–0 to win Euro 72. Hong Kong's worst flooding and landslides in recorded history with of rainfall in the previous three days. 67 people die due to building collapses in Mid-levels districts landslide and building collapses, with a further 83 due to flooding-related fatalities. It is the second worst fatality due to building collapses, and the worst flooding in Hong Kong's recorded history. June 23 – Watergate scandal: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon and White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about using the C.I.A. to obstruct the F.B.I.'s investigation into the Watergate break-ins. June 26 – Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney co-found Atari, Inc. June 28 – U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that no new draftees will be sent to Vietnam. June 29 – Furman v. Georgia: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that capital punishment is unconstitutional. June 30 – The International Time Bureau adds the first leap second (23:59:60) to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) at the end of the month. July July – U.S. actress Jane Fonda tours North Vietnam, during which she is photographed sitting on a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft gun. July 1 The Canadian ketch Vega, flying the Greenpeace III banner, collides with the French naval minesweeper La Paimpolaise while in international waters, to protest French nuclear weapon tests in the South Pacific. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms becomes independent from the IRS. July 2 – Following Pakistan's surrender to India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, both nations sign the historic Simla Agreement, agreeing to settle their disputes bilaterally. July 4 – The first Rainbow Gathering is held in Colorado. July 8 – The U.S. sells grain to the Soviet Union for $750 million. July 10 – India's news agency reports that at least 24 people have been killed in separate incidents, in the Chandka Forest in India, by elephants crazed by heat and drought. July 11 The long anticipated chess match between world champion Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union, and United States champion Bobby Fischer, began in Iceland at Reykjavík. Curtis Mayfield releases the soundtrack to the 1972 film, Super Fly. July 10–14 – The Democratic National Convention meets in Miami Beach. Senator George McGovern, who backs the immediate and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam, is nominated for president. He names fellow Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate. July 15 – The Pruitt–Igoe housing development is demolished in St. Louis, Missouri. July 18 – Anwar Sadat expels 20,000 Soviet advisors from Egypt. July 21 Bloody Friday: 22 bombs planted by the Provisional IRA explode in Belfast, Northern Ireland; nine people are killed and 130 seriously injured. Comedian George Carlin is arrested by Milwaukee police for public obscenity, for reciting his "Seven Words You Can Never Say On Television" at Summerfest. A collision between two trains near Seville, Spain kills 76 people. July 23 – The United States launches Landsat 1, the first Earth-resources satellite. July 24 – King Jigme Singye Wangchuck succeeds his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck as king of Bhutan. July 25 – U.S. health officials admit that African-Americans were used as guinea pigs in the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. July 27 – The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle makes its first flight. July 28 – A national dock strike begins in Britain. July 31 – The Troubles, Northern Ireland: Operation Motorman 4:00 AM: The British Army begins to regain control of the "no-go areas" established by Irish republican paramilitaries in Belfast, Derry ("Free Derry") and Newry. Claudy bombing ("Bloody Monday"), 10:00 AM: Three car bombs in Claudy, County Londonderry, kill nine. It becomes public knowledge only in 2010 that a local Catholic priest was an IRA officer believed to be involved in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities. August August 1 – U.S. Senator Thomas Eagleton, the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, withdraws from the race after revealing he had been treated for mental illness. August 4 Arthur Bremer is jailed for 63 years for shooting George Wallace. Dictator Idi Amin declares that Uganda will expel 50,000 Asians with British passports to Britain within 3 months. A huge solar flare (one of the largest ever recorded) knocks out cable lines in U.S. It begins with the appearance of sunspots on August 2; an August 4 flare kicks off high levels of activity until August 10. August 10 – A brilliant, daytime meteor is seen in the western US and Canada as an Apollo asteroid skips off the Earth's atmosphere. August 12 – Oil tankers Oswego-Guardian and Texanita collide near Stilbaai, South Africa. August 14 – An East German Ilyushin airliner crashes near East Berlin; all 156 on board perish. August 16 – As part of a coup attempt, members of the Royal Moroccan Air Force fire upon, but fail to bring down, Hassan II of Morocco's plane while he is traveling back to Rabat. August 19 – The first daytime episode of the second incarnation of American game show The Price Is Right is taped at CBS Television City, to be aired on September 4. August 21 – The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida renominates U.S. President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew for a second term. August 22 Rhodesia is expelled by the IOC for its racist policies. John Wojtowicz, 27, and Sal Naturile, 18, hold several Chase Manhattan Bank employees hostage for 17 hours in Gravesend, Brooklyn, N.Y. (an event later dramatized in the film Dog Day Afternoon). In the Almirante Zar Naval Base, Argentina, 16 detainees are executed by firing squad in the Trelew massacre. August 26 – September 10 – The 1972 Summer Olympics are held in Munich, West Germany. September September 1 Bobby Fischer defeats Boris Spassky in a chess match in Reykjavík, Iceland, becoming the first American world chess champion. The Second Cod War begins between the United Kingdom and Iceland. September 4 – The New Price is Right, a revival of the 1956-65 NBC and ABC game show of the same name premieres on CBS, along with Gambit and The Joker's Wild, overhauling the network's daytime schedule. September 5–6 – Munich massacre: Eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich are murdered after eight members of the Arab terrorist group Black September invade the Olympic Village; five guerillas and one policeman are also killed in a failed hostage rescue. September 10 – The Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi wins the Italian Grand Prix at Monza and becomes the youngest Formula One World Champion at the age of 25. September 12 – Maude, the first in a series of spin-offs from All in the Family, premieres on CBS. Bea Arthur starred as the title character. September 14 – West Germany and Poland renew diplomatic relations. September 17 Uganda announces that there are Tanzanian troops in its territory. The television series M*A*S*H begins its run on CBS. September 18 – São Paulo Metro is inaugurated in Brazil. September 19 – A parcel bomb sent to the Israeli Embassy in London kills one diplomat. September 23 – Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos announces on national television the issuance of Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire country under martial law. September 24 – An F-86 fighter aircraft leaving an air show at Sacramento Executive Airport fails to become airborne and crashes into a Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour, killing 12 children and 11 adults. September 25 – 1972 Norwegian EC referendum: Norway rejects membership of the European Economic Community. September 28 – The Canadian national men's hockey team defeats the Soviet national ice hockey team in Game 8 of the 1972 Summit Series (French: La Série du Siècle, Russian: Суперсерия СССР — Канада), 6–5, to win the series 4–3–1. September 29 – Sino-Japanese relations: The Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China is signed in Beijing, which normalizes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan). October October – The government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduces the Somali alphabet as Somalia's official writing script. October 1 The first publication reporting the production of a recombinant DNA molecule marks the birth of modern molecular biology methodology. Alex Comfort's bestselling manual The Joy of Sex is published. October 2 – Denmark joins the European Community; the Faroe Islands stay out. October 5 – The United Reformed Church is founded out of the Congregational and Presbyterian Churches. October 6 – A train crash in Saltillo, Mexico kills 208 people. October 8 A major breakthrough occurs in the Paris peace talks between Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ. R. Sargent Shriver is chosen to replace Thomas Eagleton as the U.S. vice-presidential nominee of the Democratic Party. October 12 – En route to the Gulf of Tonkin, an anti-war protest, the USS Kitty Hawk riot led by African-Americans and interpreted by some as a race riot involving more than 200 sailors, breaks out aboard the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk; nearly 50 sailors are injured. October 13 – Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571: A Fairchild FH-227D passenger aircraft transporting a rugby union team crashes at about in the Andes mountain range, near the Argentina/Chile border. Sixteen of the survivors are found alive December 20 but they have had to resort to cannibalism to survive. October 16 The long-running soap opera, Emmerdale, made by Yorkshire Television, is broadcast on the UK's ITV network for the first time, under the title Emmerdale Farm. A plane carrying U.S. Congressman Hale Boggs of Louisiana and three other men vanishes in Alaska. The wreckage has never been found, despite a massive search at the time. Rioting Maze Prison inmates cause a fire that destroys most of the camp. October 17 – Elizabeth II visits Yugoslavia. October 22 – The Oakland Athletics defeat the Cincinnati Reds four games to three to capture Major League Baseball's World Series. It is the Athletics' first championship since 1930, when the franchise was in Philadelphia. October 25 The first female FBI agents are hired. Belgian Eddy Merckx sets a new world hour record in cycling in Mexico City. October 26 Following a visit to South Vietnam, U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger suggests that "peace is at hand." A coup in the Republic of Dahomey (actual Benin) led by Mathieu Kérékou removed a civilian government (which had been headed by a triumvirate consisting of Ahomadégbé, Apithy and Maga). October 28 – The Airbus A300 flies for the first time. October 29 – Lufthansa Flight 615 is hijacked and threats are made to be blown up if the three surviving perpetrators of the Munich massacre are not released from prison in West Germany. The demands are accepted, leading to fierce condemnation by Israel. October 30 U.S. President Richard Nixon approves legislation to increase Social Security spending by US$5.3 billion. A commuter train collision in Chicago kills 45, injures hundreds. November November At a scientific meeting in Honolulu, Herbert Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen conceive the concept of recombinant DNA. They publish their results in November 1973 in PNAS. Separately in 1972, Paul Berg also recombines DNA in a test tube. Recombinant DNA technology has dramatically changed the field of biological sciences, especially biotechnology, and opened the door to genetically modified organisms. The Nishitetsu Lions baseball club, part of the NPB's Pacific League, is sold to the Fukuoka Baseball Corporation, a subsidiary of Nishi-Nippon Railroad. The team is renamed the Taiheiyo Club Lions. November 7 – 1972 U.S. presidential election: Republican incumbent Richard Nixon defeats Democratic Senator George McGovern in a landslide (the election had the lowest voter turnout since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting). November 11 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: The United States Army turns over the massive Long Binh military base to South Vietnam. November 14 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 1,000 (1,003.16) for the first time. November 16 – The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization adopts the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage November 19 – Seán Mac Stíofáin, a leader of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, is arrested in Dublin after giving an interview to RTÉ. November 22 – Vietnam War: The United States loses its first B-52 Stratofortress of the war. November 28 – The last executions in Paris, France. Roger Bontems and Claude Buffet – the Clairvaux Mutineers – are guillotined at La Santé Prison by chief executioner André Obrecht. Bontems, found not guilty of murder by the court, was condemned as Buffet's accomplice . President Georges Pompidou, in private an abolitionist, upholds both death sentences in deference to French public opinion. November 29 Atari, Inc. kicks off the first generation of video games with the release of their seminal arcade version of Pong, the first game to achieve commercial success. The "tea house" Mellow Yellow opens on the Amstel River in Amsterdam, pioneering the legal sale of cannabis in the Netherlands. November 30 Vietnam War: White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler tells the press that troop levels in Vietnam are down to 27,000 and consequently there will be no more public announcements concerning United States troop withdrawals from Vietnam. Cod War: British Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home says that Royal Navy ships will be stationed to protect British trawlers off Iceland. December December 2 – 1972 Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam defeats the Liberal/Country Coalition | the government reveals it in 1975. Worship of Norse gods is officially approved in Iceland. The Climatic Research Unit is founded by climatologist Hubert Lamb at the University of East Anglia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia bans the cultural organization Matica hrvatska, founded in 1842. The German company SAP AG is founded. Kadir Nurman introduces a sandwich made with döner kebab meat as a fast-food item in Berlin. Burt Reynolds poses nude for the centerfold of the April edition of Cosmopolitan. Film director Stanley Kubrick asks Warner Bros. to withdraw A Clockwork Orange from exhibition in the UK following death threats made against his family. The film does not receive a public viewing in the country for another 27 years. Motown moves all of its operations from Detroit to Los Angeles in June. Births January January 1 - Lilian Thuram, French football player January 2 – Shiraz Minwalla, Indian theoretical physicist and string theorist January 5 Ariel McDonald, American-Slovenian basketball player Sakis Rouvas, Greek recording, film and television artist, athlete and businessman January 10 – Thomas Alsgaard, Norwegian cross-country skier January 11 – Amanda Peet, American actress January 12 – Toto Wolff, Austrian former racing driver and team principal January 13 – Vitaly Scherbo, Belarusian gymnast January 16 Yuri Alekseevich Drozdov, Russian footballer Salah Hissou, Moroccan long-distance runner January 20 – Nikki Haley, Indian-American politician, Governor of South Carolina (2010-2017) and former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2017-2018) January 21 – Billel Dziri, Algerian footballer and manager January 22 – Gabriel Macht, American actor January 23 – Marcel Wouda, Dutch swimmer January 27 Bibi Gaytán, Mexican singer and actress Mark Owen, British pop singer (Take That) Keith Wood, Irish rugby player January 28 – Amy Coney Barrett, American attorney, jurist, and associate justice, U.S. Supreme Court February February 1 Tego Calderón, Puerto Rican hip hop musician and actor Leymah Gbowee, Liberian peace activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate February 2 Klára Dobrev, wife of Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány Hendrick Ramaala, South African long-distance runner February 3 - Michael Kovrig, Canadian diplomat and hostage victim February 4 Paul Anthony McDermott, Irish lawyer and academic (d. 2019) Giovanni Silva de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer February 5 Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark Koriki Chōshū, Japanese comedian February 8 – Big Show, American professional wrestler February 9 – Norbert Rózsa, Hungarian swimmer February 11 Craig Jones, American sampler / keyboardist Steve McManaman, British footballer Kelly Slater, American professional surfer February 13 – Virgilijus Alekna, Lithuanian discus thrower February 14 – Rob Thomas, American singer-songwriter (Matchbox Twenty) February 15 – Jaromír Jágr, Czech hockey player February 17 Billie Joe Armstrong, American rock musician and lead singer/guitarist (Green Day) Ralphie May, American stand-up comedian and actor (d. 2017) Valeria Mazza, Argentinian model and businesswoman February 18 – Olexandra Timoshenko, Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast February 21 – Seo Taiji, Korean musician February 22 Michael Chang, American tennis player Claudia Pechstein, German speed-skater Haim Revivo, Israeli footballer February 24 Pooja Bhatt, Indian actress Richard Chelimo, Kenyan athlete (d. 2001) February 26 – Keith Ferguson, American voice actor February 29 Dave Williams, American singer (d. 2002) Pedro Sánchez, Spanish politician, Prime Minister 2018- March March 3 – Darren Anderton, English footballer March 4 Pae Gil-su, North Korean gymnast Jos Verstappen, Dutch racing driver March 6 – Shaquille O'Neal, American basketball player March 9 Ronald Cheng, Hong Kong singer and actor Jean Louisa Kelly, American actress March 10 Takashi Fujii (Matthew Minami), Japanese television performer Timbaland, American record producer, songwriter and rapper March 13 Leigh-Allyn Baker, American actress Common, African-American rapper and actor Reshef Levi, Israeli comedian March 15 – Mark Hoppus, American musician and bassist (blink-182) March 17 – Mia Hamm, American soccer player March 18 – Dane Cook, American comedian March 21 Balázs Kiss, Hungarian Olympic athlete Derartu Tulu, Ethiopian long-distance runner March 22 Shawn Bradley, American basketball player Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater March 23 Joe Calzaghe, Welsh boxer Judith Godrèche, French actress March 25 – Naftali Bennett, Israeli politician March 26 – Leslie Mann, American actress and comedian March 27 Kieran Modra, Australian Paralympic swimmer and cyclist (d. 2019) Charlie Haas, American professional wrestler Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Dutch footballer March 28 – Nick Frost, English actor, comedian and screenwriter March 29 Hera Björk, Icelandic singer Priti Patel, British Indian politician, Secretary of State for the Home Department March 30 – Karel Poborský, Czech football player April April 2 – Eyal Berkovic, Israeli footballer April 3 – Jennie Garth, American actress April 4 – Lisa Ray, Canadian model and actress April 5 – Junko Takeuchi, Japanese voice actress April 8 – Sung Kang, Korean-American actor April 7 – Tim Peake, British astronaut April 10 – Vincent Zhao, Chinese actor and martial artist April 13 – Mariusz Czerkawski, Polish ice hockey player April 15 – Arturo Gatti, Canadian boxer (d. 2009) April 16 – Conchita Martínez, Spanish tennis player April 17 Jennifer Garner, American actress Muttiah Muralitharan, Sri Lankan cricketer April 19 – Rivaldo, Brazilian footballer April 20 Lê Huỳnh Đức, Vietnamese footballer Carmen Electra, American actress and singer Željko Joksimović, Serbian singer, composer songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and producer April 26 – Avi Nimni, Israeli footballer April 30 – Takako Tokiwa, Japanese actress May May 1 – Julie Benz, American actress May 2 – Dwayne Johnson, American professional wrestler and actor May 4 – Mike Dirnt, American rock musician and bassist (Green Day) May 5 Devin Townsend, Canadian musician James Cracknell, British Olympic rower May 6 Martin Brodeur, Canadian ice hockey goaltender Naoko Takahashi, Japanese long-distance runner May 7 – Asghar Farhadi, Iranian film director May 8 – Darren Hayes, Australian musician May 9 – Daniela Silivaș, Romanian gymnast May 10 Radosław Majdan, Polish goalkeeper Katja Seizinger, German alpine skier May 19 Jenny Berggren, Swedish rock singer (Ace of Base) Claudia Karvan, Australian actress May 20 Busta Rhymes, African-American rapper and actor Christophe Dominici, French rugby union player (d. 2020) May 21 – The Notorious B.I.G., African-American rapper (d. 1997) May 22 Max Brooks, American horror author and screenwriter Alison Eastwood, American actress May 23 – Rubens Barrichello, Brazilian racing driver May 24 – Maia Sandu, Prime Minister of Moldova May 25 Karan Johar, Indian film director, producer and screenwriter Octavia Spencer, African-American actress, author and producer May 27 – Ivete Sangalo, Brazilian singer-songwriter, actress and television show host May 28 – Michael Boogerd, Dutch cyclist May 29 – Laverne Cox, American actress and LGBTQ+ advocate May 30 – Manny Ramírez, Dominican baseball player May 31 – Frode Estil, Norwegian cross-country skier June June 2 Wayne Brady, African-American comedian Wentworth Miller, British-born American actor and screenwriter June 4 – Stoja, Serbian pop-folk singer June 5 – Yogi Adityanath, Indian priest and politician June 6 Noriaki Kasai, Japanese ski jumper Cristina Scabbia, Italian singer June 7 – Karl Urban, New Zealand actor June 11 – Stephen Kearney, New Zealand rugby league player and coach June 14 – Matthias Ettrich, German computer scientist June 16 – John Cho, Korean-American actor and musician June 17 – Iztok Čop, Slovenian rower June 18 – Michal Yannai, Israeli actress June 19 – Jean Dujardin, French actor, comedian, and film director June 21 – Irene van Dyk, South African born New Zealand netball player June 23 – Zinedine Zidane, French-Algerian footballer and manager June 24 Robbie McEwen, Australian professional road bicycle racer Kim Yeo-jin, South Korean actress and activist June 28 Geeta Tripathee, Nepali poet, lyricist and literary critic Maria Butyrskaya, Russian figure skater June 29 Samantha Smith, American peace activist (d. 1985) Nawal Al Zoghbi, Lebanese singer June 30 Molly Parker, Canadian actress Fabiano Scherner, German-Brazilian mixed martial artist and jiu-jitsu black belt July July 2 – Darren Shan, Irish author July 4 Nina Badrić, Croatian pop singer Alexei Shirov, Spanish chess Grandmaster Craig Spearman, New Zealand cricketer July 5 Robert Esmie, Canadian Olympic athlete July 6 – Isabelle Boulay, French Canadian singer July 7 Lisa Leslie, American basketball player Kirsten Vangsness, American actress and writer July 8 – Sourav Ganguly, Indian cricketer July 10 Sofía Vergara, Colombian-American actress, television producer, comedian, presenter and model Julián Legaspi, Uruguayan-Peruvian actor July 11 – Michael Rosenbaum, American actor, producer, singer and comedian July 14 – Deborah Mailman, Australian actress and singer July 15 – Chitalu Chilufya, Zambian doctor and politician July 19 – Naohito Fujiki, Japanese actor and singer July 20 – Jozef Stümpel, Slovak professional ice hockey player July 21 Catherine Ndereba, Kenyan long-distance runner Josué Guébo, Ivorian academic July 22 Andrew Holness, 9th Prime Minister of Jamaica Keyshawn Johnson, American football player July 23 – Marlon Wayans, American actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter July 27 Takako Fuji, Japanese actress Clint Robinson, Australian kayaker Maya Rudolph, American actress, comedienne and singer Takashi Shimizu, Japanese director Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon and the first commercial astronaut July 28 Elizabeth Berkley, American actress Evan Farmer, American television host, actor, and musician July 29 – Wil Wheaton, American actor, blogger, and writer July 31 – Tami Stronach, Iranian-born dancer and former actress August August 1 – Devon Hughes, American professional wrestler August 3 – Atsunori Inaba, Japanese baseball manager and player August 6 – Geri Halliwell, British pop singer (Spice Girls) August 9 – A-mei, Taiwanese singer August 10 – Angie Harmon, American actress August 12 – Demir Demirkan, Turkish rock musician and songwriter August 14 Takako Honda, Japanese voice actress Yoo Jae-suk, South Korean comedian and television comedy show host August 15 Ben Affleck, American actor and film director Mikey Graham, Irish singer (Boyzone) August 19 – Sammi Cheng, Hong Kong singer and actress August 27 Denise Lewis, English track and field athlete The Great Khali, Indian promoter, actor, powerlifter and professional wrestler August 29 – Bae Yong-joon, South Korean actor August 30 Cameron Diaz, American actress Pavel Nedvěd, Czech footballer September September 2 – Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian hockey player (d. 2004) September 4 – Françoise Yip, Chinese-Canadian actress September 6 – Idris Elba, English actor September 9 – Goran Višnjić, Croatian-American actor September 10 Ghada Shouaa, Syrian athlete Rio Tahara, Japanese snowboarder September 15 – Queen Letizia of Spain September 16 Sprent Dabwido, Nauruan politician (d. 2019) Vebjørn Rodal, Norwegian Olympic athlete September 17 – Bobby Lee, Asian-American comedian September 19 – Ashot Nadanian, Armenian chess player, theoretician and coach September 20 – Victor Ponta, 3-Time Prime Minister of Romania September 21 Liam Gallagher, British singer (Oasis) Erin Fitzgerald, Canadian-American voice actress September 23 Pierre Amine Gemayel, Lebanese politician (d. 2006) Galit Gutman, Israeli female model September 25 – Emma Hannigan, Irish author (d. 2018) September 26 Beto O'Rourke, American politician, representative of Texas 16th congressional district Shawn Stockman, American singer and musician (Boyz II Men) September 27 – Gwyneth Paltrow, American actress September 28 Guta Stresser, Brazilian actress Dita Von Teese, American burlesque artist, model, and businesswoman September 30 Ari Behn, Norwegian author (d. 2019) José Lima, Dominican baseball player (d. 2010) Shaan, Indian singer October October 2 – Konstantinos Papadakis, Greek pianist October 3 – Kim Joo-hyuk, South Korean actor (d. 2017) October 5 – Grant Hill, African-American basketball player October 8 – Kim Myung-min, South Korean actor October 11 – Claudia Black, Australian actress October 15 – Sandra Kim, Belgian singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1986 winner October 17 Eminem, American rapper and actor Sharon Leal, American actress and director Tarkan, Turkish singer October 19 – Sayaka Aoki, Japanese voice actress October 21 Evgeny Afineevsky, Russian-born American film director and producer Evhen Tsybulenko, Ukrainian professor of international law October 22 – Saffron Burrows, British actress October 24 – Kim Ji-soo, South Korean actress October 25 – Esther Duflo, French American economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences October 27 Elissa, Lebanese singer Marika Krook, Finnish singer (Edea) Maria de Lurdes Mutola, Mozambican athlete October 29 – Gabrielle Union, American actress November November 1 Mario Barth, German comedian Toni Collette, Australian actress, singer, and musician Jenny McCarthy, American actress and model November 2 – Vladimir Vorobiev, Russian ice hockey player November 4 – Luís Figo, Portuguese footballer November 5 – Krassimir Avramov, Bulgarian singer and songwriter November 6 Adonis Georgiades, Greek historian and politician, Greek Minister of Health Thandiwe Newton, British actress Rebecca Romijn, American actress and model November 8 Gretchen Mol, American actress Maja Marijana, Serbian pop-folk singer November 9 – Eric Dane, American actor November 10 – Trevor Devall, Canadian voice actor and podcaster November 11 – Adam Beach, Canadian actor November 13 – Takuya Kimura, Japanese actor November 14 - Josh Duhamel, American actor and model November 15 – Jonny Lee Miller, English-American actor November 16 Aurelia Dobre, Romanian artistic gymnast Missi Pyle, American actress and singer November 18 – Zubeen Garg, Indian singer November 23 – Alf-Inge Håland, Norwegian footballer November 26 – Arjun Rampal, Indian actor November 29 Brian Baumgartner, American actor and director Andreas Goldberger, Austrian ski jumper November 30 – Christopher Fitzgerald, American actor December December 4 – Yūko Miyamura, Japanese voice actress, actress and singer December 7 – Hermann Maier, Austrian skier December 9 – Tré Cool, American rock musician and drummer (Green Day) December 11 – Daniel Alfredsson, Swedish-Canadian former ice hockey player December 12 – Wilson Kipketer, Kenyan-Danish athlete December 13 – Mauricio Solís, Costa Rican footballer December 14 – Miranda Hart, British comedian and actress December 15 Lee Jung-jae, South Korean actor Stuart Townsend, Irish actor December 16 – Zeljko Kalac, Australian footballer December 17 – John Abraham, Indian actor December 18 – Eimear Quinn, Irish Celtic singer, Eurovision Song Contest 1996 winner December 19 – Alyssa Milano, American actress December 22 – Vanessa Paradis, French singer and actress December 23 – Morgan, Italian singer, composer, multi-instrumentalist and X Factor (Italy) judge December 24 – Álvaro Mesén, Costa Rican footballer December 25 Josh Freese, American musician and drummer Qu Yunxia, Chinese middle-distance runner December 27 – Colin Charvis, Welsh rugby player December 28 – Patrick Rafter, Australian tennis player December 29 – Jude Law, British actor Deaths January January 1 Maurice Chevalier, French singer and actor (b. 1888) Patriarch Maximus V of Constantinople, Turkish Orthodox Christian bishop (b. 1897) January 3 – Frans Masereel, Belgian painter and graphic artist (b. 1889) January 7 – Emma P. Carr, American spectroscopist (b. 1880) January 8 – Wesley Ruggles, American film director (b. 1889) January 14 – Frederick IX of Denmark (b. 1899) January 16 – Ross Bagdasarian, American record producer (b. 1919) January 17 – Rochelle Hudson, American actress (b. 1916) January 19 – Mohammad Al-Abbasi, 45th Prime Minister of Jordan (b. 1914) January 25 – Erhard Milch, German field marshal and Luftwaffe officer (b. 1892) January 27 – Mahalia Jackson, American gospel singer (b. 1911) January 30 – Prince Sisowath Watchayavong, 5th Prime Minister of Cambodia (b. 1891) January 31 – King Mahendra of Nepal (b. 1920) February February 2 – Jessie Royce Landis, American actress (b. 1896) February 5 – Marianne Moore, American poet (b. 1887) February 7 – Walter Lang, American film director (b. 1896) February 11 Jan Wils, Dutch architect (b. 1891) Colin Munro MacLeod, Canadian-American geneticist (b. 1909) February 17 – Gavriil Popov, Soviet Russian composer (b. 1904) February 19 John Grierson, Scottish documentary filmmaker (b. 1898) Lee Morgan, American jazz trumpeter and composer (b. 1938) February 20 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906) Walter Winchell, American journalist (b. 1897) February 25 – Gottfried Fuchs, German footballer (b. 1889) March March 8 – Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, German Nazi politician and SS functionary (b. 1899) March 11 – Fredric Brown, American science fiction and mystery writer (b. 1906) March 20 – Marilyn Maxwell, American actress (b. 1921) March 23 – Cristóbal Balenciaga, Spanish couturier (b. 1895) March 27 M. C. Escher, Dutch artist (b. 1898) Lorenzo Wright, American athlete (b. 1926) March 28 – Joseph Paul-Boncour, 71st Prime Minister of France (b. 1873) March 31 – Meena Kumari, Indian actress, singer and poet (b. 1933) April April 2 – Franz Halder, German general (b. 1884) April 3 – Ferde Grofé, American pianist and composer (b. 1892) April 4 – Stefan Wolpe, German-born composer (b. 1902) April 5 – Isabel Jewell, American actress (b. 1907) April 6 Brian Donlevy, American actor (b. 1901) Heinrich Lübke, 2nd President of the Federal Republic of Germany (b. 1894) April 7 Abeid Karume, 1st President of Zanzibar (b. 1905) August Zaleski, 6th President of Poland (b. 1883) April 9 – James F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State and Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1879) April 13 – Dorothy Dalton, American actress (b. 1893) April 16 – Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese novelist (b. 1899) April 20 – Jorge Mistral, Spanish actor (b. 1920) April 25 – George Sanders, Russian-born British actor (b. 1906) April 26 – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter (b. 1892) April 27 – Kwame Nkrumah, 1st President of Ghana (b. 1909) April 29 – King Ntare V of Burundi (b. 1947) April 30 Gia Scala, British actress (b. 1934) Clara Campoamor, Spanish politician and suffragist (b. 1888) May May 2 – J. Edgar Hoover, American civil servant, 1st Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (b. 1895) May 3 – Bruce Cabot, American actor (b. 1904) May 4 Edward Calvin Kendall, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1886) Josep Samitier, Spanish footballer (b. 1902) May 5 Reverend Gary Davis, American blues and gospel singer (b. 1896) Frank Tashlin, American animation director (b. 1913) May 6 – Deniz Gezmiş, Turkish Marxist revolutionary (executed) (b. 1947) May 10 – Rhys Gemmell, Australian tennis champion (b. 1896) May 11 – Lee Beom-seok, Korean activist, 1st Prime Minister of South Korea (b. 1900) May 13 – Dan Blocker, American actor (b. 1928) May 15 – Nigel Green, South African-English actor (b. 1924) May 17 – Gordon Lowe, Australian tennis champion (b. 1884) May 18 – Sidney Franklin, American film director (b. 1893) May 22 Cecil Day-Lewis, British poet (b. 1904) Dame Margaret Rutherford, English actress (b. 1892) May 23 – Richard Day, Canadian art director (b. 1896) May 28 The Duke of Windsor, former King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (b. 1894) Violette Leduc, French writer (b. 1907) May 29 – Prithviraj Kapoor, Indian actor and director (b. 1906) May 31 – Walter Freeman, American physician (b. 1895) June June 12 Saul Alinsky, American political activist (b. 1909) Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Austrian biologist (b. 1901) Edmund Wilson, American writer and critic (b. 1895) June 13 Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899) Clyde McPhatter, American singer (b. 1932) June 18 – Milton Humason, American astronomer (b. 1891) June 22 – Vladimir Durković, Serbian footballer (b. 1937) June 28 – Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Indian scientist (b. 1893) June 30 – Joe Deakin, British Olympic athlete (b. 1879) July July 2 – Joseph Fielding Smith, 10th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1876) July 5 – Raúl Leoni, 55th President of Venezuela (b. 1905) July 6 – Brandon deWilde, American actor (b. 1942) July 7 Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (b. 1886) King Talal of Jordan (b. 1909) July 8 – Ghassan Kanafani, Palestinian author (b. 1936) July 20 – Geeta Dutt, Indian singer (b. 1930) July 21 Ralph Craig, American Olympic athlete (b. 1889) King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (b. 1929) July 24 − Lance Reventlow, English playboy, entrepreneur and racing driver (b. 1936) July 27 – Count Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austrian-Japanese politician, geopolitician and philosopher (b. 1894) July 28 – Helen Traubel, American soprano (b. 1903) July 31 Alfons Gorbach, Austrian politician, 15th Chancellor of Austria (b. 1898) Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian politician and statesman, 31st Prime Minister of Belgium and 2nd Secretary General of NATO (b. 1899) August August 7 Joi Lansing, American actress (b. 1928) Tom Neal, American actor (b. 1914) August 8 – Andrea Feldman, American actress (b. 1948) August 9 – Ernst von Salomon, German writer (b. 1902) August 11 – Max Theiler, South African-born American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899) August 14 Oscar Levant, American pianist and actor (b. 1906) Jules Romains, French poet and writer (b. 1885) August 16 Pierre Brasseur, French actor (b. 1905) Mohamed Oufkir, Moroccan general (b. 1920) August 19 – Rudolf Belling, German sculptor (b. 1886) August 20 Juan Manuel Gálvez, 39th President of Honduras (b. 1887) Harold Rainsford Stark, American admiral (b. 1880) August 21 – Heinz Ziegler, German general (b. 1894) August 24 – Jinichi Kusaka, Japanese admiral (b. 1888) August 26 – Francis Chichester, British sailor and aviator (b. 1901) August 28 – Prince William of Gloucester (b. 1941) August 29 – René Leibowitz, French composer (b. 1913) September September 5 (Munich massacre): Yossef Romano, Israeli weightlifter (b. 1940) Moshe Weinberg, Israeli wrestling coach (b. 1939) September 6 (Munich massacre): David Mark Berger, Israeli weightlifter (b. 1944) Ze'ev Friedman, Israeli weightlifter (b. 1944) Yossef Gutfreund, Israeli wrestling referee (b. 1932) Eliezer Halfin, Israeli wrestler (b. 1948) Amitzur Shapira, Israeli athletics coach (b. 1932) Kehat Shorr, Israeli shooting coach (b. 1919) Mark Slavin, Israeli wrestler (b. 1954) Andre Spitzer, Israeli fencing coach (b. 1945) September 8 – Warren Kealoha, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1903) September 11 – Max Fleischer, American animator (b. 1883) September 12 – William Boyd, American actor (b. 1895) September 14 – Lane Chandler, American actor (b. 1899) September 15 Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, 2nd President of Iceland (b. 1894) Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1887) September 17 – Akim Tamiroff, Armenian actor (b. 1899) September 19 – Robert Casadesus, French pianist (b. 1899) September 21 – Henry de Montherlant, French writer (b. 1896) October October 1 – Louis Leakey, British paleontologist (b. 1903) October 5 – Ivan Yefremov, Soviet paleontologist and science fiction author (b. 1908) October 8 – Prescott Bush, American banker and politician (b. 1895) October 9 – Miriam Hopkins, American actress (b. 1902) October 10 – Kenneth Edgeworth, |
and Johnny Cash) get together at Sun Studio, for the first and last time in history. December 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, a Canadair North Star, crashes into Slesse Mountain near Chilliwack, British Columbia. All 62 people aboard, including five Canadian Football League players, are killed. December 12 – Japan becomes a member of the United Nations. December 18 – To Tell the Truth debuts on CBS-TV in the United States. December 19 – British doctor John Bodkin Adams is arrested for the murder of 2 patients in Eastbourne. December 23 – British and French troops leave the Suez Canal region. December 31 – Bob Barker makes his television debut, as host of the game show Truth or Consequences in the United States. Date unknown Asian flu pandemic originates in China. Minamata disease is discovered. The Alpine Club of Canada, Toronto section, is founded. Births January January 1 Mark R. Hughes, American entrepreneur (d. 2000) Kōji Yakusho, Japanese actor Christine Lagarde, French lawyer and politician, IMF Managing Director and ECB president Dzulkefly Ahmad, Malaysian politician Andrew Lesnie, Australian cinematographer (d. 2015) Andy Gill, English musician (d. 2020) January 3 Mel Gibson, American actor and director Tomiko Suzuki, Japanese voice actress (d. 2003) January 4 – Bernard Sumner, British musician January 5 Ana Pessoa Pinto, East Timorese politician and jurist Celso Blues Boy, Brazilian singer and guitarist (d. 2012) Chen Kenichi, Japan-born Chinese chef Frank-Walter Steinmeier, German politician January 7 David Caruso, American actor Uwe Ochsenknecht, German actor Johnny Owen, Welsh boxer (d. 1980) Miladin Šobić, Montenegrin singer January 9 Kimberly Beck, American actress Imelda Staunton, English actress January 12 – Nikolai Noskov, Soviet and Russian rock singer and songwriter January 13 – Janet Hubert, African-American actress January 14 – Ronan Bennett, Northern Irish writer January 15 – Vitaly Kaloyev, Russian convicted murderer, architect deputy minister of construction of North Ossetia-Alania January 16 – Martin Jol, Dutch football manager January 17 – Paul Young, English musician January 18 Tom Bailey, English musician Sharon Mitchell, American sexologist Jim Mothersbaugh, American rock drummer January 19 – Adriana Acosta, Argentine militant and field hockey player (d. 1978) January 20 – Bill Maher, American actor, comedian and political analyst January 21 Robby Benson, American actor, voice actor, director, singer and educator Geena Davis, American actress January 24 – Lounès Matoub, Algerian Berber Kabyle singer (d. 1998) January 25 – Bronwyn Pike, Australian politician January 26 – Pat Musick, American voice actress January 27 Susanne Blakeslee, American actress Mimi Rogers, American actress January 28 – Peter Schilling, German singer January 29 Jan Jakub Kolski, Polish film director Irlene Mandrell, American musician, actress January 30 – Keiichi Tsuchiya, Japanese race car driver January 31 John Lydon, British punk musician and TV personality Trevor Manuel, South African politician February February 1 – Mike Kitchen, Canadian ice hockey player and coach February 2 Philip Franks, English actor and director Alireza Soleimani, Iranian heavyweight freestyle wrestler (d. 2014) February 3 Nathan Lane, American actor Lee Ranaldo, American musician February 6 – Jon Walmsley, British actor February 7 John Posey, American actor and writer Heather Jones, Australian writer Mark St. John, American guitarist (d. 2007) February 10 – Enele Sopoaga, 12th Prime Minister of Tuvalu February 11 Didier Lockwood, French jazz violinist (d. 2018) Catherine Hickland, American actress February 13 Peter Hook, British bass player Yiannis Kouros, Greek-Australian ultra marathoner Jay Nixon, 55th Governor of Missouri Paul Stojanovich, American television producer February 14 – Tom Burlinson, Australian actor February 15 – Desmond Haynes, West Indian cricketer February 18 Ted Gärdestad, Swedish singer, songwriter and musician (d. 1997) Thomas Gradin, Swedish hockey player February 19 Kathleen Beller, American actress Roderick MacKinnon, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Dave Wakeling, English musician February 20 – François Bréda, Romanian essayist, poet, literary critic, literary historian, translator and theatrologist (d. 2018) February 23 Reinhold Beckmann, German television presenter Paul O'Neill, American composer, record producer (d. 2017) February 24 Judith Butler, American philosopher Paula Zahn, American television journalist February 25 Davie Cooper, Scottish footballer (d. 1995) Michel Friedman, German lawyer, politician and talk show host February 26 Michel Houellebecq, French author Keisuke Kuwata, Japanese musician February 27 Angela Aames, American actress (d. 1988) Tim Brando, American sports broadcaster February 28 Liem Swie King, Indonesian badminton player Thomas Remengesau Jr., 7th and 9th President of Palau February 29 Mike Compton, American mandolinist Bob Speller, Canadian politician Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002) March March 1 Tim Daly, American actor and producer Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of Lithuania March 2 – Eduardo Rodríguez, President of Bolivia March 3 – Frank Giroud, French comics writer (d. 2018) March 5 Teena Marie, American singer (d. 2010) Marco Paolini, Italian stage actor, dramaturge and author March 7 Andrea Levy, English novelist (d. 2019) Bryan Cranston, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter March 8 – John Kapelos, Canadian actor March 9 Kadyrzhan Batyrov, Kyrgyz businessman and politician (d. 2018) Shashi Tharoor, Indian politician March 11 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor and singer March 12 Lídice da Mata, Brazilian politician Pim Verbeek, Dutch football manager and former player (d. 2019) March 13 – Dana Delany, American actress March 16 Boaz Arad, Israeli visual artist (d. 2018) Vladimír Godár, Slovak composer March 18 – Ingemar Stenmark, Swedish alpine skier March 19 – Yegor Gaidar, Russian economist and politician (d. 2009) March 20 Minken Fosheim, Norwegian actress and author (d. 2018) Catherine Ashton, British politician Sabiamad Abdul Ahad, Malaysian sport shooter (d. 2021) Naoto Takenaka, Japanese actor, comedian, singer and director March 21 José Manuel Barroso, Prime Minister of Portugal Ingrid Kristiansen, Norwegian runner Win Lyovarin, Thai author March 22 Tyrone Brunson, American singer (d. 2013) Ilana Kloss, South-African born tennis player, tennis coach, and commissioner of World Team Tennis Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, consort of Grand Duke Henri March 24 – Steve Ballmer, American businessman, CEO of Microsoft (2000–2014), owner of the Los Angeles Clippers March 25 – Matthew Garber, English child actor (d. 1977) March 28 Susan Ershler, American mountaineer Evelin Jahl, German athlete March 29 – Evie, American Christian musician March 30 – Shahla Sherkat, Iranian feminist journalist April April 3 Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (d. 1996) Miguel Bosé, Panamanian-born musician and actor Boris Miljković, Serbian TV & theatre director and video artist April 4 Kerry Chikarovski, Australian politician David E. Kelley, American writer and television producer April 5 Diamond Dallas Page, American professional wrestler El Risitas, Spanish comedian and actor (d. 2021) April 6 Sebastian Spreng, American-Argentinean visual artist Dilip Vengsarkar, Indian cricketer April 7 – Christopher Darden, African-American attorney, author, actor and lecturer April 9 – Edmund Chong Ket Wah, Malaysian politician (d. 2010) April 12 Andy García, Cuban-American actor Herbert Grönemeyer, German musician and actor Yasuo Tanaka, Japanese politician, novelist April 13 – Possum Bourne, New Zealand rally car driver (d. 2003) April 14 – Barbara Bonney, American soprano April 16 David M. Brown, American astronaut (d. 2003) Lise-Marie Morerod, Swiss skier April 18 John James, American actor Melody Thomas Scott, American actress Karim Abdul Razak, Ghanaian footballer Eric Roberts, American actor April 19 – Sue Barker, British tennis player and television presenter April 21 – Phillip Longman, American demographer April 22 – Jukka-Pekka Saraste, Finnish conductor April 23 - Greg Colson, American artist April 26 – Koo Stark, British actress April 27 – Bryan Harvey, American musician (d. 2006) April 28 Jimmy Barnes, Scottish-Australian singer and songwriter Hanka Paldum, Bosnian singer April 30 – Lars von Trier, Danish film director and screenwriter May May 1 Alexander Ivanov, Russian-born American chess grandmaster Danilo De Girolamo, Italian voice actor (d. 2012) May 4 David Guterson, American writer Ulrike Meyfarth, German high jumper May 5 – Lisa Eilbacher, American actress May 6 Vladimir Lisin, Russian business oligarch Cindy Lovell, American educator and writer May 7 S. Scott Bullock, American actor and voice actor Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–2010) Jean Lapierre, Canadian politician and television host May 9 Cesare Alpini, Italian art historian Frank Andersson, Swedish wrestler (d. 2018) Wendy Crewson, Canadian actress May 10 Vladislav Listyev, Russian journalist (d. 1995) Paige O'Hara, American actress, voice actress, singer and painter Bikenibeu Paeniu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu May 12 – Jānis Bojārs, Latvian shot putter (d. 2018) May 13 Kenneth Eriksson, Swedish rally driver Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Indian guru Mirek Topolánek, 7th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Kirk Thornton, American voice actor May 15 – Dan Patrick, American sports commentator May 17 Cheenu Mohan, Indian actor (d. 2018) Sugar Ray Leonard, American boxer, motivational speaker and actor May 19 – Steven Ford, American actor May 20 Ingvar Ambjørnsen, Norwegian author Dean Butler, American actor and producer May 23 Ursula Plassnik, Austrian politician Buck Showalter, American baseball player and manager May 24 – Michael Jackson, Irish Anglican bishop May 26 – Lisa Niemi, American actress and dancer May 27 – Giuseppe Tornatore, Italian film director May 28 Jerry Douglas, American dobro player John O'Donoghue, Irish Fianna Fáil politician Sayuri Yamauchi, Japanese voice actress (d. 2012) John Wells, American television producer and writer May 29 – La Toya Jackson, American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman and television personality May 30 – David Sassoli, 16th President of the European Parliament (d. 2022) May 31 – Yoshiko Sakakibara, Japanese voice actress June June 1 Chintaman Vanaga, Indian politician (d. 2018) Peter Tomka, Judge, International Court of Justice Amanda Miguel, Argentinian singer June 2 – Mani Ratnam, Indian film director, screenwriter and producer June 3 – George Burley, Scottish football manager June 4 – Keith David, African-American actor and voice actor June 5 – Kenny G, American saxophonist June 6 Yuri Shundrov, Russian-Ukrainian ice hockey goaltender (d. 2018) Christopher Adamson, British actor Björn Borg, Swedish tennis player June 7 Paul Sherwen, English racing cyclist and broadcaster (d. 2018) Antonio M. Reid, American record executive June 8 Péter Besenyei, Hungarian pilot Udo Bullmann, German politician Jonathan Potter, British psychologist June 9 – Patricia Cornwell, American novelist June 10 – Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg, German head of the House of Mecklenburg June 11 Ashwini Kumar Chopra, Indian journalist, cricketer and politician (d. 2020) Joe Montana, American football player Arthur Porter, Canadian physician (d. 2015) June 13 – Yurik Vardanyan, Soviet weightlifter (d. 2018) June 14 – King Diamond, Danish heavy metal musician June 15 – Robin Curtis, American actress June 17 – Kelly Curtis, American actor June 20 – Cho Chikun, Korean Go player June 21 – Thomas James O'Leary, American actor June 22 Abdulbaset Sieda, Kurdish-Syrian academic and politician François Hadji-Lazaro, French actor and musician Tim Russ, American actor, film director, screenwriter and musician June 23 Randy Jackson, African-American musician and talent judge Mai Yamani, Saudi Arabian independent scholar, author and anthropologist June 24 – Turid Leirvoll, Norwegian-Danish politician June 25 Madeleine Petrovic, Austrian politician Isabel de Navarre, German figure skating coach Boris Trajkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2004) Anthony Bourdain, American chef, writer and television personality (d. 2018) Chloe Webb, American actress and singer Bob West, American voice actor and graphic designer June 26 Catherine Samba-Panza, President of the Central African Republic Chris Isaak, American musician Davide Ferrario, Italian film director, screenwriter and author June 27 Sultan bin Salman Al Saud, Royal Saudi Air Force pilot Heiner Dopp, German field hockey player June 28 – Noel Mugavin, Australian rules football player June 29 Nick Fry, British motorsport Honorato Hernández, Spanish long-distance runner Richard Summerbell, Canadian mycologist, author and songwriter June 30 Sun Chanthol, Cambodian politician Jessi Lintl, Austrian politician David Alan Grier, African-American actor, comedian (In Living Color) Piero Aiello, Italian politician July July 1 Alan Ruck, American actor Gregg L. Semenza, American cellular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine July 2 Jerry Hall, American model and actress Cynthia Kadohata, Japanese-American children's writer July 3 Dorota Pomykała, Polish actress Min Aung Hlaing, Burmese Army General July 4 – Bárbara Bruno, Brazilian actress, director and producer July 5 Sapawi Ahmad, Malaysian politician Horacio Cartes, President of Paraguay Louis Herthum, American actor and producer Sheila Walsh, Scottish Christian artist and talk-show hostess July 7 Janet Cruz, American politician Mullah Krekar, Iraqi Kurdish scholar and militant Ryuho Okawa, Japanese religious leader Giam Swiegers, South African-Australian business executive July 9 – Tom Hanks, American actor and director July 10 – K. Rajagopal, Malaysian football manager and national player July 11 Amitav Ghosh, Indian-American fiction writer Sela Ward, American actress July 12 – Mel Harris, American actress July 13 Günther Jauch, German television host Koffi Olomide, Congolese soukous singer, dancer, producer and composer Michael Spinks, African-American boxer July 14 Dragan Despot, Croatian actor Vladimir Kulich, Czechoslovakian actor July 15 Ian Curtis, English rock musician (Joy Division) (d. 1980) Barry Melrose, Canadian hockey player, coach and commentator Steve Mortimer, Australian rugby league player Toshihiko Seko, Japanese long-distance runner July 16 Jerry Doyle, American talk show host and actor (d. 2016) Tony Kushner, American playwright Pratibha Singh, Indian politician July 17 – Robert Romanus, American actor and musician July 18 – Sheila Aldridge, American singer July 19 Peter Barton, American actor Yoshiaki Yatsu, Japanese professional wrestler July 20 - Thomas N'Kono, Cameroonian footballer July 24 Charlie Crist, American politician, 44th Governor of Florida Pat Finn, American game show host and producer Carmen Nebel, German television presenter July 25 – Frances Arnold, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry July 26 Andy Goldsworthy, British sculptor and photographer Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater, Olympic gold medalist July 30 Delta Burke, American actress Anita Hill, African-American lawyer and academic July 31 Michael Biehn, American actor Deval Patrick, American politician, first African-American Governor of Massachusetts Laura Zapata, Mexican television actress August August 2 – Robert Khuzami, Deputy Attorney for the Southern District of New York August 4 Gerry Cooney, American boxer Randall Wright, Canadian economist August 5 Ferdi Bolland, Dutch musician, songwriter and music producer (Bolland & Bolland) Maureen McCormick, American actress August 6 – Stepfanie Kramer, American actress August 7 Ernie Johnson, Jr., American sportscaster Christiana Figueres, Costa Rican diplomat and environmentalist August 8 – Chris Foreman, English rock guitarist August 10 Fred Ottman, American professional wrestler Charlie Peacock, American Christian producer, singer-songwriter August 12 – Bruce Greenwood, Canadian actor August 14 Jackée Harry, American actress and television personality Rusty Wallace, American NASCAR race car driver August 17 – Dave Jones, English football manager August 19 – Adam Arkin, American actor August 20 Joan Allen, American actress Jan Henry T. Olsen, Norwegian politician (d. 2018) August 21 Kim Cattrall, English-born Canadian actress David Clarke, African-American law enforcement official August 22 Leah Cherniak, Canadian playwright and theatre director Sid Michaels Kavulich, American politician and sportscaster (d. 2018) Paul Molitor, American baseball player August 23 Andreas Floer, German mathematician (d. 1991) Cris Morena, Argentine actress and television producer August 24 John Culberson, American politician Kevin Dunn, American actor August 25 – Henri Toivonen, Finnish rally car driver (d. 1986) August 26 – Mark Mangino, American football coach August 28 Luis Guzmán, Puerto Rican actor Pamela Eells O'Connell, American television producer and writer August 29 GG Allin, American punk singer (d. 1993) Mark Morris, American choreographer August 31 Masashi Tashiro, Japanese television performer Tsai Ing-wen, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) September September 1 – Bernie Wagenblast, American editor and broadcaster September 2 Nandamuri Harikrishna, Indian actor and politician (d. 2018) Angelo Fusco, Provisional Irish Republican Army member September 3 – Pat McGeown, Provisional Irish Republican Army member (d. 1996) September 6 – Bill Ritter, American politician, 41st Governor of Colorado September 7 – Michael Feinstein, American singer and pianist September 8 – Maurice Cheeks, American basketball player and coach September 11 – Phillip D. Bissett, American politician September 12 Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong actor (d. 2003) Ricky Rudd, American race car driver Walter Woon, law professor, Nominated Member of Parliament and Attorney-General of Singapore September 13 – Ilie Balaci, Romanian football player (d. 2018) September 14 Kostas Karamanlis, Greek politician Ray Wilkins, English footballer and coach (d. 2018) September 15 – George Howard, American jazz saxophone musician (d. 1998) September 16 Sergei Beloglazov, Russian free-style wrestler David Copperfield, American illusionist Ross Greenberg, American journalist and antivirus pioneer (d. 2017) Kazuharu Sonoda, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 1987) September 17 Brian Andreas, American writer, sculptor, painter and publisher Almazbek Atambayev, 3-Time Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan and 4th President of Kyrgyzstan Susie Silvey, English actress, dancer and model September 18 – Tim McInnerny, English actor September 20 Gary Cole, American television, film and voice actor Debbi Morgan, African-American actress September 21 – Jack Givens, American basketball player September 23 Mait Riisman, Estonian water polo player (d. 2018) Peter David, comic book writer and novelist Paolo Rossi, Italian soccer player (d. 2020) September 24 – Greg Panos, American futurist, writer, inventor September 25 – Jamie Hyneman, American television co-host September 26 – Linda Hamilton, American actress September 29 – Sebastian Coe, Baron Coe, British athlete; co-ordinator of the London 2012 Olympic Games September 30 – Gordon Elliott, British-Australian television personality and talk show host October October 1 Tara Buckman, American actress Andrus Ansip, Estonian politician, 10th Prime Minister of Estonia Theresa May, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom October 2 – Charlie Adler, American voice actor and director October 3 – Ralph Morgenstern, German actor October 4 – Christoph Waltz, German-Austrian actor October 8 Danny Jacob, American composer, songwriter and guitarist Stephanie Zimbalist, American actress October 10 – Amanda Burton, Irish actress October 11 – Nicanor Duarte, 47th President of Paraguay October 12 – Trần Đại Quang, President of Vietnam (d. 2018) October 16 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet (d. 1991) October 17 Mae Jemison, African-American astronaut Stephen Palumbi, American academic and author Ken Morrow, American ice hockey player October 18 Craig Bartlett, American animator, writer, storyboard artist, director and voice actor Martina Navratilova, Czech-American multiple Grand Slam title winning tennis player October 19 Sunny Deol, Indian actor, director, producer and politician Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (d. 2003) October 20 Shafie Apdal, Malaysian politician Danny Boyle, English film director October 21 – Carrie Fisher, American actress and novelist (d. 2016) October 22 – Marvin Bush, American businessman October 23 Darrell Pace, American archer Dwight Yoakam, American country singer, musician and actor October 26 – Rita Wilson, American actress and producer October 28 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, 6th President of Iran October 29 - Wilfredo Gómez, Puerto Rican boxer November November 4 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1991) November 5 – Rob Fisher, British keyboardist and songwriter (Climie Fisher) (d. 1999) November 7 Mikhail Alperin, Soviet-Norwegian jazz pianist (d. 2018) Judy Tenuta, American comedian November 8 Richard Curtis, English film director, producer and screenwriter Kurt Sorensen, New Zealand rugby league player November 10 Sinbad, African-American stand-up, comedian and actor Mohsen Badawi, Egyptian entrepreneur, political activist and writer Peter Rangmar, Swedish actor, comedian and baritone (d. 1997) November 11 – Talat Aziz, ghazal singer November 13 – Charlie Baker, American politician, 72nd Governor of Massachusetts November 14 Avi Cohen, Israeli football player (d. 2010) Greg Pence, American businessman and politician Peter R. de Vries, crime reporter (d. 2021) November 16 – Terry Labonte, American Race Car Driver November 17 Angelika Machinek, German glider pilot (d. 2006) Kelly Ward, American actor November 18 Noel Brotherston, Irish footballer (d. 1995) Warren Moon, American football player November 20 Jan Maxwell, American actress (d. 2018) Bo Derek, American actress and model Olli Dittrich, German actor, comedian, television personality and musician November 21 – Terri Welles, American actress and adult model November 22 – Richard Kind, American actor November 23 Cal Dodd, Irish-Canadian voice actor and singer Shane Gould, Australian Olympic triple gold medallist swimmer (1972) Nikolay Sidorov, Soviet athlete November 24 – Jouni Kaipainen, Finnish composer November 26 – Dale Jarrett, American Race Car Driver November 27 Nazrin Shah of Perak, 35th Sultan of Perak William Fichtner, American actor November 28 Kristine Arnold, American singer (Sweethearts of the Rodeo) Lucy Gutteridge, English actress November 29 Eric Laakso, American football player Leo Laporte, American author and television host Bill Baker, American ice hockey player December December 1 Sultan bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Emirati politician and royal (d. 2019) Markos Kounalakis, American journalist, author and scholar, Second Gentleman of California December 4 – Bernard King, American basketball player and commentator December 5 Klaus Allofs, German football player Krystian Zimerman, Polish pianist December 6 Peter Buck, American guitarist Randy Rhoads, American guitarist (d. 1982) December 7 Chuy Bravo, Mexican-American actor and entertainer (d. 2019) Larry Bird, American basketball player Iveta Radičová, Prime Minister of Slovakia December 9 Antony Alda, American actor (d. 2009) Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French writer Baruch Goldstein, American-Israeli physician and mass murderer (d. 1994) December 10 – Rod Blagojevich, American politician and convicted felon, Governor of Illinois (2003–2009) December 11 – Lani Brockman, American playwright December 12 Ana Alicia, Mexican actress Johan van der Velde, Dutch cyclist December 13 – Majida El Roumi, Lebanese singer December 14 – Béla Réthy, German sports journalist December 16 – Duncan Faure, South African musician December 18 – Ron White, American comedian December 19 Masami Akita, Japanese noise musician (also known as Merzbow) Jimmy Cauty, British musician (The KLF, The Timelords) December 21 – Anna Erlandsson, Swedish filmmaker and animator December 23 Michele Alboreto, Italian race car driver (d. 2001) Dave Murray, British musician (Iron Maiden) December 24 Anil Kapoor, Indian actor Shim Hwa-jin, South Korean academic December 26 Michael Jones (aka Kashif), musician, singer-songwriter (B.T. Express) (d. 2016) David Sedaris, American essayist December 28 Nigel Kennedy, English violinist Jimmy Nicholl, Canadian-born footballer Phil Verchota, American ice hockey player December 29 – Fred MacAulay, Scottish comedian December 30 Patricia Kalember, American actress Sheryl Lee Ralph, African American-actress December 31 Shelagh Rogers, Canadian radio host Hussein Ahmed Salah, Djiboutian marathon runner Date unknown Dong Hao, Chinese host, voice actor and painter Gilma Jiménez, Colombian politician (d. 2013) Nancy Lynn, American aerobatic pilot (d. 2006) Ephraim Mirvis, South African-born Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth Mirtha Rivero, Venezuelan journalist and writer. Susan Solomon, American atmospheric chemist Chris Wilson, Australian musician (d. 2019) Deaths January January 3 Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian composer (b. 1864) Joseph Wirth, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876) January 5 – Mistinguett, French singer and actress (b. 1875) January 9 – Marion Leonard, American actress (b. 1881) January 10 Zonia Baber, American geographer and geologist (b. 1862) Karl Ludwig Schmidt, German theologian (b. 1891) January 12 – Norman Kerry, American actor (b. 1894) January 13 – Lyonel Feininger, German painter (b. 1871) January 14 – Sheila Kaye-Smith, English writer (b. 1887) January 18 – Konstantin Päts, 1st President of Estonia (b. 1874) January 21 – Sam Langford, Canadian boxer (b. 1883) January 23 – Sir Alexander | Israel to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately. November 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Last insurgents succumb to the invading Soviet army. November 12 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. November 13 – Browder v. Gayle: The United States Supreme Court declares illegal the state and municipal laws requiring segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama, thus ending the Montgomery bus boycott. November 14 – An eight-mile long stretch of highway is opened west of Topeka, Kansas, creating the first portion of the Interstate Highway System in the United States and the first highway to be completed with funds from the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956. November 15 – Middle East Technical University is founded in Ankara, Turkey. November 18 – At a reception for Western ambassadors at the Polish embassy in Moscow, Nikita Khrushchev utters his famous phrase "We will bury you". November 20 – In Yugoslavia, former prime minister Milovan Đilas is arrested after he criticizes Josip Broz Tito. November 22 – The 1956 Summer Olympics begin in Melbourne, Australia. November 23 – The Suez Crisis causes petrol rationing in Britain. November 25 – Fidel Castro and Che Guevara depart from Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico, en route to Santiago de Cuba aboard the yacht Granma, with 82 men. November 28 – Roger Vadim's drama film And God Created Woman, released in France as Et Dieu ... créa la femme, propels Brigitte Bardot into the public spotlight as a "sex kitten". November 30 – African-American Floyd Patterson wins the world heavyweight boxing championship that is vacant after the retirement of Rocky Marciano. December December 2 Fidel Castro and his followers land in Cuba, from the yacht Granma. A pipe bomb planted by George Metesky explodes at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn, injuring 6 people. December 3 – The 1956 Bush Terminal explosion occurs in Brooklyn. December 4 – The Million Dollar Quartet (Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash) get together at Sun Studio, for the first and last time in history. December 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, a Canadair North Star, crashes into Slesse Mountain near Chilliwack, British Columbia. All 62 people aboard, including five Canadian Football League players, are killed. December 12 – Japan becomes a member of the United Nations. December 18 – To Tell the Truth debuts on CBS-TV in the United States. December 19 – British doctor John Bodkin Adams is arrested for the murder of 2 patients in Eastbourne. December 23 – British and French troops leave the Suez Canal region. December 31 – Bob Barker makes his television debut, as host of the game show Truth or Consequences in the United States. Date unknown Asian flu pandemic originates in China. Minamata disease is discovered. The Alpine Club of Canada, Toronto section, is founded. Births January January 1 Mark R. Hughes, American entrepreneur (d. 2000) Kōji Yakusho, Japanese actor Christine Lagarde, French lawyer and politician, IMF Managing Director and ECB president Dzulkefly Ahmad, Malaysian politician Andrew Lesnie, Australian cinematographer (d. 2015) Andy Gill, English musician (d. 2020) January 3 Mel Gibson, American actor and director Tomiko Suzuki, Japanese voice actress (d. 2003) January 4 – Bernard Sumner, British musician January 5 Ana Pessoa Pinto, East Timorese politician and jurist Celso Blues Boy, Brazilian singer and guitarist (d. 2012) Chen Kenichi, Japan-born Chinese chef Frank-Walter Steinmeier, German politician January 7 David Caruso, American actor Uwe Ochsenknecht, German actor Johnny Owen, Welsh boxer (d. 1980) Miladin Šobić, Montenegrin singer January 9 Kimberly Beck, American actress Imelda Staunton, English actress January 12 – Nikolai Noskov, Soviet and Russian rock singer and songwriter January 13 – Janet Hubert, African-American actress January 14 – Ronan Bennett, Northern Irish writer January 15 – Vitaly Kaloyev, Russian convicted murderer, architect deputy minister of construction of North Ossetia-Alania January 16 – Martin Jol, Dutch football manager January 17 – Paul Young, English musician January 18 Tom Bailey, English musician Sharon Mitchell, American sexologist Jim Mothersbaugh, American rock drummer January 19 – Adriana Acosta, Argentine militant and field hockey player (d. 1978) January 20 – Bill Maher, American actor, comedian and political analyst January 21 Robby Benson, American actor, voice actor, director, singer and educator Geena Davis, American actress January 24 – Lounès Matoub, Algerian Berber Kabyle singer (d. 1998) January 25 – Bronwyn Pike, Australian politician January 26 – Pat Musick, American voice actress January 27 Susanne Blakeslee, American actress Mimi Rogers, American actress January 28 – Peter Schilling, German singer January 29 Jan Jakub Kolski, Polish film director Irlene Mandrell, American musician, actress January 30 – Keiichi Tsuchiya, Japanese race car driver January 31 John Lydon, British punk musician and TV personality Trevor Manuel, South African politician February February 1 – Mike Kitchen, Canadian ice hockey player and coach February 2 Philip Franks, English actor and director Alireza Soleimani, Iranian heavyweight freestyle wrestler (d. 2014) February 3 Nathan Lane, American actor Lee Ranaldo, American musician February 6 – Jon Walmsley, British actor February 7 John Posey, American actor and writer Heather Jones, Australian writer Mark St. John, American guitarist (d. 2007) February 10 – Enele Sopoaga, 12th Prime Minister of Tuvalu February 11 Didier Lockwood, French jazz violinist (d. 2018) Catherine Hickland, American actress February 13 Peter Hook, British bass player Yiannis Kouros, Greek-Australian ultra marathoner Jay Nixon, 55th Governor of Missouri Paul Stojanovich, American television producer February 14 – Tom Burlinson, Australian actor February 15 – Desmond Haynes, West Indian cricketer February 18 Ted Gärdestad, Swedish singer, songwriter and musician (d. 1997) Thomas Gradin, Swedish hockey player February 19 Kathleen Beller, American actress Roderick MacKinnon, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Dave Wakeling, English musician February 20 – François Bréda, Romanian essayist, poet, literary critic, literary historian, translator and theatrologist (d. 2018) February 23 Reinhold Beckmann, German television presenter Paul O'Neill, American composer, record producer (d. 2017) February 24 Judith Butler, American philosopher Paula Zahn, American television journalist February 25 Davie Cooper, Scottish footballer (d. 1995) Michel Friedman, German lawyer, politician and talk show host February 26 Michel Houellebecq, French author Keisuke Kuwata, Japanese musician February 27 Angela Aames, American actress (d. 1988) Tim Brando, American sports broadcaster February 28 Liem Swie King, Indonesian badminton player Thomas Remengesau Jr., 7th and 9th President of Palau February 29 Mike Compton, American mandolinist Bob Speller, Canadian politician Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002) March March 1 Tim Daly, American actor and producer Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of Lithuania March 2 – Eduardo Rodríguez, President of Bolivia March 3 – Frank Giroud, French comics writer (d. 2018) March 5 Teena Marie, American singer (d. 2010) Marco Paolini, Italian stage actor, dramaturge and author March 7 Andrea Levy, English novelist (d. 2019) Bryan Cranston, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter March 8 – John Kapelos, Canadian actor March 9 Kadyrzhan Batyrov, Kyrgyz businessman and politician (d. 2018) Shashi Tharoor, Indian politician March 11 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor and singer March 12 Lídice da Mata, Brazilian politician Pim Verbeek, Dutch football manager and former player (d. 2019) March 13 – Dana Delany, American actress March 16 Boaz Arad, Israeli visual artist (d. 2018) Vladimír Godár, Slovak composer March 18 – Ingemar Stenmark, Swedish alpine skier March 19 – Yegor Gaidar, Russian economist and politician (d. 2009) March 20 Minken Fosheim, Norwegian actress and author (d. 2018) Catherine Ashton, British politician Sabiamad Abdul Ahad, Malaysian sport shooter (d. 2021) Naoto Takenaka, Japanese actor, comedian, singer and director March 21 José Manuel Barroso, Prime Minister of Portugal Ingrid Kristiansen, Norwegian runner Win Lyovarin, Thai author March 22 Tyrone Brunson, American singer (d. 2013) Ilana Kloss, South-African born tennis player, tennis coach, and commissioner of World Team Tennis Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, consort of Grand Duke Henri March 24 – Steve Ballmer, American businessman, CEO of Microsoft (2000–2014), owner of the Los Angeles Clippers March 25 – Matthew Garber, English child actor (d. 1977) March 28 Susan Ershler, American mountaineer Evelin Jahl, German athlete March 29 – Evie, American Christian musician March 30 – Shahla Sherkat, Iranian feminist journalist April April 3 Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (d. 1996) Miguel Bosé, Panamanian-born musician and actor Boris Miljković, Serbian TV & theatre director and video artist April 4 Kerry Chikarovski, Australian politician David E. Kelley, American writer and television producer April 5 Diamond Dallas Page, American professional wrestler El Risitas, Spanish comedian and actor (d. 2021) April 6 Sebastian Spreng, American-Argentinean visual artist Dilip Vengsarkar, Indian cricketer April 7 – Christopher Darden, African-American attorney, author, actor and lecturer April 9 – Edmund Chong Ket Wah, Malaysian politician (d. 2010) April 12 Andy García, Cuban-American actor Herbert Grönemeyer, German musician and actor Yasuo Tanaka, Japanese politician, novelist April 13 – Possum Bourne, New Zealand rally car driver (d. 2003) April 14 – Barbara Bonney, American soprano April 16 David M. Brown, American astronaut (d. 2003) Lise-Marie Morerod, Swiss skier April 18 John James, American actor Melody Thomas Scott, American actress Karim Abdul Razak, Ghanaian footballer Eric Roberts, American actor April 19 – Sue Barker, British tennis player and television presenter April 21 – Phillip Longman, American demographer April 22 – Jukka-Pekka Saraste, Finnish conductor April 23 - Greg Colson, American artist April 26 – Koo Stark, British actress April 27 – Bryan Harvey, American musician (d. 2006) April 28 Jimmy Barnes, Scottish-Australian singer and songwriter Hanka Paldum, Bosnian singer April 30 – Lars von Trier, Danish film director and screenwriter May May 1 Alexander Ivanov, Russian-born American chess grandmaster Danilo De Girolamo, Italian voice actor (d. 2012) May 4 David Guterson, American writer Ulrike Meyfarth, German high jumper May 5 – Lisa Eilbacher, American actress May 6 Vladimir Lisin, Russian business oligarch Cindy Lovell, American educator and writer May 7 S. Scott Bullock, American actor and voice actor Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–2010) Jean Lapierre, Canadian politician and television host May 9 Cesare Alpini, Italian art historian Frank Andersson, Swedish wrestler (d. 2018) Wendy Crewson, Canadian actress May 10 Vladislav Listyev, Russian journalist (d. 1995) Paige O'Hara, American actress, voice actress, singer and painter Bikenibeu Paeniu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu May 12 – Jānis Bojārs, Latvian shot putter (d. 2018) May 13 Kenneth Eriksson, Swedish rally driver Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Indian guru Mirek Topolánek, 7th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Kirk Thornton, American voice actor May 15 – Dan Patrick, American sports commentator May 17 Cheenu Mohan, Indian actor (d. 2018) Sugar Ray Leonard, American boxer, motivational speaker and actor May 19 – Steven Ford, American actor May 20 Ingvar Ambjørnsen, Norwegian author Dean Butler, American actor and producer May 23 Ursula Plassnik, Austrian politician Buck Showalter, American baseball player and manager May 24 – Michael Jackson, Irish Anglican bishop May 26 – Lisa Niemi, American actress and dancer May 27 – Giuseppe Tornatore, Italian film director May 28 Jerry Douglas, American dobro player John O'Donoghue, Irish Fianna Fáil politician Sayuri Yamauchi, Japanese voice actress (d. 2012) John Wells, American television producer and writer May 29 – La Toya Jackson, American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman and television personality May 30 – David Sassoli, 16th President of the European Parliament (d. 2022) May 31 – Yoshiko Sakakibara, Japanese voice actress June June 1 Chintaman Vanaga, Indian politician (d. 2018) Peter Tomka, Judge, International Court of Justice Amanda Miguel, Argentinian singer June 2 – Mani Ratnam, Indian film director, screenwriter and producer June 3 – George Burley, Scottish football manager June 4 – Keith David, African-American actor and voice actor June 5 – Kenny G, American saxophonist June 6 Yuri Shundrov, Russian-Ukrainian ice hockey goaltender (d. 2018) Christopher Adamson, British actor Björn Borg, Swedish tennis player June 7 Paul Sherwen, English racing cyclist and broadcaster (d. 2018) Antonio M. Reid, American record executive June 8 Péter Besenyei, Hungarian pilot Udo Bullmann, German politician Jonathan Potter, British psychologist June 9 – Patricia Cornwell, American novelist June 10 – Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg, German head of the House of Mecklenburg June 11 Ashwini Kumar Chopra, Indian journalist, cricketer and politician (d. 2020) Joe Montana, American football player Arthur Porter, Canadian physician (d. 2015) June 13 – Yurik Vardanyan, Soviet weightlifter (d. 2018) June 14 – King Diamond, Danish heavy metal musician June 15 – Robin Curtis, American actress June 17 – Kelly Curtis, American actor June 20 – Cho Chikun, Korean Go player June 21 – Thomas James O'Leary, American actor June 22 Abdulbaset Sieda, Kurdish-Syrian academic and politician François Hadji-Lazaro, French actor and musician Tim Russ, American actor, film director, screenwriter and musician June 23 Randy Jackson, African-American musician and talent judge Mai Yamani, Saudi Arabian independent scholar, author and anthropologist June 24 – Turid Leirvoll, Norwegian-Danish politician June 25 Madeleine Petrovic, Austrian politician Isabel de Navarre, German figure skating coach Boris Trajkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2004) Anthony Bourdain, American chef, writer and television personality (d. 2018) Chloe Webb, American actress and singer Bob West, American voice actor and graphic designer June 26 Catherine Samba-Panza, President of the Central African Republic Chris Isaak, American musician Davide Ferrario, Italian film director, screenwriter and author June 27 Sultan bin Salman Al Saud, Royal Saudi Air Force pilot Heiner Dopp, German field hockey player June 28 – Noel Mugavin, Australian rules football player June 29 Nick Fry, British motorsport Honorato Hernández, Spanish long-distance runner Richard Summerbell, Canadian mycologist, author and songwriter June 30 Sun Chanthol, Cambodian politician Jessi Lintl, Austrian politician David Alan Grier, African-American actor, comedian (In Living Color) Piero Aiello, Italian politician July July 1 Alan Ruck, American actor Gregg L. Semenza, American cellular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine July 2 Jerry Hall, American model and actress Cynthia Kadohata, Japanese-American children's writer July 3 Dorota Pomykała, Polish actress Min Aung Hlaing, Burmese Army General July 4 – Bárbara Bruno, Brazilian actress, director and producer July 5 Sapawi Ahmad, Malaysian politician Horacio Cartes, President of Paraguay Louis Herthum, American actor and producer Sheila Walsh, Scottish Christian artist and talk-show hostess July 7 Janet Cruz, American politician Mullah Krekar, Iraqi Kurdish scholar and militant Ryuho Okawa, Japanese religious leader Giam Swiegers, South African-Australian business executive July 9 – Tom Hanks, American actor and director July 10 – K. Rajagopal, Malaysian football manager and national player July 11 Amitav Ghosh, Indian-American fiction writer Sela Ward, American actress July 12 – Mel Harris, American actress July 13 Günther Jauch, German television host Koffi Olomide, Congolese soukous singer, dancer, producer and composer Michael Spinks, African-American boxer July 14 Dragan Despot, Croatian actor Vladimir Kulich, Czechoslovakian actor July 15 Ian Curtis, English rock musician (Joy Division) (d. 1980) Barry Melrose, Canadian hockey player, coach and commentator Steve Mortimer, Australian rugby league player Toshihiko Seko, Japanese long-distance runner July 16 Jerry Doyle, American talk show host and actor (d. 2016) Tony Kushner, American playwright Pratibha Singh, Indian politician July 17 – Robert Romanus, American actor and musician July 18 – Sheila Aldridge, American singer July 19 Peter Barton, American actor Yoshiaki Yatsu, Japanese professional wrestler July 20 - Thomas N'Kono, Cameroonian footballer July 24 Charlie Crist, American politician, 44th Governor of Florida Pat Finn, American game show host and producer Carmen Nebel, German television presenter July 25 – Frances Arnold, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry July 26 Andy Goldsworthy, British sculptor and photographer Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater, Olympic gold medalist July 30 Delta Burke, American actress Anita Hill, African-American lawyer and academic July 31 Michael Biehn, American actor Deval Patrick, American politician, first African-American Governor of Massachusetts Laura Zapata, Mexican television actress August August 2 – Robert Khuzami, Deputy Attorney for the Southern District of New York August 4 Gerry Cooney, American boxer Randall Wright, Canadian economist August 5 Ferdi Bolland, Dutch musician, songwriter and music producer (Bolland & Bolland) Maureen McCormick, American actress August 6 – Stepfanie Kramer, American actress August 7 Ernie Johnson, Jr., American sportscaster Christiana Figueres, Costa Rican diplomat and environmentalist August 8 – Chris Foreman, English rock guitarist August 10 Fred Ottman, American professional wrestler Charlie Peacock, American Christian producer, singer-songwriter August 12 – Bruce Greenwood, Canadian actor August 14 Jackée Harry, American actress and television personality Rusty Wallace, American NASCAR race car driver August 17 – Dave Jones, English football manager August 19 – Adam Arkin, American actor August 20 Joan Allen, American actress Jan Henry T. Olsen, Norwegian politician (d. 2018) August 21 Kim Cattrall, English-born Canadian actress David Clarke, African-American law enforcement official August 22 Leah Cherniak, Canadian playwright and theatre director Sid Michaels Kavulich, American politician and sportscaster (d. 2018) Paul Molitor, American baseball player August 23 Andreas Floer, German mathematician (d. 1991) Cris Morena, Argentine actress and television producer August 24 John Culberson, American politician Kevin Dunn, American actor August 25 – Henri Toivonen, Finnish rally car driver (d. 1986) August 26 – Mark Mangino, American football coach August 28 Luis Guzmán, Puerto Rican actor Pamela Eells O'Connell, American television producer and writer August 29 GG Allin, American punk singer (d. 1993) Mark Morris, American choreographer August 31 Masashi Tashiro, Japanese television performer Tsai Ing-wen, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) September September 1 – Bernie Wagenblast, American editor and broadcaster September 2 Nandamuri Harikrishna, Indian actor and politician (d. 2018) Angelo Fusco, Provisional Irish Republican Army member September 3 – Pat McGeown, Provisional Irish Republican Army member (d. 1996) September 6 – Bill Ritter, American politician, 41st Governor of Colorado September 7 – Michael Feinstein, American singer and pianist September 8 – Maurice Cheeks, American basketball player and coach September 11 – Phillip D. Bissett, American politician September 12 Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong actor (d. 2003) Ricky Rudd, American race car driver Walter Woon, law professor, Nominated Member of Parliament and Attorney-General of Singapore September 13 – Ilie Balaci, Romanian football player (d. 2018) September 14 Kostas Karamanlis, Greek politician Ray Wilkins, English footballer and coach (d. 2018) September 15 – George Howard, American jazz saxophone musician (d. 1998) September 16 Sergei Beloglazov, Russian free-style wrestler David Copperfield, American illusionist Ross Greenberg, American journalist and antivirus pioneer (d. 2017) Kazuharu Sonoda, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 1987) September 17 Brian Andreas, American writer, sculptor, painter and publisher Almazbek Atambayev, 3-Time Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan and 4th President of Kyrgyzstan Susie Silvey, English actress, dancer and model September 18 – Tim McInnerny, English actor September 20 Gary Cole, American television, film and voice actor Debbi Morgan, African-American actress September 21 – Jack Givens, American basketball player September 23 Mait Riisman, Estonian water polo player (d. 2018) Peter David, comic book writer and novelist Paolo Rossi, Italian soccer player (d. 2020) September 24 – Greg Panos, American futurist, writer, inventor September 25 – Jamie Hyneman, American television co-host September 26 – Linda Hamilton, American actress September 29 – Sebastian Coe, Baron Coe, British athlete; co-ordinator of the London 2012 Olympic Games September 30 – Gordon Elliott, British-Australian television personality and talk show host October October 1 Tara Buckman, American actress Andrus Ansip, Estonian politician, 10th Prime Minister of Estonia Theresa May, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom October 2 – Charlie Adler, American voice actor and director October 3 – Ralph Morgenstern, German actor October 4 – Christoph Waltz, German-Austrian actor October 8 Danny Jacob, American composer, songwriter and guitarist Stephanie Zimbalist, American actress October 10 – Amanda Burton, Irish actress October 11 – Nicanor Duarte, 47th President of Paraguay October 12 – Trần Đại Quang, President of Vietnam (d. 2018) October 16 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet (d. 1991) October 17 Mae Jemison, African-American astronaut Stephen Palumbi, American academic and author Ken Morrow, American ice hockey player October 18 Craig Bartlett, American animator, writer, storyboard artist, director and voice actor Martina Navratilova, Czech-American multiple Grand Slam title winning tennis player October 19 Sunny Deol, Indian actor, director, producer and politician Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (d. 2003) October 20 Shafie Apdal, Malaysian politician Danny Boyle, English film director October 21 – Carrie Fisher, American actress and novelist (d. 2016) October 22 – Marvin Bush, American businessman October 23 Darrell Pace, American archer Dwight Yoakam, American country singer, musician and actor October 26 – Rita Wilson, American actress and producer October 28 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, 6th President of Iran October 29 - Wilfredo Gómez, Puerto Rican boxer November November 4 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1991) November 5 – Rob Fisher, British keyboardist and songwriter (Climie Fisher) (d. 1999) November 7 Mikhail Alperin, Soviet-Norwegian jazz pianist (d. 2018) Judy Tenuta, American comedian November 8 Richard Curtis, English film director, producer and screenwriter Kurt Sorensen, New Zealand rugby league player November 10 Sinbad, African-American stand-up, comedian and actor Mohsen Badawi, Egyptian entrepreneur, political activist and writer Peter Rangmar, Swedish actor, comedian and baritone (d. 1997) November 11 – Talat Aziz, ghazal singer November 13 – Charlie Baker, American politician, 72nd Governor of Massachusetts November 14 Avi Cohen, Israeli football player (d. 2010) Greg Pence, American businessman and politician Peter R. de Vries, crime reporter (d. 2021) November 16 – Terry Labonte, American Race Car Driver November 17 Angelika Machinek, German glider pilot (d. 2006) Kelly Ward, American actor November 18 Noel Brotherston, Irish footballer (d. 1995) Warren Moon, American football player November 20 Jan Maxwell, American actress (d. 2018) Bo Derek, American actress and model Olli Dittrich, German actor, comedian, television personality and musician November 21 – Terri Welles, American actress and adult model November 22 – Richard Kind, American actor November 23 Cal Dodd, Irish-Canadian voice actor and singer Shane Gould, Australian Olympic triple gold medallist swimmer (1972) Nikolay Sidorov, Soviet athlete November 24 – Jouni Kaipainen, Finnish composer November 26 – Dale Jarrett, American Race Car Driver November 27 Nazrin Shah of Perak, 35th Sultan of Perak William Fichtner, American actor November 28 Kristine Arnold, American singer (Sweethearts of the Rodeo) Lucy Gutteridge, English actress November 29 Eric Laakso, American football player Leo Laporte, American author and television host Bill Baker, American ice hockey player December December 1 Sultan bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Emirati politician and royal (d. 2019) Markos Kounalakis, American journalist, author and scholar, Second Gentleman of California December 4 – Bernard King, American basketball player and commentator December 5 Klaus Allofs, German football player Krystian Zimerman, Polish pianist December 6 Peter Buck, American guitarist Randy Rhoads, American guitarist (d. 1982) December 7 Chuy Bravo, Mexican-American actor and entertainer (d. 2019) Larry Bird, American basketball player Iveta Radičová, Prime Minister of Slovakia December 9 Antony Alda, American actor (d. 2009) Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French writer Baruch Goldstein, American-Israeli physician and mass murderer (d. 1994) December 10 – Rod Blagojevich, American politician and convicted felon, Governor of Illinois (2003–2009) December 11 – Lani Brockman, American playwright December 12 Ana Alicia, Mexican actress Johan van der Velde, Dutch cyclist December 13 – Majida El Roumi, Lebanese singer December 14 – Béla Réthy, German sports journalist December 16 – Duncan Faure, South African musician December 18 – Ron White, American comedian December 19 Masami Akita, Japanese noise musician (also known as Merzbow) Jimmy Cauty, British musician (The KLF, The Timelords) December 21 – Anna Erlandsson, Swedish filmmaker and animator December 23 Michele Alboreto, Italian race car driver (d. 2001) Dave Murray, British musician (Iron Maiden) December 24 Anil Kapoor, Indian actor Shim Hwa-jin, South Korean academic December 26 Michael Jones (aka Kashif), musician, singer-songwriter (B.T. Express) (d. 2016) David Sedaris, American essayist December 28 Nigel Kennedy, English violinist Jimmy Nicholl, Canadian-born footballer Phil Verchota, American ice hockey player December 29 – Fred MacAulay, Scottish comedian December 30 Patricia Kalember, American actress Sheryl Lee Ralph, African American-actress December 31 Shelagh Rogers, Canadian radio host Hussein Ahmed Salah, Djiboutian marathon runner Date unknown Dong Hao, Chinese host, voice actor and painter Gilma |
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