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the Mitsubishi Osarizawa mine, Kazuno, northeastern Akita, Japan, results in at least 375 deaths. November 23 – Cover date of the first issue of Life, a weekly news magazine launched in the United States under the management of Henry Luce. November 25 – The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Germany and Japan. November 30 – A spectacular fire destroys The Crystal Palace in London, originally built for the 1851 Great Exhibition. December December 1 – Hitler mandates that all German boys aged 10 to 18 join the Hitler Youth paramilitary organization. December 3 – Radio station WQXR is officially founded in New York City. December 5 – The 1936 Soviet Constitution, promulgated by Stalin, is adopted in the Soviet Union. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic is dissolved, and Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia become full Republics of the Soviet Union. December 7 Streptococcous meningitis (a condition previously 99% fatal) is successfully treated for the first time with a sulfonamide. Australian cricketer Jack Fingleton becomes the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings. December 10 – Edward VIII abdication crisis: King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom signs an instrument of abdication at Fort Belvedere, Surrey in the presence of his three brothers, The Duke of York, The Duke of Gloucester and The Duke of Kent. December 11 Edward VIII abdication crisis: The British Parliament passes His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 on behalf of the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last act as sovereign by giving Royal Assent to the Act, and his brother Prince Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as King George VI. The abdicated King Edward VIII, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to the nation explaining his decision to abdicate. He leaves the country for Austria. Taking the opportunity to free itself further from ties to the United Kingdom, the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State passes the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936, removing most powers from the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 (signed into law December 12), assenting to the abdication and restricting the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs. December 12 – Xi'an Incident: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China is kidnapped by Marshal Zhang Xueliang. December 23 – Colombia signs the Buenos Aires Copyright Treaty. December 24 – The first filmed Russian opera, Natalka Poltavka, is released in Ukraine. December 26 – The Abraham Lincoln Brigade sails from New York City on its way to the Spanish Civil War. December 30 – The United Auto Workers begins the Flint Sit-Down Strike in Flint, Michigan. Date unknown West China Famine: An estimated five million people die. The YMCA Youth and Government program is founded in Albany, New York. Nestlé introduce the white chocolate Milkybar (called Galak in Continental Europe and elsewhere). Cocoa production in the Gold Coast reaches 305,000 tons. Settlement of Buriram town in Buriram province Births January January 2 – Roger Miller, American singer, songwriter, musician and actor (d. 1992) January 6 Darlene Hard, American tennis player (d. 2021) Alejandro Maldonado, Guatemalan politician Julio María Sanguinetti, 2-time President of Uruguay January 8 – Robert May, Australian scientist (d. 2020) January 10 Stephen E. Ambrose, American historian and biographer (d. 2002) Burnum Burnum, Australian Aboriginal activist, author and actor (d. 1997) Robert Wilson, American physicist, radio astronomer, and Nobel laureate January 11 – Eva Hesse, American artist (d. 1970) January 12 – Émile Lahoud, 15th President of Lebanon January 13 – Renato Bruson, Italian baritone January 14 – Reiner Klimke, German equestrian (d. 1999) January 18 – Christiane Martel, French actress, beauty queen and second Miss Universe winner January 19 Tonny Koeswoyo, Indonesian rock musician (d. 1987) Ziaur Rahman, 7th President of Bangladesh (d. 1981) January 22 Alan J. Heeger, American physicist Ong Teng Cheong, 5th President of Singapore (d. 2002) January 25 – Diana Hyland, American actress (d. 1977) January 27 Barry Barish, American gravitational physicist, Nobel laureate Troy Donahue, American actor (d. 2001) Samuel C. C. Ting, American physicist January 28 Waldyr Boccardo, Brazilian basketball player (d. 2018) Alan Alda, American actor, director, screenwriter, comedian and author Ismail Kadare, Albanian writer February February 3 – Bob Simpson, Australian cricketer February 4 – David Brenner, American actor and comedian (d. 2014) February 6 Kent Douglas, Canadian ice hockey player, coach (d. 2009) Stompin' Tom Connors, Canadian country and folk singer-songwriter (d. 2013) February 9 – Clive Swift, British actor (d. 2019) February 11 – Burt Reynolds, American actor, director and producer (d. 2018) February 14 – Anna German, Polish singer (d. 1982) February 16 – Carl Icahn, American businessman, investor and philanthropist February 17 – Jim Brown, African-American football player and actor February 20 Shehu Idris, Nigerian aristocrat (d. 2020) Sharpe James, American politician February 21 – Barbara Jordan, African-American lawyer, educator, politician and civil rights activist (d. 1996) February 24 — Carol D'Onofrio, American public health researcher (d. 2020) February 26 – Adem Demaçi, Albanian politician, writer (d. 2018) February 27 – Ron Barassi, Australian footballer February 29 Alex Rocco, American actor (d. 2015) Jack Lousma, American astronaut and politician Henri Richard, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020) March March 4 Jim Clark, Scottish race car driver (d. 1968) Kim Yong-chun, North Korean soldier, politician (d. 2018) Aribert Reimann, German composer March 5 Canaan Banana, 1st President of Zimbabwe (d. 2003) Dean Stockwell, American actor (d. 2021) March 6 Marion Barry, African-American civil rights activist and politician (d. 2014) Choummaly Sayasone, 5th President of Laos March 7 Loren Acton, American astronaut Antonio Mercero, Spanish screen director (d. 2018) Julio Terrazas Sandoval, Bolivian cardinal (d. 2015) March 9 – Mickey Gilley, American country singer March 10 – Sepp Blatter, Swiss sports administrator, president of FIFA March 11 Harald zur Hausen, German virologist Takis Mousafiris, Greek composer and songwriter Antonin Scalia, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2016) March 13 – Mónica Miguel, Mexican actress, director and singer (d. 2020) March 17 – Ken Mattingly, American astronaut March 18 – F. W. de Klerk, 7th and last State President of South Africa (d. 2021) March 19 Ursula Andress, Swiss actress Uri Aviram, Israeli university professor March 20 – Lee "Scratch" Perry, Jamaican musician (d. 2021) March 21 – Seyyed Mehdi Tabatabaei, Iranian politician (d. 2018) March 22 – Roger Whittaker, Kenyan-born British singer-songwriter March 27 – Banwari Lal Joshi, Indian politician (d. 2017) March 28 Bill Gaither, American musician Mario Vargas Llosa, Peruvian writer, politician, journalist and essayist, Nobel Prize laureate Amancio Ortega Gaona, Spanish business tycoon April April 1 – Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, 2-time President of Switzerland (d. 1998) April 7 – Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav princess, Serbian princess, Serbian presidential candidate April 9 Valerie Solanas, American feminist writer who attempted to kill Andy Warhol (d. 1988) Ferdinando Imposimato, Italian judge (d. 2018) April 12 – Charles Napier, American character actor (d. 2011) April 13 – Choi In-hun, South Korean writer (d. 2018) April 14 – Dilbagh Singh Kler, Malaysian Olympic athlete (d. 2012) April 15 Pen Sovan, Cambodian politician (d. 2016) Raymond Poulidor, French road-bicycle racer（d. 2019） April 17 – Jiří Grygar, Czech astronomer April 20 – Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz (d. 1989) April 22 – Glen Campbell, American singer and actor (d. 2017) April 23 – Roy Orbison, American singer, songwriter (Pretty Woman) (d. 1988) April 24 Akwasi Afrifa, 3rd Head of State of Ghana (d. 1979) Jill Ireland, English actress (d. 1990) April 28 – Tariq Aziz, Iraqi politician (d. 2015) April 29 Adolfo Nicolás, Spanish priest (d. 2020) Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, British Baron May May 1 – Danièle Huillet, French filmmaker (d. 2006) May 2 Norma Aleandro, Argentinian actress Engelbert Humperdinck (b. Arnold George Dorsey), British singer May 4 – El Cordobés, Spanish matador May 5 – Trần Đức Lương, 5th President of Vietnam May 7 – Jimmy Ruffin, African-American singer (d. 2014) May 9 Albert Finney, English actor (d. 2019) Glenda Jackson, English actress and politician May 12 Klaus Doldinger, German musician Guillermo Endara, 32nd President of Panama (1989–1994) (d. 2009) May 13 – Rafael Campos, Dominican actor (d. 1985) May 14 – Bobby Darin, American singer (d. 1973) May 16 Philippe de Montebello, art exhibitionist Karl Lehmann, German Catholic cardinal (d. 2018) May 17 – Dennis Hopper, American actor and director (d. 2010) May 20 Nickey Iyambo, Namibian politician, 1st Vice-President of Namibia (d. 2019) Antanas Vaupšas, Lithuanian athlete (d. 2017) May 21 – Günter Blobel, Polish-American biologist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) May 23 – Charles Kimbrough, American actor May 25 – Tom T. Hall, American country singer-songwriter (d. 2021) May 27 – Louis Gossett Jr., African-American actor June June 2 – Volodymyr Holubnychy, Soviet Olympic athlete (d. 2021) June 3 – Colin Meads, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 2017) June 4 Bruce Dern, American actor Nutan Samarth, Indian actress (d. 1991) June 8 James Darren, American actor and singer Kenneth G. Wilson, American Nobel Prize-winning physicist (d. 2013) June 15 – William Levada, American cardinal (d. 2019) June 17 – Ken Loach, British film director June 18 Denny Hulme, New Zealand racing driver (d. 1992) Barack Obama Sr., Kenyan economist (d. 1982) June 19 – Takeshi Aono, Japanese actor (d. 2012) June 22 Kris Kristofferson, American actor, singer and songwriter Izatullo Khayoyev, 1st Prime Minister of Tajikistan (d. 2015) Ferran Olivella, Spanish footballer Hermeto Pascoal, Brazilian composer and multi-instrumentalist June 23 – Costas Simitis, Greek politician, 78th Prime Minister of Greece June 25 – B. J. Habibie, Indonesian politician, 3rd President of Indonesia (d. 2019) June 26 Hal Greer, African-American professional basketball player (d. 2018) Lee Ming-liang, Taiwanese geneticist Jean-Claude Turcotte, Canadian cardinal (d. 2015) June 27 Geneviève Fontanel, French stage, film actress (d. 2018) Joe Doyle, Irish politician (d. 2009) June 28 – Leon O. Chua, American electrical engineer and computer scientist June 29 David Jenkins, American figure skater Eddie Mabo, Australian Indigenous rights activist (d. 1992) Kigeli V of Rwanda, last king of Rwanda (d. 2016) June 30 – Assia Djebar, Algerian writer (d. 2015) July July 1 Mihir Rakshit, Indian economist E. Ponnuswamy, Indian politician Antonio Salines, Italian actor and director (d. 2021) July 5 Sir Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 2020) Shirley Knight, American actress (d. 2020) Sir James Mirrlees, Scottish-born economist, winner of the 1996 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (d. 2018) July 7 Hammoudi Al-Harithi, Iraqi actor Anatoly Kirov, Soviet wrestler Ip Ching, Chinese martial artist (d. 2020) July 8 – Johan Du Preez, Rhodesian-Zimbabwean sprinter July 14 – Marisa Allasio, Italian actress July 16 Miria Obote, former First Lady of Uganda Venkataraman Subramanya, Indian cricketer Leo Sterckx, Belgian cyclist Yasuo Fukuda, 58th Prime Minister of Japan July 18 – Ted Harris, Canadian ice hockey player July 24 - Ruth Buzzi, American actress July 25 - Mary Ann Wilson, Registered Nurse and TV Fitness Instructor July 26 – R. Neelakantan, Indian actor (d. 2018) July 30 Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz, Spanish royal (d. 2020) Buddy Guy, African-American blues singer and guitarist August August 1 Yves Saint Laurent, Algerian-born French fashion designer (d. 2008) Chadlia Fahrat Essebsi, Tunisian consort, 5th First Lady of Tunisia (d. 2019) August 4 – Joaquim Roriz, Brazilian politician (d. 2018) August 12 Kjell Grede, Swedish film director (d. 2017) André Kolingba, President of Central African Republic (d. 2010) August 17 – Margaret Hamilton, American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner August 18 Hifikepunye Pohamba, 2nd President of Namibia Robert Redford, American actor and film director August 21 Wilt Chamberlain, African-American basketball player (d. 1999) Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo, 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia, (d. 2008) August 23 – Rudy Lewis, American rhythm and blues singer (d. 1964) August 25 – Giridharilal Kedia, Indian former Working President of KVK (d. 2009) August 26 – Benedict Anderson, American academic (d. 2015) August 27 – Lien Chan, Taiwanese politician August 28 – Bert Schneider, Austrian road racer (d. 2009) August 29 – John McCain, American politician, U.S. Senator (R-Az.) (d. 2018) August 31 Fabrizia Ramondino, Italian author (d. 2008) Martin Rosen, American filmmaker and theater producer September September 1 – Valery Legasov, Soviet inorganic chemist (d. 1988) September 2 – Andrew Grove, Hungarian-American businessman, engineer and author (d. 2016) September 3 – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, 2nd President of Tunisia (d. 2019) September 4 Kamuta Latasi, 4th Prime Minister of Tuvalu Yoshihisa Yoshikawa, Japanese sport shooter (d. 2019) September 7 Bruce Gray, Puerto Rican/Canadian actor (d. 2017) Buddy Holly, American rock-and-roll singer, songwriter, and musician (d. 1959) Jorge Porcel, Argentine-American actor (d. 2006) September 14 – Walter Koenig, American actor (Star Trek: The Original Series) September 15 – Ashley Cooper, Australian tennis player (d. 2020) September 19 – Al Oerter, American Olympic athlete (d. 2007) September 21 – Yury Luzhkov, mayor of Moscow (d. 2019) September 23 – Valentín Paniagua, President of Perú (d. 2006) September 24 – Jim Henson, American puppeteer, filmmaker, and television producer (The Muppets) (d. 1990) September 25 Pierre Carniti, Italian politician and trade unionist (d. 2018) Moussa Traoré, President of Mali (d. 2020) September 26 – Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 2018) September 27 Don Cornelius, American host of Soul Train (d. 2012) Joselo, Venezuelan actor, comedian (d. 2013) September 28 Eddie Lumsden, Australian rugby league player (d. 2019) Robert Wolders, Dutch actor (d. 2018) September 29 – Silvio | North America; high temperature records are set, and thousands die. The first production model PCC streetcar, built by St. Louis Car Company, is placed in service by Pittsburgh Railways. June 7 The general strike in France is ended by the Matignon Agreements. The Steel Workers Organizing Committee is founded in the United States. June 10 – Margaret Mitchell's epic historical romance Gone with the Wind is first published in the United States. June 15 – An army ammunition depot explosion kills 63 in Männiku, Estonia. June 19 – Max Schmeling knocks out Joe Louis in the 12th round of their heavyweight boxing match, at Yankee Stadium in New York City. June 19 – Per Albin Hansson resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden, over the issue of defence policy. He is replaced by the leader of the Farmer's League (Bondeförbundet) Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp, who also becomes Minister of Agriculture. June 19 – The total solar eclipse of June 19, 1936 is visible in Greece, Turkey, Russia and Japan. It is part of Solar Saros 126; Gamma is a value of 0.53889. June 26 – Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first fully controllable helicopter, makes its maiden flight. June 29 – The United States Maritime Commission is formed. July July 4 – First publication recognizing stress as a biological condition. July 11 – The Triborough Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic (the bridge is renamed Robert F. Kennedy Bridge in 2008). July 13–14 – Peak of July 1936 heat wave: The U.S. states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana all set new state records for high temperature. At Mio in northern Michigan, it soars to . July 17 – The Spanish Army of Africa launches a coup d'état against the Second Spanish Republic, beginning the Spanish Civil War. July 20 – The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits is signed in Montreux, allowing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime. August August 1 – The 1936 Summer Olympics open in Berlin, Germany, and mark the first live television coverage of an international sports event in world history (John Logie Baird had previously broadcast the Derby horse race in Britain in 1931). August 3 – 1936 Summer Olympics: African-American athlete Jesse Owens wins the 100-meter dash. August 4 – A self-coup is staged by Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas, marking the beginning of the authoritarian 4th of August Regime, which will rule Greece until the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941. August 14 Rainey Bethea is hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky, in the last public execution in the United States 1936 Summer Olympics: The United States men's national basketball team wins the first Olympic basketball tournament in the final game over Canada, 19–8. August 19 – The first of the Moscow Trials begins in the Soviet Union. August 26 – The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is signed. August 30 Photographer Ernest Nash flees Germany for Rome. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attends the dedication of Thomas Jefferson's head at Mount Rushmore. September September 4–5 – English-born aviator Beryl Markham becomes the first woman to make an east-to-west solo transatlantic flight, from Abingdon-on-Thames, England, to Baleine, Nova Scotia. September 5 – Spanish Civil War: Robert Capa's photograph The Falling Soldier is taken. September 7 – The last known thylacine ("Tasmanian tiger"), named Benjamin, dies in Hobart Zoo in Tasmania. September 9 1936 Naval Revolt (Portugal): The crews of Portuguese Navy frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and destroyer Dão mutiny while anchored in Lisbon Harbour. Opposed to the Salazar dictatorship's support of General Franco's coup in Spain, they declare their solidarity with the Spanish Republic. The Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence is signed. September 10 – The first World Speedway Championship is held at Wembley Stadium in London, England. It is won by Australian Lionel Van Praag, with Englishman Eric Langton second and Australian Bluey Wilkinson third. September 12 – The Walt Disney animated short Donald and Pluto is released. It is the only installment of the Mickey Mouse series where Mickey Mouse does not appear. September 13, in response to a polio outbreak, Chicago Public Schools launches a distance education program which constitutes the first large-scale use of radio broadcasts to facilitate distance education September 14 – Raoul Villain, assassin of French Socialist Jean Jaures, is himself killed by Spanish Republicans in Ibiza. September 28 – After the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp and his "Holiday Cabinet" ("Semesterregeringen") resign (though he remains as Minister of Agriculture) and Per Albin Hansson returns as Prime Minister, staying in office until his death from a heart attack in 1946. October October Joseph Stalin's Great Purge begins in the Soviet Union. The Mästermyr chest is discovered in the Mästermyr mire (after which it is later named), west of Hemse, on the island of Gotland, Sweden. October 11 – Earl Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and builds Mississippi's first permanent rodeo arena at Columbia, Mississippi. October 19 – H.R. Ekins, reporter for the New York World-Telegram, wins a race to travel around the world on commercial airline flights, beating Dorothy Kilgallen of the New York Journal and Leo Kieran of The New York Times. The flight takes 18 days. October 25 – The Rome-Berlin Axis is formed. October 29 – The historic Uptown Theater (Washington, D.C.) opens. November November 2 The BBC launches the world's first regular television service in high-definition (according to contemporary standards). The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) begins radio in Canada. November 3 – U.S. presidential election, 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt is reelected to a second term, in a landslide victory over Kansas Governor Alf Landon; farmers support Roosevelt. November 9 – American fashion designer Ruth Harkness encounters and captures a nine-week-old panda cub in Sichuan, China; it becomes the first live giant panda to enter the United States. November 12 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. November 20 – A levee failure and continued massive rain at the Mitsubishi Osarizawa mine, Kazuno, northeastern Akita, Japan, results in at least 375 deaths. November 23 – Cover date of the first issue of Life, a weekly news magazine launched in the United States under the management of Henry Luce. November 25 – The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Germany and Japan. November 30 – A spectacular fire destroys The Crystal Palace in London, originally built for the 1851 Great Exhibition. December December 1 – Hitler mandates that all German boys aged 10 to 18 join the Hitler Youth paramilitary organization. December 3 – Radio station WQXR is officially founded in New York City. December 5 – The 1936 Soviet Constitution, promulgated by Stalin, is adopted in the Soviet Union. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic is dissolved, and Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia become full Republics of the Soviet Union. December 7 Streptococcous meningitis (a condition previously 99% fatal) is successfully treated for the first time with a sulfonamide. Australian cricketer Jack Fingleton becomes the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings. December 10 – Edward VIII abdication crisis: King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom signs an instrument of abdication at Fort Belvedere, Surrey in the presence of his three brothers, The Duke of York, The Duke of Gloucester and The Duke of Kent. December 11 Edward VIII abdication crisis: The British Parliament passes His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 on behalf of the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last act as sovereign by giving Royal Assent to the Act, and his brother Prince Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as King George VI. The abdicated King Edward VIII, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to the nation explaining his decision to abdicate. He leaves the country for Austria. Taking the opportunity to free itself further from ties to the United Kingdom, the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State passes the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936, removing most powers from the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 (signed into law December 12), assenting to the abdication and restricting the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs. December 12 – Xi'an Incident: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China is kidnapped by Marshal Zhang Xueliang. December 23 – Colombia signs the Buenos Aires Copyright Treaty. December 24 – The first filmed Russian opera, Natalka Poltavka, is released in Ukraine. December 26 – The Abraham Lincoln Brigade sails from New York City on its way to the Spanish Civil War. December 30 – The United Auto Workers begins the Flint Sit-Down Strike in Flint, Michigan. Date unknown West China Famine: An estimated five million people die. The YMCA Youth and Government program is founded in Albany, New York. Nestlé introduce the white chocolate Milkybar (called Galak in Continental Europe and elsewhere). Cocoa production in the Gold Coast reaches 305,000 tons. Settlement of Buriram town in Buriram province Births January January 2 – Roger Miller, American singer, songwriter, musician and actor (d. 1992) January 6 Darlene Hard, American tennis player (d. 2021) Alejandro Maldonado, Guatemalan politician Julio María Sanguinetti, 2-time President of Uruguay January 8 – Robert May, Australian scientist (d. 2020) January 10 Stephen E. Ambrose, American historian and biographer (d. 2002) Burnum Burnum, Australian Aboriginal activist, author and actor (d. 1997) Robert Wilson, American physicist, radio astronomer, and Nobel laureate January 11 – Eva Hesse, American artist (d. 1970) January 12 – Émile Lahoud, 15th President of Lebanon January 13 – Renato Bruson, Italian baritone January 14 – Reiner Klimke, German equestrian (d. 1999) January 18 – Christiane Martel, French actress, beauty queen and second Miss Universe winner January 19 Tonny Koeswoyo, Indonesian rock musician (d. 1987) Ziaur Rahman, 7th President of Bangladesh (d. 1981) January 22 Alan J. Heeger, American physicist Ong Teng Cheong, 5th President of Singapore (d. 2002) January 25 – Diana Hyland, American actress (d. 1977) January 27 Barry Barish, American gravitational physicist, Nobel laureate Troy Donahue, American actor (d. 2001) Samuel C. C. Ting, American physicist January 28 Waldyr Boccardo, Brazilian basketball player (d. 2018) Alan Alda, American actor, director, screenwriter, comedian and author Ismail Kadare, Albanian writer February February 3 – Bob Simpson, Australian cricketer February 4 – David Brenner, American actor and comedian (d. 2014) February 6 Kent Douglas, Canadian ice hockey player, coach (d. 2009) Stompin' Tom Connors, Canadian country and folk singer-songwriter (d. 2013) February 9 – Clive Swift, British actor (d. 2019) February 11 – Burt Reynolds, American actor, director and producer (d. 2018) February 14 – Anna German, Polish singer (d. 1982) February 16 – Carl Icahn, American businessman, investor and philanthropist February 17 – Jim Brown, African-American football player and actor February 20 Shehu Idris, Nigerian aristocrat (d. 2020) Sharpe James, American politician February 21 – Barbara Jordan, African-American lawyer, educator, politician and civil rights activist (d. 1996) February 24 — Carol D'Onofrio, American public health researcher (d. 2020) February 26 – Adem Demaçi, Albanian politician, writer (d. 2018) February 27 – Ron Barassi, Australian footballer February 29 Alex Rocco, American actor (d. 2015) Jack Lousma, American astronaut and politician Henri Richard, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020) March March 4 Jim Clark, Scottish race car driver (d. 1968) Kim Yong-chun, North Korean soldier, politician (d. 2018) Aribert Reimann, German composer March 5 Canaan Banana, 1st President of Zimbabwe (d. 2003) Dean Stockwell, American actor (d. 2021) March 6 Marion Barry, African-American civil rights activist and politician (d. 2014) Choummaly Sayasone, 5th President of Laos March 7 Loren Acton, American astronaut Antonio Mercero, Spanish screen director (d. 2018) Julio Terrazas Sandoval, Bolivian cardinal (d. 2015) March 9 – Mickey Gilley, American country singer March 10 – Sepp Blatter, Swiss sports administrator, president of FIFA March 11 Harald zur Hausen, German virologist Takis Mousafiris, Greek composer and songwriter Antonin Scalia, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2016) March 13 – Mónica Miguel, Mexican actress, director and singer (d. 2020) March 17 – Ken Mattingly, American astronaut March 18 – F. W. de Klerk, 7th and last State President of South Africa (d. 2021) March 19 Ursula Andress, Swiss actress Uri Aviram, Israeli university professor March 20 – Lee "Scratch" Perry, Jamaican musician (d. 2021) March 21 – Seyyed Mehdi Tabatabaei, Iranian politician (d. 2018) March 22 – Roger Whittaker, Kenyan-born British singer-songwriter March 27 – Banwari Lal Joshi, Indian politician (d. 2017) March 28 Bill Gaither, American musician Mario Vargas Llosa, Peruvian writer, politician, journalist and essayist, Nobel Prize laureate Amancio Ortega Gaona, Spanish business tycoon April April 1 – Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, 2-time President of Switzerland (d. 1998) April 7 – Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav princess, Serbian princess, Serbian presidential candidate April 9 Valerie Solanas, American feminist writer who attempted to kill Andy Warhol (d. 1988) Ferdinando Imposimato, Italian judge (d. 2018) April 12 – Charles Napier, American character actor (d. 2011) April 13 – Choi In-hun, South Korean writer (d. 2018) April 14 – Dilbagh Singh Kler, Malaysian Olympic athlete (d. 2012) April 15 Pen Sovan, Cambodian politician (d. 2016) Raymond Poulidor, French road-bicycle racer（d. 2019） April 17 – Jiří Grygar, Czech astronomer April 20 – Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz (d. 1989) April 22 – Glen Campbell, American singer and actor (d. 2017) April 23 – Roy Orbison, American singer, songwriter (Pretty Woman) (d. 1988) April 24 Akwasi Afrifa, 3rd Head of State of Ghana (d. 1979) Jill Ireland, English actress (d. 1990) April 28 – Tariq Aziz, Iraqi politician (d. 2015) April 29 Adolfo Nicolás, Spanish priest (d. 2020) Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, British Baron May May 1 – Danièle Huillet, French filmmaker (d. 2006) May 2 Norma Aleandro, Argentinian actress Engelbert Humperdinck (b. Arnold George Dorsey), British singer May 4 – El Cordobés, Spanish matador May 5 – Trần Đức Lương, 5th President of Vietnam May 7 – Jimmy Ruffin, African-American singer (d. 2014) May 9 Albert Finney, English actor (d. 2019) Glenda Jackson, English actress and politician May 12 Klaus Doldinger, German musician Guillermo Endara, 32nd President of Panama (1989–1994) (d. 2009) May 13 – Rafael Campos, Dominican actor (d. 1985) May 14 – Bobby Darin, American singer (d. 1973) May 16 Philippe de Montebello, art exhibitionist Karl Lehmann, German Catholic cardinal (d. 2018) May 17 – Dennis Hopper, American actor and director (d. 2010) May 20 Nickey Iyambo, Namibian politician, 1st Vice-President of Namibia (d. 2019) Antanas Vaupšas, Lithuanian athlete (d. 2017) May 21 – Günter Blobel, Polish-American biologist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) May 23 – Charles Kimbrough, American actor May 25 – Tom T. Hall, American country singer-songwriter (d. 2021) May 27 – Louis Gossett Jr., African-American actor June June 2 – Volodymyr Holubnychy, Soviet Olympic athlete (d. 2021) June 3 – Colin Meads, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 2017) June 4 Bruce Dern, American actor Nutan Samarth, Indian actress (d. 1991) June 8 James Darren, American actor and singer Kenneth G. Wilson, American Nobel Prize-winning physicist (d. 2013) June 15 – William Levada, American cardinal (d. 2019) June 17 – Ken Loach, British film director June 18 Denny Hulme, New Zealand racing driver (d. 1992) Barack Obama Sr., Kenyan economist (d. 1982) June 19 – Takeshi Aono, Japanese actor (d. 2012) June 22 Kris Kristofferson, American actor, singer and songwriter Izatullo Khayoyev, 1st Prime Minister of Tajikistan (d. 2015) Ferran Olivella, Spanish footballer Hermeto Pascoal, Brazilian composer and multi-instrumentalist June 23 – Costas Simitis, Greek politician, 78th Prime Minister of Greece June 25 – B. J. Habibie, Indonesian politician, 3rd President of Indonesia (d. 2019) June 26 Hal Greer, African-American professional basketball player (d. 2018) |
30 – Rookie driver Louis Meyer wins his first Indianapolis 500 (he will win that race again, in 1933 and 1936). May 31 – South Africa adopts a new national flag, based upon the Van Riebeeck flag or Prinsevlag (originally the Dutch flag), to replace the Red Ensign. It later became infamously known as the "apartheid flag". June June 4 – Huanggutun incident: Zhang Zuolin, a warlord, is killed by Japanese agents in China. June 8 – By seizing Beijing and renaming it Běipíng, the National Revolutionary Army puts an end to the 'Fengtian warlords' Beiyang government there. June 9 Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew complete the first flight across the Pacific Ocean, from the mainland United States to Australia, in the Fokker F.VII aircraft Southern Cross. Having left Oakland, California on May 31, they reach Brisbane via Honolulu and Fiji. Ellis Park Stadium, a well-known sport venue of South Africa, officially opens in Johannesburg. June 14 – Students take over the medical wing of Rosario University in Argentina. June 17–18 – Aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to make a successful transatlantic flight, as a passenger in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m piloted by Wilmer Stultz, from Newfoundland to Wales. June 20 – Puniša Račić kills three opposition representatives in the Yugoslavian Parliament, and injures three others, in a gun attack. June 24 – A Swedish aeroplane rescues some survivors of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet icebreaker Krasin saves the rest July 12. June 28 The keel of the first 1,000 ft (300 m)-long ocean liner, Oceanic, for the British White Star Line, is laid by Harland and Wolff in Belfast; construction is delayed, and cancelled on 23 July 1929. The International Railway (New York–Ontario) switches to one-man crews, for its trolleys in Canada. June 29 – At the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston, Governor of New York Al Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a major political party for President of the United States. July July 2 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories' W3XK station begins broadcasting on 6.42 MHz, using 48 lines. July 3 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrates the world's first colour television transmission in Glasgow. July 7 – The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold in Chillicothe, Missouri, United States, using Otto Frederick Rohwedder's technology. July 17 – José de León Toral assassinates Álvaro Obregón, president-elect of Mexico. July 25 – The United States recalls its troops from China. July 27 – Radclyffe Hall's highly controversial novel The Well of Loneliness, with a theme of lesbian love, is published in London, UK. July 28 – August 12 – The 1928 Summer Olympics are held in Amsterdam, opening with the lighting of the Olympic flame. Women's athletics and gymnastics debut at these games, and discus thrower Halina Konopacka of Poland becomes the first female Olympic gold medal winner for a track or field event. Coca-Cola enters Europe as sponsor of the games. August August – Margaret Mead's influential cultural anthropology text, Coming of Age in Samoa, is published in the U.S. August 2 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty. August 16 – Serial killer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, D.C., for burglary. Later it will be discovered that he has committed multiple murders, rapes and other major crimes. August 22 – Al Smith accepts the Democratic nomination for the US presidential election, with WGY/W2XB simulcasting the event on radio and television. August 26 – In Scotland, May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her ginger beer, leading to the landmark negligence case Donoghue v Stevenson. August 27 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed in Paris, the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war. August 29 – C.D. Motagua is founded as an association football club in Honduras. August 31 – The Threepenny Opera (), by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill, opens at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, Berlin. September September 1 – Ahmet Zogu, President of the Albanian Republic, declares the country to be a constitutional monarchy, the Albanian Kingdom, with himself as King Zog I. September 3 Philo Farnsworth demonstrates to the press in San Francisco the world's first working all-electronic television system, employing electronic scanning in both the pickup and display devices. Scotsman, Alexander Fleming, at St Mary's Hospital, London, accidentally rediscovers the antibiotic Penicillin. September 11 – The Queen's Messenger is the first melodrama broadcast by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson at W2XAD (Schenectady, New York); WMAK (Kenmore) begins broadcasting in Buffalo, New York. September 12 – The Okeechobee hurricane hits Guadeloupe, killing 1,200 people. September 15 – Tich Freeman sets an all-time record, for the number of wickets taken in an English cricket season. September 16 – The Okeechobee hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida. September 25 – Paul and Joseph Galvin incorporate the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (later known as Motorola and Freescale). September 28 – Scottish physician Alexander Fleming observes a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later becomes known as penicillin. October October – The women's organisation Gruaja Shiqiptare is founded in Albania, with Princess Senije as its chair. October 1 – Joseph Stalin launches the first five-year plan (1928–1932); the average nonfarm wage falls by 50% in the Soviet Union. October 2 Josemaría Escrivá founds Opus Dei. Arvid Lindman returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, with his right-wing rival Ernst Trygger as Foreign Minister of Sweden. October 7 – Haile Selassie is crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia. October 8 – Chiang Kai-shek is named as Generalissimo (Chairman of the National Military Council) of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China. October 12 – An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston. October 22 – The Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity is founded at the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus. October 25 – The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) is formally established, with the adoption of the "Statutes of the International Red Cross" October 28 – The Second Youth Congress is held in Batavia, Dutch East Indies by young Indonesian nationalists, resulting in the Youth Pledge. The Indonesian national anthem, "Indonesia Raya", is introduced at the congress. November November 1 – Turkey passes a law switching the country from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet. November 6 – 1928 United States presidential election: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin, over Democratic New York Governor Al Smith. November 10 The enthronement ceremony of Emperor of Japan Hirohito is held, two years after he actually took the imperial throne on December 26, 1926, following the death of Emperor Taishō. November 12 – The develops a severe starboard list, is abandoned and sinks approximately 200 miles off Hampton Roads, Virginia; estimated deaths range from 110 to 127. November 17 1928 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by James Scullin. Boston Garden opens in Boston, Massachusetts. November 18 – Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released, but the first sound film and the first such film to be generally distributed. November 22 – The one-movement ballet Boléro (music by Maurice Ravel, choreography by Bronislava Nijinska) premières at the Paris Opéra, to a commission by Ida Rubinstein. November 28 – Persija Jakarta association football is founded as Voetbalbond Indonesische Jacatra. December December 3 – In Rio de Janeiro, a seaplane sent to greet Alberto Santos-Dumont crashes, killing all on board. The pilot had tried to avoid another plane which came too close. December 6 – The government of Colombia sends military forces to suppress a month-long strike by United Fruit Company workers, resulting in an unknown number of deaths. December 21 – The United States Congress approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed Hoover Dam. Date unknown The women's organisation Anjuman-i Himayat-i-Niswan is founded in Afghanistan. Births January January 1 – Abdul Sattar Edhi, Pakistani philanthropist (d. 2016) January 2 – Daisaku Ikeda, Japanese religious leader, 3rd President of Soka Gakkai January 3 – Abdul Rahman Ya'kub, Malaysian politician (d. 2015) January 5 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, President of Pakistan and Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1979) Walter Mondale, American politician, 42nd Vice President of the United States (d. 2021) Qian Qichen, Chinese diplomat, politician (d. 2017) January 6 – Vijay Tendulkar, Indian playwright (d. 2008) January 7 – William Peter Blatty, American writer (The Exorcist) (d. 2017) January 9 Judith Krantz, American novelist (d. 2019) Domenico Modugno, Italian singer, songwriter, actor and politician (d. 1994) January 10 – Philip Levine, American poet (d. 2015) January 13 – Bengt Gustavsson, Swedish footballer and manager (d. 2017) January 14 – Hans Kornberg, German-English biochemist (d. 2019) January 16 William Kennedy, American author Pilar Lorengar, Spanish soprano (d. 1996) January 17 Jean Barraqué, French composer (d. 1973) Vidal Sassoon, English hairdresser (d. 2012) January 18 – Terence Higgins, Baron Higgins, English politician and athlete January 21 Gene Sharp, American political theorist of nonviolent action (d. 2018) Reynaldo Bignone, 45th President of Argentina (d. 2018) January 22 Birch Bayh, American politician (d. 2019) Kate Molale, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1980) January 23 – Jeanne Moreau, French actress (d. 2017) January 24 Desmond Morris, English anthropologist and writer Michel Serrault, French actor (d. 2007) January 25 – Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgian politician, 2nd President of Georgia (d. 2014) January 26 – Roger Vadim, French film director (d. 2000) January 27 – Hans Modrow, East German Premier January 30 – Harold Prince, American stage producer, director (d. 2019) February February 1 – Stuart Whitman, American actor (d. 2020) February 2 – Ciriaco De Mita, Italian politician February 4 – Kim Yong-nam, North Korean politician February 9 George Brady, Czech-Canadian businessman and Holocaust survivor (d. 2019) Rinus Michels, Dutch association football player, coach (d. 2005) February 13 – Gerald Regan, Canadian politician (d. 2019) February 15 – Luis Posada Carriles, Cuban militant (d. 2018) February 16 – Pedro Casaldáliga, Spanish-Brazilian prelate and human rights activist (d. 2020) February 18 – John Ostrom, American paleontologist (d. 2005) February 19 – Onuora Nzekwu, Nigerian writer (d. 2017) February 20 Jean Kennedy Smith, American diplomat (d. 2020) Friedrich Wetter, German Catholic cardinal February 22 Sir Bruce Forsyth, English entertainer (d. 2017) Pushpa Mittra Bhargava, Indian scientist, writer, and administrator (d. 2017) February 23 – Vasily Lazarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1990) February 24 – Naqsh Lyallpuri, Indian ghazal (d. 2017) February 25 – Paul Elvstrøm, Danish yachtsman (d. 2016) February 26 Fats Domino, African-American musician (d. 2017) Anatoly Filipchenko, Russian cosmonaut Ariel Sharon, 11th Prime Minister of Israel (d. 2014) February 27 – René Clemencic, Austrian composer and conductor February 28 - Stanley Baker, Welsh actor and film producer (d. 1976) March March 1 – Jacques Rivette, French filmmaker (d. 2016) March 3 Bernice Sandler, American women's rights activist (d. | 1973) Vidal Sassoon, English hairdresser (d. 2012) January 18 – Terence Higgins, Baron Higgins, English politician and athlete January 21 Gene Sharp, American political theorist of nonviolent action (d. 2018) Reynaldo Bignone, 45th President of Argentina (d. 2018) January 22 Birch Bayh, American politician (d. 2019) Kate Molale, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1980) January 23 – Jeanne Moreau, French actress (d. 2017) January 24 Desmond Morris, English anthropologist and writer Michel Serrault, French actor (d. 2007) January 25 – Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgian politician, 2nd President of Georgia (d. 2014) January 26 – Roger Vadim, French film director (d. 2000) January 27 – Hans Modrow, East German Premier January 30 – Harold Prince, American stage producer, director (d. 2019) February February 1 – Stuart Whitman, American actor (d. 2020) February 2 – Ciriaco De Mita, Italian politician February 4 – Kim Yong-nam, North Korean politician February 9 George Brady, Czech-Canadian businessman and Holocaust survivor (d. 2019) Rinus Michels, Dutch association football player, coach (d. 2005) February 13 – Gerald Regan, Canadian politician (d. 2019) February 15 – Luis Posada Carriles, Cuban militant (d. 2018) February 16 – Pedro Casaldáliga, Spanish-Brazilian prelate and human rights activist (d. 2020) February 18 – John Ostrom, American paleontologist (d. 2005) February 19 – Onuora Nzekwu, Nigerian writer (d. 2017) February 20 Jean Kennedy Smith, American diplomat (d. 2020) Friedrich Wetter, German Catholic cardinal February 22 Sir Bruce Forsyth, English entertainer (d. 2017) Pushpa Mittra Bhargava, Indian scientist, writer, and administrator (d. 2017) February 23 – Vasily Lazarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1990) February 24 – Naqsh Lyallpuri, Indian ghazal (d. 2017) February 25 – Paul Elvstrøm, Danish yachtsman (d. 2016) February 26 Fats Domino, African-American musician (d. 2017) Anatoly Filipchenko, Russian cosmonaut Ariel Sharon, 11th Prime Minister of Israel (d. 2014) February 27 – René Clemencic, Austrian composer and conductor February 28 - Stanley Baker, Welsh actor and film producer (d. 1976) March March 1 – Jacques Rivette, French filmmaker (d. 2016) March 3 Bernice Sandler, American women's rights activist (d. 2019) Gudrun Pausewang, German young fiction writer (d. 2020) March 4 – Alan Sillitoe, English writer (d. 2010) March 5 – Yelizaveta Dementyeva, Soviet Olympic canoeist March 7 – Arthur Dion Hanna, Bahamian politician (d. 2021) March 9 Gerald Bull, Canadian engineer (d. 1990) Robert Adeyinka Adebayo, Nigerian politician and military officer (d. 2017) March 10 Sara Montiel, Spanish singer, actress (d. 2013) James Earl Ray, American assassin (d. 1998) March 12 – Edward Albee, American dramatist (d. 2016) March 14 – Frank Borman, American astronaut March 16 Karlheinz Böhm, Austrian actor (d. 2014) Christa Ludwig, German mezzo-soprano (d. 2021) March 18 Lennart Carleson, Swedish mathematician Fidel V. Ramos, 12th President of the Philippines March 19 Sutanto Djuhar, Chinese-Indonesian entrepreneur (d. 2018) Hans Küng, Swiss Roman Catholic theologian (d. 2021) Marceline Loridan-Ivens, French writer, film director and Holocaust survivor (d. 2018) Patrick McGoohan, American-born British-based actor of Irish descent (d. 2009) March 20 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (d. 2003) March 21 – Surya Bahadur Thapa, 24th Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2015) March 25 – Jim Lovell, American astronaut March 28 Zbigniew Brzezinski, Polish-born American National Security Advisor (d. 2017) Alexander Grothendieck, German-born mathematician (d. 2014) March 30 – Robert Badinter, French lawyer and politician March 31 Lefty Frizzell, American country music performer (d. 1975) Gordie Howe, Canadian hockey player (d. 2016) April April 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (d. 1991) April 3 – Don Gibson, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 2003) April 4 Maya Angelou, African-American poet, novelist (d. 2014) Estelle Harris, American actress April 6 – James D. Watson, American geneticist; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine April 7 James Garner, American actor, producer (d. 2014) Alan J. Pakula, American producer, director (d. 1998) April 8 Eric Porter, English actor (d. 1995) Algimantas Nasvytis, Lithuanian architect (d. 2018) April 9 Paul Arizin, American basketball player (d. 2006) Tom Lehrer, American songwriter, satirist April 11 – Ethel Kennedy, American human-rights campaigner, wife of Robert F. Kennedy April 12 – Hardy Krüger, German actor (d. 2022) April 15 – Vida Alves, Brazilian actress (d. 2017) April 18 – Mikio Sato, Japanese mathematician April 19 – Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak, King of Malaysia (d. 2014) April 23 – Shirley Temple, American actress and diplomat (d. 2014) April 24 – Tommy Docherty, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2020) April 25 – Cy Twombly, American artist (d. 2011) April 28 – Yves Klein, French artist (d. 1962) May May 1 Sonny James, American country singer (d. 2016) Sisavath Keobounphanh, 13th Prime Minister of Laos (d. 2020) May 4 Maynard Ferguson, Canadian jazz trumpeter (d. 2006) Hosni Mubarak, 4th President of Egypt (d. 2020) Betsy Rawls, American golfer Wolfgang von Trips, German racing driver (d. 1961) May 9 Pancho Gonzales, American tennis player (d. 1995) Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian figure skater (d. 2012) May 10 Arnold Rüütel, President of Estonia Lothar Schmid, German chess player (d. 2013) May 11 – Arthur Foulkes, Governor-General of the Bahamas May 12 – Burt Bacharach, American composer, songwriter and pianist May 13 Enrique Bolaños, 61st President of Nicaragua (d. 2021) Édouard Molinaro, French film director, screenwriter (d. 2013) May 16 – Billy Martin, American baseball player (d. 1989) May 18 – Pernell Roberts, American actor (d. 2010) May 19 Dolph Schayes, American basketball player (d. 2015) Dragutin Zelenović, Serbian politician and professor (d. 2020) May 23 – Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (d. 2002) May 24 – Adrian Frutiger, Swiss typeface designer, cutter (d. 2015) May 26 – Jack Kevorkian, American right-to-die advocate (d. 2011) May 27 – Thea Musgrave, Scottish-born American composer and educator May 28 – Ivan Kizimov, Soviet and Russian equestrian (d. 2019) May 30 – Agnès Varda, Belgian-born French director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2019) June June 3 Donald Judd, American artist (d. 1994) John Richard Reid, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2020) June 4 – Ruth Westheimer (Dr. Ruth), German-American sex therapist, film and television personality, and author June 5 – Tony Richardson, English film and theatre director (d. 1991) June 6 – George Deukmejian, American Republican politician (d. 2018) June 7 James Ivory, American director, screenwriter and producer Charles Strouse, American composer and lyricist June 10 – Maurice Sendak, American children's author, illustrator (d. 2012) June 11 – Queen Fabiola of Belgium, Spanish Queen Consort of King Baudouin of Belgium (d. 2014) June 12 Vic Damone, American singer (d. 2018) Richard M. Sherman, American songwriter June 13 Giacomo Biffi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 2015) John Forbes Nash Jr., American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics (d. 2015) Li Ka-shing, Asia's & Hong Kong's richest person, major philanthropist June 14 José Bonaparte, Argentine palaeontologist (d. 2020) Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna (aka Che Guevara), Argentine-born Cuban revolutionary (or May 14; d. 1967) June 16 Annie Cordy, Belgian actress and singer (d. 2020) Dagmar Rom, Austrian alpine skier June 17 – Juan María Bordaberry, Uruguayan dictator (d. 2011) June 19 Tommy DeVito, American musician and singer (The Four Seasons) (d. 2020) Jacques Dupont, French Olympic cyclist (d. 2019) June 20 Martin Landau, American actor (d. 2017) Jean-Marie Le Pen, French intelligence officer, far-right politician June 22 – Ralph Waite, American actor, political activist (The Waltons) (d. 2014) June 25 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) Peyo, Belgian comics artist (d. 1992) June 27 Lin Ho-ming, Taiwanese sports shooter Antoinette Spaak, Belgian politician (d. 2020) June 28 Hans Blix, Swedish diplomat and politician Harold Evans, English-born newspaper editor (d. 2020) July July 4 Giampiero Boniperti, Italian football player (d. 2021) Teofisto Guingona, Jr., 13th Vice President of the Philippines July 5 Juris Hartmanis, Latvian-born American computer scientist, computational theorist Pierre Mauroy, Prime Minister of France (d. 2013) July 8 Balakh Sher Mazari, Pakistani politician, former Prime Minister Alekos Spanoudakis, Greek basketball player (d. 2019) July 9 Federico Bahamontes, Spanish road bicycle racer Juan Rodríguez, Uruguayan rower (d. 2019) July 11 Dor Bahadur Bista, Nepalese anthropologist, social scientist and activist (dis. 1995) Carmelita González, Mexican actress (d. 2010) Greville Janner, British lawyer and Labour Member of Parliament (d. 2015) July 12 Elias James Corey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate Hayden White, American historian (d. 2018) July 14 – Nancy Olson, American actress July 15 – Pal Benko, French chess grandmaster, author, and composer of endgame studies and chess problems (d. 2019) July 16 Bella Davidovich, Soviet-born Jewish-American pianist Anita Brookner, English novelist, art historian (d. 2016) Jim Rathmann, American race car driver (d. 2011) July 19 – Choi Yun-chil, South Korean long-distance runner (d. 2020) July 20 Belaid Abdessalam, Algerian politician, Prime Minister 1992-93 (d. 2020) Pavel Kohout, Czech-Austrian novelist, playwright, and poet July 23 Leon Fleisher, American pianist and conductor (d. 2020) Vera Rubin, American astronomer (d. 2016) July 24 – Keshubhai Patel, Indian politician (d. 2020) July 25 – Dolphy, Filipino actor, comedian (d. 2012) July 26 Francesco Cossiga, Italian politician, 8th President of Italy (d. 2010) Joe Jackson, American manager (d. 2018) Stanley Kubrick, American film director (2001: A Space Odyssey) (d. 1999) July 27 – Joseph Kittinger, American colonel, U.S. Air Force pilot July 29 – T. H. P. Chentharasseri, Indian historian (d. 2018) August August 2 – Luigi Colani, German industrial designer (d. 2019) August 3 – Cécile Aubry, French film actress, author, television screenwriter and director (d. 2010) August 4 Udham Singh, Indian Hockey team player, winner of three gold and one silver medals (d. 2000) Flóra Kádár, Hungarian actress (d. 2002) Gerard Damiano, American adult film director (d. 2008) August 5 – Chung Won-shik, South Korean politician, educator, soldier, and author, prime minister 1991 (d. 2020) August 6 Mary Grant, Ghanaian politician (d. 2016) Andy Warhol, American artist (d. 1987) August 7 Helen Vita, Swiss chanson singer, actress, and comedian (d. 2001) James Randi, Canadian stage magician and scientific skeptic (d. 2020) August 8 Lubor Bárta, Czech composer (d. 1972) Simón Díaz, Venezuelan folk composer, singer (d. 2014) August 10 Peter Barry, Irish Fine Gael politician, businessman (d. 2016) Eddie Fisher, American singer and actor (d. 2010) August 11 – Beniamino Andreatta, Italian economist, politician (d. 2007) August 14 – Lina Wertmüller, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 2021) August 15 Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, 2-time Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2002) Nicolas Roeg, English film director (d. 2018) Simone Silva, Egyptian-born French film actress (d. 1957) August 16 Ara Güler, Armenian-Turkish photojournalist (d. 2018) Eydie Gormé, American singer (d. 2013) Ann Blyth, American actress August 19 – Queen Ratna of Nepal August 21 Chris Brasher, British track and field athlete, sports journalist and co-founder of the London Marathon (d. 2003) Art Farmer, American jazz trumpeter, flugelhorn player (d. 1999) Gillian Sheen, English Olympic fencer (d. 2021) August 22 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (d. 2007) August 23 – Marian Seldes, American actress (d. 2014) August 24 – Levko Lukyanenko, Ukrainian politician (d. 2018) August 25 |
American actor (d. 2004) April 6 – Jimmy Roberts, American singer (d. 1999) April 7 – Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (d. 2009) April 11 Enrique Morea, Argentine tennis player (d. 2017) Libuše Havelková, Czech actress (d. 2017) April 12 – Raymond Barre, French politician and Prime Minister (d. 2007) April 13 – Stanley Donen, American film director and choreographer (d. 2019) April 14 – Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock, English philosopher and writer (d. 2019) April 15 –Sir Neville Marriner, English conductor and violinist (d. 2016) April 16 – Henry Mancini, American composer and arranger (d. 1994) April 20 Nina Foch, Dutch-born American actress (d. 2008) Leslie Phillips, English actor April 23 – Ruth Leuwerik, German film actress (d. 2016) April 24 – Clement Freud, British writer, broadcaster, chef and politician (d. 2009) April 28 – Kenneth Kaunda, 1st President of Zambia (d. 2021) April 29 Shintaro Abe, Japanese politician (d. 1991) Zizi Jeanmaire, French ballerina and actress (d. 2020) May May 1 Evelyn Boyd Granville, American mathematician, computer scientist and academic Grégoire Kayibanda, 2nd President of Rwanda (d. 1976) May 2 – Theodore Bikel, Austrian-American actor, folk singer and musician (d. 2015) May 3 Isadore Singer, American mathematician (d. 2021) Ken Tyrrell, British racing driver and constructor (d. 2001) May 6 – Patricia Kennedy Lawford, American socialite (d. 2006) May 10 – Zahrad, Western Armenian poet (d. 2007) May 11 – Antony Hewish, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2021) May 12 Tony Hancock, English comedian (d. 1968) Claribel Alegría, Nicaraguan poet (d. 2018) May 13 – Giovanni Sartori, Italian political scientist (d. 2017) May 16 – Dawda Jawara, 1st President of the Gambia (d. 2019) May 22 – Charles Aznavour, French-Armenian singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2018) May 27 – Jaime Lusinchi, Venezuelan politician, 42nd President of Venezuela (d. 2014) May 31 – Patricia Roberts Harris, American administrator (d. 1985) June June 3 Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-American actress (d. 1991) Karunanidhi, Indian politician, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, referred to as Kalaignar (d. 2018) Jimmy Rogers, American musician (d. 1997) Torsten Wiesel, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine June 4 Tofilau Eti Alesana, Samoan politician (d. 1999) Dennis Weaver, American actor (d. 2006) June 6 – Göran Malmqvist, Swedish linguist and literary historian (d. 2019) June 12 – George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (d. 2018) June 14 – James W. Black, Scottish pharmacologist and Nobel laureate (d. 2010) June 15 Hédi Fried, Swedish author and psychologist Ezer Weizman, 7th President of Israel (d. 2005) June 18 – George Mikan, American basketball player (d. 2005) June 19 – Anneliese Rothenberger, German operatic soprano (d. 2010) June 20 Chet Atkins, American guitarist and record producer (d. 2001) Rainer Barzel, German politician (d. 2006) June 23 Bayezid Osman, 44th Head of the Turkish House of Osman (d. 2017) Ranasinghe Premadasa, 3rd President, 8th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1993) June 24 – Kurt Furgler, 3-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 2008) June 25 – Sidney Lumet, American film director (d. 2011) June 28 – Kalevi Keihänen, Finnish entrepreneur (d. 1995) July July 1 – Antoni Ramallets, Spanish footballer, manager (d. 2013) July 3 – S. R. Nathan, 6th President of Singapore (d. 2016) July 4 Eva Marie Saint, American actress Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepalese politician; Head of State of Nepal (d. 2010) July 5 Edward Cassidy, Australian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2021) János Starker, Hungarian cellist (d. 2013) July 9 – Angelines Fernández, Spanish-born Mexican actress and comedian (d. 1994) July 10 – Ip Chun, Chinese martial artist July 12 – Faidon Matthaiou, Greek basketball player and coach (d. 2011) July 13 – Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (d. 2014) July 15 David Cox, British statistician (d. 2022) Makhmud Esambayev, Russian actor (d. 2000) July 17 – Li Li-Hua, Chinese Hong-Kong actress (d. 2017) July 18 – Inge Sørensen, Danish swimmer (d. 2011) July 19 – Pat Hingle, American actor (d. 2009) July 20 Lola Albright, American singer and actress (d. 2017) Tatyana Lioznova, Soviet film director (d. 2011) Elias Sarkis, 11th President of Lebanon (d. 1985) July 21 – Don Knotts, American comedic actor (d. 2006) July 22 – Margaret Whiting, American singer (d. 2011) August August 1 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (official birth date) (d. 2015) Georges Charpak, Ukrainian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) Frank Worrell, West Indies cricketer (d. 1967) August 2 James Baldwin, African-American author, novelist, playwright and activist (d. 1987) Carroll O'Connor, American actor (d. 2001) August 3 – Leon Uris, American writer (d. 2003) August 5 – Ben Jones, 7th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 2005) August 6 – Erich Schriever, Swiss Olympic rower (d. 2020) August 7 – Cecil Abbott, Commissioner of the New South Wales Police in Australia (d. 2014) August 8 – Gene Deitch, American illustrator, animator and film director (d. 2020) August 10 – Martha Hyer, American actress (d. 2014) August 12 Idris Shah II of Perak, 33rd Sultan of Perak (d. 1984) Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (d. 1988) August 13 – Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (d. 2016) August 14 – Georges Prêtre, French orchestral, opera conductor (d. 2017) August 15 Robert Bolt, English writer (d. 1995) Phyllis Schlafly, American activist (d. 2016) August 16 Ralf Bendix, German Schlager singer, music producer, composer and songwriter (d. 2014) Fess Parker, American actor and businessman (d. 2010) Tankmar Horn, Finnish diplomat, business executive (d. 2018) August 19 – Willard Boyle, Canadian physicist (d. 2011) August 21 – Dalia Wood, Canadian politician (d. 2013) August 22 – Orlando Ramón Agosti, Argentine general (d. 1997) August 23 Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate Wang Danfeng, Chinese actress (d. 2018) August 24 – Ahmadou Ahidjo, President of Cameroon (d. 1989) August 25 – Zsuzsa Körmöczy, Hungarian tennis player and coach (d. 2006) August 28 – Peggy Ryan, American dancer (d. 2004) August 29 María Dolores Pradera, Spanish singer, actress (d. 2018) Dinah Washington, African-American singer, pianist (d. 1963) August 31 – Buddy Hackett, American actor and comedian (d. 2003) September September 2 – Daniel arap Moi, 2nd President of Kenya (d. 2020) September 4 – Joan Aiken, English writer (d. 2004) September 7 – Daniel Inouye, American politician (d. 2012) September 8 – Mimi Parent, Canadian painter (d. 2005) September 9 Jane Greer, American actress (d. 2001) Sylvia Miles, American actress (d. 2019) Russell M. Nelson, 17th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (d. 2003) September 11 – Rudolf Vrba, Slovak-Jewish Holocaust survivor, escapee from Auschwitz (d. 2006) September 13 – Maurice Jarre, French composer (d. 2009) September 15 – György Lázár, 50th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2014) September 16 – Lauren Bacall, American actress (d. 2014) September 18 Alma W. Byrd, American politician (d. 2017) Eloísa Mafalda, Brazilian actress (d. 2018) September 19 – Suchitra Mitra, Indian singer and composer (d. 2011) September 20 – Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Indian actor and producer (d. 2014) September 21 – Hermann Buhl, Austrian mountaineer (d. 1957) September 22 Bernard Gauthier, French racing cyclist (d. 2018) Emile Wijntuin, Surinamese politician (d. 2020) Rosamunde Pilcher, English novelist (d. 2019) September 24 Nina Bocharova, Soviet gymnast (d. 2020) Marcello Mastroianni, Italian actor (d. 1996) September 30 Truman Capote, American author (d. 1984) Georgiana Young, American actress (d. 2007) October October 1 Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize William Rehnquist, 16th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 2005) October 10 Umar Wirahadikusumah, 4th Vice President of Indonesia (d. 2003) Ed Wood, American B-movie producer (d. 1978) October 11 – Mal Whitfield, American Olympic athlete (d. 2015) October 14 Robert Webber, American actor (d. 1989) Ramón Castro Ruz, Cuban revolutionary (d. 2016) October 15 Henry Sy, Chinese-Filipino business magnate (d. 2019) Lee Iacocca, American industrialist (d. 2019) October 16 – Prince Makonnen, member of the Ethiopian royal family (d. 1957) October 19 – Lubomír Štrougal, Czech politician October 24 – Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II, Indonesian royal (d. 2018) November–December November 1 – Süleyman Demirel, President of Turkey (d. 2015) November 3 – Erzsébet Gulyás-Köteles, Hungarian gymnast (d. 2019) November 4 – Guillermo Rodríguez, 31st President of Ecuador November 8 Johnny Bower, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017) Dmitry Yazov, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 2020) November 9 – Robert Frank, Swiss photographer (d. 2019) November 11 – Sunder Lal Patwa, Indian politician (d. 2016) November 13 – Motoo Kimura, Japanese population geneticist (d. 1994) November 15 – Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes, First Lady of Colombia (d. 1998) November 16 Erika Mahringer, Austrian alpine skier (d. 2018) Mel Patton, American athlete (d. 2014) November 20 – Benoit Mandelbrot, Polish-born mathematician (d. 2010) November 21 Joseph Campanella, American actor (d. 2018) Christopher Tolkien, English author and academic (d. 2020) November 22 – Geraldine Page, American actress (d. 1987) November 23 – Anita Linda, Filipino actress (d. 2020) November 25 Paul Desmond, American jazz alto saxophonist and composer (d. 1977) Takaaki Yoshimoto, Japanese poet, critic and philosopher (d. 2012) A. Hamid Arief, Indonesian actor (d. 1992) November 26 – Bhekimpi Dlamini, 4th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. 1999) November 28 – Dennis Brutus, South African poet and anti-apartheid activist (d. 2009) November 30 Shirley Chisholm, African-American politician (d. 2005) Otto Kaiser, German biblical scholar (d. 2017) Allan Sherman, American comedy writer, television producer and song parodist (d. 1973) December 2 – Alexander Haig, American politician, U.S. Secretary of State (d. 2010) December 3 – Francisco Sionil José, Filipino novelist, Philippine National Artist for Literature (d. 2022) December 6 – Wally Cox, American television, motion picture actor (d. 1973) December 7 Bent Fabric, Danish pianist and composer (d. 2020) Mário Soares, 105th Prime Minister of Portugal, 17th President of Portugal (d. 2017) December 10 – Michael Manley, 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 1997) December 12 – Ed Koch, Mayor of New York City (1978-1989) (d. 2013) December 13 – Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, 29th Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2011) December 14 – Raj Kapoor, Indian actor, producer and director (d. 1988) December 16 – Nissim Ezekiel, Indian Jewish poet, actor, playwright, editor and art critic (d. 2004) December 19 Michel Tournier, French writer (d. 2016) Cicely Tyson, American actress (d. 2021) December 23 – Bob Kurland, American basketball player (d. 2013) December 24 Abdirizak Haji Hussein, Somali diplomat, politician and 4th Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2014) Mohammed Rafi, Indian playback singer (d. 1980) December 25 Moktar Ould Daddah, 1st President of Mauritania (d. 2003) Rod Serling, American television screenwriter (The Twilight Zone) (d. 1975) Atal Bihari Vajpayee, 10th Prime Minister of India (d. 2018) Fatimah Hashim, Malaysian politician (d. 2010) December 28 – Girma Wolde-Giorgis, 2nd President of Ethiopia (d. 2018) December 30 – Yvonne Brill, Canadian-American engineer (d. 2013) Deaths January January 2 – Sabine Baring-Gould, British composer and novelist (b. 1834) January 13 Albert Abrams, American doctor (b. 1863) Georg Hermann Quincke, German physicist (b. 1834) January 14 – Luther Emmett Holt, American pediatrician (b. 1855) January 16 – Licerio Gerónimo, Filipino military leader (b. 1855) January 21 – Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary, first Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1870) January 24 Auguste-Louis-Alberic, prince d'Arenberg (b. 1837) Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1894) January 28 – Teófilo Braga, Portuguese writer (b. 1843) January 30 – Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier (b. 1884) February February 3 – Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1856) February 11 – Jacques Loeb, German–born American physiologist and biologist (b. 1859) February 16 Henry Bacon, American architect (b. 1866) John William Kendrick, American railroad executive (b. 1853) Wilhelm Schmidt, German pioneer of superheated steam for use in locomotives (b. 1858) February 17 Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère, French admiral (b. 1852) Oskar Merikanto, Finnish composer (b. 1868) February 22 – Manuel Tinio, Filipino general and politician (b. 1877) February 29 – Emily Ruete, princess of Zanzibar (b. 1844) March March 4 – Fanny Eaton, Jamaican artist's model (b. 1835) March 9 – Panagiotis Danglis, Greek military leader, politician (b. 1853) March 11 Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg (b. 1868) Ivan Evstratiev Geshov, 18th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1849) March 15 – Wollert Konow, Norwegian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1845) March 22 Robert Nivelle, French World War I general (b. 1856) Louis Delluc, French film director (b. 1890) Sir William Macewen, British surgeon (b. 1848) March 24 – Prince Kachō Hirotada of Japan (b. 1902) March 29 – Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, resident in United Kingdom (b. 1852) March 31 – Nilo Peçanha, Brazilian politician and 7th President of Brazil (b. 1867) April April 4 – Arnold Pick, Czechoslovakian neurologist and psychiatrist (b. 1851) April 10 Rafael Yglesias Castro, Costa Rican politician, 16th President of Costa Rica (b. 1861) Hugo Stinnes, German industrialist, politician (b. 1870) April 14 – Louis Sullivan, American architect (b. 1856) April 19 – Paul Boyton, Irish-American extreme water sports pioneer (b. 1848) April 21 Marie Corelli, English novelist (b. 1855) Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (b. 1858) April 24 – G. Stanley Hall, American psychologist, educator (b. 1846) May May 4 – E. Nesbit, British author (b. 1858) May 5 – Kate Claxton, American actress (b. 1848) May 6 – Carel Steven Adama van Scheltema, Dutch poet (b. 1877) May 10 – George Kennan, American explorer (b. 1845) May 15 – Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1852) May 26 – Victor Herbert, Irish dramatist (b. 1859) June June 3 – Franz Kafka, Austrian author (The Trial) (b. 1883) June 9 Andrew Irvine, British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. 1902) George Mallory, British mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. 1886) June 10 – Giacomo Matteotti, Italian socialist politician (assassinated) (b. 1885) June 11 Théodore Dubois, French composer, teacher (b. 1837) Jacob Israël de Haan, Dutch-Jewish literary writer, journalist (b. 1881) June 30 – Johannes von Eben, German general (b. 1855) July July 14 Isabella Ford, British socialist, feminist, trade unionist and writer (b. 1855) Isabella Stewart Gardner, American art collector, philanthropist (b. 1840) July 23 – Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (b. 1860) July 27 – Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist, composer (b. 1866) August August 2 – George Shiras Jr., American Supreme Court Justice (b. 1832) August 3 – Joseph Conrad, Polish-born author (b. 1857) August 5 – Teodor Teodorov, 19th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1859) August 7 – Bruce Grit, African-American historian, ex-slave (b. 1856) August 8 – Ernestine von Kirchsberg, Austrian painter (b. 1857) August 15 – Francis Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys, British Private Secretary to King Edward VII. (b. 1837) August 17 Paul Natorp, German philosopher (b. 1854) Pavel Urysohn, Russian mathematician (b. 1898) August 18 – Antoine de Mitry, French general (b. 1857) August 23 – Heinrich Berté, Austrian operetta composer (b. 1858) August | Kraft Jr., American aerospace engineer (d. 2019) February 29 Carlos Humberto Romero, Salvadorian politician, 37th President of El Salvador (d. 2017) Al Rosen, American baseball player (d. 2015) March March 1 – Deke Slayton, American astronaut (d. 1993) March 3 Lys Assia, Swiss singer, first winner of Eurovision Song Contest (1956) (d. 2018) Tomiichi Murayama, Prime Minister of Japan Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, Nigerian military officer and head of state (d. 1966) Lilian Velez, Filipino actress (d. 1948) March 7 – Kōbō Abe, Japanese novelist (d. 1993) March 8 Georges Charpak, Polish-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) Abderrahmane Youssoufi, 12th Prime Minister of Morocco (d. 2020) March 9 – Hanna Mina, Syrian writer (d. 2018) March 10 – Jin Yong, Hong Kong writer (d. 2018) March 17 – Edith Savage-Jennings, American civil rights activist (d. 2017) March 18 – Alexandre José Maria dos Santos, Mozambique cardinal (d. 2021) March 22 Ivan Minatti, Slovenian poet, translator and editor (d. 2012) Yevgeny Ostashev, Russian test pilot (d. 1960) March 24 – Norman Fell, American actor (d. 1998) March 25 Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (d. 2011) Machiko Kyō, Japanese actress (d. 2019) József Zakariás, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1971) March 27 – Sarah Vaughan, African-American jazz singer (d. 1990) March 28 Freddie Bartholomew, English-American actor (d. 1992) Birte Christoffersen, Danish Olympic diver April April 3 – Marlon Brando, American actor (d. 2004) April 6 – Jimmy Roberts, American singer (d. 1999) April 7 – Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (d. 2009) April 11 Enrique Morea, Argentine tennis player (d. 2017) Libuše Havelková, Czech actress (d. 2017) April 12 – Raymond Barre, French politician and Prime Minister (d. 2007) April 13 – Stanley Donen, American film director and choreographer (d. 2019) April 14 – Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock, English philosopher and writer (d. 2019) April 15 –Sir Neville Marriner, English conductor and violinist (d. 2016) April 16 – Henry Mancini, American composer and arranger (d. 1994) April 20 Nina Foch, Dutch-born American actress (d. 2008) Leslie Phillips, English actor April 23 – Ruth Leuwerik, German film actress (d. 2016) April 24 – Clement Freud, British writer, broadcaster, chef and politician (d. 2009) April 28 – Kenneth Kaunda, 1st President of Zambia (d. 2021) April 29 Shintaro Abe, Japanese politician (d. 1991) Zizi Jeanmaire, French ballerina and actress (d. 2020) May May 1 Evelyn Boyd Granville, American mathematician, computer scientist and academic Grégoire Kayibanda, 2nd President of Rwanda (d. 1976) May 2 – Theodore Bikel, Austrian-American actor, folk singer and musician (d. 2015) May 3 Isadore Singer, American mathematician (d. 2021) Ken Tyrrell, British racing driver and constructor (d. 2001) May 6 – Patricia Kennedy Lawford, American socialite (d. 2006) May 10 – Zahrad, Western Armenian poet (d. 2007) May 11 – Antony Hewish, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2021) May 12 Tony Hancock, English comedian (d. 1968) Claribel Alegría, Nicaraguan poet (d. 2018) May 13 – Giovanni Sartori, Italian political scientist (d. 2017) May 16 – Dawda Jawara, 1st President of the Gambia (d. 2019) May 22 – Charles Aznavour, French-Armenian singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2018) May 27 – Jaime Lusinchi, Venezuelan politician, 42nd President of Venezuela (d. 2014) May 31 – Patricia Roberts Harris, American administrator (d. 1985) June June 3 Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-American actress (d. 1991) Karunanidhi, Indian politician, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, referred to as Kalaignar (d. 2018) Jimmy Rogers, American musician (d. 1997) Torsten Wiesel, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine June 4 Tofilau Eti Alesana, Samoan politician (d. 1999) Dennis Weaver, American actor (d. 2006) June 6 – Göran Malmqvist, Swedish linguist and literary historian (d. 2019) June 12 – George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (d. 2018) June 14 – James W. Black, Scottish pharmacologist and Nobel laureate (d. 2010) June 15 Hédi Fried, Swedish author and psychologist Ezer Weizman, 7th President of Israel (d. 2005) June 18 – George Mikan, American basketball player (d. 2005) June 19 – Anneliese Rothenberger, German operatic soprano (d. 2010) June 20 Chet Atkins, American guitarist and record producer (d. 2001) Rainer Barzel, German politician (d. 2006) June 23 Bayezid Osman, 44th Head of the Turkish House of Osman (d. 2017) Ranasinghe Premadasa, 3rd President, 8th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1993) June 24 – Kurt Furgler, 3-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 2008) June 25 – Sidney Lumet, American film director (d. 2011) June 28 – Kalevi Keihänen, Finnish entrepreneur (d. 1995) July July 1 – Antoni Ramallets, Spanish footballer, manager (d. 2013) July 3 – S. R. Nathan, 6th President of Singapore (d. 2016) July 4 Eva Marie Saint, American actress Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepalese politician; Head of State of Nepal (d. 2010) July 5 Edward Cassidy, Australian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2021) János Starker, Hungarian cellist (d. 2013) July 9 – Angelines Fernández, Spanish-born Mexican actress and comedian (d. 1994) July 10 – Ip Chun, Chinese martial artist July 12 – Faidon Matthaiou, Greek basketball player and coach (d. 2011) July 13 – Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (d. 2014) July 15 David Cox, British statistician (d. 2022) Makhmud Esambayev, Russian actor (d. 2000) July 17 – Li Li-Hua, Chinese Hong-Kong actress (d. 2017) July 18 – Inge Sørensen, Danish swimmer (d. 2011) July 19 – Pat Hingle, American actor (d. 2009) July 20 Lola Albright, American singer and actress (d. 2017) Tatyana Lioznova, Soviet film director (d. 2011) Elias Sarkis, 11th President of Lebanon (d. 1985) July 21 – Don Knotts, American comedic actor (d. 2006) July 22 – Margaret Whiting, American singer (d. 2011) August August 1 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (official birth date) (d. 2015) Georges Charpak, Ukrainian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) Frank Worrell, West Indies cricketer (d. 1967) August 2 James Baldwin, African-American author, novelist, playwright and activist (d. 1987) Carroll O'Connor, American actor (d. 2001) August 3 – Leon Uris, American writer (d. 2003) August 5 – Ben Jones, 7th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 2005) August 6 – Erich Schriever, Swiss Olympic rower (d. 2020) August 7 – Cecil Abbott, Commissioner of the New South Wales Police in Australia (d. 2014) August 8 – Gene Deitch, American illustrator, animator and film director (d. 2020) August 10 – Martha Hyer, American actress (d. 2014) August 12 Idris Shah II of Perak, 33rd Sultan of Perak (d. 1984) Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (d. 1988) August 13 – Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (d. 2016) August 14 – Georges Prêtre, French orchestral, opera conductor (d. 2017) August 15 Robert Bolt, English writer (d. 1995) Phyllis Schlafly, American activist (d. 2016) August 16 Ralf Bendix, German Schlager singer, music producer, composer and songwriter (d. 2014) Fess Parker, American actor and businessman (d. 2010) Tankmar Horn, Finnish diplomat, business executive (d. 2018) August 19 – Willard Boyle, Canadian physicist (d. 2011) August 21 – Dalia Wood, Canadian politician (d. 2013) August 22 – Orlando Ramón Agosti, Argentine general (d. 1997) August 23 Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate Wang Danfeng, Chinese actress (d. 2018) August 24 – Ahmadou Ahidjo, President of Cameroon (d. 1989) August 25 – Zsuzsa Körmöczy, Hungarian tennis player and coach (d. 2006) August 28 – Peggy Ryan, American dancer (d. 2004) August 29 María Dolores Pradera, Spanish singer, actress (d. 2018) Dinah Washington, African-American singer, pianist (d. 1963) August 31 – Buddy Hackett, American actor and comedian (d. 2003) September September 2 – Daniel arap Moi, 2nd President of Kenya (d. 2020) September 4 – Joan Aiken, English writer (d. 2004) September 7 – Daniel Inouye, American politician (d. 2012) September 8 – Mimi Parent, Canadian painter (d. 2005) September 9 Jane Greer, American actress (d. 2001) Sylvia Miles, American actress (d. 2019) Russell M. Nelson, 17th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (d. 2003) September 11 – Rudolf Vrba, Slovak-Jewish Holocaust survivor, escapee from Auschwitz (d. 2006) September 13 – Maurice Jarre, French composer (d. 2009) September 15 – György Lázár, 50th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2014) September 16 – Lauren Bacall, American actress (d. 2014) September 18 Alma W. Byrd, American politician (d. 2017) Eloísa Mafalda, Brazilian actress (d. 2018) September 19 – Suchitra Mitra, Indian singer and composer (d. 2011) September 20 – Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Indian actor and producer (d. 2014) September 21 – Hermann Buhl, Austrian mountaineer (d. 1957) September 22 Bernard Gauthier, French racing cyclist (d. 2018) Emile Wijntuin, Surinamese politician (d. 2020) Rosamunde Pilcher, English novelist (d. 2019) September 24 Nina Bocharova, Soviet gymnast (d. 2020) Marcello Mastroianni, Italian actor (d. 1996) September 30 Truman Capote, American author (d. 1984) Georgiana Young, American actress (d. 2007) October October 1 Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize William Rehnquist, 16th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 2005) October 10 Umar Wirahadikusumah, 4th Vice President of Indonesia (d. 2003) Ed Wood, American B-movie producer (d. 1978) October 11 – Mal Whitfield, American Olympic athlete (d. 2015) October 14 Robert Webber, American actor (d. 1989) Ramón Castro Ruz, Cuban revolutionary (d. 2016) October 15 Henry Sy, Chinese-Filipino business magnate (d. 2019) Lee Iacocca, American industrialist (d. 2019) October 16 – Prince Makonnen, member of the Ethiopian royal family (d. 1957) October 19 – Lubomír Štrougal, Czech politician October 24 – Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II, Indonesian royal (d. 2018) November–December November 1 – Süleyman Demirel, President of Turkey (d. 2015) November 3 – Erzsébet Gulyás-Köteles, Hungarian gymnast (d. 2019) November 4 – Guillermo Rodríguez, 31st President of Ecuador November 8 Johnny Bower, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017) Dmitry Yazov, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 2020) November 9 – Robert Frank, Swiss photographer (d. 2019) November 11 – Sunder Lal Patwa, Indian politician (d. 2016) November 13 – Motoo Kimura, Japanese population geneticist (d. 1994) November 15 – Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes, First Lady of Colombia (d. 1998) November 16 Erika Mahringer, Austrian alpine skier (d. 2018) Mel Patton, American athlete (d. 2014) November 20 – Benoit Mandelbrot, Polish-born mathematician (d. 2010) November 21 Joseph Campanella, American actor (d. 2018) Christopher Tolkien, English author and academic (d. 2020) November 22 – Geraldine Page, American actress (d. 1987) November 23 – Anita Linda, Filipino actress (d. 2020) November 25 Paul Desmond, American jazz alto saxophonist and composer (d. 1977) Takaaki Yoshimoto, Japanese poet, critic and philosopher (d. 2012) A. Hamid Arief, Indonesian actor (d. 1992) November 26 – Bhekimpi Dlamini, 4th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. 1999) November 28 – Dennis Brutus, South African poet and anti-apartheid activist (d. 2009) November 30 Shirley Chisholm, African-American politician (d. 2005) Otto Kaiser, German biblical scholar (d. 2017) Allan Sherman, American comedy writer, television producer and song parodist (d. 1973) December 2 – Alexander Haig, American politician, U.S. Secretary of State (d. 2010) December 3 – Francisco Sionil José, Filipino novelist, Philippine National Artist for Literature (d. 2022) December 6 – Wally Cox, American television, motion picture actor (d. 1973) December 7 Bent Fabric, Danish pianist and composer (d. 2020) Mário Soares, 105th Prime Minister of Portugal, 17th President of Portugal (d. 2017) December 10 – Michael Manley, 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 1997) December 12 – Ed Koch, Mayor of New York City (1978-1989) (d. 2013) December 13 – Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, 29th Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2011) December 14 – Raj Kapoor, Indian actor, producer and director (d. 1988) December 16 – Nissim Ezekiel, Indian Jewish poet, actor, playwright, editor and art critic (d. 2004) December 19 Michel Tournier, French writer (d. 2016) Cicely Tyson, American actress (d. 2021) December 23 – Bob Kurland, American basketball player (d. 2013) December 24 Abdirizak Haji Hussein, Somali diplomat, politician and 4th Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2014) Mohammed Rafi, Indian playback singer (d. 1980) December 25 Moktar |
10 – Irish War of Independence: Martial law is declared in Counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary. December 11 – Burning of Cork in Ireland: British forces set fire to some of the centre of Cork, including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks, after a British auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush. December 13 – Confectionery company Haribo is founded in Bonn, Germany. December 15–22 – The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German war reparations, intended to extend for over 42 years. December 16 An 8.6 Richter scale Haiyuan earthquake causes a landslide in Gansu Province, China, killing 180,000. Finland joins the League of Nations. December 17 – South Africa is granted a League of Nations Class C mandate over South West Africa. December 22 – The 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR adopts the GOELRO plan, the major scheme for the economic development of the country. December 23 The United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held Syria and British-held Palestine. The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule. December 25 – The Rosicrucian Fellowship's spiritual healing temple The Ecclesia is dedicated at Mount Ecclesia, Oceanside, California. Date unknown Hydrocodone, a narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine, is first synthesized in Germany, by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim. Approximate date – The HIV/AIDS pandemic almost certainly originates in Léopoldville, modern-day Kinshasa, the capital of the Belgian Congo. Births January January 2 Isaac Asimov, American author (d. 1992) George Herbig, American astronomer (d. 2013) Anne-Sofie Østvedt, Norwegian resistance leader (d. 2009) January 4 – David Musuguri, Tanzanian soldier and military officer January 5 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Italian pianist (d. 1995) January 6 Sun Myung Moon, Korean evangelist, founder of the Unification Church (d. 2012) John Maynard Smith, English biologist (d. 2004) January 7 – Vincent Gardenia, American actor (d. 1992) January 8 – Abbey Simon, American classical pianist (d. 2019) January 9 Clive Dunn, British actor (d. 2012) Hakim Said, Pakistani scholar, philanthropist (d. 1998) Stefan Żywotko, Polish association football coach (d. 2022) January 10 Raymond Cauchetier, French photographer (d. 2021) Roberto M. Levingston, Argentinian general, politician and 36th President of Argentina (d. 2015) January 11 – Jarbas Passarinho, Brazilian military officer, politician (d. 2016) January 12 – Bill Reid, Canadian artist (d. 1998) January 13 – Jahangir Amuzegar, Iranian economist, academic and politician (d. 2018) January 14 – Vahe Danielyan, Soviet soldier and concentration camp survivor January 15 Trevor Dannatt, English architect (d. 2021) John O'Connor, American Catholic cardinal (d. 2000) January 16 – Walter Frederick Morrison, American entrepreneur, inventor (d. 2010) January 19 – Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Peruvian Secretary-General of the United Nations, 135th Prime Minister of Peru (d. 2020) January 20 Federico Fellini, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1993) Theodore H. Geballe, American physicist (d. 2021) Henry Hu, Hong Kong barrister DeForest Kelley, American actor (Star Trek) (d. 1999) Fabian Ver, Filipino general (d. 1998) January 21 – Errol Barrow, 1st Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 1987) January 22 – Sir Alf Ramsey, English footballer and manager (d. 1999) January 23 Gottfried Böhm, German architect (d. 2021) Charles Njonjo, Kenyan attorney and politician (d. 2022) January 24 – Manuel Yan, Filipino general (d. 2008) January 25 – Alicia Montoya, Mexican actress (d. 2002) January 26 Heinz Kessler, German politician, military officer (d. 2017) Vasant Raiji, Indian cricketer (d. 2020) January 27 Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese fighter ace (d. 1944) Helmut Zacharias, German violinist (d. 2002) January 29 – Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao, Indian writer (d. 2018) January 30 Michael Anderson, English film director (d. 2018) Delbert Mann, American television and film director (d. 2007) February February 2 – John Russell, American Olympic equestrian (d. 2020) February 3 – Henry Heimlich, American physician, medical researcher (d. 2016) February 4 – Giriraj Kishore, Indian activist, politician (d. 2014) February 5 – Frank Muir, British actor, comedy writer and raconteur (d. 1998) February 6 – Gordon Van Wylen, American physicist and author (d. 2020) February 7 Jacqueline Diffring, German-born English sculptor (d. 2020) An Wang, Chinese-born computer pioneer (d. 1990) February 8 – Tony Murray, French-English billionaire and businessman February 11 Farouk I, King of Egypt (d. 1965) George Mandel, American author (d. 2021) February 12 Heleno de Freitas, Brazilian footballer (d. 1959) Yoshiko Yamaguchi, Chinese-Japanese actress and singer (d. 2014) February 13 Seneka Bibile, Sri Lankan pharmacologist (d. 1977) Annæus Schjødt, Jr., Norwegian barrister (d. 2014) February 16 – Anna Mae Hays, American general (d. 2018) February 17 Ivo Caprino, Norwegian film director (d. 2001) February 18 – Eddie Slovik, U.S. Army private, only deserter to be executed during World War II (d. 1945) February 20 – Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (d. 1948) February 24 – Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton, English noble (d. 2021) February 26 Hilmar Baunsgaard, Danish politician (d. 1989) Tony Randall, American actor (d. 2004) Lucjan Wolanowski, Polish journalist, writer and traveler (d. 2006) February 28 Alf Kjellin, Swedish film actor and director (d. 1988) Jadwiga Piłsudska, Polish pilot (d. 2014) Zaim Topčić, Bosnian writer (d. 1990) February 29 Howard Nemerov, American poet (d. 1991) Michele Morgan, French actress (d. 2016) March March 3 James Doohan, Canadian actor, voice actor, author and soldier (Star Trek) (d. 2005) Ronald Searle, British cartoonist (d. 2011) March 4 – Jean Lecanuet, French politician (d. 1993) March 5 – Rachel Gurney, British actress (d. 2001) March 6 Lewis Gilbert, British film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2018) Celina Seghi, Italian alpine skier March 8 – Ingemar Hedberg, Swedish canoeist (d. 2019) March 9 – Franjo Mihalić, Croatian-Serbian athlete (d. 2015) March 10 Robert Cardenas, American Air Force general Alfred Peet, Dutch-American entrepreneur, founder of Peet's Coffee & Tea (d. 2007) Boris Vian, French writer, poet, singer and musician (d. 1959) March 11 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) Ben Ferencz, Hungarian-American lawyer March 14 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist (d. 2001) March 15 Sid Hartman, American sports journalist (d. 2020) Lawrence Sanders, American novelist (d. 1998) E. Donnall Thomas, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012) March 16 – Leo McKern, Australian actor (d. 2002) March 17 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, founder, 2-time President & 2nd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d. 1975) March 20 Pamela Harriman, English-born American diplomat, socialite (d. 1997) Vickie Panos, Greek-Canadian female professional baseball player (d. 1986) Qemal Stafa, Albanian politician (d. 1942) Rosemary Timperley, British author (d. 1988) March 22 Josip Manolić, Prime Minister of Croatia Fanny Waterman, English pianist, educator (d. 2020) Helmut Winschermann, German oboist, conductor and teacher (d. 2021) March 23 Tetsuharu Kawakami, Japanese baseball player, coach (d. 2013) Neal Edward Smith, American pilot, lawyer and politician (d. 2021) March 24 – Corbin Harney, elder and spiritual leader of the Newe (Western Shoshone) people (d. 2007) March 25 – Patrick Troughton, English actor (d. 1987) March 26 – Ernest Courant, American accelerator physicist (d. 2020) March 27 – William Moncrief, American businessman March 29 Marion Mann, American physician and pathologist Gottfried Weilenmann, Swiss racing cyclist (d. 2018) March 31 Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (d. 2014) Marga Minco, Dutch journalist, writer April April 1 Toshiro Mifune, Japanese actor (d. 1997) Yosh Uchida, American judo coach, businessman, entrepreneur and educator April 3 – Ehsan Yarshater, Iranian scholar (d. 2018) April 4 – Éric Rohmer, French film director (d. 2010) April 5 Barend Biesheuvel, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1971 until 1973 (d. 2001) Arthur Hailey, American writer (d. 2004) April 6 – Edmond H. Fischer, Swiss American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2021) April 7 – Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar player (d. 2012) April 11 Emilio Colombo, 40th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2013) Peter O'Donnell, British author, comic strip writer (d. 2010) April 12 Anita Ellis, Canadian-American singer and actress (d. 2015) April 13 Roberto Calvi, Italian banker (d. 1982) Marthe Cohn, French author and Holocaust survivor Liam Cosgrave, sixth Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2017) Theodore L. Thomas, American chemical engineer, Patent attorney and writer (d. 2005) April 14 Stanley Stutz, American basketball player (d. 1975) Antônio Afonso de Miranda, Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop April 15 Thomas Szasz, Hungarian-born psychiatrist, writer (d. 2012) Richard von Weizsäcker, German politician, President of Germany (1984–1994) (d. 2015) April 16 Prince George Valdemar of Denmark (d. 1986) Bill Sidwell, Australian tennis player (d. 2021) April 19 Gene Leis, American jazz guitarist, educator (d. 1993) Ragnar Ulstein, Norwegian journalist and writer (d. 2019) April 20 – John Paul Stevens, American judge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (d. 2019) April 21 – Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (d. 1991) April 22 – Valeri Petrov, Bulgarian poet (d. 2014) April 25 Robert Q. Lewis, American radio and television personality (d. 1991) Marko Račič, Slovenian athlete April 26 – Padú del Caribe, Aruban musician and songwriter (d. 2019) April 27 – Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (d. 1956) April 30 Diet Eman, Dutch author and resistance worker (d. 2019) Captain Sir Tom Moore, English army officer and fundraiser (d. 2021) May May 1 – Alan Burgess, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2021) May 2 Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (d. 2004) Otto Buchsbaum, Austrian-born writer, ecological activist (d. 2000) Joan van der Waals, Dutch physicist May 5 – Jon Naar, British-American author, photographer (d. 2017) May 6 Mollie Lentaigne, English medical artist and Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, first Prime Minister of Fiji and President of Fiji (d. 2004) May 8 Touko Laaksonen, Finnish artist (pseudonym Tom of Finland) (d. 1991) Jean Maran, French politician (d. 2021) May 8 – Saul Bass, American graphic designer (d. 1996) May 9 Richard Adams, English novelist (d. 2016) Michael Dauncey, British Army brigadier (d. 2017) Mitsuko Mori, Japanese actress (d. 2012) May 11 – Gene Hermanski, American baseball player (d. 2010) May 12 John Tyler Bonner, American biologist (d. 2019) Gerald Stapleton, South African Battle of Britain fighter pilot (d. 2010) May 13 – Vassos Lyssarides, Cypriot politician and physician (d. 2021) May 15 – Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, Lebanese cardinal (d. 2019) May 17 – Lydia Wideman, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2019) May 18 – Pope John Paul II (d. 2005) May 19 – Tina Strobos, Dutch psychiatrist known for rescuing Jews during World War II (d. 2012) May 20 John Cruickshank, Scottish Victoria Cross recipient Betty Driver, British singer and actress (d. 2011) Domenico Leccisi, Italian politician (d. 2008) May 21 – Sonja de Lennart, German fashion designer May 22 – Helen Andelin, American author (d. 2009) May 23 – Helen O'Connell, American singer (d. 1993) May 25 – Arthur Wint, Jamaican runner (d. 1992) May 26 John Dall, American actor (d. 1971) Ted Knap, American journalist Peggy Lee, American singer (d. 2002) May 28 – Gene Levitt, American television writer, producer and director (d. 1999) May 29 – John Harsanyi, Hungarian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000) May 30 Godfrey Binaisa, President of Uganda (d. 2010) James F. Leonard, American diplomat (d. 2020) Frederick M. Nicholas, American lawyer Franklin Schaffner, American film, television director (d. 1989) Shōtarō Yasuoka, Japanese writer (d. 2013) June June 1 – Amos Yarkoni, Israeli soldier (d. 1991) June 2 Marcel Reich-Ranicki, German literary critic, member of the literary Gruppe 47 (d. 2013) Tex Schramm, American football executive (d. 2003) Johnny Speight, British television scriptwriter (d. 1998) June 5 – Marion Motley, American football player (d. 1999) June 10 Ruth Graham, American evangelist, wife of Billy Graham (d. 2007) Paula Stafford, Australian fashion designer June 11 Albin Chalandon, French politician (d. 2020) King Mahendra of Nepal (d. 1972) June 12 – Dave Berg, American cartoonist (d. 2002) June 13 – Rolf Huisgen, German chemist and academic (d. 2020) Larry Kenney, American basketball player (d. 2021) June 15 – Alberto Sordi, Italian actor (d. 2003) June 16 Eva Estrada-Kalaw, Filipino politician (d. 2017) José López Portillo, 51st President of Mexico (d. 2004) Bob Ryland, American tennis player (d. 2020) June 17 Patrick Duffy, English economist and president of the NATO Assembly Jacob H. Gilbert, American politician (d. 1981) Setsuko Hara, Japanese actress (d. 2015) François Jacob, French biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013) Peter Le Cheminant, Guernesiase air force commander (d. 2018) June 18 Utta Danella, German writer (d. 2015) Aster Berkhof, Belgian author and academic (d. 2020) June 19 Thomas Jefferson, American musician (d. 1986) Eliana Navarro, Chilean poet (d. 2006) June 20 – Amos Tutuola, Nigerian writer (d. 1997) June 21 – Hans Gerschwiler, Swiss figure skater (d. 2017) June 22 Lester Wunderman, American executive (d. 2019) Jack Karwales, American football player (d. 2004) Walt Masterson, American right-handed baseball pitcher (d. 2008) Paul Frees, American voice actor (d. 1986) Jovito Salonga, Filipino statesman (d. 2016) June 23 – Saleh Ajeery, Kuwaiti astronomer (d. 2022) June 25 Jeanne Tomasini, Corsican writer Lassie Lou Ahern, American actress (d. 2018) Ozan Marsh, American pianist (d. 1992) June 27 – Fernando Riera, Chilean football player, manager (d. 2010) June 28 – Clarissa Eden, wife of British Prime Minister Anthony Eden (d. 2021) June 29 Armin Hofmann, Swiss graphic designer (d. 2020) Elói, Portuguese footballer Ray Harryhausen, American animator (d. 2013) June 30 Eleanor Ross Taylor, American poet (d. 2011) Zeno Colò, Italian Olympic alpine skier (d. 1993) July July 1 George I. Fujimoto, American chemist of Japanese descent Aziz Sedky, Egyptian politician, engineer (d. 2008) Lucidio Sentimenti, Italian footballer (d. 2014) July 4 Anthony Barber, British Conservative politician (d. 2005) Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator, real estate investor (d. 2007) July 5 Mary Louise Hancock, American politician (d. 2017) Rosemarie Springer, German equestrian (d. 2019) July 6 – Kim Hyung-suk, South Korean philosopher July 7 Sandy Tatum, American golfer (d. 2017) William Thaddeus Coleman Jr., American attorney, politician (d. 2017) July 10 Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006) J. T. White, American college football assistant coach (d. 2005) Milo Anstadt, Dutch-Jewish writer, journalist (d. 2011) July 11 Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi, South African Politician, Gazankulu Chief Minister (d. 1993) Yul Brynner, Russian-born American actor (d. 1985) Zecharia Sitchin, Soviet-born American author (d. 2010) July 12 – Randolph Quirk, British linguist, life peer (d. 2017) July 14 – Marijohn Wilkin, American songwriter (d. 2006) July 15 Theresa Kobuszewski, American professional baseball player, World War II veteran (d. 2005) Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia (d. 2008) July 16 Ulysses S. Washington, American college football player, coach (d. 2018) Larry Jansen, American right-handed pitcher, coach (d. 2009) July 17 Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish International Olympic Committee president (d. 2010) Gordon Gould, American physicist (d. 2005) June Vincent, American actress (d. 2008) July 18 Zheng Min, Chinese scholar and poet (d. 2022) Dolph Sweet, American actor (d. 1985) July 19 Émile Idée, French professional road bicycle racer Robert Mann, American violinist (d. 2018) Frank Maznicki, American football player (d. 2013) George Dawkes, English cricketer (d. 2006) ** July 20 Jasper Blackall, British sailor (d. unknown) Byron Krieger, American foil, sabre and épée fencer (d. 2015) July 21 Jean Daniel, Algerian-born French-Jewish journalist and author (d. 2020) Gunnar Thoresen, Norwegian footballer (d. 2017) Constant Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter (d. 2005) Isaac Stern, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 2001) July 23 L. Martin Griffin, American environmentalist and conservationist Amália Rodrigues, Portuguese fado singer and actress (d. 1999) July 24 – Bella Abzug, American feminist politician (d. 1998) July 25 Rosalind Franklin, British crystallographer (d. 1958) David P. Buckson, American lawyer, politician (d. 2017) July 27 – Howard Hibbett, American translator (d. 2019) July 28 – Lea Padovani, Italian film actress (d. 1991) July 30 – Lady Brigid Guinness of the United Kingdom (d. 1995) July 31 Ndabaningi Sithole, Zimbabwean politician (d. 2000) Franca Valeri, Italian actress (d. 2020) August August 1 – Sammy Lee, Korean-American diver (d. 2016) August 3 – P. D. James, English mystery novelist (d. 2014) August 4 John Figueroa, Jamaican poet (d. 1999) Helen Thomas, American author, news service reporter, member of the White House press corps and columnist (d. 2013) August 5 Bill Grayden, Australian politician Mickey Shaughnessy, Irish-American character actor, comedian (d. 1985) August 6 Selma Diamond, Canadian-American comedic actress (d. 1985) Ella Raines, American actress (d. 1988) August 7 Glauco Della Porta, Italian politician, economist (d. 1976) Françoise Adret, French ballet dancer, choreographer (d. 2018) Mario Astorri, Italian football player, coach (d. 1989) August 8 Leo Chiosso, Italian poet (d. 2006) Dominique Marcas, French actress Jimmy Witherspoon, American singer (d. 1997) August 9 – Milton G. Henschel, American member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, 5th President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (d. 2003) August 10 Ann Harnett, American female baseball player (d. 2006) Red Holzman, American basketball coach (d. 1998) August 11 – Florence Bjelke-Petersen, Australian politician, writer (d. 2017) August 13 – Neville Brand, American actor, highly decorated World War II combat soldier (d. 1992) August 14 – María Teresa Linares Savio, Cuban musicologist (d. 2021) August 15 – Prince Konstantin of Bavaria (d. 1969) August 16 – Charles Bukowski, American writer (d. 1994) August 17 – Maureen O'Hara, Irish-American actress (d. 2015) August 18 Bob Kennedy, American baseball player, manager (d. 2005) Mervyn Lee, Australian politician (d. 2009) Shelley Winters, American actress (d. 2006) August 20 – Boris Braun, Croatian university professor and Holocaust survivor (d. 2018) August 21 – Christopher Robin Milne, English author, bookseller (d. 1996) August 22 – Ray Bradbury, American science fiction writer (d. 2012) August 26 Prem Tinsulanonda, Thai politician, 16th Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2019) Richard E. Bellman, American mathematician (d. 1984) August 27 – Baptiste Manzini, American football player (d. 2008) August 28 – Jaime de Almeida, Brazilian football player, manager (d. 1973) August 29 Charlie Parker, African-American saxophonist, composer (d. 1955) August 30 – Ali Sabri, Egyptian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 1991) September September 1 Richard Farnsworth, American actor, stuntman (d. 2000) Rayson Huang, Hong Kong chemist (d. 2015) September 2 – Mónica Echeverría, Chilean journalist, writer, actress and a Literature professor (d. 2020) September 5 – Apolonia Muñoz Abarca, American health professional and reproductive rights advocate (d. 2009) September 8 – Lawrence LeShan, American psychologist, educator and author (d. 2020) September 10 Robert F. Inger, American herpetologist (d. 2019) C. R. Rao, Indian-born American mathematician and statistician Fabio Taglioni, Italian motorcycle engineer (d. 2001) September 12 Darussalam, Indonesian actor (d. 1993) Lore Lorentz, German cabaret artist, standup comedian (d. 1994) September 13 Else Holmelund Minarik, Danish-American author and illustrator (d. 2012) Alan Sagner, American public servant, political fundraiser (d. 2018) September 14 Mario Benedetti, Uruguayan writer (d. 2009) Don Johnson, American football player (d. 1965) Hans Pfann, German gymnast (d. 2021) Fuad Stephens, Malaysian politician (d. 1976) Lawrence Klein, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) September 15 – Dave Garcia, American baseball coach, manager (d. 2018) September 17 – Marjorie Holt, American politician (d. 2018) September 18 – Jack Warden, American actor (d. 2006) September 19 – Roger Angell, American journalist and author September 20 – Jay Ward, American animation producer (d. 1989) September 21 – Kenneth McAlpine, English racing driver September 22 – William H. Riker, American political scientist (d. 1993) September 23 – Mickey Rooney, American actor, dancer and entertainer (d. 2014) September 24 Dick Bong, American fighter ace (d. 1945) Harber H. Hall, American politician (d. 2020) Ovadia Yosef, Israeli Chief Rabbi (d. 2013) September 27 – William Conrad, American actor, film director and producer (d. 1994) September 29 – Peter D. Mitchell, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) September 30 – Milton P. Rice, American politician (d. 2018) Unknown Wan Haifeng, Chinese military officer Wu Ningkun, Chinese academic (d. 2019) October October 1 Charles Daudelin, Canadian sculptor (d. 2001) Walter Matthau, American actor (d. 2000) October 2 – Tun Tin, 6th Prime Minister of Burma (d. 2020) October 3 – Bung Tomo, Indonesian military leader and 1st Minister of State (d. 1981) October 4 Charles Burrell, American musician Pietro Consagra, Italian sculptor (d. 2005) October 5 – Ralph Turlington, American politician (d. 2021) October 8 – Frank Herbert, American author (d. 1986) October 9 Jens Bjørneboe, Norwegian author (d. 1976) Yusef Lateef, American jazz musician, composer (d. 2013) Jason Wingreen, American actor (d. 2015) October 10 Gail Halvorsen, retired American Air Force pilot (d. 2022) Noah Keen, American actor (d. 2019) October 13 Laraine Day, American actress (d. 2007) Donald Russell, English author (d. 2020) October 15 – Mario Puzo, American author (d. 1999) October 16 – Alicia Dussán de Reichel, Colombian educator October 17 Claire Barry, American singer (The Barry Sisters) (d. 2014) Montgomery Clift, American actor (d. 1966) Miguel Delibes, Spanish novelist (d. 2010) October 19 – Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian founder of the Swadhyay Movement (d. 2003) October 20 Janet Jagan, 6th President of Guyana (d. 2009) Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 2010) October 21 – Ruth Terry, American singer, actress (d. 2016) October 22 – Timothy Leary, American psychologist, author and proponent of LSD (d. 1996) October 23 – Vern Stephens, American baseball player (d. 1968) October 24 – Steve Conway, British singer (d. 1952) October 25 – J. Denis Summers-Smith, English ornithologist and mechanical engineer (d. 2020) October 26 Sarah Lee Lippincott, American astronomer (d. 2019) Robert D. Maxwell, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2019) October 27 – K. R. Narayanan, President of India (d. 2005) October 29 Baruj Benacerraf, Venezuelan-born immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2011) Hilda Bernard, Argentine actress October 31 Dedan Kimathi, Kenyan revolutionary leader (d. 1957) Dick Francis, British jockey-turned-novelist (d. 2010) Fritz Walter, German footballer (d. 2002) Unknown – Zou Yu, Chinese jurist and politician November November 2 – Kim Chol-man, North Korean politician and military official (d. 2018) November 3 – Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian political activist, artist, and educator (d. 1993) November 4 – Val Heim, American Major League Baseball player (d. 2019) November 5 John H. Land, American politician, mayor of Apopka, Florida (d. 2014) Douglass North, American economist (d. 2015) November 8 Sitara Devi, Indian dancer (d. 2014) Esther Rolle, American actress (d. 1998) Wally Westlake, American Major League Baseball player (d. 2019) November 11 Paul Ignatius, American government official Walter Krupinski, German World War II fighter ace, postwar general (d. 2000) November 12 – Josip Boljkovac, Croatian politician (d. 2014) November 13 Jack Elam, American actor (d. 2003) Georg Olden, African-American graphic designer (d. 1975) Stanley M. Truhlsen, American ophthalmologist (d. 2021) November 14 – Mary Greyeyes, first First Nations woman to join the Canadian Armed Forces (d. 2011) November 15 – Wayne Thiebaud, American painter (d. 2021) November 16 Eric P. Hamp, American linguist (d. 2019) José Lewgoy, Brazilian actor (d. 2003) November 18 – Mustafa Khalil, 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2008) November 19 – Gene Tierney, American actress (d. 1991) November 21 Ralph Meeker, American actor (d. 1988) Stan Musial, American baseball player (d. 2013) November 22 Anne Crawford, British actress (d. 1956) Baidyanath Misra, Indian economist (d. 2019) November 23 – Paik Sun-yup, South Korean military officer (d. 2020) November 24 – Jorge Mistral, Spanish-Mexican actor (d. 1972) November 25 Noel Neill, American actress (d. 2016) Ricardo Montalbán, Mexican actor (d. 2009) Putra of Perlis, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (d. 2000) November 27 – Buster Merryfield, British actor (d. 1999) November 28 – Patrick Rodger, Scottish Anglican bishop (d. 2002) November 29 Bob Wolff, American sportscaster (d. 2017) Yegor Ligachyov, Soviet and Russian politician (d. 2021) November 30 – Virginia Mayo, American actress (d. 2005) December December 1 Peter Baptist Tadamaro Ishigami, Japanese Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2014) | in the country where he remains permanently in exile. January 28 – El Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners"), later the Spanish Legion, is established by decree of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. February February 1 – The South African Air Force (SAAF) is established, the second autonomous Air Force in the world, after the Royal Air Force (RAF). February 2 Estonian War of Independence: The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence of both the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Estonia proclaims a democratic republican constitution on June 15. France occupies Memel. Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of Khiva, abdicates. February 9 – The Svalbard Treaty, signed by members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard (at this time called Spitzbergen), while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands. February 10 – General Józef Haller first performs Poland's Wedding to the Sea, a symbolic celebration of the restitution of Polish access to the Baltic Sea. February 12–24 – Conference of London: Leaders of the United Kingdom, France and Italy meet to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. February 13 – Switzerland joins the League of Nations. February 14 – The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago. February 17 – A woman named Anna Anderson tries to commit suicide in Berlin and is taken to a mental hospital where she claims she is Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia. February 20 – 1920 Gori earthquake: An earthquake hits Gori in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, killing 114. February 21 – The island province of Marinduque in the Philippines archipelago is founded. February 22 – In Emeryville, California, the first dog racing track to employ an imitation rabbit opens. February 24 – Adolf Hitler presents his National Socialist Program in Munich to the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), which renames itself as the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei). March March 1 Hungarian Admiral and statesman Miklós Horthy becomes the Regent of Hungary. The United States Railroad Administration returns control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies. March 7 – The Syrian National Congress proclaims Syria independent, with Faisal I of Iraq as king. March 10 – The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government takes place in Sweden as Hjalmar Branting takes over as Prime Minister when Nils Edén leaves office. March 13–17 – Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz's Kapp Putsch (an attempted coup in Germany) briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin, but fails due to public resistance and a general strike. March 15 – The Ruhr Red Army, a communist army 60,000 men strong, is formed in Germany. March 15–16 – Constantinople is occupied by British Empire forces, acting for the Allied Powers against the Turkish National Movement. Retrospectively, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey regards this as the dissolution of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul. March 18 – Greece begins using the Gregorian calendar. March 19 – The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. March 23 – Admiral Miklós Horthy declares that Hungary is a monarchy, without anyone on the throne. March 25 – Irish War of Independence: British recruits to the Royal Irish Constabulary begin to arrive in Ireland. They become known from their improvised uniforms as the "Black and Tans". March 26 – The German government asks France for permission to use its own troops against the rebellious Ruhr Red Army, in the French-occupied area. March 28 – The 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak hits the Great Lakes region and Deep South of the United States. March 29 – Sir William Robertson is promoted to Field Marshal, the first man to rise from private (enlisted 1877) to the highest rank in the British Army. April April – The Spanish Flu ends with an estimate between seventeen million to fifty million dead. It would be the last global pandemic until the 2009 swine flu pandemic almost 90 Years Later. April 2 – The German army marches to the Ruhr, to fight the Ruhr Red Army. April 3 – Attempts are made to carry out the failed assassination attempt on General Mannerheim, led by Aleksander Weckman by order of Eino Rahja, during the White Guard parade in Tampere, Finland. April 4 – 1920 Palestine riots: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish residents in Jerusalem; 9 are killed, 216 injured. April 6 – The short-lived Far Eastern Republic is declared, in eastern Siberia. April 11 – Mexican Revolution: Álvaro Obregón flees from Mexico City (during a trial intended to ruin his reputation) to Guerrero, where he joins Fortunato Maycotte. April 19–26 – San Remo conference: Representatives of Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan meet to determine the League of Nations mandates for administration of territories, following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. April 19 – Germany and Soviet Russia agree to the exchange of prisoners of war. April 20 Mexican Revolution: Álvaro Obregón announces (in Chilpancingo) that he intends to fight against the rule of Venustiano Carranza. The 1920 Summer Olympics open in Antwerp, Belgium. The Olympic symbols of five interlocking rings and the associated flag are first displayed at the games. April 23 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey is founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, in Ankara. It denounces the government of Sultan Mehmed VI and announces a temporary constitution. April 24 – Polish–Soviet War: Polish and anti-Soviet Ukrainian troops attack the Red Army in Soviet Ukraine. April 26 – The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic is officially created by Soviet Russia, as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva. April 28 – The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic is officially created. May May 2 – The first game of Negro National League baseball is played, in Indianapolis, Indiana. May 3 – A Bolshevik coup fails, in the Democratic Republic of Georgia. May 7 Polish–Soviet War: Polish troops occupy Kyiv. The government of the Ukrainian People's Republic returns to the city. Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza leaves Mexico City in a large train. Treaty of Moscow (1920): Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, only to invade the country six months later. May 15 – Russian Revolution: Russian White soldier Maria Bochkareva is executed in Soviet Russia. May 16 Canonization of Joan of Arc: Over 30,000 people attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc's family. Pope Benedict XV presides over the rite, for which the interior of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is richly decorated. A referendum in Switzerland favors joining the League of Nations. May 17 French and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany. The first flight of Dutch air company KLM, from Amsterdam to London, takes place. May 19 – Mexican Revolution: Álvaro Obregón's troops enter Mexico City. May 20 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo; troops of Rodolfo Herrero attack him at night and shoot him. May 24 – Venustiano Carranza is buried in Mexico City; all of his mourning allies are arrested. Adolfo de la Huerta is elected provisional president. May 26 – Ganja revolt: Anti-Soviet opposition in the Azerbaijan SSR launches an abortive revolt in Ganja. May 27 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk becomes president of Czechoslovakia. May 29 – Floods at Louth, Lincolnshire in England kill 23. June June 4 – Treaty of Trianon: Peace is restored between the Allied Powers and Hungary, which loses 72% of its territory. June 5 – Bolshevik cavalry breaks through Polish and Ukrainian lines south of Kyiv, precipitating eventual withdrawal. June 12 – Polish–Soviet War: The Red Army retakes Kyiv. June 13 Essad Pasha Toptani, nominal ruler of Albania, is assassinated by Avni Rustemi in Paris. The United States Post Office Department rules that children may not be sent via parcel post. June 15 A new border treaty between Germany and Denmark gives northern Schleswig to Denmark. The Estonian Constituent Assembly adopts the first constitution of Estonia, which will come into effect on December 21 this year. Duluth lynchings: Three African American circus workers are sprung from jail, subjected to a kangaroo court and hanged by a white mob in Duluth, Minnesota, in the northern United States. Australian soprano Nellie Melba becomes history's first well-known performer to make a radio broadcast when she sings two arias as part of an experimental series of broadcasts from a studio at the Marconi Company's factory at Chelmsford in England. June 22 – Greek Summer Offensive: Greece attacks Turkish troops. June 29 – The Republic of China joins the League of Nations. July July 1 – Germany declares its neutrality in the war between Poland and Soviet Russia. July 2 – Polish–Soviet War: The Red Army continues its offensive into Poland. July 7 – Arthur Meighen becomes Canada's ninth prime minister. July 11 – The East Prussian plebiscite is held. July 12 – Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recognizes independent Lithuania. July 19–August 7 – The Second Congress of the Communist International takes place in Saint Petersburg and Moscow; the notorious Twenty-one Conditions are adopted. July 20 – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key Black Sea port of Batum to the Democratic Republic of Georgia. July 21 – The Interallied Mission to Poland takes place. July 22 – Polish–Soviet War: Poland sues for peace with Soviet Russia (which refuses). July 24 – Battle of Maysalun: The French defeat the Syrian army, whose leader Yusuf al-'Azma is killed. French troops occupy Damascus and depose Faisal I of Syria as king. July 26 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa takes over Sabina and contacts Mexican President de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender, which he signs on July 28. July 29 – The United States Bureau of Reclamation begins construction of the Link River Dam, as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project. July 30–August 8 – The 1st World Scout Jamboree is held at Olympia, London. July 31 Irish-born Australian Catholic Archbishop Daniel Mannix is detained on board ship by British authorities off Queenstown and prevented from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities elsewhere in the United Kingdom. France prohibits the sale or prescription of contraceptives. Representatives of British revolutionary socialist groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in London and agree to form the Communist Party of Great Britain. August August 1 – East Bengal Football Club is founded as a sports and cultural association in Kolkata, India. August 3 – Irish War of Independence: Catholics riot in Belfast, in protest at the continuing British Army presence. August 10 – Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allied Powers, confirming arrangements for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. August 11 – Bolshevik Russia recognizes independent Latvia. August 13–25 – Polish–Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw – The Red Army is defeated. August 13 – Irish War of Independence: The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act (passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom) receives Royal Assent, providing for Irish Republican Army activists to be tried by court-martial, rather than by jury in criminal courts. August 14 – The 1920 Summer Olympics open in Antwerp, Belgium. August 19 – Russian Civil War: Peasants in Tambov Governorate begin the Tambov Rebellion against the Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia. August 19–25 – Second Silesian Uprising: The Poles in Upper Silesia rise up against the Germans. August 20 – The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK (WWJ), begins operations in Detroit. It is owned by the Detroit News, the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper. August 26 – The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing women's suffrage. August 28–September 2 – Bukhara operation: The Russian Red Army and Young Bukharians overthrow the Emirate of Bukhara, leading to the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. September September 5 Mahatma Gandhi launches the Non-Cooperation Movement in India, with the goal of obtaining independence from British rule Presidential elections begin in Mexico. September 8 – Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims the Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume. September 9 – The Lotta Svärd women's paramilitary auxiliary is founded in Finland. September 12 – The position of Patriarch of the Serbs is re-established as the authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church, almost 156 years to the day after it was abolished by the Ottoman Empire in 1766. September 16 – Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan Building in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400. September 16 – The Latvian Agrarian Reform Law of 1920 is adopted by the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia. September 17 – The National Football League is established, as the American Professional Football Association. September 20 – The first soldier joins El Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners", later the Spanish Legion). Under the command of José Millán Astray and Francisco Franco, its first duties are against Rif rebels in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. September 21 – The Communist Party of Uruguay is founded. September 25 – The Treaty of Seeb is signed, ending the Muscat rebellion and granting the Imamate of Oman Autonomy from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. September 22 – The London Metropolitan Police forms the Flying Squad, a motorised mobile detective patrol unit. September 27 – Polish–Soviet War: Soviet Russia sues for peace with Poland. September 29 The first domestic radio sets come to stores in the United States; a Westinghouse radio costs $10. Adolf Hitler makes his first public appearance in Austria, with speeches in Vienna, Innsbruck and Salzburg. October October 3 – The Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race first runs in Paris. October 4 – The Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, a Finnish non-governmental organization, is founded on the initiative of Sophie Mannerheim. October 9 – Polish–Lithuanian War: Polish troops take Vilnius. October 10 – Carinthian Plebiscite: A large part of Carinthia Province votes to become part of Austria, rather than Yugoslavia. October 14 – A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments is concluded at Tartu. October 16 – Polish–Soviet War: After the Polish army captures Tarnopol, Dubno, Minsk and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced. October 18 – Thousands of unemployed demonstrate in London; 50 are injured. October 26 – Álvaro Obregón is announced as the elected president of Mexico. October 27 The League of Nations moves its headquarters to Geneva, Switzerland. Baron Louis De Geer the Younger becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden. October 30 – The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney. October 31 – Dr. Frederick Banting of Canada first records his insight on how to isolate insulin for the treatment of diabetes; the first successful human trial of insulin will occur 15 months later. November November 2 1920 United States presidential election: Republican U. S. Senator Warren G. Harding defeats Democratic Governor of Ohio James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote. In the United States, KDKA AM of Pittsburgh (owned by Westinghouse) starts broadcasting as a commercial radio station. The first broadcast is the results of the presidential election. Meiji Shrine, one of many landmark spots in Tokyo, is officially built in Japan. November 11 – In London, The Cenotaph is unveiled and The Unknown Warrior is buried in Westminster Abbey; while in Paris the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is consecrated beneath the Arc de Triomphe. November 12 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. November 13 – The White Army's last units and civilian refugees are evacuated from the Crimea onboard 126 ships, the remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy, to Turkey, Tunisia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, accompanied by wide-scale civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounts to approximately 150,000 people, of which 20% are civilians. November 14 – The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra holds its first concert. November 15 – In Geneva, the first assembly of the League of Nations is held. November 16 – Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation Services (Qantas) is founded by Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinness. November 17 – The council of the League of Nations accepts the constitution for the Free City of Danzig. November 20 – Prince Arthur of Connaught is appointed the 3rd Governor-General of South Africa. November 21 – Irish War of Independence: Bloody Sunday: The Irish Republican Army (IRA), on the instructions of Michael Collins, shoot dead the "Cairo gang", 14 British undercover agents in Dublin, most in their homes. Later this day in retaliation, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary open fire on a crowd at a Gaelic Athletic Association football match in Croke Park, resulting in 14 deaths with 60 wounded. Three men are shot this night in Dublin Castle "while trying to escape". November 28 Irish War of Independence – Kilmichael Ambush: The flying column of the 3rd Cork Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, led by Tom Barry, ambushes two lorries carrying men of the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary at Kilmichael, County Cork, killing 17 (with 3 of its men also dying), which leads to official reprisals. FIDAC (French: Fédération Interalliée des Anciens Combattants, English: The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) is established in Paris at the initiative of veterans from World War I, predominantly pacifists, joined by associations of veterans from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Serbia. December December 1 |
2005) March 31 – Lucille Bliss, American voice actor (d. 2012) April April 1 John Holter, American toolmaker and inventor (d. 2003) Balilla Lombardi, Italian football player (d. 1987) April 2 – Menachem Porush, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2010) April 3 Herb Caen, American journalist (d. 1997) Peter Gowland, American photographer (d. 2010) Louiguy, Spanish-French musician of Italian extraction (d. 1991) April 4 David White, American actor (d. 1990) Nikola Ljubičić, 10th President of Serbia (d. 2005) April 5 Albert Henry Ottenweller, American bishop (d. 2012) Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003) Carmen Silva, Brazilian actress (d. 2008) April 10 – Lee Jung-seob, Korean oil painter (d. 1956) April 11 Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983) Armando León Bejarano, Mexican politician (d. 2016) April 12 Beverly Cleary, American children's book author (d. 2021) Benjamin Libet, American pioneering scientist in the field of human consciousness (d. 2007) Movita Castaneda, American actress (d. 2015) April 14 – Pehr Victor Edman, Swedish chemist (d.1977) April 15 Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American department store heir (d. 1982) Helene Hanff, American writer and critic (d. 1997) Mikiel Fsadni, Maltese friar and historian (d. 2013) April 16 – Hon Sui Sen, Malaysian-Singaporean politician (d. 1983) April 17 Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2000) A. Thiagarajah, Sri Lankan Tamil teacher and politician (d. 1981) Win Maung, 3rd President of Myanmar (d. 1989) April 18 Carl Burgos, American comic book artist (d. 1984) José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, President of Costa Rica (d. 2010) April 19 Bruno Chizzo, Italian association footballer (d. 1969) Delio Rodríguez, Spanish road racing cyclist and sprinter (d. 1994) April 21 Walter Berg, German footballer (d. 1949) April 22 Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999) Yvette Lundy, French resistance fighter (d. 2019) April 24 Stanley Kauffmann, American film critic (d. 2013) Lou Thesz, American professional wrestler (d. 2002) April 25 – R. J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001) April 26 Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American writer (d. 2014) Vic Perrin, American voice actor (d. 1989) Paulette Coquatrix, French costume designer (d. 2018) Ken Wallis, British aviator, engineer, and inventor (d. 2013) Werner Bischof, Swiss photographer and photojournalist (d. 1954) George Tuska, American comic strip artist (d. 2009) April 27 – Enos Slaughter, American baseball player (d. 2002) April 28 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993) April 29 – Ramón Amaya Amador, Honduran author (d. 1966) April 30 Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001) Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999) May May 1 – Glenn Ford, Canadian actor (d. 2006) May 4 – Jane Jacobs, née Butzner, American-born urban activist (d. 2006) May 5 – Zail Singh, Indian politician and 7th President of India (d. 1994) May 6 Adriana Caselotti, American actress (d. 1997) Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (d. 1997) Sif Ruud, Swedish actress (d. 2011) May 8 Chinmayananda, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1993) Jens Risom, Danish American furniture designer (d. 2016) João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president (d. 2016) May 10 – Milton Babbitt, American composer (d. 2011) May 11 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002) May 14 – Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (d. 2000) May 15 Vera Gebuhr, Danish actress (d. 2014) Abbott Pattison, American sculptor and abstract artist (d. 1999) May 16 Adriana Caselotti, American Actress, Voice Actress and Singer (d. 1997) Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (d. 2009) Carlos Aldunate Lyon, Colombian lawyer, educator and activist (d. 2018) May 17 Jenő Fock, 49th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2001) Lenka Reinerová, Czech writer (d. 2008) May 18 – Miriam Goldberg, American newspaper publisher (d. 2017) May 20 Owen Chadwick, British author and historian (d. 2015) Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete (d. 2006) May 21 Louis Crump, American politician (d. 2019) Dennis Day, American singer and actor (d. 1988) Leonard Manasseh, British architect (d. 2017) Lydia Mendoza, American musician (d. 2007) Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002) Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997) Tan Siew Sin, Malaysian minister of Commerce and Industry (d. 1988) May 26 Halil İnalcık, Turkish historian (d. 2016) Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972) May 31 Bert Haanstra, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1997) Bernard Lewis, British-American historian (d. 2018) June June 3 – Jack Manning, American film, stage and television actor (d. 2009) June 4 – Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) June 5 – Eddie Joost, baseball player and manager (d. 2011) June 6 – Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (d. 1989) June 8 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) June 9 Jurij Brězan, Sorbian writer (d. 2006) Robert McNamara, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2009) June 11 – Bob Berry, New Zealand dendrologist (d. 2018) June 12 – Raúl Héctor Castro, American politician (d. 2015) June 13 – Ronald Atkins, Welsh politician (d. 2020) June 14 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (d. 2001) June 15 Olga Erteszek, American undergarment designer and lingerie company owner (d. 1989) Horacio Salgán, Argentine tango musician (d. 2016) Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) June 16 – Phil Chambers, American actor (d. 1993) June 17 – Einar Englund, Finnish composer (d. 1999) June 18 Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia (d. 2005) Roman Toi, Estonian composer, choir conductor, and organist (d. 2018) June 21 Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018) Herbert Friedman, American physicist (d. 2000) June 22 Anne Olivier Bell, English literary editor and art scholar (d. 2018) Richard Eastham, American actor (d. 2005) Emil Fackenheim, noted Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi (d. 2003) June 23 Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990) Irene Worth, American actress (d. 2002) Al G. Wright, American bandleader and conductor (d. 2020) June 24 Saloua Raouda Choucair, Lebanese painter and sculptor (d. 2017) Lidia Wysocka, American actress (d. 2006) William B. Saxbe, American politician (d. 2010) June 25 – Thomas Reddin, American police (d. 2004) June 26 Dennis Filmer, Malaysian sports shooter (d. 1981) Alvin Wistert, American football player (d. 2005) June 27 Max Müller, Swiss cross-country skier (d. unknown) Ivy Cooke, Jamaican educator (d. 2017) June 28 Richard Best, British film editor (d. 2004) John Evelyn Anderson, British Army officer (d. 2007) June 29 – Ruth Warrick, American actress (d. 2005) July July 1 Olivia de Havilland, Japanese-born British-American film actress (d. 2020) Lawrence Halprin, American architect (d. 2009) Thomas Hamilton-Brown, South African boxer July 2 Reino Kangasmäki, Finnish wrestler (d. 2010) Alec Hill, Australian military historian (d. 2008) Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer (d. 2008) Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982) Ken Curtis, American screen actor and singer (d. 1991) July 3 – John Kundla, American basketball coach (d. 2017) July 4 Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose"), American propaganda broadcaster (d. 2006) Adam Curle, British academic and peace activist (d. 2006) Naseem Banu, Indian actress (d. 2002) Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter (d. 2014) July 5 Lívia Rév, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2018) Ivor Powell, Welsh footballer (d. 2012) July 6 Harold Norse, American writer (d. 2009) Hugh Gibbons, Irish Fianna Fáil politician (d. 2007) Don R. Christensen, American animator, cartoonist, illustrator, writer and inventor (d. 2006) July 7 – Werner G. Scharff, American arts patron and fashion designer (d. 2006) July 8 Marion Hartzog Smoak, American lawyer and politician (d. 2020) Ronald R. Van Stockum, American writer Jean Rouverol, American actress, screenwriter and author (d. 2017) Otto Luedeke, American cyclist (d. 2005) July 9 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005) July 10 – Nicholas D'Antonio Salza, American bishop (d. 2009) July 11 Mortimer Caplin, American lawyer and educator (d. 2019) Hans Maier, Dutch water polo player (d. 2018) Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2002) Reg Varney, British actor (d. 2008) Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014) July 14 Franco Montoro, Brazilian politician and lawyer (d. 1999) Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991) July 15 Sumner Gerard, American politician and diplomat (d. 2005) Les Dye, American football player (d. 2000) July 16 Victor Fontana, Brazilian engineer, businessman and politician (d. 2017) Sudono Salim, Indonesian-Chinese businessman (d. 2012) July 17 Henning Brandis, German physician and microbiologist (d. 2004) July 18 Charles Kittel, American physicist (d. 2019) L. Patrick Gray III, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 2005) Ed Cifers, American football end (d. 2005) Sid Kiel, South African doctor and cricketer (d. 2007) July 19 – Phil Cavarretta, baseball player (d. 2010) July 20 Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 2013) Hans von Blixen-Finecke Jr., Swedish officer and horse rider (d. 2005) July 21 Douglas Freeman, English cricketer (d. 2013) Sergeant Stubby, World War I American hero war dog (d. 1926) July 22 Irene Galitzine, Russian-Georgian fashion designer (d. 2006) William A. Culpepper, American judge (d. 2015) William Harper, Rhodesian politician (d. 2006) Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949) July 23 – Sandra Gould, American actress (d. 1999) July 25 – Fred Lasswell, American cartoonist (d. 2001) July 27 Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic and novelist (d. 2007) Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986) July 28 – David Brown, American producer (d. 2010) July 29 – Rupert Hamer, Australian politician and Premier of Victoria (d. 2004) July 30 – Dick Wilson, American actor (d. 2007) July 31 Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979) Ignacio Trelles, Mexican football player and coach (d. 2020) August August 1 Fiorenzo Angelini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2014) Olimpio Bizzi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 1976) Edna Hughes, English competition swimmer (d. 1990) August 2 – Zein Al-Sharaf Talal, Queen of Jordan (d. 1994) August 3 – Hertha Feiler, Austrian actress (d. 1970) August 5 – Kermit Love, American puppeteer (d. 2008) August 6 – Dom Mintoff, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 2012) August 7 Lawrence Picachy, Indian Jesuit priest (d. 1992) Rose Wolfe, Canadian social worker and philanthropist (d. 2016) August 8 – Shigeo Arai, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 1944) August 9 – Manea Mănescu, 50th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2009) August 10 – Lorna McDonald, Australian historian and author (d. 2017) August 11 Johnny Claes, English racing driver (d. 1956) William Coors, American executive (d. 2018) August 12 – Ralph Nelson, American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor (d. 1987) August 13 – Sybren Valkema, Dutch glass artist and teacher, and founder of the European Studio Glass Movement, also known as VRIJ GLAS. (d. 1996) August 14 Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, German night fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1944) Ralph de Toledano, American conservationist and author (d. 2007) August 16 Edythe Wright, American singer (d. 1965) Iggy Katona, American race car driver (d. 2003) August 18 – Neagu Djuvara, Romanian historian, essayist, and diplomat (d. 2018) August 19 – Dennis Poore, British entrepreneur, financier and racing driver (d. 1987) August 20 George Rosenkranz, Mexican co-inventor of oral contraceptive pill (d. 2019) Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian chess player (d. 1984) August 21 Frank O. Braynard, American maritime writer and historian (d. 2007) Geoffrey Keen, English actor (d. 2005) Bill Lee, American playback singer (d. 1980) Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005) August 22 Robert H. Krieble, American chemist (d. 1997) Joe Martinelli, American soccer forward (d. 1991) August 24 Hal Smith, American actor (d. 1994) Léo Ferré, French-born Monégasque poet and composer (d. 1993) August 25 Van Johnson, American actor (d. 2008) Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist (d. 2003) Saburō Sakai, Japanese fighter ace (d. 2000) August 27 Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994) Larry Thor, Canadian actor (d. 1976) Robert Van Eenaeme, Belgian cyclist (d. 1959) August 28 C. Wright Mills, American sociologist (d. 1962) Jack Vance, American writer (d. 2013) August 29 – Luther Davis, American screenwriter (d. 2008) August 30 Shag Crawford, American baseball umpire (d. 2007) Kenneth Keith, Baron Keith of Castleacre, British life peer (d. 2004) August 31 Daniel Schorr, American journalist (d. 2010) John S. Wold, American politician (d. 2017) September September 1 Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (d. 2014) Joseph Minish, American politician (d. 2007) September 3 – Tommy J. Smith, Australian trainer (d. 1998) September 5 – Allan Louisy, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. 2011) September 7 – Shen Panwen, Chinese chemist (d. 2017) September 12 Leoncio Afonso, Spanish scientist (d. 2017) Edward Binns, American stage, film, and television actor (d. 1990) September 13 – Roald Dahl, Welsh-born author (d. 1990) September 14 Eric Bentley, English-born American critic and playwright (d. 2020) John Heyer, Australian documentary filmmaker (d. 2001) September 15 Margaret Lockwood, Indian-born English actress (d. 1990) Frederick C. Weyand, U.S. Army General (d. 2010) September 16 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (d. 1999) September 17 – Mary Stewart, born Mary Rainbow, English-born fantasy and mystery writer (d. 2014) September 18 – John Jacob Rhodes, American politician and lawyer (d. 2003) September 21 – Zinovy Gerdt, Russian actor (d. 1996) September 23 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1978) September 24 – Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (d. 2004) September 27 Frank Handlen, American artist Trento Longaretti, Italian painter (d. 2017) S. Yizhar (aka Yizhar Smilansky), Israeli author (d. 2006) September 28 – Peter Finch, English-born Australian actor (d. 1977) October October 2 – Jim L. Gillis Jr., American politician (d. 2018) October 3 Frank Pantridge, Irish physician and inventor (d. 2004) James Herriot, English veterinarian and author (d. 1995) Shelby Storck, American television producer (d. 1969) October 4 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2009) October 7 – Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet, British army officer (d. 2017) October 9 – Robert Brubaker, American actor (d. 2010) October 10 Bernard Heuvelmans, Belgian-French cryptozoologist (d. 2001) Sumiko Mizukubo, Japanese actress October 11 – Maurice Gaffney, Irish barrister (d. 2016) October 12 – Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and novelist (d. 1994) October 14 – C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General (d. 2013) October 15 – Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (d. 2006) October 19 Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1985) October 21 – Eddie Carnett, American baseball player (d. 2016) October 25 – Thérèse Kleindienst, French librarian (d. 2018) October 26 – François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996) October 30 – Leon Day, American baseball player (d. 1995) October 31 Phil Monroe, American animator and director (d. 1988) Carl Johan Bernadotte, Prince of Sweden (d. 2012) November November 4 – Walter Cronkite, American television journalist (d. 2009) November 5 – Jim Tabor, American baseball player (d. 1953) November 6 – Harry Blamires, British Anglican theologian, literary critic and novelist (d. 2017) November 8 – Lady Ursula d'Abo, English socialite (d. 2017) November 10 – Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter (d. 2012) November 11 – Robert Carr, English politician (d. 2012) November 12 – Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (d. 1986) November 14 – Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer (d. 2011) November 15 – Bill Melendez, American animator (d. 2008) November 16 – Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988) November 17 – Shelby Foote, American historian and novelist, author of The Civil War: A Narrative (d. 2005) November 20 Hamida Habibullah, Indian politician (d. 2018) Evelyn Keyes, American actress (d. 2008) November 23 Michael Gough, Malayan-born English actor (d. 2011) P. K. Page, Canadian poet (d. 2010) November 24 Forrest J Ackerman, American writer (d. 2008) Frankie Muse Freeman, American civil rights attorney (d. 2018) November 25 – Cosmo Haskard, Irish-born former British colonial administrator and retired British Army officer (d. 2017) November 26 – Gerhard Unger, German tenor (d. 2011) November 27 – Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002) November 28 Lilian, Princess of Réthy, born Mary Lilian Baels, English-born Belgian queen consort of Leopold III (d. 2002) Ramón José Velásquez, 44th President of Venezuela (d. 2014) November 29 Fran Ryan, American actress (d. 2000) Helen Clare, British singer (d. 2018) November 30 – John C. Harkness, American architect (d. 2016) December December 1 – Wan Li, Chinese government official (d. 2015) December 5 – Hilary Koprowski, Polish virologist and immunologist (d. 2013) December 6 Kristján Eldjárn, 3rd President of Iceland (d. 1982) Pratap Chandra Lal, Indian military advisor (d. 1982) Hugo Peretti, American songwriter and record producer (d. 1986) December 7 George Russell Weller, American salesman known for the Santa Monica Farmer's Market incident (d. 2010) John G. Morris, American picture editor (d. 2017) December 8 Richard Fleischer, American film director (d. 2006) T. K. Whitaker, Irish economist and public servant (d. 2017) December 9 Jerome Beatty, Jr., American author of children's literature (d. 2002) Kirk Douglas, American film actor (d. 2020) Esther Wilkins, American dentist (d. 2016) December 11 – Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (d. 1989) December 12 – Anne Vermeer, Dutch politician (d. 2018) December 14 – Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965) December 15 – Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) December 16 – Birgitta Valberg, Swedish actress (d. 2014) December 18 Douglas Fraser, Scottish-born union leader (d. 2008) Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973) Franciszek Kornicki, Polish fighter pilot (d. 2017) December 19 Roy Baker, English film director (d. 2010) Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist (d. 2010) John Crutcher, American politician (d. 2017) December 20 – Morrie Schwartz, American professor (d. 1995) December 21 – Arsène Tchakarian, Armenian-French resistance fighter (d. 2018) December 24 Ron G. Mason, English oceanographer (d. 2009) Cecília Schelingová, Czechoslovakian Roman Catholic religious professed, martyr and blessed (d. 1955) December 25 Ahmed Ben Bella, Algerian politician, 1st President of Algeria (d. 2012) Graciela Naranjo, Venezuelan singer and actress (d. 2001) December 27 – Cathy Lewis, American actress (d. 1968) Date unknown Saad Jumaa, 17th Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1979) Deaths January January 1 Max Bastelberger, German doctor and entomologist (b. 1851) Adán Cárdenas, Nicaraguan doctor and politician, 16th President of Nicaragua (b. 1836) January 2 Joseph Rucker Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1857) Félix Sardà y Salvany, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and writer (b. 1844) January 5 – Ulpiano Checa, Spanish painter, sculptor and illustrator (b. 1860) January 7 – Andrés Baquero, Spanish teacher and writer (b. 1853) January 8 Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (b. 1884) Eugene W. Hilgard, German-born American soil scientist (b. 1833) January 9 – Ada Rehan, Irish-born American Shakespearean actress (b. 1859) January 10 – Guido Baccelli, Italian physician (b. 1830) January 11 Cyril VIII Geha, Greek Catholic patriarch (b. 1840) Takashima Tomonosuke, Japanese general (b. 1844) January 12 Léon Autonne, French engineer and mathematician (b. 1859) Georgios Theotokis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1844) January 13 George Bengescu-Dabija, Wallachian-born Romanian poet, playwright, and general (b. 1844) Vasile Hossu, Romanian Orthodox priest and bishop (b. 1866) Victoriano Huerta, Mexican general and statesman, 35th President of Mexico (b. 1850) January 14 – Otto Ammon, German anthropologist (b. 1842) January 15 – Vojtech Alexander, Slovakian radiologist (b. 1857) January 16 Arnold Aletrino, Dutch physician (b. 1858) William Montrose Graham Jr., American general (b. 1834) Juana María Condesa Lluch, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862) January 17 – Arthur V. Johnson, American actor and director (b. 1876) January 18 – Lorenzo Latorre, Uruguayan officer and politician, 11th President of Uruguay (b. 1844) January 19 Dora Knowlton Ranous, American actress, author and translator (b. 1859) Antoine Simon, French composer (b. 1850) January 20 – Ephraim Francis Baldwin, American architect (b. 1837) January 30 – Sir Clements Markham, British explorer and geographer (b. 1830) February February 3 – Metropolitan Ioan Mețianu, Romanian cleric (b. 1828) February 6 Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer (b. 1867) Isala Van Diest, Belgian physician (b. 1842) February 7 Franklin E. Brooks, U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado (b. 1847) Ludwika Szczęsna, Polish Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1863) February 9 – Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (b. 1843) February 12 – Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831) February 13 Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (b. 1864) Carlos Antonio Mendoza, Panamanian politician, acting President of Panama (b. 1856) February 18 – Hans Schmidt, German Roman Catholic priest (executed) (b. 1881) February 19 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1838) February 20 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844) February 21 – Karl Begas, German sculptor (b. 1845) February 23 Jabez Balfour, English businessman (b. 1843) Domenico Lovisato, Italian geologist (b. 1842) Hugo von Pohl, German admiral (b. 1855) February 25 – David Bowman, Australian politician (b. 1860) February 26 – Tomasa Ortiz Real, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1842) February 27 – Ugo Balzani, Italian historian (b. 1847) February 28 – Henry James, American writer (b. 1843) March March 2 – Elisabeth of Wied, Queen consort of Romania (b. 1843) March 4 Franz Marc, German Expressionist painter (killed in action) (b. 1880) William Sooy Smith, American Union general and engineer (b. 1830) March 7 – Fred Donovan, American baseball player (b. 1844) March 9 - Arnold Spencer-Smith, British explorer, clergyman, and amateur photographer (b. 1883) March 11 Florence Baker, Hungarian-born British explorer (b. 1841) Henry G. Davis, American politician (b. 1823) March 12 – William M. O. Dawson, 12th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1853) March 15 – John Beveridge, Australian businessman, Mayor of Redfern (b. 1848) March 16 – Thomas King, New Zealander astronomer (b. 1858) March 19 John J. Davis, American politician, U.S. Representatives from West Virginia (b. 1835) Girolamo Maria Gotti, Italian Discalced Carmelite friar and Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1834) Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (b. 1848) March 20 – Ota Benga, Congolese pygmy brought to America as part of an exhibition at the Bronx zoo (b. 1883) March 24 Herman Gesellius, French architect (b. 1874) Enrique Granados, Spanish composer (ship sinking) (b. 1867) March 25 – Ishi, last known member of the Yana people (b. 1860) March 28 – Paul von Plehwe, Russian general (b. 1850) March 30 – Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (b. 1837) April April 4 Alfred Cogniaux, Belgian botanist (b. 1841) Max Lewandowsky, German neurologist (b. 1876) April 7 – Shigeyoshi Matsuo, Japanese businessman (b. 1843) April 11 – Richard Harding Davis, American journalist and author (b. 1864) April 14 – Gina Krog, Norwegian suffragist, activist and editor (b. 1847) April 16 – Alexander Meyrick Broadley, British barrister (b. 1846) April 19 – Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839) April 21 Ubaldo Pacchierotti, Italian composer (b. 1876) John Surratt, suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination, son of Mary Surratt (b. 1844) April 27 – Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1878) April 28 – Edward Felix Baxter, English recipient of the Victorian Cross (b. 1885) May May 1 – Lydia Zvereva, first Russian woman to earn a pilot's license (b. 1890) May 2 – Jules Blanchard, French sculptor (b. 1832) May 3 Patrick Pearse, Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, political activist, and nationalist (executed) (b. 1879) Thomas MacDonagh, Irish poet, playwright, educationalist and revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1878) Tom Clarke, Irish republican, leader of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (executed) (b. 1858) May 4 Lord John Hay, British admiral and politician (b. 1827) Joseph Plunkett, Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary (executed) (b. 1887) Hector Sévin, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1852) May 6 – Hans Chiari, Austrian pathologist (b. 1851) May 8 Mabel Beardsley, English actress (b. 1871) William Burnyeat, British politician (b. 1837) Éamonn Ceannt, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1881) Aeneas Mackintosh, British Merchant Navy officer and Antarctic explorer (b. 1879) Victor Hayward, British explorer (b. 1887) May 11 Max Reger, German modernist composer (b. 1873) Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist (b. 1873) Tirésias Simon Sam, 16th President of Haiti (b. 1835) May 12 James Connolly, Irish socialist and political activist (executed) (b. 1868) Seán Mac Diarmada, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1883) May 13 Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish writer (b. 1859) Ján Bahýľ, Slovak engineer and inventor (b. 1856) Margaret Benson, English author (b. 1865) Émile Petitot, French Roman Catholic missionary (b. 1838) May 18 - Chen Qiemi, Chinese politician (b. 1878) May 19 – Georges Boillot, French Grand Prix driver (killed in action) (b. 1884) May 21 – Artúr Görgei, Hungarian military general and politician (b. 1818) May 23 – Vladimír Jindřich Bufka, Czechoslovak photographer (b. 1887) May 27 – Joseph Gallieni, French general (b. 1849) May 28 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian political activist (b. 1856) May 31 – Sir Horace Hood, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1870) June June 2 – Paul von Bruns, German surgeon (b. 1846) June 5 – Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (drowned) (b. 1850) June 6 – Yuan Shikai, Chinese military official and politician, Emperor of China and 1st President of the Republic of China (b. 1859) June 7 Alberto Elmore Fernández de Córdoba, Peruvian diplomat and politician, 52nd Prime Minister of Peru (b. 1844) Émile Faguet, French writer and critic (b. 1847) June 9 – Richard C. Saufley, American naval aviation pioneer (b. 1884) June 12 – Silvanus P. Thompson, English professor of physics, electrical engineer, member of the Royal Society and author (b. 1851) June 17 – Edwin Monroe Bacon, English writer (b. 1844) June 18 Max Immelmann, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1890) Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, German general (b. 1848) June 22 – Tanaka Yoshio, Japanese naturalist (b. 1838) June 24 – Victor Chapman, French-born American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1890) June 25 – Thomas Eakins, American realist painter (b. 1844) June 30 Russell Barton, British-born Australian politician (b. 1830) Eunice Eloisae Gibbs Allyn, American correspondent, author, and songwriter (b. 1847) July July 1 – First Day on the Somme (killed in action) Eugene Bourdon, French architect (b. 1870) Gilbert Waterhouse, English architect and war poet (b. 1883) July 2 – Mikhail Pomortsev, Russian meteorologist (b. 1851) July 3 Hetty Green, American businesswoman (b. 1834) Alfred Kleiner, Swiss physicist (b. 1849) Jeremiah Lomnytskyj, Ukrainian Basilian priest, missionary and servant of God (b. 1860) July 6 – Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840) July 7 – Margarethe Hormuth-Kallmorgen, German painter (b. 1835) July 12 – Cesare Battisti, Italian patriot, geographer and politician (b. 1875) July 15 – Élie Metchnikoff, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845) July 16 Regino Garcia, Filipino artist (b. 1840) Sir Victor Horsley, English physician and surgeon (b. 1857) July 20 – Reinhard Sorge, German dramatist and poet (killed in action) (b. 1892) July 22 – James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (b. 1849) July 23 – Sir William Ramsay, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852) July 26 Gustave Maria Blanche, French Roman Catholic priest and bishop (b. 1849) Johannes Ranke, German physiologist (b. 1836) July 27 Arthur Winton Brown, New Zealander politician, Mayor of Wellington (b. 1856) Charles Fryatt, British mariner (executed) (b. 1872) July 29 – Claude Castleton, Australian VC recipient (killed in action) (b. 1893) August August 3 – Roger Casement, Irish nationalist (executed) (b. 1864) August 5 – George Butterworth, English composer (b. 1885) August 7 – Kittredge Haskins, American lawyer and | Myanmar (d. 1989) April 18 Carl Burgos, American comic book artist (d. 1984) José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, President of Costa Rica (d. 2010) April 19 Bruno Chizzo, Italian association footballer (d. 1969) Delio Rodríguez, Spanish road racing cyclist and sprinter (d. 1994) April 21 Walter Berg, German footballer (d. 1949) April 22 Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999) Yvette Lundy, French resistance fighter (d. 2019) April 24 Stanley Kauffmann, American film critic (d. 2013) Lou Thesz, American professional wrestler (d. 2002) April 25 – R. J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001) April 26 Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American writer (d. 2014) Vic Perrin, American voice actor (d. 1989) Paulette Coquatrix, French costume designer (d. 2018) Ken Wallis, British aviator, engineer, and inventor (d. 2013) Werner Bischof, Swiss photographer and photojournalist (d. 1954) George Tuska, American comic strip artist (d. 2009) April 27 – Enos Slaughter, American baseball player (d. 2002) April 28 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993) April 29 – Ramón Amaya Amador, Honduran author (d. 1966) April 30 Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001) Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999) May May 1 – Glenn Ford, Canadian actor (d. 2006) May 4 – Jane Jacobs, née Butzner, American-born urban activist (d. 2006) May 5 – Zail Singh, Indian politician and 7th President of India (d. 1994) May 6 Adriana Caselotti, American actress (d. 1997) Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (d. 1997) Sif Ruud, Swedish actress (d. 2011) May 8 Chinmayananda, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1993) Jens Risom, Danish American furniture designer (d. 2016) João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president (d. 2016) May 10 – Milton Babbitt, American composer (d. 2011) May 11 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002) May 14 – Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (d. 2000) May 15 Vera Gebuhr, Danish actress (d. 2014) Abbott Pattison, American sculptor and abstract artist (d. 1999) May 16 Adriana Caselotti, American Actress, Voice Actress and Singer (d. 1997) Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (d. 2009) Carlos Aldunate Lyon, Colombian lawyer, educator and activist (d. 2018) May 17 Jenő Fock, 49th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2001) Lenka Reinerová, Czech writer (d. 2008) May 18 – Miriam Goldberg, American newspaper publisher (d. 2017) May 20 Owen Chadwick, British author and historian (d. 2015) Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete (d. 2006) May 21 Louis Crump, American politician (d. 2019) Dennis Day, American singer and actor (d. 1988) Leonard Manasseh, British architect (d. 2017) Lydia Mendoza, American musician (d. 2007) Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002) Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997) Tan Siew Sin, Malaysian minister of Commerce and Industry (d. 1988) May 26 Halil İnalcık, Turkish historian (d. 2016) Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972) May 31 Bert Haanstra, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1997) Bernard Lewis, British-American historian (d. 2018) June June 3 – Jack Manning, American film, stage and television actor (d. 2009) June 4 – Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) June 5 – Eddie Joost, baseball player and manager (d. 2011) June 6 – Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (d. 1989) June 8 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) June 9 Jurij Brězan, Sorbian writer (d. 2006) Robert McNamara, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2009) June 11 – Bob Berry, New Zealand dendrologist (d. 2018) June 12 – Raúl Héctor Castro, American politician (d. 2015) June 13 – Ronald Atkins, Welsh politician (d. 2020) June 14 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (d. 2001) June 15 Olga Erteszek, American undergarment designer and lingerie company owner (d. 1989) Horacio Salgán, Argentine tango musician (d. 2016) Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) June 16 – Phil Chambers, American actor (d. 1993) June 17 – Einar Englund, Finnish composer (d. 1999) June 18 Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia (d. 2005) Roman Toi, Estonian composer, choir conductor, and organist (d. 2018) June 21 Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018) Herbert Friedman, American physicist (d. 2000) June 22 Anne Olivier Bell, English literary editor and art scholar (d. 2018) Richard Eastham, American actor (d. 2005) Emil Fackenheim, noted Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi (d. 2003) June 23 Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990) Irene Worth, American actress (d. 2002) Al G. Wright, American bandleader and conductor (d. 2020) June 24 Saloua Raouda Choucair, Lebanese painter and sculptor (d. 2017) Lidia Wysocka, American actress (d. 2006) William B. Saxbe, American politician (d. 2010) June 25 – Thomas Reddin, American police (d. 2004) June 26 Dennis Filmer, Malaysian sports shooter (d. 1981) Alvin Wistert, American football player (d. 2005) June 27 Max Müller, Swiss cross-country skier (d. unknown) Ivy Cooke, Jamaican educator (d. 2017) June 28 Richard Best, British film editor (d. 2004) John Evelyn Anderson, British Army officer (d. 2007) June 29 – Ruth Warrick, American actress (d. 2005) July July 1 Olivia de Havilland, Japanese-born British-American film actress (d. 2020) Lawrence Halprin, American architect (d. 2009) Thomas Hamilton-Brown, South African boxer July 2 Reino Kangasmäki, Finnish wrestler (d. 2010) Alec Hill, Australian military historian (d. 2008) Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer (d. 2008) Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982) Ken Curtis, American screen actor and singer (d. 1991) July 3 – John Kundla, American basketball coach (d. 2017) July 4 Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose"), American propaganda broadcaster (d. 2006) Adam Curle, British academic and peace activist (d. 2006) Naseem Banu, Indian actress (d. 2002) Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter (d. 2014) July 5 Lívia Rév, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2018) Ivor Powell, Welsh footballer (d. 2012) July 6 Harold Norse, American writer (d. 2009) Hugh Gibbons, Irish Fianna Fáil politician (d. 2007) Don R. Christensen, American animator, cartoonist, illustrator, writer and inventor (d. 2006) July 7 – Werner G. Scharff, American arts patron and fashion designer (d. 2006) July 8 Marion Hartzog Smoak, American lawyer and politician (d. 2020) Ronald R. Van Stockum, American writer Jean Rouverol, American actress, screenwriter and author (d. 2017) Otto Luedeke, American cyclist (d. 2005) July 9 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005) July 10 – Nicholas D'Antonio Salza, American bishop (d. 2009) July 11 Mortimer Caplin, American lawyer and educator (d. 2019) Hans Maier, Dutch water polo player (d. 2018) Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2002) Reg Varney, British actor (d. 2008) Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014) July 14 Franco Montoro, Brazilian politician and lawyer (d. 1999) Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991) July 15 Sumner Gerard, American politician and diplomat (d. 2005) Les Dye, American football player (d. 2000) July 16 Victor Fontana, Brazilian engineer, businessman and politician (d. 2017) Sudono Salim, Indonesian-Chinese businessman (d. 2012) July 17 Henning Brandis, German physician and microbiologist (d. 2004) July 18 Charles Kittel, American physicist (d. 2019) L. Patrick Gray III, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 2005) Ed Cifers, American football end (d. 2005) Sid Kiel, South African doctor and cricketer (d. 2007) July 19 – Phil Cavarretta, baseball player (d. 2010) July 20 Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 2013) Hans von Blixen-Finecke Jr., Swedish officer and horse rider (d. 2005) July 21 Douglas Freeman, English cricketer (d. 2013) Sergeant Stubby, World War I American hero war dog (d. 1926) July 22 Irene Galitzine, Russian-Georgian fashion designer (d. 2006) William A. Culpepper, American judge (d. 2015) William Harper, Rhodesian politician (d. 2006) Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949) July 23 – Sandra Gould, American actress (d. 1999) July 25 – Fred Lasswell, American cartoonist (d. 2001) July 27 Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic and novelist (d. 2007) Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986) July 28 – David Brown, American producer (d. 2010) July 29 – Rupert Hamer, Australian politician and Premier of Victoria (d. 2004) July 30 – Dick Wilson, American actor (d. 2007) July 31 Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979) Ignacio Trelles, Mexican football player and coach (d. 2020) August August 1 Fiorenzo Angelini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2014) Olimpio Bizzi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 1976) Edna Hughes, English competition swimmer (d. 1990) August 2 – Zein Al-Sharaf Talal, Queen of Jordan (d. 1994) August 3 – Hertha Feiler, Austrian actress (d. 1970) August 5 – Kermit Love, American puppeteer (d. 2008) August 6 – Dom Mintoff, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 2012) August 7 Lawrence Picachy, Indian Jesuit priest (d. 1992) Rose Wolfe, Canadian social worker and philanthropist (d. 2016) August 8 – Shigeo Arai, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 1944) August 9 – Manea Mănescu, 50th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2009) August 10 – Lorna McDonald, Australian historian and author (d. 2017) August 11 Johnny Claes, English racing driver (d. 1956) William Coors, American executive (d. 2018) August 12 – Ralph Nelson, American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor (d. 1987) August 13 – Sybren Valkema, Dutch glass artist and teacher, and founder of the European Studio Glass Movement, also known as VRIJ GLAS. (d. 1996) August 14 Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, German night fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1944) Ralph de Toledano, American conservationist and author (d. 2007) August 16 Edythe Wright, American singer (d. 1965) Iggy Katona, American race car driver (d. 2003) August 18 – Neagu Djuvara, Romanian historian, essayist, and diplomat (d. 2018) August 19 – Dennis Poore, British entrepreneur, financier and racing driver (d. 1987) August 20 George Rosenkranz, Mexican co-inventor of oral contraceptive pill (d. 2019) Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian chess player (d. 1984) August 21 Frank O. Braynard, American maritime writer and historian (d. 2007) Geoffrey Keen, English actor (d. 2005) Bill Lee, American playback singer (d. 1980) Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005) August 22 Robert H. Krieble, American chemist (d. 1997) Joe Martinelli, American soccer forward (d. 1991) August 24 Hal Smith, American actor (d. 1994) Léo Ferré, French-born Monégasque poet and composer (d. 1993) August 25 Van Johnson, American actor (d. 2008) Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist (d. 2003) Saburō Sakai, Japanese fighter ace (d. 2000) August 27 Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994) Larry Thor, Canadian actor (d. 1976) Robert Van Eenaeme, Belgian cyclist (d. 1959) August 28 C. Wright Mills, American sociologist (d. 1962) Jack Vance, American writer (d. 2013) August 29 – Luther Davis, American screenwriter (d. 2008) August 30 Shag Crawford, American baseball umpire (d. 2007) Kenneth Keith, Baron Keith of Castleacre, British life peer (d. 2004) August 31 Daniel Schorr, American journalist (d. 2010) John S. Wold, American politician (d. 2017) September September 1 Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (d. 2014) Joseph Minish, American politician (d. 2007) September 3 – Tommy J. Smith, Australian trainer (d. 1998) September 5 – Allan Louisy, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. 2011) September 7 – Shen Panwen, Chinese chemist (d. 2017) September 12 Leoncio Afonso, Spanish scientist (d. 2017) Edward Binns, American stage, film, and television actor (d. 1990) September 13 – Roald Dahl, Welsh-born author (d. 1990) September 14 Eric Bentley, English-born American critic and playwright (d. 2020) John Heyer, Australian documentary filmmaker (d. 2001) September 15 Margaret Lockwood, Indian-born English actress (d. 1990) Frederick C. Weyand, U.S. Army General (d. 2010) September 16 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (d. 1999) September 17 – Mary Stewart, born Mary Rainbow, English-born fantasy and mystery writer (d. 2014) September 18 – John Jacob Rhodes, American politician and lawyer (d. 2003) September 21 – Zinovy Gerdt, Russian actor (d. 1996) September 23 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1978) September 24 – Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (d. 2004) September 27 Frank Handlen, American artist Trento Longaretti, Italian painter (d. 2017) S. Yizhar (aka Yizhar Smilansky), Israeli author (d. 2006) September 28 – Peter Finch, English-born Australian actor (d. 1977) October October 2 – Jim L. Gillis Jr., American politician (d. 2018) October 3 Frank Pantridge, Irish physician and inventor (d. 2004) James Herriot, English veterinarian and author (d. 1995) Shelby Storck, American television producer (d. 1969) October 4 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2009) October 7 – Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet, British army officer (d. 2017) October 9 – Robert Brubaker, American actor (d. 2010) October 10 Bernard Heuvelmans, Belgian-French cryptozoologist (d. 2001) Sumiko Mizukubo, Japanese actress October 11 – Maurice Gaffney, Irish barrister (d. 2016) October 12 – Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and novelist (d. 1994) October 14 – C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General (d. 2013) October 15 – Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (d. 2006) October 19 Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1985) October 21 – Eddie Carnett, American baseball player (d. 2016) October 25 – Thérèse Kleindienst, French librarian (d. 2018) October 26 – François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996) October 30 – Leon Day, American baseball player (d. 1995) October 31 Phil Monroe, American animator and director (d. 1988) Carl Johan Bernadotte, Prince of Sweden (d. 2012) November November 4 – Walter Cronkite, American television journalist (d. 2009) November 5 – Jim Tabor, American baseball player (d. 1953) November 6 – Harry Blamires, British Anglican theologian, literary critic and novelist (d. 2017) November 8 – Lady Ursula d'Abo, English socialite (d. 2017) November 10 – Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter (d. 2012) November 11 – Robert Carr, English politician (d. 2012) November 12 – Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (d. 1986) November 14 – Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer (d. 2011) November 15 – Bill Melendez, American animator (d. 2008) November 16 – Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988) November 17 – Shelby Foote, American historian and novelist, author of The Civil War: A Narrative (d. 2005) November 20 Hamida Habibullah, Indian politician (d. 2018) Evelyn Keyes, American actress (d. 2008) November 23 Michael Gough, Malayan-born English actor (d. 2011) P. K. Page, Canadian poet (d. 2010) November 24 Forrest J Ackerman, American writer (d. 2008) Frankie Muse Freeman, American civil rights attorney (d. 2018) November 25 – Cosmo Haskard, Irish-born former British colonial administrator and retired British Army officer (d. 2017) November 26 – Gerhard Unger, German tenor (d. 2011) November 27 – Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002) November 28 Lilian, Princess of Réthy, born Mary Lilian Baels, English-born Belgian queen consort of Leopold III (d. 2002) Ramón José Velásquez, 44th President of Venezuela (d. 2014) November 29 Fran Ryan, American actress (d. 2000) Helen Clare, British singer (d. 2018) November 30 – John C. Harkness, American architect (d. 2016) December December 1 – Wan Li, Chinese government official (d. 2015) December 5 – Hilary Koprowski, Polish virologist and immunologist (d. 2013) December 6 Kristján Eldjárn, 3rd President of Iceland (d. 1982) Pratap Chandra Lal, Indian military advisor (d. 1982) Hugo Peretti, American songwriter and record producer (d. 1986) December 7 George Russell Weller, American salesman known for the Santa Monica Farmer's Market incident (d. 2010) John G. Morris, American picture editor (d. 2017) December 8 Richard Fleischer, American film director (d. 2006) T. K. Whitaker, Irish economist and public servant (d. 2017) December 9 Jerome Beatty, Jr., American author of children's literature (d. 2002) Kirk Douglas, American film actor (d. 2020) Esther Wilkins, American dentist (d. 2016) December 11 – Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (d. 1989) December 12 – Anne Vermeer, Dutch politician (d. 2018) December 14 – Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965) December 15 – Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) December 16 – Birgitta Valberg, Swedish actress (d. 2014) December 18 Douglas Fraser, Scottish-born union leader (d. 2008) Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973) Franciszek Kornicki, Polish fighter pilot (d. 2017) December 19 Roy Baker, English film director (d. 2010) Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist (d. 2010) John Crutcher, American politician (d. 2017) December 20 – Morrie Schwartz, American professor (d. 1995) December 21 – Arsène Tchakarian, Armenian-French resistance fighter (d. 2018) December 24 Ron G. Mason, English oceanographer (d. 2009) Cecília Schelingová, Czechoslovakian Roman Catholic religious professed, martyr and blessed (d. 1955) December 25 Ahmed Ben Bella, Algerian politician, 1st President of Algeria (d. 2012) Graciela Naranjo, Venezuelan singer and actress (d. 2001) December 27 – Cathy Lewis, American actress (d. 1968) Date unknown Saad Jumaa, 17th Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1979) Deaths January January 1 Max Bastelberger, German doctor and entomologist (b. 1851) Adán Cárdenas, Nicaraguan doctor and politician, 16th President of Nicaragua (b. 1836) January 2 Joseph Rucker Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1857) Félix Sardà y Salvany, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and writer (b. 1844) January 5 – Ulpiano Checa, Spanish painter, sculptor and illustrator (b. 1860) January 7 – Andrés Baquero, Spanish teacher and writer (b. 1853) January 8 Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (b. 1884) Eugene W. Hilgard, German-born American soil scientist (b. 1833) January 9 – Ada Rehan, Irish-born American Shakespearean actress (b. 1859) January 10 – Guido Baccelli, Italian physician (b. 1830) January 11 Cyril VIII Geha, Greek Catholic patriarch (b. 1840) Takashima Tomonosuke, Japanese general (b. 1844) January 12 Léon Autonne, French engineer and mathematician (b. 1859) Georgios Theotokis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1844) January 13 George Bengescu-Dabija, Wallachian-born Romanian poet, playwright, and general (b. 1844) Vasile Hossu, Romanian Orthodox priest and bishop (b. 1866) Victoriano Huerta, Mexican general and statesman, 35th President of Mexico (b. 1850) January 14 – Otto Ammon, German anthropologist (b. 1842) January 15 – Vojtech Alexander, Slovakian radiologist (b. 1857) January 16 Arnold Aletrino, Dutch physician (b. 1858) William Montrose Graham Jr., American general (b. 1834) Juana María Condesa Lluch, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862) January 17 – Arthur V. Johnson, American actor and director (b. 1876) January 18 – Lorenzo Latorre, Uruguayan officer and politician, 11th President of Uruguay (b. 1844) January 19 Dora Knowlton Ranous, American actress, author and translator (b. 1859) Antoine Simon, French composer (b. 1850) January 20 – Ephraim Francis Baldwin, American architect (b. 1837) January 30 – Sir Clements Markham, British explorer and geographer (b. 1830) February February 3 – Metropolitan Ioan Mețianu, Romanian cleric (b. 1828) February 6 Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer (b. 1867) Isala Van Diest, Belgian physician (b. 1842) February 7 Franklin E. Brooks, U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado (b. 1847) Ludwika Szczęsna, Polish Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1863) February 9 – Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (b. 1843) February 12 – Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831) February 13 Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (b. 1864) Carlos Antonio Mendoza, Panamanian politician, acting President of Panama (b. 1856) February 18 – Hans Schmidt, German Roman Catholic priest (executed) (b. 1881) February 19 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1838) February 20 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844) |
number of tricks the bidder believes they and their partner will take and the suit that will be trump for that hand, or that there will be no trump suit. For instance, a bid of "seven spades" (7) indicates that the player intends to win seven or more tricks with spades being the trump suit, whereas a bid of "seven no-trump" (7NT) indicates that the player intends to win seven or more tricks with no trump suit (in which case the only trump card is the joker). In American play, a bid of six is called an "inkle". A player who bids "inkle spades" is indicating to their partner that they have some spades but not enough to bid seven. Only the first two players may inkle. A player may elect not to bid, or to "pass". Bidding proceeds clockwise around the table, with each player passing or making a higher-scoring bid. A player who passes cannot subsequently make a bid in that hand. A player who has bid may only bid again in that hand if there has been an intervening bid by another player. However, in some variations a player who has bid and not passed may always bid again in that hand. The order of seniority of suits in bidding (highest to lowest, as reflected in the scores below) is hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades. Therefore, for example, a player who bids 7 may be outbid by a subsequent bidding player on 7 or 7, but not seven spades. A "no-trump" bid beats any suited bid of the same number. Inkles are typically also similarly ranked: If the first player bids 6, the next player cannot inkle spades, clubs, or diamonds. Their only options are to 6NT, bid seven or more (of any suit, or no-trump or Misère), or pass. Eventually, all but one player passes and the bid is decided. In American play, there is only one round of bidding, with each player getting one chance, in turn, to either bid or pass. The player making the successful bid then collects the kitty. This player sorts through their hand and discards the least-useful three (or five in the case of a 45-card deck) cards (possibly including cards picked up from the kitty), and places them face down; the discarded cards playing no further part in the hand. If nobody makes a bid, there are multiple variations. Most commonly, the hand is declared dead and a reshuffle and redeal is made. This can be repeated only twice, after which the deal passes to the next player. Alternatively, the game is played where no bids mean the round is played as no-trump, and scoring is ten points per trick. Other variations include that the deal passes to the next player (no reshuffle); or that if no one else makes a bid, the dealer is required to make a bid. Special bids No-trump means that the joker(s) are the only trump card(s) (there are no bowers and no trump suit when playing no-trump or "no-ies"). J5 is a special version of no-trump where a jack replaces the ace as the highest card of its respective suit, keeping the rules in line with a suited game. The joker remains the only trump card, and the normal agreed-upon rules of its use still apply. In a J5 game there is no lower bower (e.g., the jack of diamonds is not considered a heart and so on). Other cards follow their typical hierarchy. A Misère (also called Nulot, Nouly , Nullo, Nula or Nello) bid means the bidding player is trying to not win any tricks. If playing with a partner, the partner folds their cards and does not participate in the round. Misère is the French word meaning "extreme poverty". It can be bid at any time. Open Misère is the same as misère except the player playing this bid must reveal all of their cards to their opponents after the first trick. Also called Lay Down Misère and may be made at any time. Blind Misère is the same as misère except the bid must be called before the player views their cards. Double nullo is an American variant in which both players of the bidding team play and must not win any tricks. This is also called Grand nullo, which is often corrupted to Granola. Shields Double is a variant of Double nullo where one partner of the bidding team plays their hand open (after the initial trick). Patastrophe is an Open Misère where both partners on the bidding team play, with both calling partners playing their hand open (after the first trick). Patastrophe is worth 1000 points. The Wilkinson version of Misère is agreed to before the outset of the game, and is bid as such: 'closed misère' can be bid any time (even as a first bid) but is played open, and 'open misère' may also be bid likewise but is played open and without the kitty. Hi/Lo or 5 and 5 bid means one player intends to win 5 tricks and lose 5 tricks in the hand. The game is typically worth 350 points, and therefore outbids a 9 or 9 bid, but not a 9 or 9. The game play is similar to a No-trump game in that the Joker is the only trump card and may only be used if the player cannot otherwise follow suit. When a Hi/Lo call is made the bidder's partner folds their cards and does not participate in the hand. This is also called Even Stevens in Australia. Ralphing is when a person that bids gets set by more than 3 tricks (that is a person wins the bid with 9 but only takes 6, or bids Nullo and takes 3 or more tricks). In the event that a person is Ralphed, they are not allowed to bid in the next hand. The name comes from a person that would repeatedly over-bid and lose dreadfully each time. The rule was instituted so others would be allowed to win bids. Slam: If, after picking up the kitty, a player who bid a seven-trick contract (but not over seven and not misère) feels that they could win all ten tricks, they may call for a slam hand. The partner of the player who calls for a slam passes a single card to their partner then folds their hand and does not play. The contractor who called for the slam hand must discard until they have only 10 cards remaining before starting play. The contractor must then win all ten tricks, or lose the point value of the bid, plus 100 points. Because the total value of the slam hand is the same as the value of a bid of eight in the same suit, it is not advantageous for a player to intentionally underbid a hand in order to make a slam bid. For a variation on the Slam rule, see the 'Variations in score keeping' section. Play The game focuses on tricks. The lead starts with the player who won the bidding. In some variations, the player to the dealer's left leads first regardless of who won the bid. Players must follow suit if they can (this includes the left bower or any other card that is considered a trump, if trump is led). If a player no longer has any cards of the suit that is led, they may play any card in their hand. After all four players have played a card, the highest trump takes the trick. If no trump is played, the highest card of the lead suit wins the trick. The winner of the trick leads on the next trick. Once all ten tricks have been played, the hand is scored. The player to the left of the previous dealer deals for the next hand, so that the deal moves clockwise around the table. Double nullo may be called by one partner even if the other partner passes. In this instance the player who calls nullo draws in his/her partner and both must play and not take any tricks. The person who calls double nullo picks up the kitty and gives the five cards he/she wants to discard to their partner. Their partner then must take those five cards and pick the ones he/she wants to keep and discard the rest. Variations Variations exist, with appropriate additions or deductions to the deck for playing three, five or six-handed 500. Three-handed uses no teams, five-handed teams rotate and each player takes a turn without a partner, six-handed can be played as either three teams of two or two teams of three. Six-handed 500 requires a special deck with 63 cards. Set Rule The game may be played with a standard variation known as setting. An opponent is set when they fail to fulfill a contract by a predetermined number of bids. The point system and scoring remain as per standard, but an opponent who is awarded the kitty and is subsequently set is not allowed to bid in the next round. Note that it is only the player awarded the kitty (not all players on the team) that is not allowed to bid in the next round. In the case of a set occurring during double misère the player who touches the kitty first is not allowed to bid in the next round. Typically, the set occurs at one trick more than is actually necessary to break the bidding team's contract. In other words, 5 tricks in a 7-trick bid, 4 tricks in an 8-trick bid, 3 tricks in a 9-trick bid, 2 tricks in a 10-trick bid. However, for misère, open misère, and double misère a set always occurs at 3 tricks. Breach rule (related to the Set rule) Breach indicates that a non-bidding team intends to breach the contract of a bidding team by at least one more trick than is actually necessary to break the contract. As opposed to the Setting rule, Breach must be called on a per hand basis, and does result in additional scoring. Typically, Breach is not played in a game when the setting rule is being used. A single player from a non-bidding partnership may call to breach another team's contract after a successful bid for a seven-trick (or more) contract has been made. The breach call may be made before or after the contracting team picks up the kitty, but must be made before game play starts. Typically, a breach occurs at one trick more than is actually necessary to break the bidding team's contract. In other words, 5 tricks in a 7-trick bid, 4 tricks in an 8-trick bid, 3 tricks in a 9-trick bid, 2 tricks in a 10-trick bid. However, for misère, open misère, and double misère a breach always occurs at 3 tricks. A breach call can result in three different scenarios: Win/Lose If the bidding team successfully fulfills its contract, then it receives the full points of the original bid, and the team calling breach loses points. Lose/Lose If the bidding team does not fulfill its bid, but the opposing team does not take the necessary number of tricks to perform a breach, then the bidding team loses the point value of the original bid, and the team calling breach loses the predetermined value of the breach call. Lose/Win If the bidding team loses its bid by the pre-established number of tricks, then the bidding team loses the contract points, and the team calling breach gains the predetermined value of the breach call. Because breach is not considered an actual bid, a team may not win or lose (“go out the back door”) based on points gained or lost from a breach call. A player who calls breach but does not fulfill the conditions of breach (win/lose or lose/lose scenario) is not allowed to bid in the next round. A player who bids a seven-trick contract but is successfully breached by an opponent (lose/win scenario) is not allowed to bid in the next round. Point Spread rule A variation on the score keeping, the point-spread rule ends the game when one team has a negative score and the other team has a positive score, which results in a point spread of 500 or more points. Versions Two-handed 500 Two-handed 500 is played with a deck of 43 cards as per the standard game. Whereas in the standard game which includes partners, in the Two-handed game each player plays both the hand that is dealt to them and their partner's which is dealt to the table. The deal is the same as the standard game, except that the partners hands are dealt to the table so that they have 5 cards face down, each covered by a face up card (to give a total of 10 cards). Bidding is the same as the standard game except Misère is generally not allowed. The kitty is used with the player's hand only and no cards can be swapped between the hands. Order of play is as per the standard game. After each trick any exposed face down cards from the partner's hands are turned up and revealed. Play then continues with the lead from the hand that won the last trick. Alternatively, the game can be played as per three-handed but with a "dead hand". An alternative version is played with the standard 52 card deck. Each player is dealt ten cards and then 8 more cards are exposed on the table. Each player chooses one of these cards to be added to the kitty. No dummies are used and the bidding is standard. After the bid is won the defending player adds one of the remaining exposed cards to their hand and discards an unwanted card. The remaining exposed cards are added to the dead card pile. One additional variant is to use a standard game deck of 45 (or 43) cards and have players alternate in drawing cards from the central deck. The kitty is set aside in advance, and in turn, players draw a card, choose to keep or discard it, and then either discard or keep the next card, taking the opposite action as with the previous card. Three-handed 500 Three-handed 500 is played with a deck of 33 cards (a joker plus a "Piquet pack", i.e. 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s and 6s removed from the standard 52 cards). Dealing, scoring and game play are as for the standard game. The common variant is in bidding, where misère may be bid before a bid for seven tricks. This variant is permitted due to the relative rarity of seven-trick bids outside of team play. Open misère may be bid in a similar fashion. Alternatively, the game may be played with the standard deck (45 or 43 cards) with one hand dealt face down, which remains untouched during the game (a so-called "dead hand"). The common strategy is that the two players who are unsuccessful in bidding form a temporary alliance in an attempt to force the other player to lose their bid. Five-handed 500 Another variation allows five players to play. All of the cards in a deck are used (although only one joker) so that each player can be dealt ten cards. The bidding starts to the dealer's left, and works by the same system as normal 500. The player who wins the bidding may then | some variations, the joker may only be played as the first or last card in a suit. In other variations, the person who wins the bid also has the option to 'Declare'. Such a declaration entitles the winner of the bid to receive one card from their partner after discarding from the kitty or blind. The partner picks their best card and hands it face down to the winning bidder, who must then discard one additional card to retain a ten-card hand. The winning bidder now plays against the opponents without the assistance of the partner and must take all ten tricks. If such a bid is unsuccessful it is scored as −500 (negative 500). Walker Ultimate 500 A variation in which the winning team/player must win exactly 500 points. The game is played as normal, with the additional rule that 1000 points (like negative 500 points) loses the game. "Peggings" (or "Scab Points") must be played. This variation usually (not always) results in a longer game, and generates an enjoyable level of complexity to both the bidding and playing. Local variants may exclude either open misère, misère or both. French Canadian Variation A variation for four players using two Jokers ("bonhommes") and a standard 52-card pack stripped of 2s and 3s. The white Joker ("la blanche") is considered stronger. The players are dealt 10 cards each in batches of 3–3–4. When 3 are passed, another 3 go to the kitty ("chatte", middle of the table). There should be 6 cards in the middle after the deal. Some variations allow for the final card placed in the kitty to be turned upright for all players to see. The attacking player takes the kitty and discards six cards of their choice, and no other player may see them. The bidding goes accordingly with the other variation, and Misère ("Nulot") may be allowed. The "petite" misère is equal to 500 points and can only be outbid by 8NT while "la grosse" or open misère is worth 1000 points and can only be outbid by 10NT (the latter is distinguished in that all cards are placed face-up on the table). The game is played to a total of 1000 points. If a team fails to fulfil its contract, the points are added to the other team's total. Points are never subtracted. Score keeping The goal is for the team who wins the bid to take at least as many tricks as they bid. If the high bid is 8, then the team wins the hand if they take 8, 9, or all 10 tricks and are awarded points according to the table below. There are no bonuses for overtricks (tricks over the number bid) in the original rules. If they do not make their bid, the same number of points is subtracted from their score. Whether or not the bid winning team achieves its bid, the opposing team receives 10 points for each trick they take. A team wins the game by scoring at least 500 points; if two teams score 500 or more in the same hand, one by winning their contracted bid and the opponent by winning some tricks, only the team winning the bid wins the game ("goes out the front door"), although some Australian versions (see below) hold that winning the game at any time requires winning a bid. The original (copyrighted 1904) rules, by the U.S. Playing Card Co., state "If any player scores out during play of a hand, balance of hand is not played, unless the bidder can win out" meaning that the first player to make 500 wins, unless the bidder (also called the "maker" or "declarer") makes 500 later in the same hand. A team whose score dips to −500 points or below (referred to as "set back 500 points") loses the game. This is also known as going "out the back door" or "out backwards". Avondale The following table is the most commonly used "Avondale" Scoring (and bid precedence) convention} {| class="wikitable" |----- !Tricks ! Spades !! Clubs !! Diamonds !! Hearts ! No Trump |----- ! 6 tricks | 40 || 60 || 80 || 100 || 120 |----- ! 7 tricks | 140 || 160 || 180 || 200 | 220 |----- ! 8 tricks | 240 || 260 || 280 || 300 | 320 |----- ! 9 tricks | 340 || 360 || 380 || 400 | 420 |----- ! 10 tricks | 440 || 460 || 480 || 500 | 520 |----- ! Slam | colspan="5" | 250 for contract below total points of 250, normal for above 250 |----- ! Misère | colspan="5" | 250 |----- ! Open Misère | colspan="5" | 500 |----- ! Blind Misère | colspan="5" | 1000 |} Original {| class="wikitable" |----- !Tricks ! Spades !! Clubs !! Diamonds !! Hearts ! No Trump |----- ! 6 tricks | 40 || 80 || 120 || 160 || 200 |----- ! 7 tricks | 60 || 120 || 180 || 240 | 300 |----- ! 8 tricks | 80 || 160 || 240 || 320 | 400 |----- ! 9 tricks | 100 || 200 || 300 || 400 | 500 |----- ! 10 tricks | 120 || 240 || 360 || 480 | 600 |----- ! Slam | colspan="5" | 250 for contract below total points of 250, normal for above 250 |----- ! Misère | colspan="5" | 250 |----- ! Open Misère | colspan="5" | 500 |----- ! Blind Misère | colspan="5" | 1000 |} Perfect variant Scoring for each family of tricks is reduced by 20 points (see table below), causing 10NT (the highest bid) to be worth exactly 500 points. {| class="wikitable" |----- !Tricks ! Spades !! Clubs !! Diamonds !! Hearts ! No Trump |----- ! 6 tricks | 20 || 40 || 60 || 80 || 100 |----- ! 7 tricks | 120 || 140 || 160 || 180 | 200 |----- ! 8 tricks | 220 || 240 || 260 || 280 | 300 |----- ! 9 tricks | 320 || 340 || 360 || 380 | 400 |----- ! 10 tricks | 420 || 440 || 460 || 480 | 500 |----- ! Misère | colspan="5" | 150 |----- ! Open Misère | colspan="5" | 250 |----- ! Hi/Lo | colspan="5" | 350 |----- ! Double Misère | colspan="5" | 450 |----- ! Patastrophe | colspan="5" | 750 |----- ! Blind Misère | colspan="5" | 1000 |} Other scoring variations These are options that may be agreed upon amongst players at the outset, or regional variations of the usually-assumed rules. 6-trick bids are considered inkles, raising the minimum bid to 7. If a team bids 8 or less, but takes all 10 tricks, they can receive 250 points; known as a "slam". A variation (common in Australia) is to require a team to win the game by scoring at least 500 points through winning bids, which means that any team surpassing 500 points solely with tricks has not yet won the game; the game would continue until a team wins through winning a bid. The game can be played with the removal of the trick points, thus only winning bids score points. If two or more teams pass 500 points on the same hand, a non-standard variation is to give the game to the one with the highest points. A team whose score dips below −500 points loses the game only if the other team is not in the negative. In an unrestricted bidding game, there are no limitations on which hands can be called when, such as only allowing a Misère call after a bid of 7 has already been made. Instead, each subsequent player need only be able to outbid the current highest bid (or pass). Some informal games allow the bidder to lay down several cards at once when they know they will win the tricks, but some rules penalise such actions with 100 points. According to the rules supplied with most Australian 500-specific playing card decks, 6 is scored as 40 points, 6 as 60 points, increasing by 20 points each bid in this fashion to 120 points for 6NT all the way through to 520 points for 10NT. However, Open Misère, also scoring 520 points, is ranked as the highest bid. Additionally, Misère is deemed to outrank a 7 bid but not an 8 bid. Split the colours In this scoring variation Misère outbids 7/7, but not 7/7; Open Misère outbids 8/8, but not 8/8; Hi/Lo outbids 9/9, but not 9/9; and Double Misère outbids 10/10, but not 10/10 (shown in table below). Strategy Bidding Bids are typically made with the consideration that one will be receiving cards from the kitty and playing with a partner (except for misère and open misère) who hopefully will also be able to win a certain number of tricks. While the number of tricks one feel one's partner will be able to win will vary in each situation, one should bid based on that assumption and not only on the cards in one's hand. On the other hand, it is also important to remember that one's partner will be using the same strategy in their bidding; and therefore, if one's partner bids 6, for example, one may not necessarily want to bid 8 simply because one have two cards of the proposed trump suit in one's hand. When confronted with a hand that is more-or-less even in two different suits, it is customary to bid on the suit with a higher point value. Card Counting When playing with 45 cards, the deck is composed of four suits with 11 cards each, and one Joker. In a suited contract (7, 8, and so on), the trump suit will have 13 cards, the suit of the same colour will have only ten, and the two suits of opposite colour will remain at 11 cards each. A simple strategy to bidding is to attempt to predict how the unaccounted-for trump cards (the ones one don't actually hold in one's hand) would be distributed among the remaining players, excluding the kitty, with all things being equal. In other words, if one hold seven cards of one suit it can be helpful to assume that the remaining six trump cards are distributed evenly among the remaining three players (two each and none in the kitty). Doing so can provide a basic idea of how many times one's opponents will be able to follow suit in each of the four suits. Discarding the kitty If one are successful at bidding a suited contract and are awarded the kitty, a basic strategy of discarding is to eliminate as many non-trump suits from one's hand as possible, thus giving the most opportunity to use trump cards. However, discarding as many suits as possible is only a basic strategy, and should be met with some qualifications. First, in most contract bids it is beneficial to keep an ace of any non-trump suit, as with all things being equal each player will with high probability have at least two cards of any given non-trump suit, making the ace of that suit a winning card. Second, it can also be effective in some circumstances to intentionally keep the king of a non-trump suit and a low card of the same suit (for example the 6 and K when spades are trump) when one are unable to discard that suit entirely. The resulting strategy is to then play the low card first, with the assumption that one will lose the trick to the player holding the ace of that suit, and then when one have regained control of the table the king is played under the assumption that it will be a winning card. Playing the cards The way in which cards should be led will always be situational, and is subject to variations in the rules described in the Rules section. Leading trump Sometimes called flushing or bleeding trump, leading the trump suit immediately can often be (but isn't always) an effective strategy. This is typically done in the following situations. First, when a player has an above-average number of high trump cards they may wish to flush out the missing high trump cards. For example, if a player who has bid 7 is left holding the red joker and , then they have five of the six highest cards (and six total). A suitable strategy would be to start the game playing highest trump (the Joker) in an attempt to force the play of the J. An alternative, but similar, strategy in |
is won by Simone Federman in a four-seat Daimler Omnibus, at an average speed of . May 24 – Anti-Japanese officials, led by Tang Jingsong in Taiwan, declare independence from the Qing Dynasty, forming the short-lived Republic of Formosa. May 25 – R. v. Wilde: Oscar Wilde is convicted in London of "unlawfully committing acts of gross indecency with certain male persons" (under the Labouchere Amendment) and given a two years' sentence of hard labour, during which he will write De Profundis. May 27 – In re Debs: The Supreme Court of the United States decides that the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce, legalizing the military suppression of the Pullman Strike. June 5 – The Liberal Revolution begins in Ecuador, making the civil war more intense in this country. June 11 Britain annexes Tongaland, between Zululand and Mozambique. The Paris–Bordeaux–Paris race is held, sometimes called the first automobile race in history. June 20 The Kiel Canal, connecting the North Sea to the Baltic across the base of the Jutland peninsula in Germany, is officially opened. The Treaty of Amapala establishes the union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador (which ends in 1898). June 28 – The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules that James Reavis's claim to the Barony of Arizona is "wholly fictitious and fraudulent". July–September July 10–11 – The Doukhobors' pacifist protests culminate in the "burning of the arms" in the South Caucasus. July 15 – Archie MacLaren scores an English County Championship cricket record innings of 424 for Lancashire, against Somerset, at Taunton. This record lasted until 1994. July 31 – The Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) is founded by Sabino Arana. August 7 – The Aljaž Tower, a symbol of the Slovenes, is erected on Mount Triglav. August 10 – The first ever indoor promenade concert, origin of The Proms, is held at the Queen's Hall in London, opening a series conducted by Henry Wood. August 19 – American frontier murderer and outlaw John Wesley Hardin is killed by an off-duty policeman, in a saloon in El Paso, Texas. August 29 The Northern Rugby Football Union (the modern-day Rugby Football League) is formed at a meeting of 21 rugby clubs at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, in the north of England, leading to the creation of the sport of rugby league football. The Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo is incited. September – Shelbourne F.C. is founded in Dublin, Ireland. September 3 – The first professional American football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club (Latrobe wins 12–0). September 7 – The first game of what will become known as rugby league football is played in England, starting the 1895–96 Northern Rugby Football Union season. September 18 Booker T. Washington delivers the Atlanta Compromise speech. Daniel David Palmer performs the first chiropractic spinal adjustment, on Harvey Lillard, whose complaint was partial deafness after an injury. September 24–October 3 – the Automobile Club de France sponsors the longest race to date, a event, from Bordeaux to Agen and back. Because it is held in ten stages, it can be considered the first rally. The first three places are taken by two Panhards and a three-wheeler De Dion-Bouton. October–December October Rudyard Kipling publishes the story Mowgli Leaves the Jungle Forever in The Cosmopolitan illustrated magazine in the United States (price 10 cents), collected in The Second Jungle Book, published in England in November. The London School of Economics holds its first classes in London, England. October 1 – French troops capture Antananarivo, Madagascar. October 2 – Peiyang University, as predecessor of Tianjin University, as representative institution of higher education school in China, was founded in former Qing Dynasty. October 8 – The Eulmi Incident: Empress Myeongseong of Korea is killed at her private residence within Gyeongbokgung Palace by Japanese agents. October 22 – Montparnasse derailment: A locomotive runs through the exterior wall of the Gare Montparnasse terminus, in Paris. October 23 – The city of Tainan, last stronghold of the Republic of Formosa, capitulates to the forces of the Empire of Japan, ending the short-lived republic, and beginning the era of Taiwan under Japanese rule. October 31 – A major earthquake occurs in the New Madrid Seismic Zone of the midwestern United States, the last to date. November 1 – The Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first cinema ever, with a short movie presented by the Skladanowsky brothers November 5 – George B. Selden is granted the first U.S. patent for an automobile. November 8 – Wilhelm Röntgen discovers a type of radiation (later known as X-rays). November 17 – Flamengo, a well known professional football club in Brazil, is officially founded. November 25 – Oscar Hammerstein opens the Olympia Theatre, the first theatre to be built in New York City's Times Square district. November 27 – At the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Alfred Nobel signs his last will and testament, setting aside his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after his death. November 28 – Chicago Times-Herald race: The first American automobile race in history is sponsored by the Chicago Times-Herald. Press coverage first arouses significant American interest in the automobile. December Ottoman troops burn 3,000 Armenians alive in Urfa . The Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War begins. December 7 – A corps of 2,350 Italian troops, mostly Askari, are crushed by 30,000 Abyssinian troops at Amba Alagi. December 11 – Svante Arrhenius becomes the first scientist to deliver quantified data about the sensitivity of global climate to atmospheric carbon dioxide (the "Greenhouse effect"), as he presents his paper "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon The Temperature of the Ground" to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. December 15 – The railways of the Cape of Good Hope, Colony of Natal, the Orange Free State, the South African Republic and southern Mozambique are all linked at Union Junction near Alberton. December 18 – The Laurin & Klement automobile brand, predecessor of Škoda Auto, is founded as a bicycle manufacturer in Central Bohemian Region, Kingdom of Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic). December 24 Kingstown lifeboat disaster: 15 crew are lost when their life-boat capsizes, while trying to rescue the crew of the SS Palme off Kingstown (modern-day Dún Laoghaire), near Dublin, Ireland. George Washington Vanderbilt II officially opens his Biltmore Estate, inviting his family and guests to celebrate his new home in Asheville, North Carolina. December 28 – Auguste and Louis Lumière show their first moving picture film in Paris. Date unknown The world's first portable handheld electric drill is developed, by brothers Wilhelm and Carl Fein in Germany. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposes a space elevator. Grace Chisholm Young becomes the first woman awarded a doctorate at a German university. W. E. B. Du Bois becomes the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. The Swarovski Company is founded by Armand Kosman, Franz Weis and Daniel Swarovski in the Austrian Tyrol, for the production of crystal glass. The name HP Sauce is first registered in the United Kingdom for a brown sauce. The Duck Reach Power Station opens in Tasmania (the first publicly owned hydroelectric plant in the Southern Hemisphere). The first Boxer dog show is held at Munich, Germany. A huge crowd at the first Welsh Grand National at Ely Racecourse, Cardiff, breaks down barriers and almost overwhelms police trying to keep out gatecrashers. German trade unions have c. 270,000 members. Raiffeisen Cooperative Credit and Saving Bank, as predecessor of Rabo Bank, a multiple financial service on worldwide, founded in Netherlands. Births January January 1 Bert Acosta, American aviator (d. 1954) J. Edgar Hoover, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 1972) January 4 – Leroy Grumman, American aeronautical engineer, test pilot and industrialist (d. 1982) January 5 – A. Edward Sutherland, English film director and actor (d. 1973) January 9 – Lucian Truscott, American general (d. 1965) January 11 – Graciela Amaya de García, Mexican feminist, organizer (d. 1995) January 15 Leo Aryeh Mayer, Israeli professor, scholar of Islamic art (d. 1959) Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) January 19 Isamu Chō, Japanese general (d. 1945) Arthur Coningham, British air force air marshal (d. 1948) January 21 Cristóbal Balenciaga, Spanish-French couturier (d. 1972) Davíð Stefánsson, Icelandic poet (d. 1964) January 23 – Raymond Griffith, American actor (d. 1957) January 30 Marianne Golz, Austrian-born opera singer and World War II resistance member (d. 1943) Wilhelm Gustloff, German-born Swiss Nazi party leader (d. 1936) February February 2 – George Halas, American football player, coach, and co-founder of the National Football League (d. 1983) February 6 – Babe Ruth, American baseball player (d. 1948) February 8 – Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic, Prime Minister of the Mongolian People's Republic (d. 1952) February 10 – John Black, English chairman of Standard-Triumph (d. 1965) February 14 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher, sociologist (d. 1973) February 15 – Earl Thomson, Canadian athlete (d. 1971) February 18 (O.S. 6 February) – Semyon Timoshenko, Soviet general, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1970) February 19 Louis Calhern, American actor (d. 1956) Diego Mazquiarán, Spanish matador (d. 1940) February 21 – Henrik Dam, Danish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976) February 25 – Lew Andreas, American basketball coach (d. 1984) February 27 – Edward Brophy, American character actor (d. 1960) February 28 Louise Lovely, Australian actress (d. 1980) Marcel Pagnol, French novelist, playwright (d. 1974) March March 3 Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) Matthew Ridgway, United States Army Chief of Staff, Commander of NATO (d. 1993) March 4 Mikuláš Galanda, Slovak painter and illustrator (d. 1938) Shemp Howard, American actor, comedian (The Three Stooges) (d. 1955) Milt Gross, American comic book illustrator, animator (d. 1953) March 12 – William C. Lee, American general (d. 1948) March 20 Robert Benoist, French race car driver, war hero (d. 1944) Johnny Morrison, American professional baseball player (d. 1966) March 22 – Archie Cameron, Australian politician (d. 1956) March 23 – Encarnacion Alzona, Filipino historian (d. 2001) March 27 – Ruth Snyder, American murderer (d. 1928) March 28 Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, (d. 1957) Donald Grey Barnhouse, American theologian, pastor, author, and radio pioneer (d. 1960) Spencer W. Kimball, 12th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1985) James McCudden, British World War I flying ace (d. 1918) March 29 Ernst Jünger, German military hero, philosopher and entomologist (d. 1998) George Vasey, Australian general (d. 1945) March 30 – Carl Lutz, Swiss-American WWII humanitarian (d. 1975) April April 1 – Alberta Hunter, American singer (d. 1984) April 3 – Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (d. 1968) April 4 – John Kotelawala, 3rd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1980) April 5 – Mike O'Dowd, American boxer (d. 1957) April 10 – Elena Aiello, Italian Roman Catholic professed religious (d. 1961) April 12 – John Erskine, Lord Erskine, British soldier and politician (d. 1953) April 13 – Olga Rudge, American violinist (d. 1996) April 14 – Anton Reinthaller, Austrian right-wing politician (d. 1958) April 15 Corrado Alvaro, Italian verismo' writer and journalist (d. 1968) Clark McConachy, New Zealand snooker, billiards player (d. 1980) April 19 – Antonio Locatelli, Italian aviator and journalist (d. 1936) April 20 – Emile Christian, American musician (d. 1973) April 25 – Stanley Rous, English administrator, 6th President of FIFA (d. 1986) April 26 – Hans Kopfermann, German physicist (d. 1963) April 29 – Malcolm Sargent, English conductor (d. 1967) May May 1 – Nikolai Yezhov, Soviet politician and police chief, Great Purge Perpetrator (d. 1940) May 2 – Lorenz Hart, US lyricist (d. 1943) May 5 – Charles Lamont, Russian-born film director (d. 1993) May 6 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (d. 1926) May 8 – Fulton J. Sheen, American Catholic archbishop, television personality (d. 1979) May 9 – Richard Barthelmess, American actor (d. 1963) May 10 – Kama Chinen, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1895 (d. 2010) May 11 – Jiddu Krishnamurti, Indian philosopher, speaker, and writer (d. 1986) May 12 – William Giauque, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982) May 15 – Prescott Bush, American banker and politician (d. 1972) May 17 Saul Adler, Russian-born British-Israeli expert on parasitology (d. 1966) May 21 – Lázaro Cárdenas, 44th President of Mexico, 1934-1940 (d. 1970) May 25 – Dorothea Lange, American documentary photographer, photojournalist (d. 1965) June June 3 – K. M. Panikkar, Indian scholar, diplomat and journalist (d. 1963) June 4 – Dino Grandi, Italian Fascist politician (d. 1988) Russell Hicks, American actor (d. 1957) June 5 – William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972) June 10 – Hattie McDaniel, actress, first African-American woman to win an Academy Award (in 1939) (d. 1952) June 12 Eugénie Brazier, French cook (d. 1977) Wilfrid Kent Hughes, Australian Olympian and politician (d. 1970) June 15 – Irina Odoyevtseva, Russian poet, novelist and memoirist (d. 1990) June 17 Louise Fazenda, American actress (d. 1962) Ruben Rausing, Swedish entrepreneur, founder of Tetra Pak (d. 1983) June 21 – John Wesley Snyder, American businessman and Cabinet Secretary (d. 1985) June 23 – Joseph Vogt, German classical historian (d. 1986) June 24 Jack Dempsey, American boxer (d. 1983) Juan Miles, Argentine polo player (d. 1981) June 28 – Kazimierz Sikorski, Polish composer (d. 1986) June 29 Dorothy Stuart Russell, Australian-British pathologist (d. 1983) June 30 – Heinz Warneke, American sculptor (d. 1983) July July 1 – Lucy Somerville Howorth, American lawyer, feminist and politician (d. 1997) July 2 Leslie Frise, British aerospace engineer and aircraft designer (d. 1979) Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi, Russian aircraft engineer (d. 1975) July 3 – Jean Paige, American actress (d. 1990) July 4 – Irving Caesar, American lyricist, theater composer (d. 1996) July 5 – Frederic McGrand, Canadian physician and politician (d. 1988) July 8 Heinrich-Hermann von Hülsen, German major | the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. The Swarovski Company is founded by Armand Kosman, Franz Weis and Daniel Swarovski in the Austrian Tyrol, for the production of crystal glass. The name HP Sauce is first registered in the United Kingdom for a brown sauce. The Duck Reach Power Station opens in Tasmania (the first publicly owned hydroelectric plant in the Southern Hemisphere). The first Boxer dog show is held at Munich, Germany. A huge crowd at the first Welsh Grand National at Ely Racecourse, Cardiff, breaks down barriers and almost overwhelms police trying to keep out gatecrashers. German trade unions have c. 270,000 members. Raiffeisen Cooperative Credit and Saving Bank, as predecessor of Rabo Bank, a multiple financial service on worldwide, founded in Netherlands. Births January January 1 Bert Acosta, American aviator (d. 1954) J. Edgar Hoover, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 1972) January 4 – Leroy Grumman, American aeronautical engineer, test pilot and industrialist (d. 1982) January 5 – A. Edward Sutherland, English film director and actor (d. 1973) January 9 – Lucian Truscott, American general (d. 1965) January 11 – Graciela Amaya de García, Mexican feminist, organizer (d. 1995) January 15 Leo Aryeh Mayer, Israeli professor, scholar of Islamic art (d. 1959) Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) January 19 Isamu Chō, Japanese general (d. 1945) Arthur Coningham, British air force air marshal (d. 1948) January 21 Cristóbal Balenciaga, Spanish-French couturier (d. 1972) Davíð Stefánsson, Icelandic poet (d. 1964) January 23 – Raymond Griffith, American actor (d. 1957) January 30 Marianne Golz, Austrian-born opera singer and World War II resistance member (d. 1943) Wilhelm Gustloff, German-born Swiss Nazi party leader (d. 1936) February February 2 – George Halas, American football player, coach, and co-founder of the National Football League (d. 1983) February 6 – Babe Ruth, American baseball player (d. 1948) February 8 – Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic, Prime Minister of the Mongolian People's Republic (d. 1952) February 10 – John Black, English chairman of Standard-Triumph (d. 1965) February 14 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher, sociologist (d. 1973) February 15 – Earl Thomson, Canadian athlete (d. 1971) February 18 (O.S. 6 February) – Semyon Timoshenko, Soviet general, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1970) February 19 Louis Calhern, American actor (d. 1956) Diego Mazquiarán, Spanish matador (d. 1940) February 21 – Henrik Dam, Danish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976) February 25 – Lew Andreas, American basketball coach (d. 1984) February 27 – Edward Brophy, American character actor (d. 1960) February 28 Louise Lovely, Australian actress (d. 1980) Marcel Pagnol, French novelist, playwright (d. 1974) March March 3 Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) Matthew Ridgway, United States Army Chief of Staff, Commander of NATO (d. 1993) March 4 Mikuláš Galanda, Slovak painter and illustrator (d. 1938) Shemp Howard, American actor, comedian (The Three Stooges) (d. 1955) Milt Gross, American comic book illustrator, animator (d. 1953) March 12 – William C. Lee, American general (d. 1948) March 20 Robert Benoist, French race car driver, war hero (d. 1944) Johnny Morrison, American professional baseball player (d. 1966) March 22 – Archie Cameron, Australian politician (d. 1956) March 23 – Encarnacion Alzona, Filipino historian (d. 2001) March 27 – Ruth Snyder, American murderer (d. 1928) March 28 Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, (d. 1957) Donald Grey Barnhouse, American theologian, pastor, author, and radio pioneer (d. 1960) Spencer W. Kimball, 12th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1985) James McCudden, British World War I flying ace (d. 1918) March 29 Ernst Jünger, German military hero, philosopher and entomologist (d. 1998) George Vasey, Australian general (d. 1945) March 30 – Carl Lutz, Swiss-American WWII humanitarian (d. 1975) April April 1 – Alberta Hunter, American singer (d. 1984) April 3 – Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (d. 1968) April 4 – John Kotelawala, 3rd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1980) April 5 – Mike O'Dowd, American boxer (d. 1957) April 10 – Elena Aiello, Italian Roman Catholic professed religious (d. 1961) April 12 – John Erskine, Lord Erskine, British soldier and politician (d. 1953) April 13 – Olga Rudge, American violinist (d. 1996) April 14 – Anton Reinthaller, Austrian right-wing politician (d. 1958) April 15 Corrado Alvaro, Italian verismo' writer and journalist (d. 1968) Clark McConachy, New Zealand snooker, billiards player (d. 1980) April 19 – Antonio Locatelli, Italian aviator and journalist (d. 1936) April 20 – Emile Christian, American musician (d. 1973) April 25 – Stanley Rous, English administrator, 6th President of FIFA (d. 1986) April 26 – Hans Kopfermann, German physicist (d. 1963) April 29 – Malcolm Sargent, English conductor (d. 1967) May May 1 – Nikolai Yezhov, Soviet politician and police chief, Great Purge Perpetrator (d. 1940) May 2 – Lorenz Hart, US lyricist (d. 1943) May 5 – Charles Lamont, Russian-born film director (d. 1993) May 6 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (d. 1926) May 8 – Fulton J. Sheen, American Catholic archbishop, television personality (d. 1979) May 9 – Richard Barthelmess, American actor (d. 1963) May 10 – Kama Chinen, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1895 (d. 2010) May 11 – Jiddu Krishnamurti, Indian philosopher, speaker, and writer (d. 1986) May 12 – William Giauque, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982) May 15 – Prescott Bush, American banker and politician (d. 1972) May 17 Saul Adler, Russian-born British-Israeli expert on parasitology (d. 1966) May 21 – Lázaro Cárdenas, 44th President of Mexico, 1934-1940 (d. 1970) May 25 – Dorothea Lange, American documentary photographer, photojournalist (d. 1965) June June 3 – K. M. Panikkar, Indian scholar, diplomat and journalist (d. 1963) June 4 – Dino Grandi, Italian Fascist politician (d. 1988) Russell Hicks, American actor (d. 1957) June 5 – William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972) June 10 – Hattie McDaniel, actress, first African-American woman to win an Academy Award (in 1939) (d. 1952) June 12 Eugénie Brazier, French cook (d. 1977) Wilfrid Kent Hughes, Australian Olympian and politician (d. 1970) June 15 – Irina Odoyevtseva, Russian poet, novelist and memoirist (d. 1990) June 17 Louise Fazenda, American actress (d. 1962) Ruben Rausing, Swedish entrepreneur, founder of Tetra Pak (d. 1983) June 21 – John Wesley Snyder, American businessman and Cabinet Secretary (d. 1985) June 23 – Joseph Vogt, German classical historian (d. 1986) June 24 Jack Dempsey, American boxer (d. 1983) Juan Miles, Argentine polo player (d. 1981) June 28 – Kazimierz Sikorski, Polish composer (d. 1986) June 29 Dorothy Stuart Russell, Australian-British pathologist (d. 1983) June 30 – Heinz Warneke, American sculptor (d. 1983) July July 1 – Lucy Somerville Howorth, American lawyer, feminist and politician (d. 1997) July 2 Leslie Frise, British aerospace engineer and aircraft designer (d. 1979) Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi, Russian aircraft engineer (d. 1975) July 3 – Jean Paige, American actress (d. 1990) July 4 – Irving Caesar, American lyricist, theater composer (d. 1996) July 5 – Frederic McGrand, Canadian physician and politician (d. 1988) July 8 Heinrich-Hermann von Hülsen, German major general (d. 1982) Igor Tamm, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) July 9 Joe Gleason, American pitcher (d. 1990) Frederick Melrose Horowhenua Hanson, New Zealand soldier, engineer, military leader and public servant (d. 1979) Gunnar Aaby, Danish soccer player (d. 1966) July 10 Andrew Earl Weatherly, American philatelist (d. 1981) Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982) Nahum Goldmann, leading Zionist (d. 1982) July 12 Kirsten Flagstad, Norwegian soprano (d. 1982) Buckminster Fuller, American architect (d. 1983) July 14 Jin Yuelin, Chinese philosopher (d. 1984) LeRoy Prinz, American choreographer, director and producer (d. 1983) July 18 – Olga Spessivtseva, Russian ballerina (d. 1991) July 19 Snake Henry, American baseball player (d. 1987) Tee Tee Luce, Burmese philanthropist (d. 1982) Xu Beihong, Chinese painter (d. 1953) July 20 – Chapman Revercomb, American politician and lawyer (d. 1979) July 21 Adam Papée, Polish fencing star (d. 1990) Henry Lynn, American film director, screenwriter, and producer (d. 1984) Ken Maynard, American actor (d. 1973) July 22 – León de Greiff, Colombian poet (d. 1976) July 23 – Aileen Pringle, American actress (d. 1989) July 24 – Robert Graves, English writer (d. 1985) July 25 Yvonne Printemps, French singer and actress (d. 1977) Ingeborg Spangsfeldt, Danish actress (d. 1968) July 26 Gracie Allen, American actress, comedian (d. 1964) Kenneth Harlan, American actor (d. 1967) July 30 – Joseph DuMoe, American football coach (d. 1959) August August 6 – Ernesto Lecuona, Cuban pianist, composer (d. 1963) August 8 Aimé Giral, French rugby player (d. 1915) Jean Navarre, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1919) August 10 – Harry Richman, American entertainer (d. 1972) August 12 – Lynde D. McCormick, American admiral (d. 1956) August 13 – István Barta, Hungarian water polo player (d. 1948) August 16 Liane Haid, Austrian actress (d. 2000) Lucien Littlefield, American actor (d. 1960) August 18 – Sibyl Morrison, Australian barrister (d. 1961) August 19 – François Demol, Belgian footballer (d. 1966) August 24 Guido Masiero, Italian World War I flying ace, aviation pioneer (d. 1942) Tuanku Abdul Rahman, King of Malaysia (d. 1960) September September 1 Chembai, Indian Carnatic musician (d. 1974) Engelbert Zaschka, German helicopter pioneer (d. 1955) September 6 – Margery Perham, English Africanist (d. 1982) September 7 – Sir Brian Horrocks, British general (d. 1985) September 8 – Sara García, Mexican actress (d. 1980) September 11 – Vinoba Bhave, Indian religious leader (d. 1982) September 13 Ruth McDevitt, American actress (d. 1976) Bernard Warburton-Lee, British naval officer, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1940) September 18 John Diefenbaker, 13th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1979) Tomoji Tanabe, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2009) September 20 – Lloyd W. Bertaud, American aviator (d. 1927) September 21 – Juan de la Cierva, Spanish civil engineer, aviator, aeronautical engineer and inventor of the autogyro (d. 1936) September 22 – Paul Muni, Austro-Hungarian-born American actor (d. 1967) September 24 – André Frédéric Cournand, French-born physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1988) September 29 – Joseph Banks Rhine, American parapsychologist (d. 1980) September 30 – Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Soviet general, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1977) October October 1 – Liaquat Ali Khan, 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1951) October 3 – Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin, Russian lyric poet (d. 1925) October 4 Buster Keaton, American actor, film director (d. 1966) Richard Sorge, Soviet spy (k. 1944) October 7 – Ferdinand Čatloš, Slovak military officer and politician (d. 1972) October 8 Juan Perón, two-time President of Argentina (d. 1974) King Zog of Albania (d. 1961) October 9 – Ivan Yumashev, Soviet admiral (d. 1972) October 10 – Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, German field marshal (d. 1945) October 13 Cemal Gürsel, Turkish army officer, President (d. 1966) Mike Gazella, American baseball player (d. 1978) October 14 – Silas Simmons, American Pre-Negro league baseball player, longest-lived professional baseball player (d. 2006) October 17 – Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, 21st President of Guatemala (d. 1982) October 19 – Lewis Mumford, American historian (d. 1990) October 20 – Evelyn Brent, American actress (d. 1975) Rex Ingram, African American actor (d. 1969) Morrie Ryskind, American dramatist (d. 1985) October 21 – Edna Purviance, American actress (d. 1958) October 22 – Rolf Nevanlinna, Finnish mathematician (d. 1980) October 24 – Charles Walter Allfrey, British general (d. 1964) October 25 – Levi Eshkol, Israeli Prime Minister (d. 1969) October 26 – Laura Třešňáková°, Czech actress (d. 1969) °-See Czech Wikipedia Page. October 28 – Ismail of Johor, Malaysian sultan (d. 1981) October 30 Gerhard Domagk, German bacteriologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (declined) (d. 1964) Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973) October 31 – Basil Liddell Hart, British military historian (d. 1970) November November 4 – Thomas G. W. Settle, American record-setting balloonist and admiral (d. 1980) November 5 – Walter Gieseking, German pianist (d. 1956) November 10 Franz Bachelin, German art director (d. 1980) John Knudsen Northrop, American airplane manufacturer (d. 1981) November 14 Walter Freeman, American physician (d. 1972) November 15 Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918) Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet, writer (d. 1976) November 16 – Paul Hindemith, German composer (d. 1963) November 17 – Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher, literary scholar (d. 1975) November 25 Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (d. 1991) Helen Hooven Santmyer, American writer (d. 1986) Ludvík Svoboda, 8th President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1979) November 29 Busby Berkeley, American film director, choreographer (d. 1976) William Tubman, 19th President of Liberia (d. 1971) December December 2 – Harriet Cohen, English pianist (d. 1967) December 3 – Sheng Shicai, Chinese warlord (d. 1970) December 5 – Mamerto Urriolagoitía, 43rd President of Bolivia (d. 1974) December 9 Whina Cooper, New Zealand schoolteacher, historian, and activist (d. 1994) Dolores Ibárruri, Spanish republican leader (d. 1989) December 11 Kiyoto Kagawa, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) Leo Ornstein, Russian-American composer (d. 2002) December 14 Paul Éluard, French poet (d. 1952) King George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 1952) December 24 – Marguerite Williams, African-American geologist (d.1991?) Date unknown Corneliu Carp, Romanian general (d. 1982) Husayn Al-Khalidi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1966) Deaths January–June January 3 – Mary Torrans Lathrap, American temperance reformer (b. 1838) January 4 – William Loring, British admiral (b. 1811) January 9 – Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American watchmaker (b. 1812) January 10 – Benjamin Godard, French composer (b. 1849) January 19 – António Luís de Seabra, 1st Viscount of Seabra, Portuguese magistrate and politician (b. 1798) January 24 – Lord Randolph Churchill, British statesman (b. 1849) January 25 – T. Muthuswamy Iyer, Lawyer, first Indian Judge of the Madras high court (b. 1832) January 26 – Arthur Cayley, British mathematician, (b. 1821) January 28 – François Certain de Canrobert, French general, Marshal of France (b. 1809) February 9 – Ōdera Yasuzumi, Japanese general (killed in action) (b. 1846) February 10 – Liu Buchan, Chinese admiral (suicide) (b. 1852) February 12 – Ding Ruchang, Chinese army officer, admiral (killed in action) (b. 1836) February 18 – Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen, Austrian general (b. 1817) February 20 – Frederick Douglass, American ex-slave and author |
gives the Union control of the mouth of the Tennessee River. September 17; Argentine Civil War: Battle of Pavón: Victory of Buenos Aires over the Argentine Confederation, and the re-unification of Argentina. October–December October 9 – American Civil War: Battle of Santa Rosa Island – Confederate forces are defeated in their effort to take the island. October 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops, in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is also killed in the fighting. October 24 – , the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship, is completed and commissioned into the British Royal Navy. October 25 – The Toronto Stock Exchange is established in Canada. October 26 – The Pony Express American transcontinental mail service announces its closure. October 28 – American Civil War: The Missouri legislature takes up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union. October 30 – American Civil War: The bill for Missouri's secession from the Union is passed. October 31 The Spanish, French and British governments sign a tripartite agreement to intervene in Mexico, in the hope of recovering unpaid debts. The Missouri secession bill is signed by Governor Jackson. American Civil War: Citing failing health, 75-year-old Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army. November 1 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army, replacing Winfield Scott. November 2 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Frémont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter. November 4 – The University of Washington founded. November 6 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America. November 5 – The first Melbourne Cup horse race is held in Melbourne, Australia. November 7 – American Civil War – Battle of Belmont: In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant (in his first combat leadership role) overrun a Confederate camp, but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive. November 8 – American Civil War – Trent Affair: The stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent, and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S. November 10 – Following the death of Henri Mouhot, his servant Phrai begins shipping his diaries and specimens back to the west; they include accounts of Mouhot's discovery of Angkor Wat. November 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Round Mountain in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma). November 21 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah P. Benjamin Secretary of War. November 25 A battle commences in the Sundarbans as result of Rahimullah's home being sieged, killing 34 in total A tenement collapses in the Old Town, Edinburgh (Scotland), killing 35 with 15 survivors. November 28 – Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admits Missouri as the 12th Confederate state. December 10 American Civil War: Kentucky is accepted into the Confederate States of America. In southern French Indochina, resistance forces led by Nguyễn Trung Trực ambush, board and sink the French lorcha (boat) L'Esperance on the Nhat Tao canal. December 21 - Medal of Honor: Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. Date unknown The British Empire establishes bases in Lagos to stop the slave trade. The Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship is signed between Bahrain and the United Kingdom. The first industrial meat packing plant in Uruguay is established, at Fray Bentos. The Royal Seminary becomes the first public institution of higher academic learning open to women in Sweden. Births January–June January 5 – Robert Lee Bullard, American general (d. 1947) January 6 – Victor Horta, Belgian architect and designer (d. 1947) January 10 – Germogen (Maximov), Russian Orthodox Metropolitan (d. 1945) January 14 – Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926) January 27 – Constantin Prezan, Romanian general, Marshal of Romania (d. 1943) January 28 – Julián Felipe, Filipino musician, bandleader (d. 1944) January 30 – Charles Martin Loeffler, American composer (d. 1935) February 12 – Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-born author (d. 1937) February 15 Charles Édouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1938) Alfred North Whitehead, English mathematician and philosopher (d. 1947) February 17 – Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Duchess of Albany, German-born member of the British royal family (d. 1922) February 19 – Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne, British general (d. 1929) February 22 Mabelle Biggart, American elocutionist (unknown year of death) Katō Tomosaburō, Imperial Japanese Navy officer, 12th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1923) February 26 – King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (d. 1948) February 27 – Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher, social reformer and author (d. 1925) March 2 – Nikola Ivanov, Bulgarian general (d. 1940) March 21 – Charles Swickard, German-American film director (d. 1929) April 6 – Stanislas de Guaita, French poet (d. 1897) April 8 – Son Byong-hi, Korean independence activist (d. 1922) April 15 – Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (d. 1929) April 22 – István Tisza, 2-time Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1918) April 23 – Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, British soldier, administrator (d. 1936) April 26 – Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten, Austro-Hungarian general and politician (d. 1921) May 5 – Peter Cooper Hewitt, American electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1921) May 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, Poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist, story-writer, composer, painter, philosopher, social reformer, educationist, linguist, grammarian, laureate Nobel Prize in Literature Wrote | in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is also killed in the fighting. October 24 – , the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship, is completed and commissioned into the British Royal Navy. October 25 – The Toronto Stock Exchange is established in Canada. October 26 – The Pony Express American transcontinental mail service announces its closure. October 28 – American Civil War: The Missouri legislature takes up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union. October 30 – American Civil War: The bill for Missouri's secession from the Union is passed. October 31 The Spanish, French and British governments sign a tripartite agreement to intervene in Mexico, in the hope of recovering unpaid debts. The Missouri secession bill is signed by Governor Jackson. American Civil War: Citing failing health, 75-year-old Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army. November 1 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army, replacing Winfield Scott. November 2 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Frémont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter. November 4 – The University of Washington founded. November 6 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America. November 5 – The first Melbourne Cup horse race is held in Melbourne, Australia. November 7 – American Civil War – Battle of Belmont: In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant (in his first combat leadership role) overrun a Confederate camp, but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive. November 8 – American Civil War – Trent Affair: The stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent, and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S. November 10 – Following the death of Henri Mouhot, his servant Phrai begins shipping his diaries and specimens back to the west; they include accounts of Mouhot's discovery of Angkor Wat. November 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Round Mountain in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma). November 21 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah P. Benjamin Secretary of War. November 25 A battle commences in the Sundarbans as result of Rahimullah's home being sieged, killing 34 in total A tenement collapses in the Old Town, Edinburgh (Scotland), killing 35 with 15 survivors. November 28 – Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admits Missouri as the 12th Confederate state. December 10 American Civil War: Kentucky is accepted into the Confederate States of America. In southern French Indochina, resistance forces led by Nguyễn Trung Trực ambush, board and sink the French lorcha (boat) L'Esperance on the Nhat Tao canal. December 21 - Medal of Honor: Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. Date unknown The British Empire establishes bases in Lagos to stop the slave trade. The Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship is signed between Bahrain and the United Kingdom. The first industrial meat packing plant in Uruguay is established, at Fray Bentos. The Royal Seminary becomes the first public institution of higher academic learning open to women in Sweden. Births January–June January 5 – Robert Lee Bullard, American general (d. 1947) January 6 – Victor Horta, Belgian architect and designer (d. 1947) January 10 – Germogen (Maximov), Russian Orthodox Metropolitan (d. 1945) January 14 – Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926) January 27 – Constantin Prezan, Romanian general, Marshal of Romania (d. 1943) January 28 – Julián Felipe, Filipino musician, bandleader (d. 1944) January 30 – Charles Martin Loeffler, American composer (d. 1935) February 12 – Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-born author (d. 1937) February 15 Charles Édouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1938) Alfred North Whitehead, English mathematician and philosopher (d. 1947) February 17 – Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Duchess of Albany, German-born member of the British royal family (d. 1922) February 19 – Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne, British general (d. 1929) February 22 Mabelle Biggart, American elocutionist (unknown year of death) Katō Tomosaburō, Imperial Japanese Navy officer, 12th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1923) February 26 – King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (d. 1948) February 27 – Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher, social reformer and author (d. 1925) March 2 – Nikola Ivanov, Bulgarian general (d. 1940) March 21 – Charles Swickard, German-American film director (d. 1929) April 6 – Stanislas de Guaita, French poet (d. 1897) April 8 – Son Byong-hi, Korean independence activist (d. 1922) April 15 – Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (d. 1929) April 22 – István Tisza, 2-time Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1918) April 23 – Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, British soldier, administrator (d. 1936) April 26 – Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten, Austro-Hungarian general and politician (d. 1921) May 5 – Peter Cooper Hewitt, American electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1921) May 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, Poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist, story-writer, composer, painter, philosopher, social reformer, educationist, linguist, grammarian, laureate Nobel Prize in Literature Wrote Gitanjali (d. 1941) May 11 – Frederick Russell Burnham, American scouter (d. 1947) May 14 – Harro Magnussen, German sculptor (d. 1908) May 16 – Herman Webster Mudgett (alias H. H. Holmes), American serial killer (d. 1896) May 24 – Gerald Strickland, 4th Prime Minister of Malta, 23rd Governor of New South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor of Tasmania (d. 1940) June 2 – Helen Herron Taft, First Lady of the United States (d. 1943) June 19 – José Rizal, Filipino national hero (d. 1896) June 20 – Frederick Gowland Hopkins, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1947) June 22 – Maximilian von Spee, German admiral (d. 1914) June 27 – Fanny Davies, Guernesiaise pianist (d. 1934) July–December July 7 – Nettie Stevens, American geneticist credited with the discovery of sex chromosomes (d. 1912) July 14 – Kate M. Gordon, American suffragette (d. 1932) July 18 – Kadambini Ganguly, first Indian female doctor (d. 1923) August 2 – Edith Cowan, Australian social reformer and politician (d. 1932) August 4 – Henry Head, English neurologist (d. 1940) August 6 – Edith Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States (d. 1948) August 7 – Spencer S. Wood, United States Navy rear admiral (d. 1940) August 10 – Almroth Wright, British bacteriologist, immunologist (d. 1947) September 2 – Henrietta Crosman, American stage, film actress (d. 1944) September 7 – Patriarch Ambrosius of Georgia (d. 1927) September 10 – Niels Hansen Jacobsen, Danish sculptor, ceramist (d. 1941) September 11 Juhani Aho, Finnish author, journalist (d. 1921) September 15 M.visvesvaraya, Indian Civil Engineer, Erich von Falkenhayn, German general (d. 1922) September 23 Robert Bosch, German industrialist, engineer and inventor (d. 1942) Mary Elizabeth Coleridge, British poet, novelist (d. 1907) September 30 Morgan Robertson, American author (d. 1915) William Wrigley, Jr., American chewing gum industrialist (d. 1932) October 4 – Frederic Remington, American cowboy artist, sculptor (d. 1909) October 6 – Myra Belle Martin, American financier (unknown year of death) October 10 – Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, scientist and humanitarian, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930) October 16 – J. B. Bury, British historian (d. 1927) October 24 – Alexey Kaledin, Russian general (d. 1918) October 30 – Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (d. 1929) November 4 – Dimitrios Ioannou, Greek general (d. 1926) November 6 – James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball (d. 1939) November 14 – Frederick Jackson Turner, American historian (d. 1932) November 16 – Georgina Febres-Cordero, Venezuelan nun (d. 1925) November 23 – Clara H. Hazelrigg, American author, educator and reformer (d. 1937) December 4 Lillian Russell, American singer, vaudeville star (d. 1922) Hannes Hafstein, 1st Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1922) December 5 – Armando Diaz, Italian general, Marshal of Italy (d. 1928) December 7 – Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general (d. 1931) December 8 Aristide Maillol, French sculptor (d. 1944) Georges Méliès, French film director (d. 1938) December 15 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1944) December 16 – Antonio de La Gándara, French painter (d. 1917) December 20 – Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (d. 1926) December 29 – Kurt Hensel, German mathematician (d. 1941) Date unknown Dixie Haygood, American magician (d. 1915) Kallirhoe Parren, founder of the Greek women's movement (d. 1940) Victoire Jean-Baptiste, Haitian politician (d. 1923) Abba Jifar II, king of the Gibe Kingdom of Jimma (d. 1932) Deaths January–June January 2 – King Frederick William IV of Prussia (b. 1795) January 17 – Lola Montez, Irish-born dancer, mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1821) January 19 – Albert Niemann, German chemist |
one another instead of dealing directly with Britain. These inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists' "Rights as Englishmen", especially the principle of "no taxation without representation". Conflicts with the British government over taxes and rights led to the American Revolution, in which the colonies worked together to form the Continental Congress. The colonists fought the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) with the aid of the Kingdom of France and, to a much smaller degree, the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain. British colonies In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in America. The London Company established the Colony of Virginia in 1607, the first permanently settled English colony on the continent. The Plymouth Company founded the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River, but it was short-lived. The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with Plymouth Colony in 1620 which was settled by English Puritan separatists, known today as the Pilgrims. The Dutch, Swedish, and French also established successful American colonies at roughly the same time as the English, but they eventually came under the English crown. The Thirteen Colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term "Thirteen Colonies" became current only in the context of the American Revolution. In London beginning in 1660, all colonies were governed through a state department known as the Southern Department, and a committee of the Privy Council called the Board of Trade and Plantations. In 1768, a specific state department was created for America, but it was disbanded in 1782 when the Home Office took responsibility. New England colonies Province of Massachusetts Bay, chartered as a royal colony in 1691 Popham Colony, established in 1607; abandoned in 1608 Plymouth Colony, established in 1620; merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 Province of Maine, patent issued in 1622 by Council for New England; patent reissued by Charles I in 1639; absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony by 1658 Massachusetts Bay Colony, established in 1629; merged with Plymouth Colony in 1691 Province of New Hampshire, established in 1629; merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1641; chartered as royal colony in 1679 Connecticut Colony, established in 1636; chartered as royal colony in 1662 Saybrook Colony, established in 1635; merged with Connecticut Colony in 1644 New Haven Colony, established in 1638; merged with Connecticut Colony in 1664 Colony of Rhode Island chartered as royal colony in 1663 Providence Plantations established by Roger Williams in 1636 Portsmouth established in 1638 by John Clarke, William Coddington, and others Newport established in 1639 after a disagreement and split among the settlers in Portsmouth Warwick established in 1642 by Samuel Gorton These four settlements merged into a single Royal colony in 1663 Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven Colonies formed the New England Confederation in (1643–1654; 1675–c. 1680) and all New England colonies were included in the Dominion of New England (1686–1689). Middle colonies Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on Delaware), established in 1664 as proprietary colony Province of New York, established as a proprietary colony in 1664; chartered as royal colony in 1686; included in the Dominion of New England (1686–1689) Province of New Jersey, established as a proprietary colony in 1664; chartered as a royal colony in 1702 East Jersey, established in 1674; merged with West Jersey to re-form Province of New Jersey in 1702; included in the Dominion of New England West Jersey, established in 1674; merged with East Jersey to re-form Province of New Jersey in 1702; included in the Dominion of New England Province of Pennsylvania, established in 1681 as a proprietary colony Southern colonies Colony of Virginia, established in 1607 as a proprietary colony; chartered as a royal colony in 1624. Province of Maryland, established 1632 as a proprietary colony. Province of North Carolina, previously part of the Carolina province (see below) until 1712; chartered as a royal colony in 1729. Province of South Carolina, previously part of the Carolina province (see below) until 1712; chartered as a royal colony in 1729. Province of Georgia, established as a proprietary colony in 1732; royal colony from 1752. The Province of Carolina was initially chartered in 1629 and initial settlements were established after 1651. That charter was voided in 1660 by Charles II and a new charter was issued in 1663, making it a proprietary colony. The Carolina province was divided into separate proprietary colonies, north and south in 1712. Earlier, along the coast, the Roanoke Colony was established in 1585, re-established in 1587, and found abandoned in 1590. 17th century Southern colonies The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established May 14, 1607, near Chesapeake Bay. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint-stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Native Americans, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop. In 1632, King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Calvert's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies. The charter offered no guidelines on religion. The Province of Carolina was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia, the first being the failed attempt at Roanoke. It was a private venture, financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663, hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown. Carolina was not settled until 1670, and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area. Eventually, however, the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton. The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston, originally Charles Town for Charles II of England. Middle colonies Beginning in 1609, Dutch traders explored and established fur trading posts on the Hudson River, Delaware River, and Connecticut River, seeking to protect their interests in the fur trade. The Dutch West India Company established permanent settlements on the Hudson River, creating the Dutch colony of New Netherland. In 1626, Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape Indians and established the outpost of New Amsterdam. Relatively few Dutch settled in New Netherland, but the colony came to dominate the regional fur trade. It also served as the base for extensive trade with the English colonies, and many products from New England and Virginia were carried to Europe on Dutch ships. The Dutch also engaged in the burgeoning Atlantic slave trade, taking enslaved Africans to the English colonies in North America and Barbados. The West India Company desired to grow New Netherland as it became commercially successful, yet the colony failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies did. Many of those who did immigrate to the colony were English, German, Walloon, or Sephardim. In 1638, Sweden established the colony of New Sweden in the Delaware Valley. The operation was led by former members of the Dutch West India Company, including Peter Minuit. New Sweden established extensive trading contacts with English colonies to the south and shipped much of the tobacco produced in Virginia. The colony was conquered by the Dutch in 1655, while Sweden was engaged in the Second Northern War. Beginning in the 1650s, the English and Dutch engaged in a series of wars, and the English sought to conquer New Netherland. Richard Nicolls captured the lightly defended New Amsterdam in 1664, and his subordinates quickly captured the remainder of New Netherland. The 1667 Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War and confirmed English control of the region. The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the Third Anglo-Dutch War, but surrendered claim to the territory in the 1674 Treaty of Westminster, ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America. After the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the British renamed the colony "York City" or "New York". Large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony, dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany, while people from New England started moving in as well as immigrants from Germany. New York City attracted a large polyglot population, including a large black slave population. In 1674, the proprietary colonies of East Jersey and West Jersey were created from lands formerly part of New York. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn. The main population elements included the Quaker population based in Philadelphia, a Scotch-Irish population on the Western frontier and numerous German colonies in between. Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000. New England The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to distance themselves physically from the Church of England, which they perceived as corrupted. They initially moved to the Netherlands, but eventually sailed to America in 1620 on the Mayflower. Upon their arrival, they drew up the Mayflower Compact, by which they bound themselves together as a united community, thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony. William Bradford was their main leader. After its founding, other settlers traveled from England to join the colony. More Puritans immigrated in 1629 and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, ideologically pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England, including the New Haven, Saybrook, and Connecticut colonies. During the 17th century, the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut. Roger Williams established Providence Plantations in 1636 on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus. Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance, separation of Church and State, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements; he founded the settlement based on an egalitarian constitution, providing for majority rule "in civil things" and "liberty of conscience" in religious matters. In 1637, a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island, also known as Rhode Island. On October 19, 1652, the Massachusetts General Court decreed that "for the prevention of clipping of all such pieces of money as shall be coined with-in this jurisdiction, it is ordered by this Courte and the authorite thereof, that henceforth all pieces of money coined shall have a double ring on either side, with this inscription, Massachusetts, and a tree in the center on one side, and New England and the yeare of our Lord on the other side. "These coins were the famous "tree" pieces. There were Willow Tree Shillings, Oak Tree Shillings, and Pine Tree Shillings" minted by John Hull and Robert Sanderson in the "Hull Mint" on Summer Street in Boston, Massachusetts. "The Pine Tree was the last to be coined, and today there are specimens in existence, which is probably why all of these early coins are referred to as "the pine tree shillings." The "Hull Mint" was forced to close in 1683. In 1684 the charter of Massachusetts was revoked by the king Charles II. Other colonists settled to the north, mingling with adventurers and profit-oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine. Massachusetts absorbed these small settlements when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s, but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820. In 1685, King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England, putting the region under the control of Governor Edmund Andros. In 1688, the colonies of New York, West Jersey, and East Jersey were added to the dominion. Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689, after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II; the former colonies were re-established. According to Guy Miller, the Rebellion of 1689 was the "climax of the 60-year-old struggle between the government in England and the Puritans of Massachusetts over the question of who was to rule the Bay colony." 18th century In 1702, East and West Jersey were combined to form the Province of New Jersey. The northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691 when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained under one government. However, during this period, the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina, as the descendants of the colony's proprietors fought over the direction of the colony. The colonists of Charles Town finally deposed their governor and elected their own government. This marked the start of separate governments in the Province of North-Carolina and the Province of South Carolina. In 1729, the king formally revoked Carolina's colonial charter and established both North Carolina and South Carolina as crown colonies. In the 1730s, Parliamentarian James Oglethorpe proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the "worthy poor" of England to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors' prisons. Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9, 1732. Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery and recruited only the most worthy settlers, but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated. The proprietors gave up their charter in 1752, at which point Georgia became a crown colony. The colonial population of Thirteen Colonies grew immensely in the 18th century. According to historian Alan Taylor, the population of the Thirteen Colonies stood at 1.5 million in 1750, which represented four-fifths of the population of British North America. More than 90 percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though some seaports also flourished. In 1760, the cities of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston had a population in excess of 16,000, which was small by European standards. By 1770, the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the gross domestic product of the British Empire. As the 18th century progressed, colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Connecticut, and Maryland all laid claim to the land in the Ohio River valley. The colonies engaged in a scramble to purchase land from Indian tribes, as the British insisted that claims to land should rest on legitimate purchases. Virginia was particularly intent on western expansion, and most of the elite Virginia families invested in the Ohio Company to promote the settlement of Ohio Country. Global trade and immigration The British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network, as the value tripled for exports from British North America to Britain between 1700 and 1754. The colonists were restricted in trading with other European powers, but they found profitable trade partners in the other British colonies, particularly in the Caribbean. The colonists traded foodstuffs, wood, tobacco, and various other resources for Asian tea, West Indian coffee, and West Indian sugar, among other items. American Indians far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins. British North America had an advantage in natural resources and established its own thriving shipbuilding industry, and many North American merchants engaged in the transatlantic trade. Improved economic conditions and easing of religious persecution in Europe made it more difficult to recruit labor to the colonies, and many colonies became increasingly reliant on slave labor, particularly in the South. The population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750, and the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves. Slaves supported vast plantation economies in the South, while slaves in the North worked in a variety of occupations. There were some slave revolts, such as the Stono Rebellion and the New York Conspiracy of 1741, but these uprisings were suppressed. A small proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700, but the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries. These immigrants traveled to all of the colonies, but the Middle Colonies attracted the most and continued to be more ethnically diverse than the other colonies. Numerous settlers immigrated from Ireland, both Catholic and Protestant—particularly "New Light" Ulster Presbyterians. Protestant Germans also migrated in large numbers, particularly to Pennsylvania. In the 1740s, the Thirteen Colonies underwent the First Great Awakening. French and Indian War In 1738, an incident involving a Welsh mariner named Robert Jenkins sparked the War of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain. Hundreds of North Americans volunteered for Admiral Edward Vernon's assault on Cartagena de Indias, a Spanish city in South America. The war against Spain merged into a broader conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession, but most colonists called it King George's War. In 1745, British and colonial forces captured the town of Louisbourg, and the war came to an end with the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. However, many colonists were angered when Britain returned Louisbourg to France in return for Madras and other territories. In the aftermath of the war, both the British and French sought to expand into the Ohio River valley. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years' War. Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe. One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France, especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley. The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a "world war". During the war, it became increasingly apparent to American colonists that they were under the authority of the British Empire, as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in their lives. The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways. It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony, fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still American. Throughout the course of the war, British officers trained Americans for battle, most notably George Washington, which benefited the American cause during the Revolution. Also, colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort. The relations were not always positive between the British military establishment and the colonists, setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops. At the 1754 Albany Congress, Pennsylvania colonist Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan which would have created a unified government of the Thirteen Colonies for coordination of defense and other matters, but the plan was rejected by the leaders of most colonies. In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire, having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year. Before the war, Britain held the thirteen American colonies, most of present-day Nova Scotia, and most of the Hudson Bay watershed. Following the war, Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River valley. Britain also gained Spanish Florida, from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida. In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies, the war also largely removed the colonists' need for colonial protection. The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe. The colonists' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before. However, disunity was beginning to form. British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself. This was a successful wartime strategy but, after the war was over, each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other. The British elite, the most heavily taxed of any in Europe, pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers. The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own. This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution. Growing dissent The British were left with large debts following the French and Indian War, so British leaders decided to increase taxation and control of the Thirteen Colonies. They imposed several new taxes, beginning with the Sugar Act of 1764. Later acts included the Currency Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Acts of 1767. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, as this was designated an Indian Reserve. Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation, however, and continued to move west and establish farms. The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement, but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation. Parliament had directly levied duties and excise taxes on the colonies, bypassing the colonial legislatures, and Americans began to insist on the principle of "no taxation without representation" with intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765. They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament, so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them. Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes. Colonial discontentment grew with the passage of the 1773 Tea Act, which reduced taxes on tea sold by the East India Company in an effort to undercut the competition, and Prime Minister North's ministry hoped that this would establish a precedent of colonists accepting British taxation policies. Trouble escalated over the tea tax, as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea, and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773 when the Sons of Liberty dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the water. Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts, which greatly restricted self-government in the colony of Massachusetts. These laws also allowed British military commanders to claim colonial homes for the quartering of soldiers, regardless of whether the American civilians were willing or not to have soldiers in their homes. The laws further revoked colonial rights to hold trials in cases involving soldiers or crown officials, forcing such trials to be held in England rather than in America. Parliament also sent Thomas Gage to serve as Governor of Massachusetts and as the commander of British forces in North America. By 1774, colonists still hoped to remain part of the British Empire, but discontentment was widespread concerning British rule throughout the Thirteen Colonies. Colonists elected delegates to the First Continental Congress which convened in Philadelphia in September 1774. In the aftermath of the Intolerable Acts, the delegates asserted that the colonies owed allegiance only to the king; they would accept royal governors as agents of the king, but they were no longer willing to recognize Parliament's right to pass legislation affecting the colonies. Most delegates opposed an attack on the British position in Boston, and the Continental Congress instead agreed to the imposition of a boycott known as the Continental Association. The boycott proved effective and the value of British imports dropped dramatically. The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided | colony was governed by commissions created at the pleasure of the king. A governor and his council were appointed by the crown. The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly. The governor's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session, in addition to its role in advising the governor. Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters (landowners) of the province. The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue (i.e., delay) and dissolve the assembly. The assembly's role was to make all local laws and ordinances, ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of Britain. In practice, this did not always occur, since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown. Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade, which also held veto power of legislation. New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were crown colonies. Massachusetts became a crown colony at the end of the 17th century. Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies, except that lord proprietors appointed the governor rather than the king. They were set up after the English Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty. Pennsylvania (which included Delaware), New Jersey, and Maryland were proprietary colonies. Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent, giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government. The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative, executive, and judicial functions, with those powers being vested in officials. Massachusetts, Providence Plantation, Rhode Island, Warwick, and Connecticut were charter colonies. The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691. Providence Plantations merged with the settlements at Rhode Island and Warwick to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which also became a charter colony in 1636. British role After 1680, the imperial government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies, which were growing rapidly in population and wealth. In 1680, only Virginia was a royal colony; by 1720, half were under the control of royal governors. These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London. Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism. However, scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the "Imperial school" led by Herbert L. Osgood, George Louis Beer, Charles McLean Andrews, and Lawrence H. Gipson. This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s, and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies. In this view, there was never a threat (before the 1770s) that any colony would revolt or seek independence. Self-government British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land-owning aristocracy, along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation. The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than Britain or indeed any other country. Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature, and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Voters were required to hold an "interest" in society; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716, "it is necessary and reasonable, that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly". The main legal criterion for having an "interest" was ownership of real estate property, which was uncommon in Britain, where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords. (Women, children, indentured servants, and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head.) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies, telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders—that is, those who did not own land. Nevertheless, land was so widely owned that 50% to 80% of the men were eligible to vote. The colonial political culture emphasized deference, so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen. But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes. There were no political parties, and would-be legislators formed ad hoc coalitions of their families, friends, and neighbors. Outside of Puritan New England, election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry, politick, shake hands with the grandees, meet old friends, and hear the speeches—all the while toasting, eating, treating, tippling, and gambling. They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk, as supporters cheered or booed. Candidate George Washington spent £39 for treats for his supporters. The candidates knew that they had to "swill the planters with bumbo" (rum). Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed. The actual rate of voting ranged from 20% to 40% of all adult white males. The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York, where long-standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate. New York and Rhode Island developed long-lasting two-faction systems that held together for years at the colony level, but they did not reach into local affairs. The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections, and they had little basis in policy or ideology. Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl, based on personality rather than long-lived factions or serious disputes on issues. The colonies were independent of one other long before 1774; indeed, all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations. Further, efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 led by Benjamin Franklin. The thirteen all had well-established systems of self-government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference. Economic policy The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system, where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire, and trade with other empires was forbidden. The goal was to enrich Britain—its merchants and its government. Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London, but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies. Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. Colonial commodities were shipped on British ships to the mother country where Britain sold them to Europe reaping the benefits of the export trade. Finished goods were manufactured in Britain and sold in the colonies, or imported by Britain for retail to the colonies, profiting the mother country. Like other New World colonial empires, the British empire's commodity production was dependent on slave labor; as observed in 1720s Britain, "all this great increase in our treasure proceeds chiefly from the labour of negroes" in Britain's colonies. Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French, Spanish, or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts, which Americans avoided as often as they could. The royal officials responded to smuggling with open-ended search warrants (Writs of Assistance). In 1761, Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists. He lost the case, but John Adams later wrote, "Then and there the child Independence was born." However, the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade; they only opposed legislation that affected them internally. Other British colonies Besides the grouping that became known as the "thirteen colonies", Britain in the late-18th century had another dozen colonial possessions in the New World. The British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the British crown throughout the war (although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over, and in 1821 sold it to the United States). Several of the other colonies evinced a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause, but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation. The British crown had only recently acquired several of those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec and Florida. Sparsely-settled Rupert's Land, which King Charles II of England had chartered as "one of our Plantations or Colonies in America" in 1670, operated remotely from the rebellious colonies and had relatively little in common with them. Newfoundland, exempt from the Navigation Acts, shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies. Tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy, it had no assembly that could voice grievances. Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element which had recently arrived from New England, and which shared the sentiments of the Americans in the 13 colonies about demanding the rights of the British men. The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of "neutrality". In any case, the island-like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible. Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who had come under British control by 1760. The Quebec Act of 1774 gave the French settlers formal cultural autonomy within the British Empire, and many of their Catholic priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England. American grievances over taxation had little relevance, and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances. In 1775, the Americans invaded Quebec to annex it by force, but were defeated by a combination of British troops and Canadien militia. Having failed to gain Quebec by military action, two years later, in 1777, the Americans offered to include Quebec in their new country, in the Articles of Confederation. Most Canadians remained neutral, but some joined the American cause. In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica, Grenada, and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation, but the others were quite loyal. Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations (many of whom lived in London); in turn the planters' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts. The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands. During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships. In Bermuda and in the Bahamas, local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports. There was increasing sympathy for the American cause, which extended to smuggling, and both colonies were considered "passive allies" of the United States throughout the war. When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder, the colony offered no resistance at all. Spain had transferred the territories of East Florida and West Florida to Britain by the Treaty of Paris in 1763 after the French and Indian War. The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and by Spanish privateers. After 1775 East Florida became a major base for the British war-effort in the South, especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina. However, Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781, then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783. Spain ultimately agreed to transfer the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819. Historiography The first British Empire centered on the Thirteen Colonies, which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain. The "Imperial School" in the 1900–1930s took a favorable view of the benefits of empire, emphasizing its successful economic integration. The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. |
Welsh actor Unknown Carmen Pereira, Bissau-Guinean politician (d. 2016) Deaths January January 1 Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Indian spiritual teacher (b. 1874) John Gresham Machen, American Presbyterian theologian (b. 1881) January 2 – Ross Alexander, American actor (b. 1907) January 4 – Paul Behncke, German admiral (b. 1869) January 5 Alberto de Oliveira, Brazilian poet (b. 1857) Ernst Löfström, Finnish general of World War I (b. 1865) January 6 André Bessette, Canadian religious leader, saint (b. 1845) Albert Gleaves, American admiral (b. 1858) January 12 – Martin Johnson, American adventurer, documentary filmmaker (plane crash) (b. 1884) January 15 Pietro Biginelli, Italian chemist (b. 1860) Georges Hilaire Bousquet, French scholar (b. 1845) January 16 – Pyotr Bark, Soviet statesman (b. 1869) January 17 – Richard Boleslawski, Polish film director (b. 1889) January 18 – Jaime Hilario Barbal, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (executed) (b. 1889) January 21 Yasin al-Hashimi, Iraqi politician and 4th Prime Minister of Iraq (b. 1884) Marie Prevost, Canadian actress (b. 1896) January 23 – Orso Mario Corbino, Italian physicist, politician (b. 1876) February February 1 – Asano Nagakoto, Japanese diplomat, politician (b. 1842) February 2 – Reinhold Hanisch, Austrian politician, worker (b. 1884) February 5 Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-born writer (b. 1861) José Nicoletti Filho, Italian revolutionary hero (b. 1871) February 7 – Elihu Root, American statesman, diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1845) February 11 Walter Burley Griffin, American architect, town planner (b. 1876) Vasily Gurko, Russian general (b. 1864) Maria Luisa Josefa, Mexican Roman Catholic nun and venerable (b. 1866) Peter of Jesus Maldonado, Mexican priest, martyr and saint (b. 1892) February 13 – Francisco Bergamín y García, Spanish lawyer, economist and politician (b. 1855) February 14 Vicente Vilar David, Spanish Roman Catholic priest, saint and martyr (killed in battle) (b. 1889) Erkki Melartin, Finnish composer (b. 1875) February 17 – George Hassell, English actor (b. 1881) February 18 – Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Soviet politician, suicide (b. 1886) February 20 – Sir Percy Cox, British army general and colonial administrator (b.1864) February 22 – James P. Buchanan, American politician (b. 1867) February 24 Vladimir Lipsky, Soviet scientist, botanist (b. 1863) Beyene Merid, Ethiopian military commander (b. 1897) Sir Guy Standing, British actor (b. 1873) February 27 Douglas Carnegie, British politician (b. 1870) Charles Donnelly, Irish poet (killed in battle) (b. 1915) March March 6 – John Ellis Martineau, American politician (b. 1873) March 7 – Concepción Cabrera de Armida, Mexican Roman Catholic mystic and blessed (b. 1862) March 8 Yuriy Kotsiubynsky, Soviet politician, activist (b. 1896) Howie Morenz, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902) March 9 – Paul Elmer More, American critic, essayist (b. 1864) March 11 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American oil industrialist, founder of Texaco (b. 1860) March 12 Julius Geppert, German philosopher (b. 1856) Jenő Hubay, Hungarian composer, violinist (b. 1858) Charles-Marie Widor, French organist, composer (b. 1844) March 13 – Elihu Thomson, English-American engineer and inventor, co-founder of General Electric (b. 1853) March 15 – H. P. Lovecraft, American writer (b. 1890) March 16 Sir Austen Chamberlain, British statesman, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1863) Edith Clark, French aviator, parachutist (b. 1904) March 18 Mélanie Bonis, French composer (b. 1858) Felix Graf von Bothmer, German general (b. 1852) Julio Sanchez Gardel, Argentine dramatist (b. 1870) March 20 Arthur Bernède, French writer, poet and playwright (b. 1870) Harry Vardon, English golf professional (b. 1870) March 22 Thorvald Aagaard, Danish composer (b. 1877) Alfred Dyke Acland, British military officer (b. 1858) Vladimir Maksimov, Soviet actor (b. 1880) Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford, British aviator, ornithologist (plane crash) (b. 1865) March 25 – John Drinkwater, British poet, dramatist (b. 1882) March 27 – Victor Gustav Bloede, Swedish chemist (b. 1849) March 28 – Josef Klička, Czechoslovak organist, violinist and composer (b. 1855) March 29 Fyodor Keneman, Soviet pianist, composer (b. 1873) Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (b. 1882) Kim You-jeong, Korean novelist (b. 1908) March 31 – Ahmed Izzet Pasha, Turkish general (b. 1864) April April 2 – Nathan Birnbaum, Austrian writer, journalist (b. 1864) April 4 Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco (b. 1875) Maria Teresa Casini, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1864) April 5 – Jose Benlliure y Gil, Spanish painter (b. 1858) April 6 – Gyula Juhász, Hungarian poet (b. 1883) April 7 – Helen Burgess, American actress (b. 1916) April 8 – Billy Bassett, English association footballer (b. 1869) April 10 Ralph Ince, American film director (b. 1887) Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar, Indian sociologist, historian (b. 1884) April 14 – Ned Hanlon, American baseball manager, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857) April 16 – Jay Johnson Morrow, American military engineer, politician and 3rd Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (b. 1870) April 18 – Max von Gallwitz, German general (b. 1852) April 19 Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington, British art critic, mountaineer (b. 1856) William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist (b. 1865) April 20 Gaston Chérau, French journalist (b. 1872) Josef Mařatka, Czech sculptor (b. 1874) April 21 – Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (b. 1913) April 22 – Arthur Edmund Carewe, Armenian-American actor (b. 1884) April 23 – Caroline Harris, American actress (b. 1867) April 24 – Lucy Beaumont, British actress (b. 1869) April 25 – Michał Drzymała, Polish rebel (b. 1857) April 27 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communist writer, politician (b. 1891) April 29 Wallace Carothers, American chemist, inventor of nylon (b. 1896) William Gillette, American actor (b. 1853) May May 1 Snitz Edwards, Hungarian actor (b. 1868) Herbert Hughes, Irish composer (b. 1882) May 2 – Takuji Iwasaki, Japanese meteorologist (b. 1869) May 4 – Noel Rosa, Brazilian songwriter (b. 1910) May 5 Camillo Berneri, Italian philosopher, anarchist (b. 1897) C.K.G. Billings, American horseman (b. 1861) May 7 – Ernst A. Lehmann, German captain of the Hindenburg (b. 1886) May 9 Harry Barton, American architect (b. 1876) Maurice Conner, Canadian politician (b. 1868) May 10 – Sir James Blindell, British politician (b. 1884) May 11 Afonso Costa, Portuguese lawyer, professor, politician and 3-time Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1871) Ellen Hansell, American tennis champion (b. 1869) May 12 Sir Henry Birchenough, British businessman and public servant (b. 1853) Cecil Meares, British explorer (b. 1877) May 15 – Percy Lee Gassaway, American politician (b. 1885) May 23 – John D. Rockefeller, American industrialist, philanthropist (b. 1839) May 24 Luis F. Álvarez, Spanish physician (b. 1853) Francis Bird, Australian architect (b. 1845) May 25 – Henry Ossawa Tanner, American artist (b. 1859) May 26 – Bertha May Crawford, Canadian opera singer (b. 1886) May 28 – Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (b. 1870) May 29 – Lizardo García, 17th President of Ecuador (b. 1844) June June 2 – Louis Vierne, French composer (b. 1870) June 3 Hugo Hammarskjöld, Swedish public servant, politician (b. 1845) Emilio Mola, Spanish Nationalist commander (plane crash) (b. 1887) June 4 Fernand Cabrol, French theologian (b. 1855) Keke Geladze, mother of Joseph Stalin, Leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1858) June 7 – Jean Harlow, American actress (b. 1911) June 10 Jane Foss Barff, American activist (b. 1863) Sir Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer, politician and 8th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1854) Malcolm Williams, American actor (b. 1870) June 12 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Soviet Army officer, Red Army commander-in-chief (executed) (b. 1893) June 16 – Alexander Chervyakov, Leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1892) June 18 Pierre Bodard, French painter (b. 1881) Gaston Doumergue, 60th Prime Minister of France, 13th President of France (b. 1863) June 19 – J. M. Barrie, British novelist, dramatist (b. 1860) June 20 – Andreu Nin Pérez, Spanish politician (b. 1892) June 25 Colin Clive, British actor (b. 1900) Marta Cunningham, American opera singer (b. 1869) June 26 – Minoru Murata, Japanese actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1894) June 27 – Sandro Akhmeteli, Soviet director (b. 1866) June 28 – Max Adler, Austrian Marxist theorist (b. 1873) July July 1 Ilya Garkavyi, Soviet general (b. 1888) Matvei Vasilenko, Soviet komkor (b. 1888) July 2 – Amelia Earhart, American aviator (missing on this date) (b. 1897) July 3 – Boris Gorbachyov, Soviet general (b. 1892) July 6 Bohdan Ihor Antonych, Soviet poet (b. 1909) Ernesto Badini, Italian opera singer (b. 1876) July 7 – Åke Hammarskjöld, Swedish diplomat, lawyer (b. 1893) July 8 – Diana Abgar, Armenian diplomat (b. 1859) July 9 – Oliver Law, American labor organizer, Army officer (killed in Spanish Civil War) (b. 1899) July 10 – Arthur Edmund Seaman, American professor and museum curator (b. 1858) July 11 George Gershwin, American composer (b. 1898) Rodrigues Ottolengui, American writer (b. 1861) July 12 – Hugo Charteris, 11th Earl of Wemyss, British politician, public servant (b. 1857) July 13 Mykhailo Boychuk, Soviet painter (b. 1882) Victor Laloux, French architect (b. 1850) July 14 Julius Meier, American businessman, politician (b. 1874) Joseph Taylor Robinson, American politician (b. 1872) July 15 – Walter Gay, American painter (b. 1856) July 16 – Vladimir Kirillov, Soviet poet (b. 1889) July 17 Annie Furuhjelm, Finnish feminist activist, politician (b. 1859) Percy Gardner, British archaeologist (b. 1846) July 18 Julian Bell, British poet (killed in Spanish Civil War) (b. 1908) Grigol Giorgadze, Soviet historian, jurist and politician (b. 1879) July 20 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian-born American inventor (b. 1874) July 22 Nazzareno Formosa, American Roman Catholic priest and reverend (b. 1901) Paolo Iashvili, Soviet poet (b. 1894) July 23 – Varnava, Serbian Patriarch (b. 1880) July 28 Tong Linge, Chinese military officer (b. 1892) Zhao Dengyu, Chinese military officer (b. 1898) July 31 – Noë Bloch, Soviet producer (b. 1875) August August 5 – Jean Louis Conneau, French aviator (b. 1880) August 6 Adeodato Barreto, Portuguese poet (b. 1905) F. C. S. Schiller, German-British philosopher (b. 1864) August 8 – Martin Rázus, Czechoslovakian poet, writer and politician (b. 1888) August 9 – Na Woon-gyu, Korean actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1902) August 11 – Edith Wharton, American writer (b. 1862) August 13 – Sigizmund Levanevsky, Soviet aircraft pilot (b. 1902) August 19 Alexander Hotovitzky, Russian Orthodox priest, missionary and saint (b. 1872) Asaichi Isobe, Japanese army officer (b. 1905) Ivan Kataev, Russian novelist, writer (b. 1902) August 22 Owen Burns, American entrepreneur (b. 1869) Gelegdorjiin Demid, Russian political military figure (b. 1900) August 24 – Gervase Beckett, British politician (b. 1866) August 26 Christos Christovasilis, Greek journalist, author (b. 1861) Andrew Mellon, American banker, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1855) August 30 Gaetano Bisleti, Italian cardinal (b. 1856) Tomás António Garcia Rosado, Portuguese general (b. 1854) August 31 – Ruth Baldwin, British socialite (b. 1905) September September 2 Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Indian revolutionary hero (b. 1880) Pierre de Coubertin, 2nd President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1863) September 3 – François Guiguet, French painter (b. 1860) September 4 Daniel Alexander Cameron, Canadian politician (b. 1870) Juan Campisteguy, Uruguayan lawyer, soldier and 25th President of Uruguay (b. 1859) September 5 – David Hendricks Bergey, American bacteriologist (b. 1860) September 6 – Harry Charles Purvis Bell, British civil servant, commissioner (b. 1851) September 8 – Frank Alexander, American actor (b. 1879) September 9 Mikhail Diterikhs, Russian general (b. 1874) Moritz Geiger, German philosopher (b. 1880) Géza Horváth, Hungarian doctor, entomologist (b. 1847) September 11 – Nazmi Ziya Güran, Turkish painter (b. 1881) September 13 – Ellis Parker Butler, American humorist (b. 1869) September 14 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Czechoslovakian politician, sociologist, philosopher and 1st President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1850) September 15 Anders Bundgaard, Danish sculptor (b. 1864) Clifford Heatherley, British actor (b. 1888) September 20 Maksymilian Horwitz, Polish socialist, communist activist (b. 1877) Lev Karakhan, Soviet revolutionary hero, diplomat (b. 1889) September 21 – Osgood Perkins, American actor (b. 1892) September 23 – Cleto González Víquez, 18th and 26th President of Costa Rica (b. 1858) September 22 – Ruth Roland, American actress (b. 1892) September 26 Bessie Smith, African-American blues singer (b. 1894) Edward Filene, American businessman, philanthropist (b. 1860) September 27 – Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and Prime Minister of Alash Autonomy (b. 1866) September 29 Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková, Czech botanist and zoologist (b. 1877) Ray Ewry, American Olympic athlete (b. 1873) October October 1 – Prince Kuni Taka of Japan (b. 1875) October 3 Baden Baden-Powell, American aviator pioneer (b. 1860) Richard Hertwig, German zoologist (b. 1850) October 6 – Angelo Musco, Italian actor (b. 1872) October 9 August de Boeck, Flemish composer (b. 1865) Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, German prince (b. 1868) October 10 – Peter of Krutitsy, Soviet Orthodox priest, martyr and metropolitan (b. 1862) October 11 – Emma E. Bower, American physician, club-woman, and newspaperwoman (b. 1852) October 13 – Kazimierz Nowak, Polish traveller (b. 1897) October 14 – Salvatore Micalizzi, Italian Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1856) October 15 – James Marcus, American actor (b. 1867) October 16 Jean de Brunhoff, French writer (b. 1899) William Sealy Gosset, English chemist and statistician (b. 1876) October 17 J. Bruce Ismay, English businessman (b. 1862) Antônio Parreiras, Brazilian painter, illustrator (b. 1860) October 19 Pedro Chutró, Argentine physician (b. 1880) Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand physicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry recipient (b. 1871) October 23 – Nikolai Klyuev, Russian poet (b. 1884) October 26 – Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Polish general (b. 1867) October 27 Joseph-Félix Bouchor, French painter (b. 1853) Abdul Karim Khan, Indian classical singer (b. 1872) October 29 – Kazimierz Cichowski, Polish-born Soviet politician (b. 1887) October 30 Mendel Khatayevich, Soviet politician (b. 1893) Ivan Zhukov, Soviet politician (b. 1889) November November 1 – Ivar Bauck, Norwegian general (b. 1863) November 2 – Félix Gaffiot, French philologist (b. 1870) November 4 William Bennett, British politician (b. 1873) Alfred Walter Campbell, Australian neurologist (b. 1868) Gustav Gärtner, Austrian pathologist (b. 1855) Emil Hassler, Swiss physician, botanist (b. 1864) November 5 – Naoe Kinoshita, Japanese Christian socialist (b. 1869) November 6 – Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson, British stage actor (b. 1853) November 8 Francis de Croisset, Belgian-born French playwright (b. 1877) Giovanni De Briganti, Italian aviator (b. 1892) November 9 – Ramsay MacDonald, British statesman, 2-time Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1866) November 10 – Nikolai Batalov, Soviet actor (b. 1899) November 11 – Uryū Sotokichi, Japanese admiral (b. 1857) November 13 – Mrs. Leslie Carter (Caroline Louise Dudley), American actress (b. 1857) November 15 – Eero Järnefelt, Finnish realist painter (b. 1863) November 16 Némèse Garneau, Canadian politician (b. 1847) Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, wife of Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus of Hesse, and sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1911) November 17 – Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, coach (b. 1860) November 20 – Metropolitan Joseph (Petrovykh) of the Soviet Union (b. 1872) November 23 Miklós Kovács, Hungarian-born Yugoslav poet (b. 1857) Jagadish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist | Jerry Weintraub, American film producer and talent agent (d. 2015) September 28 – Bob Schul, American Olympic athlete September 30 – Daniel Filho, Brazilian film producer, director, actor, and screenwriter October October 2 – Johnnie Cochran, African-American attorney (d. 2005) October 4 Jackie Collins, English author (d. 2015) Franz Vranitzky, 19th Chancellor of Austria October 11 Bobby Charlton, English footballer Ron Leibman, American actor (d. 2019) October 19 – Teresa Ciepły, Polish Olympic athlete (d. 2006) October 20 – Wanda Jackson, American singer, songwriter, pianist and guitarist October 21 – Édith Scob, French film and theatre actress (d. 2019) October 22 – Kader Khan, Afghan-born Indian-Canadian film actor, screenwriter, comedian, and director (d. 2018) October 28 – Lenny Wilkens, American basketball player and coach October 30 – Ashaari Mohammad, Malaysian spiritual leader (d. 2010) October 31 – Tom Paxton, American folk singer, songwriter November November 4 – Loretta Swit, American actress (M*A*S*H) November 5 – Chan Sek Keong, third Chief Justice of Singapore November 8 – Dragoslav Šekularac, Serbian footballer and manager (d. 2019) November 15 – Little Willie John, African-American R&B singer (d. 1968) November 17 – Peter Cook, English comedian, writer and actor (d. 1995) November 20 – Eero Mäntyranta, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2013) November 21 Ingrid Pitt, Polish-born British actress (d. 2010) Marlo Thomas, American actress, producer and social activist (That Girl) Ferenc Kósa, Hungarian film director (d. 2018) November 25 – Serikbolsyn Abdildin, Kazakh economist and politician (d. 2019) November 26 – Boris Yegorov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1994) November 30 – Ridley Scott, British film director, producer December December 1 – Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, President of Latvia December 3 – Francisco Xavier do Amaral, 1st President of East Timor (d. 2012) December 4 Donnelly Rhodes, Canadian actor (d. 2018) William Lombardy, American chess grandmaster (d. 2017) December 6 – Ramon Torrents, Spanish artist December 7 – Thad Cochran, American politician (d. 2019) December 8 James MacArthur, American actor (d. 2010) Arne Næss, Jr., Norwegian mountaineer, businessman (d. 2004) December 12 Connie Francis, American singer Michael Jeffery, 24th Governor-General of Australia (d. 2020) December 17 – Sergio Jiménez, Mexican actor (d. 2007) December 18 – Sami-ul-Haq, Pakistani cleric, politician (d. 2018) December 21 Jane Fonda, American actress and activist Lawrence Roberts, American computer scientist (d. 2018) December 22 – Eduard Uspensky, Russian author and screenwriter (d. 2018) December 24 – Félix Miélli Venerando, Brazilian footballer (d. 2012) December 26 – John Horton Conway, English-born mathematician (d. 2020) December 28 – Ratan Tata, Indian industrialist December 29 – Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–2008) December 30 – Gordon Banks, English footballer (d. 2019) December 31 Avram Hershko, Israeli biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor Unknown Carmen Pereira, Bissau-Guinean politician (d. 2016) Deaths January January 1 Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Indian spiritual teacher (b. 1874) John Gresham Machen, American Presbyterian theologian (b. 1881) January 2 – Ross Alexander, American actor (b. 1907) January 4 – Paul Behncke, German admiral (b. 1869) January 5 Alberto de Oliveira, Brazilian poet (b. 1857) Ernst Löfström, Finnish general of World War I (b. 1865) January 6 André Bessette, Canadian religious leader, saint (b. 1845) Albert Gleaves, American admiral (b. 1858) January 12 – Martin Johnson, American adventurer, documentary filmmaker (plane crash) (b. 1884) January 15 Pietro Biginelli, Italian chemist (b. 1860) Georges Hilaire Bousquet, French scholar (b. 1845) January 16 – Pyotr Bark, Soviet statesman (b. 1869) January 17 – Richard Boleslawski, Polish film director (b. 1889) January 18 – Jaime Hilario Barbal, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (executed) (b. 1889) January 21 Yasin al-Hashimi, Iraqi politician and 4th Prime Minister of Iraq (b. 1884) Marie Prevost, Canadian actress (b. 1896) January 23 – Orso Mario Corbino, Italian physicist, politician (b. 1876) February February 1 – Asano Nagakoto, Japanese diplomat, politician (b. 1842) February 2 – Reinhold Hanisch, Austrian politician, worker (b. 1884) February 5 Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-born writer (b. 1861) José Nicoletti Filho, Italian revolutionary hero (b. 1871) February 7 – Elihu Root, American statesman, diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1845) February 11 Walter Burley Griffin, American architect, town planner (b. 1876) Vasily Gurko, Russian general (b. 1864) Maria Luisa Josefa, Mexican Roman Catholic nun and venerable (b. 1866) Peter of Jesus Maldonado, Mexican priest, martyr and saint (b. 1892) February 13 – Francisco Bergamín y García, Spanish lawyer, economist and politician (b. 1855) February 14 Vicente Vilar David, Spanish Roman Catholic priest, saint and martyr (killed in battle) (b. 1889) Erkki Melartin, Finnish composer (b. 1875) February 17 – George Hassell, English actor (b. 1881) February 18 – Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Soviet politician, suicide (b. 1886) February 20 – Sir Percy Cox, British army general and colonial administrator (b.1864) February 22 – James P. Buchanan, American politician (b. 1867) February 24 Vladimir Lipsky, Soviet scientist, botanist (b. 1863) Beyene Merid, Ethiopian military commander (b. 1897) Sir Guy Standing, British actor (b. 1873) February 27 Douglas Carnegie, British politician (b. 1870) Charles Donnelly, Irish poet (killed in battle) (b. 1915) March March 6 – John Ellis Martineau, American politician (b. 1873) March 7 – Concepción Cabrera de Armida, Mexican Roman Catholic mystic and blessed (b. 1862) March 8 Yuriy Kotsiubynsky, Soviet politician, activist (b. 1896) Howie Morenz, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902) March 9 – Paul Elmer More, American critic, essayist (b. 1864) March 11 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American oil industrialist, founder of Texaco (b. 1860) March 12 Julius Geppert, German philosopher (b. 1856) Jenő Hubay, Hungarian composer, violinist (b. 1858) Charles-Marie Widor, French organist, composer (b. 1844) March 13 – Elihu Thomson, English-American engineer and inventor, co-founder of General Electric (b. 1853) March 15 – H. P. Lovecraft, American writer (b. 1890) March 16 Sir Austen Chamberlain, British statesman, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1863) Edith Clark, French aviator, parachutist (b. 1904) March 18 Mélanie Bonis, French composer (b. 1858) Felix Graf von Bothmer, German general (b. 1852) Julio Sanchez Gardel, Argentine dramatist (b. 1870) March 20 Arthur Bernède, French writer, poet and playwright (b. 1870) Harry Vardon, English golf professional (b. 1870) March 22 Thorvald Aagaard, Danish composer (b. 1877) Alfred Dyke Acland, British military officer (b. 1858) Vladimir Maksimov, Soviet actor (b. 1880) Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford, British aviator, ornithologist (plane crash) (b. 1865) March 25 – John Drinkwater, British poet, dramatist (b. 1882) March 27 – Victor Gustav Bloede, Swedish chemist (b. 1849) March 28 – Josef Klička, Czechoslovak organist, violinist and composer (b. 1855) March 29 Fyodor Keneman, Soviet pianist, composer (b. 1873) Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (b. 1882) Kim You-jeong, Korean novelist (b. 1908) March 31 – Ahmed Izzet Pasha, Turkish general (b. 1864) April April 2 – Nathan Birnbaum, Austrian writer, journalist (b. 1864) April 4 Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco (b. 1875) Maria Teresa Casini, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1864) April 5 – Jose Benlliure y Gil, Spanish painter (b. 1858) April 6 – Gyula Juhász, Hungarian poet (b. 1883) April 7 – Helen Burgess, American actress (b. 1916) April 8 – Billy Bassett, English association footballer (b. 1869) April 10 Ralph Ince, American film director (b. 1887) Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar, Indian sociologist, historian (b. 1884) April 14 – Ned Hanlon, American baseball manager, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857) April 16 – Jay Johnson Morrow, American military engineer, politician and 3rd Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (b. 1870) April 18 – Max von Gallwitz, German general (b. 1852) April 19 Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington, British art critic, mountaineer (b. 1856) William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist (b. 1865) April 20 Gaston Chérau, French journalist (b. 1872) Josef Mařatka, Czech sculptor (b. 1874) April 21 – Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (b. 1913) April 22 – Arthur Edmund Carewe, Armenian-American actor (b. 1884) April 23 – Caroline Harris, American actress (b. 1867) April 24 – Lucy Beaumont, British actress (b. 1869) April 25 – Michał Drzymała, Polish rebel (b. 1857) April 27 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communist writer, politician (b. 1891) April 29 Wallace Carothers, American chemist, inventor of nylon (b. 1896) William Gillette, American actor (b. 1853) May May 1 Snitz Edwards, Hungarian actor (b. 1868) Herbert Hughes, Irish composer (b. 1882) May 2 – Takuji Iwasaki, Japanese meteorologist (b. 1869) May 4 – Noel Rosa, Brazilian songwriter (b. 1910) May 5 Camillo Berneri, Italian philosopher, anarchist (b. 1897) C.K.G. Billings, American horseman (b. 1861) May 7 – Ernst A. Lehmann, German captain of the Hindenburg (b. 1886) May 9 Harry Barton, American architect (b. 1876) Maurice Conner, Canadian politician (b. 1868) May 10 – Sir James Blindell, British politician (b. 1884) May 11 Afonso Costa, Portuguese lawyer, professor, politician and 3-time Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1871) Ellen Hansell, American tennis champion (b. 1869) May 12 Sir Henry Birchenough, British businessman and public servant (b. 1853) Cecil Meares, British explorer (b. 1877) May 15 – Percy Lee Gassaway, American politician (b. 1885) May 23 – John D. Rockefeller, American industrialist, philanthropist (b. 1839) May 24 Luis F. Álvarez, Spanish physician (b. 1853) Francis Bird, Australian architect (b. 1845) May 25 – Henry Ossawa Tanner, American artist (b. 1859) May 26 – Bertha May Crawford, Canadian opera singer (b. 1886) May 28 – Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (b. 1870) May 29 – Lizardo García, 17th President of Ecuador (b. 1844) June June 2 – Louis Vierne, French composer (b. 1870) June 3 Hugo Hammarskjöld, Swedish public servant, politician (b. 1845) Emilio Mola, Spanish Nationalist commander (plane crash) (b. 1887) June 4 Fernand Cabrol, French theologian (b. 1855) Keke Geladze, mother of Joseph Stalin, Leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1858) June 7 – Jean Harlow, American actress (b. 1911) June 10 Jane Foss Barff, American activist (b. 1863) Sir Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer, politician and 8th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1854) Malcolm Williams, American actor (b. 1870) June 12 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Soviet Army officer, Red Army commander-in-chief (executed) (b. 1893) June 16 – Alexander Chervyakov, Leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1892) June 18 Pierre Bodard, French painter (b. 1881) Gaston Doumergue, 60th Prime Minister of France, 13th President of France (b. 1863) June 19 – J. M. Barrie, British novelist, dramatist (b. 1860) June 20 – Andreu Nin Pérez, Spanish politician (b. 1892) June 25 Colin Clive, British actor (b. 1900) Marta Cunningham, American opera singer (b. 1869) June 26 – Minoru Murata, Japanese actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1894) June 27 – Sandro Akhmeteli, Soviet director (b. 1866) June 28 – Max Adler, Austrian Marxist theorist (b. 1873) July July 1 Ilya Garkavyi, Soviet general (b. 1888) Matvei Vasilenko, Soviet komkor (b. 1888) July 2 – Amelia Earhart, American aviator (missing on this date) (b. 1897) July 3 – Boris Gorbachyov, Soviet general (b. 1892) July 6 Bohdan Ihor Antonych, Soviet poet (b. 1909) Ernesto Badini, Italian opera singer (b. 1876) July 7 – Åke Hammarskjöld, Swedish diplomat, lawyer (b. 1893) July 8 – Diana Abgar, Armenian diplomat (b. 1859) July 9 – Oliver Law, American labor organizer, Army officer (killed in Spanish Civil War) (b. 1899) July 10 – Arthur Edmund Seaman, American professor and museum curator (b. 1858) July 11 George Gershwin, American composer (b. 1898) Rodrigues Ottolengui, American writer (b. 1861) July 12 – Hugo Charteris, 11th Earl of Wemyss, British politician, public servant (b. 1857) July 13 Mykhailo Boychuk, Soviet painter (b. 1882) Victor Laloux, French architect (b. 1850) July 14 Julius Meier, American businessman, politician (b. 1874) Joseph Taylor Robinson, American politician (b. 1872) July 15 – Walter Gay, American painter (b. 1856) July 16 – Vladimir Kirillov, Soviet poet (b. 1889) July 17 Annie Furuhjelm, Finnish feminist activist, politician (b. 1859) Percy Gardner, British archaeologist (b. 1846) July 18 Julian Bell, British poet (killed in Spanish Civil War) (b. 1908) Grigol Giorgadze, Soviet historian, jurist and politician (b. 1879) July 20 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian-born American inventor (b. 1874) July 22 Nazzareno Formosa, American Roman Catholic priest and reverend (b. 1901) Paolo Iashvili, Soviet poet (b. 1894) July 23 – Varnava, Serbian Patriarch (b. 1880) July 28 Tong Linge, Chinese military officer (b. 1892) Zhao Dengyu, Chinese military officer (b. 1898) July 31 – Noë Bloch, Soviet producer (b. 1875) August August 5 – Jean Louis Conneau, French aviator (b. 1880) August 6 Adeodato Barreto, Portuguese poet (b. 1905) F. C. S. Schiller, German-British philosopher (b. 1864) August 8 – Martin Rázus, Czechoslovakian poet, writer and politician (b. 1888) August 9 – Na Woon-gyu, Korean actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1902) August 11 – Edith Wharton, American writer (b. 1862) August 13 – Sigizmund Levanevsky, Soviet aircraft pilot (b. 1902) August 19 Alexander Hotovitzky, Russian Orthodox priest, missionary and saint (b. 1872) Asaichi Isobe, Japanese army officer (b. 1905) Ivan Kataev, Russian novelist, writer (b. 1902) August 22 Owen Burns, American entrepreneur (b. 1869) Gelegdorjiin Demid, Russian political military figure (b. 1900) August 24 – Gervase Beckett, British politician (b. 1866) August 26 Christos Christovasilis, Greek journalist, author (b. 1861) Andrew Mellon, American banker, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1855) August 30 Gaetano Bisleti, Italian cardinal (b. 1856) Tomás António Garcia Rosado, Portuguese general (b. 1854) August 31 – Ruth Baldwin, British socialite (b. 1905) September September 2 Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Indian revolutionary hero (b. 1880) Pierre de Coubertin, 2nd President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1863) September 3 – François Guiguet, French painter (b. 1860) September 4 Daniel Alexander Cameron, Canadian politician (b. 1870) Juan Campisteguy, Uruguayan lawyer, soldier and 25th President of Uruguay (b. 1859) September 5 – David Hendricks Bergey, American bacteriologist (b. 1860) September 6 – Harry Charles Purvis Bell, British civil servant, commissioner (b. 1851) September 8 – Frank Alexander, American actor (b. 1879) September 9 Mikhail Diterikhs, Russian general (b. 1874) Moritz Geiger, German philosopher (b. 1880) Géza Horváth, Hungarian doctor, entomologist (b. 1847) September 11 – Nazmi Ziya Güran, Turkish painter (b. 1881) September 13 – Ellis Parker Butler, American humorist (b. 1869) September 14 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Czechoslovakian politician, sociologist, philosopher and 1st President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1850) September 15 Anders Bundgaard, Danish sculptor (b. 1864) Clifford Heatherley, British actor (b. 1888) September 20 Maksymilian Horwitz, Polish |
– Charles-Amador Martin, Canadian Catholic priest (d. 1711) March 12 – Charles de Sévigné, French baron (d. 1713) March 13 – Anne Henriette of Bavaria, Duchess of Guise (d. 1723) March 31 – Sebastiaen van Aken, Flemish painter (d. 1722) April–June April 4 – Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-British sculptor and wood carver known for his work in England (d. 1721) April 5 – Nicolas Pasquin, early pioneer in New France (now Quebec) (d. 1708) April 7 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721) April 8 – Charles, Count of Marsan, French noble (d. 1708) April 9 – Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Earl of Galway, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1720) April 13 – Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (d. 1717) April 16 – Antoine de Pas de Feuquières, French soldier (d. 1711) April 20 – Maurice Bocland, English Member of Parliament (d. 1710) April 23 – Philip Verheyen, Flemish physician (d. 1710) April 26 – King Peter II of Portugal (d. 1706) May 12 – Philip Foley, English politician (d. 1716) May 14 – René de Froulay de Tessé, French Marshal and diplomat (d. 1725) May 15 – William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (from 1683) (d. 1725) May 23 – Johan Teyler, Dutch painter (d. 1709) May 24 – Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (d. 1699) June 18 – Petrus Houttuyn, Dutch botanist (d. 1709) July–September July 2 – Arp Schnitger, German organ builder (d. 1719) July 19 – Jakub Kresa, Czech mathematician (d. 1715) July 21 – John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (d. 1689) July 25 – Joseph Anthelmi, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1697) July 30 – Anne Marie Thérèse de Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (d. 1661) August 5 – Guichard Joseph Duverney, French anatomist (d. 1730) August 9 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694) August 11 – Jeremiah Shepard, American Puritan minister and the youngest son of Thomas Shepard (d. 1720) August 14 – Alphonse Henri, Count of Harcourt, French noble (d. 1718) August 22 Gerard Hoet, Dutch painter (d. 1733) Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia, first son and heir of Tsar Alexis of Russia (d. 1649) August 30 – Jean-Baptiste Morvan de Bellegarde, French Jesuit (d. 1734) September 2 – Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels, German noblewoman (d. 1681) September 3 – Sarah Cloyce, American accused of witchcraft (d. 1703) September 6 – Johann Schelle, German composer (d. 1701) September 10 – Nicolas Desmarets, Controller-General of Finances under Louis XIV of France (d. 1721) September 14 Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil, French noble (d. 1728) Caspar Neumann, German professor and clergyman (d. 1715) September 24 – Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston, English politician (d. 1695) September 27 Charles Gustav of Baden-Durlach, German general (d. 1703) Michelangelo Tamburini, Italian Jesuit Superior General (d. 1730) October–December October 3 – Élisabeth Sophie Chéron, French musician (d. 1711) October 6 – Henrietta Catharina, Baroness von Gersdorff, German noblewoman; poet (d. 1726) October 13 – Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1664) October 19 – Domenico Viva, Italian Jesuit theologian (d. 1726) October 22 – Aleijda Wolfsen, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1692) October 29 – John Verelst, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1734) November 12 Louis-Hector de Callière, French politician (d. 1703) Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican Hieronymite nun and polymath (d. 1695) November 15 – Juan María de Salvatierra, Italian Jesuit priest and missionary (d. 1717) November 16 – Charles Duncombe, English banker and politician (d. 1711) November 24 – Humphrey Humphreys, British bishop (d. 1712) November 27 – Petrus Codde, Dutch cleric, first Old | Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil, French noble (d. 1728) Caspar Neumann, German professor and clergyman (d. 1715) September 24 – Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston, English politician (d. 1695) September 27 Charles Gustav of Baden-Durlach, German general (d. 1703) Michelangelo Tamburini, Italian Jesuit Superior General (d. 1730) October–December October 3 – Élisabeth Sophie Chéron, French musician (d. 1711) October 6 – Henrietta Catharina, Baroness von Gersdorff, German noblewoman; poet (d. 1726) October 13 – Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1664) October 19 – Domenico Viva, Italian Jesuit theologian (d. 1726) October 22 – Aleijda Wolfsen, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1692) October 29 – John Verelst, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1734) November 12 Louis-Hector de Callière, French politician (d. 1703) Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican Hieronymite nun and polymath (d. 1695) November 15 – Juan María de Salvatierra, Italian Jesuit priest and missionary (d. 1717) November 16 – Charles Duncombe, English banker and politician (d. 1711) November 24 – Humphrey Humphreys, British bishop (d. 1712) November 27 – Petrus Codde, Dutch cleric, first Old Catholic bishop (d. 1710) December 5 – Charles François d'Angennes, Marquis de Maintenon, French nobleman, Caribbean buccaneer (d. 1691) December 6 – Leonard Goffiné, German Catholic priest and writer (d. 1719) December 15 – Gregory King, English statistician (d. 1712) December 20 – Tommaso Ceva, Italian Jesuit mathematician from Milan (d. 1737) December 23 – Robert Barclay, Scottish Quaker (d. 1690) Date unknown John Coode, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1709) Lionel Copley, colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1693) Anne de Rohan-Chabot, short-term mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1709) Kong Shangren, Qing Chinese dramatist and poet (d. 1718). Deaths January 14 – Caspar Barlaeus, Dutch polymath (b. 1584) January 15 – St. Francisco Fernandez de Capillas, Spanish saint (b. 1607) January 20 – Countess Palatine Magdalene Catherine of Zweibrücken and Duchess of Birkenfeld (b. 1607) January 23 – Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla, Spanish dramatist (b. 1607) January 29 – Francesco Palliola, Italian Servant of God (b. 1612) February 22 – Wilhelm Lamormaini, Luxembourgian theologian (b. 1570) February 28 – Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway (b. 1577) March 4 – Nicholas Stoughton, English politician (b. 1592) March 7 – Catherine of Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (b. 1573) March 12 – Tirso de Molina, Spanish writer (b. 1571) March 14 – Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general (b. 1584) March 22 – Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1585) April 7 – Robert Roberthin, German poet (b. 1600) April 12 – Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau, regent of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1578) April 29 – John Forbes, Scottish theologian (b. 1593) May 17 – Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel, Protestant military leader (b. 1589) May 20 – King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland (b. 1595) May 26 – Vincent Voiture, French poet (b. 1597) June 4 – George Seton, Lord Seton, Scottish noble (b. 1613) July 4 – Antoine Daniel, Jesuit missionary at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons (b. 1601) July 31 – Noël Juchereau, Quebec pioneer (b. 1593) August 2 – Claude Françoise de Lorraine, Princess of Lorraine (b. 1612) August 5 – Ivan III Drašković, Croatian nobleman and soldier (b. 1603) August 12 – Peter Sainthill, English politician (b. 1593) August 18 – Ibrahim, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1615) August 20 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (b. 1583) August 24 – Juan Damián López de Haro, Spanish Catholic bishop of Puerto Rico (b. 1581) August 25 – Joseph Calasanz, Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (b. 1557) August 31 – Michele Mazzarino, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1605) September 1 – Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (b. 1588) October 11 – George I Rákóczi, Hungarian prince of Transylvania (b. 1593) October 15 – Simone Cantarini, Italian painter and engraver |
Georgian prince (d. 1625) July 25 – Theodorus Schrevelius, Dutch Golden Age writer and poet (d. 1649) August 6 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Ottoman Emir of Chouf (d. 1635) September 11 – Daniyal, Imperial Prince of the Royal House of Timur, Viceroy of Deccan (d. 1604) September 27 – Francis van Aarssens, Dutch diplomat (d. 1641) September 30 – Denis-Simon de Marquemont, French cardinal and archbishop (d. 1626) October 27 – Marie Elisabeth of France, French princess (d. 1578) November 4 – William Whitmore, English politician (d. 1648) November 7 – Johannes Saeckma, Dutch Golden Age magistrate and judge of Leeuwarden (d. 1636) November 8 – John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1619) November 23 – Albret Skeel, State Admiral of Denmark (d. 1639) November 25 – Daniel Sennert, German physician, chemist (d. 1637) December 1 – Vilem Slavata of Chlum, Czech nobleman (d. 1652) December 20 – Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, son of Sir Francis Russell (d. 1627) December 22 – Juan López de Agurto de la Mata, Spanish Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Coro (later Bishop of Caracas) (1634–1637) and Bishop of Puerto Rico (1630–1634) (d. 1637) December 27 – Johannes Vodnianus Campanus, Czech humanist, composer, pedagogue, poet and dramatist (d. 1622) date unknown Johann Bayer, German astronomer (d. 1625) Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish diplomat (d. 1655) Arend Dickmann, Dutch admiral in the Polish Navy (d. 1627) John Floyd, English Jesuit (d. 1649) Regina Basilier, German-Swedish merchant banker (d. 1631) Bartholomew Gosnold, English lawyer and explorer (d. 1607) Cyril Lucaris, Greek prelate and theologian (d. 1637) James Mabbe, English scholar and poet (d. 1642) Thomas Tomkins, Welsh composer (d. 1656) probable – Giovanni Bernardino Azzolini or Mazzolini or Asoleni, Italian painter (d. c.1645) Deaths January 22 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (b. 1536) January 26 – Pierre de Monte, French 50th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1499) February 21 – Cho Shik, Korean Confucian scholar and politician (b. 1501) February 23 – Pierre Certon, French composer (b. c. 1510) February 26 – Pedro Agustín, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1512) February 28 Aegidius Tschudi, Swiss historian (b. 1505) Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (b. 1533) Udai Singh II, King of Mewar (b. 1522) March 2 – Mem de Sá, Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil (b. c. 1500) March 10 – William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester (b. c. 1483) March 27 – Girolamo Maggi, Italian Renaissance man (b. c. 1523) April 2 – Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Guelders (1518–1538) (b. 1494) May 1 – Pope Pius V (b. 1504) May 11 – Moses Isserles, Polish Jewish rabbi and Talmudist (b. 1530) June 2 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (b. 1536) June 9 – Jeanne d'Albret, | fostered. April 1 – Capture of Brielle: The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zeeland against Spanish Habsburg rule, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam) under rebel control. May 13 – Pope Gregory XIII succeeds Pope Pius V, as the 226th pope. June 25 – The Sea Beggars capture the city of Gorkum; several Roman Catholic priests are imprisoned. July–December July 9 – The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests (the Martyrs of Gorkum) at Brielle. July 11 – Humphrey Gilbert leads 1,500 volunteers from England, on an expedition to assist the Sea Beggars. July 19 – Wanli Emperor of China ascends the throne at the age of nine; he will rule for 48 years. July 29–August 2 – Battle of Molodi: A large Crimean Tatar–Ottoman army which invaded Russia is routed. August 18 – Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre marries Margaret of Valois, sister of King Charles and daughter of Catherine de' Medici, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics in France. August 24 – St. Bartholomew's Day massacre: Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny and Petrus Ramus, at the order of King Charles IX, with Catherine de Medici's connivance. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Condé barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France. October 20 – Eighty Years' War – Relief of Goes: Soldiers of the Spanish Tercios wade across the estuary of the Scheldt, to relieve the siege of Goes in the Spanish Netherlands. November 9 Siege of Sancerre: Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city holds out for nearly eight months, without bombard artillery. This is one of the last times that slings are used in European warfare. Supernova SN 1572 is first observed in the constellation Cassiopeia, by Cornelius Gemma. Tycho Brahe, who notes it two days later, will use it to challenge the prevailing view that stars do not change. The supernova remnant remains visible through 1574. December – The Siege of Haarlem is begun by the Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands. Date unknown The Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, Peru, the last independent remnant of the Inca Empire, is conquered by Spain. Girolamo Mercuriale from Forlì (Italy) writes the work ("On the diseases of the skin"), the first scientific tract on dermatology. Imaginary numbers are defined by Rafael Bombelli. Portugal's national epic Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões is first published. Georg Braun begins publication of his urban atlas, Civitates orbis terrarum, in Cologne. Births January 7 – Antoine de Gaudier, French Jesuit writer (d. 1622) January 11 – Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton, English countess (d. 1655) January 22 – John Donne (d. 1631) February 1 – Ellen Marsvin, Danish noble, landowner and county administrator (d. 1649) February 14 – William Cooke, English politician (d. 1619) February 27 – Francis II, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1632) February 29 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon, English viscount (d. 1638) March 4 – István Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1596) March 10 – Tommaso Caracciolo, Field Marshal of Spanish forces in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1631) March 20 – Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1641) April 4 – William Strachey, English writer (d. 1621) April 14 – Adam Tanner, Austrian Jesuit professor of mathematics and philosophy (d. 1632) May 20 – John Davenant, English Anglican bishop (d. 1641) May 25 – Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German musician (d. 1632) June 8 – Honorat de Porchères Laugier, French writer (d. 1653) June 10 – Henry II, Count of Reuss-Gera, Lord of Gera, Lobenstein and Oberkranichfeld (1572–1635) (d. 1635) June 11 – Ben Jonson, English dramatist (d. 1637) July 16 – Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani, Georgian prince (d. 1625) July 25 – Theodorus Schrevelius, Dutch Golden Age writer and poet (d. 1649) August 6 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Ottoman Emir of Chouf (d. 1635) September 11 – Daniyal, Imperial Prince of the Royal House of Timur, Viceroy of Deccan (d. 1604) September 27 – Francis van Aarssens, Dutch diplomat (d. 1641) September 30 – Denis-Simon de Marquemont, French cardinal and archbishop (d. 1626) October 27 – Marie Elisabeth of France, French princess (d. 1578) November 4 – William Whitmore, English politician (d. 1648) November 7 – Johannes Saeckma, Dutch Golden Age magistrate and judge of |
IV (1623–1640) succeeds Mustafa I (1622–1623) as Ottoman Emperor. November 1 – Fire at Plymouth Colony destroys several buildings. Between November 8 and December 5 – The "First Folio" (Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies), a collection of 36 of the plays of Shakespeare, is published in London, England, half of which have not previously been printed. Gabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor; 15 November 1580 – 15 November 1629) Prince of Transylvania and King-elect of Hungary with his diploma dated in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/Cluj he allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign. Date unknown The Safavids recapture Baghdad. England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis. Wilhelm Schickard invents his Calculating Clock, an early mechanical calculator. Zildjian begins the commercial manufacture of cymbals in Turkey. The company will still be operating, from Massachusetts, in the 21st century. Procopius' long-lost Secret History is rediscovered, in the Vatican Library. Giambattista Marini publishes his long poem Adone. Tommaso Campanella publishes The City of the Sun. Johannes Rudbeck founds Rudbeckianska gymnasiet, the first gymnasium in Sweden. The second Thanksgiving is celebrated at Plymouth Plantation. Erotomania is first mentioned, in a psychiatric treatise. On the coast of Massachusetts Bay, the settlement that will become the City of Gloucester, Massachusetts, is first inhabited by men from Dorchester, Dorset, England. On the coast of New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point, which will become Dover, New Hampshire, is established by men from London, England, the first European settlers in the state. A plague outbreak kills around 40 people in Malta. Births January–March January 1 – Marie Eleonore of Dietrichstein, German noblewoman, by birth member of the House of Dietrichstein, and by her two marriages Countess of Kaunitz and Oppersdorf (d. 1687) January 15 – Algernon Sidney, British philosopher (d. 1683) March 4 – Jacob van der Does, Dutch landscape painter (d. 1673) March 5 – Henri Sauval, French historian (d. 1676) March 23 – Deane Winthrop, 6th son of Governor John Winthrop (d. 1704) March 24 – Ralph Hare, English politician (d. 1672) April–June April 7 – Thomas Mainwaring, English politician (d. 1689) April 11 – Decio Azzolino, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1689) April 20 – Olimpia Aldobrandini, Italian Aldobrandini family member, heiress (d. 1681) April 23 – Sir John Chichester, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1667) April 27 – Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska, Polish noble (d. 1672) April 28 – Wilhelmus Beekman, Dutch politician (d. 1707) April 30 – François de Laval, first Catholic bishop of Quebec (d. 1708) May 26 – William Petty, English scientist and philosopher (d. 1687) May 29 – David Schirmer, German lyric poet and librarian (d. 1686) May 30 John Egerton, 2nd Earl of | the closest since 4 March 1226. This conjunction likely went unobserved, as it would have occurred near the sun and the telescope had been invented only recently. August 6 Papal Conclave of 1623: Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) succeeds Pope Gregory XV, as the 235th pope. Thirty Years' War: Chased by the Count of Tilly's army, Christian of Brunswick's army attempts to flee to the Dutch Republic. Tilly's army catches Brunswick five miles from the border. In the resulting Battle of Stadtlohn, Christian's army is destroyed. September 10 – Murat IV (1623–1640) succeeds Mustafa I (1622–1623) as Ottoman Emperor. November 1 – Fire at Plymouth Colony destroys several buildings. Between November 8 and December 5 – The "First Folio" (Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies), a collection of 36 of the plays of Shakespeare, is published in London, England, half of which have not previously been printed. Gabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor; 15 November 1580 – 15 November 1629) Prince of Transylvania and King-elect of Hungary with his diploma dated in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/Cluj he allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign. Date unknown The Safavids recapture Baghdad. England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis. Wilhelm Schickard invents his Calculating Clock, an early mechanical calculator. Zildjian begins the commercial manufacture of cymbals in Turkey. The company will still be operating, from Massachusetts, in the 21st century. Procopius' long-lost Secret History is rediscovered, in the Vatican Library. Giambattista Marini publishes his long poem Adone. Tommaso Campanella publishes The City of the Sun. Johannes Rudbeck founds Rudbeckianska gymnasiet, the first gymnasium in Sweden. The second Thanksgiving is celebrated at Plymouth Plantation. Erotomania is first mentioned, in a psychiatric treatise. On the coast of Massachusetts Bay, the settlement that will become the City of Gloucester, Massachusetts, is first inhabited by men from Dorchester, Dorset, England. On the coast of New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point, which will become Dover, New Hampshire, is established by men from London, England, the first European settlers in the state. A plague outbreak kills around 40 people in Malta. Births January–March January 1 – Marie Eleonore of Dietrichstein, German noblewoman, by birth member of the House of Dietrichstein, and by her two marriages Countess of Kaunitz and Oppersdorf (d. 1687) January 15 – Algernon Sidney, British philosopher (d. 1683) March 4 – Jacob van der Does, Dutch landscape painter (d. 1673) March 5 – Henri Sauval, French historian (d. 1676) March 23 – Deane Winthrop, 6th son of Governor John Winthrop (d. 1704) March 24 – Ralph Hare, English politician (d. 1672) April–June April 7 – Thomas Mainwaring, English politician (d. 1689) April 11 – Decio Azzolino, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1689) April 20 – Olimpia Aldobrandini, Italian Aldobrandini family member, heiress (d. 1681) April 23 – Sir John Chichester, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1667) April 27 – Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska, Polish noble (d. 1672) April 28 – Wilhelmus Beekman, Dutch politician (d. 1707) April 30 – François de Laval, first Catholic bishop of Quebec (d. 1708) May 26 – William Petty, English scientist and philosopher (d. 1687) May 29 – David Schirmer, German lyric poet and librarian (d. 1686) May 30 John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (d. 1686) Wallerant Vaillant, painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1677) June 8 – Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1698) June 15 – Cornelis de Witt, Dutch politician (d. 1672) June 19 – Blaise Pascal, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (d. 1662) June 29 – Inaba Masanori, Japanese daimyō (d. 1696) July–September July 1 – William Owfield, English landowner and politician (d. 1664) July 6 – Jacopo Melani, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1676) July 12 – Elizabeth Walker, English pharmacist (d. 1690) July 28 – Allen Brodrick, English politician (d. 1680) August 4 – Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1641–1680) and Hanau-Münzenberg (1642–1680) (d. 1685) August 5 – (baptism) Antonio Cesti, Italian composer (d. 1669) August 13 – Sir John Morden, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1708) August 14 – Sir John Fowell, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1677) August 23 – Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish Socinian theologist (d. 1675) August 25 – Filippo Lauri, Italian painter (d. 1694) August 26 – Johann Sigismund Elsholtz, German naturalist and physician (d. 1688) September 1 – Caspar Schamberger, German surgeon and merchant (d. 1706) September 8 – James Bellingham, English politician (d. 1650) September 10 – Carpoforo Tencalla, Swiss-Italian Baroque painter of canvases and frescoes (d. 1685) September 13 – Pieter Wouwerman, Dutch painter (d. 1682) September |
January 1 – Balaji Vishwanath, Peshwa of the Maratha Empire (d. 1720) January 4 – Jeanne Le Ber, religious recluse in New France (d. 1714) January 6 – Robert Sutton, 2nd Baron Lexinton, English diplomat (d. 1723) January 9 – John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, England (d. 1711) January 12 – Samuel Shute, Governor of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire (d. 1742) January 17 – Françoise Pitel, French actor (d. 1721) January 25 – Luís da Cunha, Ambassador of Portugal (d. 1749) January 27 – Richard Bentley, English classical scholar (d. 1742) February 9 – Paolo de Matteis, Italian painter (d. 1728) February 15 – James Renwick, Scottish minister and Covenanter martyr (d. 1688) March 1 – Giovanni Carlo Aliberti, Italian painter (d. 1740) March 8 – Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1731) March 9 – Franz Anton von Sporck, German noble (d. 1738) March 10 – Francis Pierrepont, English politician (d. 1693) March 15 – Gabriel Álvarez de Toledo, Royal Librarian of King Felipe V of Spain (d. 1714) March 19 – Johann, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (d. 1698) March 20 – Giuseppe Averani, Italian jurist and naturalist (d. 1738) March 29 – Tsarevna Feodosia Alekseyevna of Russia, daughter of Tsar Alexis of Russia (d. 1713) April 9 – Edward Hawarden, English Catholic theologian (d. 1735) William Conolly, Irish politician (d. 1729) April 11 – Countess Louise Sophie of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1751) April 13 – Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach, Electress of Saxony (d. 1696) April 26 – Francisco Bances Candamo, Spanish playwright (d. 1704) Marie Louise d'Orléans (d. 1689) April 30 – Mary II of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1694) May 3 – Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, German architect (d. 1737) May 18 – George Smalridge, English Bishop of Bristol (d. 1719) June 3 – Willem van Mieris, Dutch painter (d. 1747) June 6 – Mannus Riedesel, German architect (d. 1726) June 7 – Celia Fiennes, English travel writer (d. 1741) June 11 – Tokugawa Ienobu, Japanese Edo shōgun (d. 1712) June 18 – Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland (d. 1730) July 1 – Béatrice Hiéronyme de Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (d. 1738) July 1 – John Dolben, British politician (d. 1710) July 11 – Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1726) July 20 – Andrea Brustolon, Italian artist (d. 1732) August 3 – Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck, Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen (d. 1702) August 5 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (d. 1728) August 10 – Charles Boit, Swedish enameller, miniature painter (d. 1727) August 12 – Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, German physician (d. 1836) August 13 – Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, English politician (d. 1748) August 25 – John Leverett the Younger, Massachusetts colonial judge; president of Harvard (d. 1724) August 28 – Maria Aurora von Königsmarck, Swedish noblewoman of Brandenburg extraction (d. 1728) August 29 – Sebastiano Mocenigo, Doge of Venice (d. 1732) September 1 – Louis de Carrières, French priest and Bible commentator (d. 1717) September 19 – Jean-Paul Bignon, French priest and man of letters (d. 1743) October 3 – Alessandro, Marquis de Maffei, Italian Lieutenant General of Infantry in Bavarian service (d. 1730) October 6 – William Walsh, English/British politician (d. 1708) October 14 – William Fairfield, Massachusetts Speaker of the House of Deputies (d. 1742) October 17 – Arthur Rawdon, English Member of Parliament (d. 1695) October 18 – Matthew Henry, English Bible commentator, Presbyterian minister (d. 1714) October 19 – William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1728) November 2 – Johan Cronman, Swedish general (d. 1737) November 7 – Pierre Fatio, Swiss politician (d. 1707) November 11 – Alexander Pendarves, British politician (d. 1726) November 11 – John Chesshyre, English lawyer (d. 1738) November 12 – Francesco Barberini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1738) November 19 – John Campbell, 2nd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland, Scottish politician (d. 1752) November 29 – Heinrich X, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf (d. 1711) November 30 – Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1743) December 13 – Francesco Bianchini, | English travel writer (d. 1741) June 11 – Tokugawa Ienobu, Japanese Edo shōgun (d. 1712) June 18 – Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland (d. 1730) July 1 – Béatrice Hiéronyme de Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (d. 1738) July 1 – John Dolben, British politician (d. 1710) July 11 – Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1726) July 20 – Andrea Brustolon, Italian artist (d. 1732) August 3 – Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck, Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen (d. 1702) August 5 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (d. 1728) August 10 – Charles Boit, Swedish enameller, miniature painter (d. 1727) August 12 – Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, German physician (d. 1836) August 13 – Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, English politician (d. 1748) August 25 – John Leverett the Younger, Massachusetts colonial judge; president of Harvard (d. 1724) August 28 – Maria Aurora von Königsmarck, Swedish noblewoman of Brandenburg extraction (d. 1728) August 29 – Sebastiano Mocenigo, Doge of Venice (d. 1732) September 1 – Louis de Carrières, French priest and Bible commentator (d. 1717) September 19 – Jean-Paul Bignon, French priest and man of letters (d. 1743) October 3 – Alessandro, Marquis de Maffei, Italian Lieutenant General of Infantry in Bavarian service (d. 1730) October 6 – William Walsh, English/British politician (d. 1708) October 14 – William Fairfield, Massachusetts Speaker of the House of Deputies (d. 1742) October 17 – Arthur Rawdon, English Member of Parliament (d. 1695) October 18 – Matthew Henry, English Bible commentator, Presbyterian minister (d. 1714) October 19 – William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1728) November 2 – Johan Cronman, Swedish general (d. 1737) November 7 – Pierre Fatio, Swiss politician (d. 1707) November 11 – Alexander Pendarves, British politician (d. 1726) November 11 – John Chesshyre, English lawyer (d. 1738) November 12 – Francesco Barberini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1738) November 19 – John Campbell, 2nd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland, Scottish politician (d. 1752) November 29 – Heinrich X, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf (d. 1711) November 30 – Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1743) December 13 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher and scientist (d. 1729) December 17 – Samuel Wesley, English poet, father of the Wesley brothers (d. 1735) December 18 – James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, Scottish politician (d. 1711) December 24 – Adam Zrinski, Croatian count and military officer (d. 1691) Deaths January 6 – Sir Francis Drake, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1617) January 10 – Honoré II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1597) January 13 – Christian Keymann, German hymnwriter (b. 1607) January 22 – Henry Lingen, English politician (b. 1612) January 23 – John Kemény, Prince of Transylvania (b. 1607) February 9 – Judith Quiney, English daughter of William Shakespeare (b. 1585) February 13 Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (b. 1596) Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina, marquisate of Massa (b. 1581) February 21 John Stawell, English Member of Parliament (b. 1600) Joris Jansen Rapelje, Early Dutch settler in colonial North America (b. 1604) February 23 – Johann Crüger, German composer of well-known hymns (b. 1598) March 10 – Samuel Hartlib, British scholar (b. 1600) March 17 – Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland (b. 1605) March 20 – François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet (b. 1592) April 14 – William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, English statesman (b. 1582) April 8 Albert d'Orville, Jesuit priest and missionary, cartographer (b. 1621) Birgitte Thott, Danish scholar, writer and translator (b. 1610) April 22 – John Tradescant the Younger, English botanist (b. 1608) April 24 – Elizabeth Ribbing, Swedish noble (b. 1596) May 7 – Lucrezia Orsina Vizzana, Italian singer and composer (b. 1590) May 8 – Peter Heylin, English ecclesiastic and author of many polemical works (b. 1599) May 16 – John Ley, English priest (b. 1583) May 17 Abraham de Fabert, Marshal of France (b. 1599) William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German nobleman (b. 1598) May 18 – Adam Billaut, French poet, carpenter (b. 1602) May 23 – John Gauden, English bishop and writer (b. 1605) May 28 – Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, Swedish field marshal (b. 1611) June 1 – Zhu Youlang, the 4th and last emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty of China (b. |
Cove by Ottoman forces is repelled by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. May 22 Quintinshill rail disaster in Scotland: The collision and fire kill 226, mostly troops, the largest number of fatalities in a rail accident in the United Kingdom. Lassen Peak, one of the Cascade Volcanoes in California, erupts, sending an ash plume 30,000 feet in the air, and devastating the nearby area with pyroclastic flows and lahars. It is the only volcano to erupt in the contiguous United States this century, until the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. May 23 – WWI: Italy joins the Allies after declaring war on Austria-Hungary. May 25 – China agrees to the Twenty-One Demands of the Japanese. May 27 – Armenian genocide: The Tehcir Law is promulgated by the Turkish Ottoman Empire authorizing deportation of the Ottoman Armenian population to Deir ez-Zor in the Syrian desert, leading to the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and over 1,500,000 civilians and confiscation of their property. May 28 – International Congress of Women meet at the Hague as a major peace initiative. May 29 – Teófilo Braga becomes president of Portugal. June June – Armenian genocide: 15,000 civilians from the Ottoman Armenian population of Bitlis are massacred by Ottoman Turks and Kurds. June 3 – Mexican Revolution: Troops of Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa clash at León; Obregón loses his right arm in a grenade attack, but Villa is decisively defeated. June 5 – Women's suffrage in national elections is introduced in Denmark. June 9 – U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania. June 11 – Friar Leonard Melki and hundreds of other Christians are driven out of Mardin and massacred by Ottoman troops. June 16 – Women's Institutes are established in Britain. June 19 – In Iceland, at this time a dependency of Denmark: Women's suffrage is granted to those over 40. The modern civil flag of Iceland is adopted officially. July July WWI: South West Africa Campaign – The Union of South Africa occupies German South West Africa with assistance from Canada, the United Kingdom, the Portuguese Republic and Portuguese Angola. South Africa will occupy South West Africa until March 1990. Armenian genocide: 17,000 civilians from the Ottoman Armenian population of Trebizond are massacred by Ottoman Turks. July 1 – WWI: In aerial warfare, German fighter pilot Kurt Wintgens becomes the first person to shoot down another plane, using a machine gun equipped with synchronization gear. July 7 An extremely overloaded International Railway (New York–Ontario) trolleycar with 157 passengers crashes near Queenston, Ontario, resulting in 15 casualties. Sinhalese militia captain Henry Pedris is executed in British Ceylon for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false; he becomes a hero of the Sri Lankan independence movement. July 9 – WWI: Theodore Seitz, governor of German South West Africa, surrenders to General Louis Botha, between Otavi and Tsumeb. July 11 – WWI: Battle of Rufiji Delta – German cruiser is forced to scuttle in the Rufiji River, German East Africa (present-day Tanzania). July 14 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Henry McMahon concerning the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire begins; in exchange for assistance against the Ottomans, the British offer bin Ali their recognition of an independent Arab kingdom, although clear terms are never agreed. July 22 – WWI: The "Great Retreat" is ordered on the Eastern Front; Russian forces pull back out of Poland (at this time part of the Russian Empire), taking machinery and equipment with them. July 24 – Steamer capsizes in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives. July 28 – The American occupation of Haiti (1915–34) begins. August August 5–23 – Hurricane Two of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season over Galveston and New Orleans leaves 275 dead. August 6 – WWI: Battle of Sari Bair – The Allies mount a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at Suvla Bay. August 16 – WWI: The Allies promises the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar). August 31 – Jimmy Lavender of the Chicago Cubs pitches a no-hitter, against the New York Giants. September September 5 – The Zimmerwald Conference begins in Switzerland. September 6 – The prototype military tank is first tested by the British Army. September 7 – Former cartoonist John B. Gruelle is given a patent for his Raggedy Ann doll. September 8 – WWI: A Zeppelin raid destroys No. 61 Farringdon Road, London; it is rebuilt in 1917, and called The Zeppelin Building. September 11 – The Pennsylvania Railroad begins electrified commuter rail service between Paoli and Philadelphia, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system is later used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. September 12 – French soldiers rescue over 4,000 Armenian genocide survivors stranded on Musa Dagh, a mountain in the Hatay province of Turkey. September 25–October 14 – WWI: Battle of Loos – British forces take the French town of Loos, but with substantial casualties, and are unable to press their advantage. This is the first time the British use poison gas in World War I, and also their first large-scale use of 'New' (or Kitchener's Army) units. September 30 – WWI: Serbian Army private Radoje Ljutovac becomes the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft, with ground-to-air fire. October October – Franz Kafka's novella The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung) is first published in Germany. October 12 – WWI: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad, for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium. October 15 – WWI: Serbian Campaign – Austria-Hungary invades the Kingdom of Serbia. Bulgaria enters the war, also invading Serbia. The Serbian First Army retreats towards Greece. October 16 – WWI: France declares war on Bulgaria. October 19 WWI: Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria. Mexican Revolution: The U.S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza de facto (not de jure until 1917). October 21 – The United Daughters of the Confederacy holds its first annual meeting outside the South, in San Francisco. Historian General Mildred Rutherford addresses the gathering on the "Historical Sins of Omission & Commission", of Yankee historians. October 23 – WWI: The torpedoing of armored cruiser results in only 3 men being rescued from a crew of 675, the greatest single loss of life for the Imperial German Navy in the Baltic Sea during the war. October 25 – Lyda Conley, the first American Indian woman to appear before the Supreme Court of the United States as a lawyer, is admitted to practice there. October 27 – William Morris "Billy" Hughes becomes the 7th Prime Minister of Australia. October 28 – St. Johns School fire: Fire at St. John's School in Peabody, Massachusetts, claims the lives of 21 girls between the ages of 7 and 17. November November 2 – PSM Makassar is founded as Makassar Voetbal Bond, making it the oldest Indonesian association football club. November 18 – The U.S. silent film Inspiration, the first mainstream movie in which a leading actress (Audrey Munson) appears nude, is released. November 21 – British polar exploration ship Endurance finally breaks apart from pressure of ice around it and sinks into the Weddell Sea, stranding Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition party in the Antarctic. November 23 – The Triangle Film Corporation opens its new motion picture theater in Massillon, Ohio. November 24 – William J. Simmons revives the American Civil War era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia. November 25 – Albert Einstein presents part of his theory of general relativity to the Prussian Academy of Sciences. December December 10 – The 1 millionth Ford car rolls off the assembly line, at the River Rouge Plant in Detroit, Michigan. December 12 – President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declares himself Emperor. December 18 – United States President Woodrow Wilson marries Edith B. Galt, in Washington, D.C. December 23 – HMHS Britannic, which will be the largest British ship lost in WWI (though with only 30 fatalities), departs Liverpool on her maiden voyage as a hospital ship. December 26 – The Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916. Date unknown Alfred Wegener publishes his theory of Pangaea. The first stop sign appears in Detroit. The Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis is founded in the United States. Carrier Engineering, predecessor of Carrier Global, a global air conditioning brand, is founded in New Jersey, United States. Births January January 1 Branko Ćopić, Yugoslav writer (d. 1984) Fazlollah Reza, Iranian university professor, electrical engineer (d. 2019) January 3 – Mady Rahl, German stage, film actress (d. 2009) January 4 – Adolf Opálka, Czechoslovak soldier (d. 1942) January 5 – Humberto Teixeira, Brazilian flautist (d. 1979) January 6 – Alan Watts, British philosopher (d. 1973) January 7 Franz Bartl, Austrian field handball player (d. 1941) Helen Mussallem, Canadian nursing administrator (d. 2012) January 9 Fernando Lamas, Argentine-born actor (d. 1982) Anita Louise, American actress (d. 1970) January 11 – Robert Blair Mayne, British soldier, co-founder of the Special Air Service (d. 1955) January 16 Susan Ahn Cuddy, United States Navy gunnery officer (d. 2015) Leslie H. Martinson, American film director (d. 2016) January 17 – Sammy Angott, American boxer (d. 1980) January 18 – Santiago Carrillo, Spanish politician (d. 2012) January 20 – Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Pakistani civil servant, 7th President of Pakistan (d. 2006) January 23 W. Arthur Lewis, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991) Potter Stewart, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1985) January 24 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (d. 1991) January 25 – Ewan MacColl, English folk singer, songwriter, and poet (d. 1989) January 29 Albert Henderson, American actor (d. 2004) V. V. Sadagopan, Indian film actor, music teacher, performer and composer January 30 Ed Keats, American rear admiral (d. 2019) Joachim Peiper, German Waffen-SS officer (d. 1976) John Profumo, British politician (d. 2006) January 31 – Thomas Merton, American monk, author (d. 1968) February February 1 Alicia Rhett, American actress (d. 2014) Artur London, Czech statesman (d. 1986) Sir Stanley Matthews, English footballer (d. 2000) February 2 Abba Eban, South African-born Israeli foreign affairs minister (d. 2002) Khushwant Singh, Indian writer (d. 2014) February 4 Ray Evans, American composer (d. 2007) Sir Norman Wisdom, English comedian, singer, and actor (d. 2010) February 5 – Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990) February 6 – Danuta Szaflarska, Polish actress (d. 2017) February 7 Teoctist Arăpașu, Ex-Romanian Orthodox Church Patriarch (d. 2007) Georges-André Chevallaz, 78th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 2002) Liu Jie, Chinese politician (d. 2018) February 10 – Karl Winsch, American professional baseball player, manager (d. 2001) February 11 Patrick Leigh Fermor, British author (d. 2011) Harry Walker, English rugby union player (d. 2018) Richard Hamming, American mathematician (d. 1998) February 12 Richard G. Colbert, American admiral (d. 1973) Lorne Greene, Canadian actor (d. 1987) Olivia Hooker, American civil rights figure (d. 2018) February 13 – Aung San, Burmese national leader (d. 1947) February 16 Elisabeth Eybers, South African poet (d. 2007) Jim O'Hora, American college football coach (d. 2005) February 19 Fred Freiberger, American screenwriter, television producer (d. 2003) John Freeman, British politician (d. 2014) February 20 – Danuta Szaflarska Polish screen, stage actress (d. 2017) February 21 Ann Sheridan, American film actress (d. 1967) Anton Vratuša, 8th Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 2017) February 23 Jon Hall, American actor (d. 1979) Paul Tibbets, American World War II bomber pilot (Enola Gay) (d. 2007) February 25 – S. Rajaratnam, 1st Senior Minister of Singapore (d. 2006) February 27 – Dick Crockett, American actor, stunt performer (d. 1979) February 28 Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1987) Zero Mostel, American film, stage actor (d. 1977) March March 1 – Elizabeth Peet McIntosh, American spy (d. 2015) March 4 László Csizsik-Csatáry, Hungarian convicted Nazi war criminal (d. 2013) Carlos Surinach, Spanish composer (d. 1997) March 5 – Sydney Sturgess, British-Canadian actress (d. 1999) March 6 Mary Ward, Australian actress (d. 2021) Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, Indian leader of the Dawoodi Bohra Community (d. 2014) March 7 – Jacques Chaban-Delmas, French politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 2000) March 8 – Drue Heinz, American literary publisher (d. 2018) March 9 – John Edgar "Johnnie" Johnson, English pilot (d. 2001) March 11 – Vijay Hazare, Indian cricketer (d. 2004) March 15 – Carl Emil Schorske, American cultural historian (d. 2015) March 17 – Bill Roycroft, Australian equestrian (d. 2011) March 19 – Patricia Morison, American actress (d. 2018) March 20 Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian politician, 8th President of Austria (d. 2000) Sviatoslav Richter, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1997) Marie M. Runyon, American politician, activist (d. 2018) Sister Rosetta Tharpe, American singer (d. 1973) March 23 – Vasily Zaytsev, Soviet sniper (d. 1991) March 27 – Robert Lockwood Jr., American musician (d. 2006) March 28 – Jeremy Hutchinson, British lawyer, peer (d. 2017) March 30 Brockway McMillan, American government official and scientist (d. 2016) Arsenio Erico, Paraguayan footballer (d. 1977) Pietro Ingrao, Italian politician (d. 2015) March 31 – Albert Hourani, English historian (d. 1993) April April 1 – O. W. Fischer, Austrian actor (d. 2004) April 3 Axel Axgil, Danish LGBT rights activist (d. 2011) Piet de Jong, Dutch politician, naval officer, Minister of Defence (1963–1967), and Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1967–1971) (d. 2016) İhsan Doğramacı, Turkish physician, academic (d. 2010) Paul Touvier, French Nazi collaborator (d. 1996) April 4 – Dorothy Fay, American actress (d. 2003) April 6 Tadeusz Kantor, Polish painter, assemblage designer and theatre director (d. 1990) Thelma McKenzie, Australian cricketer April 7 Stanley Adams, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1977) Albert O. Hirschman, German-born economist (d. 2012) Billie Holiday, African-American singer (d. 1959) April 8 Sir Alan Dawtry, British local government official (d. 2018) Ivan Supek, Croatian physicist, author, and human rights activist (d. 2007) April 10 Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Kashmiri guerrilla leader (d. 2003) Harry Morgan, American actor and director (d. 2011) April 12 George Hogan, American professional basketball player (d. 1965) Hound Dog Taylor, American guitarist, singer (d. 1975) April 19 – Vonda Phelps, American actress (d. 2004) April 20 Aurora Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 2005) Zita Szeleczky, Hungarian actress (d. 1999) April 21 – Anthony Quinn, Mexican actor (d. 2001) April 24 – Sam Burston, Australian farmer (d. 2015) April 29 – Donald Mills, lead tenor of the Mills Brothers (d. 1999) April 30 – Elio Toaff, Italian rabbi (d. 2015) May May 1 – Archie Williams, American athlete (d. 1993) May 2 Van Alexander, American bandleader, arranger and composer (d. 2015) Doris Fisher, American singer and songwriter (d. 2003) May 3 Michele Cozzoli, Italian composer, conductor and arranger (d. 1961) Stu Hart, Canadian wrestling trainer (d. 2003) May 5 – Alice Faye, American entertainer (d. 1998) May 6 Sydney Carter, British musician, poet and songwriter (d. 2004) Orson Welles, American actor and director (d. 1985) May 8 – John Archer, American actor (d. 1999) May 10 Beyers Naudé, South African cleric, theologian and activist (d. 2004) Sir Denis Thatcher, British businessman, husband of Margaret Thatcher (d. 2003) May 12 Brother Roger, Swiss founder of the Taizé Community (d. 2005) Tadashi Sasaki, Japanese engineer (d. 2018) May 15 Ida Keeling, American track and field athlete (d. 2021) Evelyn Owen, Australian gun designer (d. 1949) Paul Samuelson, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009) May 16 – Mario Monicelli, Italian film director (d. 2010) May 19 – Renée Asherson, British actress (d. 2014) May 20 – Moshe Dayan, Israeli military leader and politician (d. 1981) May 25 – Aarne Kainlauri, Finnish athlete (d. 2020) May 27 Ester Soré, Chilean musician (d. 1996) Herman Wouk, American author (d. 2019) May 29 – Karl Münchinger, German conductor (d. 1990) May 31 – Carmen Herrera, Cuban-American painter (d. 2022) June June 1 Johnny Bond, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 1978) John Randolph, American actor (d. 2004) June 2 Jason Lee, American politician and judge (d. 1980) Tapio Wirkkala, Finnish designer (d. 1985) June 3 – Milton Cato, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 1997) June 4 – Modibo Keïta, 1st President of Mali (d. 1977) June 9 Ken Feltscheer, Australian rules footballer (d. 2017) Les Paul, American inventor and musician (d. 2009) June 10 Saul Bellow, Canadian-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005) Peride Celal, Turkish author (d. 2013) Inia Te Wiata, New Zealand Māori bass-baritone opera singer, film actor, whakairo (carver) and artist (d. 1971) June 11 Buddy Baer, American boxer and actor (d. 1986) Magda Gabor, Hungarian-American actress (d. 1997) June 12 William MacVane, American surgeon and politician (d. 2010) David Rockefeller, American banker and philanthropist (d. 2017) June 14 Loke Wan Tho, Singaporean business magnate, ornithologist, and photographer (d. 1964) Zoe Dell Nutter, American dancer, model, promoter, pilot and philanthropist (d. 2020) June 15 Kaiser Matanzima, President of the Transkei bantustan (d. 2003) Nini Theilade, Danish ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher (d. 2018) Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008) June 16 – Mariano Rumor, Italian politician and Prime Minister of Italy from 1968 to 1970 and again from 1973 to 1974 (d. 1990) June 17 Mario Echandi Jiménez, President of Costa Rica (d. 2011) Karl Targownik, Hungarian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor (d. 1996) Walter J. Zable, American founder and CEO of Cubic Corporation (d. 2012) June 20 – Terence Young, British film director and screenwriter (d. 1994) June 21 – Karol Miklosz, Polish-Soviet footballer, Soviet referee and Soviet-Ukrainian football administrator (d. 2003) June 22 Duncan Clark, Scottish athlete (d. 2003) Randolph Hokanson, American pianist (d. 2018) Hatsuko Morioka, Japanese freestyle swimmer Cornelius Warmerdam, American track & field athlete (d. 2001) June 24 Fred Hoyle, British astronomer (d. 2001) Bill Radovich, American football guard (d. 2002) June 25 – Floyd Boring, American Secret Service agent (d. 2008) June 26 George Haigh, English professional footballer (d. 2019) Charlotte Zolotow, American author (d. 2013) June 27 Grace Lee Boggs, American author, social activist, and philosopher (d. 2015) Graham Botting, New Zealand cricketer and hockey (d. 2007) Marie Clarke, American activist and labor leader (d. 2020) Aideu Handique, Indian actress (d. 2002) John Alexander Moore, American zoology professor emeritus (d. 2002) June 28 David "Honeyboy" Edwards, American musician (d. 2011) Muzz Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1998) Carmen Vidal, Spanish cosmetologist and businesswoman (d. 2003) June 29 – John Charles Cutler, American surgeon (d. 2003) June 30 Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt, German officer (d. 2014) Robert E. Hopkins, president of the Optical Society of America in 1973 (d. 2009) July July 1 A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, 9th President of Bangladesh (d. 2001) Willie Dixon, American blues musician (d. 1992) Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme, British peer (d. 2000) Rudolf Pernický, Czechoslovak soldier and paratrooper (d. 2005) Boots Poffenberger, American Major League Baseball pitcher (d. 1999) Oscar Valicelli, Argentine actor (d. 1999) July 3 Ralph Chapin, American businessman (d. 2000) Marta Grandi, Italian entomologist (d. 2005) July 4 – Timmie Rogers, American actor and singer-songwriter (d. 2006) July 5 Yu Guangyuan, Chinese economist (d. 2013) Al Timothy, Trinidadian musician (d. 2000) John Woodruff, American athlete (d. 2007) July 6 Leonard Birchall, Royal Canadian Air Force (d. 2004) Javare Gowda, Indian language author (d. 2016) July 7 Reynaldo Guerra Garza, American judge (d. 2004) Adalbert Gurath Sr., Romanian fencer (d. 1990) Billy Mure, American guitarist (d. 2013) Terry O'Sullivan, American actor (d. 2006) July 8 Lowell English, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2005) Neil D. Van Sickle, American Air Force major general (d. 2019) July 9 Joan Tompkins, American actress (d. 2005) July 10 – Kevin Barrett, Australian rules footballer (d. 1984) July 11 – Leonard Goodwin, British protozoologist (d. 2008) July 12 Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia (d. 2007) Emanuel Papper, American anesthesiologist, professor, and author (d. 2002) July 13 Tex Hill, Korean-American fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 2007) Paul Williams, African American jazz and blues saxophonist, bandleader and songwriter (d. 2002) July 14 – Harold Pupkewitz, Namibian entrepreneur (d. 2012) July 15 William O. Baker, former president of Bell Labs (d. 2005) Alicia Zubasnabar de De la Cuadra, Argentine human rights activist (d. 2008) A. A. Englander, British television cinematographer (d. 2004) Albert Ghiorso, American nuclear scientist (d. 2010) Kashmir Singh Katoch, Indian military advisor (d. 2007) Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgăr, Moldovan activist (d. 2003) July 16 – Elaine Barrie, American actress (d. 2003) July 17 Fred Ball, American movie studio executive, actor, and brother of comedian Lucille Ball (d. 2007) Arthur Rothstein, American photographer (d. 1985) July 18 Roxana Cannon Arsht, American judge (d. 2003) Carequinha, Brazilian clown, actor (d. 2006) Louis Le Bailly, British Royal Navy officer (d. 2010) July 19 Rita Childers, First Lady of Ireland (1973–1974) (d. 2010) Katherine Sanford, American biologist (d. 2005) July 20 Matest M. Agrest, Russian-Jewish mathematician (d. 2005) Gene Hasson, American Major League Baseball infielder (d. 2003) July 22 – Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Pakistani female politician, diplomat and author (d. 2000) July 24 – Enrique Fernando, Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court (d. 2004) July 25 S. U. Ethirmanasingham, Sri Lankan businessman and politician Julio Iglesias, Sr., Spanish gynecologist, father of Julio Iglesias (d. 2005) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., American fighter pilot, brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944) July 26 – K. Pattabhi Jois, | May 27 Ester Soré, Chilean musician (d. 1996) Herman Wouk, American author (d. 2019) May 29 – Karl Münchinger, German conductor (d. 1990) May 31 – Carmen Herrera, Cuban-American painter (d. 2022) June June 1 Johnny Bond, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 1978) John Randolph, American actor (d. 2004) June 2 Jason Lee, American politician and judge (d. 1980) Tapio Wirkkala, Finnish designer (d. 1985) June 3 – Milton Cato, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 1997) June 4 – Modibo Keïta, 1st President of Mali (d. 1977) June 9 Ken Feltscheer, Australian rules footballer (d. 2017) Les Paul, American inventor and musician (d. 2009) June 10 Saul Bellow, Canadian-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005) Peride Celal, Turkish author (d. 2013) Inia Te Wiata, New Zealand Māori bass-baritone opera singer, film actor, whakairo (carver) and artist (d. 1971) June 11 Buddy Baer, American boxer and actor (d. 1986) Magda Gabor, Hungarian-American actress (d. 1997) June 12 William MacVane, American surgeon and politician (d. 2010) David Rockefeller, American banker and philanthropist (d. 2017) June 14 Loke Wan Tho, Singaporean business magnate, ornithologist, and photographer (d. 1964) Zoe Dell Nutter, American dancer, model, promoter, pilot and philanthropist (d. 2020) June 15 Kaiser Matanzima, President of the Transkei bantustan (d. 2003) Nini Theilade, Danish ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher (d. 2018) Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008) June 16 – Mariano Rumor, Italian politician and Prime Minister of Italy from 1968 to 1970 and again from 1973 to 1974 (d. 1990) June 17 Mario Echandi Jiménez, President of Costa Rica (d. 2011) Karl Targownik, Hungarian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor (d. 1996) Walter J. Zable, American founder and CEO of Cubic Corporation (d. 2012) June 20 – Terence Young, British film director and screenwriter (d. 1994) June 21 – Karol Miklosz, Polish-Soviet footballer, Soviet referee and Soviet-Ukrainian football administrator (d. 2003) June 22 Duncan Clark, Scottish athlete (d. 2003) Randolph Hokanson, American pianist (d. 2018) Hatsuko Morioka, Japanese freestyle swimmer Cornelius Warmerdam, American track & field athlete (d. 2001) June 24 Fred Hoyle, British astronomer (d. 2001) Bill Radovich, American football guard (d. 2002) June 25 – Floyd Boring, American Secret Service agent (d. 2008) June 26 George Haigh, English professional footballer (d. 2019) Charlotte Zolotow, American author (d. 2013) June 27 Grace Lee Boggs, American author, social activist, and philosopher (d. 2015) Graham Botting, New Zealand cricketer and hockey (d. 2007) Marie Clarke, American activist and labor leader (d. 2020) Aideu Handique, Indian actress (d. 2002) John Alexander Moore, American zoology professor emeritus (d. 2002) June 28 David "Honeyboy" Edwards, American musician (d. 2011) Muzz Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1998) Carmen Vidal, Spanish cosmetologist and businesswoman (d. 2003) June 29 – John Charles Cutler, American surgeon (d. 2003) June 30 Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt, German officer (d. 2014) Robert E. Hopkins, president of the Optical Society of America in 1973 (d. 2009) July July 1 A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, 9th President of Bangladesh (d. 2001) Willie Dixon, American blues musician (d. 1992) Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme, British peer (d. 2000) Rudolf Pernický, Czechoslovak soldier and paratrooper (d. 2005) Boots Poffenberger, American Major League Baseball pitcher (d. 1999) Oscar Valicelli, Argentine actor (d. 1999) July 3 Ralph Chapin, American businessman (d. 2000) Marta Grandi, Italian entomologist (d. 2005) July 4 – Timmie Rogers, American actor and singer-songwriter (d. 2006) July 5 Yu Guangyuan, Chinese economist (d. 2013) Al Timothy, Trinidadian musician (d. 2000) John Woodruff, American athlete (d. 2007) July 6 Leonard Birchall, Royal Canadian Air Force (d. 2004) Javare Gowda, Indian language author (d. 2016) July 7 Reynaldo Guerra Garza, American judge (d. 2004) Adalbert Gurath Sr., Romanian fencer (d. 1990) Billy Mure, American guitarist (d. 2013) Terry O'Sullivan, American actor (d. 2006) July 8 Lowell English, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2005) Neil D. Van Sickle, American Air Force major general (d. 2019) July 9 Joan Tompkins, American actress (d. 2005) July 10 – Kevin Barrett, Australian rules footballer (d. 1984) July 11 – Leonard Goodwin, British protozoologist (d. 2008) July 12 Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia (d. 2007) Emanuel Papper, American anesthesiologist, professor, and author (d. 2002) July 13 Tex Hill, Korean-American fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 2007) Paul Williams, African American jazz and blues saxophonist, bandleader and songwriter (d. 2002) July 14 – Harold Pupkewitz, Namibian entrepreneur (d. 2012) July 15 William O. Baker, former president of Bell Labs (d. 2005) Alicia Zubasnabar de De la Cuadra, Argentine human rights activist (d. 2008) A. A. Englander, British television cinematographer (d. 2004) Albert Ghiorso, American nuclear scientist (d. 2010) Kashmir Singh Katoch, Indian military advisor (d. 2007) Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgăr, Moldovan activist (d. 2003) July 16 – Elaine Barrie, American actress (d. 2003) July 17 Fred Ball, American movie studio executive, actor, and brother of comedian Lucille Ball (d. 2007) Arthur Rothstein, American photographer (d. 1985) July 18 Roxana Cannon Arsht, American judge (d. 2003) Carequinha, Brazilian clown, actor (d. 2006) Louis Le Bailly, British Royal Navy officer (d. 2010) July 19 Rita Childers, First Lady of Ireland (1973–1974) (d. 2010) Katherine Sanford, American biologist (d. 2005) July 20 Matest M. Agrest, Russian-Jewish mathematician (d. 2005) Gene Hasson, American Major League Baseball infielder (d. 2003) July 22 – Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Pakistani female politician, diplomat and author (d. 2000) July 24 – Enrique Fernando, Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court (d. 2004) July 25 S. U. Ethirmanasingham, Sri Lankan businessman and politician Julio Iglesias, Sr., Spanish gynecologist, father of Julio Iglesias (d. 2005) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., American fighter pilot, brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944) July 26 – K. Pattabhi Jois, Indian yogi (d. 2009) July 28 Red Barrett, American baseball player (d. 1990) Helena Dunicz-Niwińska, Polish violinist, translator and author (d. 2018) Charles Hard Townes, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015) Frankie Yankovic, American accordion player (d. 1998) August August 2 Gary Merrill, American actor (d. 1990) Neville Wigram, 2nd Baron Wigram, British army officer (d. 2017) August 3 Frank Arthur Calder, Canadian politician (d. 2006) Pete Newell, Canadian-born basketball coach (d. 2008) August 4 – William Keene, American actor (d. 1992) August 8 Alex Schoenbaum, American collegiate football player and businessman (d. 1996) María Rostworowski, Peruvian historian (d. 2016) Joseph P. Graw, American businessman and politician (d. 2018) August 9 – George W. BonDurant, American preacher (d. 2017) August 12 Donald Pellmann, American masters athlete (d. 2020) Michael Kidd, American choreographer (d. 2007) August 14 Vincent Foy, Canadian Roman Catholic cleric, theologian (d. 2017) Irene Hickson, American professional baseball player (d. 1995) August 16 – Herbert Greenwald, American real estate developer (d. 1959) August 18 – Joseph Arthur Ankrah, 2nd President of Ghana (d. 1992) August 19 – Ring Lardner Jr., American film screenwriter (d. 2000) August 21 – Arnold Goodman, Baron Goodman, British lawyer, political adviser (d. 1995) August 24 Dave McCoy, American founder of the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area (d. 2020) Wynonie Harris, African-American blues, rhythm and blues singer (d. 1969) August 25 – Walter Trampler, American violist (d. 1997) August 27 – Norman F. Ramsey, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011) August 28 Tol Avery, American actor (d. 1973) Simon Oakland, American actor (d. 1983) Max Robertson, British sports commentator (d. 2009) August 29 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982) August 30 Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland, British-born Swedish princess (d. 2013) Robert Strassburg, American composer (d. 2003) August 31 – Víctor Pey, Spanish-Chilean engineer (d. 2018) September September 2 – Meinhardt Raabe, American actor (d. 2010) September 3 Knut Nystedt, Norwegian composer (d. 2014) Eddie Stanky, American baseball player and manager (d. 1999) September 6 – Franz Josef Strauss, German politician (d. 1988) September 7 – Richard E. Cole, American air force officer (d. 2019) September 8 – Frank Cady, American actor (d. 2012) September 9 – Richard Webb, American actor (d. 1993) September 10 Viva Leroy Nash, American murderer, oldest death row inmate (d. 2010) Edmond O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985) Robert Sparr, American film director and screenwriter (d. 1969) September 11 – Raúl Alberto Lastiri, 39th President of Argentina (d. 1978) September 14 John Dobson, American astronomer (d. 2014) Douglas Kennedy, American actor (d. 1973) September 15 Helmut Schön, German football player, manager (d. 1996) Albert Whitlock, British-born matte artist (d. 1999) September 16 – Eddie Filgate, Irish politician (d. 2017) September 17 – M. F. Husain, Indian artist (d. 2011) September 19 – Germán Valdés, Mexican actor, singer and comedian (d. 1973) September 20 – Malik Meraj Khalid, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2003) September 22 – Bernardino Piñera, Chilean Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020) September 23 Julius Baker, American flautist (d. 2003) Zdenko Blažeković, Croatian politician (d. 1947) Clifford Shull, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) September 24 – Joseph Montoya, American politician (d. 1978) September 27 – Ira Colitz, American politician (d. 1998) September 28 – Kay Mander, British film director, shooting continuity specialist (d. 2013) September 29 Vincent DeDomenico, American entrepreneur (d. 2007) Brenda Marshall, American actress (d. 1992) September 30 Nadezhda Fedutenko, Soviet red army officer (d. 1978) Lester Maddox, Governor of Georgia (d. 2003) October October 1 Jerome Bruner, American psychologist (d. 2016) Talat Tunçalp, Turkish Olympian cyclist (d. 2017) October 2 – Chuck Williams, American businessman (d. 2015) October 6 – Neus Català, Spanish political activist (d. 2019) October 7 – Walter Keane, American plagiarist (d. 2000) October 11 – T. Llew Jones, Welsh author, poet (d. 2009) October 12 José Bragato, Italian-born Argentine cellist, composer, conductor and arranger (d. 2017) Tony Rafty, Australian caricaturist (d. 2015) October 13 – Frederick Rosier, British Royal Air Force commander (d. 1998) October 14 – Loris Francesco Capovilla, Italian Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2016) October 17 Victor Garaygordóbil Berrizbeitia, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2018) H. Basil S. Cooke, Canadian geologist, palaeontologist (d. 2018) John J. McKetta, American chemical engineer (d. 2019) Arthur Miller, American playwright (d. 2005) October 18 – Thomas Round, English opera singer, actor (d. 2016) October 19 – Andreas Peter Cornelius Sol, Dutch prelate (d. 2016) October 21 – Aleksandr Ezhevsky, Soviet engineer, statesman (d. 2017) October 22 – Yitzhak Shamir, Israeli politician (d. 2012) October 23 – Shin Hyun-joon, South Korean general (d. 2007) October 24 – Bob Kane, American comic book artist/writer, co-creator of Batman (d. 1998) October 27 – Harry Saltzman, Canadian theatre, film producer (d. 1994) October 28 – Dody Goodman, American actress, dancer (d. 2008) October 29 – William Berenberg, American physician (d. 2005) November November 1 Marion Eugene Carl, U.S. Marine Corps World War II fighter ace, test pilot (d. 1998) Frances Hesselbein, American President, CEO of the Frances Hesselbein Leadership Institute Eva Macapagal, 9th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1999) November 2 – Kay Armen, American Armenian singer (d. 2011) November 4 Wee Kim Wee, 4th President of Singapore (d. 2005) Ismail Abdul Rahman, Malaysian politician (d. 1973) November 7 Philip Morrison, American physicist, astrophysicist and professor (d. 2005) Jiao Ruoyu, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2020) November 8 – Richard Luyt, 1st Governor General of Guyana (d. 1994) November 9 – Sargent Shriver, American politician (d. 2011) November 11 William Proxmire, United States Senator (d. 2005) Anna Schwartz, American economist (d. 2012) November 12 – Roland Barthes, French philosopher, literary critic (d. 1980) November 13 – Clara Marangoni, Italian gymnast (d. 2018) November 17 – Albert Malbois, French prelate (d. 2017) November 18 – James Whittico Jr., American physician (d. 2018) November 19 – Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) November 20 – Bill Daniel, American politician (d. 2006) November 23 John Dehner, American actor (d. 1992) Julio César Méndez Montenegro, President of Guatemala (d. 1996) November 25 |
VII. May 12 – The second National Association for the Advancement of Colored People meeting is held in New York City. May 18 – The Earth passes through the tail of Halley's Comet. May 31 – The Union of South Africa is created. June June 3 – The Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, led by Roald Amundsen on the steamer Fram, departs from Christiania (modern-day Oslo) without fanfare, and no announcement until later in the year of Amundsen's intention to reach the South Pole. June 5 – The Nanyang industrial exposition ("Nanking Exposition"), an official world's fair, opens in Qing dynasty China. June 6 – The Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established. June 15 – The British Antarctic Expedition, led by Robert Falcon Scott on the whaler Terra Nova, departs from Cardiff for the South Pole. June 22 – DELAG Zeppelin dirigible Deutschland makes the first commercial passenger flight, from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf in Germany; the flight takes 9 hours. June 25 – The ballet The Firebird (L'Oiseau de feu), the first major work by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, commissioned by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, is premièred in Paris, bringing the composer international fame. July July 4 – African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeats white American boxer James J. Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match, sparking race riots across the United States. July 22 – A wireless telegraph sent from the results in the identification, arrest and execution of murderer Dr. Hawley Crippen. July 24 – Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkodër to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910. August August – The International Commercial Bureau of the American Republics becomes the Pan-American Union. August 14 – A fire at the Brussels International 1910 world's fair destroys exhibitions of Britain and France. August 20 - The Big Blowup, a wildfire that burned 4700 square miles in northwestern US, due to dry weather August 22 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, by which the Empire of Japan formally annexes the Korean Empire, is signed (it becomes effectively void in 1945, which is formally recognised in 1965). August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom, under Nicholas I. August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the country's monarchy is abolished. September September 1 The Vatican introduces a compulsory oath against modernism (Sacrorum antistitum), to be taken by all priests upon ordination. Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, the first Fifa World Club Championship club, is founded in Brazil by railwaymen. September 16 – Centennial of the opening of the Mexican War of Independence with ceremonies overseen by Porfirio Díaz. October October Infrared photographs are first published by Professor Robert Williams Wood, in the Royal Photographic Society's journal. Approximate date of origin of Manchurian plague, a form of pneumonic plague which by December is spreading through northeastern China, killing more than 40,000. October 5 – 5 October 1910 revolution: The First Portuguese Republic is proclaimed in Lisbon; King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England. October 7 - Baudette fire of 1910 in Minnesota and Ontario burns several towns October 18 – The lake freighter SS William C. Moreland runs aground on a reef near the Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Superior, leading to its loss. October 20 – The hull of is launched, at the Harland and Wolff Shipyards in Belfast. October 23 Vajiravudh (Rama VI) is crowned King of Siam, after the death of his father, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). The Philadelphia Athletics defeat the Chicago Cubs, 7–2, to win the 1910 World Series in Game 5 (Jack Coombs had been the winning pitcher in three of the Athletics' four wins). November November 7 – The first air flight for the purpose of delivering commercial freight takes place in the United States. The flight, made by Wright brothers pilot Philip Parmalee, is between Dayton and Columbus, Ohio. November 14 – In the first takeoff from a ship by a fixed-wing aircraft, Eugene Ely takes off from a temporary platform erected over the bow of the light cruiser USS Birmingham in Hampton Roads, Virginia. November 20 – The Mexican Revolution begins, when Francisco I. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for an armed revolution at 6 p.m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. November 22 – Revolt of the Lash at Rio de Janeiro: Mutineers in the Brazilian Navy, led by João Cândido Felisberto, seize control of the new dreadnought battleship Minas Geraes, and other ships whose guns are aimed at the city, as the crews demand improvements in their conditions (which are conceded on November 26 by the Brazilian government). November 23 – Johan Alfred Ander becomes the last person to be executed in Sweden. December December 3 – Modern neon lighting is first demonstrated by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show. Undated The electric streetcars of Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Great Britain are carrying 6.7 million riders per year. Henry Ford sells 10,000 automobiles. Kone, known for its escalator, elevator and moving walkway brand worldwide, is founded in Finland. Births January January 4 Josephine McKim, American Olympic swimmer (d. 1992) Hilde Schrader, German swimmer (d. 1966) January 5 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand Olympic athlete (d. 1949) January 8 – Galina Ulanova, Russian dancer (d. 1998) January 10 Alioune Diop, Senegalese writer, editor (d. 1980) Allal al-Fassi, Moroccan politician, writer, poet and Islamic scholar (d. 1974) January 11 – Trygve Bratteli, Norwegian politician, Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1984) January 12 Luise Rainer, German-born actress (d. 2014) Patsy Kelly, American actress and comedienne (d. 1981) January 16 – Mario Tobino, Italian poet, writer and psychiatrist (d. 1991) January 21 – Károly Takács, Hungarian Olympic shooter (d. 1976) January 23 – Django Reinhardt, Belgian jazz musician (d. 1953) January 25 – Edgar V. Saks, Estonian statesman, historian (d. 1984) January 27 – Edvard Kardelj, Yugoslav political leader, partisan (d. 1979) January 28 John Banner, Austrian film, television actor (d. 1973) Arnold Moss, American actor (d. 1989) February February 2 – David Sharpe, American actor, stunt performer (d. 1980) February 5 – Francisco Varallo, Argentine footballer (d. 2010) February 9 – Jacques Monod, French biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) February 10 Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark (d. 1989) Georges Pire, Belgian monk, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969) Sofia Vembo, Greek singer, actress (d. 1978) February 13 – William Shockley, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989) February 15 – Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (d. 2008) February 17 Arthur Hunnicutt, American actor (d. 1979) Marc Lawrence, American actor (d. 2005) Kothamangalam Seenu, Tamil actor, Carnatic music singer (d. 2001) February 21 – Douglas Bader, British fighter pilot (d. 1982) February 22 – Vaughn Taylor, American actor (d. 1983) February 27 Joan Bennett, American actress (d. 1990) Genrikh Kasparyan, Armenian chess player, composer (d. 1995) Carl Tchilinghiryan, German businessman (d. 1987) March March 1 Archer Martin, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002) David Niven, British actor (d. 1983) March 4 – Tancredo Neves, President of Brazil (d. 1985) March 5 Momofuku Ando, Japanese inventor, businessman (d. 2007) Ennio Flaiano, Italian screenwriter, playwright, novelist, journalist and drama critic (d. 1972) March 7 – Will Glickman, American playwright (d. 1983) March 8 – Claire Trevor, American actress (d. 2000) March 9 – Samuel Barber, American composer (d. 1981) March 11 Robert Havemann, German chemist (d. 1982) Jacinta Marto, Portuguese saint (d. 1920) March 12 – Masayoshi Ōhira, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1980) March 13 – Karl Gustav Ahlefeldt, Danish actor (d. 1985) March 16 – Aladár Gerevich, Hungarian fencer (d. 1991) March 23 – Akira Kurosawa, Japanese screenwriter, producer, and director (d. 1998) March 24 Sailor Malan, South African Battle of Britain fighter pilot (d. 1963) Richard Halsey Best, US Navy pilot (d. 2001) March 25 – Magda Olivero, Italian soprano (d. 2014) March 27 – Hugh Nibley, American scholar and Latter-day Saint apologist (d. 2005) March 28 – Ingrid of Sweden, Queen consort of Denmark (d. 2000) March 31 – Edward Seago, British artist (d. 1974) April April 1 – Harry Carney, American jazz musician (d. 1974) April 2 – Chico Xavier, Brazilian medium (d. 2002) April 4 – Barthélemy Boganda, Central African politician (d. 1959) April 6 – Barys Kit, Belarusian scientist (d. 2018) April 9 – Nouhak Phoumsavanh, 3rd President of Laos (d. 2008) April 10 – Paul Sweezy, American economist, editor (d. 2004) April 11 – António de Spínola, 14th President of Portugal (d. 1996) April 12 Gillo Dorfles, Italian art critic, painter and philosopher (d. 2018) Irma Rapuzzi, French politician (d. 2018) April 14 - Stanisław Kowalski, Polish supercentenarian, athlete April 20 – Brigitte Mira, German actress (d. 2005) April 22 – Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 2001) April 23 – Simone Simon, French actress (d. 2005) April 24 – Pupella Maggio, Italian actress (d. 1999) April 26 – Tomoyuki Tanaka, Japanese film producer (d. 1997) April 27 Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China (d. 1988) Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli, 2-time President of Brazil (d. 1975) April 30 – Levi Celerio, Filipino composer, lyricist (d. 2002) May May 1 Raya Dunayevskaya, Russian-born philosopher, founder of Marxist humanism in the United States (d. 1987) J. Allen Hynek, American astronomer, ufologist (d. 1986) Mary Rockefeller, American heiress, socialite and philanthropist (d. 1997) May 6 – June Gittelson, American film actress (d. 1993) May 12 Johan Ferrier, 1st President of Suriname (d. 2010) Elwyn Flint, Australian linguist and academic (d. 1983) Dorothy Hodgkin, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) Giulietta Simionato, Italian mezzo-soprano (d. 2010) May 14 – Ne Win, 4th President of Burma (d. 2002) May 23 Scatman Crothers, African-American actor, musician (d. 1986) Artie Shaw, American clarinetist, bandleader (d. 2004) May 25 – Edward Harrison, English cricketer, squash player (d. 2002) May 28 Rachel Kempson, English actress (d. 2003) T-Bone Walker, American singer (d. 1975) May 29 – Ralph Metcalfe, American athlete (d. 1978) May 30 – Inge Meysel, German actress (d. 2004) June June 1 – Gyula Kállai, 48th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1996) June 2 – Annie Lee Cooper, American civil rights activist (d. 2010) June 4 – Christopher Cockerell, British engineer, inventor of the Hovercraft (d. 1999) June 8 – Lauro Ortega Martínez, governor of Morelos, Mexico 1982–1988 (d. 1999) June 9 – Robert Cummings, American actor (d. 1990) June 10 Abdul Rahman al-Eryani, President of the Yemen Arab Republic (d. 1998) Armen Takhtajan, Soviet-Armenian botanist (d. 2009) Howlin' Wolf, African-American blues musician (d. 1976) Ted Richmond, American film producer (d. 2013) June 11 – Jacques-Yves Cousteau, French naval officer, explorer (d. 1997) June 12 – Ahmadu Bello, Nigerian statesman (d. 1966) June 13 – Mary Wickes, American actress (d. 1995) June 14 Rudolf Kempe, German conductor (d. 1976) J. Harold Smith, American pastor, evangelist (d. 2001) June 15 – Suleiman Frangieh, 10th President of Lebanon (d. 1992) Alf Pearson, British variety performer with his brother Bob as half of Bob and Alf Pearson (d. 2012) June 16 – Juan Velasco Alvarado, military President of Peru (d. 1977) June 17 – Red Foley, American country music singer, musician (d. 1968) June 19 Paul Flory, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) Abe Fortas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1982) June 22 Peter Pears, English tenor (d. 1986) Anne Ziegler, English singer (d. 2003) Konrad Zuse, German engineer (d. 1995) June 23 Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (d. 1987) Lydia Delectorskaya, Russian refugee, model (d. 1998) Gordon B. Hinckley, 15th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2008) June 25 – Ian McTaggart-Cowan, Scottish-Canadian zoologist (d. 2010) June 26 Margaret Dunning, American philanthropist (d. 2015) Roy J. Plunkett, American chemist noted for discovering Teflon (d. 1994) June 27 – Pierre Joubert, French illustrator (d. 2001) June 28 – Ingrid Luterkort, Swedish actress, stage director (d. 2011) July July 2 – Louise Laroche, one of the last remaining survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912 (d. 1998) July 4 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (d. 2010) July 5 – S. Poniman, Indonesian singer, actor (d. 1978) July 6 John Knott, Australian public servant (d. 1999) René Le Grèves, French cyclist (d. 1946) July 8 – Carlos Betances Ramírez, first Puerto Rican to command a battalion in the Korean War (d. 2001) July 9 – Govan Mbeki, South African anti-apartheid activist, politician (d. 2001) July 10 Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, Vietnamese politician (d. 1996) Ne Win, Burmese politician, military commander (d. 2002) July 11 Sally Blane, American actress (d. 1997) John Stapp, American career U.S. Air Force officer, flight surgeon, physician and biophysicist (d. 1999) July 12 Samuel Hazard Gillespie Jr., American counsel (d. 2011) Laszlo Szapáry, Austrian sports shooter (d. 1998) July 14 – William Hanna, American animator (d. 2001) July 15 Bettie du Toit, South African trade unionist and anti-apartheid activist (d. 2002) Ken Lynch, | der Waffen-SS, war criminal (d. 1961) December 29 Michel Aflaq, Syrian political theorist, founder of Ba'athism (d. 1989) Ronald Coase, English-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) December 30 – Paul Bowles, American author (d. 1999) December 31 – Mallikarjun Mansur, Hindustani classical vocalist (d. 1992) Date unknown Fawzi Al-Mulki, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1962) Deaths January January 1 – Harriet Powers, American folk artist (b. 1837) January 4 – Léon Delagrange, French pioneer aviator (b. 1873) January 5 – Léon Walras, French economist (b. 1834) January 12 – Bass Reeves, one of the first African-American Deputy U.S. Marshals west of the Mississippi River (b. 1838) January 13 – Andrew Jackson Davis, American spiritualist (b. 1826) January 25 – W. G. Read Mullan, American Jesuit, academic (b. 1860) January 27 – Thomas Crapper, British plumber (b. 1836) January 29 – Sir Charles Todd, Australian telegraph pioneer (b. 1826) January 30 – Granville Woods, African-American inventor (b. 1856) February February 6 – Alfonso Maria Fusco, Italian Roman Catholic priest, saint (b. 1839) February 7 – Elizabeth Martha Olmsted, American poet (b. 1825) February 9 – Miguel Febres Cordero, Ecuadorian Roman Catholic religious brother (b. 1854) February 10 – Lucy Stanton, American abolitionist (b. 1831) February 14 – Giovanni Passannante, Italian anarchist (b. 1849) February 20 – Boutros Ghali, Prime Minister of Egypt (assassinated) (b. 1846) February 23 – Vera Komissarzhevskaya, Russian actress (b. 1864) February 26 – Esther E. Baldwin, American missionary (b. 1840) March March 1 – José Domingo de Obaldía, 2nd President of Panama (b. 1845) March 4 – Knut Ångström, Swedish physicist (b. 1857) March 9 – Fredrik von Otter, 8th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1833) March 10 – Karl Lueger, Austrian mayor (b. 1844) March 18 – Julio Herrera y Reissig, Uruguayan poet, writer (b. 1875) March 20 – Nadar, French photographer (b. 1820) March 26 – An Jung-geun, Korean assassin (b. 1879) March 27 – Alexander Agassiz, American scientist (b. 1835) March 28 – David Josiah Brewer, American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1837) March 29 – H. Maria George Colby, American fashion editor (b. 1844) March 30 – Jean Moréas, Greek poet, essayist and art critic (b. 1856) April April 4 – Augusta Harvey Worthen, American educator and author (b. 1823) April 15 – Angelia Thurston Newman, American activist and author (b. 1837) April 12 – William Graham Sumner, American social scientist (b. 1840) April 21 Anne Isabella Robertson, Anglo-Irish writer and suffragist (b. circa 1830) Mark Twain, American writer (b. 1835) April 26 – Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1832) May May 1 – Pierre Nord Alexis, President of Haiti (b. 1820) May 3 – Howard Taylor Ricketts, American pathologist (b. 1871) May 6 – King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1841) May 10 – Stanislao Cannizzaro, Italian chemist (b. 1826) May 12 – Sir William Huggins, British astronomer (b. 1824) May 18 – Pauline Viardot, French mezzo-soprano, composer (b. 1821) May 22 – Jules Renard, French writer (b. 1864) May 27 – Robert Koch, German physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843) May 28 – Kálmán Mikszáth, Hungarian novelist (b. 1847) May 29 – Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (b. 1837) May 31 – Elizabeth Blackwell, British-born American physician (b. 1821) June June 5 – William Sydney Porter (alias O. Henry), American novelist (b. 1862) June 7 – Goldwin Smith, British-born Canadian historian and journalist (b. 1823) June 11 – Maria Schininà, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed (b. 1844) June 24 – Juan Williams Rebolledo, Chilean admiral and politician (b. 1825) July July 3 – Tokugawa Akitake, Japanese daimyō, the last lord of Mito Domain, younger brother of the last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu (b. 1853) July 4 Melville Fuller, American Chief Justice (b. 1833) Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835) July 10 – Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (b. 1812) July 12 – Charles Rolls, British aviator, automobile manufacturer (b. 1877) August August 6 – Klemens Bachleda, Polish Tatra guide and mountain rescuer (b. 1851) August 10 – S. Isadore Miner, American journalist (b. 1863) August 13 – Florence Nightingale, British nurse (b. 1820) August 14 – Frank Podmore, British psychical researcher (b. 1856) August 15 – Constantin Fahlberg, Russian chemist (b. 1850) August 16 – Pedro Montt, 15th President of Chile (b. 1849) August 26 – William James, American psychologist, philosopher (b. 1842) August 28 – Paolo Mantegazza, Italian neurologist, physiologist, anthropologist, and fiction author (b. 1831) September September 1 – Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev, Russian chemist (b. 1841) September 2 – Henri Rousseau, French painter (b. 1844) September 6 – Elías Fernández Albano, president of Chile (b. 1845) September 7 Emily Blackwell, American physician (b. 1826) William Holman Hunt, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (b. 1827) September 14 – Lombe Atthill, Northern Irish obstetrician and gynaecologist (b. 1827) September 16 – Hormuzd Rassam, Iraqi archaeologist (b. 1826) September 23 – Tup Scott, Australian cricketer (b. 1858) September 27 – Jorge Chávez, Peruvian aviator (b. 1887) September 28 – Marie Pasteur, French chemist (b. 1826) September 29 – Winslow Homer, American painter (b. 1836) October October 3 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor, American dentist (b. 1833) October 17 – Julia Ward Howe, American abolitionist, poet (b. 1819) October 21 – Charles van der Stappen, Belgian sculptor (b. 1843) October 23 – King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Siam (b. 1853) October 27 – Henrietta Gould Rowe, American litterateur (b. 1835) October 30 – Jean Henri Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1828) November November 6 – Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot, writer (b. 1838) November 7 – Florencio Sánchez, Uruguayan playwright (b. 1875) November 13 – Isabel Grimes Richey, American poet (b. 1858) November 15 – Wilhelm Raabe, German writer (b. 1831) November 19 – Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig, German chemist (b. 1835) November 20 (N.S.) – Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (b. 1828) November 23 Hawley Harvey Crippen, American murderer (executed) (b. 1862) Octave Chanute, French-American engineer, aviation pioneer (b. 1832) December December 1 – William Pryor Letchworth, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1823) December 3 Mary Baker Eddy, American religious leader, founder of Christian Science (b. 1821) Wesley Merritt, American general (b. 1836) December 8 – Paškal Buconjić, Herzegovinian Catholic bishop (b. 1834) December 28 – Benjamin Pitman, English-born American stenographer and crafts promoter (b. 1822) December 29 – Reginald Doherty, British tennis player (b. 1872) December 31 – John Moisant, American aviator (b. 1868) Date unknown Emma Bedelia Dunham, American poet and teacher (b. 1826) Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Otto Wallach Literature – Paul Heyse Medicine – Albrecht Kossel Peace – Permanent International Peace Bureau Physics – Johannes Diderik van der Waals References Primary sources and year books |
Onganía to power. June 29 Vietnam War: U.S. planes begin bombing Hanoi and Haiphong. The strike by the National Union of Seamen in the United Kingdom is called off. June 30 France formally leaves NATO. The National Organization for Women (NOW) is founded in Washington, D.C. July July 1 – Joaquín Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic. July 3 31 people are arrested when a demonstration by approximately 4,000 anti-Vietnam War protesters in front of the United States Embassy in London in Grosvenor Square turns violent. René Barrientos is elected President of Bolivia. July 4 North Vietnam declares general mobilization. American President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act, which goes into effect the following year. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) endorses the goal of Black Power at a well attended convention in Baltimore, Maryland. Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins criticize this declaration. July 6 – Malawi becomes a republic. July 7 – A Warsaw Pact conference ends with a promise to support North Vietnam. July 8 – King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi is deposed by his son Ntare V, who is in turn deposed by prime minister Michel Micombero. July 11 The 1966 FIFA World Cup begins in England. British Motor Corporation and Jaguar Cars announce plans to merge as British Motor Holdings. July 12 Indira Gandhi visits Moscow. Zambia threatens to leave the Commonwealth of Nations because of British peace overtures to Rhodesia. July 13 – The International Society for Krishna Consciousness is founded in New York City by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. July 14 Israeli and Syrian jet fighters clash over the Jordan River. Richard Speck murders 8 student nurses in their Chicago dormitory. He is arrested on July 17. Gwynfor Evans, President of Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, becomes Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for Carmarthen, taking the previously Labour-held Welsh seat at a by-election with a majority of 2,435 on an 18% swing and giving his party its first representation at Westminster in its forty-one year history. July 16 – British Prime Minister Harold Wilson flies to Moscow to try to start peace negotiations about the Vietnam War (the Soviet government rejects his ideas). July 18 Gemini 10 (John Young, Michael Collins) is launched from the United States. After docking with an Agena target vehicle, the astronauts then set a world altitude record of 474 miles (763 km). The Hough Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio, the city's first race riot. The International Court of Justice rules in favour of South Africa in a case on the administration of South West Africa which has been brought before them by Ethiopia and Liberia. July 22 – Following the death of Hsu Tsu-tsai, an engineer, in The Hague, the Chinese government declares Dutch delegate G. J. Jongejans persona non grata, but tells him not to leave the country before other Chinese engineers have left the Netherlands. July 23 – Katangese troops in Stanleyville, Congo, revolt for several weeks in support of the exiled minister Moise Tshombe. July 24 – U.N. Secretary General U Thant visits Moscow. July 24 – A USAF F-4C Phantom #63-7599 is shot down by a North Vietnamese SAM-2 northeast of Hanoi, the first loss of a U.S. aircraft to a Vietnamese surface-to-air missile in the Vietnam War. July 26 – Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, stating that the House is not bound to follow its own previous precedent. July 28 – The U.S. announces that a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance plane has disappeared over Cuba. July 29 1966 Nigerian counter-coup: Army officers from the north of Nigeria execute head of state General Aguiyi-Ironsi and install Yakubu Gowon. La Noche de los Bastones Largos: Junta takes over Argentine universities. Bob Dylan is injured in a motorcycle accident near his home in Woodstock, New York. He is not seen in public for over a year. July 30 – England beats West Germany 4–2 to win the 1966 FIFA World Cup at Wembley after extra time. August August 1 Sniper Charles Whitman kills 14 people and wounds 32 from atop the University of Texas at Austin Main Building tower, after earlier killing his wife and mother. The British Colonial Office merges with the Commonwealth Relations Office to form a new Commonwealth Office. August 2 – The Spanish government forbids overflights by British military aircraft. August 5 Groundbreaking takes place for the World Trade Center in New York City. Martin Luther King Jr. leads a civil rights march in Chicago, during which he is struck by a rock thrown from an angry white mob. The Caesars Palace hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas. The Beatles' Revolver LP is released in the United Kingdom. August 6 Braniff Flight 250 crashes in Falls City, Nebraska, killing all 42 on board. René Barrientos takes office as the President of Bolivia. The Salazar Bridge (later the 25 de Abril Bridge) opens in Lisbon, Portugal. August 7 – Race riots occur in Lansing, Michigan. August 10 An East German court sentences Günter Laudahn to life imprisonment for spying for the United States. Lunar Orbiter 1, the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit the moon, is launched. August 11 Indonesia and Malaysia issue joint peace declaration, formally ending the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation which began in 1963. The Beatles hold a press conference in Chicago, during which John Lennon apologizes for his "more popular than Jesus" remark, saying, "I didn't mean it as a lousy anti-religious thing." August 12 – Massacre of Braybrook Street: Harry Roberts, John Duddy and Jack Witney shoot dead 3 plainclothes policemen in London; they are later sentenced to life imprisonment. August 15 Syrian and Israeli troops clash over Lake Kinneret (also known as the Sea of Galilee) for 3 hours. It is announced that the New York Herald Tribune will not resume publication. August 16 – Vietnam War: The House Un-American Activities Committee starts investigating Americans who have aided the Viet Cong, with the intent to make these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 are arrested. August 17 – Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Republic begin negotiations in Kuwait to end the war in Yemen. August 18 – Vietnam War – Battle of Long Tan: D Company, 6th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment, meets and defeats a Viet Cong force estimated to be four times larger, in Phuoc Tuy Province, Republic of Vietnam. August 19 – The 6.8 Varto earthquake affects the town of Varto in eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing at least 2,394–3,000 and injuring at least 1,420. August 21 – Seven men are sentenced to death in Egypt for anti-Nasser agitation. August 22 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) established. The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), predecessor of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), is formed. August 26 – The first battle of the South African Air Force and the South African Police with PLAN, the armed wing of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), takes place at Ongulumbashe during Operation Blue Wildebeest, triggering the South African Border War which continues until 1989. August 29 – The Beatles end their U.S. tour with a concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. It is their last performance as a live touring band. August 30 – France offers independence to French Somaliland (Djibouti from 1977). September September 1 United Nations Secretary-General U Thant declares that he will not seek re-election, because U.N. efforts in Vietnam have failed. 98 British tourists die when Britannia Airways Flight 105 crashes in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. While waiting at a bus stop Ralph Baer, an inventor with Sanders Associates, writes a four-page document that lays out the basic principles for creating a video game to be played on a television: the beginning of a multibillion-dollar industry. September 6 – South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd is stabbed to death in Parliament by Dimitri Tsafendas. September 7 – The ocean liner catches fire and burns in New York Harbor. September 8 – The classic science fiction series Star Trek premieres on NBC in the United States with its first episode, titled "The Man Trap" (actually seen first on September 6 on CTV in Canada). September 9 – NATO decides to move Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe to Belgium. September 12 Gemini 11 (Richard F. Gordon, Jr., Pete Conrad) docks with an Agena target vehicle. B. J. Vorster becomes the new Prime Minister of South Africa. September 13 – Cultural Revolution in China: Clashes between the Chinese Communist Party and the Red Guards are reported by TASS in the Soviet Union. September 15 – Britain's first Polaris submarine, HMS Resolution, is launched. September 16 In South Vietnam, Thích Trí Quang ends a 100-day hunger strike. The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City with the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera Antony and Cleopatra. September 18 – Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum opens to the public in California. September 19 Buster Edwards returns from Mexico to London to be arrested for involvement in the Great Train Robbery (1963). Timothy Leary forms the spiritual group League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD) in the United States. Indonesian military commander (later President) Suharto announces the resumption of Indonesian participation in the United Nations. September 29 – Hurricane Inez strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of thousands homeless in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. September 30 The Bechuanaland Protectorate in Africa achieves independence from the United Kingdom as Botswana, with Seretse Khama as its first President. Baldur von Schirach and Albert Speer are released from Spandau Prison in West Berlin. October October – Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton found the Black Panther Party in the United States. October 1 – West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashes with 18 fatal injuries and no survivors south of Wemme, Oregon, the first loss of a DC-9. October 3 – Tunisia severs diplomatic relations with the United Arab Republic. October 4 Israel applies for membership in the European Economic Community, which is never granted. Basutoland becomes independent of the United Kingdom and takes the name Lesotho. October 5 UNESCO signs the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers. This event is to be celebrated as World Teachers' Day. Spain closes its Gibraltar border to vehicular traffic. An experimental breeder reactor at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in Michigan suffers a partial meltdown when its cooling system fails. October 6 LSD is made illegal in the United States and controlled so strictly that not only are possession and recreational use criminalized, but all legal scientific research programs on the drug in the country are shut down as well. The Love Pageant Rally takes place in the Panhandle of Golden Gate Park (a narrow section that projects into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district). October 7 – The Soviet Union declares that all Chinese students must leave the country before the end of October. October 9 – Vietnam War: Binh Tai Massacre. October 11 – France and the Soviet Union sign a treaty for cooperation in nuclear research. October 14 Closure of Intra Bank begins a crisis in the Lebanese banking system. The city of Montreal inaugurates the Montreal Metro system. October 15 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs a bill creating the United States Department of Transportation. The U.S. Congress passes a bill for the creation of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. ABC in the United States broadcasts a highly acclaimed 90-minute television adaptation of the musical Brigadoon, starring Robert Goulet, Peter Falk and Sally Ann Howes, which wins Emmy Awards and inaugurates a short-lived series of special television adaptations of famous Broadway musicals on that network. October 17 – Lesotho and Botswana are admitted to the United Nations. October 21 Aberfan disaster in South Wales (U.K.): 144 (including 116 children) are killed by a collapsing coal spoil tip. The AFL-NFL merger in American football is approved by the U.S. Congress. October 22 British spy George Blake escapes from Wormwood Scrubs prison in London; he is next seen in Moscow. Spain demands that the United Kingdom stop military flights to Gibraltar; Britain refuses the next day. October 26 NATO decides to move its headquarters from Paris to Brussels. A fire aboard the aircraft carrier in the Gulf of Tonkin kills 44 crewmen. October 27 The United Nations terminates the mandate given by the League of Nations and proclaims that South West Africa will be administrated by the United Nations. This is rejected by South Africa. Walt Disney records his final filmed appearance prior to his death, detailing his plans for EPCOT, a utopian planned city to be built in Florida. November November 1 – The National Football League in the United States awards its sixteenth franchise to the city of New Orleans. The team will be named the New Orleans Saints. November 2 – The Cuban Adjustment Act comes into force, allowing 123,000 Cubans the opportunity to apply for permanent residency in the United States. November 4 – 1966 flood of the Arno river in Italy hits Florence, flooding it to a maximum depth of , leaving thousands homeless and destroying millions of masterpieces of art and rare books. In addition, a severe tidal flood hits Venice. November 5 – Thirty-eight African states demand that the United Kingdom use force against the Rhodesian government. November 6 – Lunar Orbiter 2 is launched. November 8 Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke becomes the first African American elected to the United States Senate since Reconstruction. Screen actor Ronald Reagan is elected Governor of California. November 10 – Seán Lemass retires as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland to be replaced in the role by fellow Fianna Fáil member Jack Lynch. November 11 A mine kills 3 Israeli paratroopers on the West Bank border. Spain declares general amnesty for crimes committed during the Spanish Civil War, effective only for the Falangists' side. November 12 – Total solar eclipse occurs, the 20th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 142. November 14 – Jack L. Warner sells Warner Bros. to Seven Arts Productions, which eventually becomes Warner Bros.-Seven Arts. November 15 Gemini 12 (James A. Lovell, Buzz Aldrin) splashes down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, east of the Bahamas. A Boeing 727 freighter on Pan Am Flight 708 crashes near Berlin, Germany, killing all three crew on board. Two young couples in Point Pleasant, West Virginia reportedly see a strange moth-like creature, which would become known as the Mothman. November 17 The U.N. General Assembly decides to found the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. A spectacular Leonid meteor shower passes over Arizona, at the rate of 2,300 a minute for 20 minutes. November 21 – In Togo, the army crushes an attempted coup. November 24 The Beatles begin recording sessions for their Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album at Abbey Road Studios in London. TABSO Flight 101, from Sofia, Bulgaria, crashes near Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, killing all 82 people on board. November 26 1966 Australian federal election: Harold Holt's Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a significantly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. Calwell resigns as Labor leader shortly after; he will be replaced by his deputy and future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. In the Canadian Football League, the Saskatchewan Roughriders defeat the Ottawa Rough Riders to win the 54th Grey Cup at Vancouver's Empire Stadium 29–14. Saskatchewan were led by quarterback Ron Lancaster. November 27 – The Washington Redskins defeat the New York Giants 72–41 in the highest scoring game in National Football League history. November 28 – Truman Capote's Black and White Ball ('The Party of the Century') is held in New York City. November 29 – The sinks in a storm on Lake Huron, killing 28 of 29 crewmen. November 30 – Barbados achieves independence from the United Kingdom. December December 1 Kurt Georg Kiesinger is elected Chancellor of West Germany. British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Rhodesian Prime minister Ian Smith negotiate aboard in the Mediterranean. December 2 – U Thant agrees to serve a second term as United Nations Secretary General. December 3 – Anti-Portuguese demonstrations occur in Macau; a curfew is declared the next day. December 5 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Bond v. Floyd that the Georgia House of Representatives must seat Julian Bond, having violated his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. December 6 – Vietnam War: Bình Hòa massacre. December 7 Syria offers weapons to rebels in Jordan. Barbados is admitted to the United Nations. December 8 – The Typaldos Line's ferry sinks in rough seas in the Aegean Sea near Crete, leaving 217 dead. December 12 – Harry Roberts, John Whitney and John Duddy are sentenced to life imprisonment (each with a recommended minimum of 30 years) for the Shepherd's Bush murders of three London policemen on August 12. Roberts, arrested on November 15 north of London, will eventually spend nearly 48 years in prison. December 16 The United Nations Security Council approves an oil embargo against Rhodesia. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are adopted by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200 A (XXI). December 17 – South Africa does not join the trade embargo against Rhodesia. December 18 – Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, narrated by Boris Karloff, premieres on the CBS network, beginning an annual Christmas tradition in the United States. December 19 – The Asian Development Bank begins operations. December 20 – U.K. Prime Minister Harold Wilson withdraws all his previous offers to the Rhodesian government and announces that he will agree to independence for the country only after the establishment of a Black majority government there. December 22 – Prime Minister Ian Smith declares that Rhodesia is already a republic. December 24 – New York television station WPIX broadcasts The Yule Log for the first time; it becomes a Christmas tradition. December 25 – Marionette sci-fi series Thunderbirds airs its final episode on ITV in the United Kingdom with a Christmas special. December 26 – The first Kwanzaa is celebrated by Maulana Karenga, founder of Organization US (a black nationalist group) and chair of Black Studies at California State University, Long Beach, from 1989 to 2002. December 31 East German Premier Walter Ulbricht discusses negotiations about German reunification. Eight paintings worth millions of pounds are stolen from Dulwich Picture Gallery in London, but are recovered locally within a week. The Congolese government takes over the Union Minière du Haut Katanga. Date unknown Konstantin Chernenko, later leader of the Soviet Union, becomes a candidate member of the Central Committee. Paramount Pictures Corporation becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf+Western Industries, Inc. Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn are awarded the Fermi Prize. The Congress of the United States creates the National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development. Martin Richards designs the programming language BCPL. The World Buddhist Sangha Council is convened by Theravadins in Sri Lanka, with the hope of bridging differences and working together. The Jerusalem Bible, a Roman Catholic translation, is published in English. Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann publish The Social Construction of Reality. Long-term potentiation (LTP), the putative cellular mechanism of learning and memory, is first observed by Terje Lømo in Oslo, Norway. In or about this year, one person returning to Haiti from the Congo is thought to have first brought HIV to the Americas. Births January January 1 – Ivica Dačić, Serbian politician, Prime Minister of Serbia 2012–2014 January 4 – Christian Kern, Austrian politician, 24th Chancellor of Austria January 6 – Sharon Cuneta, Filipino actress, host and singer January 7 – Corrie Sanders, South African boxer (d. 2012) January 8 Igor Vyazmikin, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2009) Andrew Wood, American musician (d. 1990) January 13 – Patrick Dempsey, American actor and race car driver January 14 Nadia Maftouni, Iranian philosopher Dan Schneider, American television producer, screenwriter and actor January 17 Shabba Ranks, Jamaican singer Nobuyuki Kojima, Korean footballer January 19 Floris Jan Bovelander, Dutch field-hockey player Stefan Edberg, Swedish tennis player Lena Philipsson, Swedish singer and media personality January 20 – Rainn Wilson, American actor, writer and producer January 22 – Jegath Gaspar Raj, Tamil Maiyam founder January 28 Andrea Berg, German singer January 29 – Romário, Brazilian footballer and politician January 30 – Hans Tutschku, German composer February February 1 – Michelle Akers, American footballer February 3 – Jimmy Thunder, Samoan boxer February 5 – José María Olazábal, Spanish golfer February 6 – Rick Astley, British pop musician February 7 – Kristin Otto, German swimmer February 8 – Hristo Stoichkov, Bulgarian footballer February 9 – Ellen van Langen, Dutch athlete February 11 – Cristina Elena Grigoraș, Romanian artistic gymnast February 13 – Neal McDonough, American actor February 16 – Martin Perscheid, German cartoonist (d. 2021) February 17 – Quorthon, Swedish singer, songwriter, musician and record producer (d. 2004) February 20 – Cindy Crawford, American model and actress February 22 – Rachel Dratch, American actress and comedian February 23 Alexandre Borges, Brazilian actor Didier Queloz, Swiss-born astronomer, Nobel Prize laureate February 24 – Billy Zane, American actor February 25 Samson Kitur, Kenyan athlete Téa Leoni, American actress February 26 Jennifer Grant, American actress Najwa Karam, Lebanese singer February 27 – Alison Gertz, American AIDS activist (d. 1992) February 28 Paulo Futre, Portuguese footballer Ickey Woods, American football player March March 1 JD Cullum, American actor Don Lemon, American journalist Zack Snyder, American actor, film director, screenwriter and producer March 2 – Sheren Tang, Hong Kong actress March 3 Fernando Colunga, Mexican actor Vander Lee, Brazilian singer-songwriter (d. 2016) Tone Lōc, African American R&B musician March 4 Daniela Amavia, American actress and international model Ant Banks, African American rapper Steve Bastoni, Australian actor Kevin Johnson, American basketball player March 6 – Maurice Ashley, American chess grandmaster March 7 Jeff Feagles, American football kicker Atsushi Sakurai, Japanese singer (Buck-Tick) March 9 Tony Lockett, Australian rules footballer Maurizio Romano, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2003) Alison Doody, Irish model and actress March 10 Edie Brickell, American singer Mike Timlin, American baseball player March 12 – Luis Milla, Spanish footballer March 13 – Chico Science, Brazilian musician (d. 1997) March 14 Elise Neal, American actress March 16 – Rodney Peete, African American football quarterback March 17 – Espen Hammer, Norwegian philosopher March 18 Anne Will, German television journalist Jerry Cantrell, American guitarist and singer March 21 Roy Niederhoffer, American hedge fund manager and philanthropist DJ Premier, American record producer and DJ March 22 – Antonio Pinto, Portuguese long-distance runner March 25 Tom Glavine, American baseball player Jeff Healey, Canadian guitarist (d. 2008) Anton Rogan, Northern Irish footballer Remig Stumpf, German cyclist (d. 2019) March 26 – Michael Imperioli, American actor March 28 Cheryl James, African American rapper (Salt-n-Pepa) Captain Janks, American prank phone caller (The Howard Stern Show) March 29 – Krasimir Balakov, Bulgarian footballer April April 2 – Teddy Sheringham, British footballer April 3 Michael Mittermeier, German comedian Miina Tominaga, Japanese voice actress April 7 – Zvika Hadar, Israeli entertainer April 8 Charlotte Dawson, New Zealand–Australian television personality (d. 2014) Cynthia Nixon, American actress Robin Wright, American actress April 11 – Lisa Stansfield, British soul singer April 13 – Ali Boumnijel, Tunisian footballer April 15 – Samantha Fox, British model and singer April 17 Yevgeni Belosheikin, Russian ice hockey player (d. 1999) Vikram, Indian actor April 18 – Trine Hattestad, Norwegian athlete April 20 – David Chalmers, Australian philosopher April 22 – Jeffrey Dean Morgan, American actor April 25 – Man Arenas, Spanish comic creator April 26 – Natasha Trethewey, Pulitzer Prize–winning poet April 27 Siw Anita Andersen Norwegian actress Yoshihiro Togashi, Japanese author and illustrator April 28 – Ali-Reza Pahlavi, titular prince of Iran (d. 2011) April 29 – Vincent Ventresca, American actor May May 1 – Charlie Schlatter, American actor and voice actor May 3 – Firdous Bamji, Indian-American actor May 5 – Lyubov Yegorova, Russian cross-country skier May 6 Andrea Chiesa, Swiss Formula One driver Cindy Hsu, American Emmy Award-winning journalist May 7 Anderson Cummins, Canadian cricketer Jes Høgh, Danish footballer May 8 Robert J. Behnen, American genealogist and politician Kamil Kašťák, Czech ice hockey player Marta Sánchez, Spanish female vocalist, entertainer Cláudio Taffarel, Brazilian goalkeeper May 10 Mikael Andersson, Swedish ice hockey player Jonathan Edwards, British athlete Anne Elvebakk, Norwegian biathlete Genaro Hernández, Mexican-American boxer Wade Dominguez, American actor, model, singer and dancer (d. 1998) May 11 – Bill Ackman, American activist investor and hedge fund manager May 12 Stephen Baldwin, American actor Bebel Gilberto, Brazilian popular singer May 13 Nereus Acosta, Filipino politician, academician and political scientist Cheryl Dunye, Liberian-born film director, producer, screenwriter, editor and actress Darius Rucker, African American country singer Janko Vučinić, Montenegrin boxer and politician (d. 2019) May 14 Raphael Saadiq, American singer-songwriter Mike Inez, American musician (Alice In Chains) Fab Morvan, French singer-songwriter, rapper, dancer and model (Milli Vanilli) May 16 Janet Jackson, African American R&B singer Juan Manuel Funes, Guatemalan footballer and coach May 17 Hill Harper, American actor Qusay Hussein, Iraqi politician (d. 2003) May 19 – Polly Walker, English actress May 21 Lisa Edelstein, American actress and playwright François Omam-Biyik, Cameroonian football player May 22 – Siri Eftedal, Norwegian team handball player and Olympic medalist May 23 H. Jon Benjamin, American actor and comedian Graeme Hick, English cricketer May 24 Eric Cantona, French footballer Francisco Javier Cruz, Mexican football player Russell Kun, Nauruan politician May 25 Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh, Iranian goalkeeper Jeff Cross, American football player Tatjana Patitz, German model May 26 Helena Bonham Carter, English actress Zola Budd, South African athlete May 27 Heston Blumenthal, British chef Carol Campbell, Afro-German actress, model and presenter May 28 Theo Bleckmann, German vocalist and composer Larry Davis, American criminal (d. 2008) May 30 Frank Goosen, German cabaret artist and novel author Thomas Häßler, German football player Stephen Malkmus, American musician and songwriter (Pavement, The Jicks, Silver Jews) June June 3 – Wasim Akram, Pakistani cricketer June 4 Cecilia Bartoli, Italian mezzo-soprano Vladimir Voevodsky, Russian-American mathematician June 6 Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo Angela Cavagna, Italian singer June 7 – Tom McCarthy, American film | in Japan, killing all 124 people on board. A massive theft of nuclear materials is revealed in Brazil. "Merci, Chérie" by Udo Jürgens (music by Udo Jürgens, lyrics by Jürgens and Thomas Hörbiger) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1966 for Austria. March 7 – Charles de Gaulle asks U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson for negotiations about the state of NATO equipment in France. March 8 Anti-communist demonstrations occur at the Indonesian Foreign Ministry. Vietnam War: The U.S. announces it will substantially increase the number of its troops in Vietnam. Nelson's Pillar in O'Connell Street, Dublin, is clandestinely blown up by former Irish Republican Army volunteers marking this year's 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising. March 9 – Ronnie, one of the Kray twins, shoots George Cornell (an associate of rivals The Richardson Gang) at The Blind Beggar pub in Whitechapel, east London. Cornell dies later in hospital, and Kray is finally convicted in 1969. March 10 Crown Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands marries Claus von Amsberg. Some spectators demonstrate against the groom because he is German. The Frost Report, which launches the television careers of John Cleese, Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett and other writers and performers, is first broadcast on BBC1 in the United Kingdom. March 11 Transition to the New Order in Indonesia: President Sukarno gives all executive powers to General Suharto by signing the "Supersemar" order. French President Charles de Gaulle states that French troops will be taken out of NATO and that all French NATO bases and headquarters must be closed within a year. March 16 NASA spacecraft Gemini 8 (David Scott, Neil Armstrong) conducts the first docking in space, with an Agena target vehicle. Paul Van Doren establishes the Vans shoe company in California. March 17 – Palomares incident: Off the Mediterranean coast of Spain, the United States Navy submersible DSV Alvin finds a missing U.S. hydrogen bomb. March 19 – The Texas Western Miners defeat the Kentucky Wildcats with five African American starters, ushering in desegregation in athletic recruiting. March 20 – Football's FIFA World Cup Trophy is stolen while on exhibition in London; it is found seven days later by a mongrel dog named "Pickles" and his owner David Corbett, wrapped in newspaper in a south London garden. March 22 – In Washington, D.C., General Motors President James M. Roche appears before a Senate subcommittee and apologizes to consumer advocate Ralph Nader for the company's intimidation and harassment campaign against him. March 24 – Pope Paul VI meets Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in Rome, and gives him an episcopal ring. March 26 – Demonstrations are held across the United States against the Vietnam War. March 27 – In South Vietnam, 20,000 Buddhists march in demonstrations against the policies of the military government. March 28 Cevdet Sunay becomes the fifth president of Turkey. Indira Gandhi visits Washington, D.C. March 29 – The 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is held: Leonid Brezhnev demands that U.S. troops leave Vietnam, and announces that Chinese-Soviet relations are not satisfactory. March 31 The British Labour Party led by Harold Wilson wins the 1966 United Kingdom general election, gaining a 96-seat majority (compared with a single seat majority when the election was called on February 28). The Soviet Union launches Luna 10, which becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. April April 1 – Animated sitcom The Flintstones airs its series finale on the ABC network in the United States. April 2 – The Indonesian army demands that the country rejoin the United Nations. April 3 – Luna 10 is the first manmade object to enter lunar orbit. April 5 – During the Buddhist Uprising, South Vietnamese military prime minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ personally attempted to lead the capture of the restive city of Đà Nẵng before backing down. April 7 – The United Kingdom asks the United Nations Security Council for authority to use force to stop oil tankers that violate the embargo against Rhodesia (authority is given April 10). April 8 Buddhists in South Vietnam protest against the fact that the new government has not set a date for free elections. Leonid Brezhnev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Union, as well as Leader of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R. Time magazine cover story asks "Is God Dead?" April 9 – The captain of English football league club Norwich City F.C., Barry Butler, is killed in a car accident. April 13 United States' magazine Time's cover story is "London: The Swinging City". United States president Lyndon Johnson signs the 1966 Uniform Time Act, dealing with daylight saving time. April 14 Kenyan Vice President Oginga Odinga resigns, saying "invisible government" representing foreign interests now runs the country. He will head a new party, the Kenya People's Union. The South Vietnamese government promises free elections in 3–5 months. April 15 – An anti-Nasser conspiracy is exposed in Egypt. April 18 China declares that it will stop economic aid to Indonesia. The 38th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Santa Monica, California: The Sound of Music wins Best Picture. April 19 – Bobbi Gibb becomes the first woman to run the Boston Marathon. April 21 An artificial heart is installed in the chest of Marcel DeRudder in a Houston, Texas, hospital. The opening of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is televised for the first time. Haile Selassie visits Jamaica for the first time, meeting with Rasta leaders. Moors murders: Ian Brady and Myra Hindley go on trial at Chester Crown Court in north west England for the murders of 3 children who vanished between November 1963 and October 1965. April 24 – Uniform daylight saving time is first observed in most parts of North America. April 26 A new government is formed in the Republic of the Congo, led by Ambroise Noumazalaye. The magnitude 5.1 Tashkent earthquake affects the largest city in Soviet Central Asia with a maximum MSK intensity of VII (Very strong). Tashkent is mostly destroyed and 15–200 are killed. April 27 – Pope Paul VI and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko meet in the Vatican (the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union). April 28 – In Rhodesia, security forces kill seven ZANLA men in combat; Chimurenga, the ZANU rebellion, begins. April 29 – U.S. troops in Vietnam total 250,000. April 30 Regular hovercraft service begins over the English Channel (discontinued in 2000 due to the Channel Tunnel). The Church of Satan is formed by Anton Szandor LaVey in San Francisco. May May 1 – Floods occur on the Finnish coast. May 3 – Pirate radio in the United Kingdom: Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio commence broadcasting on AM, with a combined potential 100,000 watts, from the same ship anchored off the south coast of England in international waters. May 4 Fiat signs a contract with the Soviet government to build a car factory in the Soviet Union. May 1966 lunar eclipse: A penumbral lunar eclipse takes place, the 64th lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros 111. May 5 – The Montreal Canadiens defeat the Detroit Red Wings to win the Stanley Cup in ice hockey. May 6 – Moors murders trial in England ends with Ian Brady being found guilty on all three counts of murder and sentenced to three concurrent terms of life imprisonment. Myra Hindley is convicted on two counts of murder and of being an accessory in the third murder committed by Brady, receiving two concurrent terms of life imprisonment and a seven-year fixed term for being an accessory. May 7 Irish bank workers go on strike. The hit single "Paint It Black" by The Rolling Stones is released in the United States. May 12 African members of the UN Security Council say that the British army should blockade Rhodesia. The Busch Memorial Stadium opens in St Louis, Missouri. Radio Peking claims that U.S. planes have shot down a Chinese plane over Yunnan (the U.S. denies the story the next day). May 14 – Turkey and Greece intend to start negotiations about the situation in Cyprus. May 15 Indonesia asks Malaysia for peace negotiations. The South Vietnamese army besieges Da Nang. Tens of thousands of anti-war demonstrators again picket the White House, then rally at the Washington Monument. May 16 The Communist Party of China issues the 'May 16 Notice', marking the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. A strike is called by the National Union of Seamen in the United Kingdom. In New York City, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. makes his first public speech on the Vietnam War. May 19 – Gertrude Baniszewski is found guilty of torturing and murdering 16-year-old Sylvia Likens at a court in Indianapolis, United States, and is sentenced to life in prison (she is released on parole in December 1985). May 24 Battle of Mengo Hill: Ugandan army troops arrest Mutesa II of Buganda and occupy his palace. The Nigerian government forbids all political activity in the country until January 17, 1969. May 25 Explorer program: Satellite Explorer 32 (Atmosphere Explorer-B) is launched from the United States. No. 9 Squadron RAAF becomes part of the 4,500 strong Australian Task Force assigned to duties in Vietnam, leaving for Southeast Asia aboard the aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney. May 26 – British Guiana achieves independence, becoming Guyana. May 28 Fidel Castro declares martial law in Cuba because of a possible U.S. attack. The Indonesian and Malaysian governments declare that the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation is over (a treaty is signed on August 11). Boat ride "It's a Small World" opens at Disneyland. May 29 – Sports stadium Estadio Azteca officially opens in Mexico City in advance of the 1968 Summer Olympics. May 31 – The Philippines reestablishes diplomatic relations with Malaysia. June June 1 – In the United States: The final new episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show airs (the first episode aired on October 3, 1961). White House Conference on Civil Rights opens. June 2 Éamon de Valera is re-elected as Irish president. Surveyor program: Surveyor 1 lands in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon, becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to soft-land on another world. Four former cabinet ministers including Évariste Kimba are executed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for alleged involvement in a plot to kill Mobutu Sese Seko. June 3 – Joaquín Balaguer is elected president of the Dominican Republic. June 5 – Gemini 9A: Gene Cernan completes the second U.S. spacewalk (2 hours, 7 minutes). June 6 – Civil rights activist James Meredith is shot by a sniper while traversing Mississippi in the March Against Fear. June 8 A North American XB-70 Valkyrie strategic bomber prototype is destroyed in a mid-air collision with an F-104 Starfighter chase plane during a photo shoot. NASA pilot Joseph A. Walker and USAF test pilot Carl Cross are both killed. 1966 Topeka tornado: Topeka, Kansas is devastated by a tornado that registers as an "F5" on the Fujita scale, the first to exceed US$100 million in damages. Sixteen people are killed, hundreds more injured and thousands of homes damaged or destroyed, and the campus of Washburn University suffers catastrophic damage. June 12 – Chicago's Division Street riots begin in response to police shooting of a young Puerto Rican man. June 13 – Miranda v. Arizona: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning them. June 14 – The Vatican abolishes the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. June 17 – An Air France personnel strike begins. June 18 – CIA chief William Raborn resigns; Richard Helms becomes his successor. June 28 – Argentine Revolution: In Argentina, a military junta calling itself Revolución Argentina deposes president Arturo Umberto Illia in a coup and appoints General Juan Carlos Onganía to power. June 29 Vietnam War: U.S. planes begin bombing Hanoi and Haiphong. The strike by the National Union of Seamen in the United Kingdom is called off. June 30 France formally leaves NATO. The National Organization for Women (NOW) is founded in Washington, D.C. July July 1 – Joaquín Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic. July 3 31 people are arrested when a demonstration by approximately 4,000 anti-Vietnam War protesters in front of the United States Embassy in London in Grosvenor Square turns violent. René Barrientos is elected President of Bolivia. July 4 North Vietnam declares general mobilization. American President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act, which goes into effect the following year. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) endorses the goal of Black Power at a well attended convention in Baltimore, Maryland. Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins criticize this declaration. July 6 – Malawi becomes a republic. July 7 – A Warsaw Pact conference ends with a promise to support North Vietnam. July 8 – King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi is deposed by his son Ntare V, who is in turn deposed by prime minister Michel Micombero. July 11 The 1966 FIFA World Cup begins in England. British Motor Corporation and Jaguar Cars announce plans to merge as British Motor Holdings. July 12 Indira Gandhi visits Moscow. Zambia threatens to leave the Commonwealth of Nations because of British peace overtures to Rhodesia. July 13 – The International Society for Krishna Consciousness is founded in New York City by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. July 14 Israeli and Syrian jet fighters clash over the Jordan River. Richard Speck murders 8 student nurses in their Chicago dormitory. He is arrested on July 17. Gwynfor Evans, President of Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, becomes Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for Carmarthen, taking the previously Labour-held Welsh seat at a by-election with a majority of 2,435 on an 18% swing and giving his party its first representation at Westminster in its forty-one year history. July 16 – British Prime Minister Harold Wilson flies to Moscow to try to start peace negotiations about the Vietnam War (the Soviet government rejects his ideas). July 18 Gemini 10 (John Young, Michael Collins) is launched from the United States. After docking with an Agena target vehicle, the astronauts then set a world altitude record of 474 miles (763 km). The Hough Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio, the city's first race riot. The International Court of Justice rules in favour of South Africa in a case on the administration of South West Africa which has been brought before them by Ethiopia and Liberia. July 22 – Following the death of Hsu Tsu-tsai, an engineer, in The Hague, the Chinese government declares Dutch delegate G. J. Jongejans persona non grata, but tells him not to leave the country before other Chinese engineers have left the Netherlands. July 23 – Katangese troops in Stanleyville, Congo, revolt for several weeks in support of the exiled minister Moise Tshombe. July 24 – U.N. Secretary General U Thant visits Moscow. July 24 – A USAF F-4C Phantom #63-7599 is shot down by a North Vietnamese SAM-2 northeast of Hanoi, the first loss of a U.S. aircraft to a Vietnamese surface-to-air missile in the Vietnam War. July 26 – Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, stating that the House is not bound to follow its own previous precedent. July 28 – The U.S. announces that a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance plane has disappeared over Cuba. July 29 1966 Nigerian counter-coup: Army officers from the north of Nigeria execute head of state General Aguiyi-Ironsi and install Yakubu Gowon. La Noche de los Bastones Largos: Junta takes over Argentine universities. Bob Dylan is injured in a motorcycle accident near his home in Woodstock, New York. He is not seen in public for over a year. July 30 – England beats West Germany 4–2 to win the 1966 FIFA World Cup at Wembley after extra time. August August 1 Sniper Charles Whitman kills 14 people and wounds 32 from atop the University of Texas at Austin Main Building tower, after earlier killing his wife and mother. The British Colonial Office merges with the Commonwealth Relations Office to form a new Commonwealth Office. August 2 – The Spanish government forbids overflights by British military aircraft. August 5 Groundbreaking takes place for the World Trade Center in New York City. Martin Luther King Jr. leads a civil rights march in Chicago, during which he is struck by a rock thrown from an angry white mob. The Caesars Palace hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas. The Beatles' Revolver LP is released in the United Kingdom. August 6 Braniff Flight 250 crashes in Falls City, Nebraska, killing all 42 on board. René Barrientos takes office as the President of Bolivia. The Salazar Bridge (later the 25 de Abril Bridge) opens in Lisbon, Portugal. August 7 – Race riots occur in Lansing, Michigan. August 10 An East German court sentences Günter Laudahn to life imprisonment for spying for the United States. Lunar Orbiter 1, the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit the moon, is launched. August 11 Indonesia and Malaysia issue joint peace declaration, formally ending the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation which began in 1963. The Beatles hold a press conference in Chicago, during which John Lennon apologizes for his "more popular than Jesus" remark, saying, "I didn't mean it as a lousy anti-religious thing." August 12 – Massacre of Braybrook Street: Harry Roberts, John Duddy and Jack Witney shoot dead 3 plainclothes policemen in London; they are later sentenced to life imprisonment. August 15 Syrian and Israeli troops clash over Lake Kinneret (also known as the Sea of Galilee) for 3 hours. It is announced that the New York Herald Tribune will not resume publication. August 16 – Vietnam War: The House Un-American Activities Committee starts investigating Americans who have aided the Viet Cong, with the intent to make these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 are arrested. August 17 – Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Republic begin negotiations in Kuwait to end the war in Yemen. August 18 – Vietnam War – Battle of Long Tan: D Company, 6th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment, meets and defeats a Viet Cong force estimated to be four times larger, in Phuoc Tuy Province, Republic of Vietnam. August 19 – The 6.8 Varto earthquake affects the town of Varto in eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing at least 2,394–3,000 and injuring at least 1,420. August 21 – Seven men are sentenced to death in Egypt for anti-Nasser agitation. August 22 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) established. The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), predecessor of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), is formed. August 26 – The first battle of the South African Air Force and the South African Police with PLAN, the armed wing of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), takes place at Ongulumbashe during Operation Blue Wildebeest, triggering the South African Border War which continues until 1989. August 29 – The Beatles end their U.S. tour with a concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. It is their last performance as a live touring band. August 30 – France offers independence to French Somaliland (Djibouti from 1977). September September 1 United Nations Secretary-General U Thant declares that he will not seek re-election, because U.N. efforts in Vietnam have failed. 98 British tourists die when Britannia Airways Flight 105 crashes in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. While waiting at a bus stop Ralph Baer, an inventor with Sanders Associates, writes a four-page document that lays out the basic principles for creating a video game to be played on a television: the beginning of a multibillion-dollar industry. September 6 – South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd is stabbed to death in Parliament by Dimitri Tsafendas. September 7 – The ocean liner catches fire and burns in New York Harbor. September 8 – The classic science fiction series Star Trek premieres on NBC in the United States with its first episode, titled "The Man Trap" (actually seen first on September 6 on CTV in Canada). September 9 – NATO decides to move Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe to Belgium. September 12 Gemini 11 (Richard F. Gordon, Jr., Pete Conrad) docks with an Agena target vehicle. B. J. Vorster becomes the new Prime Minister of South Africa. September 13 – Cultural Revolution in China: Clashes between the Chinese Communist Party and the Red Guards are reported by TASS in the Soviet Union. September 15 – Britain's first Polaris submarine, HMS Resolution, is launched. September 16 In South Vietnam, Thích Trí Quang ends a 100-day hunger strike. The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City with the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera Antony and Cleopatra. September 18 – Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum opens to the public in California. September 19 Buster Edwards returns from Mexico to London to be arrested for involvement in the Great Train Robbery (1963). Timothy Leary forms the spiritual group League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD) in the United States. Indonesian military commander (later President) Suharto announces the resumption of Indonesian participation in the United Nations. September 29 – Hurricane Inez strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of thousands homeless in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. September 30 The Bechuanaland Protectorate in Africa achieves independence from the United Kingdom as Botswana, with Seretse Khama as its first President. Baldur von Schirach and Albert Speer are released from Spandau Prison in West Berlin. October October – Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton found the Black Panther Party in the United States. October 1 – West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashes with 18 fatal injuries and no survivors south of Wemme, Oregon, the first loss of a DC-9. October 3 – Tunisia severs diplomatic relations with the United Arab Republic. October 4 Israel applies for membership in the European Economic Community, which is never granted. Basutoland becomes independent of the United Kingdom and takes the name Lesotho. October 5 UNESCO signs the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers. This event is to be celebrated as World Teachers' Day. Spain closes its Gibraltar border to vehicular traffic. An experimental breeder reactor at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in Michigan suffers a partial meltdown when its cooling system fails. October 6 LSD is made illegal in the United States and controlled so strictly that not only are possession and recreational use criminalized, but all legal scientific research programs on the drug in the country are shut down as well. The Love Pageant Rally takes place in the Panhandle of Golden Gate Park (a narrow section that projects into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district). October 7 – The Soviet Union declares that all Chinese students must leave the country before the end of October. October 9 – Vietnam War: Binh Tai Massacre. October 11 – France and the Soviet Union sign a treaty for cooperation in nuclear research. October 14 |
31, 1499. <onlyinclude> | decade ran from |
1640s decade ran | The 1640s decade ran from January |
the Russo-Turkish War, the Industrial Revolution, and populism, their influence remains omnipresent to this day. New lands south of the Equator were discovered and settled by Europeans like James Cook, expanding the horizons of a New World to new reaches such as Australia and French Polynesia. Deepened philosophical studies led to the publication of works such as Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations", whose concepts influence | of influence such as the Russian Empire's sphere from its victorious Crimean claims at the Russo-Turkish War, the Industrial Revolution, and populism, their influence remains omnipresent to this day. New lands south of the Equator were discovered and settled by Europeans like James Cook, expanding the horizons of a New World to new reaches such as Australia and French Polynesia. Deepened philosophical studies led to the publication of works such as Adam Smith's "The |
1780s saw the inception of modern philosophy. With the rise on astronomical, technological, and political discoveries and innovations such as Uranus, cast iron on structures, republicanism and hot air balloons, the 1780s | the inception of modern philosophy. With the rise on astronomical, technological, and political discoveries and innovations such as Uranus, cast iron on structures, republicanism and hot air balloons, the 1780s kick-started a rapid global industrialization movement, leaving behind the world's |
is founded. December 23 – A leaflet circulated in France accuses the Marquis de Favras of plotting to rescue the royal family. Date unknown Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees that all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments. The Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), an influential chemistry textbook by Antoine Lavoisier, is published; translated into English in 1790, it comes to be considered the first modern chemical textbook. German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovers the element uranium, while studying the mineral pitchblende. The Bengal Presidency first establishes a penal colony, in the Andaman Islands. Famine in Ethiopia. Thomas Jefferson returns from Europe, bringing the first macaroni machine to the United States. Influenced by Dr. Benjamin Rush's argument against the excessive use of alcohol, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community form a temperance movement in the United States. Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio) is built to protect early U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. Former slave Olaudah Equiano's autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the earliest published works by a black writer, is published in London. Peggy of Castletown, Isle of Man, the world's oldest surviving private yacht, is built. The pedal powered tricycle was invented by two Frenchmen, named Blanchard and Maguier. Births January 3 – Carl Gustav Carus, German physiologist (d. 1869) January 4 – Benjamin Lundy, American abolitionist (d. 1839) January 12 – Ettore Perrone di San Martino, prime minister of Sardinia (d. 1849) January 21 – William Machin Stairs, Canadian businessman, statesman (d. 1865) February 22 – René Edward De Russy, Brigadier General of the United States Army, Superintendent of the United States Military Academy and military engineer (d. 1865) March 16 – Georg Ohm, German physicist (d. 1854) April 15 – Diego Noboa, 4th President of Ecuador (d. 1870) April 22 – Manuel Gómez Pedraza, 6th President of Mexico (d. 1851) May 1 – George Fife Angas, English coachbuilder, businessman, and politician; founder of South Australia (d. 1879) May 24 – Cathinka Buchwieser, German operatic singer and actress June 8 – Queen Sunwon, Korean regent (d. 1857) June 30 – Horace Vernet, French painter (d. 1863) July 19 – John Martin, English painter (d. 1854) August 6 – Friedrich List, German journalist (d. 1846) August 21 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician (d. 1857) August 28 – Stéphanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden (d. 1860) September 3 – Hannah Flagg Gould, American poet (d. 1865) September 4 – Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, French botanist (d. 1854) September 15 – James Fenimore Cooper, American writer (d. 1851) September 28 – Richard Bright, English physician, "Father of Nephrology" (d. 1858) October 8 – William John Swainson, English naturalist, artist (d. 1855) November 5 – William Bland, Australian politician (d. 1868) December 15 Edward B. Dudley, North Carolina governor (d. 1855) Carlos Soublette, two-time President of Venezuela (d. 1870) December 22 – Levi Woodbury, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1851) December 25 – Elizabeth Jesser Reid, English social reformer, founder of Bedford College (d. 1866) December 28 – Catharine Sedgwick, American writer (d. 1867) date unknown – Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq, Urdu poet (d. 1854) Deaths January 1 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English politician (b. 1716) January 4 Johan Jacob Bruun, Danish artist (b. 1715) Thomas Nelson Jr., American signer of the Declaration of Independence and Governor of Virginia (1781) (b. 1738) January 8 – Jack Broughton, English boxer (b. 1703) January 10 – James Mitchell Varnum, American brigadier general of the Revolutionary War, Continental Congressman for Rhode Island (b. 1748) January 13 – Joseph Spencer, American major general of the Revolutionary War, | An estimated 150,000 of Paris's 600,000 people are without work. July 1 – The comic ballet La fille mal gardée, choreographed by Jean Dauberval, is first presented under the title Le ballet de la paille, at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, at Bordeaux, France. July 4 – The U.S. Congress passes its first bill, setting out tariffs. July 9 At Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly, and begins preparations for what will become the French Constitution of 1791. The Theatre War officially ends in Scandinavia. July – Storofsen flood in Norway. July 10 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River Delta. July 11 – Louis XVI of France dismisses popular Chief Minister Jacques Necker. July 12 – An angry Parisian crowd, inflamed by a speech from journalist Camille Desmoulins, demonstrates against the King's decision to dismiss Minister Necker. July 13 – The people begin to seize arms for the defense of Paris. July 14 The French Revolution (1789–1799) begins with the Storming of the Bastille: Citizens of Paris storm the fortress of the Bastille, and free the only seven prisoners held. In rural areas, peasants attack manors of the nobility. Survivors of the mutiny on the Bounty, including Captain William Bligh and 18 others, reach Timor after a nearly journey in an open boat. July 27 – The first agency of the Federal government of the United States under the new Constitution, the Department of Foreign Affairs (from September 15 renamed the Department of State), is established. August 4 – In France, members of the Constituent Assembly take an oath to end feudalism, and abandon their privileges. August 7 – The United States Department of War is established. August 18 – The Liège Revolution breaks out in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. August 21 – A proposal for a Bill of Rights is adopted by the United States House of Representatives. August 24 – The first naval battle of the Svensksund began in the Gulf of Finland. August 26 – The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is proclaimed in France, by the Constituent Assembly. August 28 – William Herschel discovers Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons. September 2 – The United States Department of the Treasury is founded. September 11 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed as the first United States Secretary of the Treasury. September 22 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) – Battle of Rymnik: Alexander Suvorov roundly defeats 100,000 Turks. The United States Department of the Post Office is established. September 24 – The Judiciary Act of 1789 establishes the federal judiciary, and the United States Marshals Service. September 25 – The United States Congress proposes a set of 12 amendments to the U.S. constitution, for ratification by the states. Ratification for 10 of these proposals is completed on December 5, 1791, creating the United States Bill of Rights. September 26 – Thomas Jefferson, U.S. Minister to France, is appointed as the first U.S. Secretary of State. September 29 – The U.S. Department of War establishes the nation's first regular army, with a strength of several hundred men. October–December October 5 – Women's March on Versailles: Some 7,000 women march from Paris to the royal Palace of Versailles, to demand action over high bread prices. October 10 – Physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposes to the French National Assembly the adoption of more humane and egalitarian forms of capital punishment, including use of the guillotine. October 24 – Brabant Revolution: Brabant revolutionaries cross the border from the Dutch Republic into the Austrian Netherlands; the first public reading of the Manifesto of the People of Brabant declares the independence of the Austrian Netherlands. October 27 – Battle of Turnhout: The Austrian army is beaten by Brabant revolutionaries. November 6 – Pope Pius VI creates the first diocese in the United States at Baltimore, and appoints John Carroll the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States. November 20 – New Jersey ratifies the United States Bill of Rights, the first state to do so. November 21 – North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the 12th U.S. state. November 26 – A national Thanksgiving Day is observed in the United States, as recommended by President George Washington and approved by Congress. December 11 – The University of North Carolina, the oldest public university in the United States, is founded. December 23 – A leaflet circulated in France accuses the Marquis de Favras of plotting to rescue the royal family. Date unknown Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees that all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments. The Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), an influential chemistry textbook by Antoine Lavoisier, is published; translated into English in 1790, it comes to be considered the first modern chemical textbook. German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovers the element uranium, while studying the mineral pitchblende. The Bengal Presidency first establishes a penal colony, in the Andaman Islands. Famine in Ethiopia. Thomas Jefferson returns from Europe, bringing the first macaroni machine to the United States. Influenced by Dr. Benjamin Rush's argument against the excessive use of alcohol, about 200 farmers in a |
Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse, in the West Indies. April 19 – John Adams secures recognition of the United States as an independent government by the Dutch Republic. During this visit, he also negotiates a loan of five million guilders, financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink. April 21 – A Lak Mueang (city pillar) is erected on Rattanakosin Island, located on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River, by order of King Rama I, an act considered the founding of the capital city of Bangkok. May 17 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act, a major component of the reforms collectively known as the Constitution of 1782, which restore legislative independence to the Parliament of Ireland. June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Göldi is sentenced to death for witchcraft (the last legal witchcraft sentence). June 20 – The bald eagle is chosen as the emblem of the United States of America. On the same day, the Confederation Congress adopts the design for the Great Seal of the United States. July–September July – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, receives a visit from Pope Pius VI. July 1 – Raid on Lunenburg: American privateers attack the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. July 16–August 29 – The Masonic Congress of Wilhelmsbad, Germany, one of history's most important ever secret society congresses, takes place. High-degree Freemasons from the whole of Europe spend the time deliberating the fate of the rite of Strict Observance, and hierarchy of the governing bodies of world Freemasonry, at the Hanau-Wilhelmsbad spa. July 16 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail premieres at the Burgtheater in Vienna. August 7 George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit (or the Order of the Purple Heart) to honor soldiers' merit in battle (reinstated later by Franklin D. Roosevelt, and renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart", to honor soldiers wounded in action). Étienne Maurice Falconet's Bronze Horseman statue of Tsar Peter the Great is unveiled in Saint Petersburg. August 21 – A fire breaks out in Constantinople at 9:00 in the evening and burns for two and a half days, destroying thousands of buildings and one-half of the city, and killing hundreds of people. September 7 – Correspondents to the Jewish Calendar, 5543. September 17 – 1782 Central Atlantic hurricane devastates a British Royal Navy fleet off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland with the loss of 3,500 lives. October–December October 10 – Welsh actress Sarah Siddons, the pre-eminent star of the English stage, makes a triumphant return to the theatre in the title role of David Garrick's new play, Isabella, or The Fatal Marriage. October 18 The first franking privilege is granted for official correspondence to be sent at no charge to and from members of the Confederation Congress, at government expense, during periods when the Congress is in session. John Adams returns to Paris as the first United States Minister to France. November | founded. Saint Petersburg, Russia has 300,000 inhabitants. Births January 5 – Robert Morrison, Scottish Protestant missionary to China (d. 1834) January 18 – Daniel Webster, American statesman (d. 1852) January 22 – Philip Hamilton, son of American Founding Father, Alexander Hamilton (d. 1801) January 27 – Titumir, Bengali revolutionary (d. 1831) February 15 – William Miller, American preacher (d. 1849) March 4 – Johann Rudolf Wyss, Swiss writer (d. 1830) March 13 – Sir Robert Bronet, Irish nobility (d. 1863) March 18 – John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (d. 1850) April 7 – Marie-Anne Libert, Belgian botanist (d. 1865) April 10 – María Antonia Santos Plata, Neogranadine rebel leader, heroine (d. 1819) April 21 – Friedrich Fröbel, German pedagogue (d. 1852) July 3 – Pierre Berthier, French geologist (d. 1861) July 26 – John Field, Irish composer (d. 1837) August 10 – Vicente Guerrero, 2nd President of Mexico (d. 1831) September 16 – Daoguang Emperor, Chinese emperor (d. 1850) September 25 – Charles Maturin, Irish writer (d. 1824) October 9 – Lewis Cass, American military officer, politician, and statesman (d. 1866) October 27 – Nicolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1840) November 1 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1859) December 5 – Martin Van Buren, 8th President of the United States (d. 1862) Deaths January 2 – Johann Christian Bach, German composer (b. 1735) January 4 – Ange-Jacques Gabriel, French architect (b. 1698) January 18 – John Pringle, Scottish physician (b. 1707) January 30 – Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky, Russian general (b. 1722) February 9 – Giuseppe Luigi Assemani, Syrian orientalist (b. 1710) February 10 – Friedrich Christoph Oetinger, German theologian (b. 1702) March 1 – John A. Treutlen, Governor of Georgia (b. 1734) March 9 – Sava II Petrović-Njegoš, Metropolitan of Cetinje (b. 1702) March 17 – Daniel Bernoulli, Dutch-born mathematical physicist (b. 1700) April 7 – Taksin the Great, King of Siam (Thonburi Kingdom) (b. 1734) April 13 – Metastasio, Italian poet, librettist (b. 1698) April 17 – Baal Shem of London, British Kabbalist (b. 1708) April 22 Anne Bonny, Irish-born pirate in the Caribbean (b. 1702) Josef Seger, Czech composer and organist (b. 1716) April 28 – William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (b. 1710) May 8 – Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese statesman (b. 1699) May 15 – Richard Wilson, British painter (b. 1714) May 16 – Daniel Solander, Swedish botanist (b. 1736) May 20 – William Emerson, English mathematician (b. 1701) May 22 – Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1752) June 11 – William Crawford, American soldier and surveyor (burned at the stake by Native Americans) (b. 1732) June 18 – John Wood, the Younger, English architect (b. 1728) June 21 – Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt, German prince (b. 1722) July 1 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, British statesman, 2-time Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1730) July 15 – Farinelli, Italian castrato (b. 1705) August 27 – John Laurens, American soldier (b. 1754) August 31 – George Croghan, American colonist September 5 – Bartolina Sisa, Bolivian indigenous Aymara heroine, rebel leader September 6 Gregoria Apaza, Bolivian indigenous leader (b. 1751) Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson (b. 1748) September 14 – Nicholas Cooke, first Governor of Rhode Island (b. |
the convention have important ramifications for the movement for women's suffrage in the United States. July–September July 4 – The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddlewheel steamer departs from Liverpool, bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the first steam transatlantic passenger mail service. July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire. July 21 – August Borsig's steam locomotive, the first built in Germany, competes against a Stephenson-built locomotive on the Berlin–Jüterbog railroad; the Borsig locomotive wins by 10 minutes. July 23 Pedro II is declared "of age" prematurely, and begins to reassert central control in Brazil. The Province of Canada is created by the Act of Union. August 1 – The Slavery Abolition Act ends the slave trade in the United Kingdom. August 10 – Fortsas hoax: A number of book collectors gather in Binche, Belgium, to attend a non-existent book auction of the late Count of Fortsas. September 10 – Ottoman and British troops bombard Beirut, and land troops on the coast, to pressure Egyptian Muhammad Ali to retreat from the country. September 16 – Joseph Strutt hands over the deeds and papers concerning the Derby Arboretum, which is to become England's first public park. September 30 – The frigate Belle-Poule arrives in Cherbourg, bringing back the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena to France. October–December October 7 – William II becomes King of the Netherlands. October 8 – A firman (imperial decree) of Sultan Abdulmejid I replaces Bashir Shihab II as Emir of Mount Lebanon with Prince Bashir Chehab III (Bashir Qasim al-Chehab). October 11 – Maronite leader Bashir Shihab II surrenders to the Ottomans, and on October 14 goes into exile, initially in Malta. November 4 – U.S. presidential election, 1840: William Henry Harrison defeats Martin Van Buren in a landslide. December 7 – David Livingstone leaves Britain for Africa. December 15 – The body of Napoleon is laid to rest in Les Invalides in Paris. December 21 – Stockport Viaduct is completed in North West England. It is one of the largest brick structures in Europe. Date unknown The first English translation of Goethe's Theory of Colours by Charles Eastlake is published. The first known photograph of Niagara Falls, a daguerreotype, is taken by English chemist Hugh Lee Pattinson. Kajima, a construction company based in Japan, is founded in Edo (modern-day Tokyo). Approximate date – Volcanic eruption of Tinakula in the Solomon Islands causes the island to be depopulated. Ongoing First Opium War (1839–1842) First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41) Births January–June January 1 – Dugald Drummond, British railway engineer (d. 1912) January 3 – Father Damien, Belgian missionary priest (d. 1889) January 9 – Samuel Baldwin Marks Young, American general, first Chief of Staff of the United States Army (d. 1924) January 18 – Alfred Percy Sinnett, British writer (d. 1921) January 21 – Sophia Jex-Blake, English physician (d. 1912) January 22 – Ernest Roland Wilberforce, English bishop (d. 1907) January 23 – Ernst Abbe, German physicist (d. 1905) February 4 – Sir Hiram Maxim, American-born British firearms inventor (d. 1916) February 5 – John Boyd Dunlop, Scottish inventor (d. 1921) February 9 – William T. Sampson, American admiral (d. 1902) February 15 – Titu Maiorescu, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1917) February 21 – Murad V, 33rd Ottoman Sultan (d. 1904) February 22 – August Bebel, German politician (d. 1913) February 23 – Carl Menger, Austrian economist (d. 1921) February 29 – John Philip Holland, Irish inventor of the submarine (d. 1914) March 8 – Eduard von Knorr, German admiral (d. 1920) March 28 – Emin Pasha, German doctor, African administrator (d. 1892) March 31 – Sir Benjamin Baker, English civil engineer (d. 1907) April 2 – Émile Zola, French writer (d. 1902) April 11 – Robert Wentworth Little, British occultist (d. 1878) April 22 – Odilon Redon, French painter (d. 1916) April 27 – Edward Whymper, English mountaineer (d. 1911) May 7 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1893) May 10 – Eliza Trask Hill, American activist, journalist, | Births January–June January 1 – Dugald Drummond, British railway engineer (d. 1912) January 3 – Father Damien, Belgian missionary priest (d. 1889) January 9 – Samuel Baldwin Marks Young, American general, first Chief of Staff of the United States Army (d. 1924) January 18 – Alfred Percy Sinnett, British writer (d. 1921) January 21 – Sophia Jex-Blake, English physician (d. 1912) January 22 – Ernest Roland Wilberforce, English bishop (d. 1907) January 23 – Ernst Abbe, German physicist (d. 1905) February 4 – Sir Hiram Maxim, American-born British firearms inventor (d. 1916) February 5 – John Boyd Dunlop, Scottish inventor (d. 1921) February 9 – William T. Sampson, American admiral (d. 1902) February 15 – Titu Maiorescu, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1917) February 21 – Murad V, 33rd Ottoman Sultan (d. 1904) February 22 – August Bebel, German politician (d. 1913) February 23 – Carl Menger, Austrian economist (d. 1921) February 29 – John Philip Holland, Irish inventor of the submarine (d. 1914) March 8 – Eduard von Knorr, German admiral (d. 1920) March 28 – Emin Pasha, German doctor, African administrator (d. 1892) March 31 – Sir Benjamin Baker, English civil engineer (d. 1907) April 2 – Émile Zola, French writer (d. 1902) April 11 – Robert Wentworth Little, British occultist (d. 1878) April 22 – Odilon Redon, French painter (d. 1916) April 27 – Edward Whymper, English mountaineer (d. 1911) May 7 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1893) May 10 – Eliza Trask Hill, American activist, journalist, philanthropist (d. 1908) May 13 – Alphonse Daudet, French writer (d. 1897) June 2 Thomas Hardy, English writer (d. 1928) Émile Munier, French artist (d. 1895) June 7 – Carlota of Mexico, Empress of Mexico (d. 1927) June 9 – Jennie Casseday, American philanthropist (d. 1893) June 10 – Theodor Philipsen, Danish painter (d. 1920) June 13 – Augusta Lundin, Swedish fashion designer (d. 1919) June 21 – Edward Stanley Gibbons, English philatelist, founder of Stanley Gibbons Ltd. (d. 1913) July–December July 1 – Edward Clodd, English banker, writer and anthropologist (d. 1930) July 6 – Peter Conover Hains, major general in the United States Army, and veteran of the American Civil War, Spanish–American War, and First World War (d. 1921) August 4 – Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German sexologist (d. 1902) September 12 – Mary Jane Patterson, the first African-American woman to receive a B.A degree in 1862. (d. 1894) September 22 – D. M. Canright, American Seventh-day Adventist minister and author, later one of the church's severest critics (d. 1919) September 27 Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States Navy admiral, American geostrategist and historian (d. 1914) Thomas Nast, American caricaturist, cartoonist (d. 1902) October 9 – Simeon Solomon, British artist (d. 1905) October 12 – Helena Modjeska, Polish stage actress (d. 1909) October 16 – Kuroda Kiyotaka, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1900) November 7 – H. G. Haugan, Norwegian-born American railroad, banking executive (d. 1921) November 12 – Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (d. 1917) November 14 – Claude Monet, French painter (d. 1926) November 21 – Victoria, Princess Royal (d. 1901) November 29 – Rhoda Broughton, Welsh writer (d. 1920) December 17 – Nozu Michitsura, Japanese general (d. 1908) date unknown earliest probable date – Crazy Horse (Tȟašúŋke Witkó), Chief of the Oglala Lakota (k. 1877) Deaths January–June January 6 – Fanny Burney, English novelist (b. 1752) January 22 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist (b. 1752) February 13 – Nicolas Joseph Maison, French marshal, Minister of War (b. |
New York, thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor. Technology Exploration Antarctica January 19, 1840 – Captain Charles Wilkes' United States Exploring Expedition sights what becomes known as Wilkes Land in the southeast quadrant of Antarctica, claiming it for the United States and providing evidence that Antarctica is a complete continent. January 21, 1840 – Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land in Antarctica, claiming it for France. January 27, 1841 – The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered and named by James Clark Ross. January 28, 1841 – Ross discovers the "Victoria Barrier", later known as the Ross Ice Shelf. On the same voyage, he discovers the Ross Sea, Victoria Land and Mount Terror. January 23, 1842 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross, charting the eastern side of James Ross Island, reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S. January 6, 1843 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross discovers Snow Hill Island. Transportation Rail Widespread interest to invest in rail technology led to a speculative frenzy in Britain, known there as Railway Mania. It reached its zenith in 1846, when no fewer than 272 Acts of Parliament were passed, setting up new railway companies, and the proposed routes totalled of new railway. Around a third of the railways authorised were never built – the company either collapsed due to poor financial planning, was bought out by a larger competitor before it could build its line, or turned out to be a fraudulent enterprise to channel investors' money into another business. Steam power July 4, 1840 – The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddlewheel steamer departs from Liverpool, bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the first steam transatlantic passenger mail service. July 19, 1843 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's is launched from Bristol; it will be the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. 1843 – The steam powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe in the United States. July 26 – August 10, 1845 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s iron steamship Great Britain makes the Transatlantic Crossing from Liverpool to New York, the first screw propelled vessel to make the passage. Other inventions October 5, 1842 – Josef Groll brews the first pilsner beer in the city of Pilsen, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). September 10, 1846 – Elias Howe is awarded the first United States patent for a sewing machine using a lockstitch design. Commerce In the mid-1840s several harvests failed across Europe, which caused famines. Especially the Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) was severe and caused a quarter of Ireland's population to die or emigrate to the United States, Canada and Australia. The Panic of 1837 triggered by the failing banks in America is followed by a severe depression lasting until 1845. May 6, 1840 – The Penny Black, the world's first postage stamp, becomes valid for the pre-payment of postage. August 10, 1840 – Fortsas hoax: A number of book collectors gather in Binche, Belgium, to attend a non-existent book auction of the late "Count of Fortsas". December – The world's first Christmas cards, commissioned by Sir Henry Cole in London from the artist John Callcott Horsley, are sent. 1843 – The export of British textile machinery and other equipment is allowed. 1844 – Annual British iron production reaches 3 million tons. January 4, 1847 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S government. The California Gold Rush follows on the heels of the Mexican–American War, bringing tens of thousands of immigrants to California and eliminating the United States' dependence on foreign gold. Civil rights Women's rights July 19, 1848 – Women's rights, 1848 – Seneca Falls Convention: The 2-day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York, and the "Bloomers" are introduced at the feminist convention. Popular culture Literature Charles Dickens publishes The Old Curiosity Shop, Barnaby Rudge, A Christmas Carol, Martin Chuzzlewit, Dombey and Son and David Copperfield. Nikolai Gogol's Dead Souls (Russian: Мёртвые души, Myortvyje dushi) is published in 1842. Søren Kierkegaard publishes his philosophical book Enten ‒ Eller (Either/Or) in 1843. Alexandre Dumas publishes Les Trois Mousquetaires (The Three Musketeers) in 1844 and Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (The Count of Monte Cristo) in 1844/45. William Makepeace Thackeray publishes Vanity Fair in 1848. July 17, 1841 – First edition of the humorous magazine Punch published in London. 1843 – Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Tell-Tale Heart is first published. January 29, 1845 – "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe is published for the first time (New York Evening Mirror), earning him $10. 1845 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning writes her Sonnets from the Portuguese (1845–1846). 1845 – Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book (Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder) introducing his character Struwwelpeter, in Germany. October 16, 1847 – Charlotte Brontë publishes Jane Eyre under the pen name of Currer Bell. December 14, 1847 – Emily Brontë and Anne Brontë publish Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, respectively, in a 3-volume set under the pen names of Ellis Bell and Acton Bell. 1848 – Elizabeth Gaskell publishes Mary Barton anonymously. Theatre February 6, 1843 – The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show, at the Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City. Music February 11, 1840 – Gaetano Donizetti's opera La fille du régiment premieres in Paris. June 28, 1841 – Ballet Giselle first presented by the Ballet du Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique at the Salle Le Peletier in Paris, France. March 9, 1842 – Giuseppe Verdi's third opera Nabucco premieres in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera writers. February 11, 1843 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera I Lombardi alla prima crociata premieres at La Scala in Milan. November 3, 1844 – Giuseppe Verdi's I due Foscari debuts at Teatro Argentina, Rome. March 13, 1845 – The Violin Concerto by Felix Mendelssohn premieres in Leipzig, with Ferdinand David as soloist. July 7, 1845 – Jules Perrot presents the ballet divertissement Pas de Quatre to an enthusiastic London audience. June 28, 1846 – The Saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax. March 14, 1847 – Verdi's opera Macbeth premieres at Teatro della Pergola in Florence, Italy. 1848 – The Shaker song Simple Gifts is written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred, Maine. 1848 – Richard Wagner begins writing the libretto that will become Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung). Sports March 2, 1842 – Gaylad, ridden by Tom Olliver, wins the Grand National at Aintree Racecourse. September 25 – September 27, 1844 – The first ever international cricket match is played in New York City, United States v Canadian Provinces. Baseball – During the 1840s, "town ball" evolved into the modern game of baseball, with the development of the "New York game" in the 1840s. The New York Knickerbockers were founded in 1845, and played the first known competitive game between two organized clubs in 1846. The "New York Nine" defeated the Knickerbockers at Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey, by a score of 23 to 1. Fashion Fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow, natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s fashion and 1830s fashion. The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women. Art 1840 – J. M. W. Turner first displays his painting The Slave Ship. Religion and philosophy The American Transcendentalism movement is in full form mostly during this decade. February 1840 – The Rhodes blood libel is made against the Jews of Rhodes. February 5, 1840 – The murder of a Capuchin friar and his Greek servant leads to the Damascus affair, a highly publicized case of blood libel against the Jews of Damascus. June 6, 1841 Marian Hughes becomes the first woman to take religious vows in communion with the Anglican Province of Canterbury since the Reformation, making them privately to E. B. Pusey in Oxford. July – Scottish missionary David Livingstone arrives at Kuruman in the Northern Cape, his first posting in Africa. May 18, 1843 – The Disruption in Edinburgh of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland. October 16, 1843 – Søren Kierkegaard's philosophical book Fear and Trembling is first published. March 21, 1844 – The Baháʼí calendar begins. March 23, 1844 – Edict of Toleration, allowing Jews to settle in the Holy Land. May 23, 1844 – Persian Prophet The Báb privately announces his revelation to Mullá Husayn, just after sunset, founding the Bábí faith (later evolving into the Baháʼí Faith as the Báb intended) in Shiraz, Persia (now Iran). Contemporaneously, on this day in nearby Tehran, was the birth of `Abdu'l-Bahá; the eldest Son of Bahá'u'lláh, Prophet-Founder of the Baháʼí Faith, the inception of which, the Báb's proclaimed His own mission was to herald. `Abdu'l-Bahá Himself was later proclaimed by Bahá'u'lláh to be His own successor, thus being the third "central figure" of the Baháʼí Faith. June 27, 1844 – Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and his brother Hyrum, are killed in Carthage Jail, Carthage, Illinois, by an armed mob, leading to a Succession crisis. John Taylor, future president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is severely injured but survives. August 8, 1844 – During a meeting held in Nauvoo, Illinois, the Quorum of the Twelve, headed by Brigham Young, is chosen as the leading body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. October 22, 1844 – This second date, predicted by the Millerites for the Second Coming of Jesus, leads to the Great Disappointment. The Seventh-day Adventist Church denomination of the Christian religion believe this date to be the starting point of the Investigative judgment just prior to the Second Coming of Jesus as declared in the 26th of 28 fundamental doctrines of Seventh-day Adventists. October 23, 1844 – The Báb publicly proclaimed to be the promised one of Islam (the Qá'im, or Mahdi). He is also considered to be simultaneously the return of Elijah, John the Baptist, and the "Ushídar-Máh" referred to in the Zoroastrian scriptures. He announces to the world the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, 1844 – the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, 1844 – whose claims include being the return of Jesus. October 9, 1845 – The eminent and controversial Anglican, John Henry Newman, is received into the Roman Catholic Church. February 10, 1846 – Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake, led by Brigham Young. June 16, 1846 – Pope Pius IX succeeds Pope Gregory XVI as the 255th pope. He will reign for 31½ years (the longest definitely confirmed). September 19, 1846 – The Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to two children in La Salette, France. 1848 – John Bird Sumner becomes archbishop of Canterbury. March 28, 1849 – Four Christians are ordered burnt alive in Antananarivo, Madagascar by Queen Ranavalona I and 14 others are executed. Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps January 13, 1840 – The steamship Lexington burns and sinks in icy waters, four miles off the coast of Long Island; 139 die, only four survive. May 7, 1840 – The Great Natchez Tornado: A massive tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi, during the early afternoon hours. Before it is over, 317 people are killed and 109 injured. It is the second deadliest tornado in U.S. history. January 30, 1841 – A fire ruins and destroys two-thirds of the villa (modern-day city) of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. February 20, 1841 – The Governor Fenner, carrying emigrants to the United States, sinks off Holyhead (Wales) with the loss of 123 lives. March 12, 1841 – under the command of the legendary captain Richard Roberts founders in rough seas with all passengers and crew lost. October 30, 1841 – A fire at the Tower of London destroys its Grand Armoury and causes a quarter of a million pounds worth of damage. October 29, 1842 – The Iberian Peninsula is struck by a category 2 hurricane. 1842 – Dzogchen Monastery is almost completely destroyed by an earthquake. February 8, 1843 an earthquake causes La Soufriere volcano to erupt in Caribbean Island of Guadeloupe and kill over 5000 people. February 28, 1844 – A gun on the explodes while the boat is on a Potomac River cruise, killing 2 United States Cabinet members and several others. June–July – The Great Flood of 1844 hits the Missouri River and Mississippi River. February 7, 1845 – In the British Museum, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase, which takes months to repair. April 10, 1845 – A great fire destroys much of the American city of Pittsburgh. May 2, 1845 – the Yarmouth suspension bridge in Great Yarmouth, England, collapses leaving around 80 dead, mostly children. May 19, 1845 – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklin's expedition to find the Northwest Passage, sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in August entering Baffin Bay. 1846 - The Donner Party, a party of American settlers in wagon trains, became stranded in the snow-covered Sierra Nevada in California and resorted to cannibalism to survive. April 25, 1847 – The brig Exmouth carrying Irish emigrants from Derry bound for Quebec is wrecked off Islay with only three survivors from more than 250 on board. August 24, 1848 – The U.S. barque Ocean Monarch is burnt out off the Great Orme, North Wales, with the loss of 178, chiefly emigrants. May 3, 1849 – The Mississippi River levee at Sauvé's Crevasse breaks, flooding much of New Orleans, Louisiana. May 10, 1849 – The Astor Place Riot takes place in Manhattan over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors. Over 20 people are killed. May 17, 1849 – The St. Louis Fire starts when a steamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city. 1849 – Seven of the | Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia. North America Canada In the prior decade, the desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837–1838. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). March 11, 1848 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin became the first Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government. April 25, 1849 – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor General of Canada, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots. United States January 18, 1840 – The Electro-Magnetic and Mechanics Intelligencer was the first newspaper in American that used electricity for power of the press to print it. February 18, 1841 – The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins and lasts until March 11. August 16, 1841 – U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history. March – Commonwealth v. Hunt: the Massachusetts Supreme Court makes strikes and unions legal in the United States. May 19, 1842 – Dorr Rebellion: Militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack the arsenal in Providence, Rhode Island, but are repulsed. January 23, 1845 – The United States Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. March 4, 1845 – The United States Congress passes legislation overriding a presidential veto for the first time. February 26, 1846 – The Liberty Bell is cracked while being rung for George Washington's birthday. March 1, 1847 – The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty. March 4, 1847 – The 30th United States Congress is sworn into office. July 1, 1847 – The United States issues its first postage stamps (pictured). January 31, 1848 – Construction of the Washington Monument begins in Washington, D.C. March 3, 1849 – The United States Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of gold coins. Slavery March 9, 1841 – Amistad: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally. August 11 (Wednesday) Frederick Douglass spoke in front of the Anti-Slavery Convention in Nantucket, Massachusetts. May – Frederick Douglass's Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave written by himself is published by the Boston Anti-Slavery Society. Settlement May 11, 1841 – Lt. Charles Wilkes lands at Fort Nisqually in Puget Sound. August 4, 1842 – The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part of the Peninsula of East Florida. August 9, 1842 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty is signed, settling the dispute over the location of the Maine–New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada, and establishing the United States–Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains. May 22, 1843 – The first major wagon train headed for the American Northwest sets out with one thousand pioneers from Elm Grove, Missouri, on the Oregon Trail. March 3, 1845 – Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state. December 2, 1845 – Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West. December 29, 1845 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state. June 15, 1846 – The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. 1846 – The portion of the District of Columbia that was ceded by Virginia in 1790 is re-ceded to Virginia. December 28, 1846 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state. July 24, 1847 – After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City. May 29, 1848 – Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U.S. state. 1848 – The Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed. March 3, 1849 – Minnesota becomes a United States territory Native Americans Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce was predicted to have been born in the 1840s Presidents The United States had five different Presidents during the decade. Only the 1880s would have as many. Martin Van Buren was president when the decade began, but was defeated by William Henry Harrison in the U.S. presidential election of 1840. Harrison's service was the shortest in history, starting with his inauguration on March 4, 1841, and ending when he died on April 4, 1841. Harrison's vice president, John Tyler, replaced him as President (the first such Presidential succession in U.S. history), and served out the rest of his term. Tyler spent much of his term in conflict with the Whig party. He ended his term having made an alliance with the Democrats, endorsing James K. Polk and signing the resolution to annex Texas into the United States. In the Presidential election of 1844, James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay. During his presidency, Polk oversaw the U.S. victory in the Mexican–American War and subsequent annexation of what is now the southwest United States. He also negotiated a split of the Oregon Territory with Great Britain. In the U.S. presidential election of 1848, Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeated Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan. Taylor's term in office was cut short by his death in 1850. California In the first part of the 1840s, the modern state of California was part of a larger province of Mexico, called "Alta California". The region included all of the modern American states of California, Nevada and Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. The United States, embarked on the Conquest of California in an early military campaign of the Mexican–American War in Alta California. The California Campaign was marked by a series of small battles throughout 1846 and early 1847. The Treaty of Cahuenga was signed on January 13, 1847, and essentially terminated hostilities in Alta California. Shortly thereafter, John C. Frémont was appointed Governor of the new California Territory, and Yerba Buena, California, was renamed San Francisco. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in February 1848, marked the end of the Mexican–American War. By the terms of the treaty, Mexico formally ceded Alta California along with its other northern territories east through Texas, receiving $15,000,000 in exchange. This largely unsettled territory constituted nearly half of its claimed territory with about 1% of its then population of about 4,500,000. The discovery of gold in Northern California (and subsequent discourse about that discovery in 1848) led to the California Gold Rush. In October 1848, the SS California left New York Harbor, rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrived in San Francisco after the 4-month-21-day journey. Thereafter, regular steamboat service continued from the west to the east coast of the United States. During 1848, only an estimated 6,000 to 6,500 people traveled to California to seek gold that year. By the beginning of 1849, word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world, and an overwhelming number of gold-seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent. In 1849, an estimated 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849—of which 50,000 to 60,000 were from the United States. In 1850, California joined the union as the 31st state. Texas The Republic of Texas had declared independence in 1836, as part of breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The following year, an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state. Fearing a war with Mexico, which did not recognize Texas independence, the United States declined the offer. In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845, as the 28th U.S. state. Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas. This border dispute between the newly expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican–American War. When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso. Mexican–American War American territorial expansion to the Pacific coast was a major goal of U.S. President James K. Polk. In 1845, the United States of America annexed Texas, which had won independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico in the Texas Revolution of 1836. Mexico did not accept the annexation, while also continuing to claim the Nueces River as its border with Texas, and also still considering Texas to be a province of Mexico. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area, and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, the U.S. declared the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). Combat operations lasted a year and a half, from the spring of 1846 to the fall of 1847. U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and began the Conquest of California in Mexico's Alta California Department. They then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico (modern-day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico). Meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army eventually captured the capital Mexico City, having marched west from the port of Veracruz, where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and specified its major consequence, the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province, later the Republic of Texas (and now the State of Texas), and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States. Including Texas, Mexico ceded an area of approximately – by its terms, around 55% of its former national territory. Mexico The 1840s for Mexico were the end of the centralist government and the waning years the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the new Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes"), From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which won its independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836. The Republic of the Rio Grande declared its independence from Mexico in January 1840. However, the border with Texas was never determined (whether the Nueces River or the Rio Grande). The new Republic fought a brief and unsuccessful war for independence, returning to Mexico late in the year. In 1841, Generals Santa Anna and Paredes led a rebellion against President Bustamante, resulting in Santa Anna becoming president of the centralist government for a fifth time . Local officials in Yucatán declared independence in 1841, opposing strong autocratic rule and demanding the restoration of the Constitution of 1824, thus establishing the second Republic of Yucatán. In 1842, the region of Soconusco was annexed by Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas, following the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America. In 1846, President Paredes and the Congress of Mexico declared war at the beginning of the Mexican–American War. Paredes' presidential successor was deposed in a coup, replaced by José Mariano Salas. Salas issued a new decree that restored the Constitution of 1824, ending the Centralist Republic and beginning the Second Federal Republic of Mexico. After the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, José Joaquín de Herrera became the second president of Mexico to finish his term (Mexico's first president completed his in 1829). It was during this time that Yucatán reunited with Mexico. A decisive factor for the reunion was the Caste War of Yucatán (a revolt by the indigenous Maya population) for which Yucatán initially sought help from Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but ultimately reunited with Mexico for help. Herrera peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the Federal Elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista. Despite being exiled from Mexico in 1848, Santa Anna would return to the presidency one last time during the 1850s. El Salvador February – El Salvador proclaims itself an independent republic, bringing an end to the (already de facto defunct) Federal Republic of Central America. Caribbean Barbados June 6, 1843 – In Barbados, Samuel Jackman Prescod is the first non-white person elected to the House of Assembly. Dominican Republic February 27, 1844 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. November 6, 1844 – The Dominican Republic drafts its first Constitution. Haiti March 1, 1847 – Faustin Soulouque declares himself Emperor of Haiti. Trinidad May 30, 1845 – Fatel Razack (Fath Al Razack, "Victory of Allah the Provider", Arabic: قتح الرزاق) is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from India to Trinidad, landing in the Gulf of Paria with 227 immigrants. South America Brazil July 23, 1840 – Pedro II is declared "of age" prematurely and begins to reassert central control in Brazil. July 18, 1841 – Coronation ceremony of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro. January 20, 1843 – Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná, becomes de facto first prime minister of the Empire of Brazil. September 4, 1843 – The Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil marries Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies in a state ceremony in Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. Uruguay February 3, 1843 – Argentina supports Rosas of Uruguay and begins a siege of Montevideo. Paraguay 1844 – Carlos Antonio López becomes dictator of Paraguay. Argentina September 18, 1845 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata formally declared. November 20, 1845 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo-French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River but Argentina attracts political support in South America. Venezuela 1843 – Germans from the Black Forest region of Southern Baden migrate to Venezuela. Peru April 20, 1845 – Ramón Castilla becomes president of Peru. Chile May 23, 1843 – Chile takes possession of the Strait of Magellan. Science and technology Astronomy April – Eta Carinae is temporarily the second-brightest star in the night sky. September 23, 1846 – Discovery of Neptune: The planet is observed for the first time by German astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest as predicted by the British astronomer John Couch Adams and the French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier. September 16, 1848 – William Cranch Bond and William Lassell discover Hyperion, Saturn's moon. Mechanical engineering Photography The 1840s saw the rise of the Daguerreotype. Introduced in 1839, the Daguerreotype was the first publicly announced photographic process and came into widespread use in the 1840s. Numerous events in the 1840s were captured by photography for the first time with the use of the Daguerreotype. A number of daguerrotypes were taken of the occupation of Saltillo during the Mexican–American War, in 1847 by an unknown photographer. These photographs stand as the first ever photos of warfare in history. Electricity Telegraph The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844, from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. Computers 1843 – Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program. Chemistry June 15, 1844 – Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization, a process to strengthen rubber. 1844 – Swedish chemistry professor Gustaf Erik Pasch invents the safety match. 1846 – Abraham Pineo Gesner develops a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale. 1844 John Dalton Dies Geology 1840 – Louis Agassiz publishes his Etudes sur les glaciers ("Study on Glaciers", 2 volumes), the first major scientific work to propose that the Earth has seen an ice age. Physics 1840 – The first English translation of Goethe's Theory of Colours by Charles Eastlake is published. 1842 – Julius Robert von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent. October 16, 1843 – William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative. 1843 – James Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat. Biology July 3, 1844 – The last definitely recorded pair of great auks are killed on the Icelandic island of Eldey. 1844 – The anonymously written Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation is published and paves the way for the acceptance of Darwin's book The Origin of Species. Paleontology 1842 – English palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name Dinosauria, hence the Anglicized dinosaur. Psychology November 13, 1841 – Scottish surgeon James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester, which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he (Braid) eventually calls hypnotism. Archaeology Economics June 20, 1842 – Anselmo de Andrade, Portuguese economist and politician, is born in Vila Real de Santo António. August 28, 1844 – Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris, France. 1845 – Friedrich Engels' treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England. June 1, 1847 – The first congress of the Communist League is held in London. February 21, 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in London. Medicine March 30, 1842 – Anesthesia is used for the first time in an operation (Dr. Crawford Long performed the operation using ether). December 27, 1845 – Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time (Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia). November 4 – 8, 1847 – James Young Simpson discovers the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it, successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh. January 23, 1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor. Technology Exploration Antarctica January 19, 1840 – Captain Charles Wilkes' United States Exploring Expedition sights what becomes known as Wilkes Land in the southeast quadrant of Antarctica, claiming it for the United States and providing evidence that Antarctica is a complete continent. January 21, 1840 – Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land in Antarctica, claiming it for France. January 27, 1841 – The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered and named by James Clark Ross. January 28, 1841 – Ross discovers the "Victoria Barrier", later known as the Ross Ice Shelf. On the same voyage, he discovers the Ross Sea, Victoria Land and Mount Terror. January 23, 1842 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross, charting the eastern side of James Ross Island, reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S. January 6, 1843 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross discovers Snow Hill Island. Transportation Rail Widespread interest to invest in rail technology led to a speculative frenzy in Britain, known there as Railway Mania. It reached its zenith in 1846, when no fewer than 272 Acts of Parliament were passed, setting up new railway companies, and the proposed routes totalled of new railway. Around a third of the railways authorised were never built – the company either collapsed due to poor financial planning, was bought out by a larger competitor before it could build its line, or turned out to be a fraudulent enterprise to channel investors' money into another business. Steam power July 4, 1840 – The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddlewheel steamer departs from Liverpool, bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on |
– Dally Messenger, Australian rugby league player (d. 1959) April 15 – Stanley Bruce, 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967) April 18 – Aleksanteri Aava, Finnish poet (d. 1956) April 25 – Semyon Budyonny, Cossack cavalryman, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1973) April 27 – Hubert Harrison, African-American writer, critic, and activist (d. 1927) April 30 – Jaroslav Hašek, Czech writer (d. 1923) May–June May 1 – Tom Moore, Irish-American actor (d. 1955) May 5 Eleazar López Contreras, 32nd President of Venezuela (d. 1973) Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, British field marshal (d. 1950) May 9 – José Ortega y Gasset, Spanish philosopher (d. 1955) May 10 – Eugen Leviné, Communist leader of the Munich Soviet Republic (d. 1919) May 14 – Charlie Seeling, New Zealand-born rugby player (d. 1956) May 16 Celâl Bayar, Turkish politician, statesman, 3rd President of Turkey (d. 1986) Solomone Ula Ata, Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 1950) May 18 Walter Gropius, German architect (d. 1969) Hasui Kawase, Japanese painter, printmaker (d. 1957) Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Brazilian marshal, 16th President of Brazil (d. 1974) May 19 – George Cholmondeley, 5th Marquess of Cholmondeley, British peer (d. 1968) May 22 – Jane Grey, American actress (d. 1944) May 23 Douglas Fairbanks, American actor (d. 1939) Ferenc Talányi, Slovene writer, partisan, and painter (d. 1959) May 24 – Elsa Maxwell, American gossip columnist, international party giver (d. 1963) May 25 – Lesley J. McNair, American general (d. 1944) May 27 – Jessie Arms Botke, American artist (d. 1971) May 28 – Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Indian pro-independence activist, Hindu nationalist (d. 1966) May 31 – Lauri Kristian Relander, President of Finland (d. 1942) June 5 – John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946) June 7 – Sylvanus G. Morley, American scholar, World War I spy (d. 1948) June 11 – Aubrey Fitch, American admiral (d. 1978) June 18 – Mary Alden, American stage, screen actress (d. 1946) June 20 – Royal E. Ingersoll, American admiral (d. 1976) June 21 Richard Remer, American athlete (d. 1973) Lluís Companys, President of Catalonia (d. 1940) June 24 – Victor Francis Hess, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964) June 28 – Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945) June 29 – Lothrop Stoddard, American eugenicist, radical scientific racist (d. 1950) July–August July 1 Arthur Borton, English soldier (d. 1933) István Friedrich, 24th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1951) July 3 – Franz Kafka, Austrian writer (d. 1924) July 4 – Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970) July 6 – Godfrey Huggins, Rhodesian politician, physician (d. 1971) July 7 – Toivo Kuula, Finnish composer (d. 1918) July 10 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (d. 1948) July 16 – Charles Sheeler, American photographer, artist (d. 1965) July 19 Max Fleischer, Austrian animator, film producer (Betty Boop) (d. 1972) Beatrice Forbes, Countess of Granard, American-born heiress (d. 1972) July 20 Catherine Bramwell-Booth, English Salvation Army Officer (d. 1987) Luiza Zavloschi, Romanian politician (d. 1967) July 23 Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, British field marshal (d. 1963) Stuart Paton, British screenwriter, film director (d. 1944) July 24 – Nelle Wilson Reagan, mother of United States President Ronald Reagan (d. 1962) July 25 – Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947) July 26 – Edwin Balmer, American science fiction, mystery writer (d. 1959) July 28 – Angela Hitler, Austrian elder half-sister of Adolf Hitler (d. 1949) July 29 Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian writer (d. 1942) Henry Robertson Bowers, Scottish polar explorer (d. 1912) Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy (d. 1945) July 31 – Ramón Fonst, Cuban fencer (d. 1959) August 2 – Aurelio Mosquera, Ecuadorian politician, 25th President of Ecuador (d. 1939) August 6 – Scott Nearing, American political activist, economist, and simple living advocate (d. 1983) August 9 – Chester Gillette, American murderer (execution) (d. 1908) August 12 Pauline Frederick, American stage, screen actress (d. 1938) Marion Lorne, American film, stage and television actress (d. 1968) August 15 – Ivan Meštrović, Croatian sculptor and architect, (d. 1962) August 19 Coco Chanel, French stylist (d. 1971) Elsie Ferguson, American actress (d. 1961) Leonid Kulik, Russian mineralogist (Tunguska event) (d. 1942) José Mendes Cabeçadas, 9th President of Portugal and 94th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1965) Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp, 24th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1954) August 23 Jesse Pennington, English footballer (d. 1970) Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, American general (d. 1953) August 30 – Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d. 1931) September–October September 2 – Rudolf Weigl, Polish biologist (d. 1957) September 5 – Mel Sheppard, American Olympic athlete (d. 1942) September 13 – August Zaleski, former President of Poland (d. 1972) September 14 – Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao, Indian journalist and independence activist (d. 1960) September 15 – Esteban Terradas i Illa, Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950) September 22 – Ferenc Oslay, Hungarian-Slovene historian, writer and irredenta (d. 1932) September 28 – Berta Pīpiņa, Latvian politician (d. 1942) October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi, Austrian civil engineer and "father of soil mechanics" (d. 1963) October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg, German physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970) October 5 – Joseph Hubert Priestley, British botanist (d. 1944) October 15 – Robert L. Ghormley, American admiral (d. 1958) October 21 – D. S. Senanayake, 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1952) October 26 – Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (d. 1958) October 30 – Bob Jones, Sr., American evangelist, pioneer religious broadcaster, and founder and first president of Bob Jones University (d. 1968) October 31 – Anthony Wilding, New Zealand tennis player (d. 1915) November–December November 3 – Chaturbhuj Sahay, Samrth Guru and Spiritual Reformer (d. 1957) November 4 – Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (d. 1953) November 8 – Arnold Bax, English composer (d. 1953) November 9 – Edna May Oliver, stage and film character actress (d. 1942) November 11 – Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (d. 1969) November 14 – Ado Birk, 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942) November 18 – Carl Vinson, U.S. Congressman (d. 1981) November 25 Harvey Spencer Lewis, American occultist (b. 1939) Merrill C. Meigs, American newspaper publisher and aviation promoter (d. 1968) Percy Marmont, British stage & screen actor (d. 1977) Diego Martínez Barrio, Spanish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1962) November 29 Lev Galler, Soviet admiral (d. 1950) Max Horton, British admiral (d. 1951) December 3 – Anton Webern, Austrian composer (d. 1945) December 9 Alexander Papagos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955) Joseph Pilates, German physical culturist and developer of Pilates (d. 1967) December 10 – Giovanni Messe, Italian field marshal and politician (d. 1968) December 12 Cliff Sterrett, American cartoonist (d. 1964) Max Moody, Sr., American businessman and founder of M. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. (d. 1949) December 13 – Belle da Costa Greene, American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (d. 1950) December 14 – Morihei Ueshiba, Japanese martial artist and founder of aikido (d. 1969) December 16 Vasili Altfater, Russian and Soviet admiral (d. 1919) David Powell, Scottish-American stage and film actor (d. 1925) Max Linder, French actor (d. 1925) December 17 – Raimu, French actor (d. 1946) December 22 Edgard Varèse, French composer (d. 1965) Edna Goodrich, American actress (d. 1972) December 25 – Hugo Bergmann, German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (d. 1975) December 26 – Maurice Utrillo, French artist and illustrator (d. 1955) December 28 – Lloyd Fredendall, American general (d. 1963) December 29 – Forrest Taylor, American stage, film and television actor (d. 1965) December 31 – Leo Otis Colbert, American admiral and engineer, third Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (d. 1968) Date unknown Lotte Herrlich, German photographer (d. 1956) Z. D. Mangoaela, South African folklorist and writer (d. 1963) Chen Xiefen, Chinese feminist and journalist (d. 1923) T. F. O'Rahilly, Irish academic (d. 1953) Ali Ahmad Khan, Afghan politician and emir (d. 1929) Ernest Spybuck, Native American artist (d. 1949 Tran Trong Kim, Vietnamese historian and Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam (d. 1953) Deaths January–June January 4 – Antoine Chanzy, French general and colonial governor (b. 1823) January 8 – Miska Magyarics, Slovene poet in Hungary (b. 1825) January 10 Samuel Mudd, American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833) Elling Eielsen, Norwegian Lutheran leader (b. 1804) January 23 – | Jesse Pennington, English footballer (d. 1970) Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, American general (d. 1953) August 30 – Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d. 1931) September–October September 2 – Rudolf Weigl, Polish biologist (d. 1957) September 5 – Mel Sheppard, American Olympic athlete (d. 1942) September 13 – August Zaleski, former President of Poland (d. 1972) September 14 – Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao, Indian journalist and independence activist (d. 1960) September 15 – Esteban Terradas i Illa, Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950) September 22 – Ferenc Oslay, Hungarian-Slovene historian, writer and irredenta (d. 1932) September 28 – Berta Pīpiņa, Latvian politician (d. 1942) October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi, Austrian civil engineer and "father of soil mechanics" (d. 1963) October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg, German physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970) October 5 – Joseph Hubert Priestley, British botanist (d. 1944) October 15 – Robert L. Ghormley, American admiral (d. 1958) October 21 – D. S. Senanayake, 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1952) October 26 – Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (d. 1958) October 30 – Bob Jones, Sr., American evangelist, pioneer religious broadcaster, and founder and first president of Bob Jones University (d. 1968) October 31 – Anthony Wilding, New Zealand tennis player (d. 1915) November–December November 3 – Chaturbhuj Sahay, Samrth Guru and Spiritual Reformer (d. 1957) November 4 – Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (d. 1953) November 8 – Arnold Bax, English composer (d. 1953) November 9 – Edna May Oliver, stage and film character actress (d. 1942) November 11 – Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (d. 1969) November 14 – Ado Birk, 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942) November 18 – Carl Vinson, U.S. Congressman (d. 1981) November 25 Harvey Spencer Lewis, American occultist (b. 1939) Merrill C. Meigs, American newspaper publisher and aviation promoter (d. 1968) Percy Marmont, British stage & screen actor (d. 1977) Diego Martínez Barrio, Spanish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1962) November 29 Lev Galler, Soviet admiral (d. 1950) Max Horton, British admiral (d. 1951) December 3 – Anton Webern, Austrian composer (d. 1945) December 9 Alexander Papagos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955) Joseph Pilates, German physical culturist and developer of Pilates (d. 1967) December 10 – Giovanni Messe, Italian field marshal and politician (d. 1968) December 12 Cliff Sterrett, American cartoonist (d. 1964) Max Moody, Sr., American businessman and founder of M. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. (d. 1949) December 13 – Belle da Costa Greene, American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (d. 1950) December 14 – Morihei Ueshiba, Japanese martial artist and founder of aikido (d. 1969) December 16 Vasili Altfater, Russian and Soviet admiral (d. 1919) David Powell, Scottish-American stage and film actor (d. 1925) Max Linder, French actor (d. 1925) December 17 – Raimu, French actor (d. 1946) December 22 Edgard Varèse, French composer (d. 1965) Edna Goodrich, American actress (d. 1972) December 25 – Hugo Bergmann, German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (d. 1975) December 26 – Maurice Utrillo, French artist and illustrator (d. 1955) December 28 – Lloyd Fredendall, American general (d. 1963) December 29 – Forrest Taylor, American stage, film and television actor (d. 1965) December 31 – Leo Otis Colbert, American admiral and engineer, third Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (d. 1968) Date unknown Lotte Herrlich, German photographer (d. 1956) Z. D. Mangoaela, South African folklorist and writer (d. 1963) Chen Xiefen, Chinese feminist and journalist (d. 1923) T. F. O'Rahilly, Irish academic (d. 1953) Ali Ahmad Khan, Afghan politician and emir (d. 1929) Ernest Spybuck, Native American artist (d. 1949 Tran Trong Kim, Vietnamese historian and Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam (d. 1953) Deaths January–June January 4 – Antoine Chanzy, French general and colonial governor (b. 1823) January 8 – Miska Magyarics, Slovene poet in Hungary (b. 1825) January 10 Samuel Mudd, American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833) Elling Eielsen, Norwegian Lutheran leader (b. 1804) January 23 – Gustave Doré, French artist (b. 1832) January 24 – Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (b. 1812) February 13 – Richard Wagner, German composer (b. 1813) February 15 – Prince Kachō Hiroatsu of Japan (b. 1875) February 17 Napoléon Coste, French guitarist and composer (b. 1806) Vasudev Balwant Phadke, Indian revolutionary (b. 1845) February 18 – Francis Abbott, Australian astronomer (b. 1799) March 4 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (b. 1812) March 14 – Karl Marx, German communist philosopher (b. 1818) March 20 – Charles Lasègue, French physician (b. 1816) March 21 – Grigol Orbeliani, Georgian poet and soldier (b. 1804) March 27 - John Brown, Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (b. 1826) March 28 – Napoleon Bonaparte Buford, American general and railroad executive (b. 1807) April 4 – Peter Cooper, American industrialist, inventor and philanthropist (b. 1791) April 15 – Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1823) April 16 – Charles II, Duke of Parma (b. 1799) April 26 – Napoleon Orda, Belarusian composer and artist (b. 1807) April 30 – Édouard Manet, French painter (b. 1832) May 24 – Keʻelikōlani, princess of Hawaii (b. 1826) May 26 – Abdelkader El Djezairi, Algerian leader (b. 1808) June 6 – Ciprian Porumbescu, Romanian composer (b. 1853) June 11 – Caroline Leigh Gascoigne, English writer (b. 1813) June 20 – John Colenso, English-born mathematician and theologian, Bishop of Natal (b. 1814) June 26 – Edward Sabine, Irish astronomer (b. 1788) July–December July 15 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (b. 1838) July 22 – Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (b. 1818) July 23 |
little impact on the outcome of the conflict. After much campaigning in Bavaria and across the Danube valley, the war ended favorably for the French after the bloody struggle at Wagram in early July, resulting in the Treaty of Schönbrunn . Although fighting in the Iberian Peninsula continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition was the last major conflict on the European continent until the French invasion of Russia in 1812 sparked the Sixth Coalition. Other wars and political upheavals End of the White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804), an uprising against the Qing Dynasty in China. Beginning of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The First Barbary War (1801–1805) is fought between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa. End of the Quasi-War (1800). The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) is fought between the Maratha Peshwa on one side and minor chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy Sindhia, Bhonsle and Holkar on the other resulting in a crushing defeat of the rebel chieftains and the breakup of the Maratha confederacy. The Fulani War (1804–1810) is fought in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The First Serbian Uprising (1804−1813) marks the first time in 300 years Serbia perceives itself an independent state. Haiti gains independence from France on January 1, 1804. Irish Republican, orator, and rebel leader Robert Emmet leads a rebellion in Dublin, Ireland on 23 July 1803 but the rebellion is crushed and Emmet is captured and later executed on 20 September 1803. 1800s 1 Jan 1800 – 31 Dec 1809 The 1800s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1800, and ended on December 31, 1809. It was a decade of drastic change to the world. Slavery This decade marked the greatest increase of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States. During the period of 1798 and 1808, approximately 200,000 slaves were imported from Africa to the United States. Still, the abolitionist movement began to gain ground in this period. Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act 1807, which barred the trade of slaves in Great Britain (though slavery was still legal). The United States enacted a similar ban in 1808. However, Napoleon revoked the French Empire's ban on slavery with the Law of 20 May 1802. On 30 August 1800, under the cloak of religious meetings, Gabriel Prosser and Jack Bowler planned a slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia. The rebellion was postponed due to poor weather and was ultimately unsuccessful because of unnamed two slaves betraying the cause. Prominent political events 1800 The unfinished White House (at the time known as the "Executive Mansion") housed its first president, President John Adams, on 1 November 1800. 1801 Under the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, Washington, D.C., a new planned city and capital of the United States, was placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. 1803 United States doubles its size with territories gained from Napoleon Bonaparte in the Louisiana Purchase. World leaders 1800 – 1801 – 1802 – 1803 – 1804 – 1805 – 1806 – 1807 – 1808 – 1809 Colonies Science and technology Electricity This decade contained some of the earliest experiments in electrochemistry. In 1800 Alessandro Volta constructed a voltaic pile, the first device to produce a large electric current, later known as the electric battery. Napoleon, informed of his works, summoned him in 1801 for a command performance of his experiments. He received many medals and decorations, including the Légion d'honneur. Also in 1800, William Nicholson and Johann Wilhelm Ritter succeeded in decomposing water | French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade. The decade brought hard times. On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire), Napoleon overthrew the French government, replacing it with the Consulate, in which he was First Consul. On 2 December 1804, after a failed assassination plot, he crowned himself Emperor. In 1805, Napoleon planned to invade Britain, but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria (Third Coalition), forced him to turn his attention towards the continent, while at the same time failure to lure the superior British fleet away from the English Channel, ending in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar (in this battle, British Admiral Horatio Nelson was fatally wounded) on 21 October put an end to hopes of an invasion of Britain. On 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz, forcing Austria's withdrawal from the coalition (see Treaty of Pressburg) and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up, on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland. The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw. The War of the Fifth Coalition, fought in the year 1809, pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against the French Empire and Bavaria. Major engagements between France and Austria, the main participants, unfolded over much of Central Europe from April to July, with very high casualty rates. Britain, already involved on the European continent in the ongoing Peninsular War, sent another expedition, the Walcheren Campaign, to the Netherlands in order to relieve the Austrians, although this effort had little impact on the outcome of the conflict. After much campaigning in Bavaria and across the Danube valley, the war ended favorably for the French after the bloody struggle at Wagram in early July, resulting in the Treaty of Schönbrunn . Although fighting in the Iberian Peninsula continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition was the last major conflict on the European continent until the French invasion of Russia in 1812 sparked the Sixth Coalition. Other wars and political upheavals End of the White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804), an uprising against the Qing Dynasty in China. Beginning of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The First Barbary War (1801–1805) is fought between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa. End of the Quasi-War (1800). The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) is fought between the Maratha Peshwa on one side and minor chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy Sindhia, Bhonsle and Holkar on the other resulting in a crushing defeat of the rebel chieftains and the breakup of the Maratha confederacy. The Fulani War (1804–1810) is fought in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The First Serbian Uprising (1804−1813) marks the first time in 300 years Serbia perceives itself an independent state. Haiti gains independence from France on January 1, 1804. Irish Republican, orator, and rebel leader Robert Emmet leads a rebellion in Dublin, Ireland on 23 July 1803 but the rebellion is crushed and Emmet is captured and later executed on 20 September 1803. 1800s 1 Jan 1800 |
September 24 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity. September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war. September 27 – U.S President George H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5. September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlacatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of six Jesuits. October October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992. October 3 – Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks. October 4 – Carl Bildt succeeds Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister of Sweden. October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine during WWII. October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the next day. October 11 In the Russian SFSR, the KGB is replaced by the SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6. Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission." Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful". October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll. October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe. October 15 Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement. The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland. October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which had been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War. October 20 The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare, Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria. A large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and injures 150 others. A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes Uttarkashi, India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes. October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released. October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia. October 27 – The first free parliamentary elections in Poland since 1928 are held. October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities. October 29 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid. October 31 – November 3 – The Halloween blizzard hits the U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage. November November 4 – 5 – End of Apartheid: The African National Congress leads a general strike, demanding representation in the government and an end to the value-added tax. November 5 – China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War. November 6 – The CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by presidential decree. November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in Nature. November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power. November 14 American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103. Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile. Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free. November 18 Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the Croatian town of Vukovar after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war. An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district, Azerbaijan. November 21 – The UN Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the UN. November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left in its place. November 24 – Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer. November 26 – The National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azeri names. November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. December December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum. December 4 Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in Beirut – the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon. John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California. December 8 Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatian forces kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia. December 12 The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja. Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality. December 15 – The Egyptian ferry sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people. December 16 – The UN General Assembly adopts UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, repealing a previous resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled that Zionism is a form of racism. December 19 Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Labor Party leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day. Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of . December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time. December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia. December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, declaring that Russia will be the succeeding country to the collapsing Soviet Union in the United Nations. December 25 Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the 69-year-old state. The Russian SFSR officially renames itself the Russian Federation. December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Supreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves the Soviet Union, and adjourns sine die, ending the Cold War. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on December 31. Births January January 1 – Mark L. Young, American actor January 3 – Goo Hara, South Korean singer and actress (d. 2019) January 7 Eden Hazard, Belgian football player Caster Semenya, South African athlete January 9 – Álvaro Soler, Spanish-German singer January 12 – Pixie Lott, British singer January 15 – Darya Klishina, Russian long jumper January 17 Trevor Bauer, American baseball player Willa Fitzgerald, American actress January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress January 20 – Jolyon Palmer, British racing driver, motorsport commentator and columnist January 21 – Craig Roberts, Welsh actor, writer and director January 23 – Steve Birnbaum, American footballer January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician January 29 – Hugh Grosvenor, British aristocrat, billionaire and businessman February February 4 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer February 6 Maxi Iglesias, Spanish actor and model Aleksandar Katai, Serbian footballer February 8 Genzebe Dibaba, Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runner Wahbi Khazri, Tunisian footballer February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress and singer February 14 Raquel Calderón Argandoña, Chilean actress, singer, and lawyer Karol G, Colombian reggaeton singer and songwriter Anna Kiesenhofer, Austrian Olympic cyclist and mathematician February 17 Ed Sheeran, English singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actor Bonnie Wright, English actress, film director, screenwriter, model, and producer February 18 Malese Jow, American actress and singer Henry Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2009) February 20 – Hidilyn Diaz, Filipina Olympic weightlifter and airwoman February 21 Riyad Mahrez, French-Algerian footballer Solar, South Korean singer and actress Joe Alwyn, English actor February 22 – Robin Stjernberg, Swedish pop singer February 26 – CL, South Korean singer and dancer February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress March March 3 – Park Cho-rong, South Korean singer and actress March 4 – Aoi Nakamura, Japanese actor March 5 – Ramiro Funes Mori, Argentine footballer March 6 – Tyler, The Creator, American rapper March 8 – Devon Werkheiser, American actor, singer, and musician March 11 Linlin, Chinese singer Poonam Pandey, Indian Bollywood actress March 13 – Luan Santana, Brazilian singer March 16 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician March 21 – Antoine Griezmann, French footballer March 23 – Madelyn Deutch, American actress, director, musician and writer March 28 – Derek Carr, American football player March 29 Irene, South Korean singer, rapper, television host, and model She grew up in Buk-gu. N'Golo Kanté, French footballer Hayley McFarland, American actress April April 3 – Hayley Kiyoko, American singer and actress April 4 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress April 7 – Anne-Marie, English singer April 9 – Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer April 10 – AJ Michalka, American actress, voice actress, singer and musician April 11 Thiago Alcântara, Spanish footballer James Magnussen, Australian swimmer April 15 Javier Fernandez, Spanish figure skater Anastasia Vinnikova, Belarusian singer April 20 – Luke Kuechly, American football player April 25 – Alex Shibutani, American ice dancer April 30 – Travis Scott, American rapper May May 2 Jeong Jinwoon, South Korean idol singer and actor Ilya Zakharov, Russian diver May 3 – Carlo Acutis, English-born Italian Catholic computer programmer, beatified (d. 2006) May 5 – Raúl Jiménez, Mexican footballer May 8 – Laura Chimaras, Venezuelan actress May 9 – Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovan judoka May 22 Sophia Abrahão, Brazilian actress Suho, South Korean singer, actor, and model May 23 – Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer May 25 – Derrick Williams, American basketball player May 27 – Beauden Barrett, New Zealand rugby union player May 28 – Alexandre Lacazette, French footballer May 29 – Tan Zhongyi, Chinese chess player May 31 – Azealia Banks, American singer June June 1 – Zazie Beetz, German-American actress June 3 – Natasha Dupeyrón, Mexican actress and singer June 4 – Ben Stokes, English international cricketer June 7 Emily Ratajkowski, American model and actress Olivia Rogowska, Australian tennis player June 10 – Pol Espargaró, Spanish motorcycle racer June 14 André Carrillo, Peruvian footballer Kostas Manolas, Greek footballer Jesy Nelson, English singer June 16 Siya Kolisi, South African rugby union player Joe McElderry, British singer and model Tameka Yallop, Australian footballer June 17 – Staz Nair, British actor and singer June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress June 19 – Neta Rivkin, Israeli rhythmic gymnast June 20 – Kalidou Koulibaly, French-Senegalese footballer June 21 – J. C. Greyling, Namibian rugby union player June 23 Katie Armiger, American singer Fakhreddine Ben Youssef, Tunisian footballer June 24 – Max Ehrich, American actor, singer, and dancer June 25 Christa Théret, French actress Victor Wanyama, Kenyan footballer June 28 Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer Kang Min-hyuk, South Korean drummer, actor, and singer Seohyun, South Korean singer and actress June 29 Kawhi Leonard, American basketball player Suk Hyun-jun, South Korean footballer July July 2 Kim Go-eun, South Korean actress Burna Boy, Nigerian singer, rapper and songwriter July 3 – Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, Russian tennis player July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor and musician July 7 – Alesso, Swedish DJ and music producer July 8 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer July 9 – Mitchel Musso, American actor, musician and singer July 10 – Atsuko Maeda, Japanese singer and actress July 12 – James Rodríguez, Colombian footballer July 13 – Seppe Smits, Belgian snowboarder July 15 Derrick Favors, American basketball player Evgeny Tishchenko, Russian heavyweight boxer July 16 – Alexandra Shipp, American actress July 20 – Merxat, Chinese actor July 21 – Sara Sampaio, Portuguese model July 22 – Tomi Juric, Australian footballer July 23 Lauren Mitchell, Australian artistic gymnast Kianoush Rostami, Iranian weightlifter July 24 – Emily Bett Rickards, Canadian actress July 25 – Amanda Kurtović, Norwegian handball player July 30 – Daria Kondakova, Russian rhythmic gymnast July 31 – Filipa Azevedo, Portuguese singer August August 3 – Ismail Juma, Tanzanian long-distance runner (d. 2017) August 5 – Brooke Marie Bridges, American actress August 6 Irina Kulikova, Russian fashion model Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer August 7 – Mike Trout, American baseball player August 8 – Joël Matip, German footballer August 9 Alexa Bliss, American professional wrestler Hansika Motwani, Indian actress August 10 – Pratyusha Banerjee, Indian television actress (d. 2016) August 11 – Estelle Nze Minko, French handball player August 12 – Lakeith Stanfield, American actor and rapper August 16 Evanna Lynch, Irish actress Young Thug, American hip hop artist August 18 – Brianna Rollins-McNeal, American track and field athlete August 20 – Cory Joseph, Canadian basketball player August 23 – Jennifer Abel, Canadian diver August 26 – Dylan O'Brien, American actor September September 4 Adrien Bart, French sprint canoeist Carter Jenkins, American actor September 9 Kelsey Chow, American actress Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Júnior, Brazilian footballer Lauren Daigle, American singer and songwriter Hunter Hayes, American singer, songwriter, record producer and multi-instrumentalist September 11 Jordan Ayew, Ghanaian footballer Kygo, Norwegian DJ and record producer September 12 – Thomas Meunier, Belgian footballer September 13 – Ksenia Afanasyeva, Russian artistic gymnast September 14 – Nana, South Korean singer, actress, and model September 15 – Alex Florea, Romanian singer September 16 – Marlon Teixeira, Brazilian model September 17 Minako Kotobuki, Japanese actress and singer Mena Massoud, Canadian actor Sanne Wevers, Dutch gymnast September 22 – Khairul Anuar Mohamad, Malaysian archer September 23 – Key, Korean singer September 25 Emmy Clarke, American actress Alexander Rossi, American race car driver September 27 Simona Halep, Romanian tennis player Islam Makhachev, Russian professional mixed martial artist October October 1 – Gus Kenworthy, British-American Olympic freestyle skier, actor, and YouTuber October 2 – Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer October 4 Nicolai Kielstrup, Danish singer Leigh-Anne Pinnock, English singer and songwriter October 6 – Roshon Fegan, American actor, rapper, and dancer October 7 Nicole Jung, Korean-American singer Lay Zhang, Chinese singer, actor, dancer, and producer October 10 Gabriella Cilmi, Australian singer Lali Espósito, Argentine actress, singer, dancer, and model Mariana Pajón, Colombian cyclist Xherdan Shaqiri, Swiss footballer October 11 – Toby Fox, American video game developer and video game composer October 16 Phan Thi Ha Thanh, Vietnamese artistic gymnast Jedward, Irish pop duo October 17 – Brenda Asnicar, Argentine actress and singer October 18 – Tyler Posey, American actor and musician October 21 – Artur Aleksanyan, Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler October 22 – Tatiana Martínez, Mexican actress October 23 Emil Forsberg, Swedish footballer Princess Mako of Akishino, Japanese princess October 26 – Amala Paul, Indian film actress October 30 Artemi Panarin, Russian ice hockey player Tomáš Satoranský, Czech basketball player November November 1 Jiang Yuyuan, Chinese gymnast Anthony Ramos, American actor, singer and songwriter November 4 Olta Boka, Albanian singer Bee Vang, American actor November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model November 11 – Christa B. Allen, American actress November 12 – Takatoshi Abe, Japanese track and field athlete November 13 – Devon Bostick, Canadian actor November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress, producer, and activist November 16 – Park Hyung-sik, South Korean singer, dancer and actor November 20 – Kim Se-yong, South Korean singer and actor November 21 Almaz Ayana, Ethiopian long-distance runner Dmitry Martynov, Russian actor November 23 – Christian Cueva, Peruvian footballer November 24 – Baghdad Bounedjah, Algerian footballer November 27 – Himanshi Khurana, Indian model, actress and singer November 29 – Becky James, Welsh racing cyclist December December 1 – Sun Yang, Chinese swimmer December 2 Chloe Dufour-Lapointe, Canadian freestyle skier Brandon Knight, American basketball player Charlie Puth, American singer December 4 – Hayley Arceneaux, American physician assistant and astronaut December 6 Milica Mandić, Serbian taekwondo athlete CoCo Vandeweghe, American tennis player December 9 Choi Min-ho, South Korean rapper and TV host Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, Belgian prince December 10 – Kiki Bertens, Dutch tennis player December 11 – Anna Bergendahl, Swedish singer December 15 – Eunice Cho, Korean-American actress December 19 Jorge Blanco, Mexican musician, singer, dancer, and actor Sumire Uesaka, Japanese voice actress and singer December 20 Jorginho, Brazilian-Italian footballer Jillian Rose Reed, American actress December 22 – DaBaby, American rapper December 24 – Louis Tomlinson, British singer December 26 Andritany Ardhiyasa, Indonesian footballer Eden Sher, American actress December 27 – Chloe Bridges, American actress December 28 – Belime, Lebanese-born singer December 30 – Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player Deaths January January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1912) January 4 Poon Lim, Chinese sailor (b. 1918) Richard Maibaum, American film producer, playwright and screenwriter (b. 1909) January 5 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922) January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960) January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905) January 12 Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (b. 1904) Vasco Pratolini, Italian writer (b. 1913) January 14 – Salah Khalaf, Palestinian officer (b. 1933) January 17 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903) January 19 – John Russell, American actor (b. 1921) January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942) January 25 Lilian Bond, English actress (b. 1908) Frank Soo, English footballer and manager (b. 1914) January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (Chicago Bears) and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1903) January 29 – Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907) January 30 John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908) John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907) February February 1 – Carol Dempster, American actress (b. 1901) February 3 – Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921) February 5 Pedro Arrupe, Spanish priest (b. 1907) Dean Jagger, American actor (b. 1903) February 6 Salvador Luria, Italian-born American Nobel biologist (b. 1912) Danny Thomas, American singer, comedian, and actor (b. 1912) María Zambrano, Spanish essayist and philosopher (b. 1904) February 13 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (b. 1900) February 14 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (b. 1902) February 21 John Sherman Cooper, American politician (b. 1901) Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (b. 1919) February 24 – Jean Rogers, American actress (b. 1916) February 25 – Sverre Hansen, Norwegian long jumper (b. 1899) March March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909) March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928) March 3 – William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909) March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900) March 14 Howard Ashman, American lyricist (b. 1950) Doc Pomus, American composer (b. 1925) March 15 – Robin Hill, British plant biochemist (b. 1899) March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1901) March 21 – Leo Fender, American | Albania is dissolved and succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania, marking the end of communist rule in Albania. June 15 In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll exceeds 800. The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India. June 16 – Father's Day Bank Massacre: Four security guards are shot to death during a bank robbery at the United Bank Tower in Denver, Colorado, United States. The person subsequently charged with the crime was acquitted, and the case remains unsolved. June 17 End of Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which had required racial classification of all South Africans at birth. President of Turkey Turgut Özal appoints Mesut Yılmaz as Prime Minister following Yıldırım Akbulut's resignation. Yılmaz forms a new government on June 23, which lasts until November when it is replaced by the government of Süleyman Demirel. June 20 – In West Germany, the Bundestag votes to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin. June 23 – 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles. June 25 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia. June 28 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Comecon is dissolved in Moscow, Russia. July July 1 In the U.S., telephone services go down in Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly twelve million customers. The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland. July 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Brioni Agreement ends the Ten-Day War in Slovenia. July 4 – President of Colombia César Gaviria lifts the country's 7-year-long state of emergency. July 9 End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics. The next day, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted U.S. sanctions on South Africa. Iran–Contra affair: Alan Fiers agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the U.S. Congress. Later on September 16, D.C. Judge Gerhard Gesell issues a ruling clearing Col. Oliver North of all charges. July 11 A solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere. It is seen by 20 million people in Hawaii, Mexico, and Colombia. Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board. July 15 – Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation amalgamate, becoming the largest bank merger in history. July 16 – Soviet President Gorbachev arrives in London to ask for aid from the leaders of the G7. July 18 – The governments of Mauritania and Senegal sign a treaty ending the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which had been fought since 1989. July 22 U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington three days earlier, in Indianapolis, Indiana. American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of eleven men and boys are found in his Milwaukee apartment. July 24 – Finance Minister of India Manmohan Singh announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of economic liberalisation in India. July 25 – British astronomers announce they have found what appears to be an extrasolar planet. July 29 – In New York City, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion. July 31 U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev sign START I in Moscow, Soviet Union. Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit (OMON) forces kill seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai, the deadliest of the Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts. August August 1 – Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which opens on October 30. August 4 – The cruise liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by SAAF helicopters. August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created. August 7 – Former Iranian prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes. August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses. August 17 – The remains of the Prussian King Frederick the Great are re-interred in Potsdam, Germany. August 17 – 20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage. August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. Led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. He returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders. August 20 – Singing Revolution: Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Latvia the next day. August 22 – Singing Revolution: Iceland becomes the first nation to recognize the independence of the Baltic states. It is followed by the U.S. on September 2 and the Soviet Union on September 6. August 23 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the white-blue-red tricolour as its national flag. August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence, followed by Belarus the next day, from the Soviet Union. August 25 Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Serbian forces begin an attack on the Croatian town of Vukovar. Linus Torvalds posts messages to Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix about the new operating system kernel he had developed. Michael Schumacher, regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in history, makes his Formula One debut at the Belgian Grand Prix. August 29 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon via a French ship into exile. August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Azerbaijan. August 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare their independence; Tajikistan follows suit on September 9. September September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people. September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg. September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union. September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece. September 11 Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last western hostages in Lebanon. The Soviet Union announces plans to withdraw military and economic aid to Cuba. September 15 – In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson. September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia join the UN. September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps. September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16. September 21 – 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq. September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time. September 24 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity. September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war. September 27 – U.S President George H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5. September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlacatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of six Jesuits. October October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992. October 3 – Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks. October 4 – Carl Bildt succeeds Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister of Sweden. October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine during WWII. October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the next day. October 11 In the Russian SFSR, the KGB is replaced by the SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6. Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission." Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful". October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll. October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe. October 15 Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement. The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland. October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which had been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War. October 20 The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare, Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria. A large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and injures 150 others. A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes Uttarkashi, India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes. October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released. October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia. October 27 – The first free parliamentary elections in Poland since 1928 are held. October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities. October 29 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid. October 31 – November 3 – The Halloween blizzard hits the U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage. November November 4 – 5 – End of Apartheid: The African National Congress leads a general strike, demanding representation in the government and an end to the value-added tax. November 5 – China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War. November 6 – The CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by presidential decree. November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in Nature. November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power. November 14 American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103. Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile. Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free. November 18 Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the Croatian town of Vukovar after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war. An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district, Azerbaijan. November 21 – The UN Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the UN. November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left in its place. November 24 – Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer. November 26 – The National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azeri names. November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. December December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum. December 4 Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in Beirut – the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon. John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California. December 8 Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatian forces kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia. December 12 The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja. Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality. December 15 – The Egyptian ferry sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people. December 16 – The UN General Assembly adopts UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, repealing a previous resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled that Zionism is a form of racism. December 19 Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Labor Party leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day. Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of . December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation |
businessman, founder of Hermès (d. 1878) January 11 – Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná, Brazilian politician (d. 1856) January 14 – Jane Welsh Carlyle, wife of Scottish essayist Thomas Carlyle (d. 1866) February 1 Jean-Baptiste Boussingault, French chemist (d. 1887) Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848) February 13 – János Kardos, Hungarian Slovenes evangelical priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875) February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890) May 5 – Pío Pico, last Governor of Alta California (d. 1894) May 9 – Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, English Member of Parliament, developer (d. 1866) May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875) May 16 – William H. Seward, 24th United States Secretary of State (d. 1872) May 17 – Lovisa Åhrberg, first woman doctor, surgeon in Sweden (d. 1881) May 31 – Johann Georg Baiter, Swiss philologist, textual critic (d. 1877) June 1 – Brigham Young, American Mormon leader, colonizer (d. 1877) June 5 – William Scamp, English architect and engineer (d. 1872) June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871) June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868) June 16 – Julius Plücker, German mathematician, physicist (d. 1868) June 24 – Caroline Clive, English writer (d. 1873) June 30 – Frédéric Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850) July–December July 5 – David Farragut, American admiral (d. 1870) July 14 – Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (d. 1858) July 27 – George Biddell Airy, English mathematician, astronomer (d. 1892) September 1 – Hortense Allart, French writer (d. 1879) September 3 – Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer, German palaeontologist (d. 1869) October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873) – Carl August von Steinheil, German engineer, astronomer (d. 1870) October 23 – Albert Lortzing, German composer (d. 1851) November 3 Karl Baedeker, German author, publisher (d. 1859) Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835) November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872) November 13 – Queen Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, queen of Prussia (d. 1873) December 11 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836) Date unknown Dai Xi, Chinese painter (d. 1860) Franciszek Ksawery Godebski, Polish writer (d. 1869) Brita Sofia Hesselius, Swedish photographer (d. 1866) Cynthia Taggart, American poet (d. 1849) Deaths January–June January 2 – Johann Kaspar Lavater, Swiss physiognomist (b. 1741) January 11 – Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer (b. 1749) February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726) February 17 – Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia (b. 1716) March 14 – Margarita "Peggy" Schuyler Van Rensselaer, American socialite, Angelica Schuyler Church's sister (b. 1758) March | signed for preliminary peace between the French First Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. October–December October 17 – A coup d'état is staged in the Batavian Republic. November 16 – The first edition of the New-York Evening Post is printed. December 15 – Hadži Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, is assassinated in Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, by Kučuk-Alija. December 19 – South Carolina College, a precursor to The University of South Carolina, is established in Columbia, South Carolina. December 24 – Cornish engineers Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian demonstrate "Puffing Devil", their steam-powered road locomotive, in Camborne. The trial is successful but Trevithick realises the limitations of steam power in a road-running vehicle and turns his attention to rail, introducing the world's first steam railway locomotive in 1804. Date unknown The first of a continuous series of censuses is held in France. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens. Philippe Pinel publishes Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale; ou la manie, presenting his enlightened humane psychological approach to the management of psychiatric hospitals. Translated into English by D. D. Davis as Treatise on Insanity in 1806, it is influential on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century. Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter. The magnum opus Disquisitiones Arithmeticae of Carl Friedrich Gauss is published. The Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA) is founded within Freemasonry. Births January–June January 3 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874) January 10 – Thierry Hermès, German-born French businessman, founder of Hermès (d. 1878) January 11 – Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná, Brazilian politician (d. 1856) January 14 – Jane Welsh Carlyle, wife of Scottish essayist Thomas Carlyle (d. 1866) February 1 Jean-Baptiste Boussingault, French chemist (d. 1887) Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848) February 13 – János Kardos, Hungarian Slovenes evangelical priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875) February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890) May 5 – Pío Pico, last Governor of Alta California (d. 1894) May 9 – Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, English Member of Parliament, developer (d. 1866) May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875) May 16 – William H. Seward, 24th United States Secretary of State (d. 1872) May 17 – Lovisa Åhrberg, first woman doctor, surgeon in Sweden (d. 1881) May 31 – Johann Georg Baiter, Swiss philologist, textual critic (d. 1877) June 1 – Brigham Young, American Mormon leader, colonizer (d. 1877) June 5 – William Scamp, English architect and engineer (d. 1872) June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871) June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868) June 16 – Julius Plücker, German mathematician, physicist (d. 1868) June 24 – Caroline Clive, English writer (d. 1873) June 30 – Frédéric Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850) July–December July 5 – David Farragut, American admiral (d. 1870) July 14 – Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (d. 1858) July 27 – George Biddell Airy, English mathematician, astronomer (d. 1892) September 1 – Hortense Allart, French writer (d. 1879) September 3 – Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer, German palaeontologist (d. 1869) October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873) – Carl August von Steinheil, German engineer, astronomer (d. 1870) October 23 – Albert Lortzing, German composer (d. 1851) November 3 Karl Baedeker, German author, publisher (d. 1859) Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835) November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872) November 13 – Queen Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, queen of Prussia (d. 1873) December 11 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836) Date unknown Dai Xi, Chinese painter (d. 1860) Franciszek Ksawery Godebski, Polish writer (d. 1869) Brita Sofia Hesselius, Swedish photographer (d. 1866) Cynthia Taggart, American poet (d. 1849) Deaths January–June January 2 – Johann Kaspar Lavater, Swiss physiognomist (b. 1741) January 11 – Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer (b. 1749) February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726) February 17 – Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia (b. 1716) March 14 – Margarita "Peggy" Schuyler Van Rensselaer, American socialite, Angelica Schuyler Church's sister (b. 1758) March 19 – Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquis of Osorno, Spanish viceroy of Peru and Governor of the Captaincy General of Chile, father of Bernardo O'Higgins March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741) March 23 – Tsar Paul I of Russia (b. 1754) March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772) March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734) April 2 – Thomas Dadford, Jr., British engineer April 7 – |
the French fleet in the mouth of the Charente, although officers on both sides face subsequent courts-martial. April 14 – Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria: Napoleon defeats Austria. April 18 – The 2,000 Guineas Stakes horse race is first run in England. April 19 – War of the Fifth Coalition – Battle of Raszyn: The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the Duchy of Warsaw. Battle of Teugen-Hausen: The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the French and their Bavarian allies. April 22 – Battle of Eckmühl: French troops under Napoleon I and Marshal Davout defeat the Austrians, under Archduke Charles. May 3 - the Battle of Nimla (1809) occurs, which allows Mahmud Shah Durrani to seize the Durrani throne from his brother, Shah Shuja Durrani. May 5 Mary Kies is the first American woman to be awarded a patent (for a technique of weaving straw hats with silk and thread). The Swiss canton of Aargau declares Jews citizens. May 10 – Gustav IV Adolf is officially deposed from the Swedish throne, by the Riksdag of the Estates. May 10–11 – Peninsular War – Battle of Grijó: the Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, defeats the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, in Portugal. May 12 – Peninsular War – Second Battle of Porto: The Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Wellesley, drives the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, out of Porto, and forces them to retreat from the country. May 17 – Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire. When he announces that the Pope's secular power has ended, the Pope excommunicates him. May 21 – Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat the French under Napoleon, in a hard-fought battle. May 24 – Dartmoor Prison opens in England, to house French prisoners of war. May 31 – Mauritius campaign of 1809–11 – Action of 31 May 1809 in the Bay of Bengal: The French frigate Caroline, operating from Isle de France (Mauritius), captures most of a British East India Company fleet. June 6 – Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates, after authoritarian rule since 1772. On the same day, Duke Charles (uncle of the deposed king Gustav IV Adolf) is elected King, under the name Charles XIII. June 7 – Shoja Shah of the Durrani Empire signs a treaty with the British; only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah. June 14 – A French victory, in the battle of Raab, prevents archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the battle of Wagram. July–September July 5–6 – Battle of Wagram: Napoleon defeats the Austrians. July 6 – French troops arrest Pope Pius VII, and take him to Liguria. July 8–9 – Finnish War – Naval Battle of Porkala: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians. July 10 – Battle of Znaim: French Marshal Marmont fights inconclusively against the Austrians. July 16 – The city of La Paz (current Bolivia) declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo. July 28 – Peninsula War – Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force. July 30 – Walcheren Campaign: A British invasion army lands on Walcheren. August – The ("Old Ironsides") is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron. August 8 – Seventy disciples of Vilna Gaon arrive in Palestine. August 10 – Ecuador declares independence from Spain. August 11 – Battle of Almonacid de Toledo: A poorly led Spanish army is defeated by King Joseph Bonaparte's French army. September 17 – Finnish War: The Peace of Hamina is signed between Russia and Sweden. The future Grand Principality of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. September 18 – A new theatre for the Royal Opera House opens in London to replace the first, burnt down in a fire in 1808. The price increases lead to the Old Price Riots, which last for 64 days. September 21 – British Secretary of War Lord Castlereagh and Foreign Secretary George Canning meet in a duel on Putney Heath, with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh. October–December October 8 – Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes foreign minister of the Austrian Empire. October 11 – Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand. October 14 – The Treaty of Schönbrunn cedes the Illyrian Provinces to France. November 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Action of 18 November 1809 – In the Bay of Bengal, a French frigate squadron captures three British East | of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the French and their Bavarian allies. April 22 – Battle of Eckmühl: French troops under Napoleon I and Marshal Davout defeat the Austrians, under Archduke Charles. May 3 - the Battle of Nimla (1809) occurs, which allows Mahmud Shah Durrani to seize the Durrani throne from his brother, Shah Shuja Durrani. May 5 Mary Kies is the first American woman to be awarded a patent (for a technique of weaving straw hats with silk and thread). The Swiss canton of Aargau declares Jews citizens. May 10 – Gustav IV Adolf is officially deposed from the Swedish throne, by the Riksdag of the Estates. May 10–11 – Peninsular War – Battle of Grijó: the Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, defeats the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, in Portugal. May 12 – Peninsular War – Second Battle of Porto: The Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Wellesley, drives the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, out of Porto, and forces them to retreat from the country. May 17 – Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire. When he announces that the Pope's secular power has ended, the Pope excommunicates him. May 21 – Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat the French under Napoleon, in a hard-fought battle. May 24 – Dartmoor Prison opens in England, to house French prisoners of war. May 31 – Mauritius campaign of 1809–11 – Action of 31 May 1809 in the Bay of Bengal: The French frigate Caroline, operating from Isle de France (Mauritius), captures most of a British East India Company fleet. June 6 – Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates, after authoritarian rule since 1772. On the same day, Duke Charles (uncle of the deposed king Gustav IV Adolf) is elected King, under the name Charles XIII. June 7 – Shoja Shah of the Durrani Empire signs a treaty with the British; only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah. June 14 – A French victory, in the battle of Raab, prevents archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the battle of Wagram. July–September July 5–6 – Battle of Wagram: Napoleon defeats the Austrians. July 6 – French troops arrest Pope Pius VII, and take him to Liguria. July 8–9 – Finnish War – Naval Battle of Porkala: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians. July 10 – Battle of Znaim: French Marshal Marmont fights inconclusively against the Austrians. July 16 – The city of La Paz (current Bolivia) declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo. July 28 – Peninsula War – Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force. July 30 – Walcheren Campaign: A British invasion army lands on Walcheren. August – The ("Old Ironsides") is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron. August 8 – Seventy disciples of Vilna Gaon arrive in Palestine. August 10 – Ecuador declares independence from Spain. August 11 – Battle of Almonacid de Toledo: A poorly led Spanish army is defeated by King Joseph Bonaparte's French army. September 17 – Finnish War: The Peace of Hamina is signed between Russia and Sweden. The future Grand Principality of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. September 18 – A new theatre for the Royal Opera House opens in London to replace the first, burnt down in a fire in 1808. The price increases lead to the Old Price Riots, which last for 64 days. September 21 – British Secretary of War Lord Castlereagh and Foreign Secretary George Canning meet in a duel on Putney Heath, with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh. October–December October 8 – Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes foreign minister of the Austrian Empire. October 11 – Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand. October 14 – The Treaty of Schönbrunn cedes the Illyrian Provinces to France. November 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Action of 18 November 1809 – In the Bay of Bengal, a French frigate squadron captures three British East Indiamen mainly carrying recruits for the presidency armies in India. November 19 – Battle of Ocaña: A Spanish army is ridden down, and 4,000 are killed and wounded by French forces. November 21 – First stone laid of first 'guided bus' passenger wagonway Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad. November 25 – Benjamin Bathurst, a British diplomat, mysteriously disappears (possibly murdered) in Perleberg, west of Berlin. December – Boyd massacre: Whangaroa Māori people kill and eat 66 crew and passengers of the brigantine Boyd in New Zealand. December 25 – American physician Ephraim McDowell performs the first ovariotomy, removing a 22-pound tumor. December 26 – A British invasion force leaves Vlissingen. December 30 – Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, Massachusetts. Date unknown William Combe begins publication of the verse Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of the Picturesque in Ackermann's Political Magazine (London), illustrated with cartoons by Thomas Rowlandson, depicting comic and ridiculous scenes involving a hapless country physician, and coming to represent British Regency humour. Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Philosophie Zoologique, outlining a (wrong) concept of evolution, by acquisition or loss of inherited characteristics, through use or disuse. British recruits to the British East India Company (and subsequently to the Indian Civil Service) are required to learn at least one Indian language fluently. Arorae an atoll of the Gilbert Islands was sighted by Captain John Patterson, on British brig Elizabeth. Births January–June January 1 – Cao Bá Quát, Vietnamese poet (d. 1855) January 4 – Louis Braille, French teacher, inventor of braille (d. 1852) January 6 – Marie Durocher, Brazilian obstetrician, physician (d. 1893) January 15 Cornelia Connelly, American founder of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus (d. 1879) Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864) January 19 – Edgar Allan Poe, American writer, poet (d. 1849) January 21 – Queen Sinjeong, Korean regent (d. 1890) February 3 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847) February 12 Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882) Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865) February 15 – Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884) February 23 – William Sprague, American minister and politician from Michigan (d. 1868) February 24 – Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel, Prussian field marshal (d. 1885) March 2 – Abel Douay, French general (d. 1870) March 15 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts, 2-time President of Liberia (d. 1876) March 24 – Joseph Liouville, French mathematician (d. 1882) March 27 – Georges-Eugène Haussmann, French civic planner (d. 1891) March 29 – Bettino Ricasoli, Italian statesman (d. 1880) April 1 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852) April 15 – Hermann Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877) April 20 – James David Forbes, Scottish physicist, geologist, inventor (d. 1868) May 20 – Albert Newsam, American artist (d. 1864) May 22 – Constantin A. Crețulescu, 7th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1884) May 23 – Hugo von Kirchbach, Prussian general (d. 1887) June 4 Columbus Delano, American statesman (d. 1896) John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871) June 8 – Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900) June 11 – Juan Antonio Pezet, Peruvian general and politician, President of Peru (d. 1879) June 18 – |
while undertaking the penal transportation of 108 British female convicts and 12 children from Woolwich to New South Wales with the loss of 133 lives; only 3 crew survive. September 2 – Oberlin College is founded in Oberlin, Ohio. September 29 – Three-year-old Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War. October–December October 20 – Alfred, Lord Tennyson, writes his oft-quoted poem, Ulysses. November 12–13 – A very spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower is observed all over North America, and is the inspiration for the song "Stars Fell on Alabama". November 25 – A major 8.7 earthquake strikes Sumatra. December – The American Anti-Slavery Society is founded. December 14 – Kaspar Hauser, a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on December 17. December 18 – The national anthem of the Russian Empire, God Save the Tsar!, is first performed. Date unknown The dawn of biochemistry: The first enzyme, diastase, is discovered by Anselme Payen. Greece recaptures the Acropolis of Athens. H.R.H. Prince Mongkut of Siam founds the Dhammayut Buddhist reform movement. American healthcare brand McKesson Corporation established as a partnership. Foundation of: Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Madras College in St Andrews, Scotland. Births January–June January 1 – Robert Lawson, New Zealand architect (d. 1902) January 5 – Eugene W. Hilgard, German-American "Father of soil science" (d. 1916) January 7 – Sir Henry Roscoe, English chemist (d. 1915) January 18 – Joseph S. Skerrett, American admiral (d. 1897) January 28 – Charles George Gordon, British army officer, administrator (d. 1885) February 3 – Abu Bakar of Johor, Malaysian sultan (d. 1895) February 6 – J. E. B. Stuart, American Confederate general (d. 1864) February 11 – Melville Fuller, 8th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1910) February 19 – Élie Ducommun, Swiss journalist, activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1906) February 25 – John St. John, American temperance movement leader (d. 1916) February 28 – Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (d. 1913) March 10 – Dimitrie Sturdza, 4-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1914) March 14 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor, American dentist (d. 1910) March 15 – Géza Fejérváry, 16th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1914) March 20 – Daniel Dunglas Home, Scottish medium (d. 1886) March 22 – Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1895) April 6 – Luis Cordero Crespo, 14th President of Ecuador (d. 1912) April 11 – Fredrik von Otter, 8th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1910) May 5 – Lazarus Fuchs, German mathematician (d. 1902) May 7 – Johannes Brahms, German composer (d. 1897) May 9 – Hermann von Spaun, Austro-Hungarian admiral (d. 1919) May 26 – Edward William Godwin, English architect (d. 1886) June 1 – John Marshall Harlan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1911) June 4 – Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (d. 1913) June 24 Gustaf Åkerhielm, 6th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1900) Alfred William Bennett, English botanist (d. 1902) July–December July 26 – Gheorghe Manu, 17th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1911) July 27 – Thomas George Bonney, English geologist (d. 1923) August 3 – Auguste Schmidt, German educator, women's rights activist (d. 1902) August 9 – Emily Pepys, English child diarist (d. 1877) August 16 – Eliza Ann Otis, American poet, newspaper publisher, and philanthropist (d. 1904) August 20 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (d. 1901) September 2 – Henry Hotze, Swiss American Confederate propagandist (d. 1887) September 20 – Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1918) September 22 – Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1913) October 2 – William Corby, American Catholic priest (d. 1897) October 21 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite, creator of the Nobel Prize (d. 1896) October 23 – Antonio Flores Jijón, 13th President of Ecuador (d. 1915) November 6 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (d. 1908) November 9 – Émile Gaboriau, French writer (d. 1873) November 12 – Alexander Borodin, Russian composer (d. 1887) November 13 – Edwin Booth, American tragedian (d. 1893) November 14 – Sir Hugh Gough, British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1909) November 19 – Eliza Lynch, First Lady of Paraguay (d. 1886) November 27 – Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (d. 1897) November 30 – Frederick Richards British admiral (d. 1912) December 7 – Rodrigo Augusto da Silva, Brazilian Senator, author of the Golden Law (d. 1889) December 13 – Petre S. Aurelian, 19th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1909) December 20 – Samuel Mudd, American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (d. 1883) December 25 – Princess Adelheid-Marie | Scottish medium (d. 1886) March 22 – Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1895) April 6 – Luis Cordero Crespo, 14th President of Ecuador (d. 1912) April 11 – Fredrik von Otter, 8th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1910) May 5 – Lazarus Fuchs, German mathematician (d. 1902) May 7 – Johannes Brahms, German composer (d. 1897) May 9 – Hermann von Spaun, Austro-Hungarian admiral (d. 1919) May 26 – Edward William Godwin, English architect (d. 1886) June 1 – John Marshall Harlan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1911) June 4 – Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (d. 1913) June 24 Gustaf Åkerhielm, 6th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1900) Alfred William Bennett, English botanist (d. 1902) July–December July 26 – Gheorghe Manu, 17th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1911) July 27 – Thomas George Bonney, English geologist (d. 1923) August 3 – Auguste Schmidt, German educator, women's rights activist (d. 1902) August 9 – Emily Pepys, English child diarist (d. 1877) August 16 – Eliza Ann Otis, American poet, newspaper publisher, and philanthropist (d. 1904) August 20 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (d. 1901) September 2 – Henry Hotze, Swiss American Confederate propagandist (d. 1887) September 20 – Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1918) September 22 – Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1913) October 2 – William Corby, American Catholic priest (d. 1897) October 21 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite, creator of the Nobel Prize (d. 1896) October 23 – Antonio Flores Jijón, 13th President of Ecuador (d. 1915) November 6 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (d. 1908) November 9 – Émile Gaboriau, French writer (d. 1873) November 12 – Alexander Borodin, Russian composer (d. 1887) November 13 – Edwin Booth, American tragedian (d. 1893) November 14 – Sir Hugh Gough, British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1909) November 19 – Eliza Lynch, First Lady of Paraguay (d. 1886) November 27 – Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (d. 1897) November 30 – Frederick Richards British admiral (d. 1912) December 7 – Rodrigo Augusto da Silva, Brazilian Senator, author of the Golden Law (d. 1889) December 13 – Petre S. Aurelian, 19th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1909) December 20 – Samuel Mudd, American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (d. 1883) December 25 – Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1916) Date unknown Margaret Fox, American medium (d. 1893) Fu Shanxiang, Chinese scholar, Chancellor (d. 1864) Deaths January–June January 10 – Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician (b. 1752) January 16 –Nannette Streicher, German piano maker, composer, music educator, and writer (b. 1769) January 16 – Banastre Tarleton, British general, politician (b. 1754) January 23 – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, British admiral (b. 1757) March 13 – William Bradley, British naval officer, cartographer (b. 1757) April 6 – Adamantios Korais, Greek scholar (b. 1748) April 7 Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician (b. 1775) Jacques Réattu, French artist (b. 1760) April 22 – Richard Trevithick, English inventor (b. 1771) May 5 – Sophia Campbell, Australian artist (b. 1777) May 15 – Edmund Kean, British actor (b. 1787) May 23 – Francesca Anna Canfield, American linguist, poet, and translator (b. 1803) June 1 – Oliver Wolcott Jr., American lawyer, politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Treasury, 24th Governor of Connecticut (b. 1760) June 2 – Simon Byrne, Irish prizefighter (b. 1806) July–December July 2 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine leader (b. 1757) July 5 – Nicéphore Niépce, French photography pioneer (b. 1765) July 11 – Yagan, Noongar indigenous Australian warrior (killed) (b. c. 1795) July 12 – Samuel Sterett, American politician (b. 1758) July 19 – George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland, British landowner (b. 1758) July 20 – |
101 lives are lost. December 29 – Wounded Knee Massacre: At Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a Native American camp, the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment tries to disperse the non-violent "Ghost-Dance" which was promised to usher in a new era of power and freedom to Native Americans but is feared as a potential rallying tool for violent rebellion by some in the U.S. government. Shooting begins, and 153 Lakota Sioux and 25 troops are killed; about 150 flee the scene. This is the last tribe to be defeated and confined to a reservation as well as the beginning of the decline of both the American Indian Wars and the American frontier. Date unknown The folding carton box is invented by Robert Gair, a Brooklyn printer who developed production of paper-board boxes in 1879. The United States city of Boise, Idaho, drills the first geothermal well. Brown trout are introduced into the upper Firehole River, in Yellowstone National Park. High School Cadets is written by John Philip Sousa. William II of Prussia opposes Bismarck's attempt to renew the law outlawing the Social Democratic Party. Blackwall Buildings, Whitechapel, noted philanthropic housing, is built in the East End of London. English archaeologist Flinders Petrie excavates at Tell el-Hesi, Palestine (mistakenly identified as Tel Lachish), the first scientific excavation of an archaeological site in the Holy Land, during which he discovers how tells are formed. American geostrategist Alfred Thayer Mahan publishes his influential book The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. Francis Galton announces a statistical demonstration of the uniqueness and classifiability of individual human fingerprints. Alfred Tucker becomes Anglican Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa. The Ohio Northern University Marching Band is founded as a part of the military department. Now known as the “Star of Northwest Ohio” they perform regularly each football season and travel across the world through their sponsoring university. Japanese tractor and iron pipe brand, Kubota founded in Osaka, Japan. Emerson Electric, an American electronics industry giant, founded in Missouri. Births January January 1 – Anton Melik, Slovenian geographer (d. 1966) January 2 – Madoline Thomas, Welsh actress (d. 1989) January 4 Augustus Agar, British commodore (d. 1968) Victor Lustig, Bohemian-born con artist (d. 1947) January 5 – Sarah Aaronsohn, member of the Jewish spy ring Nili (d. 1917) January 8 – Taixu, Chinese Buddhist activist (d. 1947) January 9 Kurt Tucholsky, German-born journalist and satirist (d. 1935) Karel Čapek, Czech writer (d. 1938) January 11 – Oswald de Andrade, Brazilian Modernist writer (d.1954) January 13 – Jüri Uluots, 8th Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1945) January 19 – Élise Rivet, French Roman Catholic nun and war heroine (d. 1945) January 20 Barbu Alinescu, Romanian general (d. 1952) Boris Kozo-Polyansky, Russian botanist and evolutionary biologist (d. 1957) January 21 – Wesley Englehorn, American football player (d. 1993) January 22 – Fred M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1953) January 28 Néstor Guillén , Bolivian politician, 40th President of Bolivia (d. 1966) Robert Franklin Stroud, Birdman of Alcatraz (d. 1963) February February 9 – Carolina Nabuco, Brazilian writer and translator (d. 1981) February 10 – Boris Pasternak, Russian writer (Doctor Zhivago), Nobel Prize laureate (declined) (d. 1960) February 14 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh painter (d. 1956) February 15 – Matome Ugaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1945) February 16 – Francesco de Pinedo, Italian aviator (d. 1933) February 17 Ioan Arhip, Romanian general (d. 1980) Ronald Fisher, English statistician and geneticist (d. 1962) February 18 Edward Arnold, American actor (d. 1956) Adolphe Menjou, American actor (d. 1963) February 24 – Marjorie Main, American actress (d. 1975) February 25 Dame Myra Hess, English pianist (d. 1965) Kiyohide Shima, Japanese admiral (d. 1973) February 27 Freddie Keppard, American jazz musician (d. 1933) Art Smith, American pilot (d. 1926) March March 1 – Theresa Bernstein, Polish-born American artist and writer (d. 2002) March 4 – Norman Bethune, Canadian doctor and humanitarian (d. 1939) March 8 – Eugeniusz Baziak, Polish Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1962) March 9 (new style) Vyacheslav Molotov, Soviet politician (d. 1986) Rupert Balfe, Australian rules footballer (d. 1915) March 11 – Vannevar Bush, American engineer, inventor and politician (d. 1960) March 19 – Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, African-American artist known for her sculpture (d. 1960) March 20 Beniamino Gigli, Italian tenor (d. 1957) Fania Marinoff, Russian born American actress (d. 1971) Lauritz Melchior, Danish-American tenor (d. 1973) March 26 – Aaron S. "Tip" Merrill, American admiral (d. 1961) March 28 – Paul Whiteman, American bandleader (d. 1967) March 31 – William Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) April April 6 – Anthony Fokker, Dutch aircraft manufacturer (d. 1939) April 7 Paul Berth, Danish amateur footballer (d. 1969) Marjory Stoneman Douglas, American conservationist and writer (d. 1998) Harry W. Hill, American admiral (d. 1971) April 13 Frank Murphy, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1949) Dadasaheb Torne, Indian filmmaker (d. 1960) April 11 – Rachele Mussolini, Italian, wife of Benito Mussolini (d. 1979) April 15 – Percy Shaw, British inventor (d. 1976) April 16 Fred Root, English cricketer (d. 1954) Vernon Sturdee, Australian general (d. 1966) April 17 – Victor Chapman, French-American fighter pilot (d. 1916) April 18 – Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (d.1958) April 20 Maurice Duplessis, premier of Quebec (d. 1959) Adolf Schärf, President of Austria (d. 1965) April 21 – Michitaro Tozuka, Japanese admiral (d. 1966) April 24 – Masatane Kanda, Japanese general (d. 1983) April 26 – Edgar Kennedy, American comedic actor (d. 1948) April 29 – Daisy Fellowes, French society figure, writer and heiress (d. 1962) April 30 – Géza Lakatos, 36th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1967) May May 1 Clelia Lollini, Italian physician (d. 1963) Laurence Wild, 1913 NCAA Men's Basketball All-American, head coach for the Navy Midshipmen men's basketball and 30th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1971) May 4 – Franklin Carmichael, Canadian landscape painter and graphic designer (d. 1945) May 7 – George Archainbaud, French film director (d. 1959) May 10 – Alfred Jodl, German general (d. 1946) May 11 – Woodall Rodgers, mayor of | Minister of Australia (d. 1983) July 19 – George II of Greece, King of Greece (d. 1947) July 20 – Verna Felton, American character actress (d. 1966) July 22 – Rose Kennedy, American philanthropist and matriarch of the Kennedy family (d. 1995) July 26 Daniel J. Callaghan, American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1942) Seiichi Itō, Japanese admiral (d. 1945) July 29 – P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri, Sanskrit scholar. First to translate Tolkāppiyam into English (d. 1978) August August 2 – Marin Sais, American film actress (d. 1971) August 3 – Konstantin Melnikov, Russian avant-garde architect (d. 1974) August 4 – Erich Weinert, German writer and political activist (d. 1953) August 5 – Erich Kleiber, Austrian conductor (d. 1956) August 10 Angus L. Macdonald, Nova Scotia Premier (d. 1954) Bechara El Khoury, 2-Time Prime Minister and 2-Time President of Lebanon (d. 1964) August 13 – Lydia Zvereva, first Russian woman to earn a pilot's license (d. 1916) August 15 Jacques Ibert, French composer (d. 1962) Elizabeth Bolden, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1890 (d. 2006) August 18 – Walther Funk, German politician (d. 1960) August 19 – Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern, Queen consort of Portugal in exile (d. 1966) August 20 – H. P. Lovecraft, American writer (d. 1937) August 22 Hans-Joachim Buddecke, German World War I fighter pilot and ace (d. 1918) Cecil Kellaway, South African character actor (d. 1973) Henry "Son" Sims, American Delta blues fiddler and songwriter (d. 1958) August 24 – Duke Kahanamoku, American swimmer (d. 1968) September September 8 – Dorothy Price, Irish physician (d. 1954) September 9 Hilda Abbott, wife of the administrator of the Northern Territory (d. 1984) Colonel Harland Sanders, founder of KFC (d. 1980) September 10 Elsa Schiaparelli, French couturiere (d. 1973) Sir Mortimer Wheeler, British archaeologist (d. 1976) September 15 Agatha Christie, English writer (d. 1976) Frank Martin, Swiss composer (d. 1974) September 20 Jelly Roll Morton, American jazz pianist, composer and bandleader (d. 1941) Rachel Bluwstein, Israeli poet (d. 1931) September 21 – Max Immelmann, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1916) September 23 Kakuji Kakuta, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) Friedrich Paulus, German field marshal (d. 1957) September 24 – A. P. Herbert, English humorist, novelist, playwright and law reform activist (d. 1971) October October 1 Katherine Corri Harris, American socialite and actress, first wife of John Barrymore (d. 1927) Stanley Holloway, English actor (d. 1982) Alice Joyce, American silent film actress (d. 1955) Blanche Oelrichs, American poet, second wife of John Barrymore (d. 1950) October 2 – Groucho Marx, American comedian (d. 1977) October 3 – Emilio Portes Gil, Mexican teacher, journalist, lawyer and substitute President of Mexico, 1928–1930 (d. 1978) October 6 – Jack Rockwell, Mexican-American actor (d. 1947) October 8 Henrich Focke, German aviation pioneer (d. 1979) Eddie Rickenbacker, race car driver and American World War I fighter pilot (d. 1973) October 9 – Aimee Semple McPherson, Canadian-American Pentecostal Evangelist (d. 1944) October 13 – Conrad Richter, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1968) October 14 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, US general and 34th President of the United States (d. 1969) October 16 Michael Collins, Irish patriot (d. 1922) Paul Strand, American photographer (d. 1976) October 17 – Roy Kilner, English cricketer (d. 1928) October 20 – Sherman Minton, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1965) October 23 – Abdul Hamid Karami, 16th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1950) October 25 – Floyd Bennett, American aviator and explorer (d. 1928) October 26 – John Aae, Norwegian politician (d. 1968) October 29 – Hans-Valentin Hube, German army general (d. 1944) November November 4 – Saadi Al Munla, 17th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1975) November 7 Tomitarō Horii, Japanese general (d. 1942) Jan Matulka, American painter (d. 1972) November 8 – Conrad Weygand, German chemist (d. 1945) November 9 – Grigory Kulik, Soviet military officer, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1950) November 16 – Elpidio Quirino, 6th President of the Philippines (d. 1956) November 20 – Leon Cadore, American baseball pitcher (d. 1968) November 22 – Charles de Gaulle, President of France (d. 1970) November 23 – El Lissitzky, Russian artist and architect (d. 1941) December December 5 David Bomberg, English painter (d. 1957) Fritz Lang, Austrian-born film director, screenwriter and actor (d. 1976) December 6 – Dion Fortune, British occultist (d. 1946) December 8 – Bohuslav Martinů, Czech composer (d. 1959) December 10 László Bárdossy, 33rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946) Henry Louis Larsen, American Marine Corps General; Governor of American Samoa and Governor of Guam (d. 1962) December 11 – Carlos Gardel, Argentine tango singer (d. 1935) December 12 – Charles Basil Price, Canadian soldier and politician (d. 1975) December 17 – Prince Joachim of Prussia (suicide 1920) December 20 – Jaroslav Heyrovský, Czech chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) December 21 – Hermann Joseph Muller, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1967) December 25 – Robert Ripley, American collector of odd facts (d. 1949) December 26 Konstantinos Georgakopoulos, Greek lawyer and professor, 152nd Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1973) Uncle Charlie Osborne, Appalachian fiddler (d. 1992) December 30 Lanoe Hawker, British fighter pilot (d. 1916) Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 47th President of Mexico (d. 1973) Date unknown Ștefan Balaban, Romanian general (d. 1962) Sava Caracaș, Romanian general (d. 1945) Hatı Çırpan, Turkish politician (d. 1956) Deaths January–June January 2 – Julián Gayarre, Spanish opera singer (b. 1844) January 7 – Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Empress Consort of William I, German Emperor (b. 1811) January 18 – King Amadeo I of Spain (b. 1845) February 18 – Gyula Andrássy, Hungarian statesman, 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1823) February 22 John Jacob Astor III, American businessman (b. 1822) Carl Heinrich Bloch, Danish painter (b. 1834) January 23 – Emily Jane Pfeiffer, Welsh poet and philanthropist (b. 1827) March 3 – Innocenzo da Berzo, Italian Capuchin friar and blessed (b. 1844) March 7 – Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Prussian statesman (b. 1827) March 9 – Sir Mangaldas Nathubhoy, Indian politician (b. 1832) March 16 – Princess Zorka of Montenegro (b. 1864) March 23 – Mary Jane Katzmann, Canadian historian (b. 1828) April 1 David Wilber, American politician (b. 1820) Alexander Mozhaysky, Russian aeronautical pioneer (b. 1825) April 11 David de Jahacob Lopez Cardozo, Dutch Talmudist (b. 1808) Joseph Merrick (The Elephant Man), British oddity (b. 1862) April 18 – Paweł Bryliński, Polish sculptor (b. 1814) April 19 – James Pollock, American politician (b. 1810) May 22 – Eduard von Fransecky, Prussian general (b. 1807) June 1 – Camilo Castelo Branco, Portuguese writer (b. 1825) June 24 – Subba Row, Hindu theosophist (b. 1856) June 30 – Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American composer (b. 1819) July–December July 7 – Henri Nestlé, Swiss confectioner and the founder of Nestlé (b. 1814) July 9 – Clinton B. Fisk, American philanthropist and temperance activist (b. 1828) July 13 John C. Frémont, American explorer and military officer (b. 1813) Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Estonian journalist and poet (b. 1819) July 15 – Gottfried Keller, Swiss writer (b. 1819) July 25 – Shaikh Mohamed bin Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Ruler of Bahrain (b.1813) July 29 – Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (b. 1853) August 6 – William Kemmler, American murderer, first person |
Italian forces at Sidi Barrani, Egypt. December 12 and December 15 – WWII: Sheffield Blitz ("Operation Crucible"): The Yorkshire city of Sheffield is badly damaged by German air-raids. December 14 WWII British destroyers and sink an Italian submarine off Bardia. Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish based on Malta bomb Tripoli. Plutonium is first synthesized in the laboratory, by a team led by Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin McMillan, at the University of California, Berkeley. December 16 – WWII: Operation Abigail Rachel: The RAF bombs Mannheim. December 17 – President Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, first sets forth the outline of his plan to send aid to Great Britain, which will become known as Lend-Lease. December 23 – WWII: Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the people of Italy, blames Benito Mussolini for leading his nation to war against the British, contrary to Italy's historic friendship with them: "One man has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome upon the side of the ferocious pagan barbarians." December 24 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual non-violence leader, writes his second letter to Adolf Hitler, addressing him as "My friend", and requesting him to stop the war Germany had begun. December 25 – The German cruiser Admiral Hipper attacks a British shipping convoy (WS 5A) en route to Sierra Leone 700 miles (1,100 km) west of Cape Finisterre in Spain. Admiral Hipper sinks one ship but has to withdraw with engine trouble. December 27 – The German auxiliary cruiser Komet shells and heavily damages the phosphate production facilities on Nauru while flying the Japanese flag. The bombardment lasts an hour, and it causes the loss of 13,000 tons of oil. December 29 Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a fireside chat to the nation, declares that the United States must become "the great arsenal of democracy." WWII: "Second Great Fire of London": The Luftwaffe carries out a massive incendiary bombing raid, starting 1,500 fires. Many famous buildings, including the Guildhall and Trinity House, are either damaged or destroyed. December 30 California's first modern freeway, the future State Route 110, opens to traffic in Pasadena, California, as the Arroyo Seco Parkway (now the Pasadena Freeway). In Sweden, Victor Hasselblad forms the Victor Hasselblad AB Camera Company. Date unknown In Korea, the Hunminjeongeum (1446) is discovered, explaining the basis of the Hangul alphabet. Walter Knott begins construction of a California ghost town replica, which soon evolves into Knott's Berry Farm. Births January January 2 Jim Bakker, American televangelist, ex-husband of Tammy Faye S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan, Indian-American mathematician January 3 – Thelma Schoonmaker, Algerian-born American film editor January 4 Helmut Jahn, German-American architect (d. 2021) Brian Josephson, Welsh physicist, Nobel Prize laureate Gao Xingjian, Chinese-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate January 9 – Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, Costa Rican politician, lawyer, economist, and businessman January 14 – Julian Bond, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2015) January 16 – Franz Müntefering, German politician January 17 Kipchoge Keino, Kenyan athlete Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay (d. 2020) Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni, Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia (d. 2015) January 18 – Pedro Rodríguez, Mexican racing driver (d. 1971) January 19 Paolo Borsellino, Italian judge and magistrate (d. 1992) Mike Reid, English actor (d. 2007) Linda Sorenson, Canadian actress January 20 Carol Heiss, American figure skater Krishnam Raju, Indian actor and politician January 21 – Jack Nicklaus, American golfer January 22 – John Hurt, English actor (d. 2017) January 24 – Joachim Gauck, German politician, 11th President of Germany January 27 Brian O'Leary, American scientist, author, and former NASA astronaut (d. 2011) James Cromwell, American actor Petru Lucinschi, Moldovan politician, 2nd President of Moldova January 28 – Carlos Slim, Mexican businessman January 29 Katharine Ross, American actress Kunimitsu Takahashi, Japanese motorcycle racer and racing driver February February 1 – Ajmer Singh, Indian athlete, educator (d. 2010) February 2 Odell Brown, American jazz organist (d. 2011) Sir David Jason, English actor February 4 – George A. Romero, American film writer, director (d. 2017) February 5 – H. R. Giger, Swiss artist (d. 2014) February 6 – Tom Brokaw, American television journalist and author February 7 – Tony Tan, 7th President of Singapore February 9 J. M. Coetzee, South African writer, Nobel Prize laureate Seamus Deane, Irish poet and novelist (d. 2021) February 12 Richard Lynch, American actor (d. 2012) Robert Saladrigas, Spanish writer, journalist and literary critic (d. 2018) February 15 – Hamzah Haz, Indonesian politician, 9th Vice President of Indonesia February 17 Matija Barl, Slovenian actor, producer and translator (d. 2018) Vicente Fernández, Mexican actor and singer (d. 2021) Willi Holdorf, German Olympic decathlete (d. 2020) Chris Newman, American sound mixer, director Gene Pitney, American singer (d. 2006) February 18 – Fabrizio De André, Italian singer, songwriter (d. 1999) February 19 – Smokey Robinson, African-American musician February 20 – Jimmy Greaves, English footballer (d. 2021) February 21 – John Lewis, African-American politician, civil rights activist (d. 2020) February 22 Aracy Balabanian, Brazilian actress Judy Cornwell, English actress Billy Name (William G. Linich), American photographer, Warhol archivist (d. 2016) Chet Walker, American basketball player February 23 – Peter Fonda, American actor (Easy Rider) (d. 2019) February 24 Pete Duel, American actor (Alias Smith and Jones) (d. 1971) Jimmy Ellis, African-American professional boxer (d. 2014) Denis Law, Scottish footballer February 25 – Jesús López Cobos, Spanish-born conductor (d. 2018) February 27 – Bill Hunter, Australian actor (d. 2011) February 28 Mario Andretti, American race car driver Joe South, American singer, songwriter (Games People Play) (d. 2012) March March 1 David Broome, Welsh Show Jumper Nuala O'Faolain, Irish journalist, author (d. 2008) March 2 – Billy McNeill, Scottish football player and manager (d. 2019) March 3 Germán Castro Caycedo, Colombian writer, journalist March 4 – Vladimir Morosov, Soviet athlete March 5 – Anton Fliegerbauer, West German police officer (d. 1972) March 7 Rudi Dutschke, German radical student leader (d. 1979) Viktor Savinykh, Soviet cosmonaut March 9 – Raul Julia, Puerto Rican actor (d. 1994) March 10 – Chuck Norris, American actor, martial artist March 12 – Al Jarreau, African-American singer (d. 2017) March 13 – Candi Staton, American singer March 16 Jan Pronk, Dutch politician, diplomat James Wong Jim, Hong Kong composer (d. 2004) March 21 – Solomon Burke, African-American singer, songwriter (d. 2010) March 20 – Paul Neville, Australian politician (d. 2019) March 22 – Haing S. Ngor, Cambodian actor (The Killing Fields) (d. 1996) March 25 Anita Bryant, American entertainer Mina, Italian singer March 26 James Caan, American actor Nancy Pelosi, American politician; Speaker and Minority Leader (alternately) of the United States House of Representatives March 29 Ray Davis, African-American musician (P-Funk) (d. 2005) Astrud Gilberto, Brazilian-born singer March 30 – Jerry Lucas, American professional basketball player March 31 – Patrick Leahy, American politician April April 1 – Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2011) April 2 Mike Hailwood, English motorcycle racer (d. 1981) Dame Penelope Keith, English actress April 4 – Robby Müller, Dutch cinematographer (d. 2018) April 6 – Pedro Armendáriz Jr., Mexican actor (d. 2011) April 8 – John Havlicek, American basketball player (d. 2019) April 12 – Herbie Hancock, African-American pianist, keyboardist, bandleader, composer and actor April 13 J. M. G. Le Clézio, French writer and professor Max Mosley, British motorsport boss (d. 2021) José Nápoles, Cuban-born Mexican boxer (d. 2019) April 14 Julie Christie, English actress Marie, Princess of Liechtenstein (d. 2021) April 15 Faimalaga Luka, 6th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. 2005) Robert Walker Jr., American actor (d. 2019) Yossef Romano, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972) April 16 – Queen Margrethe II of Denmark April 17 – John McCririck, English horse racing pundit (d. 2019) April 18 Ira von Furstenberg, European socialite and actress Joseph L. Goldstein, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Ken Shellito, English footballer, manager (d. 2018) April 19 – Reinhard Bonnke, German Pentecostal evangelist (d. 2019) April 20 – Pilar Miró, Spanish screenwriter and film director (d. 1997) April 22 – Marie-José Nat, French actress (d. 2019) April 23 – Danilo Astori, Uruguayan politician, 15th Vice President of Uruguay April 24 – Sue Grafton, American detective novelist (d. 2017) April 25 Al Pacino, American actor, film director Tristram Powell, English television director, film director, writer and producer April 26 – Giorgio Moroder, Italian film composer April 30 Burt Young, American actor, author and painter Ermindo Onega, Argentine footballer (d. 1979) May May 1 – Elsa Peretti, Italian jewelry designer (d. 2021) May 2 Manuel Esquivel, Belizean politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Belize (d. 2022) Hariton Pushwagner, Norwegian artist (d. 2018) May 3 – David Koch, American businessman (d. 2019) May 5 – Lance Henriksen, American actor May 7 Angela Carter, English author, editor (d. 1992) May 8 Peter Benchley, American author (Jaws) (d. 2006) Ricky Nelson, American singer (d. 1985) Toni Tennille, American pop singer May 9 – James L. Brooks, American film producer, writer May 11 – Juan Downey, Chilean-born video artist (d. 1993) May 13 Bruce Chatwin, British author (d. 1989) Oliver Lozano, Filipino lawyer, politician (d. 2018) May 15 Lainie Kazan, American actress, singer Don Nelson, American basketball player and coach May 16 – Ole Ernst, Danish actor (d. 2013) May 17 Alan Kay, American computer scientist Reynato Puno, Filipino Supreme Court Chief Justice May 19 – Jan Janssen, Dutch cyclist May 20 Shorty Long, African-American soul music singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer (Here Comes The Judge) (d. 1969) Stan Mikita, Slovakian-born Canadian hockey player (d. 2018) Sadaharu Oh, Japanese baseball player May 22 – Bernard Shaw, African-American journalist and television news reporter May 24 – Joseph Brodsky, Russian-born poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996) May 26 – Levon Helm, American musician and actor (d. 2012) May 27 – Sotsha Dlamini, 5th Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. 2017) May 29 – Farooq Leghari, 8th President of Pakistan (d. 2010) June June 1 René Auberjonois, American screen actor (d. 2019) Kip Thorne, American gravitational physicist, Nobel Prize laureate June 2 – Constantine II of Greece June 4 – Ludwig Schwarz, Austrian prelate June 7 Samuel Little, American serial killer (d. 2020) Tom Jones, Welsh singer Ronald Pickup, English actor (d. 2021) June 8 – Nancy Sinatra, American singer June 9 – Barry McDonald, Papua New Guinea-Australian rugby union player (d. 2020) June 11 – Wayne Kemp, American country music singer (d. 2015) June 13 – Bobby Freeman, American singer, songwriter (d. 2017) June 14 – Jack Bannon, American actor (d. 2017) June 16 Neil Goldschmidt, American politician, Governor of Oregon Taylor Gun-Jin Wang, Chinese-American astronaut Thea White, American voice actress (d. 2021) June 17 George Akerlof, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate Alan Murray, Australian golfer Ali Saibou, 3rd President of Niger (d. 2011) June 18 – Phillip E. Johnson, American lawyer and author (d. 2019) June 20 Eugen Drewermann, German theologian, activist and priest John Mahoney, English-born American actor (d. 2018) June 21 – Michael Ruse, British-Canadian philosopher June 22 Egon Henninger, German swimmer Abbas Kiarostami, Iranian film director, screenwriter and producer (d. 2016) Dame Esther Rantzen, British broadcaster June 23 Willie Wallace, Scottish football player, coach Wilma Rudolph, American Olympic athlete (d. 1994) June 24 Hope Cooke, American socialite, Queen Consort of Sikkim Murali Mohan, Indian film actor, producer, politician and business executive Walter Ofonagoro, Nigerian scholar, politician and businessman Ian Ross, Australian newsreader (d. 2014) Vittorio Storaro, Italian cinematographer June 25 Thomas Köhler, East German luger Mary Beth Peil, American actress and singer June 26 Lucinda Childs, American actress, postmodern dancer and choreographer Jerry Fujio, Japanese singer, actor, and tarento June 27 – Anil Karanjai, Indian painter of the Hungry generation movement (d. 2001) June 28 Karpal Singh, Malaysian politician, lawyer (d. 2014) Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi founder of Grameen Bank, Nobel Prize laureate June 29 – Vyacheslav Artyomov, Russian composer June 30 – Neelo, Indian actress July July 1 Fukunohana Koichi, Japanese sumo wrestler Craig Brown, Scottish footballer, manager Abdul Razzak Ahmed, Iraqi football player Wathiq Naji, Iraqi football manager July 2 Joshua Bryant, American actor, director, author and speaker Ruriko Asaoka, Japanese actress July 3 Lamar Alexander, American politician Fontella Bass, African-American soul singer ("Rescue Me") (d. 2012) Jerzy Buzek, Polish politician, 8th Prime Minister of Poland Jose Alberto Laboy, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player Lance Larson, American competition swimmer, Olympic champion and world record-holder in four events Chuck Sieminski, American football player César Tovar, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1994) Mario Zanin, Italian cyclist July 4 Deidre Catt, English tennis player Nasser Madani, Iranian fencer Gene McDowell, American college football coach Pat Stapleton, Canadian ice hockey player July 5 – Reiko Kusamura, Japanese actress July 6 Pablo Dabezies, Uruguayan priest and theologian Nursultan Nazarbayev, 1st President of Kazakhstan Jeannie Seely, American singer-songwriter Siti Norma Yaakob, Malaysian lawyer and judge July 7 Lee Keun-hak, North Korean football player Ringo Starr, English rock drummer (The Beatles) Irène Sweyd, Belgian swimmer July 9 – Herminia Roman, Filipino politician July 10 Gene Alley, American baseball player Jim Cadile, American professional football offensive guard Helen Donath, American soprano Lofty Drews, Kenyan rally co-driver Sir Tom Farmer, Scottish entrepreneur Julie Payne, American actress (d. 2019) David C. Schutter, American attorney (d. 2005) Tommy Troelsen, Danish footballer, manager and television presenter July 11 Rufus Ada George, Nigerian politician Anita Wall, Swedish actress July 13 Paul Prudhomme, American celebrity chef, cookbook author (d. 2015) Sir Patrick Stewart, English actor (Star Trek: The Next Generation) July 15 – Johnny Seay, American country music singer (d. 2016) July 16 Lofty Drews, Kenyan rally co-driver Tom Metcalf, American baseball pitcher July 17 Verne Lundquist, American sportscaster Tim Brooke-Taylor, English comic performer (d. 2020) Francisco Toledo, Mexican painter, sculptor and graphic artist (d. 2019) July 18 James Brolin, American actor, director Peter Mutharika, 5th President of Malawi Joe Torre, American baseball player, manager July 19 Hanako, Princess Hitachi Vikki Carr, American singer Anzor Kavazashvili, Soviet football goalkeeper July 22 Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma Alex Trebek, Canadian game show host (Jeopardy!) (d. 2020) July 23 – Don Imus, American radio personality, television show host and author (d. 2019) July 24 Stanley Hauerwas, American theologian Dan Hedaya, American actor July 26 Dobie Gray, African-American singer-songwriter (Drift Away) (d. 2011) Mary Jo Kopechne, American aide to Ted Kennedy (d. 1969) July 27 Gary Kurtz, American filmmaker (d. 2018) Pina Bausch, German choreographer (d. 2009) Bharati Mukherjee, Indian-born novelist (d. 2017) July 29 – Bernard Lafayette, African-American civil rights activist July 30 Alice Azure, American poet and writer Clive Sinclair, English inventor (d. 2021) July 31 – Roy Walker, Northern Irish comedian August August 1 – Ram Loevy, Israeli screenwriter, director August 3 – Martin Sheen, American actor, father of Charlie Sheen August 7 Jean-Luc Dehaene, Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014) Thomas Barlow, American politician (d. 2017) August 8 – Dilip Sardesai, Indian cricketer (d. 2007) August 10 – Bobby Hatfield, American singer (The Righteous Brothers) (d. 2003) August 12 – Tony Allen, Nigerian Afrobeat drummer (d. 2020) August 13 Dirk Sager, German journalist (d. 2014) Tony Cloninger, American baseball player (d. 2018) August 14 Galen Hall, American football coach Max Schautzer, Austrian-born German radio, television presenter August 17 – Joseph Pairin Kitingan, Malaysian politician and former Chief Minister Of Sabah August 19 Johnny Nash, American singer-songwriter (d. 2020) Jill St. John, American actress August 20 Musa Geshaev, Chechen poet, historian (d. 2014) Rubén Hinojosa, American politician Rajendra K. Pachauri, Indian scientist (d. 2020) John Waller, English historical European martial arts (HEMA) revival pioneer and fight director (d. 2018) August 23 Tom Baker, American actor (d. 1982) Maria Teresa Fontela Goulart, First Lady of Brazil Thomas A. Steitz, American biochemist (d. 2018) August 25 – José van Dam, Belgian bass-baritone August 26 Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (d. 2008) Michel Micombero, 1st President of Burundi (d. 1983) August 27 Fernest Arceneaux, American musician (d. 2008) Sonny Sharrock, American jazz musician (d. 1994) August 28 – Joseph Shabalala, South African choral director (Ladysmith Black Mambazo) (d. 2020) August 29 – Wim Ruska, Dutch wrestler, martial artist (d. 2015) August 31 Wilton Felder, American saxophonist, bassist (d. 2015) Jack Thompson, Australian actor September September 1 – Yaşar Büyükanıt, Turkish military officer (d. 2019) September 3 Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan writer (d. 2015) Joseph Warioba, 5th Prime Minister of Tanzania September 5 – Raquel Welch, American actress September 6 Elwyn Berlekamp, American mathematician (d. 2019) Jackie Trent, English singer-songwriter, actress (d. 2015) September 7 Dario Argento, Italian filmmaker Abdurrahman Wahid, 4th President of Indonesia (d. 2009) September 10 Roy Ayers, African-American musician, songwriter David Mann, American artist (d. 2004) September 11 Brian De Palma, American film director Ajit Singh, Indian-born economist (d. 2015) September 12 Joachim Frank, German-born biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate Linda Gray, American model, actress (Dallas) Skip Hinnant, American actor Mickey Lolich, American baseball player September 13 – Óscar Arias, Costa Rican politician, twice President of Costa Rica, Nobel Peace Prize laureate September 14 Larry Brown, American basketball player, coach Barbara Greenwood, Canadian educator and children's author Ventseslav Konstantinov, Bulgarian writer, translator (d. 2019) September 18 – Frankie Avalon, American singer and actor September 20 – Tarō Asō, 59th Prime Minister of Japan September 22 – Anna Karina, Danish-French actress (d. 2019) September 23 Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, Iranian traditional singer (d. 2020) Michel Temer, Brazilian politician, President of Brazil between 2016 and 2018. September 24 – Michiko Suganuma, Urushi Japanese lacquer artist October October 1 Chris Pattikawa, Indonesian film director and producer (d. 2020) Jean-Luc Bideau, Swiss actor October 3 – Alan O'Day, American singer, songwriter (d. 2013) Mike Troy, American swimmer (d. 2019) October 4 – Ian Kiernan, Australian yachtsman (d. 2018) October 5 – Milena Dravić, Serbian actress (d. 2018) October 9 – John Lennon, English musician, singer (The Beatles) (d. 1980) October 11 – David McFadden, Canadian poet, fiction writer, and travel writer (d. 2018) October 13 – Pharoah Sanders, American saxophonist October 14 – Cliff Richard, British pop musician, actor and philanthropist October 15 – Peter C. Doherty, Australian immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine October 16 Barry Corbin, American actor Dave DeBusschere, American basketball player and coach, baseball player (d.2003) October 17 – Peter Stringfellow, English businessman, nightclub owner (d. 2018) October 18 – Győző Kulcsár, Hungarian fencer (d. 2018) October 19 – Sir Michael Gambon, British-Irish actor October 20 – Robert Pinsky, American poet, essayist, literary critic, and translator United States Poet Laureate October 21 Geoffrey Boycott, English cricketer Manfred Mann, South African rock musician Marita Petersen, 8th Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. 2001) October 23 – Pelé, Brazilian footballer October 24 – Yossi Sarid, Israeli politician (d. 2015) October 25 Bob Knight, American basketball player and coach Apolo Nsibambi, Ugandan politician, 8th Prime Minister of Uganda (d. 2019) October 27 – John Gotti, American gangster (d. 2002) October 28 – Jack Shepherd, English actor October 29 Frida Boccara, French singer (d. 1996) Princess Lalla Nuzha, princess of Morocco (d. 1977) October 30 – Hidetoshi Nagasawa, Japanese sculptor, architect (d. 2018) November November 5 – Jaime Roldós Aguilera, 33rd President of Ecuador (1979-1981) (d. 1981) November 12 – Donald Wuerl, American archbishop November 15 Wolf Biermann, German singer, songwriter and East German dissident Roberto Cavalli, Italian designer Sam Waterston, American actor November 17 – Luke Kelly, Irish ballad singer (d. 1984) November 18 – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (d. 2020) November 20 – Helma Sanders-Brahms, German film director (d. 2014) November 21 – Richard Marcinko, U.S. Navy SEAL team member, author November 22 Alberto Fouilloux, Chilean footballer (d. 2018) Terry Gilliam, American-born British screenwriter, director and animator (Monty Python's Flying Circus) Andrzej Żuławski, Polish film director, writer (d. 2016) November 25 – Joe Gibbs, American football coach November 27 – Bruce Lee, Chinese-American martial artist, actor (d. 1973) November 29 – Chuck Mangione, American flugelhorn player December December 1 Richard Pryor, American stand-up comedian, actor and writer (d. 2005) Mário da Graça Machungo, 1st Prime Minister of Mozambique (d. 2020) December 4 – Gary Gilmore, American murderer (d. 1977) December 5 – Peter Pohl, Swedish writer December 11 David Gates, American singer-songwriter (Bread) Donna Mills, American actress December 12 Sharad Pawar, Indian politician Dionne Warwick, African-American singer and actress December 19 – Phil Ochs, American protest singer (d. 1976) December 21 – Frank Zappa, American musician, composer, and satirist (d. 1993) December 23 Mamnoon Hussain, 12th President of Pakistan (d. 2021) Jorma Kaukonen, American musician (Jefferson Airplane) December 24 Janet Carroll, American actress, singer (d. 2012) Anthony S. Fauci, American immunologist Jan Stráský, 20th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (d. 2019) December 25 – Alija Behmen, Bosnian politician (d. 2018) December 26 – Edward C. Prescott, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate December 29 Fred Hansen, American Olympic athlete Brigitte Kronauer, German novelist (d. 2019) Deaths January January 1 – Fusajiro Yamauchi, Japanese business executive (b. 1859) January 4 – Flora Finch, English-born actress, comedian (b. 1867) January 9 – Alex Bennett, Scottish footballer (b. 1881) January 15 – Kallirhoe Parren, founder of the Greek women's movement (b. 1861) January 18 – Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Polish poet, writer (b. 1865) January 20 – Omar Bundy, U.S. Army General (b. 1861) January 27 – Isaac Babel, Ukrainian writer (executed) (b. 1894) February February – Zheng Pingru, Chinese spy (executed) (b. 1918) February 1 – Philip Francis Nowlan, American science fiction writer, creator of Buck Rogers (b. 1888) February 2 Carl Grünberg, German philosopher (b. 1861) Mikhail Koltsov, Soviet journalist (executed) (b. 1898) Vsevolod Meyerhold, Russian theatre practitioner (b. 1874) February 4 Samuel M. Vauclain, American engineer (b. 1856) Nikolai Yezhov, Soviet politician and police chief, Great Purge Perpetrator (b. 1895) February 9 – William Dodd, American historian, diplomat (b. 1869) February 11 John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, Scottish-born novelist, Governor General of Canada (b. 1875) Gunnar Höckert, Finnish Olympic athlete (b. 1910) February 16 – Louis Dartige du Fournet, French admiral (b. 1856) February 26 – Michael Hainisch, 2nd President of Austria (b. 1858) February 27 – Peter Behrens, German architect, designer (b. 1868) February 29 E. F. Benson, English writer (b. 1867) Josef Swickard, German actor (b. 1866) March March 1 – A. H. Tammsaare, Estonian writer (b. 1878) March 5 Maxine Elliott, American actress (b. 1868) Cai Yuanpei, Chinese educator, philosopher, politician and Esperantist and the president of Peking University (b. 1868) March 10 – Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer (b. 1891) March 11 – John Monk Saunders, American writer (b. 1897) March 16 Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858) Samuel Untermyer, American lawyer (b. 1858) March 18 – Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston, British army general (b. 1864) March 20 – Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist and eugenicist (b. 1860) March 23 – Dimitar Stanchov, 15th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1863) March 24 – Thomas Adams, British urban planner (b. 1871) March 26 – Spyridon Louis, Greek Olympic athlete (b. 1873) March 27 Madeleine Astor, American survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic (b. 1893) Michael Joseph Savage, 23rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1872) March 30 – Sir George Egerton, British admiral (b. 1852) March 31 – Tinsley Lindley, English footballer (b. 1865) April April 1 – J. A. Hobson, English economist (b. 1858) April 5 Robert Maillart, Swiss civil engineer (b. 1872) Song Zheyuan, Chinese general of the Northwestern Army (b. 1885) April 7 – William Faversham, English actor (b. 1868) April 8 – Joaquin Mir Trinxet, Spanish artist (b. 1873) April 9 Mrs. Patrick Campbell, English theatre actress, producer (b. 1865) Henryk Minkiewicz, Polish general and politician (executed) (b. 1880) April 10 – Bernard Warburton-Lee, British naval officer, Victoria Cross recipient (killed in action) (b. 1895) April 18 – Florrie Forde, Australian-born music hall singer (b. 1875) April 21 – George Barnes, British Labour politician (b. 1859) April 26 – Carl Bosch, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874) April 28 – Luisa Tetrazzini, Italian opera singer (b. 1871) April 30 – Henryk Dobrzański, Polish soldier, sportsman, and resistance fighter (b. 1897) May May 7 – George Lansbury, British Labour politician (b. 1859) May 11 – Chujiro Hayashi, Japanese Reiki Master (b. 1880) May 14 – Emma Goldman, Lithuanian-born anarchist (b. 1869) May | sails from Greenock (Scotland) in convoy for Halifax, Nova Scotia (arriving July 1), carrying a large part of the gold reserves of the United Kingdom and securities for safe keeping in Canada. United States politics: The Republican Party begins its national convention in Philadelphia, and nominates Wendell Willkie as its candidate for president. June 25 – WWII: After the defeat of France, Hitler plans for an invasion of Switzerland, known as Operation Tannenbaum. June 26 – Soviet calendar: The Soviet Union reverts to a seven-day week for all purposes. June 28 General Charles de Gaulle is officially recognized by Britain as the "Leader of all Free Frenchmen, wherever they may be." Romania cedes Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, after an ultimatum. June 30 WWII: German forces land in Guernsey, marking the start of the 5-year Occupation of the Channel Islands. Federal government of the United States reorganisation: The Civil Aeronautics Administration is placed under the Department of Commerce. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is placed under the Federal Security Agency. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is placed under the Department of the Interior. July July 1 – The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge opens for business, built with an girder and above the water, as the third-longest suspension bridge in the world. July 2 – WWII: British-owned , carrying civilian internees and POWs of Italian and German origin from Liverpool to Canada, is torpedoed and sunk by off northwest Ireland, with the loss of around 865 lives. July 3 – WWII: Attack on Mers-el-Kébir: British naval units sink or seize ships of the French fleet anchored in the Algerian ports of Mers-el-Kebir and Oran, to prevent them from falling into German hands. The following day, Vichy France breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain. July 5 – WWII: Operation Fish – A British convoy including HMS Batory sails from Greenock (Scotland) for Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying gold bar and other valuables worth $1.7 billion for safe keeping in Canada, the largest movement of wealth in history. July 6 Story Bridge opens in Brisbane. WWII: British submarine is sunk. July 10 – WWII: The Battle of Britain begins. July 11 WWII: British destroyer is torpedoed and sunk by an Italian submarine. WWII: Vichy France begins with a constitutional law which only 80 members of the parliament vote against. Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France. July 14 – WWII: Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, proclaims the intention of Great Britain to fight alone against Germany whatever the outcome: "We shall seek no terms. We shall tolerate no parley. We may show mercy. We shall ask none." July 15 – U.S. politics: The Democratic Party begins its national convention in Chicago, and nominates Franklin D. Roosevelt for an unprecedented third term as president. July 19 WWII: Battle of Cape Spada: and five destroyers sink the Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni. WWII: Adolf Hitler makes a peace appeal to Britain, in an address to the Reichstag. BBC German-language broadcaster Sefton Delmer unofficially rejects it at once and Lord Halifax, the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast reply on July 22. July 20–August 4 – Scheduled dates for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, cancelled in November 1939 due to WWII (originally allocated to Tokyo, Japan). July 21 After rigged parliamentary elections in the three occupied countries on July 14–15, the parliaments proclaim the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics. The Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter aircraft enters service, so named as 1940 roughly corresponds to the year 2600 on the Japanese Imperial calendar. July 23 – Welles Declaration: United States Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles announces that the U.S. will not accord diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union's occupation of the Baltic states. July 25 – General Henri Guisan addresses the officer corps of the Swiss army at Rütli, resolving to resist any invasion of the country. July 27 Eleven British nationals, including Melville James Cox, are arrested on suspicion of spying for military intelligence by the secret police in Japan. Cox commits suicide in Tokyo on July 29, according to a report by the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Bugs Bunny makes his debut in the Oscar-nominated cartoon short, A Wild Hare. However, it is not until 1941 that his name is adopted. August August 1 – WWII: British submarine is sunk in the English Channel, by what is much later discovered to be a mine. August 3 – The Lithuanian SSR is annexed into the Soviet Union, followed by the Latvian SSR on August 5 and the Estonian SSR August 6, just seven weeks after their occupation. Ethnic Germans will be deported to Germany. August 3–19 – WWII: The Italian conquest of British Somaliland is completed. August 4 – Gen. John J. Pershing, in a nationwide radio broadcast, urges all-out aid to Britain in order to defend the Americas, while Charles Lindbergh speaks to an isolationist rally at Soldier Field in Chicago. August 8 – WWII: German general Wilhelm Keitel signs the "Aufbau Ost" directive, which eventually leads to the invasion of the Soviet Union. August 10 – WWII: British armed merchant cruiser is torpedoed off Malin Head, Ireland, by German submarine U-56. August 13 – WWII: The Adlertag ("Eagle Day") strike on southern England occurs, starting the rapid escalation of the Battle of Britain air offensive of the Luftwaffe against RAF Fighter Command. August 15 – Italy, without having declared war on Greece, sinks the Greek boat Elli (Έλλη). August 18 WWII: "The Hardest Day" in the Battle of Britain: Both sides lose more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point during the campaign, without the Luftwaffe achieving dominance over RAF Fighter Command. The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, is installed as Governor of the Bahamas. August 20 WWII: Winston Churchill pays tribute in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom to the Royal Air Force: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." Leon Trotsky is attacked with an ice axe in his Mexico home by NKVD agent Ramón Mercader. August 24 – Howard Florey, and a team including Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley, at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, publish their laboratory results showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin. They have also purified the drug. August 25 – WWII: The first Bombing of Berlin is carried out, by the British Royal Air Force. August 26 – WWII: Chad is the first French colony to proclaim its support for the Allies. August 30 – Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of Transylvania to Hungary. August 31 WWII: Texel Disaster: Two British Royal Navy destroyers are sunk by running into a minefield off the coast of the occupied Netherlands with the loss of around 400 men, 300 of them dead. Film stars Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh are married at the San Ysidro Ranch in California. September September – The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division (previously a National Guard Division in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma), is activated and ordered into federal service for one year, to engage in a training program in Ft. Sill and Louisiana, prior to serving in WWII. September 2 – WWII: The Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and Great Britain is announced, to the effect that 50 U.S. destroyers needed for escort work will be transferred to Great Britain. In return, the United States gains 99-year leases on British bases in the North Atlantic, West Indies and Bermuda. September 4 – WWII: Adolf Hitler's Winterhilfe speech at the Berlin Sportpalast declares that Nazi Germany will make retaliatory night air raids on British cities and threatens invasion. September 5 – WWII: Commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Komet enters the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait, after crossing the Arctic Ocean from the North Sea, with the help of Soviet icebreakers Lenin, Stalin, and Kaganovich. September 6 – King Carol II of Romania abdicates and is succeeded by his son Michael. September 7 The President of Paraguay, José Félix Estigarribia, dies in a plane crash. Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. WWII: The Blitz – Nazi Germany begins to rain bombs on London (the first of 57 consecutive nights of strategic bombing). September 9–16 – WWII: The Italian invasion of Egypt commences from Libya, progressing only as far as Sidi Barrani. September 9 Treznea massacre: The Hungarian Army, supported by local Hungarians, kill 93 Romanian civilians in Treznea, Sălaj, a village in Northern Transylvania, as part of attempts at ethnic cleansing. George Stibitz first demonstrates the remote operation of a computer, in the United States. September 12 In Lascaux, France, 17,000-year-old cave paintings are discovered by a group of young Frenchmen hiking through Southern France. The paintings depict animals, and date to the Stone Age. The Hercules Munitions Plant in Succasunna-Kenvil, New Jersey explodes, killing 55 people. September 14 – Ip massacre: The Hungarian Army, supported by local Hungarians, kill 158 Romanian civilians in Ip, Sălaj, a village in Northern Transylvania, as part of attempts at ethnic cleansing. September 16 – WWII: The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 is signed into law by Franklin D. Roosevelt, creating the first peacetime draft in U.S. history. September 17 – WWII: Hitler postpones Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe), the planned German invasion of Britain, indefinitely. British planes from HMS Illustrious, backed by battleship HMS Valiant, attack the port of Benghazi in Libya. Four Italian ships are sunk in the harbour. September 17–18 – is torpedoed by in the Atlantic, with the loss of 248 of the 406 on board, including child evacuees bound for Canada. This results in cancellation of the British Children's Overseas Reception Board's plan to relocate children overseas. September 20–22 – Convoy HX 72, a North Atlantic convoy of 43 ships, is attacked by a German U-boat group (wolfpack), eleven ships of 73 tons are sunk, seven during the second night of the attack by the U-100 under the command of Joachim Schepke. September 21 – 1940 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' UAP/Country Coalition Government is re-elected as a minority government, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by John Curtin. It is the last federal election to result in a minority government until 2010. September 22 – Japan enters French Indochina: An agreement is signed in which Japan promises to station 6,000 troops there, and limit the total number of troops that could be in the colony at any given time to 25,000. Rights are also given for three airfields. September 23–25 – Battle of Dakar – Naval forces of Free France and Britain fail to take the port of Dakar in French West Africa from Vichy France. September 25 – Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany: German Reichskommissar Josef Terboven appoints a provisional council of state from the pro-Nazi Nasjonal Samling party, under Vidkun Quisling, as a puppet government for Norway. September 26 – A group of Japanese officers, in violation of an agreement, signed 4 days earlier with French Indochina, take Đồng Đăng and Lam Sơn, with 40 Franco-Vietnamese troops killed and around 1,000 deserting. The same day the United States imposes a total embargo on all scrap metal shipments to Japan. September 27 – WWII: Germany, Italy and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact. September 30 (night to October 1) – Arsonists from the Hitler Youth destroy the Great Synagogue of Strasbourg. October October 1 – The first section of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the United States' first long-distance controlled-access highway, is opened. October 11 – Portuguese-born performer Carmen Miranda makes her American film debut in Down Argentine Way, one of the first films produced to promote the Good Neighbor policy. October 14 – The Balham tube station disaster in London, England, occurs during the Nazi Luftwaffe air raids on Great Britain. October 15 – Charlie Chaplin releases his controversial wartime satire The Great Dictator, nine months after The Three Stooges' You Nazty Spy!. October 16 The draft registration of approximately 16 million men begins in the United States. Nazi Governor-General Hans Frank establishes the Warsaw Ghetto. October 18–19 – WWII: Thirty-two ships are sunk from Convoy SC 7 and Convoy HX 79 by the most effective "wolfpack" of the war, including Otto Kretschmer, Günther Prien and Joachim Schepke. October 26–28 – WWII: , serving as a troopship under the British flag, is bombed, torpedoed and sunk off the Donegal coast, with the loss of 45 lives. At 42,348 GRT, she is the war's largest merchant ship loss. October 28 – WWII: Italian troops invade Greece, meeting strong resistance from Greek troops and civilians. This action signals the beginning of the Balkan Campaign. October 29 – The Selective Service System lottery is held in Washington, D.C.. November November – In Cambodia, the Khmer Issarak is formed to overthrow the French Army within the nation. November 2–8 – WWII: (Greco-Italian War): Battle of Elaia–Kalamas in Epirus: Outnumbered Greek forces repel the Italian Army. November 2 – German submarine U-69 is commissioned, the first Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, which will become its most numerous class, with 568 commissioned during the War. November 5 1940 United States presidential election: Democrat incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt decisively defeats Republican challenger Wendell Willkie, and becomes the United States' first and only third-term president. WWII: Allied Convoy HX 84 is attacked by German cruiser Admiral Scheer in the North Atlantic; the sacrifice of escorting British armed merchant cruiser under Capt. Edward Fegen and enables a majority of the ships (including tanker ) to escape. November 6 – Agatha Christie's mystery novel And Then There Were None is published in book form, in the United States. November 7 – In Tacoma, Washington, the -long center span of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge (known as Galloping Gertie) collapses. November 8 – WWII: is sunk by a naval mine off Cape Otway, Australia (the first United States Merchant Marine loss of the war). November 9 – Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez premieres in Barcelona, Spain. November 10 – 1940 Vrancea earthquake: An earthquake in Romania kills 1,000. November 11 WWII: The British Royal Navy launches the first aircraft carrier strike in history, on the Italian battleship fleet anchored at Taranto Naval Base. WWII: captures top secret British mail intended for the British Far East Command from the , and sends it to Japan. Armistice Day Blizzard: An unexpected blizzard kills 144 in the Midwestern United States. November 13 – The Walt Disney animated film Fantasia, the first commercial film shown in stereophonic sound, has its world premiere at the Broadway Theatre in New York City. It is the first box office failure for Disney, though it recoups its cost years later and becomes one of the most highly regarded of Disney's films. November 14 – WWII: Coventry Blitz: The city centre of Coventry, England is destroyed by 500 Luftwaffe bombers; 150,000 fire bombs, 503 tons of high explosives, and 130 parachute mines level 60,000 of the city's 75,000 buildings; 568 people are killed. The city's cathedral is gutted. November 15 – Abbott and Costello make their film debut, in One Night in the Tropics. November 16 WWII: In response to Germany levelling Coventry 2 days before, the Royal Air Force begins to bomb Hamburg (by war's end, 50,000 Hamburg residents will have died from Allied attacks). An unexploded pipe bomb is found in the Consolidated Edison office building (only years later is the culprit, George Metesky, apprehended). The Jamaica Association of Local Government Officers is founded. November 17 – The Tartu Art Museum is established in Tartu, Estonia. November 18 – WWII: German leader Adolf Hitler and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano meet to discuss Benito Mussolini's disastrous invasion of Greece. November 20 – WWII: Hungary, Romania and Slovakia join the Axis powers. November 25 Patria disaster: As British authorities attempt to deport Jewish refugees (originating from German-occupied Europe) from Mandatory Palestine to Mauritius, aboard the requisitioned emigrant liner at Haifa, the Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah sinks the ship with a bomb, killing around 250 refugees and crew. The de Havilland Mosquito and Martin B-26 Marauder military aircraft both make their first flights. Woody Woodpecker makes his debut in the animated short, Knock Knock. It is not until 1941 that his current name is adopted. November 26–27 – Jilava Massacre: In Romania, coup leader General Ion Antonescu's Iron Guard arrests and executes over 60 of exiled King Carol II of Romania's aides, starting at a penitentiary near Bucharest. Among the dead is former minister and acclaimed historian Nicolae Iorga. November 27 – WWII: Battle of Cape Spartivento: The British Royal Navy and Italian Regia Marina battle to a draw. December December – Timely Comics' Captain America Comics #1 (cover dated March 1941), first appearance of Captain America and Bucky, hits newsstands in the United States. December 1 – Manuel Ávila Camacho takes office, as President of Mexico. December 6 – British submarine is sunk near Taranto. December 8 – The Chicago Bears, in what will become the most one-sided victory in National Football League history, defeat the Washington Redskins 73–0 in the 1940 NFL Championship Game. December 9 – WWII: Operation Compass – British forces in North Africa begin their first major offensive, with an attack on Italian forces at Sidi Barrani, Egypt. December 12 and December 15 – WWII: Sheffield Blitz ("Operation Crucible"): The Yorkshire city of Sheffield is badly damaged by German air-raids. December 14 WWII British destroyers and sink an Italian submarine off Bardia. Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish based on Malta bomb Tripoli. Plutonium is first synthesized in the laboratory, by a team led by Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin McMillan, at the University of California, Berkeley. December 16 – WWII: Operation Abigail Rachel: The RAF bombs Mannheim. December 17 – President Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, first sets forth the outline of his plan to send aid to Great Britain, which will become known as Lend-Lease. December 23 – WWII: Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the people of Italy, blames Benito Mussolini for leading his nation to war against the British, contrary to Italy's historic friendship with them: "One man has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome upon the side of the ferocious pagan barbarians." December 24 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual non-violence leader, writes his second letter to Adolf Hitler, addressing him as "My friend", and requesting him to stop the war Germany had begun. December 25 – The German cruiser Admiral Hipper attacks a British shipping convoy (WS 5A) en route to Sierra Leone 700 miles (1,100 km) west of Cape Finisterre in Spain. Admiral Hipper sinks one ship but has to withdraw with engine trouble. December 27 – The German auxiliary cruiser Komet shells and heavily damages the phosphate production facilities |
Palace of Westminster. March 3 – Emperor Aurangzeb dies in Ahmednagar, Aurangabad. March 19 – The Act of Union with Scotland is ratified by the Parliament of England; the Parliament of Scotland is adjourned for the last time on . April–June April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile. May 1 – The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland are united as the Kingdom of Great Britain. May 8 – The siege of Játiva within the Spanish kingdom of Valencia begins as 9,000 Castilian and French troops, at the direction of King Philip V attack Játiva, defended by troops of the Kingdom of Aragon. Játiva (now Xàtiva) falls on June 6. May 12 (May 1 Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being, as a result of the Acts of Union, which combine the Kingdoms of Scotland and England into a single united Kingdom of Great Britain, and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland, to form the Parliament of Great Britain. May 23 – The volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins. June 4 – On the island now occupied by Sri Lanka, Narendra Sinha becomes the monarch of most of the area as the new Kandyan king, succeeding to the throne upon the death of his father, King Vimaladharmasuriya II. Narendra Sinha reigns for almost 32 years until his death on May 13, 1739. June 6 – The soldiers and officers defending the Aragonese city of Játiva are massacred after a larger force of Castilian troops breaks through the walls at the end of a 30-day siege. The rest of the town's residents are deported, and most of the dwellings are burned, with the area being renamed "San Felipe". June 8 – Less than three months after proclaiming himself to be the new Emperor of India, Muhammad Azam Shah and his three sons are killed in a battle by his troops led by his half-brother Muhammad Mu'azzam June 13 – On Francis II Rákóczi's recommendation, and with Count Miklos Bercsényi's support, a meeting of the Hungarian independence activists, held at the village of Ónod declares the deposing of the House of Habsburg (and Joseph I, King of Hungary from the Hungarian throne. June 19 – The coronation of Muhammad Mu'azzam as the new Emperor of India, Bahadur Shah I, takes place in Delhi June 28 – Yeshe Gyatso is installed as the new Dalai Lama by his father, Lha-bzang Khan, who has recently deposed the 6th Dalai Lama. Though the justification is that the 21-year-old Yeshe was the true reincarnation of the 5th Dalai Lama, Yeshe receives no recognition from Buddhists in Tibet or Mongolia and the 7th Dalai Lama is installed in 1710. July– September July 29–August 21 – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Toulon: The Allies are obliged to withdraw, but the French fleet is effectively put out of action. August 27 – Charles XII of Sweden launches his campaign to conquer Russia, marching to the east from Altranstädt with 60,000 coalition troops. Another 16,000 soldiers are waiting on the outskirts of Riga, guarding the Swedish supply lines. September 14 – Vincenzo Durazzo is elected to a 2-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa (including the island of Corsica), succeeding the outgoing Doge, Domenico Maria De Mari. September 18 — October 4 – War of the Spanish Succession: The siege of the fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo, led by troops under the command of Alexandre Maître, begins and lasts for 16 days. On the final day, General Maitre begins the attack that takes the fortress within 45 minutes. September 30 – War of the Spanish Succession: the conquest by Austrian troops, of the Italian peninsula city state of Gaeta, is accomplished after a three-month siege led by General | period (d. 1789) January 13 – John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork, Irish writer (d. 1762) January 17 – Prospero Colonna di Sciarra, Italian cardinal of the family of the dukes of Carbognano (d. 1765) January 22 – Carl Höckh, German violinist and composer (d. 1773) January 26 – Abbé François Blanchet, French littérateur (d. 1784) February 1 – Frederick, Prince of Wales (d. 1751) February 13 Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, French novelist (d. 1777) Johann William, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau, member of the German House of Erbach who held the fiefs of Fürstenau (d. 1742) February 25 – Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright (d. 1793) February 26 – Mariano Arciero, Italian Roman Catholic priest (d. 1788) February 27 – Joseph Johann Kauffmann, Austrian painter known for his portraits, church decorations and castle depictions (d. 1782) February 28 – Johann Christian Senckenberg, German physician (d. 1772) March 1 Pierre-Antoine de La Place, French writer and playwright (d. 1793) Jedidiah Preble, Captain of Infantry in Samuel Waldo's Regiment (d. 1784) March 2 Louis-Michel van Loo, French painter (d. 1771) Guillaume Barthez de Marmorières, French civil engineer (d. 1799) March 3 – Johan Ihre, Swedish philologist and historical linguist (d. 1780) March 7 – Stephen Hopkins, governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (d. 1785) March 8 William Irby, 1st Baron Boston, British peer and Member of Parliament (d. 1775) Mary Jones, English poet (d. 1778) March 20 – Hugh Boscawen, 2nd Viscount Falmouth (d. 1782) March 23 Stephen van Rensselaer I, second son of Kiliaen van Rensselaer and Maria van Cortlandt (d. 1747) Henry Scudamore, 3rd Duke of Beaufort (d. 1745) April–June April 4 – Hans Karl von Winterfeldt, Prussian general (d. 1757) April 6 – Abraham de Haen, Dutch draughtsman, engraver, painter and poet (d. 1748) April 10 Michel Corrette, French composer (d. 1795) John Pringle, Scottish physician (d. 1782) Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet (d. 1782) April 13 – Sir Henry Cavendish, 1st Baronet, British politician who held several appointments in the Kingdom of Ireland (d. 1776) April 15 Stefano Evodio Assemani, Ottoman-born orientalist, translator, working in the Vatican library (d. 1782) Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1783) Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain (d. 1778) April 20 – Robert Foulis, Scottish printer and publisher (d. 1776) April 22 – Henry Fielding, English novelist and dramatist known for his earthy humour and satire (d. 1754) April 25 – Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, French prince (d. 1723) April 26 – Johannes Burman, Dutch botanist and physician (d. 1780) April 28 – Olivier de Vézin, Canadian ironmaster and chief surveyor of Louisiana (d. 1776) May 1 – Herbert Windsor, 2nd Viscount Windsor (d. 1758) May 2 – Jean-Baptiste Barrière, French cellist and composer (d. 1747) May 12 – Francisco Salzillo, Spanish sculptor (d. 1781) May 14 – António Teixeira, Portuguese composer (d. 1774) May 19 – Robert Hamilton, moderator (d. 1787) May 23 – Carl Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (d. 1778) May 31 – Pietro De Martino, Italian mathematician and astronomer (d. 1746) June 4 Benito Fernández de Santa Ana, Franciscan friar, president of the Texas missions of the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro from 1734 to 1750 (d. 1761) Henning Alexander von Kleist, Prussian Lieutenant-General and Chief of Fusiliers (d. 1784) June 15 – Johannes Grubenmann, member of the Swiss family Grubenmann who were famous as carpenters and civil engineers (d. 1771) June 18 – Pietro Correr, Italian politician and diplomat (d. 1768) June 20 – Louis de Cardevac, marquis d'Havrincourt (d. 1767) July–September July 7 – Henry Cunningam, Irish Anglican priest (d. 1777) July 8 – Jacques-Philippe Le Bas, French engraver (d. 1783) July 10 – Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Little Preston, English landowner and curate (d. 1788) July 17 – Johann Joseph von Trautson, Roman Catholic clergyman (d. 1757) July 23 – Edward Bentham, Oxford based theologian who in 1763 (d. 1776) August 4 – Johann August Ernesti, German Rationalist theologian and philologist (d. 1781) August 5 – Pierre Adamoli, French collector (d. 1769) August 7 – Carl Günther Ludovici, German philosopher, lexicographer and economist (d. 1778) August 20 – Jacques Roettiers, engraver in England and France (d. 1784) August 24 – Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, English Methodist leader (d. 1791) August 25 – King Louis I of Spain (d. 1724) August 27 – Zanetta Farussi, Italian comedic actress (d. 1776) August 30 – Johannes Browallius, Finnish and Swedish Lutheran theologian, physicist, botanist, friend of Carl Linnaeus (d. 1755) September – Nathan Alcock, English physician (d. 1779) September 1 – John Salusbury, Welsh nobleman (d. 1762) September 2 – Gian Benedetto Mittarelli, Italian monk and monastic historian (d. 1777) September 3 – Johann Peter Süssmilch, German Protestant pastor (d. 1767) September 5 – John Forbes, British general (d. 1759) September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French scientist (d. 1788) September 22 – John Rattray, Edinburgh surgeon who served as surgeon to Prince Charles Edward Stuart (d. 1771) September 29 – Antoine Clériadus de Choiseul-Beaupré (d. 1774) September 30 Pietro Rotari, Italian painter (d. 1762) Richard Trevor, bishop (d. 1771) October–December October 4 – Francesco Fontebasso, Italian painter of the late-Baroque or Rococo period of Venice (d. 1769) October 6 – Thomas Falkner, English Jesuit missionary (d. 1784) October 20 – Thomas Church, British priest and controversialist (d. 1756) October 30 – Jeanne Thérèse du Han, Lorraine nobility (d. 1748) November 7 – Dieterich Bernhard Ludewig, German organist (d. 1740) November 9 – Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin, French courtier, freemason and great-grandson of Madame de Montespan (d. 1743) November 12 Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz from 1763 to 1774 and Prince-Bishop of Worms from 1768 to 1774 (d. 1774) Joseph du Pont Duvivier, Acadian-born military leader of the French (d. 1760) November 15 – Prince Adarnase of Kartli, Georgian prince royal (d. 1784) November 23 – Anna Karolina Orzelska, adventuress and Polish szlachcianka (noblewoman) (d. 1769) November 28 – Giammaria Mazzucchelli, Italian writer, bibliographer and historian (d. 1765) December 2 Karl Christoph von der Goltz, lieutenant general in the Prussian army during the reign of Frederick the Great (d. 1761) Johann Julius Hecker, German educator who established the first Realschule and Prussia's first teacher-education institution (d. 1768) December 4 – Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine, granddaughter of Louis XIV of France and his mistress Françoise-Athénaïs (d. 1743) December 11 – Paul von Werner, chief of the Prussian Hussar Regiment No. 6 (d. 1785) December 17 – Ernest Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (d. 1745) December 18 Walter Calverley-Blackett, British baronet and politician (d. 1777) Charles Wesley, English Methodist leader, brother of John Wesley (d. 1788) December 22 – Johann Amman, Swiss-Russian botanist (d. 1741) December 25 – Sir Joseph Hoare, 1st Baronet, Anglo-Irish politician (d. 1801) date unknown Giuseppe Bonici, Maltese architect and military engineer (d. 1779) Moshe |
marked by a shift in the political structure of | in the political structure of the Indian subcontinent, and the decline of the Mughal Empire. |
(d. 1973) April 20 – Adolf Hitler, Austrian-born dictator of Nazi Germany (d. 1945) April 21 Paul Karrer, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) Manuel Prado Ugarteche, President of Peru (d. 1967) April 23 – Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral (d. 1942) April 26 – Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian-born philosopher (d. 1951) April 28 Takeo Kurita, Japanese admiral (d. 1977) António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese dictator (d. 1970) April 30 – Fritz Pfeffer, German-Dutch housemate of Anne Frank (d. 1944) May May 3 Beulah Bondi, American actress (d. 1981) Gottfried Fuchs, German-Canadian Olympic soccer player (d. 1972) May 9 – Constantin S. Constantin, Romanian general (d. 1948) May 12 Otto Frank, German publisher, businessman, father of Anne Frank (d. 1980) Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Mexican professional baseball player, general and substitute President of Mexico, 1932-1934 (d. 1967) Ouyang Yuqian, Chinese playwright, director and Peking opera performer (d. 1962) May 18 – Thomas Midgley, Jr., American chemist, inventor (d. 1944) May 21 – Bernard Rawlings, British admiral (d. 1962) May 23 – Carlo Braga, Filipino Roman Catholic priest, archbishop and servant of God (d. 1971) May 25 Günther Lütjens, German admiral (d. 1941) Igor Sikorsky, Russian developer of the helicopter (d. 1972) May 31 – Charles Gordon Bell, British pilot (d. 1918) June June 2 Margaret Theadora Allan , Australian community worker and organizing secretary for the Traveller' Aid Society of New South Wales (d. 1968) Martha Wentworth, American actress (d. 1974) June 4 Henry F. Phillips, American businessman, inventor (d. 1958) Beno Gutenberg, German-American seismologist (d. 1960) June 10 – Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor, film director (d. 1973) June 13 Amadeo Bordiga, Italian Marxist theorist, politician (d. 1970) Adolphe Pégoud, French acrobatic pilot, World War I fighter ace (d. 1915) June 21 – Ralph Craig, American athlete (d. 1972) June 23 – Anna Akhmatova, Russian poet (d. 1966) June 25 – John Morton-Finney, American civil rights activist, lawyer and educator (d. 1998) June 27 – Moroni Olsen, American actor (d. 1954) June 28 – Frank Mayo, American actor (d. 1963) July July 3 – Richard Cramer, American actor (d. 1960) July 5 – Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. 1963) July 6 – Takeo Itō, Japanese general (d. 1965) July 7 – Shiro Kawase, Japanese admiral (d. 1946) July 8 – Eugene Pallette, American actor (d. 1954) July 13 – Emma Asson, Estonian politician (d. 1965) July 14 – Ante Pavelić, Croatian fascist dictator (d. 1959) July 15 – Marjorie Rambeau, American actress (d. 1970) July 17 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American author (d. 1970) July 18 – Kōichi Kido, Japanese politician (d. 1977) July 19 – William Andrew Paton, American accountancy scholar (d. 1991) July 22 – Tony Jannus, American aviator, aircraft designer (d. 1916) July 24 – Murray Kinnell, English actor (d. 1954) July 30 – Dr. Rajeshwar Bali, Indian intellectual reformist (d. 1945) August August 5 – Conrad Aiken, American writer (d. 1973) August 6 – George Kenney, World War II United States Army Air Forces general (d. 1977) August 10 – Norman Scott, American admiral, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1942) August 11 – William Ronald Dodds Fairbairn Scottish psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and a central figure in the development of the object relations theory of psychoanalysis (d. 1942) August 15 – Marthe Richard, French prostitute, spy and politician (d. 1982) August 21 – Sir Richard O'Connor, British general in World War II (d. 1981) August 25 – Ioan Dumitrache, Romanian general (d. 1977) August 29 Joseph Egger, Austrian character actor (d. 1966) Alfredo Obviar, Filipino Roman Catholic bishop and Servant of God (d. 1978) September September 2 – George H. Plympton, American screenwriter (d. 1972) September 7 – Albert Plesman, Dutch aviation pioneer (d. 1953) September 8 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio (d. 1953) September 11 – Suzanne Duchamp, French painter (d. 1963) September 12 – Ugo Pasquale Mifsud, 3rd Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1942) September 13 – Masao Maruyama, Japanese general (d. 1957) September 14 – María Capovilla, Ecuadorian supercentenarian, the last surviving person verified as born in 1889 (d. 2006) September 18 – Doris Blackburn, Australian politician (d. 1970) September 20 – Charles Reidpath, American athlete (d. 1975) September 26 – Martin Heidegger, German philosopher (d. 1976) October October 1 – Charles Hurlbut "Dutch" Sterrett, American professional baseball player (d. 1965) October 2 – Margaret Chung, Chinese-American physician (d. 1959) October 3 – Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1938) October 8 – C. E. Woolman, American airline executive (d. 1966) October 10 Kermit Roosevelt, American explorer, author (d. 1943) Han van Meegeren, Dutch painter, art forger (d.1947) October 12 – Troy H. Middleton, American general, educator (d. 1976) October 13 Douglass Dumbrille, Canadian-born actor (d. 1974) Cedric Holland, British admiral (d. 1950) November November 1 – Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, Canadian-born peace activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1982) November 5 – Petre Cameniță, Romanian general (d. 1962) November 10 – Claude Rains, English-born American actor (d. 1967) November 12 – DeWitt Wallace, American magazine publisher (Reader's Digest) (d. 1981) November 14 Taha Hussein, Egyptian writer and intellectual (d. 1973) Jawaharlal Nehru, 1st Prime Minister of India (d. 1964) November 15 – King Manuel II of Portugal (d. 1932) November 16 – George S. Kaufman, American playwright (d. 1961) November 18 – Zoltán Tildy, President of Hungary (d. 1961) November 19 Corneliu Calotescu, Romanian general (d. 1970) Clifton Webb, American actor, dancer and singer (d. 1966) November 20 – Edwin Hubble, American astronomer (d. 1953) November 23 Harry Sunderland, Australian rugby league administrator (d. 1964) Alexander Patch, American general (d. 1945) November 25 – George McMillin, American admiral, last Naval Governor of Guam (d. 1983) November 30 Edgar Adrian, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1977) Reuvein Margolies, Austro-Hungarian-born Israeli author and Talmudic scholar (d. 1971) Shōji Nishimura, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) December December 1 – Vasily Blyukher, Soviet general, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1938) December 2 – Oei Hui-lan (Madame Wellington Koo), Chinese-Indonesian socialite and First Lady of the Republic of China (d. 1992) December 3 – Walton Walker, American general (d. 1950) December 4 – Isabel Randolph, American actress (d. 1973) December 9 Hannes Kolehmainen, Finnish Olympic athletic (d. 1966) Shigeyoshi Inoue, Japanese admiral (d. 1975) December 11 Walter Knott, American farmer, creator of Knott's Berry Farm (d. 1981) Robert Maestri, 53rd Mayor of New Orleans (d. 1974) December 18 – Juho Heiskanen, Finnish general (d. 1950) December 23 – Daniel E. Barbey, American admiral (d. 1969) December 30 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Mexican politician and president (1952-1958) who granted women the right to vote. (d. 1973) Date unknown Nezihe Muhiddin, Turkish women's rights activist, suffragette, journalist, writer and political leader (d. 1958) Reşit Süreyya Gürsey, Turkish intellectual, MD and physicist (d.1962) Nellie Yu Roung Ling, Chinese dancer, former lady-in-waiting in Qing imperial court Deaths January–June January 13 – Solomon Bundy, American politician (b. 1823) January 22 – Carlo Pellegrini, Italian caricaturist (b. 1839) January 30 Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria (suicide) (b. 1858) Baroness Mary Vetsera (suicide) (b. 1871) February 3 – Belle Starr, American outlaw (b. 1848) February 13 – João Maurício Vanderlei, Brazilian magistrate and politician (b. 1815) March 5 – Mary Louise Booth, American editor-in-chief of Harper's Bazaar (b. 1831) March 8 – John Ericsson, Swedish inventor, engineer (b. 1803) March 9 – Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (b. 1837) March 13 – Felice Varesi, French-born Italian baritone (b. 1813) March 22 – Stanley Matthews, American jurist and politician (b. 1824) March 24 – The Leatherman, possibly French-Canadian vagabond in the U.S. (b. c. 1839) April 6 – Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1797) April 7 – Youssef Bey Karam, Lebanese nationalist leader (b. 1823) April 12 – Robert Dunsmuir, Scottish-born Canadian industrialist and politician (b. 1825) April 15 – Father Damien, Belgian Roman Catholic priest, missionary to Hawaiians with leprosy and saint (b. 1840) April 21 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, Mexican jurist, 27th President of Mexico (b. 1823) April 25 – Mary Dominus, American settler of Hawaii (b. 1803) May 9 – William S. Harney, U.S. Army general (b. 1800) May 10 – Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Russian satirist (b. 1826) May 14 – Volney E. Howard, American politician (b. 1809) May 28 – Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren, American translator and anti-suffragist (b. 1825) June 8 – Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (b. 1844) June 10 – Abraham Hochmuth, Hungarian rabbi (b. 1816) June 15 – Mihai Eminescu, Romanian poet (b. 1850) June 25 – Lucy Webb Hayes, First Lady of the United States (b. 1831) July–December July 7 – Giovanni Bottesini, Italian conductor, composer and virtuoso double bass player (b. 1821) July 10 – Julia Gardiner Tyler, First Lady of the United States (b. 1820) August 2 – Eduardo Gutiérrez, Argentinian author (b. 1851) August 19 – Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, French writer (b. 1838) September 23 – Wilkie Collins, British novelist (b. 1824) September 24 – Charles Leroux, American balloonist, parachutist (b. 1856) September 29 – Louis Faidherbe, French general and colonial administrator (b. 1818) October 10 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist and composer (b. 1814) October 11 – James Prescott Joule, English physicist (b. 1818) October 17 – Rodrigo Augusto da Silva, Brazilian Senator, author of the Golden Law (b. 1833) John F. Hartranft, Union Army military officer and Medal of Honour recipient (b. 1830) October 19 – King Luís I of Portugal (b. 1838) October 25 – Émile | collapses in western Pennsylvania, killing more than 2,200 people in and around Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The Naval Defence Act dictates that the fleet strength of the British Royal Navy must be equal to that of at least any two other countries. June – Vincent van Gogh paints The Starry Night at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. June 3 – The first long distance electric power transmission line in the United States is completed, running between a generator at Willamette Falls and downtown Portland, Oregon. June 6 – The Great Seattle Fire ravages through the downtown area without any fatalities. June 12 – The Armagh rail disaster near Armagh in Ireland kills 80 people. June 19 – A Neapolitan baker named Raffaele Esposito invents the Pizza Margherita, named after the queen consort of Italy Margherita of Savoy. This is the forerunner of the modern pizza. June 26 – Bangui is founded in the French Congo. June 28 – The annular solar eclipse of June 28, 1889 is visible in Atlantic Ocean, Africa and Indian Ocean, and is the 47th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 125. June 29–30 – First Inter-Parliamentary Conference held. July–September July 8 The first issue of The Wall Street Journal is published in New York City. The last official bare-knuckle boxing title fight is held (under London Prize Ring Rules): Heavyweight Champion John L. Sullivan, the Boston Strong Boy, defeats Jake Kilrain in a world championship bout, lasting 75 rounds, in Mississippi. July 14 – International Workers Congresses of Paris open, and establish the Second International. July 15 – The Emperor of Brazil, Pedro II, survives an assassination attempt in Rio de Janeiro. July 31 – Louise, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom, marries Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife. August 3 – Mahdist War: Battle of Toski – Egyptian and British troops are victorious. August 4 – The Great Fire of Spokane, Washington destroys some 32 blocks of the city, prompting a mass rebuilding project. August 6 – The Savoy Hotel in London opens. August 10 – At the Vienna Hofburg, the grand opening ceremony is held for the Imperial Natural History Museum (), begun in 1871; from August 13 to the end of December, the museum counts 175,000 visitors. August 14–September 15 – London Dock Strike: Dockers strike for a minimum wage of sixpence an hour (The dockers' tanner), which they eventually receive (a landmark in the development of New Unionism in Britain). August 26 – The Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act, commonly known as the Children's Charter, is passed in the United Kingdom; for the first time it imposes criminal penalties to deter child abuse. August 30 – The Royal Mail Mount Pleasant Sorting Office officially opens in London. August – The Jewish settlement of Moisés Ville is founded in Argentina. September 10 – Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi becomes Albert I, Prince of Monaco. September 17 – Civil War veteran Charles Jefferson Wright founds New York Military Academy, with 75 students on of land in Cornwall, New York. September 23 – The Nintendo Koppai (Later Nintendo Company, Limited) is founded in Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi, to produce and market Hanafuda playing cards. October–December October 2 – In Washington, D.C., the first International Conference of American States begins. October 6 Mount Kilimanjaro's summit is first reached, by German geologist Hans Meyer with Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller. The Moulin Rouge cabaret opens in Paris. October 12 – Gustaf Åkerhielm, previously Swedish Foreign Minister, replaces Gillis Bildt as Prime Minister of Sweden. October 24 – Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, delivers the Tenterfield Oration, calling for the Federation of Australia. October 29 – The British South Africa Company receives a Royal Charter. November – The first free elections are held in Costa Rica. November 2 North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states, respectively. English Association football team Wimbledon F.C. plays their first match. November 8 – Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state. November 11 – Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state. November 14 – Inspired by Jules Verne, pioneer American woman journalist Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane) begins an attempt to beat travel around the world in less than 80 days (Bly finishes the journey in 72 days, 6 hours and 11 minutes). November 15 – Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca organizes a military coup, which deposes Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and abolishes the Brazilian monarchy. Deodoro da Fonseca proclaims Brazil a republic, and forms a provisional government. November 17 – The Brazilian Imperial Family is forced into exile in France. November 19 – The modern-day flag of Brazil is adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic. November 20 Argentina is the first country to recognize the abolition of the monarchy in Brazil. Gustav Mahler premieres his Symphony No. 1, in Budapest. November 23 – The first jukebox goes into operation, at the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco. November 27 – Clemson University is founded in Clemson, South Carolina. December 1 – The 1889–1890 pandemic of influenza first peaks, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. December 4 – The Bayswater Railway Station (Victoria, Australia) officially opens. December 14 – Wofford and Furman play the first intercollegiate football game, in the state of South Carolina. December 23 – The Spanish football team Recreativo de Huelva is formed (the oldest club in Spain by the 21st century). December 28 – The first interurban tram-train to emerge in the United States is the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio. Date unknown Yellow fever interrupts the building of the Panama Canal. A huge locust swarm crosses the Red Sea and destroys crops in the Nile Valley. Frederick Abel invents cordite. An early method of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, as developed by the Swiss engineer René Thury, is implemented commercially in Italy by the Acquedotto de Ferrari-Galliera Company. This system transmits 630 kW at 14 kV DC over a distance of . The Capilano Suspension Bridge (the longest suspension foot-bridge in the world) is opened in British Columbia. Schools founded include: Plattsburgh Normal School (Plattsburgh, New York) Riverside Elementary School (Wichita, Kansas) Battle Ground Academy Franklin, Tennessee. Samuel Marinus Zwemer co-founds the American Arabian Mission. The Indian Religious Code is created, which forbids Native Americans to practice their religions. The first West Virginia tornado is recorded. Brook trout introduced into the upper Firehole River, Yellowstone National Park. The Wisden Cricketers' Almanack publishes its first Wisden Cricketers of the Year (actually titled Six Great Bowlers Of The Year). The cricketers chosen are George Lohmann, Bobby Peel, Johnny Briggs, Charles Turner, John Ferris and Sammy Woods. Births January January 2 – Walter Baldwin, American actor (d. 1977) January 12 – Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, 2nd Caliph of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Islam (d. 1965) January 21 – Edith Bratt, English wife of J. R. R. Tolkien (d. 1971) January 26 – Jeanne de Salzmann, Russian pupil of G. I. Gurdjieff (d. 1990) January 31 – Frank Foster, English cricketer (d. 1958) February February 2 – Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, French general, posthumous Marshal of France (d. 1952) February 3 – Risto Ryti, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1956) February 5 – Ernest Tyldesley, English cricketer (d. 1962) February 7 – Harry Nyquist, Swedish-American contributor to information theory (d. 1976) February 11 – John H. Mills, Sr., African-American singer, one of the Mills Brothers (d. 1967) February 12 – Edward Hanson, 28th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1959) February 16 – Hawthorne C. Gray, record-setting American balloonist (d. 1927) February 19 – Ernest Marsden, British physicist (d. 1970) February 21 – Pieter Voltelyn Graham van der Byl, South African politician (d. 1975) February 22 Lady Olave Baden-Powell, English founder of the Girl Guides (d. 1977) R. G. Collingwood, British philosopher, historian (d. 1943) February 23 – Victor Fleming, American motion picture director (d. 1949) February 24 – Suzanne Bianchetti, French actress (d. 1936) February 25 – Homer S. Ferguson, American politician (d. 1982) March March 1 Kanoko Okamoto, Japanese novelist, poet and Buddhist scholar (d. 1939) Watsuji Tetsuro, Japanese philosopher (d. 1960) March 4 Oren E. Long, American politician, 10th Governor of Hawai'i (d. 1965) Pearl White, American silent film actress (d. 1938) March 6 – William D. Francis, Australian botanist (d. 1959) March 7 – Godfrey Chevalier, American naval aviation pioneer (d. 1922) March 15 – Hiroaki Abe, Japanese admiral (d. 1949) March 16 – Reggie Walker, South African athlete (d. 1951) March 21 – Aleksandr Vertinsky, Russian singer, actor (d. 1957) March 24 – Albert Hill, British athlete (d. 1969) March 29 – Warner Baxter, American actor (d. 1951) March 30 – Herman Bing, German-American character, voice actor (d. 1947) March 31 – Muriel Hazel Wright, Oklahoma author, historian (d. 1975) April April 4 Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, German general (d. 1962) Angelo Iachino, Italian admiral (d. 1976) April 7 – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957) April 8 Adrian Boult, English conductor (d. 1983) Tomoshige Samejima, Japanese admiral (d. 1966) April 11 Nick LaRocca, American musician (d. 1961) Aketo Nakamura, Japanese general (d. 1966) April 14 James Stephenson, British actor (d. 1941) Arnold J. Toynbee, British historian (d. 1975) April 15 Thomas Hart Benton, American painter (d. 1975) A. Philip Randolph, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1979) April 16 – Charlie Chaplin, English actor, film director (d. 1977) April 18 – Harold Saxton Burr, American scientist (d. 1973) April 20 – Adolf Hitler, Austrian-born dictator of Nazi Germany (d. 1945) April 21 Paul Karrer, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) Manuel Prado Ugarteche, President of Peru (d. 1967) April 23 – Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral (d. 1942) April 26 – Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian-born philosopher (d. 1951) April 28 Takeo Kurita, Japanese admiral (d. 1977) António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese dictator (d. 1970) April 30 – Fritz Pfeffer, German-Dutch housemate of Anne Frank (d. 1944) May May 3 Beulah Bondi, American actress (d. 1981) Gottfried Fuchs, German-Canadian Olympic soccer player (d. 1972) May 9 – Constantin S. Constantin, Romanian general (d. 1948) May 12 Otto Frank, German publisher, businessman, father of Anne Frank (d. 1980) Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Mexican professional baseball player, general and substitute President of Mexico, 1932-1934 (d. 1967) Ouyang Yuqian, Chinese playwright, director and Peking opera performer (d. 1962) May 18 – Thomas Midgley, Jr., American chemist, inventor (d. 1944) May 21 – Bernard Rawlings, British admiral (d. 1962) May 23 – Carlo Braga, Filipino Roman Catholic priest, archbishop and servant of God (d. 1971) May 25 Günther Lütjens, German admiral (d. 1941) Igor Sikorsky, Russian developer of the helicopter (d. 1972) May 31 – Charles Gordon Bell, British pilot (d. 1918) June June 2 Margaret Theadora Allan , Australian community worker and organizing secretary for the Traveller' Aid Society of New South Wales (d. 1968) Martha Wentworth, American actress (d. 1974) June 4 Henry F. Phillips, American businessman, inventor (d. 1958) Beno Gutenberg, German-American seismologist (d. 1960) June 10 – Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor, film director (d. 1973) June 13 Amadeo Bordiga, Italian Marxist theorist, politician (d. 1970) Adolphe Pégoud, French acrobatic pilot, World War I fighter ace (d. 1915) June 21 – Ralph Craig, American athlete (d. 1972) June 23 – Anna Akhmatova, Russian poet (d. 1966) June 25 – John Morton-Finney, American civil rights activist, lawyer and educator (d. 1998) June 27 – Moroni Olsen, American actor (d. 1954) June 28 – Frank Mayo, American actor (d. 1963) July July 3 – Richard Cramer, American actor (d. 1960) July 5 – Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. |
March 8 – The Agriculture College of Utah (later Utah State University) is founded in Logan, Utah. March 9 – Wilhelm I dies, Frederick III becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia. March 11 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400. March 13 – De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. is founded in Kimberley. March 15 – The Sikkim Expedition, a British military expedition to expel the Tibetans from northern Sikkim, begins. March 16 – The foundation stone for a new National Library of Greece is laid in Athens. March 20 – The very first Romani language operetta premieres in Moscow, Russia. March 23 – A meeting called by William McGregor, to discuss establishment of The Football League, is held in London. March 25 – Opening of an international Congress for Women's Rights organized by Susan B. Anthony in Washington, D.C., leading to formation of the International Council of Women, a key event in the international women's movement. April–June April 3 London prostitute Emma Elizabeth Smith is brutally attacked by two or three men, dying of her injuries the following day, first of the Whitechapel murders, but probably not a victim of Jack the Ripper. The Brighton Beach Hotel in Coney Island (New York) is moved , using six steam locomotives, by civil engineer B. C. Miller, to save it from ocean storms. April 6 – The first New Year's Day is observed, of the solar calendar adopted by Siamese King Chulalongkorn, with the 106th anniversary of Bangkok's founding in 1782 as its epoch (reference date). April 11 – The Concertgebouw orchestra in Amsterdam is inaugurated. April 16 – The German Empire annexes the island of Nauru. April 18 - Westminster School is founded in Simsbury, Connecticut April 21 – The Texas State Capitol building, completed at a cost of $3 million, opens to the public in Austin. May 1 – Fort Belknap Indian Reservation is established by the United States Congress. May 8 – The International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow opens (continues to November). May 10 – Nippon Oil Corporation, as predecessor of Eneos, a petroleum and gas energy brand in Japan, founded in Niigata Prefecture. May 12 – The North Borneo Chartered Company's territories (including Sabah) become the British protectorate of North Borneo. May 13 – In Brazil, the Lei Áurea abolishes the last remnants of slavery. May 28 – In Scotland, Celtic F.C. plays its first official match, winning 5–2 against Rangers F.C. May 30 – Hong Kong's Peak Tram begins operation. June 2 – Edward King (bishop of Lincoln) in England is called to account for using ritualistic practices in Anglican worship. June 3 The Kingdom of Sedang is formed, in modern-day Vietnam. American writer Ernest Thayer's baseball poem "Casey at the Bat" is first published (under the pen name "Phin") as the last of his humorous contributions to The San Francisco Examiner. June 14 – The White Rajahs territories become the British protectorate of Sarawak. June 15 – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia; 1888 is the Year of the Three Emperors. June 19 – In Chicago, the Republican Convention opens at the Auditorium Building. Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton win the nominations for President and Vice President of the United States, respectively. June 29 – Handel's Israel in Egypt is recorded onto wax cylinder at The Crystal Palace in London, the earliest known recording of classical music. June 30 – The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom opens its laboratory, on Plymouth Hoe. July–September July 2–27 – London matchgirls strike of 1888: About 200 workers, mainly teenaged girls, strike following the dismissal of three colleagues from the Bryant and May match factory, precipitated by an article on their working conditions published on June 23 by campaigning journalist Annie Besant, and the workers unionise on July 27. July 15 – According to Japanese government official confirmed report, A large scale of erupt and ash smoke hit around Mount Bandai area, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, more than 477 persons were fatalities. July 25 – Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah, purportedly the only person using touch typing at this time, wins a decisive victory over Louis Traub in a typing contest held in Cincinnati, Ohio. This date can be called the birthday of the touch typing method that is widely used now. August 1 – Carl Benz gets first worldwide driving licence by Grand Duchy of Baden. August 5 – Bertha Benz arrives in Pforzheim having driven from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz, thus completing the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile. August 7 – Whitechapel murders: The body of London prostitute Martha Tabram is found, a possible victim of Jack the Ripper. August 9 A fire destroys the Main Building, the heart of Wells College in Aurora, New York, causing a loss of $130,000. The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament (MPs) to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. August 10 – Dr Friedrich Hermann Wölfert’s motorised airship successfully completes the world’s first engine-driven flight, from Cannstatt to Kornwestheim in Germany. August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that "bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking "any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger", a rule abolished in 1930. August 20 – A mutiny at Dufile, Equatoria, results in the imprisonment of the Emin Pasha. August 22 - Earliest evidence of a death and injury by a meteorite in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq August 24 –The first trams in Tallinn (Reval), horsecars, begin operation. August 28 – The longest date in Roman numerals (VIII-XXVIII-MDCCCLXXXVIII) occurs. August 31 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Ann Nichols is found; she is considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper. September 4 – In the United States, George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera, which uses roll film. September 4 – Mohandas Gandhi embarks on the S.S. Clyde from Bombay for London. September 6 – Charles Turner becomes the first bowler in cricket to take 250 wickets in an English season – a feat since accomplished only by Tom Richardson (twice), J. T. Hearne, Wilfred Rhodes (twice) and Tich Freeman (six times). September 8 The Great Herding () begins with thousands of sheep beeng herded from the Argentine outpost of Fortín Conesa to Santa Cruz near the Strait of Magellan. Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Annie Chapman is found (considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper). In England, the first six Football League matches are played. In a letter accepting renomination as President of the United States, Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese "impossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfare". September 17 Las Cruces College (later New Mexico State University) is founded in Las Cruces, New Mexico. September 27 Whitechapel murders: The 'Dear Boss letter' signed "Jack the Ripper", the first time the name is used, is received by London's Central News Agency. Stanley Park is officially opened by Vancouver (B.C.) mayor David Oppenheimer. September 30 – Whitechapel murders: The bodies of London prostitutes Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, the latter mutilated, are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victims, respectively. October–December October 1 – Sofia University officially opens, becoming the first university in liberated Bulgaria. October 2 – The Whitehall Mystery: Dismembered remains of a woman's body are discovered at three central London locations, one being the construction site of the police headquarters at New Scotland Yard. October 9 – The Washington Monument officially opens to the general public, in Washington, D.C. October 14 Louis Le Prince films the first motion picture: Roundhay Garden Scene in Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, two seconds and 18 frames in length (followed by his movie Leeds Bridge). Battle of Guté Dili: Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is now southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed by an alliance of Shewan forces, under Ras Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battlefield. October 25 – St Cuthbert's Society at the University of Durham in England is founded, after a general meeting chaired by the Reverend Hastings Rashdall. October 30 – The Rudd Concession, a written concession for exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and adjoining territories, is granted by King Lobengula of Matabeleland to Charles Rudd, James Rochfort Maguire and Francis Thompson, who are acting on behalf of South African-based politician and businessman Cecil Rhodes, providing a basis for white settlement of Rhodesia. November 6 – 1888 United States presidential election: Democratic Party incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote, but loses the Electoral College vote to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison, therefore losing the election. November 8 – Joseph Assheton Fincher files a patent in the United Kingdom for the parlour game which he calls "Tiddledy-Winks". November 9 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Jane Kelly is found. She is considered to be the fifth, and last, of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders in England follow, but the police attribute them to copy-cat killers. November 16 – First signs of famine in Ethiopia, caused by drought combined with early spread of the 1890s African rinderpest epizootic. November 20 – The first St V parade by students is held in Brussels. November 27 – International sorority Delta Delta Delta is founded at Boston University in the United States. November 29 – The celebration of Thanksgiving (United States) and the first day of Hanukkah coincide. December 7 – John Boyd Dunlop patents the pneumatic bicycle tyre in the United Kingdom. December 17 – The Lyric Theatre (London) opens. December 18 – Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law discover the Indian ruins of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado. December 23 – During a bout of mental illness (and having quarreled with his friend Paul Gauguin), Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh infamously cuts off the lower part of his own left ear, taking it to a brothel, and is removed to the local hospital in Arles. Date unknown The dolphin Pelorus Jack is first sighted in Cook Strait, New Zealand. The Camborne School of Mines is founded in Cornwall, England. John Robert Gregg first publishes Gregg shorthand in the United States. Rudyard Kipling's short story collection Plain Tales from the Hills is published in Calcutta, India. The Finnish epic Kalevala is published for the first time in the English language, by American linguist John Martin Crawford. The Baldwin School is founded in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, as "Miss [Florence] Baldwin's School for Girls, Preparatory for Bryn Mawr College". Chin Gee Hee starts the Quong Tuck Company to supply construction workers to North American railroads. G. D. Searle is founded as a pharmaceutical company, originally in Omaha, Nebraska. Katz's Delicatessen is founded in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. First British rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand. A worldwide Health care and pharmaceutical brand, Abbott Laboratories founded in Illinois, United States. | in Logan, Utah. March 9 – Wilhelm I dies, Frederick III becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia. March 11 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400. March 13 – De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. is founded in Kimberley. March 15 – The Sikkim Expedition, a British military expedition to expel the Tibetans from northern Sikkim, begins. March 16 – The foundation stone for a new National Library of Greece is laid in Athens. March 20 – The very first Romani language operetta premieres in Moscow, Russia. March 23 – A meeting called by William McGregor, to discuss establishment of The Football League, is held in London. March 25 – Opening of an international Congress for Women's Rights organized by Susan B. Anthony in Washington, D.C., leading to formation of the International Council of Women, a key event in the international women's movement. April–June April 3 London prostitute Emma Elizabeth Smith is brutally attacked by two or three men, dying of her injuries the following day, first of the Whitechapel murders, but probably not a victim of Jack the Ripper. The Brighton Beach Hotel in Coney Island (New York) is moved , using six steam locomotives, by civil engineer B. C. Miller, to save it from ocean storms. April 6 – The first New Year's Day is observed, of the solar calendar adopted by Siamese King Chulalongkorn, with the 106th anniversary of Bangkok's founding in 1782 as its epoch (reference date). April 11 – The Concertgebouw orchestra in Amsterdam is inaugurated. April 16 – The German Empire annexes the island of Nauru. April 18 - Westminster School is founded in Simsbury, Connecticut April 21 – The Texas State Capitol building, completed at a cost of $3 million, opens to the public in Austin. May 1 – Fort Belknap Indian Reservation is established by the United States Congress. May 8 – The International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow opens (continues to November). May 10 – Nippon Oil Corporation, as predecessor of Eneos, a petroleum and gas energy brand in Japan, founded in Niigata Prefecture. May 12 – The North Borneo Chartered Company's territories (including Sabah) become the British protectorate of North Borneo. May 13 – In Brazil, the Lei Áurea abolishes the last remnants of slavery. May 28 – In Scotland, Celtic F.C. plays its first official match, winning 5–2 against Rangers F.C. May 30 – Hong Kong's Peak Tram begins operation. June 2 – Edward King (bishop of Lincoln) in England is called to account for using ritualistic practices in Anglican worship. June 3 The Kingdom of Sedang is formed, in modern-day Vietnam. American writer Ernest Thayer's baseball poem "Casey at the Bat" is first published (under the pen name "Phin") as the last of his humorous contributions to The San Francisco Examiner. June 14 – The White Rajahs territories become the British protectorate of Sarawak. June 15 – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia; 1888 is the Year of the Three Emperors. June 19 – In Chicago, the Republican Convention opens at the Auditorium Building. Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton win the nominations for President and Vice President of the United States, respectively. June 29 – Handel's Israel in Egypt is recorded onto wax cylinder at The Crystal Palace in London, the earliest known recording of classical music. June 30 – The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom opens its laboratory, on Plymouth Hoe. July–September July 2–27 – London matchgirls strike of 1888: About 200 workers, mainly teenaged girls, strike following the dismissal of three colleagues from the Bryant and May match factory, precipitated by an article on their working conditions published on June 23 by campaigning journalist Annie Besant, and the workers unionise on July 27. July 15 – According to Japanese government official confirmed report, A large scale of erupt and ash smoke hit around Mount Bandai area, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, more than 477 persons were fatalities. July 25 – Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah, purportedly the only person using touch typing at this time, wins a decisive victory over Louis Traub in a typing contest held in Cincinnati, Ohio. This date can be called the birthday of the touch typing method that is widely used now. August 1 – Carl Benz gets first worldwide driving licence by Grand Duchy of Baden. August 5 – Bertha Benz arrives in Pforzheim having driven from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz, thus completing the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile. August 7 – Whitechapel murders: The body of London prostitute Martha Tabram is found, a possible victim of Jack the Ripper. August 9 A fire destroys the Main Building, the heart of Wells College in Aurora, New York, causing a loss of $130,000. The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament (MPs) to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. August 10 – Dr Friedrich Hermann Wölfert’s motorised airship successfully completes the world’s first engine-driven flight, from Cannstatt to Kornwestheim in Germany. August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that "bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking "any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger", a rule abolished in 1930. August 20 – A mutiny at Dufile, Equatoria, results in the imprisonment of the Emin Pasha. August 22 - Earliest evidence of a death and injury by a meteorite in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq August 24 –The first trams in Tallinn (Reval), horsecars, begin operation. August 28 – The longest date in Roman numerals (VIII-XXVIII-MDCCCLXXXVIII) occurs. August 31 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Ann Nichols is found; she is considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper. September 4 – In the United States, George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera, which uses roll film. September 4 – Mohandas Gandhi embarks on the S.S. Clyde from Bombay for London. September 6 – Charles Turner becomes the first bowler in cricket to take 250 wickets in an English season – a feat since accomplished only by Tom Richardson (twice), J. T. Hearne, Wilfred Rhodes (twice) and Tich Freeman (six times). September 8 The Great Herding () begins with thousands of sheep beeng herded from the Argentine outpost of Fortín Conesa to Santa Cruz near the Strait of Magellan. Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Annie Chapman is found (considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper). In England, the first six Football League matches are played. In a letter accepting renomination as President of the United States, Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese "impossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfare". September 17 Las Cruces College (later New Mexico State University) is founded in Las Cruces, New Mexico. September 27 Whitechapel murders: The 'Dear Boss letter' signed "Jack the Ripper", the first time the name is used, is received by London's Central News Agency. Stanley Park is officially opened by Vancouver (B.C.) mayor David Oppenheimer. September 30 – Whitechapel murders: The bodies of London prostitutes Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, the latter mutilated, are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victims, respectively. October–December October 1 – Sofia University officially opens, becoming the first university in liberated Bulgaria. October 2 – The Whitehall Mystery: Dismembered remains of a woman's body are discovered at three central London locations, one being the construction site of the police headquarters at New Scotland Yard. October 9 – The Washington Monument officially opens to the general public, in Washington, D.C. October 14 Louis Le Prince films the first motion picture: Roundhay Garden Scene in Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, two seconds and 18 frames in length (followed by his movie Leeds Bridge). Battle of Guté Dili: Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is now southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed by an alliance of Shewan forces, under Ras Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battlefield. October 25 – St Cuthbert's Society at the University of Durham in England is founded, after a general meeting chaired by the Reverend Hastings Rashdall. October 30 – The Rudd Concession, a written concession for exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and adjoining territories, is granted by King Lobengula of Matabeleland to Charles Rudd, James Rochfort Maguire and Francis Thompson, who are acting on behalf of South African-based politician and businessman Cecil Rhodes, providing a basis for white settlement of Rhodesia. November 6 – 1888 United States presidential election: Democratic Party incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote, but loses the Electoral College vote to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison, therefore losing the election. November 8 – Joseph Assheton Fincher files a patent in the United Kingdom for the parlour game which he calls "Tiddledy-Winks". November 9 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Jane Kelly is found. She is considered to be the fifth, and last, of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders in England follow, but the police attribute them to copy-cat killers. November 16 – First signs of famine in Ethiopia, caused by drought combined with early spread of the 1890s African rinderpest epizootic. November 20 – The first St V parade by students is held in Brussels. November 27 – International sorority Delta Delta Delta is founded at Boston University in the United States. November 29 – The celebration of Thanksgiving (United States) and the first day of Hanukkah coincide. December 7 – John Boyd Dunlop patents the pneumatic bicycle tyre in the United Kingdom. December 17 – The Lyric Theatre (London) opens. December 18 – Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law discover the Indian ruins of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado. December 23 – During a bout of mental illness (and having quarreled with his friend Paul Gauguin), Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh infamously cuts off the lower part of his own left ear, taking it to a brothel, and is removed to the local hospital in Arles. Date unknown The dolphin Pelorus Jack is first sighted in Cook Strait, New Zealand. The Camborne School of Mines is founded in Cornwall, England. John Robert Gregg first publishes Gregg shorthand in the United States. Rudyard Kipling's short story collection Plain Tales from the Hills is published in Calcutta, India. The Finnish epic Kalevala is published for the first time in the English language, by American linguist John Martin Crawford. The Baldwin School is founded in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, as "Miss [Florence] Baldwin's School for Girls, Preparatory for Bryn Mawr College". Chin Gee Hee starts the Quong Tuck Company to supply construction workers to North American railroads. G. D. Searle is founded as a pharmaceutical company, originally in Omaha, Nebraska. Katz's Delicatessen is founded in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. First British rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand. A worldwide Health care and pharmaceutical brand, Abbott Laboratories founded in Illinois, United States. As predecessor name was Abbott Alkaloidal. Births January–February January 1 – Victor Goldschmidt, Swiss geochemist (d. 1947) January 8 – Matt Moore, Irish-born actor (d. 1960) January 16 – Robert Henry English, American admiral (d. 1943) January 18 – Thomas Sopwith, English aviation pioneer, yachtsman (d. 1989) January 19 – Millard Harmon, American general (d. 1945) c. January 20 – Huddie William Ledbetter (Lead Belly), American folk, blues singer (d. 1949) January 22 – Carlos Quintanilla , 37th President of Bolivia (d. 1964) January 23 – Aritomo Gotō, Japanese admiral (d. 1942) January 24 Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960) Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958) January 29 – |
and Frank Duryea drive the first gasoline-powered motorcar in America, on public roads in Springfield, Massachusetts. September 23 – The Baháʼí Faith is first publicly mentioned in the United States, at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago. September 27 – The World Parliament of Religions holds its closing meeting in Chicago. September 28 – The Portuguese sports club Futebol Clube do Porto is founded. October–December October 10 – The first car number plates appear in Paris, France. October 13 The first students enter St Hilda's College, Oxford, England, founded for women by Dorothea Beale. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893 is signed, as the Kingdom of Siam cedes all of its territories east of the Mekong River to France, creating the territory of Laos. October 14 – According to Japanese government official confirmed report, a devastating levee collapse, flash flood and landslide hit and damage around Kyushu Island, Shikoku Island and western Honshū, due to strong wind typhoon in Japan, an official documents figure report, resulting to 2,044 person were perished. October 16 – American sisters Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill copyright their book Song Stories for the Kindergarten including "Good Morning to All". The melody, by Mildred Hill, is later adapted, without authorization, by Robert H. Coleman as "Good Morning to You!", with the second stanza containing the words to "Happy Birthday to You", leading to a successful copyright lawsuit by the Hill sisters in 1934. October 23 – The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded by Bulgarians, in the town of Thessaloniki. Its aim is to liberate the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Turks. October 28 (October 16 O.S.) – In Saint Petersburg (Russia), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Pathétique, nine days before his death. October 30 – The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, closes. November 7 – Colorado women are granted the right to vote. November 12 – The Durand Line is established as the boundary between British India and Afghanistan, by a memorandum of understanding signed by Sir Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary of British India, and Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan. November 15 – FC Basel Association football club is founded in Switzerland. November 16 – Athletic club Královské Vinohrady, later Sparta Prague, is founded. November 26 – Arthur Conan Doyle's story "The Adventure of the Final Problem", published in the December dated issue of The Strand Magazine and serialized in Sunday newspapers worldwide, surprises the reading public by revealing that his popular character Sherlock Holmes had apparently died at the Reichenbach Falls on May 4, 1891. December – Carl Anton Larsen becomes the first man to ski in Antarctica. December 4 – First Matabele War: The Shangani Patrol of British South Africa Company soldiers is ambushed and annihilated, by more than 3,000 Matabele warriors. December 5 – Plural voting is abolished in New South Wales. December 8 – In the United States, the National Education Association releases the final report from the Committee of Ten at a conference at Columbia University, recommending standardization of the high school curriculum. December 16 – Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 (From the New World) receives its premiere at Carnegie Hall, New York City. December 20 – Evergreen Park, Illinois, is incorporated. Date unknown The first recumbent bicycle, the Fautenil Vélociped, is made in France. Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, is incorporated as a town. German physicist Wilhelm Wien formulates Wien's displacement law. TMI Episcopal is founded in San Antonio as "The West Texas School for Boys", quickly changed to "West Texas Military Academy", by Bishop James S. Johnston. Booker T. Washington High School (Houston) is founded as "Colored High", the first African-American high school in Houston, Texas. The National Sculpture Society (NSS) is founded in the United States. A 16th century Ardabil Carpet from Persia enters the collection of the South Kensington Museum in London. The University of Exeter Debating Society is founded in England as the Exeter Debating Society at the Royal Albert Memorial College. Dulwich Hamlet F.C. is founded in London. American pharmacist Caleb Bradham invents the recipe for what later becomes Pepsi. He originally sells it as 'Brad's Drink' at his pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina. 71.2% of the working population of São Paulo is foreign-born. By 1893 – 8,000 Chinese arrive in Cuba. The Girls' Brigade was founded in Dublin, Ireland Births January–March January 1 – Minoru Sasaki, Japanese general (d. 1961) January 5 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru (d. 1952) January 10 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (d. 1948) January 11 – Anthony M. Rud, American writer (d. 1942) January 12 Edward Selzer, American film producer (d. 1970) Hermann Göring, German Nazi official (d. 1946) Alfred Rosenberg, German Nazi official (d. 1946) January 13 – Roy Cazaly, Australian rules footballer (d. 1963) VMAni, (born Bibi Watson), American actress (d. 2010) January 15 – Ivor Novello, Welsh actor, musician (d. 1951) January 22 Arthur Smith, Australian public servant (d. 1971) Conrad Veidt, German actor (d. 1943) Frankie Yale, American gangster (d. 1928) January 27 – Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters, wife of Chinese president Sun Yat-sen (d. 1981) January 28 – Catherine Caradja, Romanian aristocrat, philanthropist (d. 1993) February 3 – Gaston Julia, French mathematician (d. 1978) February 9 – Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1987) February 10 – Jimmy Durante, American actor, singer, and comedian (d. 1980) February 12 – Omar Bradley, American general (d. 1981) February 13 Ana Pauker, Romanian communist politician (d. 1960) Zénon Bernard, Luxembourgish communist politician (d. 1942) February 16 Katharine Cornell, American actress (d. 1974) Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Soviet Army officer (d. 1937) February 19 – Sir Cedric Hardwicke, English actor (d. 1964) February 21 – Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (d. 1987) February 24 – Tokushichi Mishima, Japanese inventor, engineer (d. 1975) February 28 – Ivan Vasilyov, Bulgarian architect (d. 1979) March 1 – Mercedes de Acosta, American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (d. 1968) March 3 Beatrice Wood, American artist, ceramicist (d. 1998) Ivon Hitchens, English painter (d. 1979) March 5 – Kōtoku Satō, Japanese general (d. 1959) March 7 – Elsa Ratassepp, Estonian actress (d. 1972) March 8 – Mississippi John Hurt, American country blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966) (some sources give his year of birth as 1892) March 11 – Wanda Gág, American children's author and artist (d. 1946) March 14 – Arthur C. Davis, American admiral (d. 1965) March 18 – Wilfred Owen, English soldier, poet (d. 1918) March 19 – José María Velasco Ibarra, former President of Ecuador (d. 1979) March 22 – Kleber Claux, French-born Australian anarchist, nudist (d. 1971) March 24 Walter Baade, German astronomer (d. 1960) Emmy Sonnemann, German actress, second wife of Hermann Göring (d. 1973) March 26 – Palmiro Togliatti, Italian communist leader (d. 1964) March 27 – Karl Mannheim, German sociologist (d. 1947) March 30 – Ethel Owen, American actress (d. 1997) March 31 – Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt, German historian (d. 1982) April–June April 1 – Cicely Courtneidge, British actress (d. 1980) April 3 – Leslie Howard, English actor (d. 1943) April 6 – Alfred Gerstenberg, German Luftwaffe general (d. 1959) April 7 – José de Almada Negreiros, Portuguese artist (d. 1970) April 8 – Paul Alexiu, Romanian general (d. 1963) April 9 Victor Gollancz, British publisher (d. 1967) Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian historian, writer, scholar (d. 1963) April 11 – Dean Acheson, 51st United States Secretary of State (d. 1971) April 12 – Robert Harron, American actor (d. 1920) April 15 – Maximilian Ritter von Pohl, German army, air force officer (d. 1951) April 18 – Georges Boulanger, Romanian violinist (d. 1958) April 20 Harold Lloyd, American actor (d. 1971) Joan Miró, Spanish painter, sculptor (d. 1983) Edna Parker, American supercentenarian (d. 2008) April 21 – Matsuji Ijuin, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) April 23 – Allen Dulles, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1969) April 29 – Harold Urey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) April 30 – Harold Breen, Australian public servant (d. 1966) May 3 – Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer, public benefactor (d. 1975) May 8 Teddy Wakelam, English sports broadcaster, rugby union player (d. 1963) Francis Ouimet, American golfer, businessman (d. 1967) May 9 – Regina Quintanilha, first Portuguese female lawyer (d. 1967) May 16 – Clement Martyn Doke, South African linguist (d. 1980) May 21 – Giles Chippindall, Australian public servant (d. 1969) May 23 – Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist, paleontologist (d. 1977) May 25 – Ernest "Pop" Stoneman, American country music artist (d. 1968) June 4 – Armand Călinescu, 39th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1939) June 7 – Gillis Grafström, Swedish figure skater (d. 1938) June 12 – John R. Hodge, United States Army general (d. 1963) June 13 – Dorothy L. Sayers, British crime writer, poet, playwright and essayist (d. 1957) June 14 – Siggie Nordstrom, American model, actress, entertainer, socialite and singer (d. 1980) June 23 – Herman H. Hanneken, United States Marine Corps officer (d. 1986) June 24 Roy O. Disney, brother, business partner of Walter Elias Disney (d. 1971) Suzanne La Follette, American libertarian feminist (d. 1983) June 26 – Big Bill Broonzy, American blues singer, composer (d. 1958) (some sources give his year of birth as 1903) June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer (d. 1958) June 30 Harold Laski, British political theorist, economist (d. 1950) Walter Ulbricht, German communist politician (d. 1973) July–September July 1 – Mario de Bernardi, Italian aviator (d. 1959) July 3 – Mississippi John Hurt, American musician (d. 1966) July 4 – Norman Manley, Jamaican statesman (d. 1969) July 5 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (d. 1976) July 9 – George Geary, English cricketer (d. 1981) July 11 – Edward "Eddie" Stinson, American aviator, aircraft manufacturer (d. 1932) July 12 Ernest Cadine, French weightlifter (d. 1978) John Gould Moyer, American naval officer, 31st Governor of American Samoa (d. 1976) July 18 – Richard Dix, American actor (d. 1949) July 20 Arno von Lenski, German military officer, general (d. 1986) George Llewelyn Davies, British inspiration for Peter Pan (d. 1915) July 22 – Karl Menninger, American psychiatrist (d. 1990) July 25 – Dorothy Dickson, American-born actress, socialite (d. 1995) July 28 – Rued Langgaard, Danish composer, organist (d. 1952) July 30 – Fatima Jinnah, Pakistani Mother of the Nation (d. 1967) August 4 Amy Hannah Adamson, Australian principal (d. 1963) Fritz Gause, German historian (d. 1973) August 6 – Wright Patman, American politician (d. 1976) August 14 Francis Dvornik, Czech historian (d. 1975) Carl Benton Reid, American actor (d. 1973) August 15 – Leslie Comrie, New Zealand astronomer, computing pioneer (d. 1950) August 17 – Mae West, American actress, playwright, screenwriter, and sex symbol (d. 1980) August 18 – Frank Linke-Crawford, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (d. 1918) August 22 Dorothy Parker, American writer (d. 1967) Wilfred Kitching, the 7th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1977) August 23 – Aleksandr Loktionov, Soviet general (d. 1941) August 24 – Haim Ernst Wertheimer German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1978) August 25 – Henry Trendley Dean, American dental | Lizzie Borden is acquitted of murdering her parents in Fall River, Massachusetts in 1892. June 22 – The flagship of the British Mediterranean Fleet collides with and sinks in 10 minutes; Vice-admiral Sir George Tryon goes down with his ship. June 29 – Unveiling of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Piccadilly Circus in London with its statue of Anteros. July–September July 1 – U.S. President Grover Cleveland is operated on in secret. July 6 – The small town of Pomeroy, Iowa, is nearly destroyed by a tornado; 71 people are killed and 200 injured. July 11 Liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya leads a successful revolt in Nicaragua. Kōkichi Mikimoto, in Japan, develops the method to seed and grow cultured pearls. July 13 Paknam Incident: Two French Navy ships are fired upon by Siamese cannons stationed at the Paknam Fort, that guards the Chao Phraya River. Three months later, Siam is forced to cede modern day Laos to France. Frederick Jackson Turner gives a lecture titled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" before the American Historical Association in Chicago. Scottish Association football club Dundee F.C. is formed. July 25 – The Corinth Canal is completed in Greece. August 15 – The Ibadan area becomes a British protectorate, after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan with the British acting Governor of Lagos, George C. Denton. August 27 – The Sea Islands hurricane hits Savannah, Georgia, Charleston, South Carolina, and the Sea Islands, killing 1,000–2,000. September 1 – William Ewart Gladstone's Government of Ireland Bill 1893, intended to give Ireland self-government, is rejected by the U.K. Parliament. September 7 Under pressure of a general strike, the Belgian Federal Parliament enacts general multiple suffrage. Russian monitor Rusalka sinks in a storm in the Gulf of Finland, with the loss of all 177 crew; her hulk is eventually discovered in 2003 off Helsinki. Genoa Cricket & Athletic Club, the oldest Italian football club, is formed. September 11 – The World Parliament of Religions opens as an adjunct to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago; Bengali Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda receives a standing ovation for his address in response to his welcoming. September 12 – American Temperance University begins classes in Harriman, Tennessee (it closes after 15 years, in May 1908). September 16 – Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma. September 19 Swami Vivekananda delivers an inspiring speech on his paper at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago. New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote. September 21 – Brothers Charles and Frank Duryea drive the first gasoline-powered motorcar in America, on public roads in Springfield, Massachusetts. September 23 – The Baháʼí Faith is first publicly mentioned in the United States, at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago. September 27 – The World Parliament of Religions holds its closing meeting in Chicago. September 28 – The Portuguese sports club Futebol Clube do Porto is founded. October–December October 10 – The first car number plates appear in Paris, France. October 13 The first students enter St Hilda's College, Oxford, England, founded for women by Dorothea Beale. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893 is signed, as the Kingdom of Siam cedes all of its territories east of the Mekong River to France, creating the territory of Laos. October 14 – According to Japanese government official confirmed report, a devastating levee collapse, flash flood and landslide hit and damage around Kyushu Island, Shikoku Island and western Honshū, due to strong wind typhoon in Japan, an official documents figure report, resulting to 2,044 person were perished. October 16 – American sisters Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill copyright their book Song Stories for the Kindergarten including "Good Morning to All". The melody, by Mildred Hill, is later adapted, without authorization, by Robert H. Coleman as "Good Morning to You!", with the second stanza containing the words to "Happy Birthday to You", leading to a successful copyright lawsuit by the Hill sisters in 1934. October 23 – The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded by Bulgarians, in the town of Thessaloniki. Its aim is to liberate the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Turks. October 28 (October 16 O.S.) – In Saint Petersburg (Russia), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Pathétique, nine days before his death. October 30 – The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, closes. November 7 – Colorado women are granted the right to vote. November 12 – The Durand Line is established as the boundary between British India and Afghanistan, by a memorandum of understanding signed by Sir Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary of British India, and Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan. November 15 – FC Basel Association football club is founded in Switzerland. November 16 – Athletic club Královské Vinohrady, later Sparta Prague, is founded. November 26 – Arthur Conan Doyle's story "The Adventure of the Final Problem", published in the December dated issue of The Strand Magazine and serialized in Sunday newspapers worldwide, surprises the reading public by revealing that his popular character Sherlock Holmes had apparently died at the Reichenbach Falls on May 4, 1891. December – Carl Anton Larsen becomes the first man to ski in Antarctica. December 4 – First Matabele War: The Shangani Patrol of British South Africa Company soldiers is ambushed and annihilated, by more than 3,000 Matabele warriors. December 5 – Plural voting is abolished in New South Wales. December 8 – In the United States, the National Education Association releases the final report from the Committee of Ten at a conference at Columbia University, recommending standardization of the high school curriculum. December 16 – Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 (From the New World) receives its premiere at Carnegie Hall, New York City. December 20 – Evergreen Park, Illinois, is incorporated. Date unknown The first recumbent bicycle, the Fautenil Vélociped, is made in France. Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, is incorporated as a town. German physicist Wilhelm Wien formulates Wien's displacement law. TMI Episcopal is founded in San Antonio as "The West Texas School for Boys", quickly changed to "West Texas Military Academy", by Bishop James S. Johnston. Booker T. Washington High School (Houston) is founded as "Colored High", the first African-American high school in Houston, Texas. The National Sculpture Society (NSS) is founded in the United States. A 16th century Ardabil Carpet from Persia enters the collection of the South Kensington Museum in London. The University of Exeter Debating Society is founded in England as the Exeter Debating Society at the Royal Albert Memorial College. Dulwich Hamlet F.C. is founded in London. American pharmacist Caleb Bradham invents the recipe for what later becomes Pepsi. He originally sells it as 'Brad's Drink' at his pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina. 71.2% of the working population of São Paulo is foreign-born. By 1893 – 8,000 Chinese arrive in Cuba. The Girls' Brigade was founded in Dublin, Ireland Births January–March January 1 – Minoru Sasaki, Japanese general (d. 1961) January 5 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru (d. 1952) January 10 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (d. 1948) January 11 – Anthony M. Rud, American writer (d. 1942) January 12 Edward Selzer, American film producer (d. 1970) Hermann Göring, German Nazi official (d. 1946) Alfred Rosenberg, German Nazi official (d. 1946) January 13 – Roy Cazaly, Australian rules footballer (d. 1963) VMAni, (born Bibi Watson), American actress (d. 2010) January 15 – Ivor Novello, Welsh actor, musician (d. 1951) January 22 Arthur Smith, Australian public servant (d. 1971) Conrad Veidt, German actor (d. 1943) Frankie Yale, American gangster (d. 1928) January 27 – Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters, wife of Chinese president Sun Yat-sen (d. 1981) January 28 – Catherine Caradja, Romanian aristocrat, philanthropist (d. 1993) February 3 – Gaston Julia, French mathematician (d. 1978) February 9 – Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1987) February 10 – Jimmy Durante, American actor, singer, and comedian (d. 1980) February 12 – Omar Bradley, American general (d. 1981) February 13 Ana Pauker, Romanian communist politician (d. 1960) Zénon Bernard, Luxembourgish communist politician (d. 1942) February 16 Katharine Cornell, American actress (d. 1974) Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Soviet Army officer (d. 1937) February 19 – Sir Cedric Hardwicke, English actor (d. 1964) February 21 – Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (d. 1987) February 24 – Tokushichi Mishima, Japanese inventor, engineer (d. 1975) February 28 – Ivan Vasilyov, Bulgarian architect (d. 1979) March 1 – Mercedes de Acosta, American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (d. 1968) March 3 Beatrice Wood, American artist, ceramicist (d. 1998) Ivon Hitchens, English painter (d. 1979) March 5 – Kōtoku Satō, Japanese general (d. 1959) March 7 – Elsa Ratassepp, Estonian actress (d. 1972) March 8 – Mississippi John Hurt, American country blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966) (some sources give his year of birth as 1892) March 11 – Wanda Gág, American children's author and artist (d. 1946) March 14 – Arthur C. Davis, American admiral (d. 1965) March 18 – Wilfred Owen, English soldier, poet (d. 1918) March 19 – José María Velasco Ibarra, former President of Ecuador (d. 1979) March 22 – Kleber Claux, French-born Australian anarchist, nudist (d. 1971) March 24 Walter Baade, German astronomer (d. 1960) Emmy Sonnemann, German actress, second wife of Hermann Göring (d. 1973) March 26 – Palmiro Togliatti, Italian communist leader (d. 1964) March 27 – Karl Mannheim, German sociologist (d. 1947) March 30 – Ethel Owen, American actress (d. 1997) March 31 – Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt, German historian (d. 1982) April–June April 1 – Cicely Courtneidge, British actress (d. 1980) April 3 – Leslie Howard, English actor (d. 1943) April 6 – Alfred Gerstenberg, German Luftwaffe general (d. 1959) April 7 – José de Almada Negreiros, Portuguese artist (d. 1970) April 8 – Paul Alexiu, Romanian general (d. 1963) April 9 Victor Gollancz, British publisher (d. 1967) Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian historian, writer, scholar (d. 1963) April 11 – Dean Acheson, 51st United States Secretary of State (d. 1971) April 12 – Robert Harron, American actor (d. 1920) April 15 – Maximilian Ritter von Pohl, German army, air force officer (d. 1951) April 18 – Georges Boulanger, Romanian violinist (d. 1958) April 20 Harold Lloyd, American actor (d. 1971) Joan Miró, Spanish painter, sculptor (d. 1983) Edna Parker, American supercentenarian (d. 2008) April 21 – Matsuji Ijuin, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) April 23 – Allen Dulles, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1969) April 29 – Harold Urey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) April 30 – Harold Breen, Australian public servant (d. 1966) May 3 – Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer, public benefactor (d. 1975) May 8 Teddy Wakelam, English sports broadcaster, rugby union player (d. 1963) Francis Ouimet, American golfer, businessman (d. 1967) May 9 – Regina Quintanilha, first Portuguese female lawyer (d. 1967) May 16 – Clement Martyn Doke, South African linguist (d. 1980) May 21 – Giles Chippindall, Australian public servant (d. 1969) May 23 – Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist, paleontologist (d. 1977) May 25 – Ernest "Pop" Stoneman, American country music artist (d. 1968) June 4 – Armand Călinescu, 39th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1939) June 7 – Gillis Grafström, Swedish figure skater (d. 1938) June 12 – John R. Hodge, United States Army general (d. 1963) June 13 – Dorothy L. Sayers, British crime writer, poet, playwright and essayist (d. 1957) June 14 – Siggie Nordstrom, American model, actress, entertainer, socialite and singer (d. 1980) June 23 – Herman H. Hanneken, United States Marine Corps officer (d. 1986) June 24 Roy O. Disney, brother, business partner of Walter Elias Disney (d. 1971) Suzanne La Follette, American libertarian feminist (d. 1983) June 26 – Big Bill Broonzy, American blues singer, composer (d. 1958) (some sources give his year of birth as 1903) June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer (d. 1958) June 30 Harold Laski, British political theorist, economist (d. 1950) Walter Ulbricht, German communist politician (d. 1973) July–September July 1 – Mario de Bernardi, Italian aviator (d. 1959) July 3 – Mississippi John Hurt, American musician (d. 1966) July 4 – Norman Manley, Jamaican statesman (d. 1969) July 5 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (d. 1976) July 9 – George Geary, English cricketer (d. 1981) July 11 |
Viola Dana, American actress (d. 1987) June 27 – Heinz von Cleve, German actor (d. 1984) June 29 – Fulgence Charpentier, French Canadian journalist, editor and publisher (d. 2001) July–August July 1 – Bert Schneider, Canadian boxer (d. 1986) July 7 – Mikhail Kovalyov, Soviet Army colonel-general (d. 1967) July 9 – Albert C. Wedemeyer, American general (d. 1989) July 11 – Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Connor, American civil rights opponent (d. 1973) July 12 – Maurice Tabard, French photographer (d. 1984) July 14 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai field marshal, prime minister, and dictator (d. 1964) July 15 – Letitia Chitty, Early British aeronautical engineer (d. 1982) July 20 Tom Dickinson, American football player (d. 1999) Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996) July 24 – Amelia Earhart, American aviator (d. 1937) July 25 – Helen Shaw, American actress (d. 1997) July 26 – Harold D. Cooley, American politician (d. 1974) July 28 – James Fairbairn, Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician (d. 1940) July 29 – Sir Neil Ritchie, British WWII general (d. 1983) August 2 – Max Weber, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1974) August 4 – José Nucete Sardi, Venezuelan historian and diplomat (d. 1972) August 5 – Aksel Larsen, Danish politician (d. 1972) August 10 John W. Galbreath, American businessman (d. 1988) Jack Haley, American actor (d. 1979) August 11 – Enid Blyton, British children's writer (d. 1968) August 15 Ludovic Arrachart, French aviator (d. 1933) Jane Ingham, English botanist and scientific translator (d. 1982) August 16 Carlo Del Prete, Italian aviator (d. 1928) Hersch Lauterpacht, Ukrainian-born international lawyer (d. 1960) August 22 – Elisabeth Bergner, European actress (d. 1986) August 26 – Yun Posun, 2nd President of South Korea (d. 1990) August 31 – Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975) September–October September 1 – Andy Kennedy, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1963) September 7 – Al Sherman, American Tin Pan Alley songwriter (d. 1973) September 8 – Jimmie Rodgers, American singer (d. 1933) September 10 – Otto Strasser, German Nazi politician (d. 1974) September 12 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956) September 13 – Michel Saint-Denis, French-born actor, theater director, drama theorist and radio broadcaster (d. 1971) September 15 – Kurt Daluege, German Nazi officer, war criminal (d. 1946) September 16 – Milt Franklyn, American musical composer and arranger (d. 1962) September 17 – Earl Webb, American baseball player (d. 1965) September 19 &ndash: Zhu Guangqian, Chinese esthetician, modern literary theorist, and famous scholar (d.1986) September 20 – Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, 26th President of Brazil (d. 1967) September 21 – Gladys Henson, Irish actress (d. 1982) September 23 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984) September 25 – William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962) September 26 Pope Paul VI (d. 1978) Arthur Rhys-Davids, British World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) September 30 – Alfred Wintle, British army officer, eccentric (d. 1966) October 3 – Louis Aragon, French author (d. 1982) October 7 – Elijah Muhammad, African-American co-founder of the Nation of Islam (d. 1975) October 8 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American film, theatre director (d. 1987) October 15 Johannes Sikkar, Estonian statesman (d. 1960) Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer, South Indian Carnatic singer and musicologist (d. 1975) October 20 – Yi Un, Korean Crown Prince (d. 1970) October 21 – Lloyd Hughes, American actor (d. 1958) October 25 – Luigi Pavese, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 1969) October 28 – Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981) October 29 – Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagandist (d. 1945) October 30 – Hope Emerson, American actress, strongwoman (d. 1960) November–December November 4 – Dmitry Pavlov, Soviet general (d. 1941) November 9 Harvey Hendrick, American baseball player (d. 1941) Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978) November 15 – Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Bt, English author (d. 1988) November 18 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) November 19 – Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of American President Theodore Roosevelt, killed in action as fighter pilot (d. 1918) November 23 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali author (d. 1999) November 24 – Lucky Luciano, Sicilian-American Mafia boss (d. 1962) November 30 – Virginia Henderson, American nurse theorist (d. 1996) December 2 – Dean Alfange, American politician (d. 1989) December 5 Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher, historian (d. 1982) Tina Lattanzi, Italian film, voice actress (d. 1997) December 9 – Hermione Gingold, English actress (d. 1987) December 14 – Kurt Schuschnigg, 11th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1977) December 18 – Fletcher Henderson, American musician (d. 1952) December 24 Koto Okubo, Japanese supercentenarian, world's oldest living woman (d. 2013) Lazare Ponticelli, Italian-French supercentenarian; last surviving officially recognized French veteran of the First World War (d. 2008) December 25 – Dorothy Peterson, American film, television actress (d. 1979) December 30 – Alfredo Bracchi, Italian author (d. 1976) December 31 – Rhys Williams, Welsh actor (d. 1969) Date unknown Abd-al Karim, Afghan emir (d. 1927) Deaths January–June January 1 – Joseph S. Skerrett, American admiral (b. 1833) January 9 – Thomas Gwyn Elger, English astronomer (b. 1836) January 25 - Albion P. Howe, Union Army general (b. 1818) January 30 – Robert Themptander, 4th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1844) February 1 – Jeanne Merkus, Dutch deaconess, guerilla soldier and political activist (b. 1839) February 4 – Charles Bendire, U.S. Army captain, ornithologist (b. 1836) February 15 – Dimitrie Ghica, 10th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1816) February 17 – Edmund Colhoun, American admiral (b. 1821) February 19 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (b. 1815) March 6 – Sir Thomas Elder, Australian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1818) March 9 – Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, Iranian teacher, writer (b. 1838) March 10 – Savitribai Phule, Indian social reformer and poet (b. 1831) March 11 – Henry Drummond, Scottish evangelical writer, lecturer (b. 1851) March 19 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-born traveler (b. 1810) April 1 – Jandamarra, Australian Aboriginal insurrectionist (b. c. 1873) April 3 – Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833) April 8 – Heinrich von Stephan, German postal director (b. 1831) April 10 – Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1851) April 30 – A. Viola Neblett, American activist, suffragist, women's rights pioneer (b. 1842) May 3 – Sir Frederick Knight, British politician (b. 1812) May 4 – Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria (b. 1847) May 7 Ion Ghica, 3-time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1816) Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (b. 1822) May 10 – Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino revolutionary (b. 1863) May 12 – Minna Canth, Finnish writer and social activist (b. 1844) May 23 – Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, Indian rajah (b. 1850) June 17 – Sebastian Kneipp, German priest and naturopath (b. 1821) June 19 – Louis Brière de l'Isle, French general (b. 1827) July–December July 6 Tommy Burns, Champion Diver (b. 1867 or 1868) Celia Barrios de Reyna, First Mother of the Nation of Guatemala (b. 1834) August 8 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, incumbent Prime Minister of Spain and historian (assassinated) (b. 1828) Viktor Meyer, German chemist (b. 1848) August 17 – Sir William Jervois, British military engineer and diplomat (b. 1821) August 24 Sébastien Lespès, French admiral (b. 1828) Mutsu Munemitsu, Japanese statesman, diplomat (b. 1844) August 31 – Louisa Lane Drew, English-born American actress, theater manager (b. 1820) September 9 Richard Holt Hutton, English writer, theologian (b. 1826) Ferenc Pulszky, Hungarian politician (b. 1814) September 20 – Louis Pierre Mouillard, French artist and aviation pioneer (b. 1834) September 21 – Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (b. 1819) September 27 Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French military leader (b. 1816) George M. Robeson, American politician (b. 1829) September 30 – Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, French Roman Catholic and Discalced Carmelite nun, saint (b. 1873) October 2 – Edward Maitland, British writer (b. 1824) October 3 – Yamaji Motoharu, Japanese general (b. 1841) October 9 John M. B. Clitz, American admiral (b. 1821) Jan Heemskerk, Dutch politician, 16th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1818) October 13 – William Daniel, American temperance movement leader (b. 1826) October 19 – George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (b. 1831) October 27 Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (b. 1833) , Chilean politician (b. 1847) Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian abolitionist, naturalist (b. 1832) October 28 – Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead, British colonial governor (b. | is published by Marguerite Durand in Paris. December 12 – The comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids debuts in the New York Journal. December 12 – Belo Horizonte, the first planned city in Brazil, is incorporated. December 14 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato: The Philippine Revolution is settled, with Spanish promises to reform. December 28 – The play Cyrano de Bergerac, by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris. December 30 – Natal annexes Zululand. Date unknown The first electric bicycle invented by Hosea W. Libbey. France allows women to study at the École des Beaux-Arts. Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna. Zhejiang University is founded in China. The Duke University Debating Society is founded in the United States. Émile Durkheim publishes his classic study Suicide. The pan-African anthem "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") is composed as a Xhosa hymn by South African teacher Enoch Sontonga. The British Ayrshire Yeomanry Cavalry adopts the sub-title Earl of Carrick's Own, in honour of the future King Edward VII. Dos Equis beer is first brewed in Mexico, in anticipation of the new century. "Dos equis" is Spanish for "two x", a reference to the 20th Century (XX in Roman numerals) Births January–February January 3 Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961) Pola Negri, Polish-born actress (d. 1987) January 6 – Ferenc Szálasi, 37th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946) January 8 – Dennis Wheatley, English writer (d. 1977) January 14 – Hasso von Manteuffel, German general, politician (d. 1978) January 21 January 21 – René Iché, French sculptor (d. 1954) January 21 – Jole Bovio Marconi, Italian archaeologist and prehistorian (d. 1986) January 23 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Indian political leader, led the INA (d. 1945?) Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Austrian architect, anti-Nazi activist (d. 2000) January 26 – Yakov Alksnis, Soviet aviator, commander of the Red Army Air Forces (d. 1938) January 28 – Ivan Stedeford, British industrialist (d. 1975) February 1 – Denise Robins ( Francesca Wright, Ashley French, Harriet Gray, Julia Kane), British romance novelist (d. 1985) February 4 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977) February 7 – Quincy Porter, American composer (d. 1966) February 8 – Zakir Hussain, Indian politician, 3rd President of India (d. 1969) February 9 – Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian aviator famous for his trans-Pacific flight (d. 1935) February 10 Judith Anderson, Australian-born British actress (d. 1992) John Franklin Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) February 19 – Elizabeth Rummel, German-Canadian mountaineer and environmental activist (d. 1980) February 21 Elizabeth Harrison, daughter of President Benjamin Harrison (d. 1955) Celia Lovsky, Austrian American actress (d. 1979) February 25 Peter Llewelyn Davies, British publisher, one of the Llewelyn Davies boys (d. 1960) (possible) Mikhail Krichevsky, Ukrainian unverified supercentenarian, last Imperial Russian Army veteran of WWI (d. 2008) February 27 Marian Anderson, African-American contralto (d. 1993) Edgar Henry Banger, British cartoonist (d. 1968) Ferdinand Heim, World War II German general (Scapegoat of Stalingrad) d. 1977) Bernard Lyot, French astronomer (d. 1952) March–April March 1 – Shoghi Effendi, Ottoman Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1957) March 2 – Minor Hall, American jazz musician (d. 1959) March 4 – Lefty O'Doul, American baseball player, restaurateur (d. 1969) March 5 Set Persson, Swedish communist politician (d. 1960) Soong Mei-ling, Chinese wife of Chiang Kai-shek (d. 2003) March 6 – John D. MacArthur, American businessman, philanthropist (d. 1978) March 11 – Henry Cowell, American avant-garde composer (d. 1965) March 15 – Jackson Scholz, American sprinter (d. 1986) March 16 – Flora Eldershaw, Australian novelist, critic, and historian (d. 1956) March 18 – John Langdon-Davies, British writer (d. 1971) March 19 – Betty Compson, American actress (d. 1974) March 21 – Sim Gokkes, Dutch-Jewish composer (d. 1943) March 24 – Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (d. 1957) March 28 Frank Hawks, American aviator (d. 1938) Sepp Herberger, German football coach (d. 1977) March 31 Oto Iskandar di Nata, Indonesian politician (d. 1945) Harold Houser, American admiral, 35th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1981) April 7 Erich Löwenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) Walter Winchell, American broadcast journalist (d. 1972) April 8 – Herbert Lumsden, British general (d. 1945) April 9 – John B. Gambling, American radio talk-show host (d. 1974) April 10 – Prafulla Chandra Sen, Indian politician and Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1990) April 13 – Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) April 17 – Thornton Wilder, American dramatist (d. 1975) April 19 Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian, world's longest lived man, last surviving man born in the 19th century and last surviving person born in 1897 (d. 2013) Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman (d. 1970) Vivienne Segal, American actress (d. 1992) April 20 – Sudhakar Chaturvedi, Indian Vedic scholar and longevity claimant (d. 2020) April 21 – Aiden Wilson Tozer, American Protestant pastor (d. 1963) April 23 – Lester B. Pearson, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1972) April 24 – Manuel Ávila Camacho, Mexican general, politician, and 45th President of Mexico, 1940-1946 (d. 1955) April 25 – Mary, Princess Royal of England (d. 1965) April 26 Eddie Eagan, American boxer, bobsledder (d. 1967) Douglas Sirk, German-born director (d. 1987) April 29 – Charles Seel, American actor (d. 1980) May–June May 2 – J. Fred Coots, American songwriter (d. 1985) May 4 – Phelps Phelps, 38th Governor of American Samoa, United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (d. 1981) May 10 – Einar Gerhardsen, 15th Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1987) May 14 – Sidney Bechet, American musician (d. 1959) May 16 – Zvi Sliternik, Israeli entomologist (d. 1994) May 17 – Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) May 18 – Frank Capra, American producer, director, and writer (d. 1991) May 19 Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918) Kitty McShane, Irish actress (d. 1964) May 21 – Nikola Avramov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1945) May 27 – John Cockcroft, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) May 29 Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (Old Style) (d. 1918) Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (d. 1957) June 2 – Tan Malaka, Indonesian teacher, philosopher, founder of Struggle Union and Murba Party, guerilla and fighter (d. 1949) June 7 Kirill Meretskov, Soviet military officer, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1968) George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970) June 8 John G. Bennett, British mathematician (d. 1974) Mariano Suárez, 27th President of Ecuador (d. 1980) June 10 – Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918) June 11 – Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian revolutionary (founded H.R.A. in 1924) (d. 1927) June 12 – Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977) June 13 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (d. 1973) June 16 – Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) June 19 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) Moe Howard, American comedian, actor (The Three Stooges) (d. 1975) June 22 Robert Blucke, Royal Air Force officer (d. 1988) Norbert Elias, German sociologist (d. 1990) Edmund A. Chester, American broadcaster, journalist (d. 1973) June 24 – Daniel K. Ludwig, American businessman; billionaire philanthropist (d. 1992) June 26 – Viola Dana, American actress (d. 1987) June 27 – Heinz von Cleve, German actor (d. 1984) June 29 – Fulgence Charpentier, French Canadian journalist, editor and publisher (d. 2001) July–August July 1 – Bert Schneider, Canadian boxer (d. 1986) July 7 – Mikhail Kovalyov, Soviet Army colonel-general (d. 1967) July 9 – Albert C. Wedemeyer, American general (d. 1989) July 11 – Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Connor, American civil rights opponent (d. 1973) July 12 – Maurice Tabard, French photographer (d. 1984) July 14 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai field marshal, prime minister, and dictator (d. 1964) July 15 – Letitia Chitty, Early British aeronautical engineer (d. 1982) July 20 Tom Dickinson, American football player (d. 1999) Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996) July 24 – Amelia Earhart, American aviator (d. 1937) July 25 – Helen Shaw, American actress (d. 1997) July 26 – Harold D. Cooley, American politician (d. 1974) July 28 – James Fairbairn, Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician (d. 1940) July 29 – Sir Neil Ritchie, British WWII general (d. 1983) August 2 – Max Weber, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1974) August 4 – José Nucete Sardi, Venezuelan historian and diplomat (d. 1972) August 5 – Aksel Larsen, Danish politician (d. 1972) August 10 John W. Galbreath, American businessman (d. 1988) Jack Haley, American actor (d. 1979) August 11 – Enid Blyton, British children's writer (d. 1968) August 15 Ludovic Arrachart, French aviator (d. 1933) Jane Ingham, English botanist and scientific translator (d. 1982) August 16 Carlo Del Prete, Italian aviator (d. 1928) Hersch Lauterpacht, Ukrainian-born international lawyer (d. 1960) August 22 – Elisabeth Bergner, European actress (d. 1986) August 26 – Yun Posun, 2nd President of South Korea (d. 1990) August 31 – Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975) September–October September 1 – Andy Kennedy, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1963) September 7 – Al Sherman, American Tin Pan Alley songwriter (d. 1973) September 8 – Jimmie Rodgers, American singer (d. 1933) September 10 – Otto Strasser, German Nazi politician (d. 1974) September 12 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956) September 13 – Michel Saint-Denis, French-born actor, theater director, drama theorist and radio broadcaster (d. 1971) September 15 – Kurt Daluege, German Nazi officer, war criminal (d. 1946) September 16 – Milt Franklyn, American musical composer and arranger (d. 1962) September 17 – Earl Webb, American baseball player (d. 1965) September 19 &ndash: Zhu Guangqian, Chinese esthetician, modern literary theorist, and famous scholar (d.1986) September 20 – Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, 26th President of Brazil (d. 1967) September 21 – Gladys Henson, Irish actress (d. 1982) September 23 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984) September 25 – William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962) September 26 Pope Paul VI (d. 1978) Arthur Rhys-Davids, British World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) September 30 – Alfred Wintle, British army officer, eccentric (d. 1966) October 3 – Louis Aragon, French author (d. 1982) October 7 – Elijah Muhammad, African-American co-founder of the Nation of Islam (d. 1975) October 8 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American film, theatre director (d. 1987) October 15 Johannes Sikkar, Estonian statesman (d. 1960) Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer, South Indian Carnatic singer and musicologist (d. 1975) October 20 – Yi Un, Korean Crown Prince (d. 1970) October 21 – Lloyd Hughes, American actor (d. 1958) October 25 – Luigi Pavese, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 1969) October 28 – Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981) October 29 – Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagandist (d. 1945) October 30 – Hope Emerson, American actress, strongwoman (d. 1960) November–December November 4 – Dmitry Pavlov, Soviet general (d. 1941) November 9 Harvey Hendrick, American baseball player (d. 1941) Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978) November 15 – Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Bt, English author (d. 1988) November 18 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) November 19 – Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of American President Theodore Roosevelt, killed in action as fighter pilot (d. 1918) November 23 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali author (d. 1999) November 24 – Lucky Luciano, Sicilian-American Mafia boss (d. 1962) November 30 – Virginia Henderson, American nurse theorist (d. 1996) December 2 – Dean Alfange, American politician (d. 1989) December 5 Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher, historian (d. 1982) Tina Lattanzi, Italian film, voice actress (d. 1997) December 9 – Hermione Gingold, English actress (d. 1987) December 14 – Kurt Schuschnigg, 11th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1977) December 18 – Fletcher Henderson, American musician (d. 1952) December 24 Koto Okubo, Japanese supercentenarian, world's oldest living woman (d. 2013) Lazare Ponticelli, Italian-French supercentenarian; last surviving officially recognized French veteran of the First World War (d. 2008) December 25 – Dorothy Peterson, American film, television actress (d. 1979) December 30 – Alfredo Bracchi, Italian author (d. 1976) December 31 – Rhys Williams, Welsh actor (d. 1969) Date unknown Abd-al Karim, Afghan emir (d. 1927) Deaths January–June January 1 – Joseph S. Skerrett, American admiral (b. 1833) January 9 – Thomas Gwyn Elger, English astronomer (b. |
Marquess of Salisbury, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. June 24 – Randolph Churchill becomes Secretary of State for India. July–September July – Japan Berery, as predecessor name was Kirin Holdings was founded in Yokohama, Japan. July 6 – Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux successfully test their rabies vaccine. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog. July 14 – Sarah E. Goode is the first African-American woman to apply for and receive a patent, for the invention of the hideaway bed. July 15 – The Reservation at Niagara Falls opens, enabling access to all for free. Thomas V. Welch is the first Superintendent of the Park. July 16 – BHP (Broken Hill Proprietary), a mining and natural gas product in worldwide, founded in New South Wales, Australia. July 20 – Professional football is legalized in Britain. July 28 – Louis Riel's trial for treason begins in Regina. August 19 – S Andromedae, the only supernova seen in the Andromeda Galaxy so far by astronomers, and the first ever noted outside the Milky Way, is discovered. August 29 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for the Daimler Reitwagen, regarded as the first motorcycle, which he has produced with Wilhelm Maybach. September 2 – The Rock Springs massacre occurs in Rock Springs, Wyoming; 150 white miners attack their Chinese coworkers, killing 28, wounding 15, and forcing several hundred more out of town. September 6 – Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria, completing the Unification of Bulgaria. September 8 – Saint Thomas Academy is founded in Minnesota. September 12 – Arbroath FC defeats Bon Accord FC, 36-0, in the highest score ever in professional football. September 15 – A train wreck of the P. T. Barnum Circus kills giant elephant Jumbo, at St. Thomas, Ontario. September 18 – The union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is proclaimed at Plovdiv. September 30 – A British force abolishes the Boer republic of Stellaland, and adds it to British Bechuanaland. October–December October 3 – Millwall F.C. is founded by workers on the Isle of Dogs in London, as Millwall Rovers. October 12 – The city of Fresno, California is incorporated. October 13 – The Georgia Institute of Technology is established in Atlanta, as the Georgia School of Technology. October 25 – Symphony No. 4 (Brahms) is premiered in Meiningen, Germany, with Johannes Brahms himself conducting it. November – The Third Anglo-Burmese War begins. November 7 – Canadian Pacific Railway: In Craigellachie, British Columbia, construction ends on a railway extending across Canada. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald considers the project to be vital to Canada, due to the exponentially greater potential for military mobility. November 14–28 – Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares war against Bulgaria, but is defeated in the Battle of Slivnitsa on November 17–19. November 16 – Louis Riel, Canadian rebel leader of the Métis, is executed for high treason. December 1 – The U.S. Patent Office acknowledges this date as the day Dr Pepper is served for the very first time; the exact date of Dr. Pepper's invention is unknown. December 28 – 72 Indian lawyers, academics and journalists gather in Bombay, to form the Congress Party. Date unknown Karl Benz produces the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, regarded as the first automobile (patented and publicly launched the following year). John Kemp Starley demonstrates the Rover safety bicycle, regarded as the first practical modern bicycle. Chile's Matrimony and Civil Registry laws come into effect. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, is completed. With ten floors and a fireproof weight-bearing metal frame, it is regarded as the first skyscraper. Bicycle Playing Cards are first produced. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association is established in the United Kingdom, to provide charitable assistance. Camp Dudley, the oldest continually running boys' camp in the United States, is founded. John Ormsby publishes his new English translation of Don Quixote, acclaimed as the most scholarly made up to that time. It will remain in print through the 20th Century. Michigan Technological University (originally Michigan Mining School) opens its doors for the first time, in the future Houghton County Fire Hall. Chuo Law College, as predecessor of Chuo University, founded in Kanda, Tokyo, Japan. Before November 1 – More than 24,000 Christians killed, 225 churches burnt, seventeen orphanages and ten convents destroyed in Cochinchina, now known as Vietnam. Births January January 6 – Florence Turner, American actress (d. 1946) January 8 – John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1945) January 11 Jack Hoxie, American actor, rodeo performer (d. 1965) Alice Paul, American women's rights activist (d. 1977) January 12 Harry Benjamin, American endocrinologist, sexologist (d. 1986) Claude Fuess, 10th Headmaster of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (d. 1963) January 14 – Constantin Sănătescu, 44th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1947) January 16 – Zhou Zuoren, Chinese writer (d. 1967) January 17 – Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, German general and war criminal (d. 1968) January 21 – Umberto Nobile, Italian aviator and explorer (d. 1978) January 25 – Roy Geiger, American general (d. 1947) January 26 Michael Considine, Australian politician (d. 1959) Harry Ricardo, English mechanical engineer, engine pioneer (d. 1974) Per Thorén, Swedish figure skater (d. 1962) January 27 Jerome Kern, American composer (d. 1945) Eduard Künneke, German composer (d. 1953) Harry Ruby, American musician, composer, and writer (d. 1974) January 28 – Władysław Raczkiewicz, former President of Poland (d. 1947) January 30 – John Henry Towers, U. S. Admiral and naval aviation pioneer (d. 1955) February February 1 Rasmus Hatledal, Norwegian topographer and military officer (d. 1963) Friedrich Kellner, German diarist (d. 1970) February 7 Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951) Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (d. 1953) February 9 – Alban Berg, Austrian composer (d. 1935) February 10 – Rupert Downes, Australian general (d. 1945) February 13 George Fitzmaurice, French-American motion picture director (d. 1940) Bess Truman, First Lady of the United States (d. 1982) February 14 Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-born Muslim philosopher (d. 1949) Zengo Yoshida, Japanese admiral (d. 1966) February 15 – Princess Alice of Battenberg (d. 1969) February 18 – Richard S. Edwards, American admiral (d. 1956) February 21 – Sacha Guitry, Russian-born dramatist, writer, director, and actor (d. 1957) February 22 – Pat Sullivan, Australian-born director, animated film producer (d. 1933) February 24 Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (d. 1966) Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer, painter (d. 1939) February 26 – Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (d. 1969) March March 6 – Ring Lardner, American writer (d. 1933) March 7 – John Tovey, British admiral of the fleet (d. 1971) March 11 – Sir Malcolm Campbell, English land, water racer (d. 1948) March 14 – Raoul Lufbery, American World War I pilot (d. 1918) March 27 – Julio Lozano Díaz, President of Honduras (d. 1957) March 31 – Pascin, Bulgarian painter (d. 1930) April April 1 Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949) Clementine Churchill, wife of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (d. 1977) April 3 Allan Dwan, Canadian-born film director (d. 1981) St John Philby, Ceylonese-born British Arabist (d. 1960) April 4 – Bee Ho Gray, American Wild West star, silent film actor and vaudeville performer (d. 1951) April 7 – Walther Schwieger, German U-boat commander of U-20, which sank the Lusitania (d. 1917) April 12 – Hermann Hoth, German general (d. 1971) April 13 John Cunningham, British admiral (d. 1962) Otto Plath, American father of poet Sylvia Plath, entomologist (d. 1940) Vean Gregg, American baseball player (d. 1964) April 15 – Tadeusz Kutrzeba, Polish general (d. 1947) April 16 – Charles Debbas, 1st President, 5th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1935) April 17 – Karen Blixen, Danish author (d. 1962) April 29 – Frank Jack Fletcher, American admiral (d. 1973) May May 2 Hedda Hopper, American columnist (d. 1966) Lee W. Stanley, American cartoonist (d. 1970) May 5 – Agustín Pío Barrios, Paraguayan guitarist, composer (d. 1944) May 7 – George "Gabby" Hayes, American actor (d. 1969) May 8 – Thomas B. Costain, Canadian author and journalist (d. 1965) May 9 Eduard C. Lindeman, American social worker, author (d. 1953) Gianni Vella, Maltese artist (d. 1977) May 12 – Paltiel Daykan, Russian-born Israeli jurist (d. 1969) May 14 – Otto Klemperer, German conductor (d. 1973) May 15 Robert James Hudson, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1963) Naokuni Nomura, Japanese admiral and Minister of the Navy (d. 1973) May 20 – Faisal I of Iraq (d. 1933) May 21 Oscar A. C. Lund, Swedish film actor, director, and writer (d. 1963) Princess Sophie of Schönburg-Waldenburg, consort of William of Wied, Prince of Albania (d. 1936) May 22 – Toyoda Soemu, Japanese admiral (d. 1957) May 24 – Susan Sutherland Isaacs, English educational psychologist, psychoanalyst (d. 1948) May 27 – Richmond K. Turner, American admiral (d. 1961) May 30 – Arthur E. Andersen, American accountant (d. 1947) June June 2 – Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, German neuropathologist (d. 1964) June 4 – Arturo Rawson, President of Argentina (d. 1952) June 5 – Georges Mandel, French politician, World War II hero (d. 1944) June 9 John Edensor Littlewood, British mathematician (d. 1977) Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1962) Harry Gribbon, American comedy actor (d. 1961) June 14 – E. L. Grant Watson, English writer, anthropologist, and biologist (d. 1970) June 13 – John Palm, Curaçao-born composer (d. 1925) June 21 – Harry A. Marmer, Ukrainian-born American mathematician, oceanographer (d. 1953) June 22 – Milan Vidmar, Slovenian electrical engineer, chess player (d. 1962) June 23 – Elaine Bellew-Bryan, Baroness Bellew, South African-Irish nurse (d. 1973) June 24 Olaf Holtedahl, Norwegian geologist (d. 1975) , French set designer (d. 1990) June 27 – Guilhermina Suggia, Portuguese cellist (d. 1950) June 28 Marino Capicchioni, Italian musical instrument maker (d. 1977) Camille Clifford, Belgian actress (d. 1971) June 29 Izidor Kürschner, Hungarian football player and coach (d. 1941) Andrew Tombes, American comedian and character actor (d. 1976) July July 2 – Nikolai Krylenko, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet politician (d. 1938) July 4 – Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957) July 6 Charles Wisner Barrell, American writer (d. 1974) Ernst Busch, German field marshal (d. 1945) July 8 Ann Jemimia Flower, Dutch supercentenarian (d. 1995) Paul Leni, German film director (The Cat and the Canary) (d. 1929) July 9 – Luo Meizhen, Chinese supercentenarian (d. 2013) July 10 – Mary O'Hara, American author and screenwriter (d. 1980) July 14 – King Sisavang Vong of Laos (d. 1959) July 15 Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 1st Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 1959) July 16 – Hakuun Yasutani, Sōtō rōshi (d. 1973) July 19 Dumitru Coroamă, Romanian soldier and fascist activist (d. 1956) Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Portuguese diplomat, humanitarian (d. 1954) July 20 – Michitarō Komatsubara, Japanese general (d. 1940) July 22 – John Thomas Kennedy, American general (d. 1969) July 28 – Monte Attell, American boxer (d. 1960) July 29 – Theda Bara, American silent film | known as Vietnam. Births January January 6 – Florence Turner, American actress (d. 1946) January 8 – John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1945) January 11 Jack Hoxie, American actor, rodeo performer (d. 1965) Alice Paul, American women's rights activist (d. 1977) January 12 Harry Benjamin, American endocrinologist, sexologist (d. 1986) Claude Fuess, 10th Headmaster of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (d. 1963) January 14 – Constantin Sănătescu, 44th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1947) January 16 – Zhou Zuoren, Chinese writer (d. 1967) January 17 – Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, German general and war criminal (d. 1968) January 21 – Umberto Nobile, Italian aviator and explorer (d. 1978) January 25 – Roy Geiger, American general (d. 1947) January 26 Michael Considine, Australian politician (d. 1959) Harry Ricardo, English mechanical engineer, engine pioneer (d. 1974) Per Thorén, Swedish figure skater (d. 1962) January 27 Jerome Kern, American composer (d. 1945) Eduard Künneke, German composer (d. 1953) Harry Ruby, American musician, composer, and writer (d. 1974) January 28 – Władysław Raczkiewicz, former President of Poland (d. 1947) January 30 – John Henry Towers, U. S. Admiral and naval aviation pioneer (d. 1955) February February 1 Rasmus Hatledal, Norwegian topographer and military officer (d. 1963) Friedrich Kellner, German diarist (d. 1970) February 7 Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951) Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (d. 1953) February 9 – Alban Berg, Austrian composer (d. 1935) February 10 – Rupert Downes, Australian general (d. 1945) February 13 George Fitzmaurice, French-American motion picture director (d. 1940) Bess Truman, First Lady of the United States (d. 1982) February 14 Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-born Muslim philosopher (d. 1949) Zengo Yoshida, Japanese admiral (d. 1966) February 15 – Princess Alice of Battenberg (d. 1969) February 18 – Richard S. Edwards, American admiral (d. 1956) February 21 – Sacha Guitry, Russian-born dramatist, writer, director, and actor (d. 1957) February 22 – Pat Sullivan, Australian-born director, animated film producer (d. 1933) February 24 Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (d. 1966) Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer, painter (d. 1939) February 26 – Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (d. 1969) March March 6 – Ring Lardner, American writer (d. 1933) March 7 – John Tovey, British admiral of the fleet (d. 1971) March 11 – Sir Malcolm Campbell, English land, water racer (d. 1948) March 14 – Raoul Lufbery, American World War I pilot (d. 1918) March 27 – Julio Lozano Díaz, President of Honduras (d. 1957) March 31 – Pascin, Bulgarian painter (d. 1930) April April 1 Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949) Clementine Churchill, wife of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (d. 1977) April 3 Allan Dwan, Canadian-born film director (d. 1981) St John Philby, Ceylonese-born British Arabist (d. 1960) April 4 – Bee Ho Gray, American Wild West star, silent film actor and vaudeville performer (d. 1951) April 7 – Walther Schwieger, German U-boat commander of U-20, which sank the Lusitania (d. 1917) April 12 – Hermann Hoth, German general (d. 1971) April 13 John Cunningham, British admiral (d. 1962) Otto Plath, American father of poet Sylvia Plath, entomologist (d. 1940) Vean Gregg, American baseball player (d. 1964) April 15 – Tadeusz Kutrzeba, Polish general (d. 1947) April 16 – Charles Debbas, 1st President, 5th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1935) April 17 – Karen Blixen, Danish author (d. 1962) April 29 – Frank Jack Fletcher, American admiral (d. 1973) May May 2 Hedda Hopper, American columnist (d. 1966) Lee W. Stanley, American cartoonist (d. 1970) May 5 – Agustín Pío Barrios, Paraguayan guitarist, composer (d. 1944) May 7 – George "Gabby" Hayes, American actor (d. 1969) May 8 – Thomas B. Costain, Canadian author and journalist (d. 1965) May 9 Eduard C. Lindeman, American social worker, author (d. 1953) Gianni Vella, Maltese artist (d. 1977) May 12 – Paltiel Daykan, Russian-born Israeli jurist (d. 1969) May 14 – Otto Klemperer, German conductor (d. 1973) May 15 Robert James Hudson, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1963) Naokuni Nomura, Japanese admiral and Minister of the Navy (d. 1973) May 20 – Faisal I of Iraq (d. 1933) May 21 Oscar A. C. Lund, Swedish film actor, director, and writer (d. 1963) Princess Sophie of Schönburg-Waldenburg, consort of William of Wied, Prince of Albania (d. 1936) May 22 – Toyoda Soemu, Japanese admiral (d. 1957) May 24 – Susan Sutherland Isaacs, English educational psychologist, psychoanalyst (d. 1948) May 27 – Richmond K. Turner, American admiral (d. 1961) May 30 – Arthur E. Andersen, American accountant (d. 1947) June June 2 – Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, German neuropathologist (d. 1964) June 4 – Arturo Rawson, President of Argentina (d. 1952) June 5 – Georges Mandel, French politician, World War II hero (d. 1944) June 9 John Edensor Littlewood, British mathematician (d. 1977) Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1962) Harry Gribbon, American comedy actor (d. 1961) June 14 – E. L. Grant Watson, English writer, anthropologist, and biologist (d. 1970) June 13 – John Palm, Curaçao-born composer (d. 1925) June 21 – Harry A. Marmer, Ukrainian-born American mathematician, oceanographer (d. 1953) June 22 – Milan Vidmar, Slovenian electrical engineer, chess player (d. 1962) June 23 – Elaine Bellew-Bryan, Baroness Bellew, South African-Irish nurse (d. 1973) June 24 Olaf Holtedahl, Norwegian geologist (d. 1975) , French set designer (d. 1990) June 27 – Guilhermina Suggia, Portuguese cellist (d. 1950) June 28 Marino Capicchioni, Italian musical instrument maker (d. 1977) Camille Clifford, Belgian actress (d. 1971) June 29 Izidor Kürschner, Hungarian football player and coach (d. 1941) Andrew Tombes, American comedian and character actor (d. 1976) July July 2 – Nikolai Krylenko, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet politician (d. 1938) July 4 – Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957) July 6 Charles Wisner Barrell, American writer (d. 1974) Ernst Busch, German field marshal (d. 1945) July 8 Ann Jemimia Flower, Dutch supercentenarian (d. 1995) Paul Leni, German film director (The Cat and the Canary) (d. 1929) July 9 – Luo Meizhen, Chinese supercentenarian (d. 2013) July 10 – Mary O'Hara, American author and screenwriter (d. 1980) July 14 – King Sisavang Vong of Laos (d. 1959) July 15 Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 1st Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 1959) July 16 – Hakuun Yasutani, Sōtō rōshi (d. 1973) July 19 |
20 – Fritz Pfleumer, German-Austrian engineer, inventor (d. 1945) March 22 – Hans Wilsdorf, German-Swiss watchmaker, founder of Rolex (d. 1960) March 23 Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965) March 25 Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. 1945) Mary Webb, English novelist (d. 1927) March 26 – Guccio Gucci, Italian fashion designer, founder of Gucci (d. 1953) April April 1 – Octavian Goga, 37th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1938) April 3 – Alcide De Gasperi, Italian statesman, politician (d. 1954) April 12 – Rudolf Ramek, 5th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1941) April 14 – Husain Salaahuddin, Maldivian writer (d. 1948) April 16 – E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, British politician (d. 1959) April 24 – Harald Giersing, Austrian painter (d. 1927) April 27 – Móric Esterházy, 18th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1960) May May 1 – Mary MacLane, Canadian writer (d. 1929) May 4 - Alexander Kerensky, Russian politician (d. 1970) May 13 – Lima Barreto, Brazilian writer (d. 1922) May 14 G. Murray Hulbert, American politician (d. 1950) Maude Fulton, American playwright and actress (d. 1950) May 19 – Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and first President of Turkey (conventional; d. 1938) May 20 – Władysław Sikorski, Polish general, politician (d. 1943) May 26 – Adolfo de la Huerta, 38th President of Mexico (d. 1955) May 30 – Georg von Küchler, German field marshal (d. 1968) June June 3 – Juliusz Rómmel, Polish general (d. 1967) June 9 – Marion Leonard, American silent film actress (d. 1956) June 11 – Maggie Gripenberg, Finnish dancer and choreographer (d. 1976) June 17 – Tommy Burns, Canadian-born boxer (d. 1955) June 26 – Ya'akov Cohen, Israeli poet (d. 1960) July July 2 – Royal H. Weller, American politician (d. 1929) July 3 – Leon Errol, Comedic American actor (d. 1951) July 4 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier, planner (d. 1968) July 11 Dirk Janssen, Dutch gymnast (d. 1986) Louise Marion Bosworth, American social scientist (d. 1982) July 22 Augusta Fox Bronner, American psychologist, specialist in juvenile psychology (d. 1966) Kenneth Whiting, United States Navy officer, submarine and naval aviation pioneer (d. 1943) July 27 – Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945) July 28 – Günther Quandt, German industrialist, founder of the industrial empire that in modern times includes BMW and Altana (d. 1954) July 30 – Smedley Butler, United States Marine Corps general (d. 1940) August August 3 – Nathan Post, 7th and 10th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1938) August 6 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish biomedical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955) August 7 – François Darlan, French admiral and 81st Prime Minister of France from 1941 to 1942 (d. 1942) August 8 – Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal (b. 1954) August 12 – Cecil B. DeMille, American film director, producer (d. 1959) August 19 – George Enescu, Romanian composer (d. 1955) August 20 – Edgar Guest, English poet (d. 1959) September September 5 Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician (d. 1938) Henry Maitland Wilson, British field marshal (d. 1964) September 8 Harry Hillman, American track athlete (d. 1945) Refik Saydam, 5th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 1942) September 11 – Asta Nielsen, Danish silent film star (d. 1972) September 12 – Daniel Jones, British phonetician (d. 1967) September 15 – Ettore Bugatti, Italian car designer, founder of Bugatti Automobiles (d. 1947) September 16 – Clive Bell, English art critic (d. 1964) September 17 Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, British admiral (d. 1955) Aubrey Faulkner, South African cricketer (d. 1930) September 25 – Lu Xun, leading figure of modern Chinese literature (d. 1936) September 26 – Hiram Wesley Evans, American Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard (d. 1966) September 29 – Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist (d. 1973) October October 1 – William Boeing, American engineer, airplane manufacturer (d. 1956) October 4 – Walther von Brauchitsch, German field marshal (d. 1948) October 11 – Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist (d. 1973) October 15 William Temple, English Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1944) P. G. Wodehouse, English-born comic writer (d. 1975) October 16 – Alexey Schastny, Russian naval officer (d. 1918) October 21 – Mieczyslaw Rys-Trojanowski, Polish general (d. 1945) October 22 – Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) October 25 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter (d. 1973) October 26 – Margaret Wycherly, English stage, film actress (d. 1956) October 28 – Vin Coutie, Australian footballer (d. 1951) November November 4 – Gaby Deslys, French dancer, actress (d. 1920) November 5 – George A. Malcolm, American lawyer, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and educator (d. 1961) November 8 – Robert Esnault-Pelterie, French aircraft designer, pioneer rocket theorist (d. 1957) November 12 – Maximilian von Weichs, German field marshal (d. 1954) November 14 – Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film studio executive (d. 1969) November 15 – Franklin Pierce Adams, American columnist, poet (d. 1960) November 16 – Ioan Bengliu, Romanian general (d. 1940) November 24 – Al Christie, Canadian-born director, producer (d. 1951) November 25 Jacob Fichman, Romanian-born Israeli poet, essayist (d. 1958) Pope John XXIII (b. Angelo Roncalli), Italian pontiff (1958-1963) (d. 1963) November 28 – Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (d. 1942) December December 2 – Heinrich Barkhausen, German physicist (d. 1956) December 5 – René Cresté, French actor, director (d. 1922) December 3 – Henry Fillmore, American composer, bandleader (d. 1956) December 12 – Doris Keane, American stage actress (d. 1945) December 16 – Henri Dentz, French general (d. 1945) December 23 – Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) December 30 – Wiktor Thommée, Polish general (d. 1962) Deaths January–June January 1 – Louis Auguste Blanqui, French socialist, political activist (b. 1805) January 3 – Anna McNeill Whistler, James Whistlers mother, subject of his painting (b. 1804) January | War of the Pacific – Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos: The Chilean army defeats Peruvian forces. January 15 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Miraflores: The Chileans take Lima, capital of Peru, after defeating its second line of defense in Miraflores. January 24 – William Edward Forster, chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill, which temporarily suspends habeas corpus so that those people suspected of committing an offence can be detained without trial; it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2. January 25 – Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company. February 13 – The first issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert. February 14 – Pine City, Minnesota is incorporated. February 16 – The Canadian Pacific Railway is incorporated. February 18 – Carlos Finlay introduces his discovery of the transmission of Yellow Fever by mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, in the Fifth International Sanitary Conference held in Washington D.C. February 19 – Kansas becomes the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages. February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin. February 25 – Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated. March 1 – The Cunard Line's , the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at Clydebank in Scotland. March 4 – James A. Garfield is sworn in, as the 20th President of the United States. March 12 – Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut, as the world's first black international football player. March 13 – Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace, when a bomb is thrown at him, an act falsely blamed upon Russian Jews. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III. March 23 The First Boer War comes to an end. A fire caused by a gas explosion destroys the Opéra de Nice in the south of France with fatalities. March 26 (March 14 Old Style) – The Principality of Romania is proclaimed the Kingdom of Romania. April–June April 11 – Spelman College is established in Atlanta, Georgia. April 14 – The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupts in El Paso, Texas. April 15 – Temuco, Chile is founded. April 15 – Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia begin. April 21 – The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School. April 25 – Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia. April 28 – Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger, before stealing a horse and riding out of town. May 12 – In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate by the Treaty of Bardo. May 13 – The Pacific island of Rotuma cedes to Great Britain, becoming a dependency of the Colony of Fiji. May 16 – The world's first regular electric tram service is started in Berlin, by Siemens & Halske. May 21 The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton. The United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members; the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played this year. May 22 (May 10 Old Style) – Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is crowned King of Romania. June 12 – The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack. June 18 – The League of the Three Emperors is resurrected. June 20 – The current Cincinnati Reds baseball team plays its first game. June 26 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Sangrar: Peruvian and Chilean forces battle to a draw. July–September July 1 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell–Childers reforms of the British Army's organization, comes into effect. July 2 – Assassination of James A. Garfield: United States President James A. Garfield is shot by lawyer Charles J. Guiteau in Washington, D.C. The wound becomes infected, killing Garfield on September 19. July 4 – Tuskegee Institute opens in Alabama. July 7 – The first episode of Carlo Collodi's The Adventures of Pinocchio is published in Italy. July 14–20 – The International Anarchist Congress is held in London; delegates include Marie Le Compte, Peter Kropotkin, Errico Malatesta, Saverio Merlino, Louise Michel, Nicholas Tchaikovsky and Émile Gautier. July 14 – Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett, outside Fort Sumner, New Mexico. July 20 – American Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana. July 23 – The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires. August 3 – The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and Britain. August 27 – The fifth hurricane of the Atlantic season hits Florida and the Carolinas, killing about 700. September 5 – The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000 km2) and kills 282 people. September 12 – Francis Howell High School (Howell Institute) in St. Charles, Missouri, and Stephen F. Austin High School in Austin, Texas open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of the oldest public high school west of the Mississippi River. September 19 – President James A. Garfield dies eleven weeks after being shot. Vice President Chester A. Arthur becomes the 21st President of the United States. September 20 – President Chester A. Arthur is sworn in. September 26 – Godalming in England becomes the first town to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated). October–December October 5–December 31 – The International Cotton Exposition is held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. October 10 – Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs. The stage is first lit electrically on December 28. October 13 – Determined to bring about the revival of the Hebrew language as a way of unifying Jews, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda has what is believed to be the first conversation in Modern Hebrew, with friends living in Paris. October 26 – The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurs in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA. October 29 – The satirical magazine Judge is first published in the United States. November – The Newcastle United F.C. is founded in the north east of |
King Abdullah II of Jordan Mary Kay Letourneau, American child rapist (d. 2020) February thumb|100px|Lou Diamond Phillips February 1 – Takashi Murakami, Japanese pop artist February 2 – Kátia Abreu, Brazilian politician February 5 Jennifer Jason Leigh, American actress Martin Nievera, Filipino singer February 6 – Axl Rose, American rock singer February 7 Garth Brooks, American singer and songwriter David Bryan, American musician (Bon Jovi) José Carlos da Costa Araújo, Brazilian goalkeeper (d. 2009) February 8 Malorie Blackman, British author of young adult fiction Timothy Britten Parker, American actor February 9 Lolo Ferrari, French actress (d. 2000) Zoë Lund, American musician, model, actress, author, producer, political activist, and screenwriter (d. 1999) Dennis Padilla, Filipino comedian, TV host, radio broadcaster, and actor Dany Roland, Argentine-born Brazilian drummer, sound designer, actor, film director, and record producer February 10 Cliff Burton, American musician and songwriter (d. 1986) Bobby Czyz, American boxer February 11 – Sheryl Crow, American singer-songwriter February 12 Nana Ioseliani, Georgian chess player Jimmy Kirkwood, Irish field hockey player February 13 Michele Greene, American actress Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, Puerto Rican politician February 14 – Ken Oosterbroek, South African photojournalist (d. 1994) February 16 Patrick Davin, Belgian orchestra conductor (d. 2020) John Balance, English musician, occultist, artist, and poet (d. 2004) February 17 Alison Hargreaves, British mountain climber (d. 1995) Lou Diamond Phillips, American actor February 18 – Julie Strain, American actress and model (d. 2021) February 19 – Nabila Khashoggi, American businesswoman, actress, and philanthropist February 21 Vanessa Feltz, British television presenter Chuck Palahniuk, American author David Foster Wallace, American writer (d. 2008) February 22 Steve Irwin, Australian zookeeper, television personality, wildlife expert, environmentalist, and conservationist (d. 2006) Ethan Wayne, American actor February 24 Kelly Craft, US Ambassador to the United Nations and US Ambassador to Canada Benjamin McMurray, Filipino judoka. Michelle Shocked, American singer-songwriter February 25 – Birgit Fischer, German kayaker February 26 – Domingos Montagner, Brazilian actor, playwright, and entrepreneur (d. 2016) February 27 Adam Baldwin, American actor Grant Show, American actor February 28 – Angela Bailey, Canadian track and field athlete (d. 2021) March March 2 Jon Bon Jovi, American musician Raimo Summanen, Finnish ice hockey player and coach March 3 – Jackie Joyner-Kersee, American athlete March 6 Rita Sargsyan, Armenian First Lady (d. 2020) Erika Hess, Swiss alpine skier March 7 – Taylor Dayne, American singer, songwriter and actress March 10 Jasmine Guy, American actress, director, singer and dancer Seiko Matsuda, Japanese pop singer and songwriter March 12 – Julia Campbell, American actress March 14 – Tsvetanka Khristova, Bulgarian athlete (d. 2008) March 16 – Branco Mello, Brazilian singer, actor and writer March 17 – Kalpana Chawla, American astronaut (d. 2003) March 19 – Iván Calderón, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 2003) March 20 – Stephen Sommers, American film director March 21 Matthew Broderick, American actor and singer Rosie O'Donnell, American comedian, actress, talk-show host and activist March 23 – Sir Steve Redgrave, English rower March 25 Fernando Martín Espina, Spanish basketball player (d. 1989) Marcia Cross, American actress March 26 John Stockton, American basketball player Aivar Surva, Estonian politician March 27 – Jann Arden, Canadian singer March 29 – Ted Failon, Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator March 30 – MC Hammer, American rapper April April 2 – Clark Gregg, American actor, director, and screenwriter April 3 – Jaya Prada, Indian actress and politician April 5 – Sara Danius, Swedish writer and academic (d. 2019) April 8 – Izzy Stradlin, American guitarist April 9 – Imran Sherwani, British field hockey player April 12 Ivan Maksimović, Serbian rock guitarist (d. 2019) Diana Quijano, Peruvian actress Carlos Sainz, Spanish rally driver April 13 Edivaldo Martins Fonseca, Brazilian footballer (d. 1993) Hillel Slovak, Israeli-American guitarist (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (d. 1988) April 15 Nawal El Moutawakel, Moroccan hurdler Jhon Jairo Velásquez, Colombian hitman and drug dealer (d. 2020) April 16 Antony Blinken, American diplomat, 71st United States Secretary of State Ian MacKaye, American guitarist April 18 – Jeff Dunham, American ventriloquist April 19 Al Unser Jr., American race car driver Dorian Yates, English professional bodybuilder April 22 Han Aiping, Chinese badminton player (d. 2019) Jeff Minter, British video game designer and programmer April 23 Bram Bart, Dutch voice actor (d. 2012) John Hannah, Scottish film and television actor April 25 – Flex-Deon Blake, African-American gay pornographic actor (d. 2021) April 29 – Stephan Burger, German Roman Catholic archbishop May May 1 – Maia Morgenstern, Romanian film actress May 2 Ty Herndon, American country music singer Elizabeth Berridge, American actress Jimmy White, British snooker player May 3 – Anders Graneheim, Swedish bodybuilder May 4 – Jean Yoon, Korean-Canadian actress May 5 – Kaoru Wada, Japanese composer May 6 – Harry LaRosiliere, American businessman and officeholder (Mayor of Plano, Texas) May 7 – Ari Telch, Mexican actor May 8 – Natalia Molchanova, Russian free-diver May 9 Dave Gahan, English singer-songwriter Paul Heaton, English singer-songwriter Sean McNamara, American film director, film producer, actor and screenwriter May 10 – Gregory K. Davis, American attorney May 11 – Steve Bono, American football quarterback May 12 – Emilio Estevez, American actor May 13 – Eduardo Palomo, Mexican actor (d. 2003) May 14 Ian Astbury, English singer Danny Huston, American actor and film director May 15 – Rod Lurie, American-Israeli director May 16 – Roberto Iniesta, Spanish songwriter May 17 Lise Lyng Falkenberg, Danish writer Craig Ferguson, Scottish-American actor, comedian and television host Kim Mulkey, American basketball player/coach Arturo Peniche, Mexican actor May 18 Karel Roden, Czech actor Sandra, German pop singer May 19 – Frances Ondiviela, Spanish/Mexican actress May 20 Aleksandr Dedyushko, Russian actor (d. 2007) Mike Jeffries, American soccer coach Ralph Peterson Jr., American jazz drummer and bandleader (d. 2021) May 21 – Cam Brainard, American voice actor and narrator May 22 – Brian Pillman, American professional wrestler (d. 1997) May 23 – Claver Gatete, Rwandan politician May 24 – Gene Anthony Ray, American actor (d. 2003) May 25 – Anders Johansson, Swedish drummer May 26 Black, English singer-songwriter (d. 2016) Genie Francis, American actress Bobcat Goldthwait, American comedian May 27 – Ravi Shastri, Indian cricketer May 28 Brandon Cruz, American child actor and punk rocker François-Henri Pinault, French businessman May 30 – Timo Soini, Finnish politician May 31 Victoria Ruffo, Mexican actress Corey Hart, Canadian singer Noriko Hidaka, Japanese voice actress June June 1 – Sherri Howard, American athlete June 3 – David Cole, American record producer and songwriter (d. 1995) June 4 Paul Baloche, American Christian worship leader John P. Kee, American gospel singer June 5 Princess Astrid of Belgium Ken Hudson Campbell, American actor and voice actor Jeff Garlin, American comedian June 6 – Alex Datcher, American actress June 7 – Thierry Hazard, French singer and songwriter June 8 – Suzy Gorman, American photographer June 10 Jim Farley, American automobile executive Gina Gershon, American actress Ralf Schumann, German sport shooter Ahmed Khaled Tawfik, Egyptian author and physician (d. 2018) June 11 Olga Charvátová, Czech alpine skier Erika Salumäe, Estonian cyclist Toshihiko Seki, Japanese voice actor June 12 – Jordan Peterson, Canadian clinical psychologist and professor of psychology June 13 Mark Frankel, British actor (d. 1996) Ally Sheedy, American actress Vladimir Pravik, Soviet firefighter (d. 1986) Bence Szabó, Hungarian fencer June 14 – Emilija Erčić, Yugoslav (Serbian) handball player June 15 – Andrea Rost, Hungarian lyric soprano June 16 – Arnold Vosloo, South African actor June 17 – Bap Kennedy, Northern Irish singer-songwriter (d. 2016) June 18 Lisa Randall, American theoretical physicist Mitsuharu Misawa, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2009) June 19 – Paula Abdul, American dancer, choreographer and singer June 20 – Alex Di Gregorio, Italian editorial cartoonist June 21 Pipilotti Rist, Swiss video artist Viktor Tsoi, Soviet underground singer and songwriter (d. 1990) June 22 Campino, German singer Stephen Chow, Hong Kong actor and director Clyde Drexler, American basketball player June 23 Kari Takko, Finnish ice hockey player Shriti Vadera, Baroness Vadera, Ugandan-born British banker June 24 Harry van Bommel, Dutch politician, anti-globalisation activist and educator Juan Fernando Brügge, Argentine politician June 25 Pavla Tomicová, Czech actress Ricardo Iorio, Argentine heavy metal musician Bussunda, Brazilian comedian (d. 2006) June 26 Morten Skogstad, Norwegian drummer Hubert Strolz, Austrian alpine skier June 27 Michael Ball, British actor and singer Ollanta Humala, Peruvian politician, 65th President of Peru Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Hong Kong actor Mambury Njie, Gambian politician June 29 Mario Castañeda, Mexican voice actor and dubbing director Amanda Donohoe, English actress George D. Zamka, American astronaut Guy Lecluyse, French comedian and actor June 30 Florence Pernel, French actress Julianne Regan, British singer/songwriter Predrag Bjelac, Serbian actress July July 1 Andre Braugher, American actor Rafał Bruski, Polish politician Ahmad Bin Byat, Emirati businessman July 2 Doug Benson, American comedian, marijuana rights advocate, television host, actor and judge Roberto Blades, Panamanian Salsa singer Mahasweta Ray, Indian actress July 3 – Tom Cruise, American actor and film producer July 4 Neil Morrissey, English actor, businessman, comedian, singer and voice actor Pam Shriver, American tennis player July 5 – Amrozi, Indonesian terrorist (d. 2008) July 6 Christopher Chaplin, Swiss-English composer and actor Natalia Dicenta, Spanish actress Djarot Saiful Hidayat, Indonesian politician, governor of Jakarta Gilbert Lam, Hong Kong actor July 7 MC Jazzy Jeff, American rapper Klaus Tange, Danish actor Vadivukkarasi, Indian actress July 8 Oreste Baldini, Italian actor and voice actor Frank Gallagher, Scottish actor Joan Osborne, American singer and songwriter July 9 Roni Ben-Hur, Israeli jazz guitarist Sukhbir Singh Badal, Indian politician Nikola Čuturilo, Serbian rock musician Jan Degenhardt, German Lawyer and folk-singer Jordan Belfort, American former stockbroker, convicted felon, author, and motivational speaker July 10 Trond Helleland, Norwegian politician Grant Kirkhope, Scottish video game composer July 11 Fumiya Fujii, Japanese singer Pauline McLynn, Irish actress July 13 Tom Kenny, American actor, voice actor, and comedian Zlata Petrović, Serbian pop singer Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, Indonesian Academic figure July 14 Michelle Ford, Australian swimmer Patricio Toledo, Chilean footballer July 15 – Tommy Soeharto, Indonesian businessman, convicted murderer and politician July 16 Mathias Herrmann, German actor Uwe Hohn, German athlete Grigory Leps, Russian singer July 17 – Rita Rätsepp, Estonian actress and psychologist July 18 – Shaun Micallef, Australian actor, comedian and writer July 19 Anthony Edwards, American actor and director Cynthia Farrelly Gesner, American actress Aya Kitō, Japanese diarist (d. 1988) July 20 Carlos Alazraqui, American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor, singer, impressionist, producer and screenwriter Abdulai Hamid Charm, Sierra Leonean judge Primož Ulaga, Yugoslavian/Slovenian ski jumper Emmanuel Niyonkuru, Burundian politician (d. 2017) July 21 Gabi Bauer, German journalist and television presenter Ike Eisenmann, American actor and voice artist July 22 Roman Madyanov, Russian actor Rena Owen, New Zealand actress July 23 Eriq La Salle, American actor Bruce Marshall, American ice hockey coach (d. 2016) July 24 Federico Franco, Paraguayan politician, 49th President of Paraguay Johnny O'Connell, American race car driver July 26 Galina Chistyakova, Ukrainian athlete Sergey Kiriyenko, Russian politician and statesman, 31st Prime Minister of Russia July 28 – Ray Shero, American hockey manager July 29 Kevin Spirtas, American actor Scott Steiner, American professional wrestler July 30 Kaveinga Faʻanunu, Tongan politician (d. 2011) Alton Brown, American chef and television show host July 31 John Laurinaitis, American professional wrestler Wesley Snipes, African-American actor and martial artist August August 1 Robert Clift, British field hockey player Jesse Borrego, American actor Cesar Montano, Filipino actor August 4 Roger Clemens, American baseball player Lori Lightfoot, African-American lawyer and politician August 5 – Patrick Ewing, Jamaican-born basketball player August 6 – Michelle Yeoh, Malaysian-born Hong Kong actress August 7 – Bruno Pelletier, Canadian singer August 8 – Yūji Machi, Japanese voice actor August 10 – Suzanne Collins, American television writer and author ((The Hunger Games)) August 11 – Rob Minkoff, American filmmaker August 12 Ivan Maksimović, Serbian rock guitarist (d. 2019) Ariel López Padilla, Mexican actor August 13 Marcello Novaes, Brazilian actor Minouche Shafik, Egyptian-born international banker John Slattery, American actor and film director August 14 Steve Reevis, Native American actor (d. 2017) August 15 – Tom Colicchio, American chef August 16 Ayub Bachchu, Bangladeshi singer-songwriter (d. 2018) Steve Carell, American actor and comedian August 17 – Pierre Sanoussi-Bliss, German actor and director August 18 Felipe Calderón, Mexican politician, 50th President of Mexico Rob Minnig, American musician (The Ocean Blue) August 19 Valérie Kaprisky, French actress Eric Lutes, American actor August 20 – James Marsters, American actor and musician August 21 Tsutomu Miyazaki, Japanese serial killer (d. 2008) Gilberto Santa Rosa, Puerto Rican salsa singer August 23 Dean Karnazes, American ultramarathon runner Shaun Ryder, English musician, singer-songwriter, actor August 24 David Koechner, American actor and comedian Mary Ellen Weber, American astronaut August 25 – Theresa Andrews, American swimmer August 26 Roger Kingdom, American hurdler Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco August 28 – David Fincher, American director and producer August 29 Jutta Kleinschmidt, German rally driver Lycia Naff, American actress and journalist August 30 – Alexander Litvinenko, Russian ex-KGB colonel and ex-FSB lieutenant-colonel (d. 2006) August 31 Dee Bradley Baker, American comedian, announcer and voice artist Mark L. Walberg, American television personality and show host September September 1 – Ruud Gullit, Dutch footballer September 2 Tracy Smothers, American professional wrestler (d. 2020) Keir Starmer, English politician, current Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition September 4 – Shinya Yamanaka, Japanese physician and researcher September 6 – Chris Christie, American politician and 55th Governor of New Jersey September 8 – Thomas Kretschmann, German actor September 11 Victoria Poleva, Ukrainian composer Kristy McNichol, American actress September 12 – Dino Merlin, Bosnian singer-songwriter, musician and producer September 13 – Hisao Egawa, Japanese voice actor September 15 – François Bloemhof, South African author September 17 Baz Luhrmann, Australian film director Hesham Qandil, 51st Prime Minister of Egypt September 19 Shaharuddin Badaruddin, Malaysian politician (d. 2018) Cheri Oteri, American comic actress Gottfried von Bismarck, German aristocrat and socialite (d. 2007) September 20 – Vittorio De Angelis, Italian voice actor (d. 2015) September 21 Mark Holden, British-born Canadian actor Rob Morrow, American actor September 22 – Martin Crowe, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2016) September 24 Rosamund Kwan, Hong Kong actress Ally McCoist, Scottish footballer and pundit Nia Vardalos, Canadian-American actress September 25 – Aida Turturro, American actress September 26 Chunky Pandey, Indian actor Melissa Sue Anderson, American actress Anabel Ferreira, Mexican actress/comedian Steve Moneghetti, Australian long-distance runner September 28 – Grant Fuhr, Canadian hockey player September 29 – Roger Bart, American actor and singer September 30 – Frank Rijkaard, Dutch football player and manager October October 1 Esai Morales, American actor Fernando Albán Salazar, Venezuelan lawyer and politician (d. 2018) October 2 Jeff Bennett, American voice actor and singer Tawfiq Titingan, Malaysian politician (d. 2018) October 3 – Tommy Lee, American rock musician and drummer October 5 – Michael Andretti, American race car driver October 11 – Joan Cusack, American actress and comedian October 12 Carlos Bernard, American actor Branko Crvenkovski, President of Macedonia October 13 Margareth Menezes, Brazilian singer Kelly Preston, American actress (d. 2020) Jerry Rice, American football player October 14 Shahar Perkiss, Israeli tennis player October 16 Manute Bol, Sudanese basketball player and activist (d. 2010) Flea, Australian-American actor and musician Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Russian baritone (d. 2017) Tamara McKinney, American alpine skier October 17 – Mike Judge, American actor, voice actor, animator, writer, producer, director and musician October 18 – Min Ko Naing, Burmese Democratic activist and dissident October 19 Tracy Chevalier, American author Evander Holyfield, American boxer October 20 – Anatoly Khrapaty, Soviet Olympic weightlifter (d. 2008) October 21 – Miki Itō, Japanese voice actress October 22 – Bob Odenkirk, American actor and comedian October 24 – Jay Novacek, American football player October 25 David Furnish, Canadian filmmaker, director and producer Darlene Vogel, American actress October 26 Davo Karničar, Slovene alpinist and extreme skier (d. 2019) Cary Elwes, English actor and writer Azhar Azizan Harun, Malaysian politician October 27 Jun'ichi Kanemaru, Japanese voice actor Ang Peng Siong, Singaporean sportsman October 28 Rose Kirumira, Ugandan sculptor Daphne Zuniga, American actress October 29 – Debra Sandlund, American actress October 30 Stefan Kuntz, German football player and coach Courtney Walsh, West Indian cricketer Kristina Wagner, American actress November November 1 Sharron Davies, British swimmer/television presenter Magne Furuholmen, Norwegian musician (A-ha) Anthony Kiedis, American rock singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers) November 3 Phil Katz, American computer programmer (d. 2000) Gabe Newell, American business executive Jacqui Smith, British politician November 6 Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya, Russian pilot and cosmonaut Aznil Nawawi, Malaysian television host November 7 – Bettina Hoy, German equestrienne November 11 Mario Fenech, Maltese-Australian rugby league player Mic Michaeli, Swedish keyboardist Demi Moore, American actress Georgios Mitsibonas, Greek football player (d. 1997) Nicole P. Stott, American astronaut November 12 Jon Dough, American pornographic actor (d. 2006) Neal Shusterman, American author Naomi Wolf, American author, feminist and political consultant November 13 | military coup in Burma brings General Ne Win to power. Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game: Wilt Chamberlain scores 100 points in a single National Basketball Association basketball game. March 7 – Ash Wednesday Storm: A snow storm batters the Mid-Atlantic. March 8–12 – In Geneva, France and the Algerian FLN begin negotiations. March 15 – Katangan Prime Minister Moise Tshombe begins negotiations, to rejoin the Congo. March 16 – Flying Tiger Line Flight 739, a Lockheed L-1049H Super Constellation chartered by the United States Military Air Transport Service, and carrying mainly United States Army personnel bound for South Vietnam, vanishes over the western Pacific Ocean, with the loss of all 107 on board (no wreckage or bodies are ever found). March 18 Évian Accords: France and Algeria sign an agreement in Évian-les-Bains, ending the Algerian War. Un premier amour, sung by Isabelle Aubret (music by Claude-Henri Vic, lyrics by Roland Stephane Valade), wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1962 for France. March 19 –An armistice begins in Algeria; however, the OAS continues its terrorist attacks against Algerians March 21 – The Taco Bell fast food restaurant chain is founded by Glen Bell, in Downey, California. March 23 – The Scandinavian States of the Nordic Council sign the Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation. March 24 – OAS leader Edmond Jouhaud is arrested in Oran. March 26 France shortens the term for military service from 26 months to 18. Baker v. Carr: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that federal courts can order state legislatures to reapportion seats. April April 3 – Jawaharlal Nehru is elected de facto Prime Minister of India, for the fourth time. April 6 – Belgium reestablishes diplomatic relations with the Congo. April 7 – Milovan Đilas, author and former vice-president of Yugoslavia is re-arrested. April 8 – In France, the Évian Accords are adopted in a referendum, with a majority of 90%. April 9 – The 34th Academy Awards Ceremony is held; West Side Story wins Best Picture. April 13 – OAS leader Edmond Jouhaud is sentenced to death in France. April 14 – A Cuban military tribunal convicts 1,179 Bay of Pigs attackers. April 18 – The Commonwealth Immigration Bill in the United Kingdom removes free immigration from the citizens of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. April 20 – OAS leader Raoul Salan is arrested in Algiers. April 21 – The Century 21 Exposition World's Fair opens in Seattle, United States. April 26 – The Ranger 4 spacecraft crashes into the Moon. May May 1 Norwich City F.C. wins the English Football League Cup, beating Rochdale in the final. Dayton Hudson Corporation opens the first of its Target discount stores, in Roseville, Minnesota. May 2 An OAS bomb explodes in Algeria; this and other attacks kill 110, and injure 147. S.L. Benfica beats FC Barcelona 5–3 at the Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam), to win the 1961–62 European Cup in association football. May 3 – Mikawashima train crash: 160 die in a triple-train disaster near Tokyo. May 5 – Twelve East Germans escape via a tunnel, under the Berlin Wall. May 6 Antonio Segni is elected President of the Italian Republic. A test of a W47 warhead fired from a Polaris missile, the only time a nuclear missile has been test fired with its warhead detonated, occurs near Palmyra Atoll south of Hawaii. May 14 Juan Carlos of Spain marries the Greek Princess Sophia in Athens. Milovan Đilas is given a further sentence in Yugoslavia, for publishing Conversations with Stalin. May 22 – Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes near Unionville, Missouri, after the in-flight detonation of a bomb near the rear lavatory; all 45 passengers and crew aboard are killed. May 23 Drilling for the new Montreal Subway commences. Raoul Salan, founder of the French terrorist Organisation armée secrète, is sentenced to life imprisonment in France. Ruben Jaramillo, Mexican peasant leader, and his wife and children, are gunned down by the Mexican army and federal police in Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico. May 24 – Project Mercury: Scott Carpenter orbits the Earth 3 times, in the Aurora 7 space capsule. May 25 – The new Coventry Cathedral is consecrated in England. May 26 – Acker Bilk's "Stranger on the Shore" becomes the first British recording to reach number one, in the US Billboard Hot 100. May 27 – The Centralia mine fire is ignited in Pennsylvania. May 29 – Negotiations between the OAS and the FLA lead to a real armistice in Algeria. May 30 – The 1962 FIFA World Cup begins in Chile. May 31 – Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann is hanged at a prison in Ramla, Israel; his body is cremated and his ashes scattered over the Mediterranean. June June – Rachel Carson's Silent Spring begins serialization in The New Yorker; it is released as a book on September 27 in the U.S., giving rise to the modern environmentalist movement. June 3 – Air France Flight 007 (a Boeing 707) crashes on take-off at Orly Airport in Paris; 130 of 132 people on board are killed, 2 flight attendants survive. Most victims are cultural and civic leaders of Atlanta. June 6 – President John F. Kennedy gives the commencement address at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. June 11 President John F. Kennedy gives the commencement address at Yale University. Frank Lee Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin escape from the Alcatraz Island prison June 15 – Students for a Democratic Society in the United States complete the Port Huron Statement. June 17 The OAS signs a truce with the FLN in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue the fight on behalf of French Algerians. Brazil beats Czechoslovakia 3–1, to win the 1962 FIFA World Cup. June 22 – Air France Flight 117 (a Boeing 707 jet) crashes into terrain during bad weather in Guadeloupe, West Indies, killing all 113 on board, the airline's second fatal accident in just 3 weeks, and the third fatal 707 crash of the year. June 25 Engel v. Vitale: The United States Supreme Court rules that mandatory prayers in public schools are unconstitutional. MANual Enterprises v. Day: The United States Supreme Court rules that photographs of nude men are not obscene, decriminalizing nude male pornographic magazines. İsmet İnönü of the CHP forms the new government of Turkey (27th government, coalition partners; YTP and CKMP). June 26 – A 2-day steel strike begins in Italy, in support of increased wages and a five-day working week. June 28 – The United Lutheran Church in America, Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, American Evangelical Lutheran Church and Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church merge, to form the Lutheran Church in America. June 30 – The last soldiers of the French Foreign Legion leave Algeria. July July 1 Rwanda and Burundi gain independence. Algerian independence referendum, 1962: Supporters of Algerian independence win a 99% majority, in a referendum. A heavy smog develops over London. The Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation of March 23 comes into force, in the Nordic countries. July 2 Charles de Gaulle accepts Algerian independence; France recognizes it the next day. The first Walmart store, at this time known as Wal-Mart, opens for business in Rogers, Arkansas. July 5 – Algeria becomes independent from France. July 6 – Gay Byrne presents the first edition of The Late Late Show on RTÉ in the Republic of Ireland. Byrne goes on to present the show for 37 years, the longest period through which any individual hosts a televised talk show anywhere in the world, and the show itself becomes the world's second longest-running talk show. July 9 – American artist Andy Warhol premieres his Campbell's Soup Cans exhibit in Los Angeles. July 10 – AT&T's Telstar, the world's first commercial communications satellite, is launched into orbit and activated the next day. July 12 – The Rolling Stones make their debut at London's Marquee Club, opening for Long John Baldry. July 13 – In what the press dubs "the Night of the Long Knives", United Kingdom Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismisses one-third of his Cabinet. July 14 – Norma Nolan of Argentina crowned Miss Universe 1962. July 17 – Nuclear testing: The "Small Boy" test shot Little Feller I becomes the last atmospheric test detonation, at the Nevada Test Site. July 19 – The first annual Swiss & Wielder Hoop and Stick Tournament is held. July 20 – France and Tunisia reestablish diplomatic relations. July 22 – Mariner program: The Mariner 1 spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch, and has to be destroyed. July 23 – Telstar relays the first live trans-Atlantic television signal. July 25 The first armed helicopter company of the United States Army is formed at Okinawa, Japan. The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed in Geneva. July 31 Algeria proclaims independence; Ahmed Ben Bella is the first President. A crowd assaults the rally of Sir Oswald Mosley's right-wing Union Movement in London. An annular solar eclipse is visible in South America, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa and the Indian Ocean, and is the 36th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 135. August August 5 Death of Marilyn Monroe: Marilyn Monroe is found dead from an overdose of sleeping pills and chloral hydrate at her home in Brentwood, Los Angeles; it is officially ruled a "probable suicide" (the exact cause has been disputed). Nelson Mandela is arrested by the South African government near Howick, and charged with incitement to rebellion. August 6 – Jamaica becomes independent. August 15 – The New York Agreement is signed, trading the West New Guinea colony to Indonesia. August 16 – Algeria joins the Arab League. August 17 – East German border guards kill 18-year-old Peter Fechter, as he attempts to cross the Berlin Wall into West Berlin. August 18 – Norway launches its 1st sounding rocket, Ferdinand 1 from Andøya Space Center and becomes a space nation. August 22 – A assassination attempt is made against French President Charles de Gaulle. August 24 A group of armed Cuban exile terrorists fire at a hotel in Havana from a speedboat. Indonesia officially launched television with the establishment of TVRI television network or Televisi Republik Indonesia (Indonesian National Channel) August 27 – NASA launches the Mariner 2 space probe. August 31 – Trinidad and Tobago becomes independent. September September 1 A referendum in Singapore supports the Malayan Federation. Typhoon Wanda strikes Hong Kong, killing at least 130 and injuring more than 600. September 2 – The Soviet Union agrees to send arms to Cuba. September 8 – Newly independent Algeria, by referendum, adopts a constitution. September 12 – President John F. Kennedy, at a speech at Rice University, reaffirms that the U.S. will put a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. September 19 – Atlantic College opens its doors for the first time in Wales, marking the birth of the pioneering United World College educational movement. September 21 – A border conflict between China and India erupts into fighting. September 22 – Bob Dylan premieres his song "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall", at Carnegie Hall in New York City. September 23 – The animated sitcom The Jetsons premieres on ABC in the U.S. September 25 – Sonny Liston knocks out Floyd Patterson two minutes into the first round of his fight, for the boxing world title in Chicago. September 26 – The North Yemen Civil War erupts. September 27 – A flash flood in Barcelona, Spain, kills more than 440 people. September 29 – The Canadian Alouette 1, the first satellite built outside the United States and the Soviet Union, is launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. October October 1 The first black student, James Meredith, registers at the University of Mississippi, escorted by Federal Marshals. Johnny Carson takes over as permanent host of NBC's The Tonight Show in the U.S., a post he will hold for 30 years. Lucille Ball and Vivian Vance return to TV with The Lucy Show, two years after the end of I Love Lucy (Vance is the first person to portray a divorcée on a weekly series). October 3 – Project Mercury: Mercury-Atlas 8 – Walter Schirra orbits the Earth six times, in the Sigma 7 space capsule. October 5 The French National Assembly censures the proposed referendum to sanction presidential elections by popular mandate; Prime Minister Georges Pompidou resigns, but President de Gaulle asks him to stay in office. The Beatles' first single in their own right, "Love Me Do"/"P.S. I Love You", is released in the U.K. on EMI's Parlophone label. This version is recorded on September 4, at Abbey Road Studios in London, with Ringo Starr as drummer. Dr. No, the first James Bond film, premieres at the London Pavilion, featuring Sean Connery as the hero. October 8 The German magazine Der Spiegel publishes an article about the Bundeswehr's poor preparedness; the Spiegel scandal erupts. Algeria is accepted into the United Nations. October 9 – Uganda becomes independent within the Commonwealth of Nations. October 11 – Second Vatican Council: Pope John XXIII convenes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years. October 12 The infamous Columbus Day Storm strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest, with wind gusts up to 170 mph (270 km/h); 46 are killed, 11 billion board feet (26 million m3) of timber is blown down, with US$230 million in damage. Jazz bassist/composer Charles Mingus invites the public to a live recording session at The Town Hall (New York City), but the public is expecting a formal concert; along with technical problems, the event is the worst moment of his career. October 13 – Edward Albee's drama Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? debuts on Broadway. October 14 – The beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A U-2 flight over Cuba in the Caribbean photographs Soviet nuclear weapons being installed. A stand-off then ensues for another 12 days, after President Kennedy is told of the pictures, between the United States and the Soviet Union, threatening the world with nuclear war. October 20 – The Sino-Indian War, a border dispute involving two of the world's largest nations (India and the People's Republic of China), begins. October 22 – Cuban Missile Crisis: In a televised address, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. October 24 – Cuban Missile Crisis: The first confrontation occurs between the U.S. Navy and a Soviet cargo vessel; the vessel changes course. October 26 – Spiegel scandal: German police occupy the offices of Der Spiegel in Hamburg. October 28 The end of the Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev announces that he has ordered the removal of Soviet missile bases in Cuba. In a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, Kennedy agrees to the withdrawal of U.S. missiles from Turkey. The fact that this deal is not made public makes it look as though the Soviets have backed down. A referendum in France favors the election of the president by universal suffrage. October 31 – The United Nations General Assembly asks the United Kingdom to suspend enforcement of the new constitution in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), but it comes into effect on November 1. November November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's novella One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (, Odin den' Ivana Denisovicha), the author's pseudo-autobiographical account of life in the gulag, is published in Novy Mir, in an unprecedented acknowledgement of the Soviet Union's Stalinist past. November 1 The Soviets begin dismantling their missiles in Cuba. The comic book antihero Diabolik first appears in Italy. November 3 – Earliest recorded use of the term "personal computer", in the report of a speech by computing pioneer John Mauchly in The New York Times. November 5 West German defense minister Franz Josef Strauß is relieved of his duties over the Spiegel scandal, due to his alleged involvement in police action against the magazine. Saudi Arabia breaks off diplomatic relations with Egypt, following a period of unrest, partly caused by the defection of several Saudi princes to Egypt. A coal mining disaster in Ny-Ålesund kills 21 people; the Norwegian government is forced to resign in the aftermath of this accident, in August 1963. November 6 – Apartheid: The United Nations General Assembly passes a resolution condemning South Africa's racist apartheid policies and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic relations with the nation. November 7 – Richard M. Nixon loses the California governor's race. In his concession speech, he states that this is "Richard Nixon's last press conference" and "you won't have Nixon to kick around any more". November 17 – Dulles International Airport, in Washington, D.C., is dedicated by President John F. Kennedy. November 20 – Cuban Missile Crisis: In response to the Soviet Union agreeing to remove its missiles from Cuba, President John F. Kennedy ends the blockade of the island. November 21 – The Sino-Indian War ends with a Chinese ceasefire. November 23 – United Airlines Flight 297 crashes in Columbia, Maryland, killing all 17 on board. November 24 The first episode of That Was the Week That Was, the groundbreaking satirical comedy program hosted by David Frost, is broadcast on BBC Television in the United Kingdom. Cold War: The West Berlin branch of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany forms a separate party, the |
him that the Papacy must fall in 1604. Births January–March January 12 – François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (d. 1643) January 25 – Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, German Duke (d. 1639) January 31 – John Francis Regis, French Jesuit priest (d. 1640) February 24 – Vincent Voiture, French poet (d. 1648) March 1 – Jean-Charles de la Faille, Belgian mathematician (d. 1652) March 10 – Ercole Gennari, Italian drawer and painter (d. 1658) March 18 – Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, French nobleman, founder of Montreal and an order of nursing Sisters (d. 1659) March 21 – Juan Alonso y Ocón, Spanish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (d. 1656) March 27 – William Hyde, President of English College, Douai (d. 1651) April–June April 9 – John Davenport, English Puritan clergyman, co-founder of the American colony of New Haven (d. 1670) April 13 – Giovanni Battista Hodierna, Italian astronomer (d. 1660) April 23 – Alvise Contarini, Italian diplomat, nobleman (d. 1651) May 13 – Cornelis Schut, Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (d. 1655) May 15 – Squire Bence, English politician (d. 1648) May 25 – Veit Erbermann, German theologian (d. 1675) May 31 – Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, French author (d. 1654) June 9 – Pieter Jansz. Saenredam, Dutch painter (d. 1665) July–September July 2 – Theodoor Rombouts, Flemish painter (d. 1637) July 13 – Sebastian Stoskopff, French painter (d. 1657) July 22 – Virgilio Mazzocchi, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1646) July 29 – Abdias Treu, German mathematician and academic (d. 1669) August 20 Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1685) Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic, Polish poet (d. 1677) August 21 – Roger Twysden, English antiquarian and royalist (d. 1672) August 29 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. 1645) September 23 – Francesco Barberini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1679) September 28 – Justus Sustermans, Flemish painter (d. 1681) October–December October 7 – Captain John Underhill, English settler and soldier (d. 1672) October 13 – Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen, Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1634) October 20 – Matthew Hutton, English politician (d. 1666) November 15 – Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna (d. 1656) November 19 – Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, wife of George William (d. 1660) December 16 George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg (d. 1647) Pieter de Neyn, Dutch painter (d. 1639) December 22 – Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1659) December 23 Martin Opitz, German poet (d. 1639) December 24 – Honoré II, Prince of Monaco (d. 1662) Date unknown Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña, Spanish missionary and explorer (d. 1676) Johan van Heemskerk, Dutch poet (d. 1656) Cornelis Jol, Dutch naval commander and privateer (d. 1641) Wang Wei, Chinese poet (d. 1647) Deaths January 29 Maharana Pratap, Indian statesman (b. 1540) Elias Ammerbach, German organist (b. 1530) February 2 – James Burbage, English actor February 5 Francisco Blanco, Spanish Franciscan and Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1570) Gonsalo Garcia, Portuguese Franciscan and Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1557) Paulo Miki, Japanese Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (b. c.1562) Philip of Jesus, Mexican Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1572) 26 Martyrs of Japan February 6 – Franciscus Patricius, Italian philosopher and scientist (b. 1529) February 16 – Gilbert Génébrard, French Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1535) March 6 – William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, English noble and politician (b. 1527) April 2 – Blas Valera, Peruvian historian (b. 1545) April 16 – Caspar Cruciger the Younger, German theologian (b. 1525) June 6 – William Hunnis, English poet June 8 – Barbara of Hesse (b. 1536) June 9 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1534) June 18 – Markus Fugger, German businessman (b. 1529) June 20 – Willem Barents, Dutch navigator and explorer (b. c. 1550) July 8 – Luís Fróis, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b. 1532) July 19 – Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (b. 1568) July 20 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (b. 1539) July 22 – Gabriele Paleotti, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1522) August 27 Won Gyun, Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. 1540) | October 20 – Matthew Hutton, English politician (d. 1666) November 15 – Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna (d. 1656) November 19 – Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, wife of George William (d. 1660) December 16 George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg (d. 1647) Pieter de Neyn, Dutch painter (d. 1639) December 22 – Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1659) December 23 Martin Opitz, German poet (d. 1639) December 24 – Honoré II, Prince of Monaco (d. 1662) Date unknown Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña, Spanish missionary and explorer (d. 1676) Johan van Heemskerk, Dutch poet (d. 1656) Cornelis Jol, Dutch naval commander and privateer (d. 1641) Wang Wei, Chinese poet (d. 1647) Deaths January 29 Maharana Pratap, Indian statesman (b. 1540) Elias Ammerbach, German organist (b. 1530) February 2 – James Burbage, English actor February 5 Francisco Blanco, Spanish Franciscan and Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1570) Gonsalo Garcia, Portuguese Franciscan and Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1557) Paulo Miki, Japanese Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (b. c.1562) Philip of Jesus, Mexican Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1572) 26 Martyrs of Japan February 6 – Franciscus Patricius, Italian philosopher and scientist (b. 1529) February 16 – Gilbert Génébrard, French Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1535) March 6 – William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, English noble and politician (b. 1527) April 2 – Blas Valera, Peruvian historian (b. 1545) April 16 – Caspar Cruciger the Younger, German theologian (b. 1525) June 6 – William Hunnis, English poet June 8 – Barbara of Hesse (b. 1536) June 9 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1534) June 18 – Markus Fugger, German businessman (b. 1529) June 20 – Willem Barents, Dutch navigator and explorer (b. c. 1550) July 8 – Luís Fróis, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b. 1532) July 19 – Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (b. 1568) July 20 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (b. 1539) July 22 – Gabriele Paleotti, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1522) August 27 Won Gyun, Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. 1540) Yi Eokgi, Korean admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. 1561) September 3 – Jakobea of Baden, Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. 1558) September 20 – Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria, Austrian archduchess (b. 1581) September 30 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (b. 1534) October 4 – Sarsa Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1550) October 19 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (b. 1537) October 23 – Cyriakus Schneegass, German hymnwriter (b. 1546) October 27 – Alfonso |
a part of the Empire. April 16 – An estimated 8.0 magnitude earthquake strikes in the Caribbean Sea less than from the island of Barbuda and also affects St. Kitts and Nevis, as well as Antigua. April 25 – The Parliament of Scotland passes an Act to abolish the Anglican Scottish Episcopy as separate from the jurisdiction of the Church of England. The presbyterian Church of Scotland continues to exist as a separate, non-Anglican denomination. April 27 – Sultan Toloko ibn-Sibori becomes the new Sultan of Ternate, located on the Maluku Islands in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) after the death of his father, Sultan Sibori Amsterdam. May 16 – The Battle of Port Royal takes place in Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) after an invasion by a militia of 446 soldiers and 226 sailors from the Massachusetts Bay Colony (in what is now the United States) on seven warships. With only 90 French colonial soldiers to defend Port-Royal, Acadian Governor Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval surrenders before the end of the day. The site is now Annapolis Royal. May 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II. June 14 – King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland, to confront James II. June 8 – Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai. July–September July 10 – Battle of Beachy Head (also known as the Battle of Bévéziers): The Anglo-Dutch navy is defeated by the French, giving rise to fears of a Jacobite invasion of England. July 11 – Battle of the Boyne, north of Dublin: King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II, who returns to exile in France. The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control. July 26 – A French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, England. However, with the loss of James II's position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved, and Teignmouth is the last French attack on England. August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti (which later becomes Calcutta) is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Moghul treaty. September 25 – The only issue of Publick Occurrences is published in Boston, Massachusetts, before being suppressed by the colonial authorities. October–December October 6–12 – Massachusetts Puritans, led by Sir William Phips, besiege the city of Quebec; the siege ends in failure. October 8 – Great Turkish War: The Ottomans recapture Belgrade. November 17 – Barclays, now a multinational bank and lending institution, is founded in London by John Freame and Thomas Gould as Freame & Gould. The bank changes its name in 1736 when James Barclay becomes a partner. December 13 – The planet Uranus is first sighted and recorded, by England's first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who mistakenly catalogs it as a star 34 Tauri. Sir William Herschel identifies the object more than 90 years later as the seventh planet after confirming its gradual change of position, making his observation on March 13, 1781. December 20 – Tsar Peter the Great decrees that the Russian calendar will have the New Year's Day to start on January 1 rather than September 1, effective January 1, 1692. On the Russian calendar (which still used the Julian system at that time, 10 days behind the Gregorian calendar which would be adopted more than 200 years later), 1691 began on what would now be considered September 11, 1690. December 29 – An earthquake hits Ancona, in the Papal States of Italy and causes ten deaths. Date unknown Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo. The Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales. French physicist Denis Papin, while in Leipzig and having observed the mechanical power of atmospheric pressure on his 'digester', builds a working model of a reciprocating steam engine for pumping water, the first of its kind, though not efficient. Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiter's atmosphere. The Barrage Vauban, a defensive work in the city of Strasbourg (in present-day France), is completed. Possible year of the disappearance of the western part of the island of Buise, in St. Peter's Flood. Births January 22 – | the jurisdiction of the Church of England. The presbyterian Church of Scotland continues to exist as a separate, non-Anglican denomination. April 27 – Sultan Toloko ibn-Sibori becomes the new Sultan of Ternate, located on the Maluku Islands in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) after the death of his father, Sultan Sibori Amsterdam. May 16 – The Battle of Port Royal takes place in Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) after an invasion by a militia of 446 soldiers and 226 sailors from the Massachusetts Bay Colony (in what is now the United States) on seven warships. With only 90 French colonial soldiers to defend Port-Royal, Acadian Governor Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval surrenders before the end of the day. The site is now Annapolis Royal. May 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II. June 14 – King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland, to confront James II. June 8 – Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai. July–September July 10 – Battle of Beachy Head (also known as the Battle of Bévéziers): The Anglo-Dutch navy is defeated by the French, giving rise to fears of a Jacobite invasion of England. July 11 – Battle of the Boyne, north of Dublin: King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II, who returns to exile in France. The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control. July 26 – A French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, England. However, with the loss of James II's position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved, and Teignmouth is the last French attack on England. August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti (which later becomes Calcutta) is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Moghul treaty. September 25 – The only issue of Publick Occurrences is published in Boston, Massachusetts, before being suppressed by the colonial authorities. October–December October 6–12 – Massachusetts Puritans, led by Sir William Phips, besiege the city of Quebec; the siege ends in failure. October 8 – Great Turkish War: The Ottomans recapture Belgrade. November 17 – Barclays, now a multinational bank and lending institution, is founded in London by John Freame and Thomas Gould as Freame & Gould. The bank changes its name in 1736 when James Barclay becomes a partner. December 13 – The planet Uranus is first sighted and recorded, by England's first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who mistakenly catalogs it as a star 34 Tauri. Sir William Herschel identifies the object more than 90 years later as the seventh planet after confirming its gradual change of position, making his observation on March 13, 1781. December 20 – Tsar Peter the Great decrees that the Russian calendar will have the New Year's Day to start on January 1 rather than September 1, effective January 1, 1692. On the Russian calendar (which still used the Julian system at that time, 10 days behind the Gregorian calendar which would be adopted more than 200 years later), 1691 began on what would now be considered September 11, 1690. December 29 – An earthquake hits Ancona, in the Papal States of Italy and causes ten deaths. Date unknown Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo. The Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales. French physicist Denis Papin, while in Leipzig and having observed the mechanical power of atmospheric pressure on his 'digester', builds a working model of a reciprocating steam engine for pumping water, the first of its kind, though not efficient. Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiter's atmosphere. The Barrage Vauban, a defensive work in the city of Strasbourg (in present-day France), is |
at Madéfalva. January 19 – John Wilkes is expelled from the House of Commons of Great Britain, for seditious libel. February 15 – The settlement of St. Louis is established. March 15 – The day after his return to Paris from a nine-year mission, French explorer and scholar Anquetil Du Perron presents a complete copy of the Zoroastrian sacred text, the Zend Avesta, to the Bibliothèque Royale in Paris, along with several other traditional texts. In 1771, he publishes the first European translation of the Zend Avesta. March 17 – Francisco Javier de la Torre arrives in Manila to become the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines. March 20 – After the British victory in the French and Indian War, the first post-war British expedition to explore the newly acquired territories east of the Mississippi River comes under attack by Tunica warriors. The 340 British Army men, under the command of Major Arthur Loftus, were at a spot south of Natchez, Mississippi and were forced to flee in their boats back toward the port of New Orleans while under fire from an unknown number of Tunicas firing from both banks. March 23 – Following lobbying by George Johnstone, the Governor of British West Florida, Britain's Lords of Trade vote to recommend the northern boundary for the new province to run from the confluence of the Yazoo River and the Mississippi (at modern-day Vicksburg, Mississippi) to the Chattahoochee River (at modern-day Phenix City, Alabama), and the Privy Council soon approves, bringing about under the West Florida's jurisdiction. March 27 – The prince-electors, a group of nine German princes who select the next leader of the Holy Roman Empire, vote for the last time as the health of the Emperor Francis I declines. The electors (including Britain's King George III, who also rules as Elector of Hanover) approve Francis's son, Prince Joseph of Austria as King of the Romans. Upon the death of Francis in 1765, Prince Joseph becomes the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. March 31 – A mutual defense treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia is signed in Saint Petersburg between representatives of Russia's Empress Catherine the Great and Prussia's King Frederick the Great. By agreement, each nation agrees (for an eight-year period) to commit 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 horses to the defense of the other in case of an attack, and secretly agree to maintain security within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. April 5 – The Sugar Act is passed in Great Britain. April 21 – Residents of French Louisiana are informed for the first time that they will come under Spanish rule as the result of a secret agreement of November 13, 1762 whereby France has ceded all of its North American territory west of the Mississippi River. The Spanish, however, do not take possession until August 17, 1769. April 27 – Eight-year-old child prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart performs a private concert before King George III and Queen Charlotte in Great Britain, and has an encore on May 19. May 3 – Baden, one of the member states of the Confederation of Switzerland, declares a policy of remaining neutral in future conflicts, a model that is soon followed by other members of the Confederation and which eventually becomes the basis for Swiss neutrality from 1815 onward. June 21 – The English-language Quebec Gazette is established in Quebec City, Canada (as of 2014, it is the oldest surviving newspaper in North America). June 29 – A T11 tornado (equivalent to F5 on the Fujita scale) hits Woldegk, Germany. July–September July 6 – The last British troops depart Havana, Cuba, two years after having captured it from Spain during the Seven Years' War. The removal of troops follows the treaty between the two Kingdoms, with Spain ceding West Florida to Great Britain in return for the Havana withdrawal. July 8 – The Niagara Conference begins at the invitation of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern district, who hosts "one of the largest conventions of red men ever held on the continent" to negotiate the end of the hostilities from the French and Indian War. Reportedly, 2,000 representatives of the North American tribes meet at upstate New York come from distances ranging "From Dakota to Hudson's Bay, and from Maine to Kentucky." July 11 – Conditional repatriation of the Acadians in Canada, French colonists who took up arms against the British during the war, is approved by order of King George III on advice of the Privy Council. The Council offers settlement to any Acadians willing to take an oath of allegiance to the British Crown and that those living in New Brunswick are to "be allowed to settle in Nova Scotia, but that they should be dispersed in small numbers in various localities." July 20 – King George, on advise of the Privy Council, issues the Royal Determination of the disputed boundary between the colonial provinces of New York and New Hampshire. The King-in-Council "doth hereby order and declare | military, participates in a dialogue and exchange with the military of Britain, resulting eventually in a negotiated peace treaty.Manuscripts division University of Michigan Accessed February 17, 2018 Publications Cesare Beccaria - On Crimes and Punishments (Dei delitti e delle pene), a founding work of penology Immanuel Kant - Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen) Voltaire - Dictionnaire philosophique Horace Walpole - The Castle of Otranto "a story, translated by William Marshal, Gent., from the original Italian of Onuphrio Muralto", the first Gothic novel Births January 17 – Princess Maria Carolina of Savoy, crown princess of Saxony, died of smallpox (d. 1782) February 11 – Joseph Chénier, French poet (d. 1811) March 13 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, 26th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845) April 3 – John Abernethy, English surgeon (d. 1831) April 13 – Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, French marshal (d. 1830) April 20 – Rudolph Ackermann, German-born English entrepreneur (d. 1834) May 3 – Princess Élisabeth of France, sister of Louis XVI (executed 1794) May 5 – Robert Craufurd, Scottish general (k. 1812) May 7 – Therese Huber, German writer and scholar (d. 1829) May 26 – Edward Livingston, American jurist, statesman (d. 1836) June 5 – James Smithson, British mineralogist, chemist and posthumous founder of the Smithsonian Institution (d. 1829) June 19 – José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan hero of independence (d. 1850) June 21 – Sidney Smith, British admiral (d. 1840) July 9 – Ann Radcliffe, English Gothic novelist (d. 1823) August 13 – Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, French general (d. 1813) August 18 – Judah Leib Ben-Ze'ev, Galician Jewish modern Hebrew philologist, lexicographer, Biblical scholar and poet (d. 1811) September 5 – Henriette Herz, German salonnière (d. 1847) September 7 – Pierre Lorillard II, American businessman, real estate tycoon (d. 1843) September 17 – John Goodricke, English astronomer (d. 1786) September 25 – Fletcher Christian, English sailor and mutineer (d. 1793) December 7 Pierre Prévost, French panorama painter (d. 1823) Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno, Marshal of France (d. 1841) Date unknown – Maria Medina Coeli, Italian physician (d. 1846) Approximate date – Alexander Mackenzie (explorer), Scottish explorer of northern Canada (d. 1820) Deaths January 14 – Giuseppe Alessandro Furietti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1685) March 6 – Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1690) March 16 – Frederick Augustus Rutowsky, German general (b. 1702) March 17 – George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, English astronomer (b. c.1696) March 25 – Mikhail Mikhalovich Golitsyn, Russian naval officer (b. 1684) March 30 – Pietro Locatelli, Italian composer (b. 1695) April 9 – Marco Benefial, Italian painter (b. 1684) April 15 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (b. 1721) April 17 – Johann Mattheson, German composer (b. 1681) May 3 – Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher (b. 1712) June 29 – Ralph Allen, English businessman and politician (b. 1693) July 7 – William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, English politician (b. |
1760s (pronounced "seventeen-sixties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1760, and ended on December 31, 1769. Marked by great upheavals on culture, technology, and diplomacy, the 1760s was a transitional decade that effectively brought on the | Seven Years' War – arguably the most widespread conflict of its time – carried trends of imperialism outside of European reaches, where it would head on to countless territories (mainly in Asia and Africa) for decades to come under colonialism. References |
to Prussia. June 20 – Izmir, formerly the ancient Greek city of Smyrna, is destroyed by fire. July–September July 7 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Bloody Marsh – British troops repel those of Spain (under Montiano), in the Province of Georgia. July 14 – William Pulteney is created 1st Earl of Bath in Great Britain. August 17 Accompanied by 10 French Army observers, Choctaw Indians from the French Louisiana territory cross the Tombigbee River and raid Chickasaw Indian towns in Georgia. Over three days, the attackers lose 50 men, the Chickasaw defenders about 25. For permitting the attack, the French Louisiana governor, the Sieur de Bienville, is summoned back to Paris. Irish author and poet Dean Jonathan Swift is declared by a court to be "of unsound mind and memory" and confined to home treatment for the remaining three years of his life. August 19 A British fleet led by Commodore William Martin enters the harbor of Naples with three warships, two frigates, and four bomb vessels, and sends a message giving the King Charles VII of Naples (the future King Charles III of Spain) 30 minutes to agree to withdraw Neapolitan troops from the Spanish Army. Don Carlos agrees and ends the threat of a Spanish foothold in Italy. Voltaire's controversial play Fanatacism, or Mahomet the Prophet is first performed, in Paris, to a theatre audience filled with French nobility. August 20 – The Swedish-Russian War effectively ends as 17,000 Swedish troops surrender in Finland at Helsingfors (modern-day Helsinki). August 27 – George Anson, captain of HMS Centurion, arrives with his seriously ill crew at the island of Tinian (now U.S. territory as one of the Northern Mariana Islands and saves his mission. September 5 – The 46 survivors of Russia's Great Northern Expedition return to Petropavlovsk after having been shipwrecked on an island in the Bering Strait ten months earlier. They had completed the building of a new ship from the wreckage of the St Pyotr on August 21. September 16 – Construction starts on the Foundling Hospital in London. October–December October 5 Pedro Cebrian y Agustin, Count of Fuenclara, arrives at Veracruz to become the new Spanish Viceroy of New Spain. Pennsylvania's Colonial Governor George Thomas bars citizens from settling in Lancaster County, or west of the Blue Mountains Lois Mulkearn, ed., George Mercer Papers: Relating to the Ohio Company of Virginia (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1954) p657 November 13 – The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters is founded. December 2 – The Pennsylvania Journal first appears in the United States. Date unknown The Lopukhina Conspiracy arises at the Russian court. The Afghan tribes unite as a monarchy. Daniel le Pelley succeeds Nicolas le Pelley, as Seigneur of Sark. Molde, Norway, becomes a city. Eisenach, Germany builds its Stadtschloss (city castle). Spain completes the construction of Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately south of St. Augustine, Florida. The University of Erlangen is founded in Bavaria. Anders Celsius publishes his proposal for a centigrade temperature scale originated in 1741. Colin Maclaurin publishes his Treatise on Fluxions. Charles Jervas's English translation of Don Quixote is published posthumously. Through a printer's error, the translator's name is printed as 'Charles Jarvis', leading the book to forever be known as the Jarvis translation. It is acclaimed as the most faithful English rendering of the novel made up to this time. The Roman Catholic church decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions. Births January 8 – Philip Astley, English circus organizer (d. 1814) March 9 – Michael Anckarsvärd, Swedish politician (d. 1838) March 10 – Sampson Salter Blowers, American lawyer, jurist (d. 1842) March 14 – Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, Iranian king (d. | Lithuania, Poland's King Stanisław August Poniatowski issues a proclamation allowing Jews in the Lithuanian capital of Vilnius to live anywhere except for two public streets, the Pilies street and the Galves Street. April –June April 13 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio The Messiah is first performed, in Dublin, Ireland in aid of local charities. May – In Peru, Juan Santos takes the name Atahualpa II, and begins an ill-fated rebellion against Spanish rule. Father Domingo Garcia sends the first report of the rebellion to his superiors on June 2. May 17 – Frederick the Great's army defeats the Austrians in Chotusitz. May 24 – War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeat the Austrians in the Battle of Sahay. June 7 – Christian Goldbach first describes Goldbach's conjecture ("Every even number is the sum of two primes") in a letter to fellow mathematician Leonhard Euler. June 11 – Peace of Breslau: Austria cedes Silesia to Prussia. June 20 – Izmir, formerly the ancient Greek city of Smyrna, is destroyed by fire. July–September July 7 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Bloody Marsh – British troops repel those of Spain (under Montiano), in the Province of Georgia. July 14 – William Pulteney is created 1st Earl of Bath in Great Britain. August 17 Accompanied by 10 French Army observers, Choctaw Indians from the French Louisiana territory cross the Tombigbee River and raid Chickasaw Indian towns in Georgia. Over three days, the attackers lose 50 men, the Chickasaw defenders about 25. For permitting the attack, the French Louisiana governor, the Sieur de Bienville, is summoned back to Paris. Irish author and poet Dean Jonathan Swift is declared by a court to be "of unsound mind and memory" and confined to home treatment for the remaining three years of his life. August 19 A British fleet led by Commodore William Martin enters the harbor of Naples with three warships, two frigates, and four bomb vessels, and sends a message giving the King Charles VII of Naples (the future King Charles III of Spain) 30 minutes to agree to withdraw Neapolitan troops from the Spanish Army. Don Carlos agrees and ends the threat of a Spanish foothold in Italy. Voltaire's controversial play Fanatacism, or Mahomet the Prophet is first performed, in Paris, to a theatre audience filled with French nobility. August 20 – The Swedish-Russian War effectively ends as 17,000 Swedish troops surrender in Finland at Helsingfors (modern-day Helsinki). August 27 – George Anson, captain of HMS Centurion, arrives with his seriously ill crew at the island of Tinian (now U.S. territory as one of the Northern Mariana Islands and saves his mission. September 5 – The 46 survivors of Russia's Great Northern Expedition return to Petropavlovsk after having been shipwrecked on an island in the Bering Strait ten months earlier. They had completed the building of a new ship from the wreckage of the St Pyotr on August 21. September 16 – Construction starts on the Foundling Hospital in London. October–December October 5 Pedro Cebrian y Agustin, Count of Fuenclara, arrives at Veracruz to become the new Spanish Viceroy of New Spain. Pennsylvania's Colonial Governor George Thomas bars citizens from settling in Lancaster County, or west of the Blue Mountains Lois Mulkearn, ed., George Mercer Papers: Relating to the Ohio Company of Virginia (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1954) p657 November 13 – The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters is founded. December 2 – The Pennsylvania Journal first appears in the United States. Date unknown The Lopukhina Conspiracy arises at the Russian court. The Afghan tribes unite as a monarchy. Daniel le Pelley succeeds Nicolas le Pelley, as Seigneur of Sark. Molde, Norway, becomes a city. Eisenach, Germany builds its Stadtschloss (city castle). Spain completes the construction of Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately south of St. Augustine, Florida. The University of Erlangen is founded in Bavaria. Anders Celsius publishes his proposal for a centigrade temperature scale originated in 1741. Colin Maclaurin publishes his Treatise on Fluxions. Charles Jervas's English translation of Don Quixote is published posthumously. Through a printer's error, the translator's name is printed as 'Charles Jarvis', leading the book to forever be known as the Jarvis translation. It is acclaimed as the most faithful English rendering of the novel made up to this time. The Roman Catholic church decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions. Births January 8 – Philip Astley, English circus organizer (d. 1814) March 9 – Michael Anckarsvärd, Swedish politician (d. 1838) March 10 – Sampson Salter Blowers, American lawyer, jurist (d. 1842) |
to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV). May 15 – Battle of Forlì between Guelphs and Ghibellines: the French army under Jean d'Eppe is defeated, by Guido I da Montefeltro. June – The army of Peter III of Aragon lands in North Africa in Collo, to support the rebellious governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. But the uprising has been put down by the Hafsid ruler. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, quickly sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. June 26 – King Denis of Portugal marries Elizabeth of Aragon in Trancoso. August 30 – Peter III of Aragon, originally traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against Tunis, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after he was asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles of Anjou. September 4 – Peter III of Aragon becomes King of Sicily. September or October – Battle of Lake Hód between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans: King Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeats the invading army. December 11 – Battle of Orewin Bridge in mid-Wales: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is killed, and the Welsh suffer their final decisive defeat at the hands of the English. December – Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf I of Germany invests his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolf II of Austria as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg Dynasty in those territories. Battle of Vronen: Floris V, Count of Holland defeats the Frisians and retrieves the body of his father, some 26 years dead. King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill; he gives the throne to his younger brother Stefan | September 4 – Peter III of Aragon becomes King of Sicily. September or October – Battle of Lake Hód between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans: King Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeats the invading army. December 11 – Battle of Orewin Bridge in mid-Wales: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is killed, and the Welsh suffer their final decisive defeat at the hands of the English. December – Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf I of Germany invests his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolf II of Austria as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg Dynasty in those territories. Battle of Vronen: Floris V, Count of Holland defeats the Frisians and retrieves the body of his father, some 26 years dead. King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill; he gives the throne to his younger brother Stefan Milutin. The king of Aragon, Peter III, obtains the support of Nasrid Granada in preparation for the incoming Aragonese Crusade, led by Philip the Fair of France. By topics Education Hertford College is founded, at the University of Oxford. Markets The form for the Trial of the Pyx, during which it is confirmed that newly minted coins conform to required standards, is established. The first evidence is discovered of the existence of consolidated public debt in Bruges, confirming the expansion of use of annuities, to fund government expenditure to the Low Countries. Nature The most recent eruption of Larderello, a volcano in southern Tuscany, is observed. Technology The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy. Religion In England, the Archbishop of Canterbury orders all the synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews. Construction of Albi Cathedral in Languedoc begins. Births February 2 – Maud Chaworth, Countess of Leicester April 1 – Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1347) April 15 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1329) May 5 – Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena (d. 1348) date unknown Oshin, King of |
Egyptian-born U.S. composer, performer, ethnomusicologist and educator (d. 2017) March 5 – Elmer Valo, Czechoslovakia-born Major League Baseball player (d. 1998) March 7 – Syed Nasir Ismail, Malaysian politician (d. 1982) March 8 – Alan Hale Jr., American actor (Gilligan's Island) (d. 1990) March 9 – Evelyn M. Witkin, American geneticist March 10 George Elder, American baseball player Cec Linder, Polish-born Canadian actor (d. 1992) Charlotte Zucker, American actress (d. 2007) March 11 Frank Harary, American mathematician (d. 2005) Astor Piazzolla, Argentine tango composer, bandoneon player and arranger (d. 1992) March 12 Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (d. 2003) Gordon MacRae, American singer, actor (d. 1986) March 13 – Al Jaffee, American cartoonist March 14 George Berci, Hungarian surgeon Lis Hartel, Danish equestrian (d. 2009) March 17 – Meir Amit, Israeli politician, general (d. 2009) March 20 Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, Senegalese educator Alfréd Rényi, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1970) March 21 Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (d. 1986) Xu Zuyao, Chinese expert in materials science (d. 2017) Vasily Stalin, Soviet general (d. 1962) Abdul Salam Arif, President of Iraq (d. 1966) March 22 – Jean Bruce, French writer (d. 1963) March 24 Wilson Harris, Guyanese writer (d. 2018) Vasily Smyslov, Soviet chess player (d. 2010) Franciszek Blachnicki, Polish priest (d. 1987) March 25 Simone Signoret, French actress (d. 1985) Alexandra of Yugoslavia (d. 1993) March 27 – Hélène Berr, French writer (d. 1945) March 28 – Dirk Bogarde, English actor and writer (d. 1999) March 29 – Elizabeth Kelly, English actress March 30 – Francesc Gras Salas, Catalan ophthalmologist March 31 Kurt Bertsch, Swiss footballer Eduardo Cerqueira, Portuguese footballer Roy Houghton, English footballer April April 1 Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, American musician and songwriter (d. 2014) Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel, Egyptian army general April 3 – Darío Moreno, Turkish singer (d. 1968) April 6 – Wilbur Thompson, American Olympic champion shot putter (d. 2013) April 7 Robina Asti, WWII veteran, flight instructor, trans' rights activist, women's rights activist (d. 2021) Bill Butler, American cinematographer April 8 Giuseppe Albani, Italian footballer (d. 1989) Franco Corelli, Italian opera singer (d. 2003) Phyllis Latour, English-French Legion of Honour recipient April 9 Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (d. 2008) Roger Bocquet, Swiss footballer (d. 1994) Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and engineer (d. 2005) Yitzhak Navon, Israeli politician (d. 2015) April 10 – Chuck Connors, American basketball and baseball player turned actor (d. 1992) April 11 – Maura McNiel, American feminist (d. 2020) April 12 – Enric Marco, Spanish imposter, fake Holocaust survivor April 13 Dona Ivone Lara, Brazilian singer, composer (d. 2018) Leo Mogus, American basketball player (d. 1971) Louis Witten, American theoretical physicist April 14 – Thomas Schelling, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) April 15 – Georgy Beregovoy, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1995) April 16 Peter Ustinov, English actor, director and writer (d. 2004) Guy Warren, Australian painter April 17 – Sergio Sollima, Italian director (d. 2015) April 18 – Xu Yuanchong, Chinese translator (d. 2021) April 19 Robert Maxwell, American songwriter and harpist (d. 2012) Roberto Tucci, Italian cardinal, theologian (d. 2015) April 20 – Kenneth O. Chilstrom, American Air Force officer April 22 – Vivian Dandridge, African-American actress (d. 1991) April 23 – Janet Blair, American actress (d. 2007) April 25 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter (d. 2006) April 26 Nelson Dalzell, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 1989) Jimmy Giuffre, American jazz musician (d. 2008) April 27 Abdelmalek Benhabyles, Algerian politician (d. 2018) Hans-Joachim Kulenkampff, German television host, entertainer (d. 1998) April 29 Cornelis de Jager, Dutch astronomer (d. 2021) Pavel Vranský, Czech brigadier general and RAF radio operator (d. 2018) April 30 Dottie Green, American professional baseball player (d. 1992) Tove Maës, Danish actress (d. 2010) May May 2 B. B. Lal, Indian archaeologist Satyajit Ray, Indian filmmaker (d. 1992) May 3 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989) May 4 – Harry Daghlian, American physicist (d. 1945) May 5 Jim Conacher, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020) Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) Eric Tweedale, English-born Australian rugby union player May 6 – Erich Fried, Austrian author (d. 1988) May 8 – Robert Hugh Ferrell, American historian (d. 2018) May 9 – Sophie Scholl, German student, anti-Nazi resistance fighter (executed) (d. 1943) May 11 Hildegard Hamm-Brücher, German politician (d. 2016) Alec Mathieson, Australian rules footballer May 12 Joseph Beuys, German artist (d. 1986) Farley Mowat, Canadian writer, naturalist (d. 2014) Lily Renée, Austrian-born American cartoonist May 15 – Baron Vaea, Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 2009) May 16 Earl Ashby, Cuban baseball player Harry Carey Jr., American actor (d. 2012) May 17 – Dennis Brain, English musician (d. 1957) May 18 – Michael A. Epstein, English pathologist and academic May 19 Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (d. 1999) Yuri Kochiyama, Japanese-American civil rights activist (d. 2014) May 20 – Wolfgang Borchert, German writer (d. 1947) May 21 Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist, human rights activist, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1989) Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Indian philosopher, author of the socio-economic Progressive Utilization Theory (d. 1990) May 23 Beate Albrecht, German violinist and music educator James Blish, American science fiction author (d. 1975) Laurin L. Henry, American researcher Ray Lawler, Australian actor and director Humphrey Lyttelton, British jazz musician, radio personality (d. 2008) Georgy Natanson, Russian director, screenwriter and playwright (d. 2017) May 25 Hal David, American songwriter and lyricist (d. 2012) Kitty Kallen, American singer (d. 2016) Sadhu Ram Sharma, Indian politician Jack Steinberger, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) May 26 Inge Borkh, German soprano (some sources say she was born 1917) (d. 2018) Stan Mortensen, English footballer (d. 1991) May 28 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German author (d. 1999) May 29 – Norman Hetherington, Australian puppeteer and artist (d. 2010) May 30 Branko Mamula, Yugoslav politician (d. 2021) Jamie Uys, South African actor, film director (d. 1996) June June 1 – Nelson Riddle, American bandleader (d. 1985) June 3 – Forbes Carlile, Australian athlete (d. 2016) June 4 – Bobby Wanzer, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016) June 5 James Francis Edwards, Canadian fighter pilot P. K. Warrier, Indian Ayurveda practitioner (d. 2021) June 6 – Mikheil Tumanishvili, Georgian theater director, teacher (d. 1996) June 7 Myrtle Edwards, Australian cricketer, softball player (d. 2010) Bernard Lown, American medical innovator, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 2021) Jakob Skarstein, Norwegian journalist and radio personality (d. 2021) Brian Talboys, New Zealand politician, 7th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2012) June 8 Alexis Smith, Canadian-born American actress (d. 1993) Suharto, President of Indonesia (d. 2008) June 9 – Margaret Danhauser, American professional baseball player (d. 1987) June 10 Oskar Gröning, German SS officer, war criminal (d. 2018) Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Greek-born member of the British royal family as consort of Elizabeth II (d. 2021) Sergio Arellano Stark, Chilean military officer (d. 2016) Yakov Springer, Polish weightlifting judge (d. 1972) June 12 Luis García Berlanga, Spanish film director and screenwriter (d. 2010) Johan Witteveen, Dutch politician, economist and 5th Managing Director of the IMF (d. 2019) June 13 Edmund W. Gordon, American psychologist Nancy Warren, American professional baseball player (d. 2001) June 16 – Walter Barylli, Austrian violinist (d. 2022) June 17 – Aydın Boysan, Turkish architect (d. 2018) June 19 Richard M. Goody, English-born American atmospheric physicist and professor Doris Sands Johnson, Bahamian teacher, suffragette and politician (d. 1983) Louis Jourdan, French actor (d. 2015) June 21 Gebhard Büchel, Liechtenstein decathlete Hernando Hoyos, Colombian sports shooter (d. 2000) Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols, American field hockey player and aviator Thomas Morrow Reavley, American judge (d. 2020) Jane Russell, American actress (d. 2011) June 22 Ralph K. Hofer, American fighter pilot (d. 1942) Růžena Krásná, Czech politician and human rights advocate (d. 2012) Barbara Perry, American actress and singer (d. 2019) June 23 Paul Findley, American politician (d. 2019) Marius Mora, French cross-country skier (d. 2006) Colin Pinch, Australian cricketer (d. 2006) June 24 – Gerhard Sommer, German soldier (d. 2019) June 25 – Dennis Wilson, English poet June 26 Robert Everett, American computer scientist (d. 2018) Violette Szabo, French World War II heroine (d. 1945) June 27 Muriel Pavlow, English actress (d. 2019) Princess Vimolchatra of Thailand (d. 2009) June 28 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India (d. 2004) June 29 Bob Kennedy, American football player (d. 2010) Jean Kent, English actress (d. 2013) Reinhard Mohn, German businessman (d. 2009) June 30 Oswaldo López Arellano, 42nd and 44th President of Honduras (d. 2010) Jules Amez-Droz, Swiss fencer (d. 2012) Pierre Labric, French organist and composer July July 1 – Seretse Khama, 1st President of Botswana (d. 1980) July 2 – Joseph Zhu Baoyu, Chinese Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020) July 3 Flor María Chalbaud, former First Lady of Venezuela (d. 2013) Levi Yitzchak Horowitz, American-born Hasidic rebbe (d. 2009) July 4 Gérard Debreu, French economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) Nasser Sharifi, Iranian sports shooter Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist, conductor (d. 2003) July 5 Clare Abbott, South African artist and illustrator Zeynep Korkmaz, Turkish scholar and dialectologist Nanos Valaoritis, Greek writer (d. 2019) Patricia Wright, American actress July 6 Nancy Reagan, American actress, First Lady of the United States (d. 2016) Allan MacEachen, Canadian politician (d. 2017) July 7 – Dragomir Felba, Serbian actor (d. 2006) July 8 John Money, New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author (d. 2006) Edgar Morin, French philosopher and sociologist Frank Prihoda, Australian alpine skier July 10 Ed Iskenderian, American hot rodder and entrepreneur Eunice Kennedy Shriver, daughter of American politician Joseph P. Kennedy (d. 2009) John K. Singlaub, U.S Army Major General (d. 2022) July 11 Claude Bonin-Pissarro, French painter and graphic designer (d. 2021) Petter Hugsted, Norwegian Olympic ski jumper (d. 2000) Ilse Werner, German actress (d. 2005) July 13 Lucette Finas, French author and essayist Ernest Gold, Austrian-American composer (d. 1999) Reinhard Sommer, German trade union leader July 14 Leon Garfield, English writer (d. 1996) Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2013) Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996) Sixto Durán Ballén, President of Ecuador (d. 2016) July 15 Robert Bruce Merrifield, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006) Carl Richardson, American football coach N. Sankaraiah, Indian communist politician July 17 Acquanetta, American actress (d. 2004) Pío Corcuera, Argentine football striker (d. 2011) Hannah Szenes, Hungarian World War II heroine (d. 1944) July 18 Aaron T. Beck, American psychiatrist (d. 2021) John Glenn, American astronaut, U.S. Senator (d. 2016) Heinz Bennent, German actor (d. 2011) Gerry Mays, Scottish football player, manager (d. 2006) Richard Leacock, British-born documentary filmmaker, pioneer of Cinéma Vérité (d. 2011) July 19 Bertil Antonsson, Swedish heavyweight wrestler (d. 2006) Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2011) July 21 – Murad Ahmad, Malaysian politician July 26 Valmiki Choudhary, Indian politician (d. 1996) Wang Xiji, Chinese aerospace engineer July 28 Melba Hernández, Cuban politician, diplomat (d. 2014) Ella Tengbom-Velander, Swedish politician July 29 Richard Egan, American actor (d. 1987) Gustav Victor Rudolf Born, German-British pharmacologist (d. 2018) July 30 – Grant Johannesen, American concert pianist (d. 2005) July 31 Whitney Young, American civil rights leader (d. 1971) Mel Hirsch, American basketball player (d. 1968) Julieta Pinto, Costa Rican educator and writer August August 1 George Büchi, American chemist (d. 1998) Jack Kramer, American tennis player and commentator (d. 2009) August 2 – Mable Lee, American tap dancer, singer, and entertainer (d. 2019) August 3 – Richard Adler, American Broadway composer (d. 2012) August 4 Charles H. Coolidge, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2021) Maurice Richard, Canadian hockey player (d. 2000) August 5 – Anita Foss, American baseball player August 8 – Esther Williams, American swimmer, actress (d. 2013) August 9 Ernest Angley, American evangelist, author and station owner (d. 2021) Patricia Marmont, American-English actress (d. 2020) August 10 Ion Negoițescu, Romanian literary historian, critic, poet, novelist and memoirist (d. 1993) Jack B. Weinstein, American federal judge (d. 2021) August 11 – Alex Haley, American author (d. 1992) August 13 – Mary Lee, Scottish singer August 15 – K. Kailasanatha Kurukkal, Sri Lankan researcher, writer and professor (d. 2000) August 17 Betty Cody, Canadian-born country music singer (d. 2014) Geoffrey Elton, born Gottfried Ehrenberg, German-born British political and constitutional historian (d. 1994) August 19 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (Star Trek) (d. 1991) August 21 Babbis Friis-Baastad, Norwegian children's writer (d. 1970) John Osteen, American televangelist (d. 1999) Victor Szebehely, Hungarian-American astronomer (d. 1997) August 22 – Lee Loy Seng, Malaysian businessman (d. 1993) August 23 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) August 24 – Gerald Tanner, Australian rules footballer (d. 2022) August 26 Shimshon Amitsur, Israeli mathematician, Israel Prize recipient (d. 1994) Benjamin Bradlee, American journalist, executive editor of The Washington Post (d. 2014) August 27 Leo Penn, American actor and director (d. 1998) Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1996) Abang Muhammad Salahuddin, 3rd and 6th Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak (d. 2022) August 28 Nancy Kulp, American actress (d. 1991) Lidia Gueiler Tejada , 56th President of Bolivia (d. 2011) August 29 Iris Apfel, American interior designer, fashion designer Arlo Hullinger, American politician (d. 2021) Wendell Scott, American race car driver (d. 1990) Paddy Roy Bates, British pirate radio broadcaster, founder of the Principality of Sealand (d. 2012) August 30 – David Finn, American public relations executive and photographer (d. 2021) August 31 – Raymond Williams, Welsh academic, novelist and critic (d. 1988) September September 2 – Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, 34th President of El Salvador (d. 1973) September 3 – Oonah Shannahan, New Zealand netball player September 4 – Paul A. Libby, American professor (d. 2021) September 5 Queen Consort Farida of Egypt (d. 1988) Eddy Goldfarb, American toy inventor September 6 – Andrée Geulen-Herscovici, member of the Comité de Défense des Juifs September 7 Riccardo Cerutti, Italian rower Antonio Gelabert, Spanish road bicycle racer (d. 1956) Arthur Ferrante, American pianist (Ferrante & Teicher) (d. 2009) Linus Nirmal Gomes, Indian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2021) Kenneth M. Watson, American theoretical physicist and physical oceanographer September 8 Harry Secombe, Welsh entertainer (d. 2001) Dinko Šakić, Croatian concentration camp commander (d. 2008) September 10 – Hideo Haga, Japanese photographer September 11 – George Joseph, American insurer September 12 Stanisław Lem, Polish science fiction writer (d. 2006) Bachir Yellès, Algerian painter September 13 Gunnar Eriksson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 1982) Cyrille Adoula, Congolese trade unionist and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Zaire (d. 1978) Sergey Nepobedimy, Soviet rocket weaponry designer (d. 2014) September 14 – A. Jean de Grandpré, Canadian lawyer and businessman September 15 – Joseph Iléo, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1994) September 16 – Earle Parsons, American football player (d. 2014) September 17 – Virgilio Barco Vargas, 27th President of Colombia (d. 1997) September 18 Nermin Abadan Unat, Turkish lawyer and professor Kamal Hassan Aly, Egyptian politician, 43rd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 1993) Johannes W. Rohen, German anatomist September 19 – Paulo Freire, Brazilian educator and philosopher (d. 1997) September 20 – Leon Comber, English author and military officer September 21 – Gaylen C. Hansen, American artist September 22 – Betty Reid Soskin, American park ranger September 24 André Lacroix, French pentathlete (d. 2016) Jim McKay, American sportscaster (d. 2008) Charlene Pryer, American professional baseball player (d. 1999) September 25 Robert Muldoon, 31st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1992) Alf Patrick, English footballer (d. 2021) Robert C. Prim, American mathematician and computer scientist September 27 Miklós Jancsó, Hungarian film director (d. 2014) John Malcolm Patterson, American politician (d. 2021) September 28 – Lim Tze Peng, Singaporean artist September 29 – Grigory Svirsky, Russian-Canadian writer (d. 2016) September 30 Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (d. 2007) Jorge Loring Miró, Spanish Jesuit priest, public speaker and author (d. 2013) October October 1 – James Whitmore, American actor (d. 2009) October 2 – Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000) October 3 – Ray Lindwall, Australian cricketer (d. 1996) October 4 Francisco Morales-Bermúdez, President of Peru Shin Kyuk-ho, South Korean businessman (d. 2020) October 6 Joseph Lowery, American minister and civil rights activist (d. 2020) Joop Sanders, Dutch-born American painter and educator October 7 Beth Bentley, American poet (d. 2021) Richard L. Duchossois, American businessman (d. 2022) October 8 – Abraham Sarmiento, Filipino Supreme Court jurist (d. 2010) October 9 – Dot Wilkinson, American softball player October 10 – James Clavell, British novelist (d. 1994) October 11 Manuel Costa, Spanish road racing cyclist Shaw McCutcheon, American cartoonist (d. 2016) October 13 Enrico Cocozza, Scottish filmmaker (d. 2009) Yves Montand, French singer and actor (d. 1991) October 14 Zizinho, Brazilian football player (d. 2002) José Arraño Acevedo, Chilean historian (d. 2009) Jeffrey G. Smith, American general (d. 2021) October 16 – Sita Ram Goel, Indian historian, publisher and author (d. 2003) October 17 Edel Hætta Eriksen, Norwegian schoolteacher and politician Maria Gorokhovskaya, Soviet gymnast (d. 2001) October 18 – Jesse Helms, U.S. Senator from North Carolina (d. 2008) October 19 – Gunnar Nordahl, Swedish footballer (d. 1995) October 21 Malcolm Arnold, British music composer (d. 2006) Mohammad Mohammadullah, 3rd President of Bangladesh (d. 1999) Zorawar Chand Bakhshi, Indian Army General (d. 2018) Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, Dutch astronomer (d. 2015) October 22 – Georges Brassens, French singer-songwriter (d. 1981) October 23 Denise Duval, French operatic soprano (d. 2016) Archie Lamb, English ambassador and writer (d. 2021) André Turcat, French aviator, first pilot of Concorde (d. 2016) İlhan Usmanbaş, Turkish composer October 24 – Sena Jurinac, Bosnian operatic soprano (d. 2011) October 25 – King Michael I of Romania (d. 2017) October 26 – Ted Bassett, American executive October 27 – Eugene Chelyshev, Russian indologist and academician (d. 2020) October 29 – Santiago Fierro Fierro, Mexican politician and medical doctor (d. 2009) Unknown – Cao Keqiang, Chinese diplomat November November 1 – Pavel Țugui, Romanian communist activist and literary historian (d. 2021) November 2 – Wanda Półtawska, Polish physician and author November 3 – Charles Bronson, American actor (d. 2003) November 5 Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt (d. 2013) John F. Gonge, American lieutenant general November 6 James Jones, American writer (d. 1977) Tomiyama Taeko, Japanese visual artist (d. 2021) November 7 – János Horváth, Hungarian politician (d. 2019) November 8 Walter Mirisch, American film producer Gene Saks, American actor, film director (d. 2015) Peter Spoden, German night fighter ace (d. 2021) November 13 – Joonas Kokkonen, Finnish composer (d. 1996) November 14 – Brian Keith, American actor (d. 1997) November 15 Jimmy Fitzmorris, American politician (d. 2021) Alexander Jefferson, American Air Force officer November 17 – Ofelia Guilmáin, Mexican actress (d. 2005) November 18 – George Nagobads, American physician November 19 Michel Bonnevie, French Olympic basketball player (d. 2018) Roy Campanella, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers), member of the MLB Hall of Fame (d. 1993) November 20 – Allen Dines, American politician (d. 2020) November 21 – Billie Mae Richards, Canadian actress, singer (d. 2010) November 22 – Rodney Dangerfield, American actor and comedian (d. 2004) November 23 Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (d. 1960) Lois North, American politician November 24 – John Lindsay, American lawyer and politician, Mayor of New York City (d. 2000) November 25 Stanley Ho, Hong Kong-Macanese businessman and philanthropist (d. 2020) Johnny Johnson, English RAF officer November 26 Tom Felleghy, Hungarian-born Italian actor Françoise Gilot, French painter, critic and author November 27 Alexander Dubček, Slovak politician, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1992) James Kinnier Wilson, English assyriologist December December 2 – Carlo Furno, Italian cardinal (d. 2015) December 3 Phyllis Curtin, American soprano (d. 2016) Sonja Morawetz Sinclair, Canadian journalist, author and cryptographer Madiha Yousri, Egyptian actress (d. 2018) December 4 Deanna Durbin, Canadian singer (d. 2013) Sanford K. Moats, American Air Force general December 5 – Arnljot Strømme Svendsen, Norwegian economist and politician December 6 – Otto Graham, American football player (d. 2003) December 7 – Eric Blackwood, Canadian-English aviator December 10 Toh Chin Chye, Singaporean politician (d. 2012) Howard Fredeen, Canadian animal breeding researcher Herbert Wahler, German Nazi war criminal December 12 – Ira Neimark, American businessman and author (d. 2019) December 13 – Elda Cividino, Italian gymnast (d. 2014) December 14 Simon Towneley, English author and politician Charley Trippi, American football player December 15 Alan Freed, American disc jockey, known for introducing rock and roll to mainstream radio (d. 1965) Nikolai Lebedev, Soviet-Russian actor December 17 – Anne Golon, French writer (d. 2017) December 18 – Yuri Nikulin, Soviet/Russian actor, clown (d. 1997) December 19 – Blaže Koneski, Macedonian poet, linguist (d. 1993) December 20 Ali Kandil, Egyptian football referee Gayraud Wilmore, American historian, theologian and educator (d. 2020) December 21 – Luigi Creatore, American songwriter, record producer (d. 2015) December 22 – Maurice Girardot, French Olympic basketball player (d. 2016) December 24 "Bullet" Bill Dudley, National Football League MVP 1946, Pro Football Hall of Fame 1966 (d. 2010) Allan Edwards, Australian cricketer (d. 2019) Francisco Pires, Portuguese footballer December 26 Steve Allen, American actor, composer, comedian, and author (d. 2000) John Severin, American humorous, war and western cartoonist (Mad Comics, Cracked) (d. 2012) December 28 E. S. Campbell, American marine and author (d. 2020) Philippe de Gaulle, French admiral and senator December 29 – Ronald Ernest Aitchison, Scottish footballer (d. 1996) December 30 – Rashid Karami, 8-time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1987) December 31 – Maurice Yaméogo, President of Upper Volta (d. 1993) Deaths January–June January 1 – Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, 5th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1856) January 12 – Gervase Elwes, English tenor (b. 1866) January 18 – Adolf von Hildebrand, German sculptor (b. 1847) January 23 – Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, German anatomist (b. 1836) January 25 – William Thompson Sedgwick, American teacher, epidemiologist and bacteriologist (b. 1855) January 27 – Justiniano Borgoño, 37th Prime Minister of Peru (b. 1836) January 29 – H. G. Haugan, Norwegian-born American railroad, banking executive (b. 1840) February 2 Andrea Carlo Ferrari, Italian Catholic cardinal and blessed (b. 1850) Antonio Jacobsen, American maritime artist (b. 1850) February 8 George Formby Sr, English entertainer (tuberculosis; b. 1876) Peter Kropotkin, Russian anarchist (b. 1842) February 22 – Ernst Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1863) February 26 – Carl Menger, Austrian economist (b. 1840) February 27 – Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (b. 1871) March 1 – Nicholas I of Montenegro, exiled king (b. 1841) March 2 – Champ Clark, American politician (b. 1850) March 3 – Auguste Mercier, French general, politician (b. 1833) March 8 – Eduardo Dato, Spanish politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1856) (assassinated) March 15 – Talaat Pasha, Ottoman Turkish ruler, initiator of the Armenian Genocide (b. 1874) (assassinated) March 22 – Edward Theodore Compton, English-German painter and mountain climber (b. 1849) March 29 – John Burroughs, American naturalist, essayist (b. 1837) April 1 – Sir Edmund Poë, British admiral (b. 1849) April 2 – Charles Blackader, British general (b. 1869) April 4 – Warington Baden-Powell, British admiralty lawyer (b. 1847) April 11 – Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, last German Empress, wife of Wilhelm II, German Emperor (b. 1858) April 17 – Manwel Dimech, Maltese philosopher, social reformer (b. 1860) April 29 – Arthur Mold, English cricketer (b. 1863) May 5 – Alfred Hermann Fried, Austrian writer, pacifist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1864) May 9 – William Henry Chamberlin, American philosopher (b. 1870) May 12 Sir | international between the two countries, the United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3. May 23–July 16 – The Leipzig War Crimes Trials are held in Germany. May 24 – 1921 Irish elections: In the first Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, Ulster Unionists win 40 out of 52 seats. The dominant-party system here will last for fifty years. May 25 – Irish War of Independence: The Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom House in Dublin, the centre of local government in Ireland. Five IRA men are killed, and over 80 are captured by the British Army which surrounds the building. May 26 – A general strike begins in Norway. May 31–June 1 – Tulsa Race Massacre (Greenwood Massacre): Mobs of white residents attack black residents and businesses in Greenwood District, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The official death toll is 36, but later investigations suggest an actual figure between 100 and 300. 1,250 homes are destroyed and roughly 6,000 African Americans imprisoned in one of the worst incidents of mass racial violence in the United States. June June 3 – The death penalty is abolished in Sweden. June 10 – Paris declaration: Representatives of the three states of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus (the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics) proclaim their independence, establishing a customs union and military alliance, not internationally recognized. June 15 Compagnie Générale Transatlantique's liner makes her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York. 29-year-old African American Bessie Coleman obtains her pilot's licence in France and becomes the first black woman to have a pilot's licence. June 21 – The International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) is established as an agency of the League of Nations; it continues in this form until April 19, 1946. June 22–July 12 – The Third Congress of the Communist International takes place. June 27 – The first signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Providence. June 28 The Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes passes the Vidovdan Constitution, despite a boycott of the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties. The coal strike in the United Kingdom ends with the Miners' Federation of Great Britain obliged to accept pay cuts. July July 1 The Communist Party of China (CPC) is founded. The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given, in Paris, France; the recipient is a newborn child. July 2 – U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution, declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary. July 4 – A new conservative government is formed in Italy by Ivanoe Bonomi. July 11 The Irish War of Independence ends under the terms of the truce (signed on 9 July) which becomes effective at noon between the British Army and the Irish Republican Army. The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic. July 14 – A Massachusetts jury finds Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti guilty of first degree murder following a widely publicized trial whose verdict will spark protests around the world. July 17 – The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border, with Yugoslav support. July 21 Rif War: Battle of Annual – Spanish troops are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of Abd el-Krim in Morocco. Edward Harper, the "father of broadcasting" in Ceylon, arrives in Colombo to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon Telegraph Department. July 23 – 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party opens in Shanghai. July 26 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding receives Princess Fatima of Afghanistan who is escorted by imposter Stanley Clifford Weyman. July 27 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, announce the discovery of the hormone insulin. July 29 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the Nazi Party in Germany. August August 5 – The first radio baseball game is broadcast: Harold Arlin announces the Pirates-Phillies game from Forbes Field over Westinghouse KDKA in Pittsburgh. August 11 Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness strikes while he is vacationing; on August 25 he is diagnosed with polio and aged 39 becomes permanently disabled. The temperature reaches 39 degrees Celsius in Breslau; the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe as well. August 23 – King Faisal I of Iraq is crowned in Baghdad. August 24 – R38-class airship ZR-2 explodes on her fourth test flight near Kingston upon Hull, England, killing 44 of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board. August 25 – The Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest labor uprising in United States history and the country's largest peacetime armed uprising, begins in Logan County, West Virginia as part of the Coal Wars, continuing until September 2. August 26 Rising prices cause major riots in Munich. Following the assassination of former Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger by right-wing terrorists, the German government declares martial law. September September 1 – Poplar Rates Rebellion: Nine members of the borough council of Poplar, London, are arrested. September 8 – Margaret Gorman, 16, wins the Golden Mermaid trophy at a beauty pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey; officials later dub her the first Miss America. September 13 – White Castle hamburger restaurant opens in Wichita, Kansas, foundation of the world's first fast food chain. September 21 – The Oppau explosion occurs at BASF's nitrate factory in Oppau, Germany; 500–600 are killed. September 28 – Sauerländer Heimatbund is founded in Meschede, Germany. October October 5 – The World Series baseball game in North America is first broadcast on the radio, by Newark, New Jersey, station WJZ, Pittsburgh station KDKA, and a group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United States. October 8 – The first Sweetest Day is staged in Cleveland, Ohio. October 10 – Teaching at the University of Szeged begins, in the Kingdom of Hungary. October 11 – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London. October 13 The Treaty of Kars is signed between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics in Transcaucasia, establishing common boundaries. Swedish Social Democratic party leader Hjalmar Branting becomes yet again Prime Minister, after strong general election gains for his party. October 19 – 'Bloody Night' (Noite Sangrenta): A massacre in Lisbon claims the lives of Portuguese Prime-Minister António Granjo and other politicians. October 20 – Treaty of Ankara signed between the French Third Republic and the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War. October 21 – George Melford's wildly successful silent film The Sheik, which will propel its leading actor Rudolph Valentino to international stardom, premieres in Los Angeles. October 24 – In the continuing Rif War, the Spanish Army defeats rifkabyl rebels in Morocco. October 29 – In the United States: Construction of the Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Project in Oregon, is completed. Centre College's American football team, led by quarterback Bo McMillin, defeats Harvard University 6–0, to break Harvard's five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this is called "football's upset of the century." November November 4 – After a speech by Adolf Hitler in the Hofbräuhaus in Munich (Germany), members of the Sturmabteilung ("brownshirts") physically assault his opposition. November 9 – The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) is founded in Italy. November 11 – During an Armistice Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, the Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by Warren G. Harding, President of the United States. November 14 – The Spanish Communist Party is founded. November 23 – In the United States, the Sheppard–Towner Act is signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child care. November – Hyperinflation is rampant in Germany, where 263 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar, more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919. December December 1 – Rising prices cause riots in Vienna. December 6 The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London. Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament. December 13 – In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, the Empire of Japan, United States, United Kingdom, and French Third Republic agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific. December 23 – Visva-Bharati College is founded by Rabindranath Tagore in Santiniketan, Bengal Presidency, British India. December 29 – William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes Canada's tenth prime minister; he will serve for three non-consecutive terms until 1948. Date unknown Spring – Russian famine of 1921–22 begins; roughly 5,000,000 die. Luxury goods brand Gucci is founded in Florence, Italy. Births January January 1 César Baldaccini, French sculptor (d. 1998) Cliff Bourland, American athlete (d. 2018) Hossein Wahid Khorasani, Iranian ayatollah January 3 Bob Dawson, Australian rules footballer Jean-Louis Koszul, French mathematician (d. 2018) John Russell, American actor (d. 1991) Cecil Souders, American football player (d. 2021) January 4 – Pedro Richter Prada, 115th Prime Minister of Peru (d. 2017) January 5 Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (d. 1990) Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 2019) January 9 – Ágnes Keleti, Hungarian artistic gymnast January 10 – T. M. Kaliannan, Indian politician (d. 2021) January 11 – Juanita M. Kreps, American government official and businesswoman (d. 2010) January 12 – Muriel Phillips, American nurse and author January 14 – Murray Bookchin, American libertarian socialist (d. 2006) January 16 Henry Sayler, American politician (d. 2021) George Thomson, Baron Thomson of Monifieth, British politician and journalist (d. 2008) Shmuel Toledano, Israeli politician January 17 Asghar Khan, Pakistani politician, military officer (d. 2018) Epaminondas Stassinopoulos, Greek astrophysicist Dan Tolkowsky, Israeli Air Force commander January 18 – Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American Nobel physicist (d. 2015) January 19 William 'Billy Batts' Devino, New York mobster with the Gambino crime family (d. 1970) Rachel Dror, German teacher and Holocaust survivor Patricia Highsmith, American author (d. 1995) January 20 – John Bai Ningxian, Chinese Roman Catholic bishop January 21 Jaswant Singh Marwah, Indian soldier, journalist and author Howard Unruh, American spree killer (d. 2009) January 22 – Eleanor Owen (d. 2022), American playwright, actress, professor and mental health advocate January 23 Hermann Baumann, Swiss Olympic freestyle wrestler Marija Gimbutas, Lithuanian archaeologist (d. 1994) Justus Rosenberg, Polish academic (d. 2021) January 24 – Beatrice Mintz, American biologist (d. 2022) January 25 – Josef Holeček, Czechoslovakian canoeist (d. 2005) January 26 Elisabeth Kirkby, English-born Australian actress, politician and radio broadcaster Akio Morita, Japanese businessman, co-founder of Sony (d. 1999) January 27 Raymond E. Peet, American admiral (d. 2021) Donna Reed, American actress (d. 1986) January 29 – Mustafa Ben Halim, Former Prime Minister of Libya (d. 2021) January 31 Carol Channing, American actress (d. 2019) Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, 2nd President of Bangladesh (d. 1987) Mario Lanza, American operatic tenor and actor (d. 1959) February February 1 Dino De Martin, Italian bobsledder (d. 1960) Francisco Raúl Villalobos Padilla, Mexican Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2022) Peter Sallis, English actor (d. 2017) February 4 – Betty Friedan, American feminist (d. 2006) February 5 Zbigniew Czajkowski, Polish fencer (d. 2019) Lise Thiry, Belgian scientist and politician February 7 Dean S. Laird, American naval aviator and flying ace Trude Malcorps, Dutch swimmer February 8 Hans Albert, German philosopher Nexhmije Hoxha, widow of Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha (d. 2020) Betsy Jochum, American baseball player Balram Singh Rai, Guyanese politician Lana Turner, American actress (d. 1995) February 11 – Lloyd Bentsen, American politician (d. 2006) February 13 – Renée Doria, French operatic soprano (d. 2021) February 14 Frank A. DeMarco, Italian-born Canadian educator and administrator Hazel McCallion, Canadian politician and businesswoman February 16 John Galbraith Graham, crossword compiler (pseudonyms 'Arucaria' and 'Cinephile') and priest (d. 2013) Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party of China, Premier of China (d. 2008) Walter Thiele, German inventor Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (d. 1981) February 17 Muriel Coben, Canadian professional baseball, curling player (d. 1979) Herbert Köfer, German actor (d. 2021) February 18 Ken Casanega, American football player (d. 2021) Brian Faulkner, 6th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1977) February 20 "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers, American professional wrestler (d. 1992) Alex Thomson, Scottish rugby player (d. 2010) February 21 Leroy J. Manor, American Air Force general (d. 2021) John Rawls, American liberal moral and political philosopher (d. 2002) February 22 Jean-Bédel Bokassa, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (1966–1976), Emperor of Central Africa (1976–1979) (d. 1996) Wayne C. Booth, American literary critic (d. 2005) Marshall Teague, American race car driver (d. 1959) Giulietta Masina, Italian actress (d. 1994) February 24 Ingvar Lidholm, Swedish composer (d. 2017) Dick Van Orden, American admiral (d. 2018) Abe Vigoda, American actor (d. 2016) February 25 – Pierre Laporte, Canadian statesman (d. 1970) February 26 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (d. 2007) February 27 – Eka Tjipta Widjaja, Chinese-Indonesian billionaire and businessman (d. 2019) February 28 Pierre Clostermann, French World War II pilot (d. 2006) Theodor Otto Diener, Swiss-born American plant pathologist March March 1 Jack Clayton, British film director (d. 1995) Terence Cardinal Cooke, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1983) Richard Wilbur, American poet (d. 2017) March 2 – Wilhelm Büsing, German equestrian March 3 Diana Barrymore, American actress (d. 1960) Robert Simpson, English composer (d. 1997) March 4 – Halim El-Dabh, Egyptian-born U.S. composer, performer, ethnomusicologist and educator (d. 2017) March 5 – Elmer Valo, Czechoslovakia-born Major League Baseball player (d. 1998) March 7 – Syed Nasir Ismail, Malaysian politician (d. 1982) March 8 – Alan Hale Jr., American actor (Gilligan's Island) (d. 1990) March 9 – Evelyn M. Witkin, American geneticist March 10 George Elder, American baseball player Cec Linder, Polish-born Canadian actor (d. 1992) Charlotte Zucker, American actress (d. 2007) March 11 Frank Harary, American mathematician (d. 2005) Astor Piazzolla, Argentine tango composer, bandoneon player and arranger (d. 1992) March 12 Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (d. 2003) Gordon MacRae, American singer, actor (d. 1986) March 13 – Al Jaffee, American cartoonist March 14 George Berci, Hungarian surgeon Lis Hartel, Danish equestrian (d. 2009) March 17 – Meir Amit, Israeli politician, general (d. 2009) March 20 Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, Senegalese educator Alfréd Rényi, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1970) March 21 Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (d. 1986) Xu Zuyao, Chinese expert in materials science (d. 2017) Vasily Stalin, Soviet general (d. 1962) Abdul Salam Arif, President of Iraq (d. 1966) March 22 – Jean Bruce, French writer (d. 1963) March 24 Wilson Harris, Guyanese writer (d. 2018) Vasily Smyslov, Soviet chess player (d. 2010) Franciszek Blachnicki, Polish priest (d. 1987) March 25 Simone Signoret, French actress (d. 1985) Alexandra of Yugoslavia (d. 1993) March 27 – Hélène Berr, French writer (d. 1945) March 28 – Dirk Bogarde, English actor and writer (d. 1999) March 29 – Elizabeth Kelly, English actress March 30 – Francesc Gras Salas, Catalan ophthalmologist March 31 Kurt Bertsch, Swiss footballer Eduardo Cerqueira, Portuguese footballer Roy Houghton, English footballer April April 1 Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, American musician and songwriter (d. 2014) Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel, Egyptian army general April 3 – Darío Moreno, Turkish singer (d. 1968) April 6 – Wilbur Thompson, American Olympic champion shot putter (d. 2013) April 7 Robina Asti, WWII veteran, flight instructor, trans' rights activist, women's rights activist (d. 2021) Bill Butler, American cinematographer April 8 Giuseppe Albani, Italian footballer (d. 1989) Franco Corelli, Italian opera singer (d. 2003) Phyllis Latour, English-French Legion of Honour recipient April 9 Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (d. 2008) Roger Bocquet, Swiss footballer (d. 1994) Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and engineer (d. 2005) Yitzhak Navon, Israeli politician (d. 2015) April 10 – Chuck Connors, American basketball and baseball player turned actor (d. 1992) April 11 – Maura McNiel, American feminist (d. 2020) April 12 – Enric Marco, Spanish imposter, fake Holocaust survivor April 13 Dona Ivone Lara, Brazilian singer, composer (d. 2018) Leo Mogus, American basketball player (d. 1971) Louis Witten, American theoretical physicist April 14 – Thomas Schelling, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) April 15 – Georgy Beregovoy, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1995) April 16 Peter Ustinov, English actor, director and writer (d. 2004) Guy Warren, Australian painter April 17 – Sergio Sollima, Italian director (d. 2015) April 18 – Xu Yuanchong, Chinese translator (d. 2021) April 19 Robert Maxwell, American songwriter and harpist (d. 2012) Roberto Tucci, Italian cardinal, theologian (d. 2015) April 20 – Kenneth O. Chilstrom, American Air Force officer April 22 – Vivian Dandridge, African-American actress (d. 1991) April 23 – Janet Blair, American actress (d. 2007) April 25 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter (d. 2006) April 26 Nelson Dalzell, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 1989) Jimmy Giuffre, American jazz musician (d. 2008) April 27 Abdelmalek Benhabyles, Algerian politician (d. 2018) Hans-Joachim Kulenkampff, German television host, entertainer (d. 1998) April 29 Cornelis de Jager, Dutch astronomer (d. 2021) Pavel Vranský, Czech brigadier general and RAF radio operator (d. 2018) April 30 Dottie Green, American professional baseball player (d. 1992) Tove Maës, Danish actress (d. 2010) May May 2 B. B. Lal, Indian archaeologist Satyajit Ray, Indian filmmaker (d. 1992) May 3 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989) May 4 – Harry Daghlian, American physicist (d. 1945) May 5 Jim Conacher, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020) Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) Eric Tweedale, English-born Australian rugby union player May 6 – Erich Fried, Austrian author (d. 1988) May 8 – Robert Hugh Ferrell, American historian (d. 2018) May 9 – Sophie Scholl, German student, anti-Nazi resistance fighter (executed) (d. 1943) May 11 Hildegard Hamm-Brücher, German politician (d. 2016) Alec Mathieson, Australian rules footballer May 12 Joseph Beuys, German artist (d. 1986) Farley Mowat, Canadian writer, naturalist (d. 2014) Lily Renée, Austrian-born American cartoonist May 15 – Baron Vaea, Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 2009) May 16 Earl Ashby, Cuban baseball player Harry Carey Jr., American actor (d. 2012) May 17 – Dennis Brain, English musician (d. 1957) May 18 – Michael A. Epstein, English pathologist and academic May 19 Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (d. 1999) Yuri Kochiyama, Japanese-American civil rights activist (d. 2014) May 20 – Wolfgang Borchert, German writer (d. 1947) May 21 Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist, human rights activist, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1989) Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Indian philosopher, author of the socio-economic Progressive Utilization Theory (d. 1990) May 23 Beate Albrecht, German violinist and music educator James Blish, American science fiction author (d. 1975) Laurin L. Henry, American researcher Ray Lawler, Australian actor and director Humphrey Lyttelton, British jazz musician, radio personality (d. 2008) Georgy Natanson, Russian director, screenwriter and playwright (d. 2017) May 25 Hal David, American songwriter and lyricist (d. 2012) Kitty Kallen, American singer (d. 2016) Sadhu Ram Sharma, Indian politician Jack Steinberger, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) May 26 Inge Borkh, German soprano (some sources say she was born 1917) (d. 2018) Stan Mortensen, English footballer (d. 1991) May 28 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German author (d. 1999) May 29 – Norman Hetherington, Australian puppeteer and artist (d. 2010) May 30 Branko Mamula, Yugoslav politician (d. 2021) Jamie Uys, South African actor, film director (d. 1996) June June 1 – Nelson Riddle, American bandleader (d. 1985) June 3 – Forbes Carlile, Australian athlete (d. 2016) June 4 – Bobby Wanzer, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016) June 5 James Francis Edwards, Canadian fighter pilot P. K. Warrier, Indian Ayurveda practitioner (d. 2021) June 6 – Mikheil Tumanishvili, Georgian theater director, teacher (d. 1996) June 7 Myrtle Edwards, Australian cricketer, softball player (d. 2010) Bernard Lown, American medical innovator, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 2021) Jakob Skarstein, Norwegian journalist and radio personality (d. 2021) Brian Talboys, New Zealand politician, 7th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2012) June 8 Alexis Smith, Canadian-born American actress (d. 1993) Suharto, President of Indonesia (d. 2008) June 9 – Margaret Danhauser, American professional baseball player (d. 1987) June 10 Oskar Gröning, German SS officer, war criminal (d. 2018) Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Greek-born member of the British royal family as consort of Elizabeth II (d. 2021) Sergio Arellano Stark, Chilean military officer (d. 2016) Yakov Springer, Polish weightlifting judge (d. 1972) June 12 Luis García Berlanga, Spanish film director and screenwriter (d. 2010) Johan Witteveen, Dutch politician, economist and 5th Managing Director of the IMF (d. 2019) June 13 Edmund W. Gordon, American psychologist Nancy Warren, American professional baseball player (d. 2001) June 16 – Walter Barylli, Austrian violinist (d. 2022) June 17 – Aydın Boysan, Turkish architect (d. 2018) June 19 Richard M. Goody, English-born American atmospheric physicist and professor Doris Sands Johnson, Bahamian teacher, suffragette and politician (d. 1983) Louis Jourdan, French actor (d. 2015) June 21 Gebhard Büchel, Liechtenstein decathlete Hernando Hoyos, Colombian sports shooter (d. 2000) Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols, American field hockey player and aviator Thomas Morrow Reavley, American judge (d. 2020) Jane Russell, American actress (d. 2011) June 22 Ralph K. Hofer, American fighter pilot (d. 1942) Růžena Krásná, Czech politician and human rights advocate (d. 2012) Barbara Perry, American actress and singer (d. 2019) June 23 Paul Findley, American politician (d. 2019) Marius Mora, French cross-country skier (d. 2006) Colin Pinch, Australian cricketer (d. 2006) June 24 – Gerhard Sommer, German soldier (d. 2019) June 25 – Dennis Wilson, English poet June 26 Robert Everett, American computer scientist (d. 2018) Violette Szabo, French World War II heroine (d. 1945) June 27 Muriel Pavlow, English actress (d. 2019) Princess Vimolchatra of Thailand (d. 2009) June 28 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India (d. 2004) June 29 Bob Kennedy, American football player (d. 2010) Jean Kent, English actress (d. 2013) Reinhard Mohn, German businessman (d. 2009) June 30 Oswaldo López Arellano, 42nd and 44th President of Honduras (d. 2010) Jules Amez-Droz, Swiss fencer (d. 2012) Pierre Labric, French organist and composer July July 1 – Seretse Khama, 1st President of Botswana (d. 1980) July 2 – Joseph Zhu Baoyu, Chinese Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020) July 3 Flor María Chalbaud, former First Lady of Venezuela (d. 2013) Levi Yitzchak Horowitz, American-born Hasidic rebbe (d. 2009) July 4 Gérard Debreu, French economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) Nasser Sharifi, Iranian sports shooter Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist, conductor (d. 2003) July 5 Clare Abbott, South African artist and illustrator Zeynep Korkmaz, Turkish scholar and dialectologist Nanos Valaoritis, Greek writer (d. 2019) Patricia Wright, American actress July 6 Nancy Reagan, American actress, First Lady of the United States (d. 2016) Allan MacEachen, Canadian politician (d. 2017) July 7 – Dragomir Felba, Serbian actor (d. 2006) July 8 John Money, New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author (d. 2006) Edgar Morin, French philosopher and sociologist Frank Prihoda, Australian alpine skier July 10 Ed Iskenderian, American hot rodder and entrepreneur Eunice Kennedy Shriver, daughter of American politician Joseph P. Kennedy (d. 2009) John K. Singlaub, U.S Army Major General (d. 2022) July 11 Claude Bonin-Pissarro, French painter and graphic designer (d. 2021) Petter Hugsted, Norwegian Olympic ski jumper (d. 2000) Ilse Werner, German actress (d. 2005) July 13 Lucette Finas, French author and essayist Ernest Gold, Austrian-American composer (d. 1999) Reinhard Sommer, German trade union leader July 14 Leon Garfield, English writer (d. 1996) Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2013) Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate |
March 11 – Carl Ruggles, American composer (d. 1971) March 15 – Óscar R. Benavides, 67th and 76th President of Peru (d. 1945) March 21 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (d. 1968) March 22 – Henry O'Malley, American fish culturist, United States Commissioner of Fisheries (d. 1936) March 26 – Wilhelm, Prince of Albania, sovereign Prince of Albania (d. 1945) March 31 – Borisav Stanković, Serbian writer (d. 1927) April–June April 1 Peter Strasser, German naval officer, airship commander (d. 1918) James Young Deer, Native American film producer (d. 1946) April 3 – Margaret Anglin, Canadian stage actress (d. 1958) April 4 Bolesław Roja, Polish general (d. 1940) Maurice de Vlaminck, French painter, poet (d. 1958) April 9 – Ettore Bastico, Italian field marshal (d. 1972) April 11 – Paul Henry, Irish artist (d. 1958) April 14 – Sir Murray Bisset, South African cricketer, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1931) April 22 – Róbert Bárány, Hungarian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936) April 23 – Mary Ellicott Arnold, American social activist, writer (d. 1968) April 24 – Erich Raeder, German admiral (d. 1960) April 26 – Mariam Thresia Chiramel, Indian Catholic professed religious and stigmatist (d. 1926) May 10 Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (d. 1918) Shigeru Honjō, Japanese general (d. 1945) May 18 – Hermann Müller, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1931) June 4 – Clara Blandick, American actress (d. 1962) June 13 – William Sealy Gosset, English chemist and statistician (d. 1937) June 19 – Sir Nigel Gresley, English steam locomotive engineer (Flying Scotsman & Mallard) (d. 1941) June 22 – Madeleine Vionnet, French fashion designer (d. 1975) July–September July 2 – Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1933) July 6 – Luis Emilio Recabarren, Chilean politician, founder of the Communist Party of Chile. (d. 1924) July 8 – Alexandros Papanastasiou, 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936) July 12 Max Jacob, French poet (d. 1944) Alphaeus Philemon Cole, American artist, engraver, etcher and supercentenarian (d. 1988) July 16 – Alfred Stock, German chemist (d. 1946) July 19 Ignaz Seipel, 4th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1932) Joseph Fielding Smith, 10th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1972) July 29 – Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian actress, acting teacher (d. 1949) August 7 – Mata Hari, Dutch exotic dancer, spy (d. 1917) August 15 – Stylianos Gonatas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1966) August 17 Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth, British politician, first Secretary-General of the League of Nations (d. 1951) Henri Winkelman, Dutch general (d. 1952) August 25 – Eglantyne Jebb, English co-founder of the Save the Children Fund, champion of children's human rights (d. 1928) September 1 – Harriet Shaw Weaver, English political activist (d. 1961) September 5 – Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (d. 1956) September 6 – John Macleod, Scottish-born physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1935) September 7 – Francesco Buhagiar, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1934) September 13 – Sherwood Anderson, American writer (d. 1941) September 15 – Bruno Walter, German conductor (d. 1962) September 16 – Marvin Hart, American boxer (d. 1931) September 18 – James Scullin, 9th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1953) September 22 – André Tardieu, 3-time Prime Minister of France (d. 1945) September 23 – Brudenell White, Australian general (d. 1940) September 26 – Edith Abbott, American social worker, educator, and author (d. 1957) September 29 – Charlie Llewellyn, first non-white South African Test cricketer (d. 1964) October–December October 7 – Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (d. 1934) October 9 – Sol Plaatje, South African political activist (d. 1932) October 13 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player (d. 1914) October 21 – Sir Fraser Russell, South African-born Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1952) October 26 – H. B. Warner, English stage, screen actor (d. 1958) October 29 – Anton Boisen, American founder of the clinical pastoral education movement (d. 1965) November 2 – Alfred S. Alschuler, American architect (d. 1940) November 3 – Rupert D'Oyly Carte, English hotelier, theatre owner and impresario (d. 1948) November 7 Culbert Olson, Governor of California (d. 1962) Charlie Townsend, English cricketer (d. 1958) November 17 – August Sander, German photographer (d. 1964) November 23 – Manuel de Falla, Spanish composer (d. 1946) November 24 – Walter Burley Griffin, American architect (d. 1937) December 9 – Berton Churchill, Canadian actor (d. 1940) December 12 – Alvin Kraenzlein, American athlete (d. 1928) December 21 – Jack Lang, Australian politician (d. 1975) December 25 Adolf Windaus, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder, first governor general of Pakistan (d. 1948) December 29 Pablo Casals, Catalan cellist (d. 1973) Lionel Tertis, English violist (d. 1975) Date unknown Petro Trad, 5th President and 14th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1947) Abd Allah Siraj, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1949) Emile Berliner is credited for the invention of the microphone while working with Alexander Graham Bell. Deaths January–June January 10 – Gordon Granger, American General (b. 1822) Reverdy Johnson, American politician (b. 1796) January 15 – Eliza McCardle Johnson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1810) February 18 – Charlotte Cushman, American actress (b. 1816) February 24 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts, 2-time President of Liberia (b. 1809) March 29 – Karl Ferdinand Ranke, German educator (b. 1806) April 9 – Charles Goodyear, American politician (b. 1804) May 7 – William Buell Sprague, American clergyman, author (b. 1795) May 8 – Truganini, Tasmanian language=Aboriginal woman (b. c. 1812) May 24 – Henry Kingsley, English novelist (b. 1830) May 26 – František Palacký, Czech historian, politician (b. 1798) June 1 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1848) June 4 – Abdülaziz, 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1830) June 6 – Auguste Casimir-Perier, French diplomat (b. 1811) June 7 – Josephine of Leuchtenberg, Queen of Sweden and Norway (b. 1807) June 8 – George Sand, French writer (b. 1804) June 20 – John Neal, American writer, critic, and women's rights activist (b. 1793) June 21 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, 11-time President of Mexico (b. 1794) June 25 – George Armstrong Custer, U.S. Army general (in battle) (b. 1839) June 27 – Harriet Martineau, British social theorist, writer (b. 1802) July–December July 1 Mikhail Bakunin, Russian revolutionary, anarchist (b. 1814) Wilhelm von Ramming, Austrian general (b. 1815) August 2 – Wild Bill Hickok, American gunfighter, entertainer (b. 1837) September 5 – Manuel Blanco Encalada, Spanish-Chilean admiral and politician, 1st President of Chile (b. 1790) September 27 – Braxton Bragg, American Confederate Civil War general (b. 1817) October 1 – James Lick, American land baron (b. 1796) November 16 – Karl Ernst von Baer, Estonian-German scientist, explorer (b. 1792) November 18 – Narcisse Virgilio Díaz, French painter (b. 1807) December 29 – Titus Salt, English woollen manufacturer, philanthropist (b. 1803) December 31 – Catherine | José María Iglesias (1823-1891) begins his disputed presidency of Mexico. October 31 – The great 1876 Bengal cyclone strikes the coast of modern-day Bangladesh, killing 200,000. November 1 – The British Colony of New Zealand dissolves its 9 provinces, and replaces them with 63 counties. November 4 – The long-awaited First Symphony of Johannes Brahms has its première at Karlsruhe, under the baton of Otto Dessoff. November 7 U.S. presidential election, 1876: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford B. Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel J. Tilden. A failed grave robbery of the Lincoln Tomb takes place on this same night. November 10 – The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 23 – Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City, after being captured in Spain. November 25 – American Indian Wars: Dull Knife Fight – In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River (the soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats). November 29 – Porfirio Díaz becomes President of Mexico. December – The first American edition of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is published by the American Publishing Company; a British edition has appeared in early June in London with the first review appearing on June 24 in a British magazine. December 2 – Chugai Economic Daily, as predecessor of Nikkei Economic Daily (Nihon Keizai Shinbun), is first issued in Tokyo, Japan. December 5 – The Brooklyn Theatre fire kills at least 278, possibly more than 300. December 6 – The first cremation in the United States takes place, in a crematory built by Francis Julius LeMoyne at North Franklin Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania. December 23 – Constantinople Conference opens. December 29 – The Ashtabula River railroad disaster occurs in Ohio when a bridge collapses leaving 92 dead. Date unknown The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79, which will claim 30 million lives and become the 5th worst famine in recorded history, begins after the droughts of the previous year. Tanzimat ends in the Ottoman Empire. Heinz Tomato Ketchup is introduced. Adolphus Busch's brewery, Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis, Missouri, first markets Budweiser, a pale lager, as a nationally sold beer. Charles Wells opens his brewery, based in Bedford, England. In Düsseldorf, German company Henkel is founded. Lyford House, by Richardson Bay, Tiburon, California, is constructed. Construction of Spandau Prison in Berlin is completed. Samurai are banned from carrying swords in Japan, and their stipends are replaced by a one-time grant of income-bearing bonds. The Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland is founded. Lars Magnus Ericsson starts a small mechanical workshop April 1 in Stockholm and partners up with Carl Johan Andersson April 27, Sweden, dealing with telegraphy equipment, which grows into the worldwide company Ericsson. Heinrich Schliemann begins excavation at Mycenae. Stockport Lacrosse Club, thought to be the oldest existing lacrosse club in the world, is founded at Cale Green Cricket Club in Davenport (they still play there in the 21st century). Star Oil Company, as predecessor of Chevron, an energy product and sales brand worldwide, founded in California, United States. Births January–March January 5 – Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1967) January 8 – Arturs Alberings, Prime Minister of Latvia (d. 1934) January 12 Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer (d. 1948) Jack London, American author (d. 1916) January 20 – Józef Hofmann, Polish pianist (d. 1967) January 22 – Bess Houdini, wife, stage partner of Harry Houdini (d. 1943) January 23 – Otto Diels, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954) January 24 – Theodor Tobler, Swiss chocolatier, founder of Toblerone (d. 1941) January 29 – Havergal Brian, British composer (d. 1972) February 8 – Paula Modersohn-Becker, German painter (d. 1907) February 12 – Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama (d. 1933) February 16 Mack Swain, American actor (d. 1935) G. M. Trevelyan, British historian (d. 1962) February 19 – Constantin Brâncuși, Romanian sculptor (d. 1957) February 23 – Senjūrō Hayashi, Japanese general and politician, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1943) March 1 – Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian International Olympic Committee president (d. 1942) March 2 James A. Gilmore, American businessman and baseball executive (d. 1947) Pope Pius XII (d. 1958) March 4 – Theodore Hardeen, Hungarian magician and stunt performer, founder of the Magician's Guild (d. 1945) March 7 – Edgar Evans, Welsh naval seaman and polar explorer (d. 1912) March 11 – Carl Ruggles, American composer (d. 1971) March 15 – Óscar R. Benavides, 67th and 76th President of Peru (d. 1945) March 21 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (d. 1968) March 22 – Henry O'Malley, American fish culturist, United States Commissioner of Fisheries (d. 1936) March 26 – Wilhelm, Prince of Albania, sovereign Prince of Albania (d. 1945) March 31 – Borisav Stanković, Serbian writer (d. 1927) April–June April 1 Peter Strasser, German naval officer, airship commander (d. 1918) James Young Deer, Native American film producer (d. 1946) April 3 – Margaret Anglin, Canadian stage actress (d. 1958) April 4 Bolesław Roja, Polish general (d. 1940) Maurice de Vlaminck, French painter, poet (d. 1958) April 9 – Ettore Bastico, Italian field marshal (d. 1972) April 11 – Paul Henry, Irish artist (d. 1958) April 14 – Sir Murray Bisset, South African cricketer, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1931) April 22 – Róbert Bárány, Hungarian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936) April 23 – Mary Ellicott Arnold, American social activist, writer (d. 1968) April 24 – Erich Raeder, German admiral (d. 1960) April 26 – Mariam Thresia Chiramel, Indian Catholic professed religious and stigmatist (d. 1926) May 10 Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (d. 1918) Shigeru Honjō, Japanese general (d. 1945) May 18 – Hermann Müller, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1931) June 4 – Clara Blandick, American actress (d. 1962) June 13 – William Sealy Gosset, English chemist and statistician (d. 1937) June 19 – Sir Nigel Gresley, English steam locomotive engineer (Flying Scotsman & Mallard) (d. 1941) June 22 – Madeleine Vionnet, French fashion designer (d. 1975) July–September July 2 – Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1933) July 6 – Luis Emilio Recabarren, Chilean politician, founder of the Communist Party of Chile. (d. 1924) July 8 – Alexandros Papanastasiou, 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936) July 12 Max Jacob, French poet (d. 1944) Alphaeus Philemon Cole, American artist, engraver, etcher and supercentenarian (d. 1988) July 16 – Alfred Stock, German chemist (d. 1946) July 19 Ignaz Seipel, 4th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1932) Joseph Fielding Smith, 10th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1972) July 29 – Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian actress, |
that he has left The Beatles. April 11 An avalanche at a tuberculosis sanatorium in the French Alps kills 74, mostly young boys. Apollo program: Apollo 13 (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert) is launched toward the Moon. April 13 – An oxygen tank in the Apollo 13 spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission and return in four days. April 16 Rev. Ian Paisley wins a by-election to gain a seat in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland. April 17 – Apollo program: Apollo 13 splashes down safely in the Pacific. April 21 – The Principality of Hutt River "secedes" from Australia (it remains unrecognised by Australia and other nations). April 22 – The first Earth Day is celebrated in the U.S. April 24 – China's first satellite (Dong Fang Hong 1) is launched into orbit using a Long March-1 Rocket (CZ-1). April 26 – The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is founded. April 29 – The U.S. invades Cambodia to hunt out the Viet Cong; widespread, large antiwar protests occur in the U.S. May May 1 Demonstrations against the trial of the New Haven Nine, Bobby Seale, and Ericka Huggins draw 12,000. President Richard Nixon orders U.S. forces to cross into neutral Cambodia, threatening to widen the Vietnam War, sparking protests across the United States and leading to the Kent State shootings. Colorado State College changes its name to the University of Northern Colorado. May 4 – Kent State shootings: Four students at Kent State University in Ohio, USA are killed and nine wounded by Ohio National Guardsmen, at a protest against the incursion into Cambodia. May 6 Arms Crisis in the Republic of Ireland: Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government, for accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland. Feyenoord wins the European Cup after a 2–1 win over Celtic. May 8 Hard Hat Riot: Unionized construction workers attack about 1,000 students and others protesting the Kent State shootings near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street and at New York City Hall. The Beatles release their 12th and final album, Let It Be. The New York Knicks win their first NBA championship, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers 113–99 in Game 7 of the world championship series at Madison Square Garden. May 9 – In Washington, D.C., 100,000 people demonstrate against the Vietnam War. May 10 – The Boston Bruins win their first Stanley Cup since 1941 when Bobby Orr scores a goal 40 seconds into overtime for a 4–3 victory which completes a four-game sweep of the St. Louis Blues. May 11 Henry Marrow is killed in an alleged hate crime in Oxford, North Carolina. Lubbock tornado: An F5 tornado hits downtown Lubbock, Texas, the first to hit a downtown district of a major city since Topeka, Kansas in 1966; 26 are killed. May 12 – The 1976 Winter Olympics are awarded to Denver, Colorado but it is later rejected in 1972. May 14 Ulrike Meinhof helps Andreas Baader escape and create the Red Army Faction which exists until 1998. In the second day of violent demonstrations at Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi, state law enforcement officers fire into the demonstrators, killing 2 and injuring 12. May 17 – Thor Heyerdahl sets sail from Morocco on the papyrus boat Ra II, to sail the Atlantic Ocean. May 23 – A fire occurs in the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait near Bangor, Caernarfonshire, Wales, contributing to its partial destruction and amounting to approximately £1,000,000 worth of fire damage. May 24 – The scientific drilling of the Kola Superdeep Borehole begins in the USSR. May 26 – The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 becomes the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2. May 27 – A British expedition climbs the south face of Annapurna I. May 31 The 7.9 Ancash earthquake shakes Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) and a landslide buries the town of Yungay, Peru. Between 66,794 and 70,000 were killed and 50,000 were injured. The 1970 FIFA World Cup is inaugurated in Mexico. June June 1 – Soyuz 9, a two-man spacecraft, is launched in the Soviet Union. June 2 – Norway announces it has rich oil deposits off its North Sea coast. June 4 – Tonga gains independence from the United Kingdom. June 7 – The Who become the first act to perform rock music (their rock opera, Tommy) at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. June 8 – A coup in Argentina brings a new junta of service chiefs; on June 18, Roberto M. Levingston becomes President. June 11 – The United States gets its first female generals, Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington. June 12 – NDFLOAG guerrillas attack military garrisons at Izki and Nizwa in Oman. June 13 – The Long and Winding Road becomes the Beatles' 20th and final single to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. June 15 – Operation Wedding: fifteen refuseniks try to escape from the Soviet Union by hijacking a plane. June 18 – 1970 United Kingdom general election: the Conservative Party wins and Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister, ousting the Labour government of Harold Wilson after nearly six years in power. The election result is something of a surprise, as most of the opinion polls had predicted a third successive Labour win. June 19 – The Patent Cooperation Treaty is signed into international law, providing a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions. June 21 Brazil defeats Italy 4–1 to win the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy, the largest ever US corporate bankruptcy up to this date. June 23 – The film: Kelly's Heroes is released in the US. June 24 – The United States Senate repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964. June 28 U.S. ground troops withdraw from Cambodia. First pride parade in history, Stonewall riot. June 30 – Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati opens. July July 1 — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is subordinated to the Public Health Service. July 3 – All 112 people on board Dan-Air Flight 1903 are killed when the British De Havilland Comet crashed into the mountains north of Barcelona. The French Army detonates a 914 kiloton thermonuclear device in the Mururoa Atoll. It is the fifth in a series that started on June 15 in their program to perfect a hydrogen bomb small enough to be delivered by a missile. July 4 Bob Hope and other entertainers gather in Washington, D.C. for Honor America Day, a nonpartisan holiday event. Longtime radio music countdown show American Top 40 debuts on 5 U.S. stations with Casey Kasem as host. July 5 – Air Canada Flight 621 crashes near Toronto International Airport, Toronto, Ontario; all 109 passengers and crew are killed. July 12 – Thor Heyerdahl's papyrus boat Ra II arrives in Barbados. July 16 – Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh opens. July 21 – The Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed. July 23 1970 Omani coup d'état: Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, is deposed in a bloodless palace coup by his son, Qaboos. Two "tear gas" (CS gas) canisters are thrown into the chamber of the British House of Commons. July 30 – Damages totalling £485,528 are awarded to 28 Thalidomide victims. July 31 – NBC anchor Chet Huntley retires from full-time broadcasting. August August 7 – Harold Haley, Marin County Superior Court Judge, is taken hostage and murdered, in an effort to free George Jackson from police custody. August 11 – Creation of the International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts in Confolens, France. August 17 - Venera program: Venera 7 is launched toward Venus. It later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet. August 18 - The United States sinks 418 containers of nerve gas into the Gulf Stream near the Bahamas. August 24 – Vietnam War protesters bomb Sterling Hall at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators. August 26 The Women's Strike for Equality takes place on Fifth Avenue in New York City. The Isle of Wight Festival 1970 begins on East Afton Farm off the coast of England. Some 600,000 people attend the largest rock festival of all time. Artists include Jimi Hendrix, The Who, The Doors, Chicago, Richie Havens, John Sebastian, Joan Baez, Ten Years After, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The Moody Blues and Jethro Tull. August 29 – The Chicano Moratorium, against the Vietnam War, begins in East Los Angeles, California, and leads to a riot that kills three people, including journalist Rubén Salazar. August 31 - An annular solar eclipse is visible in Oceania, and is the 14th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 144. September September 1 – An assassination attempt against King Hussein of Jordan precipitates the Black September crisis. September 3–6 – Israeli forces fight Palestinian guerillas in southern Lebanon September 4 – Chilean Socialist Senator Salvador Allende wins 36.2% of the vote in his run for presidency defeating former right-wing President Jorge Alessandri with 34.9% of the votes and Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic with 27.8% of the votes. September 5 Vietnam War – Operation Jefferson Glenn: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thua Thien Province (the operation ends in October 1971). Austrian Formula One driver Jochen Rindt is killed in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix; he nevertheless becomes World Driving Champion, the first to earn the honor posthumously. September 6 – Dawson's Field hijackings, The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacks four passenger aircraft from Pan Am, TWA and Swissair on flights to New York from Brussels, Frankfurt and Zürich and flies them to a desert airstrip in Jordan. September 7 An anti-war rally is held at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by John Kerry, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland. Fighting breaks out between Arab guerillas and government forces in Amman, Jordan. Vietnam Television was established. September 8–10 – The Jordanian government and Palestinian guerillas make repeated unsuccessful truces. September 9 Guinea recognizes the German Democratic Republic. Elvis Presley begins his first concert tour since 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona, at the Veterans Memorial Coliseum. September 10 Cambodian government forces break the siege of Kompong Tho after three months. The Chevrolet Vega is introduced. September 11 – The Ford Pinto is introduced. September 13 The covert incursion of Operation Tailwind is instigated by the American forces in southeast Laos. The first New York City Marathon begins. September 15 – King Hussein of Jordan forms a military government with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister. September 17 – "Black September": King Hussein of Jordan orders the Jordanian Armed Forces to oust Palestinian fedayeen from Jordan. September 18 – American musician Jimi Hendrix dies at age 27 from an overdose of sleeping pills in London. September 19 Kostas Georgakis, a Greek student of geology, sets himself ablaze in Matteotti Square in Genoa, Italy, as a protest against the dictatorial Greek junta led by Georgios Papadopoulos. The first Glastonbury Festival is held, at a farm in the south west of England belonging to Michael Eavis. September 20 Syrian armored forces cross the Jordanian border. Luna 16 lands on the Moon and lifts off the next day with samples, landing back on Earth September 24. September 21 Palestinian armed forces reinforce guerillas in Irbidi, Jordan. The American football television series Monday Night Football debuts on ABC; the Cleveland Browns defeat the New York Jets 31–21 in front of more than 85,000 fans at Cleveland Stadium. September 22 The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is founded. Tunku Abdul Rahman resigns as prime minister of Malaysia, and is succeeded by his deputy Tun Abdul Razak. September 23 – The first women's only tennis tournament begins in Houston, known as the Houston Women's Invitation. September 24 – American television series The Odd Couple premieres on ABC. September 26 – The Laguna Fire starts in San Diego County, burning . September 27 Richard Nixon begins a tour of Europe, visiting Italy, Yugoslavia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Pope Paul VI names Saint Teresa of Ávila as the first female Doctor of the Church. September 28 – Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; Vice President Anwar Sadat is named temporary president of Egypt. September 29 The U.S. Congress gives President Richard Nixon authority to sell arms to Israel. In Berlin, Red Army Faction members rob three banks, with loot totaling over DM 200,000. October October 2 The Wichita State University football team's "Gold" plane crashes in Colorado, killing most of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans) to a game with Utah State University. Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) Corps, one of seven federal uniformed services of the United States, is renamed to NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps under the soon to be formed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Pink Floyd releases Atom Heart Mother. It becomes their first number one album. October 3 In Lebanon, the government of Prime Minister Rashid Karami resigns. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is formed. The Weather Bureau is renamed to National Weather Service, as part of NOAA. Pope Paul VI names Saint Catherine of Siena as the second female Doctor of the Church. October 4 American singer Janis Joplin dies at age 27 from an overdose of drugs. Jochen Rindt becomes Formula One World Driving Champion, first to earn the honor posthumously. In Bolivia, Army Commander General Rogelio Miranda and a group of officers rebel and demand the resignation of President Alfredo Ovando Candía, who fires him. National Educational Television ends operations, being succeeded by PBS. October 5 U.S. President Richard Nixon's European tour ends. The Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnaps James Cross in Montreal and demands release of all its imprisoned members, beginning Quebec's October Crisis. The next day the Canadian government announces that it will not meet the demand. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) begins broadcasting as a successor to National Educational Television (NET), on NET stations in the United States. October 6 Bolivian President Alfredo Ovando Candía resigns; General Rogelio Miranda takes over but resigns soon after. French President Georges Pompidou visits the Soviet Union. October 7 – General Juan José Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia. October 8 The U.S. Foreign Office announces the renewal of arms sales to Pakistan. Soviet author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Vietnam War: In Paris, a Communist delegation rejects U.S. President Richard Nixon's peace proposal as "a maneuver to deceive world opinion." October 9 – The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia, escalating the Cambodian Civil War between the government and the Khmer Rouge. October 10 Fiji becomes independent. October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group. October 11 – Eleven French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in Chad. October 12 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas. October 13 Canada and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations. Saeb Salam forms a government in Lebanon. October 14 – A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in Lop Nor. October 15 A section of the new West Gate Bridge in Melbourne collapses into the river below, killing 35 construction workers. In Egypt, a referendum supports Anwar Sadat 90.04%. The domestic Soviet Aeroflot Flight 244 is hijacked and diverted to Turkey. October 16 – October Crisis: The Canadian government declares a state of emergency and outlaws the Quebec Liberation Front. October 17 October Crisis: Pierre Laporte is found murdered in south Montreal. A cholera epidemic breaks out in Istanbul. Anwar Sadat officially becomes President of Egypt. October 20 The Soviet Union launches the Zond 8 lunar probe. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names Mahmoud Fawzi as his prime minister. October 21 – A U.S. Air Force plane makes an emergency landing near Leninakan, Soviet Union. The Soviets release the American officers, including two generals on November 10. October 22 – Chilean army commander René Schneider is shot in Santiago; the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies October 25. October 23 – Gary Gabelich sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the Blue Flame, fueled with natural gas. October 24 – Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile by a run-off vote in the National Congress October 25 – The wreck of the Confederate submarine Hunley is found off Charleston, South Carolina, by pioneer underwater archaeologist, Dr. E. Lee Spence, then just 22 years old. Hunley was the first submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare. October 26 – Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury debuts in approximately two dozen newspapers in the United States. October 28 In Jordan, the government of Ahmad Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is Wasfi al-Tal. A cholera outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to close its border with Czechoslovakia. Gary Gabelich drives the rocket-powered Blue Flame to an official land speed record at on the dry lake bed of the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The record, the first above 1,000 km/h, stands for nearly 13 years. October 30 – In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War. November November 1 The Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France, kills 146. Polish Deputy Foreign Minister Zygfryd Wolniak and three Pakistanis are killed in an attack on a group of Polish diplomats at the Karachi airport. November 3 Democrats sweep the U.S. Congressional midterm elections; Ronald Reagan is reelected governor of California; Jimmy Carter is elected governor of Georgia. Salvador Allende takes office as president of Chile. The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall in modern-day Bangladesh around high tide, causing $86.4 million in damage (1970 USD, $576 million 2020 USD) and becomes the world's deadliest storm killing over 500,000 people. November 4 Vietnam War – Vietnamization: The United States turns control of a base to South Vietnamese control for the first time, transferring the Sóc Trăng Airfield to the ARVN. Social workers in Los Angeles take custody of Genie, an abused girl who had been kept in solitary confinement since her birth, and begin her rehabilitation. November 5 – Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in Vietnam reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in five years (24 soldiers die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below 50; 431 are reported wounded that week, however). November 8 Egypt, Libya and Sudan announce their intentions to form a federation. Tom Dempsey, who was born with a deformed right foot, sets a National Football League record by kicking a 63-yard field goal to lift the New Orleans Saints to a 19–17 victory over the Detroit Lions at Tulane Stadium. The British comedy television series, The Goodies debuts on BBC Two. November 9 The Soviet Union launches Luna 17. Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6–3 not to hear a case by the state of Massachusetts, about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war. The blues rock studio double album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, the only album by Derek and the Dominos, is released, initially in the United States, the first presentation of the classic title track, "Layla", by English guitarist Eric Clapton and American drummer Jim Gordon. November 12 – Soviet author Andrei Amalrik is sentenced to three years for 'anti-Soviet' writings. November 13 1970 Bhola cyclone: A 120-mph (193 km/h) tropical cyclone hits the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), killing an estimated 500,000 people (considered the 20th century's worst cyclone disaster). It gives rise to the temporary island of New Moore / South Talpatti. Hafez al-Assad comes to power in Syria, following a military coup within the Ba'ath Party. November 14 Southern Airways Flight 932 crashes in Wayne County, West Virginia; all 75 on board, including 37 players and 5 coaches from the Marshall University football team, are killed. The Soviet Union enters the International Civil Aviation Organization, after having resisted joining the UN Agency for more than 25 years. Russian becomes the fourth official language of the ICAO. November 16 – The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar flies for the first time. November 17 Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the Mỹ Lai massacre. Luna programme: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world, and is released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft. United Nations Security Council Resolution 288 is passed unanimously, urging all member states to avoid giving any form of recognition to the white-minority government of Rhodesia. November 18 U.S. President Richard Nixon asks the U.S. Congress for US$155 million in supplemental aid for the Cambodian government (US$85 million is for military assistance to prevent the overthrow of the government of Premier Lon Nol by the Khmer Rouge and North Vietnam). November 19 – The six European Economic Community nation prime ministers meet in Munich to begin the new program of European Political Cooperation (EPC), a unified foreign policy for a future European Union. November 20 – The Miss World 1970 beauty pageant, hosted by Bob Hope at the Royal Albert Hall, London is disrupted by Women's Liberation protesters. Earlier on the same evening a bomb is placed under a BBC outside broadcast vehicle by The Angry Brigade, in protest at the entry of separate black and white contestants by South Africa. November 21 Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister. In Ethiopia, the Eritrean Liberation Front kills an Ethiopian general. Vietnam War – Operation Ivory Coast: A joint Air Force and Army team raids the Sơn Tây prison camp in an attempt to free American POWs thought to be held there (no Americans are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S. POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this raid). 1970 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government led by Prime Minister John Gorton and the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam each ended up with 26 seats; both suffering a swing against them. The Democratic Labor Party won an additional seat and held the balance of power in the Senate. To date, this was the last occasion where a Senate election was held without an accompanying House Of Representatives election. November 22 – Guinean president Ahmed Sékou Touré accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land near the capital Conakry. The Guinean army repels the landing attempts over the next three days. November 23 - The American Indian Movement seizes a replica of the Mayflower in Boston. November 25 – 29 – A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation. November 25 – In Tokyo, author and Tatenokai militia leader Yukio Mishima and his followers take over the headquarters of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in an attempted coup d'état. After Mishima's speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs, including restoration of the powers of the Emperor, he commits seppuku (public ritual suicide). November 26 East Pakistan leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman accuses the central government of negligence in catastrophe relief. Pope Paul VI begins an Asian tour. Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! makes its network TV debut, when CBS telecasts the 1955 film version as a three-hour Thanksgiving special. November 27 – Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate Pope Paul VI during his visit in Manila. November 28 – The Montréal Alouettes defeat the Calgary Stampeders, 23–10, to win the 58th Grey Cup. November 30 – British Caledonian Airways Ltd. (BCal) is formed by the merger of Caledonian Airways and British United Airways. December December 1 The Italian Chamber of Deputies accepts the new divorce law. Ethiopia recognizes the People's Republic of China. The Basque ETA kidnaps West German Eugen Beihl in San Sebastián. Luis Echeverría becomes president of Mexico. December 2 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency is established. December 3 October Crisis: In Montreal, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de libération du Québec terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists from the FLQ's Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to Cuba. Burgos Trial: In Burgos, Spain, the trial of 16 Basque terrorism suspects begins. December 4 The Spanish government declares a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzcoa, over strikes and demonstrations. The U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the attempted invasion of Guinea. December 5 The Asian and Australian tour of Pope Paul VI ends. Fluminense wins the Brazil Football Championship. December 7 Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil, is kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political prisoners. The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa for its apartheid policies. During his visit to the Polish capital, German Chancellor Willy Brandt goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto, which will become known as the Warschauer Kniefall ("Warsaw Genuflection"). Pakistani general election which triggered the war of independence between West Pakistan and East Pakistan leading to the establishment of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh December 12 – A landslide in western Colombia leaves 200 dead. December 13 – The government of Poland announces food price increases. Riots and looting lead to a bloody confrontation between the rioters and the government on December 15. December 15 The USSR's Venera 7 becomes the first spacecraft to land successfully on Venus and transmit data back to Earth. The South Korean ferry Namyong Ho capsizes off Korea Strait; 308 people are killed. December 16 – The Ethiopian government declares a state of emergency in the county of Eritrea over the activities of the Eritrean Liberation Front. December 17 – Polish 1970 protests: Soldiers fire on civilians returning to work in Gdynia. Martial law is imposed in the country until December 22. December 20 General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, Władysław Gomułka, resigns; Edward Gierek replaces him. An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask for economic and military aid. December 21 – The Grumman F-14 Tomcat makes its first flight. December 22 The Libyan Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign banks in the country. Franz Stangl, the ex-commander of Treblinka, is sentenced to life imprisonment. December 23 The Polish government freezes food prices for two years. The Bolivian government releases Régis Debray. The North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City is topped out at 1,368 feet (417 m), making it the tallest building in the world. Law 70-001 is enacted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, amending article 4 of the constitution and making the country a one-party state. December 25 – The ETA releases Eugen Beihl. December 27 – President of India V. V. Giri declares new elections. December 28 Burgos Trial: Three Basques are sentenced to death, twelve others sentenced to imprisonment (terms from 12 to 62 years), and one is released. The suspected killers of Pierre Laporte, Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested near Montreal. December 29 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act. December 30 – In Biscay in the Basque country of Spain, 15,000 go on strike in protest at the Burgos trial death sentences. Francisco Franco commutes the sentences to 30 years in prison. December 31 – Paul McCartney sues in Britain to dissolve The Beatles's legal partnership. Date unknown The first Regional Technical Colleges open in Ireland. Sada Abe, Japanese former prostitute and later actress, disappears. The Sweet Track is discovered in England. It was the world's oldest engineered roadway at the time of its discovery. Alvin Toffler publishes his book Future Shock. Sammlung zeitgenössischer Kunst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, the Federal collection of contemporary art, is established in Germany. Xerox PARC computer laboratory opens in Palo Alto, California. A multi-business conglomerate, Virgin Group was founded by Richard Branson in England. World population Births January January 1 – Sergei Kiriakov, Russian footballer and manager January 2 Oksana Omelianchik, Soviet artistic gymnast Eric Whitacre, American composer January 7 João Ricardo, Angolan footballer Andy Burnham, British politician January 9 – Lara Fabian, Canadian/Belgian singer January 12 – Zack de la Rocha, American musician January 13 Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (d. 2004) Shonda Rhimes, American TV producer and writer January 16 – Rick Bognar, Canadian professional wrestler and actor (d. 2019) January 17 – Genndy Tartakovsky, Russian-American animator January 18 DJ Quik, American rapper and producer January 19 Essie Davis, Australian actress Tim Foster, British rower Udo Suzuki, Japanese comedian January 20 Kerri Kenney-Silver, American actress, comedian, writer, singer, and musician Edwin McCain, American singer-songwriter and musician Skeet Ulrich, American actor Larry Schwarz, American animation producer, entrepreneur, writer, and photographer January 21 – Ken Leung, American actor January 22 – Alex Ross, American comic artist January 24 – Matthew Lillard, American actor, voice actor, director, and producer January 27 Adam Brand, Australian singer Bradley Clyde, Australian rugby league player Jessie Hollins, American baseball player (d. 2009) January 29 Heather Graham, American actress Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Indian shooter Paul Ryan, American politician January 30 Amaruk Kayshapanta, Indigenous-Ecuadorean filmmaker Kimiya Yui, Japanese astronaut January 31 Minnie Driver, English actress Chen Lin, Chinese Mandopop singer (d. 2009) February February 1 – Malik Sealy, American basketball player (d. 2000) February 2 Andrew J. Olmsted, major in the U.S. Army. (d. 2008) Fabrizio Vidale, Italian actor and voice actor February 3 Keith Carney, American hockey player Warwick Davis, English actor Anthony Russo, American film and television director February 4 Ma Mingyu, Chinese footballer James Murphy, American musician Hunter Biden, Son of former Vice President of the United States Joe Biden February 8 Stephanie Courtney, American actress and comedian John Filan, Australian footballer Alonzo Mourning, American basketball player February 9 – Glenn McGrath, Australian test cricketer February 10 Sarah Aldrich, American actress Ardy Wiranata, Indonesian badminton player February 11 – Fredrik Thordendal, Swedish musician February 12 – Judd Winick, American cartoonist and comic book writer February 13 – Park Hee-soon, South Korean actor February 14 Sean Hill, American hockey player Simon Pegg, British comedian, actor, and screenwriter February 15 – Shepard Fairey, American temporary street artist, graphic designer, activist, illustrator, and founder of OBEY (clothing) February 16 – Armand Van Helden, American DJ and music producer February 17 Tommy Moe, American Alpine skier Dominic Purcell, English-Australian actor February 18 Susan Egan, American actress, voice actress, singer and dancer Raine Maida, Canadian musician, frontman of Our Lady Peace February 19 Miisa, Finnish Eurodance artist (d. 2016) Bellamy Young, American actress February 20 – Kerri Hoskins, American video game actress February 21 – Dayna Devon, American news anchor February 22 Nicole Oliver, Canadian actress, voice actress, and singer Dominic Roussel, Canadian ice hockey player Ravi Vakil, American-Canadian mathematician February 23 – Paul Anthony Stewart, American stage and television actor February 24 – Jeff Garcia, American football player February 25 – Allan Fung, American attorney and politician February 26 Linda Brava, Finnish violinist Cathrine Lindahl, Swedish curler February 27 – Matthias Lechner, German art director February 28 Rupert Hamer, British journalist (d. 2010) Daniel Handler, American author Noureddine Morceli, Algerian athlete Milovan Minja Prelević, Montenegrin football coach and player (d. 2019) March March 1 – Jason V Brock, American author, filmmaker, artist, scholar and musician March 2 – Alexander Armstrong, English comedian, actor and presenter March 3 – Julie Bowen, American actress March 4 – Andrea Bendewald, American actress March 5 John Frusciante, American rock musician Lisa Robin Kelly, American actress (d. 2013) Aleksandar Vučić, President of Serbia March 6 – Chris Broderick, American musician Gesine Bullock-Prado, American pastry chef March 7 Vladislav Adelkhanov, Russian classical violinist and writer Jeff Hordley, English actor Rachel Weisz, British-American actress March 8 – Jason Elam, American football player March 9 – Simon Monjack, British screenwriter, film director (d. 2010) March 10 Antonio Edwards, American football player Michel van der Aa, Dutch composer | of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland. Feyenoord wins the European Cup after a 2–1 win over Celtic. May 8 Hard Hat Riot: Unionized construction workers attack about 1,000 students and others protesting the Kent State shootings near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street and at New York City Hall. The Beatles release their 12th and final album, Let It Be. The New York Knicks win their first NBA championship, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers 113–99 in Game 7 of the world championship series at Madison Square Garden. May 9 – In Washington, D.C., 100,000 people demonstrate against the Vietnam War. May 10 – The Boston Bruins win their first Stanley Cup since 1941 when Bobby Orr scores a goal 40 seconds into overtime for a 4–3 victory which completes a four-game sweep of the St. Louis Blues. May 11 Henry Marrow is killed in an alleged hate crime in Oxford, North Carolina. Lubbock tornado: An F5 tornado hits downtown Lubbock, Texas, the first to hit a downtown district of a major city since Topeka, Kansas in 1966; 26 are killed. May 12 – The 1976 Winter Olympics are awarded to Denver, Colorado but it is later rejected in 1972. May 14 Ulrike Meinhof helps Andreas Baader escape and create the Red Army Faction which exists until 1998. In the second day of violent demonstrations at Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi, state law enforcement officers fire into the demonstrators, killing 2 and injuring 12. May 17 – Thor Heyerdahl sets sail from Morocco on the papyrus boat Ra II, to sail the Atlantic Ocean. May 23 – A fire occurs in the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait near Bangor, Caernarfonshire, Wales, contributing to its partial destruction and amounting to approximately £1,000,000 worth of fire damage. May 24 – The scientific drilling of the Kola Superdeep Borehole begins in the USSR. May 26 – The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 becomes the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2. May 27 – A British expedition climbs the south face of Annapurna I. May 31 The 7.9 Ancash earthquake shakes Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) and a landslide buries the town of Yungay, Peru. Between 66,794 and 70,000 were killed and 50,000 were injured. The 1970 FIFA World Cup is inaugurated in Mexico. June June 1 – Soyuz 9, a two-man spacecraft, is launched in the Soviet Union. June 2 – Norway announces it has rich oil deposits off its North Sea coast. June 4 – Tonga gains independence from the United Kingdom. June 7 – The Who become the first act to perform rock music (their rock opera, Tommy) at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. June 8 – A coup in Argentina brings a new junta of service chiefs; on June 18, Roberto M. Levingston becomes President. June 11 – The United States gets its first female generals, Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington. June 12 – NDFLOAG guerrillas attack military garrisons at Izki and Nizwa in Oman. June 13 – The Long and Winding Road becomes the Beatles' 20th and final single to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. June 15 – Operation Wedding: fifteen refuseniks try to escape from the Soviet Union by hijacking a plane. June 18 – 1970 United Kingdom general election: the Conservative Party wins and Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister, ousting the Labour government of Harold Wilson after nearly six years in power. The election result is something of a surprise, as most of the opinion polls had predicted a third successive Labour win. June 19 – The Patent Cooperation Treaty is signed into international law, providing a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions. June 21 Brazil defeats Italy 4–1 to win the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy, the largest ever US corporate bankruptcy up to this date. June 23 – The film: Kelly's Heroes is released in the US. June 24 – The United States Senate repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964. June 28 U.S. ground troops withdraw from Cambodia. First pride parade in history, Stonewall riot. June 30 – Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati opens. July July 1 — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is subordinated to the Public Health Service. July 3 – All 112 people on board Dan-Air Flight 1903 are killed when the British De Havilland Comet crashed into the mountains north of Barcelona. The French Army detonates a 914 kiloton thermonuclear device in the Mururoa Atoll. It is the fifth in a series that started on June 15 in their program to perfect a hydrogen bomb small enough to be delivered by a missile. July 4 Bob Hope and other entertainers gather in Washington, D.C. for Honor America Day, a nonpartisan holiday event. Longtime radio music countdown show American Top 40 debuts on 5 U.S. stations with Casey Kasem as host. July 5 – Air Canada Flight 621 crashes near Toronto International Airport, Toronto, Ontario; all 109 passengers and crew are killed. July 12 – Thor Heyerdahl's papyrus boat Ra II arrives in Barbados. July 16 – Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh opens. July 21 – The Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed. July 23 1970 Omani coup d'état: Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, is deposed in a bloodless palace coup by his son, Qaboos. Two "tear gas" (CS gas) canisters are thrown into the chamber of the British House of Commons. July 30 – Damages totalling £485,528 are awarded to 28 Thalidomide victims. July 31 – NBC anchor Chet Huntley retires from full-time broadcasting. August August 7 – Harold Haley, Marin County Superior Court Judge, is taken hostage and murdered, in an effort to free George Jackson from police custody. August 11 – Creation of the International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts in Confolens, France. August 17 - Venera program: Venera 7 is launched toward Venus. It later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet. August 18 - The United States sinks 418 containers of nerve gas into the Gulf Stream near the Bahamas. August 24 – Vietnam War protesters bomb Sterling Hall at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators. August 26 The Women's Strike for Equality takes place on Fifth Avenue in New York City. The Isle of Wight Festival 1970 begins on East Afton Farm off the coast of England. Some 600,000 people attend the largest rock festival of all time. Artists include Jimi Hendrix, The Who, The Doors, Chicago, Richie Havens, John Sebastian, Joan Baez, Ten Years After, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The Moody Blues and Jethro Tull. August 29 – The Chicano Moratorium, against the Vietnam War, begins in East Los Angeles, California, and leads to a riot that kills three people, including journalist Rubén Salazar. August 31 - An annular solar eclipse is visible in Oceania, and is the 14th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 144. September September 1 – An assassination attempt against King Hussein of Jordan precipitates the Black September crisis. September 3–6 – Israeli forces fight Palestinian guerillas in southern Lebanon September 4 – Chilean Socialist Senator Salvador Allende wins 36.2% of the vote in his run for presidency defeating former right-wing President Jorge Alessandri with 34.9% of the votes and Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic with 27.8% of the votes. September 5 Vietnam War – Operation Jefferson Glenn: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thua Thien Province (the operation ends in October 1971). Austrian Formula One driver Jochen Rindt is killed in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix; he nevertheless becomes World Driving Champion, the first to earn the honor posthumously. September 6 – Dawson's Field hijackings, The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacks four passenger aircraft from Pan Am, TWA and Swissair on flights to New York from Brussels, Frankfurt and Zürich and flies them to a desert airstrip in Jordan. September 7 An anti-war rally is held at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by John Kerry, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland. Fighting breaks out between Arab guerillas and government forces in Amman, Jordan. Vietnam Television was established. September 8–10 – The Jordanian government and Palestinian guerillas make repeated unsuccessful truces. September 9 Guinea recognizes the German Democratic Republic. Elvis Presley begins his first concert tour since 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona, at the Veterans Memorial Coliseum. September 10 Cambodian government forces break the siege of Kompong Tho after three months. The Chevrolet Vega is introduced. September 11 – The Ford Pinto is introduced. September 13 The covert incursion of Operation Tailwind is instigated by the American forces in southeast Laos. The first New York City Marathon begins. September 15 – King Hussein of Jordan forms a military government with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister. September 17 – "Black September": King Hussein of Jordan orders the Jordanian Armed Forces to oust Palestinian fedayeen from Jordan. September 18 – American musician Jimi Hendrix dies at age 27 from an overdose of sleeping pills in London. September 19 Kostas Georgakis, a Greek student of geology, sets himself ablaze in Matteotti Square in Genoa, Italy, as a protest against the dictatorial Greek junta led by Georgios Papadopoulos. The first Glastonbury Festival is held, at a farm in the south west of England belonging to Michael Eavis. September 20 Syrian armored forces cross the Jordanian border. Luna 16 lands on the Moon and lifts off the next day with samples, landing back on Earth September 24. September 21 Palestinian armed forces reinforce guerillas in Irbidi, Jordan. The American football television series Monday Night Football debuts on ABC; the Cleveland Browns defeat the New York Jets 31–21 in front of more than 85,000 fans at Cleveland Stadium. September 22 The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is founded. Tunku Abdul Rahman resigns as prime minister of Malaysia, and is succeeded by his deputy Tun Abdul Razak. September 23 – The first women's only tennis tournament begins in Houston, known as the Houston Women's Invitation. September 24 – American television series The Odd Couple premieres on ABC. September 26 – The Laguna Fire starts in San Diego County, burning . September 27 Richard Nixon begins a tour of Europe, visiting Italy, Yugoslavia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Pope Paul VI names Saint Teresa of Ávila as the first female Doctor of the Church. September 28 – Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; Vice President Anwar Sadat is named temporary president of Egypt. September 29 The U.S. Congress gives President Richard Nixon authority to sell arms to Israel. In Berlin, Red Army Faction members rob three banks, with loot totaling over DM 200,000. October October 2 The Wichita State University football team's "Gold" plane crashes in Colorado, killing most of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans) to a game with Utah State University. Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) Corps, one of seven federal uniformed services of the United States, is renamed to NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps under the soon to be formed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Pink Floyd releases Atom Heart Mother. It becomes their first number one album. October 3 In Lebanon, the government of Prime Minister Rashid Karami resigns. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is formed. The Weather Bureau is renamed to National Weather Service, as part of NOAA. Pope Paul VI names Saint Catherine of Siena as the second female Doctor of the Church. October 4 American singer Janis Joplin dies at age 27 from an overdose of drugs. Jochen Rindt becomes Formula One World Driving Champion, first to earn the honor posthumously. In Bolivia, Army Commander General Rogelio Miranda and a group of officers rebel and demand the resignation of President Alfredo Ovando Candía, who fires him. National Educational Television ends operations, being succeeded by PBS. October 5 U.S. President Richard Nixon's European tour ends. The Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnaps James Cross in Montreal and demands release of all its imprisoned members, beginning Quebec's October Crisis. The next day the Canadian government announces that it will not meet the demand. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) begins broadcasting as a successor to National Educational Television (NET), on NET stations in the United States. October 6 Bolivian President Alfredo Ovando Candía resigns; General Rogelio Miranda takes over but resigns soon after. French President Georges Pompidou visits the Soviet Union. October 7 – General Juan José Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia. October 8 The U.S. Foreign Office announces the renewal of arms sales to Pakistan. Soviet author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Vietnam War: In Paris, a Communist delegation rejects U.S. President Richard Nixon's peace proposal as "a maneuver to deceive world opinion." October 9 – The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia, escalating the Cambodian Civil War between the government and the Khmer Rouge. October 10 Fiji becomes independent. October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group. October 11 – Eleven French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in Chad. October 12 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas. October 13 Canada and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations. Saeb Salam forms a government in Lebanon. October 14 – A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in Lop Nor. October 15 A section of the new West Gate Bridge in Melbourne collapses into the river below, killing 35 construction workers. In Egypt, a referendum supports Anwar Sadat 90.04%. The domestic Soviet Aeroflot Flight 244 is hijacked and diverted to Turkey. October 16 – October Crisis: The Canadian government declares a state of emergency and outlaws the Quebec Liberation Front. October 17 October Crisis: Pierre Laporte is found murdered in south Montreal. A cholera epidemic breaks out in Istanbul. Anwar Sadat officially becomes President of Egypt. October 20 The Soviet Union launches the Zond 8 lunar probe. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names Mahmoud Fawzi as his prime minister. October 21 – A U.S. Air Force plane makes an emergency landing near Leninakan, Soviet Union. The Soviets release the American officers, including two generals on November 10. October 22 – Chilean army commander René Schneider is shot in Santiago; the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies October 25. October 23 – Gary Gabelich sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the Blue Flame, fueled with natural gas. October 24 – Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile by a run-off vote in the National Congress October 25 – The wreck of the Confederate submarine Hunley is found off Charleston, South Carolina, by pioneer underwater archaeologist, Dr. E. Lee Spence, then just 22 years old. Hunley was the first submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare. October 26 – Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury debuts in approximately two dozen newspapers in the United States. October 28 In Jordan, the government of Ahmad Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is Wasfi al-Tal. A cholera outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to close its border with Czechoslovakia. Gary Gabelich drives the rocket-powered Blue Flame to an official land speed record at on the dry lake bed of the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The record, the first above 1,000 km/h, stands for nearly 13 years. October 30 – In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War. November November 1 The Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France, kills 146. Polish Deputy Foreign Minister Zygfryd Wolniak and three Pakistanis are killed in an attack on a group of Polish diplomats at the Karachi airport. November 3 Democrats sweep the U.S. Congressional midterm elections; Ronald Reagan is reelected governor of California; Jimmy Carter is elected governor of Georgia. Salvador Allende takes office as president of Chile. The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall in modern-day Bangladesh around high tide, causing $86.4 million in damage (1970 USD, $576 million 2020 USD) and becomes the world's deadliest storm killing over 500,000 people. November 4 Vietnam War – Vietnamization: The United States turns control of a base to South Vietnamese control for the first time, transferring the Sóc Trăng Airfield to the ARVN. Social workers in Los Angeles take custody of Genie, an abused girl who had been kept in solitary confinement since her birth, and begin her rehabilitation. November 5 – Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in Vietnam reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in five years (24 soldiers die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below 50; 431 are reported wounded that week, however). November 8 Egypt, Libya and Sudan announce their intentions to form a federation. Tom Dempsey, who was born with a deformed right foot, sets a National Football League record by kicking a 63-yard field goal to lift the New Orleans Saints to a 19–17 victory over the Detroit Lions at Tulane Stadium. The British comedy television series, The Goodies debuts on BBC Two. November 9 The Soviet Union launches Luna 17. Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6–3 not to hear a case by the state of Massachusetts, about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war. The blues rock studio double album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, the only album by Derek and the Dominos, is released, initially in the United States, the first presentation of the classic title track, "Layla", by English guitarist Eric Clapton and American drummer Jim Gordon. November 12 – Soviet author Andrei Amalrik is sentenced to three years for 'anti-Soviet' writings. November 13 1970 Bhola cyclone: A 120-mph (193 km/h) tropical cyclone hits the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), killing an estimated 500,000 people (considered the 20th century's worst cyclone disaster). It gives rise to the temporary island of New Moore / South Talpatti. Hafez al-Assad comes to power in Syria, following a military coup within the Ba'ath Party. November 14 Southern Airways Flight 932 crashes in Wayne County, West Virginia; all 75 on board, including 37 players and 5 coaches from the Marshall University football team, are killed. The Soviet Union enters the International Civil Aviation Organization, after having resisted joining the UN Agency for more than 25 years. Russian becomes the fourth official language of the ICAO. November 16 – The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar flies for the first time. November 17 Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the Mỹ Lai massacre. Luna programme: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world, and is released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft. United Nations Security Council Resolution 288 is passed unanimously, urging all member states to avoid giving any form of recognition to the white-minority government of Rhodesia. November 18 U.S. President Richard Nixon asks the U.S. Congress for US$155 million in supplemental aid for the Cambodian government (US$85 million is for military assistance to prevent the overthrow of the government of Premier Lon Nol by the Khmer Rouge and North Vietnam). November 19 – The six European Economic Community nation prime ministers meet in Munich to begin the new program of European Political Cooperation (EPC), a unified foreign policy for a future European Union. November 20 – The Miss World 1970 beauty pageant, hosted by Bob Hope at the Royal Albert Hall, London is disrupted by Women's Liberation protesters. Earlier on the same evening a bomb is placed under a BBC outside broadcast vehicle by The Angry Brigade, in protest at the entry of separate black and white contestants by South Africa. November 21 Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister. In Ethiopia, the Eritrean Liberation Front kills an Ethiopian general. Vietnam War – Operation Ivory Coast: A joint Air Force and Army team raids the Sơn Tây prison camp in an attempt to free American POWs thought to be held there (no Americans are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S. POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this raid). 1970 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government led by Prime Minister John Gorton and the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam each ended up with 26 seats; both suffering a swing against them. The Democratic Labor Party won an additional seat and held the balance of power in the Senate. To date, this was the last occasion where a Senate election was held without an accompanying House Of Representatives election. November 22 – Guinean president Ahmed Sékou Touré accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land near the capital Conakry. The Guinean army repels the landing attempts over the next three days. November 23 - The American Indian Movement seizes a replica of the Mayflower in Boston. November 25 – 29 – A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation. November 25 – In Tokyo, author and Tatenokai militia leader Yukio Mishima and his followers take over the headquarters of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in an attempted coup d'état. After Mishima's speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs, including restoration of the powers of the Emperor, he commits seppuku (public ritual suicide). November 26 East Pakistan leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman accuses the central government of negligence in catastrophe relief. Pope Paul VI begins an Asian tour. Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! makes its network TV debut, when CBS telecasts the 1955 film version as a three-hour Thanksgiving special. November 27 – Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate Pope Paul VI during his visit in Manila. November 28 – The Montréal Alouettes defeat the Calgary Stampeders, 23–10, to win the 58th Grey Cup. November 30 – British Caledonian Airways Ltd. (BCal) is formed by the merger of Caledonian Airways and British United Airways. December December 1 The Italian Chamber of Deputies accepts the new divorce law. Ethiopia recognizes the People's Republic of China. The Basque ETA kidnaps West German Eugen Beihl in San Sebastián. Luis Echeverría becomes president of Mexico. December 2 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency is established. December 3 October Crisis: In Montreal, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de libération du Québec terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists from the FLQ's Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to Cuba. Burgos Trial: In Burgos, Spain, the trial of 16 Basque terrorism suspects begins. December 4 The Spanish government declares a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzcoa, over strikes and demonstrations. The U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the attempted invasion of Guinea. December 5 The Asian and Australian tour of Pope Paul VI ends. Fluminense wins the Brazil Football Championship. December 7 Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil, is kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political prisoners. The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa for its apartheid policies. During his visit to the Polish capital, German Chancellor Willy Brandt goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto, which will become known as the Warschauer Kniefall ("Warsaw Genuflection"). Pakistani general election which triggered the war of independence between West Pakistan and East Pakistan leading to the establishment of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh December 12 – A landslide in western Colombia leaves 200 dead. December 13 – The government of Poland announces food price increases. Riots and looting lead to a bloody confrontation between the rioters and the government on December 15. December 15 The USSR's Venera 7 becomes the first spacecraft to land successfully on Venus and transmit data back to Earth. The South Korean ferry Namyong Ho capsizes off Korea Strait; 308 people are killed. December 16 – The Ethiopian government declares a state of emergency in the county of Eritrea over the activities of the Eritrean Liberation Front. December 17 – Polish 1970 protests: Soldiers fire on civilians returning to work in Gdynia. Martial law is imposed in the country until December 22. December 20 General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, Władysław Gomułka, resigns; Edward Gierek replaces him. An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask for economic and military aid. December 21 – The Grumman F-14 Tomcat makes its first flight. December 22 The Libyan Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign banks in the country. Franz Stangl, the ex-commander of Treblinka, is sentenced to life imprisonment. December 23 The Polish government freezes food prices for two years. The Bolivian government releases Régis Debray. The North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City is topped out at 1,368 feet (417 m), making it the tallest building in the world. Law 70-001 is enacted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, amending article 4 of the constitution and making the country a one-party state. December 25 – The ETA releases Eugen Beihl. December 27 – President of India V. V. Giri declares new elections. December 28 Burgos Trial: Three Basques are sentenced to death, twelve others sentenced to imprisonment (terms from 12 to 62 years), and one is released. The suspected killers of Pierre Laporte, Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested near Montreal. December 29 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act. December 30 – In Biscay in the Basque country of Spain, 15,000 go on strike in protest at the Burgos trial death sentences. Francisco Franco commutes the sentences to 30 years in prison. December 31 – Paul McCartney sues in Britain to dissolve The Beatles's legal partnership. Date unknown The first Regional Technical Colleges open in Ireland. Sada Abe, Japanese former prostitute and later actress, disappears. The Sweet Track is discovered in England. It was the world's oldest engineered roadway at the time of its discovery. Alvin Toffler publishes his book Future Shock. Sammlung zeitgenössischer Kunst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, the Federal collection of contemporary art, is established in Germany. Xerox PARC computer laboratory opens in Palo Alto, California. A multi-business conglomerate, Virgin Group was founded by Richard Branson in England. World population Births January January 1 – Sergei Kiriakov, Russian footballer and manager January 2 Oksana Omelianchik, Soviet artistic gymnast Eric Whitacre, American composer January 7 João Ricardo, Angolan footballer Andy Burnham, British politician January 9 – Lara Fabian, Canadian/Belgian singer January 12 – Zack de la Rocha, American musician January 13 Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (d. 2004) Shonda Rhimes, American TV producer and writer January 16 – Rick Bognar, Canadian professional wrestler and actor (d. 2019) January 17 – Genndy Tartakovsky, Russian-American animator January 18 DJ Quik, American rapper and producer January 19 Essie Davis, Australian actress Tim Foster, British rower Udo Suzuki, Japanese comedian January 20 Kerri Kenney-Silver, American actress, comedian, writer, singer, and musician Edwin McCain, American singer-songwriter and musician Skeet Ulrich, American actor Larry Schwarz, American animation producer, entrepreneur, writer, and photographer January 21 – Ken Leung, American actor January 22 – Alex Ross, American comic artist January 24 – Matthew Lillard, American actor, voice actor, director, and producer January 27 Adam Brand, Australian singer Bradley Clyde, Australian rugby league player Jessie Hollins, American baseball player (d. 2009) January 29 Heather Graham, American actress Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Indian shooter Paul Ryan, American politician January 30 Amaruk Kayshapanta, Indigenous-Ecuadorean filmmaker Kimiya Yui, Japanese astronaut January 31 Minnie Driver, English actress Chen Lin, Chinese Mandopop singer (d. 2009) February February 1 – Malik Sealy, American basketball player (d. 2000) February 2 Andrew J. Olmsted, major in the U.S. Army. (d. 2008) Fabrizio Vidale, Italian actor and voice actor February 3 Keith Carney, American hockey player Warwick Davis, English actor Anthony Russo, American film and television director February 4 Ma Mingyu, Chinese footballer James Murphy, American musician Hunter |
to announce a prohibition against citizens joining the Freemasons. December 6 – The second successful appendectomy is performed by naturalised British surgeon Claudius Aymand at St George's Hospital in London (the first was in 1731). December 19 – At the age of 8 years old, Prince Luis of Spain becomes the youngest Roman Catholic Cardinal in history, after being named by Pope Clement XII. Date unknown Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces fail to occupy the Crimea, due to rasputitsa. Linnaeus publishes his Systema Naturae. A shipbuilding industry begins in Mumbai. Leonhard Euler solves the Basel problem, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644, and the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem. The King's Highway (Charleston to Boston) is completed. Quebec: Construction begins on the Chemin du roy between Quebec and Montreal. Augusta, Georgia, is founded. Cobalt is discovered and isolated by Georg Brandt. Births January 1 – Paul Revere, American silversmith and patriot (d. 1818) January 8 – John Carroll first Roman Catholic Archbishop in the U.S. (d. 1815) January 9 – John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1823) January 27 – Étienne Clavière, French financier and politician (d. 1793) February 13, Crown Prince Sado (d. 1762) February 28 – Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde French musician and chemist (d. 1796) March 1 – Caroline Thielo, Danish actress (d. 1754) March 29 – Johann Karl August Musäus German author (d. 1787) April 13 – Isaac Low, New York delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1791) May 1 – Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro Spanish Jesuit philologist (d. 1809) May 23 – Charles Joseph, Prince de Ligne, (d. 1814) June 16 – Nicolas Bernard Lépicié, French painter (d. 1784) June 26 – Joseph Ducreux, French noble, portrait painter, pastelist, miniaturist, and engraver (d. 1802) July 4 – Jacoba van den Brande, Dutch culture personality (d. 1794) July 10 – Ulrika Pasch, Swedish painter (d. 1796) September 5 – Johann Christian Bach, German composer (d. 1782) September 20 – James Keir, Scottish geologist, chemist, and industrialist (d. 1820) September 28 – Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1811) October 1 – Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (d. 1811) October 9 – Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (d. 1806) October 21 – Richard Gough, English antiquary (d. 1809) October 30 – John Adams, 2nd President of the United States (d. 1826) November 10 – Granville Sharp, English abolitionist (d. 1813) December 29 – Thomas Banks, English sculptor and artist (d. 1805) December 31 – Jean de Crévecoeur, French-American writer (d. 1813) date unknown John Julius Angerstein, Russian-born English merchant, insurer and art collector (d. 1823) William Bell, English portrait painter from Newcastle upon Tyne (d. c. 1806) Bety of Betsimisaraka, queen regnant (d. 1805) Mary Evans, Welsh | – The Kingdom of France approves the issue of "card money" in the total amount of 200,000 livres to serve as currency in its Louisiana territory in America. September 22 – Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, becomes the first British premier to move into London's 10 Downing Street. October –December October 3 – An agreement between the European powers brings a ceasefire in the War of the Polish Succession, one week short of the second anniversary of the war. With France and Spain on the side of the reigning monarch, Stanisław Leszczyński, and Prussia, Russia, and Austria supporting Augustus III, a preliminary peace is signed allowing Stanislaw to reign in Warsaw and Augustus to reign in Krakow, and is ratified in 1738. October 14 – John Wesley and his brother Charles set sail from England for Savannah in the Province of Georgia in British America; on the voyage they first encounter members of the Moravian Church. October 18 – In China, Qianlong succeeds his father, Yongzheng, as Emperor and begins a 60-year-long reign within the Qing dynasty. November 25 – The largest bell in the world, the diameter Tsar Kolokol, is successfully cast in Moscow within the Kremlin. November 30 – The Netherlands becomes the first government to announce a prohibition against citizens joining the Freemasons. December 6 – The second successful appendectomy is performed by naturalised British surgeon Claudius Aymand at St George's Hospital in London (the first was in 1731). December 19 – At the age of 8 years old, Prince Luis of Spain becomes the youngest Roman Catholic Cardinal in history, after being named by Pope Clement XII. Date unknown Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces fail to occupy the Crimea, due to rasputitsa. Linnaeus publishes his Systema Naturae. A shipbuilding industry begins in Mumbai. Leonhard Euler solves the Basel problem, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644, and the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem. The King's Highway (Charleston to Boston) is completed. Quebec: Construction begins on the Chemin du roy between Quebec and Montreal. Augusta, Georgia, is founded. Cobalt is discovered and isolated by Georg Brandt. Births January 1 – Paul Revere, American silversmith and patriot (d. 1818) January 8 – John Carroll first Roman Catholic Archbishop in the U.S. (d. 1815) January 9 – John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1823) January 27 – Étienne Clavière, French financier and politician (d. 1793) February 13, Crown Prince Sado (d. 1762) February 28 – Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde French musician and chemist (d. 1796) March 1 – Caroline Thielo, Danish actress (d. 1754) March 29 – Johann Karl August |
1730s decade ran from January | from January 1, |
31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason. Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa | from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason. Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria’s struggle to succeed the various crowns of |
Revolutionary War moulded modern-day concepts of liberalism, partisanship, elections, and the political compass. Significant people President George Washington (United States) President John Adams (United States) Catherine the Great (Russia) Paul I of Russia Frederick William II of Prussia Frederick William III of Prussia Louis XVI of France Maximilien Robespierre (France) Napoleon (France) George III of the United Kingdom Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger (United Kingdom) Charles IV of Spain Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Qianlong Emperor Jiaqing Emperor Pope Pius VI | III of Prussia Louis XVI of France Maximilien Robespierre (France) Napoleon (France) George III of the United Kingdom Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger (United Kingdom) Charles IV of Spain Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Qianlong Emperor Jiaqing Emperor Pope Pius VI See also List |
Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel, p. 302, 310. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. 1892: Buffalo switchmen's strike in Buffalo, New York, during August, 1892. In early 1892, the New York State Legislature passed a law mandating a 10-hour work-day and increases in the day- and night-time minimum wage. On August 12, switchmen in the Buffalo railyards struck the Lehigh Valley Railroad, the Erie Railroad and the Buffalo Creek Railroad after the companies refused to obey the new law.Voorhees, Theodore. 'The Buffalo strike.' North American Review. 155(431): October 1892, pp. 407–418. Cornell University Library On August 15, Democratic Governor Roswell P. Flower called out the New York State Guard to restore order and protect the railroads' property. However, State Guard Brigadier General Peter C. Doyle, commanding the Fourth Brigade, held a full-time position as an agent of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and was determined to crush the strike. 1892: New Orleans general strike taking place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during November, 1892. 49 labor unions affiliated through the American Federation of Labor (AFL) had established a central labor council known as the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council that represented more than 20,000 workers. Three racially integrated unions—the Teamsters, the Scalesmen, and the Packers—made up what came to be called the "Triple Alliance." Many of the workers belonging to the unions of the Triple Alliance were African American.Brown and Allen, Strong In the Struggle: My Life As a Black Labor Activist, 2001. The Triple Alliance started negotiations with the New Orleans Board of Trade in October. Employers utilized race-based appeals to try to divide the workers and turn the public against the strikers. The board of trade announced it would sign contracts agreeing to the terms—but only with the white-dominated Scalesmen and Packers unions. The Board of Trade refused to sign any contract with the black-dominated Teamsters. The Board of Trade and the city's newspapers also began a campaign designed to create public hysteria. The newspapers ran lurid accounts of "mobs of brutal Negro strikers" rampaging through the streets, of African American unionists "beating up all who attempted to interfere with them," and repeated accounts of crowds of blacks assaulting lone white men and women. The striking workers refused to break ranks along racial lines. Large majorities of the Scalesmen and Packers unions passed resolutions affirming their commitment to stay out until the employers had signed a contract with the Teamsters on the same terms offered to other unions. The Board of Trade's tactics essentially backfired when the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council called for a general strike, involving all of its unions. The city's supply of natural gas failed on November 8, as did the electrical grid, and the city was plunged into darkness. The delivery of food and beverages immediately ceased, generating alarm among city residents. Construction, printing, street cleaning, manufacturing and even fire-fighting services ground to a halt."New Orleans' Big Strike," Washington Post, November 8, 1892. 1893: The Panic of 1893 set off a widespread economic depression in the United States of America that lasts until 1896. One of the first signs of trouble was the bankruptcy of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which had greatly over-extended itself, on February 23, 1893, ten days before Grover Cleveland's second inauguration. Some historians consider this bankruptcy to be the beginning of the Panic. As concern of the state of the economy worsened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks and caused bank runs. The credit crunch rippled through the economy. A financial panic in the United Kingdom and a drop in trade in Europe caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by gold. People attempted to redeem silver notes for gold; ultimately the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and US notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold. Investments during the time of the Panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments. The National Cordage Company (the most actively traded stock at the time) went into receivership as a result of its bankers calling their loans in response to rumors regarding the NCC's financial distress. As the demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price and value of silver dropped. Holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds, and many became worthless. A series of bank failures followed, and the Northern Pacific Railway, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad failed. This was followed by the bankruptcy of many other companies; in total over 15,000 companies and 500 banks failed (many in the west). According to high estimates, about 17%–19% of the workforce was unemployed at the Panic's peak. The huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings by failed banks, meant that a once-secure middle-class could not meet their mortgage obligations. As a result, many walked away from recently built homes. From this, the sight of the vacant Victorian (haunted) house entered the American mindset. 1894: Cripple Creek miners' strike, a five-month strike by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in Cripple Creek, Colorado, United States. In January 1894, Cripple Creek mine owners J. J. Hagerman, David Moffat and Eben Smith, who together employed one-third of the area's miners, announced a lengthening of the work-day to ten hours (from eight), with no change to the daily wage of $3.00 per day. When workers protested, the owners agreed to employ the miners for eight hours a day – but at a wage of only $2.50.Philpott, William. The Lessons of Leadville, Or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left, p. 73. Monograph 10. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994. ISSN 1046-3100 Not long before this dispute, miners at Cripple Creek had formed the Free Coinage Union. Once the new changes went into effect, they affiliated with the Western Federation of Miners, and became Local 19. The union was based in Altman, and had chapters in Anaconda, Cripple Creek and Victor. On February 1, 1894, the mine owners began implementing the 10-hour day. Union president John Calderwood issued a notice a week later demanding that the mine owners reinstate the eight-hour day at the $3.00 wage. When the owners did not respond, the nascent union struck on February 7. Portland, Pikes Peak, Gold Dollar and a few smaller mines immediately agreed to the eight-hour day and remained open, but larger mines held out. 1894: Coxey's Army a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. The purpose of the march was to protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893 and to lobby for the government to create jobs which would involve building roads and other public works improvements. The march originated with 100 men in Massillon, Ohio, on March 25, 1894, passing through Pittsburgh, Becks Run and Homestead, Pennsylvania, in April. 1894: The Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike, an unsuccessful national eight-week strike by miners of hard coal in the United States, which began on April 21, 1894. Initially, the strike was a major success. More than 180,000 miners in Colorado, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia struck. In Illinois, 25,207 miners went on strike, while only 610 continued to work through the strike, with the average Illinois miner out of work for 72 days because of the strike. In some areas of the country, violence erupted between strikers and mine operators or between striking and non-striking miners. On May 23 near Uniontown, Pennsylvania, 15 guards armed with carbines and machine guns held off an attack by 1500 strikers, killing 5 and wounding 8. 1894: May Day Riots, a series of violent demonstrations that occurred throughout Cleveland, Ohio, on May 1, 1894 (May Day). Cleveland's unemployment rate increased dramatically during the Panic of 1893. Finally, riots broke out among the unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures. 1894: The workers of the Pullman Company went on strike in Illinois. During the economic panic of 1893, the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages as demands for their train cars plummeted and the company's revenue dropped. A delegation of workers complained of the low wages and twelve-hour workdays, and that the corporation that operated the town of Pullman didn't decrease rents, but company owner George Pullman "loftily declined to talk with them." The boycott was launched on June 26, 1894. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had quit work rather than handle Pullman cars. Adding fuel to the fire the railroad companies began hiring replacement workers (that is, strikebreakers), which only increased hostilities. Many African Americans, fearful that the racism expressed by the American Railway Union would lock them out of another labor market, crossed the picket line to break the strike; thus adding a racially charged tone to the conflict. 1896: The 1896 United States presidential election becomes a political realignment. The monetary policy standard supported by the candidates of the two major parties arguably dominated their electoral campaigns. William Jennings Bryan, candidate of the ruling Democratic Party campaigned on a policy of Free Silver. His opponent William McKinley of the Republican Party, which had lost elections in 1884 and 1892, campaigned on a policy of Sound Money and maintaining the gold standard in effect since the 1870s. The "shorthand slogans" actually reflected "broader philosophies of finance and public policy, and opposing beliefs about justice, order, and 'moral economy.'",Rebecca Edwards, "Republican Party Platform. Adopted at St. Louis, June 16, 1896." Reproducing primary text with minor editing The Republicans won the election and would win every election to 1912. Arguably ending the so-called Gilded Age. The McKinley administration would embrace American imperialism, its involvement in the Spanish–American War (1896–1898) leading the United States in playing a more active role in the world scene. The term Progressive Era has been suggested for the period, though often covering the reforms lasting from the 1880s to the 1920s. 1896–1897: Leadville Colorado, Miners' Strike. The union local in the Leadville mining district was the Cloud City Miners' Union (CCMU), Local 33 of the Western Federation of Miners. In 1896, representatives of the CCMU asked for a wage increase of fifty cents per day for all mine workers not already making three dollars per day. The union felt justified, for fifty cents a day had been cut from the miners' wages during the depression of 1893. By 1895, Leadville mines posted their largest combined output since 1889, and Leadville was then Colorado's most productive mine camp, producing almost 9.5 million ounces of silver that year. The mine owners "were doing a lot better than they wanted anyone to know." Negotiations over an increase in pay for the lower-paid mineworkers broke down, and 1,200 miners voted unanimously to strike all mines that were still paying at the lower rate. The next day 968 miners walked out, and mine owners locked out another 1,332 mine workers. The Leadville strike set the scene not only for the WFM's consideration of militant tactics and its embrace of radicalism, but also for the birth of the Western Labor Union (which became the American Labor Union), the WFM's participation in the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World, and for events which culminated in the Colorado Labor Wars. 1896–1899: The Klondike Gold Rush. In August, 1896, George Carmack, Kate Carmack, Keish, Dawson Charlie and Patsy Henderson, members of a Tagish First Nations family group, discovered rich placer gold deposits in Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek, Yukon, Canada. Soon a massive movement of people, goods and money started moving towards the Klondike, Yukon region and the nearby District of Alaska. Men from all walks of life headed for the Yukon from as far away as New York, South Africa, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Australia. Surprisingly, a large proportion were professionals, such as teachers and doctors, even a mayor or two, who gave up respectable careers to make the journey. For instance, the residents of Camp Skagway Number One included: William Howard Taft, who went on to become a U.S. president; Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout who arrived from Africa only to be called back to take part in the Second Boer War; and W. W. White, author and explorer. Most were perfectly aware of their chance of finding significant amounts of gold were slim to none, and went for the adventure. As many as half of those who reached Dawson City kept right on going without doing any prospecting at all. Thus, by bringing large numbers of entrepreneurial adventurers to the region, the Gold Rush significantly contributed to the economic development of Western Canada, Alaska, and the Pacific Northwest. New cities were created as a result of the Gold Rush, including among others Dawson City, Fairbanks, Alaska, and Anchorage, Alaska. The heyday of the individual prospector and the rush towards the north ended by 1899. Exploitation of the area by "big mining companies with their mechanical dredges" would last well into the 20th century. 1898: Welsh coal strike, involving the colliers of South Wales and Monmouthshire. The strike began as an attempt by the colliers to remove the sliding scale, which determined their wage based on the price of coal. The strike quickly turned into a disastrous lockout which would last for six months and result in a failure for the colliers as the sliding scale stayed in place. The strike officially ended on September 1, 1898. The lack of organisation and vision apparent form the colliers' leaders was addressed by the foundation of the South Wales Miners' Federation, or 'the Fed'. 1899: Newsboys Strike in New York City, New York. The newsboys were not employees of the newspapers but rather purchased the papers from the publishers and sold them as independent agents. Not allowed to return unsold papers, the newsboys typically earned around 30 cents a day and often worked until very late at night. Cries of "Extra, extra!" were often heard into the morning hours as newsboys attempted to hawk every last paper. In 1898, with the Spanish–American War increasing newspaper sales, several publishers raised the cost of a newsboy bundle of 100 newspapers from 50¢ to 60¢, a price increase that at the time was offset by the increased sales. After the war, many papers reduced the cost back to previous levels, with the notable exceptions of the New York World and the New York Morning Journal. In July 1899, a large number of New York City newsboys refused to distribute the papers of Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the World, and William Randolph Hearst, publisher of the Journal. The strikers demonstrated across the Brooklyn Bridge for several days, effectively bringing traffic to a standstill, along with the news distribution for most New England cities. Several rallies drew more than 5,000 newsboys, complete with charismatic speeches by strike leader Kid Blink. Blink and his strikers were the subject of violence, as well. Hearst and Pulitzer hired men to break up rallies and protect the newspaper deliveries still underway. Other significant international events May 1-October 30, 1893 - The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, was held in Chicago, Illinois to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism. Science and technology Technology 1890s: Bike boom sweeps Europe and America with hundreds of bicycle manufacturers in the biggest bicycle craze to date. 1890: Clément Ader of Muret, France creates his Ader Éole. "Ader claimed that while he was aboard the Ader Eole he made a steam-engine powered low-level flight of approximately 160 feet on October 9, 1890, in the suburbs of Paris, from a level field on the estate of a friend." It was a powered and heavier-than-air flight, but is often discounted as a candidate for the first flying machine for two main reasons. "It was not capable of a prolonged flight (due to the use of a steam engine) and it lacked adequate provisions for full flight control.". His Ader Avion II and Ader Avion III had more complex designs but failed to take-off.European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader" 1891: Commercial production of automobiles began and was at an early stage. The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassor in France, which also introduced the first four-cylinder engine. Panhard was originally called Panhard et Levassor, and was established as a car manufacturing concern by René Panhard, Émile Levassor, and Belgian lawyer Edouard Sarazin in 1887. In 1891, the company built their first all-Lavassor design, a "state of the art" model: the Systeme Panhard consisted of four wheels, a front-mounted engine with rear wheel drive, and a crude sliding-gear transmission, sold at 3500 francs. (It would remain the standard until Cadillac introduced synchromesh in 1928.) This was to become the standard | Nicholas II, the new Russian Emperor.Hedwig Lohm, "Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Ninotsminda rayon (Samtskhe-Javakheti)". November 2006. Under further instructions from their exiled leader Peter Vasilevich Verigin, as a sign of absolute pacifism, the Doukhobors of the three Governorates of Transcaucasia made the decision to destroy their weapons. As the Doukhobors assembled to burn them on the night of June 28/29 (July 10/11, Gregorian calendar) 1895, with the singing of psalms and spiritual songs, arrests and beatings by government Cossacks followed. Soon, Cossacks were billeted in many of the Large Party Doukhobors' villages, and over 4,000 of their original residents were dispersed through villages in other parts of Georgia. Many of those died of starvation and exposure.John Ashworth, Doukhobortsy and Religious Persecution in Russia , 1900 (Doukhobor Genealogy Website) 1896–1898: The Philippine Revolution. The Philippines, part of the Spanish East Indies, attempt to secede from the Spanish Empire. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the anti-colonial secret organization Katipunan by the Spanish authorities. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a secessionist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in Caloocan, the Katipunan leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital Manila. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels in Cavite led by Emilio Aguinaldo won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's execution in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government. That year, a truce was officially reached with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong, though hostilities between rebels and the Spanish government never actually ceased.* In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Aguinaldo unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had conquered nearly all Spanish-held ground within the Philippines with the exception of Manila. Aguinaldo thus declared independence from Spain and the First Philippine Republic was established. However, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. Spanish rule in the islands only officially ended with the 1898 Treaty of Paris, wherein Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United States. The Philippine–American War broke out shortly afterward. 1897: The Lattimer massacre. The violent deaths of 19 unarmed striking immigrant anthracite coal miners at the Lattimer mine near Hazleton, Pennsylvania, on September 10, 1897.Miller, Randall M. and Pencak, William. Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth. State College, Penn.: Penn State Press, 2003. The miners, mostly of Polish, Slovak, and Lithuanian ethnicity, were shot and killed by a Luzerne County sheriff's posse. Scores more workers were wounded. The Lattimer massacre was a turning point in the history of the United Mine Workers (UMW). 1898: The Bava Beccaris massacre in Milan, Kingdom of Italy. On May 5, 1898, workers organized a strike to demonstrate against the government of Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, Prime Minister of Italy, holding it responsible for the general increase of prices and for the famine that was affecting the country. The first blood was shed that day at Pavia, when the son of the mayor of Milan was killed while attempting to halt the troops marching against the crowd. After a protest in Milan the following day, the government declared a state of siege in the city. Infantry, cavalry and artillery were brought into the city and General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris ordered his troops to fire on demonstrators. According to the government, there were 118 dead and 450 wounded. The opposition claimed 400 dead and more than 2,000 injured people. Filippo Turati, one of the founder of the Italian Socialist Party, was arrested and accused of inspiring the riots."Bresci comes from America to avenge his countrymen" Chapter of Living My Life (1931) by Emma Goldman, page 272 1898: The Voulet–Chanoine Mission a disastrous French military expedition sent out from Senegal to conquer the Chad Basin and unify all French territories in West Africa. The expedition descended into wanton violence against the local population and ended in sedition on the part of the commanders. 1898: The Battle of Sugar Point takes place in the northeast shore of Leech Lake, Minnesota. "Old Bug" (Bugonaygeshig), a leading member of the Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians in Bear Island had been arrested in September, 1898. A reported number of 22 Pillagers helped him escape. Arrest warrants were issued for all Pillagers involved in the incident. On October 5, 1898, about 80 men serving or attached to the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment arrived on Bear Island to perform the arrests. Finding it abandoned, they proceeded to Sugar Point. There, a force of 19 Pillagers armed with Winchester rifle was observing the soldiers from a forested area. When a soldier fired his weapon, allegedly a new recruit who had done so accidentally, the Pillagers returned fire. Major Melville Wilkinson, the commanding officer, was shot three times and killed. By the end of the conflict, seven soldiers had been killed (including Wilkinson), another 16 wounded. There were no casualties among the 19 Natives. Peaceful relations were soon re-established but this uprising was among the last Native American victories in the American Indian Wars. It is known as "the last Indian Uprising in the United States". Prominent political events 1890: A split erupted in Irish nationalism over a scandal involving the Irish leader Charles Stewart Parnell's affair with a fellow MP's wife, Kitty O'Shea. 1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to grant women the vote. 1894: The Greenwich Observatory bomb attack. This was possibly the first widely publicised terrorist incident in Britain. The Dreyfus affair – a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 20th century. It involved the conviction for treason in November 1894 of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian Jewish descent. 1895: The Gongche Shangshu movement. In April, Over 1300 Jǔrén, present in Beijing to participate in the imperial examination, sign a petition requesting reforms by the Guangxu Emperor. Kang Youwei is the main organizer of the movement. In May, thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protested against the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Emperor would respond with the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898. 1896 Republican Realignment The 1896 Cross of Gold speech by William Jennings Bryan The New Imperialism The Populist Party reaches its high point in American history. Economics in the United States 1892: The Homestead Strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Labor dispute between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company starting in June, 1892. The union negotiated national uniform wage scales on an annual basis; helped regularize working hours, workload levels and work speeds; and helped improve working conditions. It also acted as a hiring hall, helping employers find scarce puddlers and rollers. With the collective bargaining agreement due to expire on June 30, 1892, Henry Clay Frick (chairman of the company) and the leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations in February. With the steel industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase. Frick immediately countered with a 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit. Andrew Carnegie encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union: "...the Firm has decided that the minority must give way to the majority. These works, therefore, will be necessarily non-union after the expiration of the present agreement." Frick locked workers out of the plate mill and one of the open hearth furnaces on the evening of June 28. When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29, Frick locked the union out of the rest of the plant. A high fence topped with barbed wire, begun in January, was completed and the plant sealed to the workers. Sniper towers with searchlights were constructed near each mill building, and high-pressure water cannons (some capable of spraying boiling-hot liquid) were placed at each entrance. Various aspects of the plant were protected, reinforced or shielded.Krause, Paul. The Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel, p. 302, 310. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. 1892: Buffalo switchmen's strike in Buffalo, New York, during August, 1892. In early 1892, the New York State Legislature passed a law mandating a 10-hour work-day and increases in the day- and night-time minimum wage. On August 12, switchmen in the Buffalo railyards struck the Lehigh Valley Railroad, the Erie Railroad and the Buffalo Creek Railroad after the companies refused to obey the new law.Voorhees, Theodore. 'The Buffalo strike.' North American Review. 155(431): October 1892, pp. 407–418. Cornell University Library On August 15, Democratic Governor Roswell P. Flower called out the New York State Guard to restore order and protect the railroads' property. However, State Guard Brigadier General Peter C. Doyle, commanding the Fourth Brigade, held a full-time position as an agent of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and was determined to crush the strike. 1892: New Orleans general strike taking place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during November, 1892. 49 labor unions affiliated through the American Federation of Labor (AFL) had established a central labor council known as the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council that represented more than 20,000 workers. Three racially integrated unions—the Teamsters, the Scalesmen, and the Packers—made up what came to be called the "Triple Alliance." Many of the workers belonging to the unions of the Triple Alliance were African American.Brown and Allen, Strong In the Struggle: My Life As a Black Labor Activist, 2001. The Triple Alliance started negotiations with the New Orleans Board of Trade in October. Employers utilized race-based appeals to try to divide the workers and turn the public against the strikers. The board of trade announced it would sign contracts agreeing to the terms—but only with the white-dominated Scalesmen and Packers unions. The Board of Trade refused to sign any contract with the black-dominated Teamsters. The Board of Trade and the city's newspapers also began a campaign designed to create public hysteria. The newspapers ran lurid accounts of "mobs of brutal Negro strikers" rampaging through the streets, of African American unionists "beating up all who attempted to interfere with them," and repeated accounts of crowds of blacks assaulting lone white men and women. The striking workers refused to break ranks along racial lines. Large majorities of the Scalesmen and Packers unions passed resolutions affirming their commitment to stay out until the employers had signed a contract with the Teamsters on the same terms offered to other unions. The Board of Trade's tactics essentially backfired when the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council called for a general strike, involving all of its unions. The city's supply of natural gas failed on November 8, as did the electrical grid, and the city was plunged into darkness. The delivery of food and beverages immediately ceased, generating alarm among city residents. Construction, printing, street cleaning, manufacturing and even fire-fighting services ground to a halt."New Orleans' Big Strike," Washington Post, November 8, 1892. 1893: The Panic of 1893 set off a widespread economic depression in the United States of America that lasts until 1896. One of the first signs of trouble was the bankruptcy of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which had greatly over-extended itself, on February 23, 1893, ten days before Grover Cleveland's second inauguration. Some historians consider this bankruptcy to be the beginning of the Panic. As concern of the state of the economy worsened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks and caused bank runs. The credit crunch rippled through the economy. A financial panic in the United Kingdom and a drop in trade in Europe caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by gold. People attempted to redeem silver notes for gold; ultimately the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and US notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold. Investments during the time of the Panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments. The National Cordage Company (the most actively traded stock at the time) went into receivership as a result of its bankers calling their loans in response to rumors regarding the NCC's financial distress. As the demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price and value of silver dropped. Holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds, and many became worthless. A series of bank failures followed, and the Northern Pacific Railway, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad failed. This was followed by the bankruptcy of many other companies; in total over 15,000 companies and 500 banks failed (many in the west). According to high estimates, about 17%–19% of the workforce was unemployed at the Panic's peak. The huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings by failed banks, meant that a once-secure middle-class could not meet their mortgage obligations. As a result, many walked away from recently built homes. From this, the sight of the vacant Victorian (haunted) house entered the American mindset. 1894: Cripple Creek miners' strike, a five-month strike by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in Cripple Creek, Colorado, United States. In January 1894, Cripple Creek mine owners J. J. Hagerman, David Moffat and Eben Smith, who together employed one-third of the area's miners, announced a lengthening of the work-day to ten hours (from eight), with no change to the daily wage of $3.00 per day. When workers protested, the owners agreed to employ the miners for eight hours a day – but at a wage of only $2.50.Philpott, William. The Lessons of Leadville, Or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left, p. 73. Monograph 10. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994. ISSN 1046-3100 Not long before this dispute, miners at Cripple Creek had formed the Free Coinage Union. Once the new changes went into effect, they affiliated with the Western Federation of Miners, and became Local 19. The union was based in Altman, and had chapters in Anaconda, Cripple Creek and Victor. On February 1, 1894, the mine owners began implementing the 10-hour day. Union president John Calderwood issued a notice a week later demanding that the mine owners reinstate the eight-hour day at the $3.00 wage. When the owners did not respond, the nascent union struck on February 7. Portland, Pikes Peak, Gold Dollar and a few smaller mines immediately agreed to the eight-hour day and remained open, but larger mines held out. 1894: Coxey's Army a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. The purpose of the march was to protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893 and to lobby for the government to create jobs which would involve building roads and other public works improvements. The march originated with 100 men in Massillon, Ohio, on March 25, 1894, passing through Pittsburgh, Becks Run and Homestead, Pennsylvania, in April. 1894: The Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike, an unsuccessful national eight-week strike by miners of hard coal in the United States, which began on April 21, 1894. Initially, the strike was a major success. More than 180,000 miners in Colorado, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia struck. In Illinois, 25,207 miners went on strike, while only 610 continued to work through the strike, with the average Illinois miner out of work for 72 days because of the strike. In some areas of the country, violence erupted between strikers and mine operators or between striking and non-striking miners. On May 23 near Uniontown, Pennsylvania, 15 guards armed with carbines and machine guns held off an attack by 1500 strikers, killing 5 and wounding 8. 1894: May Day Riots, a series of violent demonstrations that occurred throughout Cleveland, Ohio, on May 1, 1894 (May Day). Cleveland's unemployment rate increased dramatically during the Panic of 1893. Finally, riots broke out among the unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures. 1894: The workers of the Pullman Company went on strike in Illinois. During the economic panic of 1893, the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages as demands for their train cars plummeted and the company's revenue dropped. A delegation of workers complained of the low wages and twelve-hour workdays, and that the corporation that operated the town of Pullman didn't decrease rents, but company owner George Pullman "loftily declined to talk with them." The boycott was launched on June 26, 1894. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had quit work rather than handle Pullman cars. Adding fuel to the fire the railroad companies began hiring replacement workers (that is, strikebreakers), which only increased hostilities. Many African Americans, fearful that the racism expressed by the American Railway Union would lock them out of another labor market, crossed the picket line to break the strike; thus adding a racially charged tone to the conflict. 1896: The 1896 United States presidential election becomes a political realignment. The monetary policy standard supported by the candidates of the two major parties arguably dominated their electoral campaigns. William Jennings Bryan, candidate of the ruling Democratic Party campaigned on a policy of Free Silver. His opponent William McKinley of the Republican Party, which had lost elections in 1884 and 1892, campaigned on a policy of Sound Money and maintaining the gold standard in effect since the 1870s. The "shorthand slogans" actually reflected "broader philosophies of finance and public policy, and opposing beliefs about justice, order, and 'moral economy.'",Rebecca Edwards, "Republican Party Platform. Adopted at St. Louis, June 16, 1896." Reproducing primary text with minor editing The Republicans won the election and would win every election to 1912. Arguably ending the so-called Gilded Age. The McKinley administration would embrace American imperialism, its involvement in the Spanish–American War (1896–1898) leading the United States in playing a more active role in the world scene. The term Progressive Era has been suggested for the period, though often covering the reforms lasting from the 1880s to the 1920s. 1896–1897: Leadville Colorado, Miners' Strike. The union local in the Leadville mining district was the Cloud City Miners' Union (CCMU), Local 33 of the Western Federation of Miners. In 1896, representatives of the CCMU asked for a wage increase of fifty cents per day for all mine workers not already making three dollars per day. The union felt justified, for fifty cents a day had been cut from the miners' wages during the depression of 1893. By 1895, Leadville mines posted their largest combined output since 1889, and Leadville was then Colorado's most productive mine camp, producing almost 9.5 million ounces of silver that year. The mine owners "were doing a lot better than they wanted anyone to know." Negotiations over an increase in pay for the lower-paid mineworkers broke down, and 1,200 miners voted unanimously to strike all mines that were still paying at the lower rate. The next day 968 miners walked out, and mine owners locked out another 1,332 mine workers. The Leadville strike set the scene not only for the WFM's consideration of militant tactics and its embrace of radicalism, but also for the birth of the Western Labor Union (which became the American Labor Union), the WFM's participation in the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World, and for events which culminated in the Colorado Labor Wars. 1896–1899: The Klondike Gold Rush. In August, 1896, George Carmack, Kate Carmack, Keish, Dawson Charlie and Patsy Henderson, members of a Tagish First Nations family group, discovered rich placer gold deposits in Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek, Yukon, Canada. Soon a massive movement of people, goods and money started moving towards the Klondike, Yukon region and the nearby District of Alaska. Men from all walks of life headed for the Yukon from as far away as New York, South Africa, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Australia. Surprisingly, a large proportion were professionals, such as teachers and doctors, even a mayor or two, who gave up respectable careers to make the journey. For instance, the residents of Camp Skagway Number One included: William Howard Taft, who went on to become a U.S. president; Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout who arrived from |
very turbulent decade, as wars such as the Crimean War, shifted and shook European politics, as well as the expansion of colonization towards the Far East, which also sparked conflicts like the Second Opium War. In the meantime, the United States saw its peak on mass migration to the American West, that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population. Wars Crimean War (1854–56) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea. On 8 October 1856 the Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River. Second War of Italian Independence (1859), also known as Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War. Internal conflicts The Alexandrian Revolt, which was done by Alexandrian locals led by Sherekoh governor of Alexandria against Abbas I of Egypt The Indian Mutiny: revolt against British colonial rule in India Bleeding Kansas (1854–59): battles erupt in Kansas Territory between proslavery and "Free-State" settlers, directly precipitating the American Civil War. Reform | independence to the Voortrekkers by the British. Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: Assassination of Abbas I of Egypt by 4 of his slaves (1854) Eight were killed and 142 wounded in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1858). Science and technology The Great Exhibition is held at the Crystal Palace in 1851, considered to be the first world's fair. Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection in November 1859. Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump. Discovery of Neanderthal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany. Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington. University of Sydney established in 1850. Economics Distinction between coats and jackets begins to blur Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transpacific telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Railroads begin to supplant canals in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods. First commercially successful sewing machine |
makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on London. November 19 (November 9 OS) – William of Orange captures Exeter, after the magistrates flee the city. November 20 (November 10 OS) – The Wincanton Skirmish between forces loyal to James II led by Patrick Sarsfield and a party of Dutch troops is one of the few armed clashes in England during the Glorious Revolution. November 23 – A group of 1,500 Old Believers immolate themselves to avoid capture, when troops of the tsar lay siege to their monastery on Lake Onega. November 26 – Hearing that William of Orange has landed in England, Louis XIV declares war on the Netherlands. Perhaps revealingly, he does not attack the Netherlands, but instead strikes at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire, with about 100,000 soldiers. The Nine Years' War begins in Europe and America. December 7 – The gates of Derry are shut in front of the Jacobite Earl of Antrim and his "redshanks". This initiates the siege of Derry, which is the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland. December 9 – The Battle of Reading takes place in Reading, Berkshire. It is the only substantial military action in England during the Glorious Revolution and ends in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange. December 11 – Having led his army to Salisbury and been deserted by his troops, James VII and II attempts to flee to France. December 18 – William of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and the future King William III of the United Kingdom, enters London. Date unknown The Austrians incite the Chiprovtsi Uprising, against the Ottomans in Bulgaria. Edward Lloyd opens the London coffee house that soon becomes a popular meeting place for shipowners, merchants, insurance brokers and underwriters. In time the business association they form will outgrow the coffee house premises, and become Lloyd's of London. Neuruppin becomes a Prussian garrison town. Johann Weikhard von Valvasor becomes a member of the Royal Society. Antonio Verrio begins work on the Heaven Room at Burghley House. The earliest known mention of the balalaika is made. Oroonoko one of the first English novels and the first work by a professional female author is published. Births January 15 – Maria van Lommen, Dutch gold- and silversmith (b. 1742) January 18 – Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1765) January 23 – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (d. 1741) January 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg Swedish scientist, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1772) February 4 – Pierre de Marivaux, French playwright (d. 1763) March – William Burnet, British colonial administrator (d. 1729) March 14 – Anna Maria Garthwaite, British designer (d. 1763) April 4 – Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French astronomer (d. 1768) April 15 – Johann Friedrich Fasch, German composer (d. 1758) May 21 – Alexander Pope, English poet (d. 1744) June 10 – James Francis Edward Stuart, The Old Pretender, claimant to the English and Scottish throne (d. 1766) July 19 – Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian missionary to China (d. 1766) June 30 – Abu l-Hasan Ali I, ruler of Tunisia (d. 1756) August 14 – King Frederick William I of Prussia (d. 1740) September 12 – Ferdinand Brokoff, Czech sculptor (d. 1731) October 17 – Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (d. 1726) October 22 – Nader Shah of Persia (d. 1747) November 15 (bapt.) – Charles Rivington, English publisher (d. 1742) Deaths January 7 – James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk January 27 – Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, concubine of Qing Dynasty ruler Hong Taiji (b. 1613) January 28 – Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit missionary in China (b. 1623) February 2 – Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (b. 1610) February 13 – David Christiani, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1610) February 17 – James Renwick, Scottish minister and Covenanter martyr (b. 1662) February 28 – Johann Sigismund Elsholtz, German naturalist and physician (b. 1623) March 1 – Sir Thomas Slingsby, 2nd Baronet of England (b. 1636) March 3 – Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of Guise (b. 1615) March 8 – Honoré Fabri, | – The gates of Derry are shut in front of the Jacobite Earl of Antrim and his "redshanks". This initiates the siege of Derry, which is the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland. December 9 – The Battle of Reading takes place in Reading, Berkshire. It is the only substantial military action in England during the Glorious Revolution and ends in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange. December 11 – Having led his army to Salisbury and been deserted by his troops, James VII and II attempts to flee to France. December 18 – William of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and the future King William III of the United Kingdom, enters London. Date unknown The Austrians incite the Chiprovtsi Uprising, against the Ottomans in Bulgaria. Edward Lloyd opens the London coffee house that soon becomes a popular meeting place for shipowners, merchants, insurance brokers and underwriters. In time the business association they form will outgrow the coffee house premises, and become Lloyd's of London. Neuruppin becomes a Prussian garrison town. Johann Weikhard von Valvasor becomes a member of the Royal Society. Antonio Verrio begins work on the Heaven Room at Burghley House. The earliest known mention of the balalaika is made. Oroonoko one of the first English novels and the first work by a professional female author is published. Births January 15 – Maria van Lommen, Dutch gold- and silversmith (b. 1742) January 18 – Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1765) January 23 – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (d. 1741) January 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg Swedish scientist, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1772) February 4 – Pierre de Marivaux, French playwright (d. 1763) March – William Burnet, British colonial administrator (d. 1729) March 14 – Anna Maria Garthwaite, British designer (d. 1763) April 4 – Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French astronomer (d. 1768) April 15 – Johann Friedrich Fasch, German composer (d. 1758) May 21 – Alexander Pope, English poet (d. 1744) June 10 – James Francis Edward Stuart, The Old Pretender, claimant to the English and Scottish throne (d. 1766) July 19 – Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian missionary to China (d. 1766) June 30 – Abu l-Hasan Ali I, ruler of Tunisia (d. 1756) August 14 – King Frederick William I of Prussia (d. 1740) September 12 – Ferdinand Brokoff, Czech sculptor (d. 1731) October 17 – Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (d. 1726) October 22 – Nader Shah of Persia (d. 1747) November 15 (bapt.) – Charles Rivington, English publisher (d. 1742) Deaths January 7 – James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk January 27 – Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, concubine of Qing Dynasty ruler Hong Taiji (b. 1613) January 28 – Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit missionary in China (b. 1623) February 2 – Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (b. 1610) February 13 – David Christiani, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1610) February 17 – James Renwick, Scottish minister and Covenanter martyr (b. 1662) February 28 – Johann Sigismund Elsholtz, German naturalist and physician (b. 1623) March 1 – Sir Thomas Slingsby, 2nd Baronet of England (b. 1636) March 3 – Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of Guise (b. 1615) March 8 – Honoré Fabri, French mathematician (b. 1608) March 20 – Maria of Orange-Nassau, Dutch princess (b. 1642) March 23 – Marcantonio Giustinian, 107th Doge of Venice (b. 1619) March 26 – Winston Churchill (1620–1688), English noble, soldier (b. 1620) March 27 – Frederick, Burgrave of Dohna, Dutch officer, and governor of Orange (b. 1621) April 28 – Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow, German nobleman, titular Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1638) April 29 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1620) May 14 – Antoine Furetière, French writer (b. 1619) May 22 – Johannes Andreas Quenstedt, German theologian (b. 1617) June 1 – Peder Hansen Resen, Danish historian (b. 1625) June 3 – Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1621) June 5 – Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1647) June 26 John Claypole, English politician (b. 1625) Ralph Cudworth, English philosopher (b. 1617) June 28 – Richard Winwood, English politician (b. 1609) June 29 – Ippolito Lante Montefeltro della Rovere, Italian nobleman and Duke of Bomarzo (b. 1618) July 11 – King Narai of Thailand (b. 1639) July 21 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman (b. 1610) August 25 – Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer and Governor of Jamaica (b. c. 1635) August 31 – John Bunyan, English writer (b. 1628) September 2 – Robert Viner, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1631) September 9 – Claude Mellan, French painter and engraver (b. 1598) September 20 – Queen Jangnyeol, Korean royal consort (b. 1624) November 26 – Jacques Goulet, early pioneer in New France (now Québec) (b. 1615) October 4 Philip de Koninck, Dutch painter (b. 1619) Roger Pepys, English lawyer and politician (b. 1617) October 6 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English statesman (b. 1653) October 9 – Claude Perrault, French architect (b. 1613) October 13 – |
a counter-offensive against the Persian Empire (his young son, Constantine III, is left behind as regent under the charge of Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople, and patrician Bonus). He lands a few days later at the junction of Cilicia and Syria, near Alexandretta and ancient Issus. Battle of Issus: Heraclius defeats the Persian forces under Shahrbaraz in Cappadocia. He recaptures Anatolia, but returns to Constantinople to deal with the threat posed to his Balkan domains by the Avars, and puts the Byzantine army into winter quarters in Pontus. Asia The Western Turks conquer the Oxus valley and cooperate with Heraclius against Persia, taking Khorasan (modern Afghanistan). By topic Religion September 9 or June 17 – The Islamic prophet Muhammad, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, secretly leaves his home in Mecca to make the Hegira (emigrate) to Yathrib (later renamed by him Medina), along with his companion Abu Bakr. They take refuge in the Cave of Thawr south of Mecca for three days, departing on September 13 or June 21. September 20 or June 28 – Muhammad does not enter Yathrib directly, but stops at its outlying environs of Quba. He establishes the Quba Mosque here, the first mosque of Islam. On July 2 (or September 24) he makes his first visit to Yathrib for Friday prayers. October 4 or July 13 – After a fourteen days' stay in Quba, Muhammad finally moves from Quba to Yathrib, and is greeted cordially by its people. Here he drafts the | (or September 24) he makes his first visit to Yathrib for Friday prayers. October 4 or July 13 – After a fourteen days' stay in Quba, Muhammad finally moves from Quba to Yathrib, and is greeted cordially by its people. Here he drafts the Constitution of Medina, an agreement between the various Muslim, Jewish, Christian and pagan tribal communities in the city, forming the basis of a multi-religious Islamic state, and begins construction of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi Mosque. Later during the caliphate of Umar in 638, the lunar year during which the emigration to Medina occurred (Friday 16 July 622 – 4 July 623) is designated "Year One" of the new Hijri era (Anno Hegirae – AH). Xuanzang is fully ordained as a Buddhist monk at the age of 20. Births Al-Mukhtar, Islamic revolutionary (d. 687) Bavo, Frankish nobleman and saint (d. 659) Mezezius, Byzantine usurper (d. 669) Uqba ibn Nafi, Arab general (d. 683) Xue Yuanchao, official of the Tang dynasty (d. 683) Deaths April 8 – Shōtoku, prince and regent of Japan (b. 574) Andronicus, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Colmán mac Cobthaig, king of Connacht (Ireland) John of Biclaro, Visigoth chronicler (approximate date) Li Zitong, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty Lin Shihong, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty Liu |
of Anthropology, Mexico City. c. mid-7th century – Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period. 651: Emperor Yazdegerd III is murdered in Merv, ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia (Iran). 656–661: The First Fitna. 657: The Chinese Tang dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate. 658: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century south-pointing chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan. 661: Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate. 663: The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang. 664: Conquest of Kabul by Muslims. 664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java. 668: The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains. 670: In 670 an Arab Muslim army under Uqba ibn Nafi entered the region of Ifriqiya. In the late 670s conquest of North Africa was completed. 671: I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India. 674: The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins. 677: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court. 680: Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal. 680: Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa, which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community. 681: Bulgaria is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire. 682: Revival of the Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk 683: Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription, Talang Tuo inscription and Kedukan Bukit inscription. The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait. 683–685: The Second Fitna. 686: Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in Kota Kapur inscription. This likely contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom. 687: I-tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the Kingdom of | in September. 623: The Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe. 626: The Avars, the Slavs and the Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople. 627: Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the Roman–Persian Wars. 629: The Arab–Byzantine wars begin. Much of the Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al-Walid. 629–630: Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks, Chinese Tang dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Göktürk Khanate. 632: The Muslim conquests begin. 635-649: Alopen, a Persian Christian priest, introduces Nestorian Christianity into China. 636: Around this time the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. 638: Emperor Taizong (627-649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang'an. 638: Muslim conquest of Palestine. 639: Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia. 639: Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China. 641: The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt. 649-683: Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures. 650: The Arab–Khazar wars begin. Mid-7th century – Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Mid-7th century - Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb, Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico, is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. c. mid-7th century – Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period. 651: Emperor Yazdegerd III is murdered in Merv, ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia (Iran). 656–661: The First Fitna. 657: The Chinese Tang dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate. 658: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century south-pointing chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan. 661: Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate. 663: The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang. 664: Conquest of Kabul by Muslims. 664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java. 668: The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains. 670: In 670 an Arab Muslim army under Uqba ibn Nafi entered the region of Ifriqiya. In the late 670s conquest of North Africa was completed. 671: I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India. 674: The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins. 677: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court. 680: Decisive victory of the |
December 31, 629. Significant people References | from January 1, 620, |
the Mataram Kingdom from Kewu Plain in Central Java to Tamwlang in East Java and establishes Isyana Dynasty. The shift is probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya. In 930s, Persian Shia Buyid dynasty establishes and controls central and western part of Iran as well as most of Iraq. In 936, Goryeo Dynasty unifies Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 937, Mpu Sindok moves the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty. In 960 Seljuks convert to Islam. In 971, Song Dynasty recorded the ancient sovereign state of Ma-i on the list of states conducting trade in the south seas and the government's efforts to regulate and tax this "luxurious" trade. In 975, Ghaznavids dynasty, as the first Turk Sultanate, was established in Central Asia. In 979, Song dynasty reunites China. In 980's, Dynastic marriage between princess Mahendradatta of Javanese Isyanas and king Udayana of Balinese Warmadewas. Coastal cities on the Malay Peninsula are the seed for the first recorded Malay kingdoms In 990, King Dharmawangsa of Medang kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya. (to 1006) In 990, Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali. In 996, Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese. In 999, Samanid dynasty was defeated and conquered by Ghaznavids. Europe Viking groups settle in northern France 907: Loire Vikings overrun Brittany; Breton court flees to the England of Edward the Elder. The Norse become Normans The Hungarian army destroys the Bavarian forces under duke Liutpold and king Louis the Child in the Battle of Pressburg. All the German force is annihilated. 911: The Viking Rollo granted County of Rouen by France: official foundation of Normandy. Foundation of Cluny, first federated monastic order Emperor Simeon the Great solidifies the First Bulgarian Empire as one of the most powerful states in Europe In 917 (20 August 917) the Bulgarians destroyed the Byzantine army in the Battle of Anchialus, one of the bloodiest battles in the Middle Ages 927: official recognition of the first independent national Church in Europe, the Bulgarian Patriarchate 927: Kingdom of England becomes a unified state. c. 936: Gorm the Old becomes the first recognized king of Denmark, and thus the Danish Monarchy is founded. 936: Alan II, with support from Æthelstan, commences the reconquest of Brittany. 955: The Battle of Lechfeld (10 August 955) sees a decisive victory for Otto I the Great, King of the Germans, over the Hungarian harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél (Lehel) and Súr. 968: Battle of Silistra between Russians and Bulgars Incursions of | Empire reaches the height of its military and economic strength Africa c. 909: The Fatimid Caliphate arises in Kabylie, Kutama Tribe c. 948: The Nri Kingdom in what is now Southeastern Nigeria starts. c. 980: Al-Azhar University is established in Cairo by the Fatimid dynasty. The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power (Early history of Sudan) Americas Collapse of the central lowland Maya civilization. Post-Classic Maya period begins. Chichen Itza becomes a regional capital on the Yucatán Peninsula Rise of the Toltecs in Mexico Golden age of the Ancestral Puebloans (Pueblo II Era) The Mississippian culture begins in present-day Southern United States In 987 Ah Mekat Tutul Xiu unified Uxmal, Mayapan, and Chichen Itza founding The League of Mayapan. Eurasia Khazar kingdom is attacked and defeated by Kievan Rus (965) Asia Buddhist temple construction commences at Bagan, Burma Seafarers and merchants from Champa had contacts with Brunei and Ma-i. In 907, Zhu Quanzhong deposes Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes a new Later Liang dynasty. In 907, Sumbing volcano erupts, according to Rukam inscription. In 907, King Balitung creates the Mantyasih inscription containing the list of Mataram kings, moves the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expands Prambanan temple. In 910, Parantaka I of the Chola Dynasty drives out the Pandyan from southern India into Lanka (now Sri Lanka), which he also eventually conquers. In 914, The Warmadewa dynasty rules Bali. (to 1080) In 919, the first use of gunpowder in battle occurs with the Chinese Battle of Langshan Jiang (Wolf Mountain River), where the Wuyue naval fleet under Qian Yuanguan defeats the Wu fleet. Qian had used flamethrowers ignited by gunpowder fuses to burn the Wu fleet. In 928, Ziyarid dynasty is established in northern Iran. In 928, During the reign of King Wawa, the capital of Mataram Kingdom in Kewu Plain is devastated, probably by the massive eruption of Mount Merapi. In 929, Mpu Sindok moves the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Kewu Plain in Central Java to Tamwlang in East Java and establishes Isyana Dynasty. The shift is probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya. In 930s, Persian Shia Buyid dynasty establishes and controls central and western part of Iran as well as most of Iraq. In 936, Goryeo Dynasty unifies Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 937, Mpu Sindok moves the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty. In 960 Seljuks convert to Islam. In 971, Song Dynasty recorded the ancient sovereign state of Ma-i on the list of states conducting trade in the south seas and the government's efforts to regulate and tax this "luxurious" trade. In 975, Ghaznavids dynasty, as the first Turk Sultanate, was established in Central Asia. In 979, Song dynasty reunites China. In 980's, Dynastic marriage between princess Mahendradatta of Javanese Isyanas and king Udayana of Balinese Warmadewas. Coastal cities on the Malay Peninsula are the seed for the first recorded Malay kingdoms In 990, King Dharmawangsa of Medang kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya. |
may have caused the new king, MacAlpin, to move to the east, and conquer the remnants of the Pictish realms. MacAlpin became king of the Picts in 843 and later kings would be titled as the King of Alba or King of Scots. Art of the 9th century Art in the 9th century was primarily dedicated to the Gospel and employed as basic tools of liturgy of the Roman Orthodox Church. Thousands of golden art objects were made: Sacred cups, vessels, reliquaries, crucifixes, rosaries, altarpieces, and statues of the Virgin and Child or Saints all kept the flame of western art from dying out. Architecture began to revive to some extent in the West by the 9th century, taking the form of Church facilities of all kinds, and the first castle fortifications since Roman times began to take form in simple "moat and bailey" castles, or simple "strong point" tower structures, with little refinement. 9th - 13th century - El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico, is built. Itza (northern Maya) culture. Events An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era. Beowulf might have been written down in this century; alternatively, it could also have been in the 8th century. Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe. Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people. Oseberg ship burial. The Magyars begin their conquest of Pannonia (roughly modern-day Hungary), a process that will take several decades to be completed. The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley. Muslim traders settle in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar. 800s: Southeast Asian kingdoms of Muja (then Pagan Brunei/Vijayapura) and Mayd (Ma-i) waged war against the Chinese Empire. 802: Jayavarman II of the Khmer people in Cambodia founds the Khmer empire and establishes the Angkorian dynasty. 803: Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang Dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side. 805 – 820: Tang Dynasty was under the rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang. 809 – 815: War between the Byzantine empire and Bulgaria. 811: Battle of Pliska fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor Nicephorus I and a Bulgarian army commanded by Khan Krum. Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, culminating with the death of Nicephorus I. 813: Byzantines are heavily defeated by the Bulgars at Versinikia. 813: China is reunited. c. 813 – c. 915: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas. 814: Charlemagne dies in the city of Aachen. 815: A 30-year peace agreement is signed between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. 820: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī writes his treatise on Algebra The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing. 824: Han Yu dies. 825: Battle of Ellandun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Mercia and establishes the kingdom of Wessex as the supreme Kingdom in England. 825: Borobudur is completed during the reign of Samaratungga. 827 – 902: Aghlabids established emirate (province) in Sicily and subsequently raids Southern Italy. 830: The Ghana (Wagadu) Empire is established. 830: The House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute established in Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc. to the Muslim world. The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, a book of algebra, is also written there by Al-Khwarizmi. 835: Sweet Dew Incident occurs. Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot is foiled. 839-842: Vlastimir defeats Presian. 840: Death of Louis the Pious. 841: Dublin is founded on the east coast of Ireland by the Vikings. 842: Samaale becomes chief of the Hashiyah clan and launches the conquest of Somalia. This paves the way for Hashiyic colonisation of the Peninsular, displacing the native Cushitic peoples of Somalia 843: The Carolingian Empire is at its height in territory and area. The three sons of Louis the Pious reach an agreement known as the Treaty of Verdun and split the Carolingian empire into three divisions; East Francia was given to Louis the German, West Francia to Charles the Bald and Middle Francia to Lothair I. 844: The first Viking raid in Iberia 845: Buddhism is persecuted and banned in China. 846 - 859: Emperor Xuānzong of Tang reigned. He was considered the last capable emperor of the Tang dynasty. 846: 11,000 Saracen Arab squadrons from Africa, with 500 horses, desecrate Christian shrines in Rome, including the tombs and basilicas of Sts. Peter and Paul. 848 – 852: The west bank of the Tiber is annexed into the city of Rome. A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called the Leonine City as a defensive response to the Saracen desecration of Rome in 846. 850 – 875: The first Norse settlers arrive on Iceland. 851: The Arab merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of porcelain, the Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, the granary system of the city, and how its municipal administration functioned. 856: Prambanan is completed. According to the Shivagrha inscription, Rakai Pikatan — the husband of Pramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra. 859: Muslims establish the University of Al Karaouine as a madrasa in Fez, Morocco. 860: Balaputra, the maharaja of Suvarnadvipa and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the Buddhist temple and monastery in Nalanda India, on the land given by King Devapaladeva. of Pala in Benggala, according to the Nalanda inscription. 861: Assassination of Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861) and decline of Abbasid Caliphate. 862: The beginning of the Rurik Dynasty in Rus'. 863: The Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa. 862: The Bagratuni Dynasty of Medieval Armenia begins with Ashot I. 863 – 879: Period of schism between Eastern and Western churches. 864: Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I 867: Onward revival of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian | Europe Britain and Ireland Britain experienced a great influx of Viking peoples in the 9th century as the Viking Age continued from the previous century. The kingdoms of the Heptarchy were gradually conquered by the Danes, who set up Anglo-Saxon puppet rulers in each kingdom. This invasion was achieved by a huge military force known as the Great Heathen Army, which was supposedly led by Ivar the Boneless, Halfdan Ragnarsson, and Guthrum. This Danish army first arrived in Britain in 865 in East Anglia. After conquering that kingdom, the army proceeded to capture the city of York (Jorvik) and establish the kingdom of Jorvik. The Danes went on to subjugate the kingdom of Northumbria and to take all but the western portion of Mercia. The remaining kingdom of Wessex was the only kingdom of the Heptarchy left. Alfred the Great managed to maintain his kingdom of Wessex and push back the Viking incursions, relieving the neighbouring kingdoms from the threat of the Danes following his famous victory over them at the Battle of Ethandun in 878. Alfred re-established Anglo-Saxon rule over the western half of Mercia, and the Danelaw was established which separated Mercia into halves, the eastern half remaining under the control of the Danes. Ireland was also affected by the Viking expansion across the North Sea. Extensive raids were carried out all along the coast and eventually, permanent settlements were established, such as that of Dublin in 841. Particular targets for these raids were the monasteries on the western coast of Ireland, as they provided a rich source for loot. On such raids the Vikings set up impermanent camps, which were called longphorts by the Irish—this period of Viking raids on the coasts of Ireland has been named the longphort phase after these types of settlements. Ireland in the 9th century was organised into an amalgam of small kingdoms, called tuatha. These kingdoms were sometimes grouped together and ruled by a single, provincial ruler. If such a ruler could establish and maintain authority over a portion of these tuatha, he was sometimes granted the title of High King. Scotland also experienced significant Viking incursions during the 9th century. The Vikings established themselves in coastal regions, usually in northern Scotland, and in the northern islands such as Orkney and Shetland. The Viking invasion and settlement in Scotland provided a contributing factor in the collapse of the kingdoms of the Picts, who inhabited most of Scotland at the time. Not only were the Pictish realms either destroyed or severely weakened, the Viking invasion and settlements may have been the reason for the movement of Kenneth MacAlpin, the king of Dál Riata at that time. The kingdom of Dál Riata was located on the western coast of Scotland, and Viking incursions destroyed it after the death of its previous king, Áed mac Boanta in 839, according to the Annals of Ulster. This may have caused the new king, MacAlpin, to move to the east, and conquer the remnants of the Pictish realms. MacAlpin became king of the Picts in 843 and later kings would be titled as the King of Alba or King of Scots. Art of the 9th century Art in the 9th century was primarily dedicated to the Gospel and employed as basic tools of liturgy of the Roman Orthodox Church. Thousands of golden art objects were made: Sacred cups, vessels, reliquaries, crucifixes, rosaries, altarpieces, and statues of the Virgin and Child or Saints all kept the flame of western art from dying out. Architecture began to revive to some extent in the West by the 9th century, taking the form of Church facilities of all kinds, and the first castle fortifications since Roman times began to take form in simple "moat and bailey" castles, or simple "strong point" tower structures, with little refinement. 9th - 13th century - El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico, is built. Itza (northern Maya) culture. Events An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era. Beowulf might have been written down in this century; alternatively, it could also have been in the 8th century. Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe. Large-scale Viking |
Huineng, sixth and last Patriarch of Chán Buddhism. 713: Treaty of Tudmir, signed between Abd al-'Aziz, the commander of Muslim troops invaidibng Spain and Theodemir, the Christian king of a southern region is Spain. 717–718: Siege of Constantinople. The Bulgarians and the Byzantines decisively defeat the invading Arabs, thus halting the Arab advance toward Europe. 718: Sri Indravarman King of Srivijaya send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, signing early ancient Indonesian official contact with Islamic world in the Middle East. 726: Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian destroys the icon of Christ above the Chalke Gate in the capital city of Constantinople, beginning the first phase of the Byzantine Iconoclasm. 731: Bede completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People). 732: Battle of Tours. Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men defeat a large army of Moors under the governor of Cordoba, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, who is killed during the battle. The Battle of Tours halts the advance of Islam into Western Europe and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the Byzantine Empire. 732: The Sanjaya dynasty is founded around this time according to the Canggal inscription. 738: Quiriguá declares independence from Copan 740: Battle of Akroinon. Byzantines win their first large-scale victory in a pitched battle against the Arabs. 742: For the municipal census of the Tang-dynasty Chinese capital city Chang'an and its metropolitan area of Jingzhou Fu (including small towns in the vicinity), the New Book of Tang records that in this year there were 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons. 748: The Chinese Buddhist monk Jian Zhen writes in his Yue Jue Shu of the international sea traffic coming to Guangzhou, ships from Borneo, Persia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and others bringing tons of goods. 750: The last Umayyad Caliph Marwan II (744–750) is overthrown and executed by the first Abbasid Caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah. The Caliphate is moved to Baghdad which would later develop into a centre of trade and culture. The Ghana Empire begins in western Africa. mid-8th century - Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple, Xi'an, Shanxi, is rebuilt. c. mid-8th century - Camel Carrying a Group of Musicians, from a tomb near Xi'an, Shanxi, is made. Tang dynasty. It is now kept at Museum of Chinese History, Beijing. 751: Arabian armies defeat Chinese Tang dynasty troops in the Battle of Talas, in the high Pamirs near Samarkand, and conquer Central Asia completely. 752: The Hindu Mataram kingdom flourishes and declines. (to 1045) 754: Death of Abbasid caliph al-Saffah and ascension of caliph al-Mansur to Arab Caliphate. 755–763: The An Shi Rebellion devastates China during the mid Tang dynasty. 757: King Offa of Mercia becomes dominant ruler in England. 758: Arab and Persian pirates and travelers burn and loot the Chinese city of Guangzhou, while the Tang Dynasty authorities shut the port down for the next five decades. 760: The construction of the famous Indonesian Buddhist structure Borobudur began, probably as a non-Buddhist shrine. 768: Pepin dies; Charles becomes king at Noyan and his brother Carloman becomes king at Soissons. 770's–780's: Java launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched by Sailendran-Srivijayan Maharaja Dharmasetu or Dharanindra. 772–804: Charlemagne invades what is now northwestern Germany, battling the Saxons for more than thirty years and finally crushing their rebellion, incorporating Saxony into the Frankish Empire and the Christian world. 778: Kalasan temple constructed, according to the Kalasan inscription. 781: Nestorian Monument is erected in China. 782: Buddhist monk Prajna reaches Chang'an and translates the sutras into Chinese. | Fu (including small towns in the vicinity), the New Book of Tang records that in this year there were 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons. 748: The Chinese Buddhist monk Jian Zhen writes in his Yue Jue Shu of the international sea traffic coming to Guangzhou, ships from Borneo, Persia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and others bringing tons of goods. 750: The last Umayyad Caliph Marwan II (744–750) is overthrown and executed by the first Abbasid Caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah. The Caliphate is moved to Baghdad which would later develop into a centre of trade and culture. The Ghana Empire begins in western Africa. mid-8th century - Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple, Xi'an, Shanxi, is rebuilt. c. mid-8th century - Camel Carrying a Group of Musicians, from a tomb near Xi'an, Shanxi, is made. Tang dynasty. It is now kept at Museum of Chinese History, Beijing. 751: Arabian armies defeat Chinese Tang dynasty troops in the Battle of Talas, in the high Pamirs near Samarkand, and conquer Central Asia completely. 752: The Hindu Mataram kingdom flourishes and declines. (to 1045) 754: Death of Abbasid caliph al-Saffah and ascension of caliph al-Mansur to Arab Caliphate. 755–763: The An Shi Rebellion devastates China during the mid Tang dynasty. 757: King Offa of Mercia becomes dominant ruler in England. 758: Arab and Persian pirates and travelers burn and loot the Chinese city of Guangzhou, while the Tang Dynasty authorities shut the port down for the next five decades. 760: The construction of the famous Indonesian Buddhist structure Borobudur began, probably as a non-Buddhist shrine. 768: Pepin dies; Charles becomes king at Noyan and his brother Carloman becomes king at Soissons. 770's–780's: Java launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched by Sailendran-Srivijayan Maharaja Dharmasetu or Dharanindra. 772–804: Charlemagne invades what is now northwestern Germany, battling the Saxons for more than thirty years and finally crushing their rebellion, incorporating Saxony into the Frankish Empire and the Christian world. 778: Kalasan temple constructed, according to the Kalasan inscription. 781: Nestorian Monument is erected in China. 782: Buddhist monk Prajna reaches Chang'an and translates the sutras into Chinese. 785: The Tang dynasty begins landing regular maritime missions on the coast of East Africa, cutting out middlemen Arab sea merchants. 785–805: Chinese geographer Jia Dan describes large lighthouse pillars built in the Persian Gulf, which is confirmed a century later by al-Mas'udi and al-Muqaddasi. 787: The Empress Irene of Athens convenes the Seventh Ecumenical Council, ending the first phase of Byzantine Iconoclasm. 786: Death of Abbasid caliph al-Hadi and ascension of caliph Harun al-Rashid. 792: Battle of Marcelae. The Bulgarian victory over the Byzantines marks the end of the half-century political instability in Bulgaria. 792: The Manjusrigrha (Sewu) temple is completed according to Manjusrigrha inscription. 793: The first written account of a Viking raid carried out on the abbey of Lindisfarne in northern England. 793: The Frisian–Frankish wars come to an end with the last uprising of the Frisians. 794: Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to Heian-kyō (present day Kyoto), initiating the Heian period of Japan. 800: An Arab fleet sails up the Tiber. 800–909: Rule of Aghlabids as an autonomous province of Caliphate in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis. 800: Beginning of the ancient West African state of Takrur or Tekrour, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire. 800: On Christmas Day, Charlemagne is crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. 800: The agriculturally based Buddhist Sailendra kingdom flourishes and declines. (to 832) Inventions, discoveries, introductions Heavy plow in use |
the re-unification of all Italy under Roman rule. 561 to 592: Buddhist monk Jnanagupta translates 39 sutras from Sanskrit to Chinese. 563: The monastery on Iona is founded by St. Columba. 566: Birth of Lǐ Yuān, founder of the Tang Dynasty and Emperor of China under the name of Gaozu (618-626) 568: Lombards invade Italy and establish a federation of dukedoms under a king. 569: Nubian kingdom of Alodia converts to Christianity. 569: Nubian kingdom of Makuria converts to Christianity. 570: Birth of the last Islamic Prophet Muhammad. 574: The Roman Empire is invaded by various Slavs, who plunder the Balkans. 577: China's Chen Dynasty invents matches. 578: The world's oldest ongoing company, Kongō Gumi, is founded in Osaka, Japan. 579–590: Reign of Persian Shah Hormizd IV. 582–602: Reign of Roman Emperor Maurice. 585: Suebian Kingdom conquered by Visigoths in Spain. 587: Reccared, king of the Visigoths in Spain, converts to Catholicism. 588: Shivadeva ascends the throne of the Lichchhavi dynasty in Nepal. 589: Third Council of Toledo adds the "filioque" clause to the Nicene Creed in Spain. 589: China reunified under the Sui Dynasty (589 – 618). 590: Gregory the Great succeeds Pope Pelagius II (who dies of plague) as the 64th pope. 594: Beginning of the Bengali Calendar or (বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdô or Banggabda). 595: Pope Gregory sends Roman monks led by Augustine to England. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Dionysius Exiguus creates the Anno Domini system, inspired by the birth of Jesus, in 525. This is the system upon which the Gregorian calendar and Common Era systems are based. The technology of cutting and polishing diamonds was invented in India, Ratnapariksha, a text dated to 6th century talks about diamond cutting. Backgammon (nard) invented in Persia by Burzoe. Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India and was modified to shatranj. Breast-strap horse harness in use in Frankish kingdom. Byzantine Empire acquires silk technology from China. Chen Dynasty from China invents matches in 577. Silk is a protected palace industry in the Byzantine Empire. Vaghbata, Indian medical books. In 589 AD, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui makes the first reference to the use of toilet paper in history. Significant to the history of agriculture, the Chinese author Jia Sixia wrote the treatise Qi Min Yao Shu in 535, and although it quotes 160 previous Chinese agronomy books, it is the oldest existent Chinese agriculture treatise. In over one hundred thousand written Chinese characters, the book covered land preparation, | under a king. 569: Nubian kingdom of Alodia converts to Christianity. 569: Nubian kingdom of Makuria converts to Christianity. 570: Birth of the last Islamic Prophet Muhammad. 574: The Roman Empire is invaded by various Slavs, who plunder the Balkans. 577: China's Chen Dynasty invents matches. 578: The world's oldest ongoing company, Kongō Gumi, is founded in Osaka, Japan. 579–590: Reign of Persian Shah Hormizd IV. 582–602: Reign of Roman Emperor Maurice. 585: Suebian Kingdom conquered by Visigoths in Spain. 587: Reccared, king of the Visigoths in Spain, converts to Catholicism. 588: Shivadeva ascends the throne of the Lichchhavi dynasty in Nepal. 589: Third Council of Toledo adds the "filioque" clause to the Nicene Creed in Spain. 589: China reunified under the Sui Dynasty (589 – 618). 590: Gregory the Great succeeds Pope Pelagius II (who dies of plague) as the 64th pope. 594: Beginning of the Bengali Calendar or (বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdô or Banggabda). 595: Pope Gregory sends Roman monks led by Augustine to England. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Dionysius Exiguus creates the Anno Domini system, inspired by the birth of Jesus, in 525. This is the system upon which the Gregorian calendar and Common Era systems are based. The technology of cutting and polishing diamonds was invented in India, Ratnapariksha, a text dated to 6th century talks about diamond cutting. Backgammon (nard) invented in Persia by Burzoe. Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India and was modified to shatranj. Breast-strap horse harness in use in Frankish kingdom. Byzantine Empire acquires silk technology from China. Chen Dynasty from China invents matches in 577. Silk is a protected palace industry in the Byzantine Empire. Vaghbata, Indian medical books. In 589 AD, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui makes the first reference to the use of toilet paper in history. Significant to the history of agriculture, the Chinese author Jia Sixia wrote the treatise Qi Min Yao Shu in 535, and although it quotes 160 previous Chinese agronomy books, it is the oldest existent Chinese agriculture treatise. In over one hundred thousand written Chinese characters, the book covered land preparation, seeding, cultivation, orchard management, forestry, animal husbandry, trade, and culinary uses |
calendar. The 5th century is noted for being a period of migration and political instability throughout Eurasia. It saw the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, which came to an end in 476 AD. This empire had been ruled by a succession of weak emperors, with the real political might being increasingly concentrated among military leaders. Internal instability allowed a Visigoth army to reach and ransack Rome in 410. Some recovery took place during the following decades, but the Western Empire received another serious blow when a second foreign group, the Vandals, occupied Carthage, capital of an extremely important province in Africa. Attempts to retake the province were interrupted by the invasion of the Huns under Attila. After Attila's defeat, both Eastern and Western empires joined forces for a final assault on Vandal North Africa, but this campaign was a spectacular failure. In China, the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms continued. This was characterized by the formation and collapse of small sub-kingdoms, ruled by warring ethnic groups. After the fall of the Former Qin towards the end of the previous century, the north of China was once again reunited by Northern Wei in 439. Meanwhile, in the Eastern Jin dynasty, the Jin statesman and general Liu Yu consolidated his power and forced the last Emperor of the Jin dynasty, Emperor Gong of Jin, to abdicate to him in 420. This created the (Liu) Song dynasty, which was also the starting point of the period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties. Towards the end of the 5th century, the Gupta Empire of India was invaded from Central Asia and occupied by elements of the Huna peoples. These peoples may have been related to the Huns who devastated Rome during the same period. Events 380 – 415: Chandragupta II reigns over the golden age of the Gupta Empire. 399 – 412: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian sails through the Indian Ocean and travels throughout Sri Lanka and India to gather Buddhist scriptures. 401: Kumarajiva, a Buddhist monk and translator of sutras into Chinese, arrives in Chang'an. Early 5th century: Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna, Italy, is built. 5th century: North Acropolis, Tikal, Guatemala, is built. Mayan culture. 405: Mesrop Mashtots introduces number 36 of the 38 letters of the newly created Armenian Alphabet. 406: The eastern frontier of the Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suebi, Alans, and Vandals cross the then-frozen river Rhine near Mainz and enter Gaul. 407: Constantine III leads many of the Roman military units from Britain to Gaul and occupies Arles (Arelate). This is generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Britain. 410: Rome | capital of an extremely important province in Africa. Attempts to retake the province were interrupted by the invasion of the Huns under Attila. After Attila's defeat, both Eastern and Western empires joined forces for a final assault on Vandal North Africa, but this campaign was a spectacular failure. In China, the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms continued. This was characterized by the formation and collapse of small sub-kingdoms, ruled by warring ethnic groups. After the fall of the Former Qin towards the end of the previous century, the north of China was once again reunited by Northern Wei in 439. Meanwhile, in the Eastern Jin dynasty, the Jin statesman and general Liu Yu consolidated his power and forced the last Emperor of the Jin dynasty, Emperor Gong of Jin, to abdicate to him in 420. This created the (Liu) Song dynasty, which was also the starting point of the period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties. Towards the end of the 5th century, the Gupta Empire of India was invaded from Central Asia and occupied by elements of the Huna peoples. These peoples may have been related to the Huns who devastated Rome during the same period. Events 380 – 415: Chandragupta II reigns over the golden age of the Gupta Empire. 399 – 412: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian sails through the Indian Ocean and travels throughout Sri Lanka and India to gather Buddhist scriptures. 401: Kumarajiva, a Buddhist monk and translator of sutras into Chinese, arrives in Chang'an. Early 5th century: Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna, Italy, is built. 5th century: North Acropolis, Tikal, Guatemala, is built. Mayan culture. 405: Mesrop Mashtots introduces number 36 of the 38 letters of the newly created Armenian Alphabet. 406: The eastern frontier of the Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suebi, Alans, and Vandals cross the then-frozen river Rhine near Mainz and enter Gaul. 407: Constantine III leads many of the Roman military units from Britain to Gaul and occupies Arles (Arelate). This is generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Britain. 410: Rome ransacked by the Visigoths led by King Alaric. 411: Suebi establish the first independent Christian kingdom of Western Europe in Gallaecia. 413: St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, begins to write The City of God. 415 – 455: Kumaragupta, Gupta emperor. 420: The Jin dynasty comes to an end by Liu Yu. 420 – 589: Northern and Southern dynasties in China. 426: K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' reestablish Copan. 430: The Ilopango volcano erupts, devastating the Mayan cities in present-day El Salvador. 431: First Council of Ephesus, the third ecumenical council which upholds the title Theotokos or "mother of God", for Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ. 439: Vandals conquer Carthage. At some point after 440, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. The traditional story is that they were invited there by Vortigern. 450: Historical linguist Albert C. Baugh dates Old English from around this year. 450: Several stone inscriptions are made witness to edicts from West Java. Amongst others, the Tugu inscription announces decrees of Purnavarman, the King of Tarumanagara, |
dynasty), where no fewer than twenty emperors held the reins of power, most for only a few months. The majority of these men were assassinated, or killed in battle, and the empire almost collapsed under the weight of the political upheaval, as well as the growing Persian threat in the east. Under its new Sassanid rulers, Persia had grown into a rival superpower, and the Romans would have to make drastic reforms in order to better prepare their state for a confrontation. These reforms were finally realized late in the century under the reign of Diocletian, one of them being to divide the empire into an eastern and western half, and have a separate ruler for each. Events Early 3rd century – Burial in catacombs becomes common place. 208: the Chinese naval Battle of Red Cliffs occurs. 211 – 217: Caracalla, Roman Emperor. 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men. 212 – 217: Baths of Caracalla. 220: The Han Dynasty comes to an end with establishment of the Three Kingdoms in ancient China. 220 – 280: The Three Kingdoms period. 222 – 235: Alexander Severus, Roman Emperor. 224: Ardashir I of the Sassanid dynasty conquers the Parthian empire at the Battle of Hormozdgan. 230 – 232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east. 234: Zhuge Liang dies of illness at the standoff of Wuzhang Plains. 235 – 284: Crisis of the Third Century shook the Roman Empire. 241: The Kingdom of Hatra dissolved after the Fall of Hatra to Persia 244: Battle of Xingshi in China. 258: Valerian's massacre of Christians. 260: Roman Emperor Valerian I is taken captive by Shapur I of Persia. 263: Cao Wei conquers the Shu Han Kingdom. 266: The Jin Dynasty is founded after the overthrow of the Cao Wei Dynasty by Sima Yan. 280: The Jin Dynasty reunites China under one empire after the conquest of Eastern Wu. 284 – 305: Diocletian, Roman Emperor. 291 – 306: The War of the Eight Princes, a civil war by the Sima Clan in China. 300 – 538: Kofun era, the first part of the Kofun period in Japan. Sarnath becomes a center of Buddhist arts in India. Diffusion of maize as a food crop from Mexico into North America begins. The Kingdom of Funan reaches its zenith. The Goths move from Gothiscandza to Ukraine, giving birth to the Chernyakhov culture. Menorahs and Ark of the Covenant, wall painting in a Jewish catacomb, Villa Torlonia (Rome), are made. The Coptic period begins. Siddhartha in the Palace, detail of a relief from Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India, is made (approximate date). Later Andhra period. The artwork is now kept at | (Cambodians). At about this time in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion reached Southern Africa. In Pre-Columbian America, the Adena culture of the Ohio River valley declined in favor of the Hopewell culture. The Maya civilization entered its Classic Era. Roman Empire After the death of Commodus in the late previous century the Roman Empire was plunged into a civil war. When the dust settled, Septimius Severus emerged as emperor, establishing the Severan dynasty. Unlike previous emperors, he openly used the army to back his authority, and paid them well to do so. The regime he created is known as the Military Monarchy as a result. The system fell apart in the 230s, giving way to a fifty-year period known as the Military Anarchy or the Crisis of the Third Century, following the assassination of the 28-year-old emperor Severus Alexander (the last emperor of the Severan dynasty), where no fewer than twenty emperors held the reins of power, most for only a few months. The majority of these men were assassinated, or killed in battle, and the empire almost collapsed under the weight of the political upheaval, as well as the growing Persian threat in the east. Under its new Sassanid rulers, Persia had grown into a rival superpower, and the Romans would have to make drastic reforms in order to better prepare their state for a confrontation. These reforms were finally realized late in the century under the reign of Diocletian, one of them being to divide the empire into an eastern and western half, and have a separate ruler for each. Events Early 3rd century – Burial in catacombs becomes common place. 208: the Chinese naval Battle of Red Cliffs occurs. 211 – 217: Caracalla, Roman Emperor. 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men. 212 – 217: Baths of Caracalla. 220: The Han Dynasty comes to an end with establishment of the Three Kingdoms in ancient China. 220 – 280: The Three Kingdoms period. 222 – 235: Alexander Severus, Roman Emperor. 224: Ardashir I of the Sassanid dynasty conquers the Parthian empire at the Battle of Hormozdgan. 230 – 232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east. 234: Zhuge Liang dies of illness at the standoff of Wuzhang Plains. |
and the subsequent slaughter of the eunuchs, taking over the capital and effectively becoming the de facto head of the government, although warlords and government officials quickly took against him in a campaign that, while failing to put him down, compelled Dong Zhuo to shift the seat of imperial power further west to Chang'an. As Dong Zhuo was killed in 192, the chaos in the wake of the collapse of centralized authority only continued, with various warlords attempting to vye for supremacy in order to establish or hold onto their authority within the decaying empire. Meanwhile, Dong Zhuo's former followers Li Jue and Guo Si were left to squabble amongst themselves, while the emperor himself eventually fled and returned to the ravaged city of Luoyang, but shortly thereafter, in 196, was given refuge by the warlord Cao Cao, who relocated him to the new capital city of Xu, from where Cao Cao could control the emperor. Cao Cao would only further exert his authority by defeating the powerful warlord Yuan Shao at the decisive Battle of Guandu in 200. Events AD 96 – 180: Five Good Emperors of Rome: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. 100 – 200: The Grand Anicut, an ancient dam, is constructed by a Chola king. The Kingdom of Aksum emerges. 101 – 102, 105 – 106: The Dacian Wars. After two conflicts, Dacia is annexed as a Roman province. 114 – 116: A war with Parthia results in Armenia and Mesopotamia being temporarily | Ruler. 132 – 135: Bar Kokhba's revolt against Rome. 132: Chinese chronicles described the existence of diplomatic relations between Java and China. 140 – 180: Huvishka, Kushan ruler. 142 – 154: The Antonine Wall is built across what is now central Scotland. 144: Marcion, rejected by Church of Rome, founds Marcionism. 161 – 166: Roman–Parthian War of 161–166. 165 – 180: The Antonine Plague in Rome. 166 – 180: Marcomannic Wars. 166 – 184: Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions. 180 – 192: Commodus, Roman Emperor. 184 – 205: The Yellow Turban Rebellion of the Han Dynasty in China begins. 184 – 189: The Liang Province Rebellion breakouts in Northwest China. 189 – 220: The End of the Han dynasty. 190 – 191: Warlords across China launches a Campaign against Dong Zhuo. 193: Roman Year of the Five Emperors. 193 – 211: Reign of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Herakleitos makes The Unswept Floor, mosaic variant of a 2nd-century BC painting by Sosos of Pergamon. It is now kept at the Musei Vaticani, in Rome. c. 2nd or 3rd century – Standing Buddha, from Gandhara (Pakistan), is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at Lahore Museum, Lahore. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Hindu number system :It was developed in the Indian subcontinent between the 1st and 6th centuries CE 105: Cai Lun of China invents paper. Ptolemy compiles a catalogue of all stars visible to the naked eye. He also compiles three of the most influential books in western history: the Almagest which becomes the basis for western and Middle Eastern astronomy until the time of Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler. the astrological treatise, Tetrabiblos. and the Geographia. 125: Zhang Heng of China invents the world's first water-powered armillary sphere. 132: Zhang Heng of China invents first seismometer to detect the cardinal direction of earthquakes. Carding devices:The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from |
Survey is established; work begins on August 3, 1816. February 17 – Henry Christopher is elected first President of the State of Haiti, ruling the northern part of the country. February 19 – In Alabama, former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is tried for conspiracy, but acquitted. February 23 – The Slave Trade Act is passed in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by an overwhelming majority. March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves "into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States ... from any foreign kingdom, place, or country" (to take effect January 1, 1808). March 25 The United Kingdom Slave Trade Act becomes law abolishing the slave trade in most of the British Empire with effect from 1 May (slavery itself is abolished in British colonies in 1833). The Swansea and Mumbles Railway in South Wales, at this time known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger-carrying railway in the world. March 29 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Vesta. April–June April 4–12 – Froberg mutiny: The British suppress a mutiny at Fort Ricasoli, Malta, by men of the irregularly-recruited Frobert Regiment. April 14 – African Institution holds its first meeting in London; it is intended to improve social conditions in Sierra Leone. May 22 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr for treason. May 24 – Siege of Danzig ends after 6 weeks with Prussian and Russian defenders capitulating to French forces. May 29 – Selim III, Ottoman Emperor since 1789, is deposed in favour of his nephew Mustafa IV. May 31 – Primitive Methodism originates in an All Day of Prayer at Mow Cop, in the north midlands of England. June 9 – The Duke of Portland wins the United Kingdom general election. June 14 – Battle of Friedland: Napoleon decisively defeats Bennigsen's Russian army. June 22 – Chesapeake–Leopard affair: British Royal Navy warship HMS Leopard attacks and boards United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake off Norfolk, Virginia, seeking deserters. July–September July 5 – A disastrous British attack is mounted against Buenos Aires, during the second failed invasion of the Río de la Plata. July 7–9 – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands, and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany. The Free City of Danzig is also formed (established September 9 by Napoleon). July 13 – With the death of Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Stuart claimant to the throne of the United Kingdom, Jacobitism comes to an effective end. July 20 – Nicéphore Niépce is awarded a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it | – In Alabama, former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is tried for conspiracy, but acquitted. February 23 – The Slave Trade Act is passed in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by an overwhelming majority. March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves "into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States ... from any foreign kingdom, place, or country" (to take effect January 1, 1808). March 25 The United Kingdom Slave Trade Act becomes law abolishing the slave trade in most of the British Empire with effect from 1 May (slavery itself is abolished in British colonies in 1833). The Swansea and Mumbles Railway in South Wales, at this time known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger-carrying railway in the world. March 29 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Vesta. April–June April 4–12 – Froberg mutiny: The British suppress a mutiny at Fort Ricasoli, Malta, by men of the irregularly-recruited Frobert Regiment. April 14 – African Institution holds its first meeting in London; it is intended to improve social conditions in Sierra Leone. May 22 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr for treason. May 24 – Siege of Danzig ends after 6 weeks with Prussian and Russian defenders capitulating to French forces. May 29 – Selim III, Ottoman Emperor since 1789, is deposed in favour of his nephew Mustafa IV. May 31 – Primitive Methodism originates in an All Day of Prayer at Mow Cop, in the north midlands of England. June 9 – The Duke of Portland wins the United Kingdom general election. June 14 – Battle of Friedland: Napoleon decisively defeats Bennigsen's Russian army. June 22 – Chesapeake–Leopard affair: British Royal Navy warship HMS Leopard attacks and boards United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake off Norfolk, Virginia, seeking deserters. July–September July 5 – A disastrous British attack is mounted against Buenos Aires, during the second failed invasion of the Río de la Plata. July 7–9 – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands, and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany. The Free City of Danzig is also formed (established September 9 by Napoleon). July 13 – With the death of Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Stuart claimant to the throne of the United Kingdom, Jacobitism comes to an effective end. July 20 – Nicéphore Niépce is awarded a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powers a boat upstream on the river Saône in France. August 17 – The North River Steamboat, Robert Fulton's first American steamboat, leaves New York City for Albany on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world. September 1 – Former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr is acquitted of treason. He had been accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico, to become part of an independent republic. September 2–7 – Battle of Copenhagen: The British Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets, to prevent the Dano-Norwegian navy from surrendering to Napoleon; 30% of the city is destroyed, and 2,000 citizens are killed. September 7 – Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary to China, arrives in Guangzhou (Canton). September 27 – Napoleon purchases the Borghese art collection, including the Antinous Mondragone, and brings it to Paris. October–December October 9 – Prussian Reform Movement: Serfdom is abolished by the October edict. October 13 – The Geological Society of London is founded. October 30 – El Escorial conspiracy: Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias is arrested for conspiring against his father Charles IV of Spain. November 24 – Battle of Abrantes, Portugal: The French under Jean-Andoche Junot take the town. November 29 – Portuguese Queen Maria I and the Court embark at Lisbon, bound for Brazil. Rio de Janeiro becomes the Portuguese capital. December 17 – Napoleonic Wars: France issues the Milan Decree which confirms the Continental System (i.e. no European country is to trade with the United Kingdom). December 22 – The United States Congress passes the Embargo Act. December 27 – Thomas Parr, Resident of British Bencoolen, is decapitated by a mob. Date unknown The municipality of Mogpog in Marinduque, Philippines, is founded. The world's oldest international football stadium, the Racecourse Ground, opens in Wrexham, Wales, although it will not host football games until 1872. Births January–June January 13 – Napoleon |
German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements. Founding of: Toronto Argonauts, the oldest professional sports team still playing in North America. Royal Montreal Club in Montreal, the first permanent golf club in North America. Liebig's Extract of Meat Company begins producing tinned corned beef, sold under the label Fray Bentos, from the town in Uruguay where it is processed. Coors Brewing Company begins making beer in Golden, Colorado. The Swedish arms company Aktiebolaget (AB) Bofors-Gullspång, better known as Bofors, is founded. In Mexico, the Veracruz–Mexico City railroad is completed. Nine Pekin ducks are imported to Long Island (the first in the United States). The Married Woman's Property Rights Association is founded in Sweden. Konishiya Rokubei, as predecessor of Konica Minolta, a digital office machine brand on worldwide, founded in Tokyo, Japan. Births January–March January 2 – Thérèse of Lisieux, Catholic saint, mystic (d. 1897) January 4 – Blanche Walsh, American stage, screen actress (d. 1915) January 7 – Adolph Zukor, Austrian-born film studio pioneer (d. 1976) January 8 – Iuliu Maniu, Romanian politician (d. 1953) January 9 – Thomas Curtis, American athlete (d. 1944) January 10 – George Orton, Canadian athlete (d. 1958) January 12 – Spyridon Louis, Greek runner (d. 1940) January 20 – Johannes V. Jensen, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950) January 28 – Colette, French writer (d. 1954) January 29 – Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Italian mountaineer, explorer and admiral (d. 1933) January 30 – Vassily Balabanov, administrator, Provincial Governor of Imperial Russia (d. 1947) January 31 – Melitta Bentz, German entrepreneur who invented the coffee filter in 1908 (d. 1950) February 2 – Maurice Tourneur, French film director (d. 1961) February 3 Hugh Trenchard, British military aviation pioneer (d. 1956) Karl Jatho, German aviation pioneer (d. 1933) February 4 – Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (d. 1905) February 7 – Thomas Andrews, Irish shipbuilder (d. 1912) February 13 Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass opera singer (d. 1938) Red Wing, Native American silent film actress (d. 1974) February 15 – Hans von Euler-Chelpin, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964) February 19 – Louis Feuillade, French film director (d. 1925) February 22 – Carrie Langston Hughes, African-American writer and actress (d. 1938) February 25 – Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor (d. 1921) February 28 – William McMaster Murdoch, Officer of Titanic (d. 1912) March 3 – William Green, American labor leader (d. 1952) March 11 – David Horsley, English-born film executive (d. 1933) March 19 – Max Reger, German composer (d. 1916) March 29 – Billy Quirk, American actor (d. 1926) April–June April 1 (N.S.)/March 20 (O.S.) – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1943) April 4 – Gyula Peidl, 23rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1943) April 7 – John McGraw, American baseball player, manager (d. 1934) April 10 – Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1940) April 13 – John W. Davis, American politician, diplomat, and lawyer (d. 1955) April 19 – Sydney Barnes, English cricketer (d. 1967) April 20 – Gombojab Tsybikov, Russian explorer (d. 1930) April 22 – Ellen Glasgow, American writer (d. 1945) April 23 – Theodor Körner, President of Austria (d. 1957) April 25 Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer and novelist (d. 1956) Félix d'Herelle, French-Canadian microbiologist (d. 1949) May 4 – Joe De Grasse, Canadian film director (d. 1940) May 5 – Leon Czolgosz, assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (d. 1901) May 9 – Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1933) May 15 – Oskari Tokoi, Finnish socialist and the Chairman of the Senate of Finland (d. 1963) May 17 Henri Barbusse, French novelist, journalist (d. 1935) Dorothy Richardson, English feminist writer (d. 1957) May 21 – Hans Berger, German neurologist (d. 1941) May 28 – D. D. Sheehan, Irish politician (d. 1948) June 3 – Otto Loewi, German-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1961) June 15 – Leonora Cohen, British suffragette and trade unionist (d. 1978) June 24 – Hugo Simberg, Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist (d. 1917) June 28 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1944) June 29 – Monroe Dunaway Anderson, Founder of Anderson, Clayton and Company; "Father of Texas Medical Center" (d. 1939) July–September July 1 Alice Guy-Blaché, French-American filmmaker (d. 1968) Andrass Samuelsen, 1st Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (d. 1954) July 3 – Prince Yamashina Kikumaro, Japanese prince (d. 1908) July 6 – Dimitrios Maximos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955) July 8 – Carl Vaugoin, 7th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1949) July 12 – Oscar von Sydow, 18th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1936) July 20 – Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian aviation pioneer (suicide) (d. 1932) July 22 – James Cousins, Irish writer (d. 1956) August 5 – Joseph Russell Knowland, American politician, newspaperman (d. 1966) August 10 – William Ernest Hocking, American philosopher (d. 1966) August 13 Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, South African author (d. 1932) Christian Rakovsky, Bulgarian revolutionary, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet diplomat, journalist, physician, and essayist (executed) (d. 1941) August 17 – John A. Sampson, American gynecologist (d. 1946) August 18 – Otto Harbach, American lyricist (d. 1963) August 20 – William Henry Bell, 1st director of the South African College of Music (d. 1946) August 21 – Harry T. Morey, American actor (d. 1936) August 26 – Lee de Forest, American inventor (d. 1961) September 1 Sir Guy Standing, British actor (d. 1937) Felicija Bortkevičienė, Lithuanian politician and publisher (d. 1945) September 5 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American military officer, inventor, engineer (d. 1942) September 8 Alfred Jarry, French author and playwright (d. 1907) David O. McKay, 9th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1970) September 17 – Ibrahim of Johor, Malaysian sultan (d. 1959) September 20 Sidney Olcott, Canadian-born pioneer film director (d. 1949) Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born racing driver (d. 1944) September 21 – Papa Jack Laine, American jazz musician (d. 1966) October–December October 8 – Ma Barker, American criminal (d. 1935) October 9 – Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist, astronomer (d. 1916) October 13 – Georgios Kafantaris, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1946) October 14 – Ray Ewry, American athlete (d. 1937) October 18 – Ivanoe Bonomi, 2-time Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1951) October 19 Jaap Eden, Dutch skater, cyclist (d. 1925) Bart King, American cricketer (d. 1965) October 26 Thorvald Stauning, 9th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1942) A. K. Fazlul Huq, Bengali statesman (d. 1962) October 30 Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (d. 1917) Francisco I. Madero, 33rd President of Mexico (d. 1913) October 31 – Frederic Thompson, architect and showman, built Coney Islands Luna Park and the New York Hippodrome (d. 1919) November 9 – Fritz Thyssen, German industrialist (d. 1951) November 16 – W. C. Handy, American blues composer (d. 1958) November 20 – Ramón Castillo, Argentinian politician, 25th President of Argentina (d. 1944) November 22 – Johnny Tyldesley, English cricketer (d. 1930) November 28 – Frank Phillips, American | second term, as President of the United States. March 15 – The Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity is founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico: Slaves are freed (with a few exceptions). March 26 – First Aceh Expedition: A Dutch military expedition is launched to bombard Banda Aceh, capital of the Aceh Sultanate (in modern-day Indonesia), beginning the Aceh War. March 29 – The Rio Tinto Company is formed in Spain, following the February 17 purchase of the Rio Tinto Mine from the Spanish government, by a British investment group. April–June April 1 – British ocean liner sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547. April 4 – The Kennel Club, the world's first kennel club, is founded in the United Kingdom. April 15–17 – American Indian Wars: The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought. April 19 – In Richmond, Rhode Island, 11 people perish in a train derailment, due to a bridge washout in the village of Richmond Switch (now Wood River Junction). May – Henry Rose exhibits barbed wire at an Illinois county fair, which is taken up by Joseph Glidden and Jacob Haish, who invent a machine to mass-produce it. May 5 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Eraul: Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella. May 9 Der Gründerkrach: The Wiener Börse (Vienna stock exchange) crash in Austria-Hungary ends the Gründerzeit, and heralds the global Panic of 1873 and Long Depression. The Battle of Montejurra at Navarra, Spain, is fought during the Third Carlist War. May 20 Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive United States patent#139121, for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. begin manufacturing the famous Levi's brand of jeans, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire. In Chipping Norton, England, rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs –16 women sentenced to imprisonment, for attempting to dissuade strikebreakers. May 23 The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police (which is renamed the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in 1920). The Preakness Stakes horse race is run for the first time in Baltimore. May 27 Classical archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovers Priam's Treasure. May 28 C. Laan brings order to the chaos created by the dockworker riots of Tripoli, Lebanon. The city of Khiva falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General Konstantin von Kaufman. June Unknown date – Ochanomizu Women's University founded in Japan (then the Tokyo Women's Normal School). June 4 – American Indian Wars: The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash (Captain Jack). June 9 – Alexandra Palace in London is destroyed by fire, only a fortnight after its opening. July–September July – The end of the war between the United Kingdom and Ghana's King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of slaves, leads to the establishment of the Gold Coast Colony. July 1 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation. July 5 – New Rush in Griqualand West, South Africa is renamed Kimberley. July 9 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Alpens: Campaigning in Catalonia, a government column under General José Cabrinetty is ambushed at Alpens, 15 miles east of Berga, by Carlist forces under General Francisco Savalls. After heavy fighting, with Cabrinety killed, virtually the entire column of 800 men is killed or captured. July 17 – Richard Southey becomes the first Lieutenant-Governor of Griqualand West. July 21 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express). July 22 – Sir Benjamin Pine becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal. August 4 – American Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the Seventh Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux, near the Tongue River (only 1 man on each side is killed). August 12 – A peace treaty is signed between Imperial Russia and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate. August 30 – The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition discovers Franz Josef Land. September 15 – The International Meteorological Organization (IMO) is established. September 16 – German troops leave France, upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War. September 17 – The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University, opens its doors with 25 students, including 2 women. September 18 – The New York stock market crash triggers the Panic of 1873, part of the Long Depression. September 25 – Classes begin at Drury University in Springfield, Missouri. October–December October – The Long Depression begins in the United States. October 6 The County Carlow Football Club (rugby union) is founded in Ireland. Third Carlist War – Battle of Mañeru: In continued campaigning in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones meets a Carlist force under Nicolás Ollo at Mañeru, near Puente de la Reina, in a hard-fought but indecisive action. While both sides claim victory, the Carlists are said to have had the advantage, and a month later Moriones is repulsed in a costly assault further west, against Estella. November 6 – The Halifax Rugby League Club is founded in England. November 7 Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second Prime Minister of Canada. Third Carlist War – Battle of Montejurra: Determined to recapture the key city of Estella in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaquín Elío at nearby Montejurra. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws, and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line. November 10 – Establishment of the Home Ministry in Japan, introducing police services of the Empire of Japan on the European model. November 17 – Budapest, Hungary's capital, is formed from Pest, Buda and Óbuda. November 18–21 – Irish Home Rule movement: The Home Government Association reconstitutes itself as the Home Rule League. November 22 – , on passage from New York to France, collides with Scottish 3-masted iron clipper Loch Earn and sinks in 12 minutes with the loss of 226 lives. December – Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designs and patents a racquet sport, which he calls sphairistike (Greek σφάίρίστική, "skill at playing at ball"), soon known simply as Stické, for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales. December 15 – Women of Fredonia, New York march against the retail liquor dealers in town, to inaugurate the Woman's Crusade of 1873–74. December 16 – The Heineken Brewery is founded in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. December 19 (December 7 OS) – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's fantasia The Tempest, composed between August and October, is premiered, in Moscow. December 21 – Francis Garnier is attacked outside Hanoi by Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the Vietnamese. December 22 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Bocairente: Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General Valeriano Weyler is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General José Santés. Weyler is initially driven back, losing some of his guns, but in a brilliant counter-attack he turns defeat into victory, and Santés is heavily repulsed and forced to withdraw. December 23 – The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is founded, in Hillsboro, Ohio. December 27 – Third Carlist War – Siege of Bilbao (until 2 May 1874): Campaigning in Navarre, Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaquín Elío besiege Bilbao, held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1,200 men. The Carlist force is ten times this number, and includes most of the troops from Navarre, Vizcaya and Álava, although a considerable force is left in Guipúzcoa. Despite defeat at nearby Somorrostro, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano, supported by Generals Manuel de la Concha and Arsenio Martínez-Campos, brilliantly breaks the siege, and Concha then marches on Estella. Date unknown The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements. Founding of: Toronto Argonauts, the oldest professional sports team still playing in North America. Royal Montreal Club in Montreal, the first permanent golf club in North America. Liebig's Extract |
a government farm at Toongabbie in Sydney, Australia. April–June April 16 – The Spithead and Nore mutinies break out in the British Royal Navy. April 17 Battle of San Juan: Sir Ralph Abercromby unsuccessfully invades San Juan, Puerto Rico in what will be one of the largest British attacks on Spanish territories in the western hemisphere, and one of the worst defeats of the British Royal Navy for years to come. Veronese Easter: Citizens of Verona, Italy, began an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces. April 18 – Armistice of Leoben: On behalf of the French Republic, a delegation under Napoleon Bonaparte signs a peace treaty with the Holy Roman Empire at Leoben. May 10 – The first ship of the United States Navy, the frigate USS United States, is commissioned. May 12 – War of the First Coalition: Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Venice, ending the city and Republic of Venice's 1,100 years of independence. The last doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin, steps down. The Venetian Ghetto is thrown open. May 30 – English abolitionist William Wilberforce marries Barbara Ann Spooner about six weeks after their first meeting. June 28 – French troops disembark in Corfu, beginning the First period of French rule in the Ionian Islands. June 29 – Napoleon Bonaparte decrees the birth of the Cisalpine Republic; he appoints ministers and establishes the first constitution. July–September July 9 – U.S. Senator William Blount becomes the first federal legislator to be expelled from office, as his fellow Senators vote 25 to 1 to block him from his seat during an investigation against him on charges of criminal conspiracy. July 24 – Horatio Nelson is wounded at the Battle of Santa Cruz, losing an arm. August 29 – Massacre of Tranent: British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the militia at Tranent, Scotland, killing 12. September 4 – The Coup of 18 Fructidor is carried out in France as three of the five members of The Directory, France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the Council of Five Hundred, the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections. September 5 – France's new government decrees that citizens who left the country without authorization are subject to the death penalty if they return. September 30 – Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret, French finance minister, repudiates two thirds of France's debt. October–December October 11 – Battle of Camperdown: the British Royal Navy defeats the fleet of the Batavian Republic off the coast of Holland. October 17 – The Treaty of Campo Formio ends the War of the First Coalition. October 18 – The XYZ Affair inflames tensions between France and the United States when American negotiators Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry meet with French government representatives Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval and are told that a treaty between France and the U.S. will require payment of a bribe to France's Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand and a large loan of American cash to France. Pinckney tells people later that his response was "No, no, not a sixpence!"; Hottinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval are referred to, respectively, as "X", "Y" and "Z" in U.S. government reports on the failed negotiations. October 21 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate is launched to fight Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli; the ship will remain in commission in the 21st century. October 22 – André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first parachute descent, at Parc Monceau, Paris; he uses a silk parachute to descend approximately from a hot air balloon. November – 1797 Rugby School rebellion: The students at Rugby School in England rebel against the headmaster, Henry Ingles, after he decrees that the damage to a tradesman's windows should be paid for by the students. November 16 The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as Fredrick William III. (or November 23?) – British Royal Navy frigate is wrecked on the approaches to Halifax, Nova Scotia; of the 240 on board, all but 12 are lost. Undated The secret Lautaro Lodge as the Logia de los Caballeros Racionales ("Lodge of Rational Knights") is founded, perhaps in Cádiz; membership will include many leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence such as Francisco de Miranda, Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín. Shinyukan Cram School (進修館) founded by Masataka Okudaira (奥平昌孝) in Nakatsu, Buzen Province (now Oita Prefecture), Kyushu Island, as predecessor of Keio-Gijyuku University in Japan. Joseph-Louis Lagrange publishes his treatise on differential calculus, entitled Théorie des fonctions analytiques. Births January–March January 1 Christopher Jacob Boström, Swedish philosopher (d. 1866) Robert Crittenden, American attorney, politician (d. 1834) William Greene, lieutenant governor of the state of Rhode Island (d. 1883) Utagawa Kuniyoshi, Japanese woodblock printer (ukiyo-e) (d. 1861) January 2 – Eliakim Littell, American editor (d. 1870) January 3 – Frederick William Hope, English entomologist at the University of Oxford (d. 1862) January 4 Wilhelm Beer, German banker, astronomer (d. 1850) John Hampden Pleasants, American journalist, businessman (d. 1846) January 5 Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein, Prussian general (d. 1885) Timothy Gilbert, American piano manufacturer (d. 1865) January 6 Edward Turner Bennett, English zoologist, writer (d. 1836) James Kingsley, attorney and mayor of Ann Arbor (1855–1856) (d. 1878) January 7 – Henry Piddington, English merchant captain sailing in East India and China and later settling in Bengal (d. 1858) January 8 – David Barker Jr., American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1834) January 9 – Edmund Murray Dodd, Canadian lawyer (d. 1876) January 10 Hazen Aldrich, early American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement (d. 1873) Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (d. 1848) Eugenio Kincaid, American Baptist missionary to Burma (d. 1883) January 11 Carl Rottmann, German landscape painter, the most famous member of the Rottmann family of painters (d. 1850) Connop Thirlwall, English bishop (in Wales), historian (d. 1875) January 12 Gideon Brecher, Austrian physician, writer (d. 1873) George Evans, American politician from the state of Maine (d. 1867) January 14 – George Agar-Ellis, 1st Baron Dover, British peer and man of letters (d. 1833) January 15 – Vincenz Kollar, Austrian entomologist specializing in Diptera (d. 1860) January 16 – Richard Barnes Mason, career officer in the United States Army, governor of California (d. 1850) January 17 – Joseph Barclay Pentland, Irish geographer (d. 1873) January 19 Henri-Bernard Dabadie, French baritone (d. 1853) Cornelia Aletta van Hulst, Dutch painter (d. 1870) January 20 – Jonathan Leavitt, American bookbinder, co-founder of the New York City publishing firm of Leavitt & Trow (d. 1852) January 21 – Joseph Méry, French writer (d. 1866) January 22 Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria (d. 1826) Charlotte Lyon-Bowes, Lady Glamis, English noblewoman, daughter of Joseph Valentine Grimstead (d. 1881) Thomas Moore-Lane, Irish oculist, surgeon, physician to the Nawab (d. 1844) January 24 Leo Dupont, Martinique-born Venerated French Catholic, who helped spread various Catholic devotions (d. 1876) John Shaw-Lefevre, British barrister, Whig politician and civil servant (d. 1879) January 25 Achille Rémy Percheron, French entomologist (d. 1869) John Stuart, 12th Earl of Moray (d. 1867) January 26 – Therese Albertine Luise Robinson, German-American author (d. 1870) January 28 Obadiah Bush, American prospector, businessman (d. 1851) Narcisse Girard, French violinist (d. 1860) Charles Gray Round, English barrister, Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for North Essex 1837–47 (d. 1867) Félix Tanco, Colombian-born Cuban writer, poet, and novelist (d. 1871) January 29 Marguerite Beaubien, Canadian nun, mother superior with the Sisters of Charity (d. 1848) Prince Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian nobleman (d. 1873) January 30 John Fairfield, U.S. politician from Maine (d. 1847) Edwin Vose Sumner, career United States Army officer who became a Union Army general during the American Civil War (d. 1863) January 31 – Franz Schubert, Austrian pianist, composer (d. 1828) February 1 – Frederick Sullivan, English first-class cricketer associated with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) (d. 1873) February 2 Joseph Louis Corbin, French general who took command of the successful attack that lifted the Siege of Constantine in 1837 (d. 1859) Lambert Blackwell Larking, English clergyman (d. 1868) Bertha Zück, German-born treasurer of Queen Josephine of Sweden (d. 1868) February 4 Armine Simcoe Henry Mountain, British Army officer, Adjutant-General in India (d. 1854) Frederick Henry Yates, English actor, theatre manager (d. 1842) February 5 György Andrássy, Hungarian nobleman (d. 1872) Robert Benson, English barrister and author, serving as recorder of Salisbury (d. 1844) F. W. P. Greenwood, Unitarian minister of King's Chapel in Boston (d. 1843) February 6 Richard Hawes, United States Representative from Kentucky and the second Confederate Governor of Kentucky (d. 1877) Vaast Barthélemy Henry, French Catholic priest (d. 1884) Joseph von Radowitz, conservative Prussian statesman, general (d. 1853) February 7 – François Chouteau, American pioneer fur trader (d. 1838) February 10 – George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, British landowner, courtier and politician (d. 1883) February 11 Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, English Conservative politician (d. 1861) John Allen Wakefield, American historian (d. 1873) February 12 – John Timon, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo (d. 1867) February 13 – Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro of Novar, Scottish art collector (d. 1864) February 14 John Capron, American military officer in the infantry (d. 1878) Pierre Sylvain Dumon, French politician who was a deputy (1831-1848) (d. 1870) February 15 Elias Florence, member of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1880) Henry Engelhard Steinway, German-American piano manufacturer (d. 1871) February 17 – Charles Alexandre, French Hellenist (d. 1870) February 18 Jean-Baptiste Boucho, French-born Vicar Apostolic of Malacca-Singapore (d. 1871) John Day, Liberian politician and jurist, 2nd Chief Justice of Liberia (1854 until his death) (d. 1859) John Davis Pierce, American Congregationalist minister (d. 1882) February 19 Giuseppe Avezzana, Italian soldier fighting in Europe and America (d. 1879) Wincenty Smokowski, Polish-Lithuanian painter, illustrator (Academic and Classical styles) (d. 1876) February 21 – João Mouzinho de Albuquerque, Portuguese writer, administrator (d. 1881) February 22 Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance, French pathologist remembered for Dance's sign (d. 1832) Yelizaveta Golitsyna, Russian noble, Catholic nun (d. 1844) February 23 – Heinrich Halfeld, German engineer (d. 1873) February 24 – Samuel Lover, Irish songwriter (d. 1868) February 25 – Maria Abdy, English poet (d. 1867) February 27 Wilhelm Meinhold, Pomeranian priest, author (d. 1851) Henry George Ward, English diplomat, politician, and colonial administrator (d. 1860) February 28 John Henderson, Mississippi lawyer, United States Senator (d. 1857) George Keats, businessman, civic leader in Louisville, Kentucky (d. 1841) March 2 Étienne Mulsant, French entomologist, ornithologist (d. 1880) Stephen Olin, American educator, minister (d. 1851) March 3 Emily Eden, English poet, novelist (d. 1869) Gotthilf Hagen, German civil engineer who made important contributions to fluid dynamics (d. 1884) March 4 Jasper Ewing Brady, Whig member of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1871) Charles Jackson, 18th Governor of Rhode Island (1845-1846) (d. 1876) Thomas Thorp, English Anglican priest (d. 1877) March 5 Friedrich von Gerolt, Prussian Privy Councillor, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States (d. 1879) James Rider, American politician from New York (d. 1876) March 6 – Gerrit Smith, American social reformer (d. 1874) March 7 – Édouard Thibaudeau, Lower Canadian lawyer, political figure (d. 1836) March 10 Henry Acton, English Unitarian minister (d. 1843) Selah R. Hobbie, United States Representative from New York (d. 1854) Henry Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth, British peer, Member of Parliament for several constituencies (d. 1878) George Julius Poulett Scrope, English geologist, political economist and magistrate (d. 1876) March 12 – Benjamin Caesar, English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket (1824-1830) (d. 1867) March 13 Eleazer Parmly, American dentist in New York City (d. 1874) Charles de Rémusat, French politician and writer (d. 1875) George Bacon Wood, American physician (d. 1879) March 15 – Benjamin Guérard, French librarian, historian (d. 1854) March 16 Lavinia Ryves, British woman claiming to be a member of the British royal family (d. 1871) Alaric Alexander Watts, British poet, journalist (d. 1864) March 17 Andrew Fernando Holmes, Canadian physician (d. 1860) Johann Adam Pupikofer, Swiss historian, curator of the Thurgau cantonal archive in Frauenfeld (d. 1882) March 18 Michel Goudchaux, French banker, politician who was twice Minister of Finance during the French Second Republic (d. 1862) James Wilson II, United States Representative from New Hampshire (d. 1881) March 19 John Braithwaite, English engineer, inventor of the first steam fire engine (d. 1870) Addison Gardiner, American lawyer and politician, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1854-1855) (d. 1883) March 20 – John Roberton, Scottish physician, social reformer (d. 1876) March 21 William K. Clowney, United States Representative from South Carolina (d. 1851) Johann Andreas Wagner, German palaeontologist (d. 1861) March 22 Pierre Bossier, Louisiana soldier, state senator (d. 1844) Eduard Gans, German jurist (d. 1839) Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany (d. 1888) Jean-Bernard Rousseau, French Roman Catholic professed religious of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (d. 1867) Józef Zaliwski, Polish independence activist (d. 1855) March 23 – Ernest Edgcumbe, 3rd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, English politician (d. 1861) March 24 Abraham Hoagland, early American Mormon leader (d. 1872) Thomas B. Jackson, United States Representative from New York (d. 1881) Sackville Lane-Fox, British Conservative Party politician (d. 1874) Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, Italian Catholic priest, philosopher (d. 1855) March 25 Auguste-Arthur, Comte de Beugnot, French historian, statesman (d. 1865) J. G. M. Ramsey, American historian (d. 1884) John Winebrenner, American founder of the Churches of God General Conference (d. 1860) March 26 Fortunato José Barreiros, Portuguese colonial administrator, military architect (d. 1885) Joseph Fielding, early American leader of the Latter Day Saint movement (d. 1863) Hedworth Lambton, Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom (d. 1876) March 27 John Dix Fisher, physician and founder of Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston (d. 1850) George Glyn, 1st Baron Wolverton, English banker with interests in the railways (d. 1873) Heinrich LXXII, Prince Reuss of Lobenstein and Ebersdorf (d. 1853) Alfred de Vigny, French poet, early leader of French Romanticism (d. 1863) March 28 – George O. Belden, American politician, Representative from New York (d. 1833) March 29 – Charles I. du Pont, American manufacturer, politician (d. 1869) March 31 William Ryerson, Methodist minister, political figure in western Canada (d. 1872) Walter Calverley Trevelyan, English naturalist, geologist (d. 1879) April–June April 1 Sir William Alexander, 3rd Baronet of England (d. 1873) Ludwig Titze, Austrian singer who gives a number of first public performances of Franz Schubert's songs (d. 1850) April 2 Samuel Bogart, itinerant Methodist minister, militia captain from Ray County, Missouri (d. 1861) Joseph-François Deblois, Lower Canadian lawyer (d. 1860) John Peter Gassiot, English businessman, amateur scientist (d. 1877) Dunning R. McNair, Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate (1853-1861) (d. 1875) David Robertson, 1st Baron Marjoribanks, Scottish stockbroker, politician (d. 1873) Franz Graf von Wimpffen, Austrian general, admiral (d. 1870) April 3 Judson Allen, American businessman, politician (d. 1880) Ebenezer Childs, American pioneer (d. 1864) Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier, Belgian botanist, Member of Parliament (d. 1878) April 4 Asa Wentworth Jr., Vermont businessman and politician, President of the Vermont State Senate (d. 1882) Joseph Dresser Wickham, American minister (d. 1891) April 5 Karl August Devrient, German stage actor best known for performances of Schiller and Shakespeare (d. 1872) Johann Fischbach, Austrian painter (d. 1871) Henry Perrine, physician, horticulturist, United States Consul in Campeche, Mexico (d. 1840) April 7 Théodore Anne, French playwright (d. 1869) Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux, French anatomist, naturalist (d. 1880) Pierre Leroux, French philosopher, political economist (d. 1871) Joseph Young, early American convert to the Latter Day Saint movement, missionary, longtime general authority of the LDS Church (d. 1881) April 8 – Jehiel Brooks, American soldier, territorial governor, and plantation owner (d. 1886) April 9 Pierre Carmouche, French playwright, chansonnier (d. 1868) John Hill, United States Representative from North Carolina (d. 1861) April 12 Ernst August Hagen, Prussian art writer, novelist (d. 1880) Zina Pitcher, American physician (d. 1872) April 13 – Stanislas Julien, French sinologist, Chair of Chinese at the Collège de France for over 40 years (d. 1873) April 15 Philip Dorsheimer, politician, New York State Treasurer (d. 1868) Michel Garicoïts, French Basque Roman Catholic priest, founder of the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Bétharram (d. 1863) Adolphe Thiers, President of France and Prime Minister of France (d. 1877) April 17 William Beresford, British Conservative politician (d. 1883) John Ogilvie, Scottish lexicographer, editor of the Imperial Dictionary of the English Language (d. 1867) April 18 Thomas J. Drake, American lawyer, Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (d. 1875) Richard Ryan, British biographer of Irish descent (d. 1849) April 19 Carlo Emanuele Muzzarelli, Italian clergyman (d. 1856) Jeronis de Soysa, pioneering Ceylonese entrepreneur, philanthropist (d. 1860) April 21 – George Stephen Benjamin Jarvis, Upper Canadian judge, political figure (d. 1878) April 23 Ranulph Dacre, New Zealand naval seaman (d. 1884) Giuseppe Ferlini, Italian combat medic turned explorer and treasure hunter (d. 1870) Penina Moise, United States poet (d. 1880) Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, German Romantic painter, illustrator (d. 1855) April 24 Henry Bliss, author, lawyer and provincial agent for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (d. 1873) Peter I. Borst, American politician, United States Representative from New York (d. 1848) April 26 – Albert Seerig, German surgeon, anatomist (d. 1862) April 27 Jean Victoire Audouin, French naturalist, entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and malacologist (d. 1841) Eliphaz Fay, fourth president of Colby College (then called the Waterville College) in Maine (d. 1854) William B. Slaughter, United States politician (d. 1879) Linus Yale Sr., American inventor, manufacturer of locks (d. 1858) April 28 – John Richardson, Australian convict, accompanies several exploring expeditions as botanical collector (d. 1882) April 29 – Gideon Hard, American lawyer, politician (d. 1885) May 1 Pierre Nicolas Gerdy, French physician, native of Loches-sur-Ource (d. 1856) Johann Jakob Stähelin, Swiss theologian (d. 1875) May 2 Abraham Pineo Gesner, Canadian geologist and inventor (d. 1864) May 3 Heinrich Berghaus, German geographer (d. 1884) George Webster, English architect practising in Kendal (d. 1864) May 6 – Joseph Brackett, American religious leader, composer (d. 1882) May 7 Walter Colton, Chaplain for the United States Navy (d. 1851) Charles Frederick, Royal Navy officer, Third Naval Lord (d. 1875) Elizabeth Grant, British diarist (d. 1885) José Antonio Saco, Cuban statesman, deputy to the Spanish Cortes, writer, social critic, publicist, essayist, anthropologist, historian (d. 1879) May 8 Giacomo Luigi Brignole, Italian Catholic Cardinal, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals (d. 1853) John Septimus Roe, first Surveyor-General of Western Australia (d. 1878) May 9 – Lansdown Guilding, St. Vincent-born English theologian, early naturalist (d. 1831) May 10 – Daniel Lynn Carroll, sixth President of Hampden–Sydney College (1835-1838) (d. 1851) May 11 Clement Finley, 10th Surgeon General of the United States Army (d. 1879) Ernst Meyer, German-born Danish genre painter of Jewish ancestry (d. 1861) José Mariano Salas, Mexican general and politician, twice interim president of Mexico (1846 and 1859) (d. 1867) May 12 – Johann Hermann Kufferath, German composer (d. 1864) May 13 Ulrik Frederik Cappelen, Norwegian jurist, politician (d. 1864) William Chapman, British surgeon, Director of the Kew Botanical Gardens, emigrates to New Zealand (d. 1867) Sir William Miles, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. | Joseph-François Deblois, Lower Canadian lawyer (d. 1860) John Peter Gassiot, English businessman, amateur scientist (d. 1877) Dunning R. McNair, Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate (1853-1861) (d. 1875) David Robertson, 1st Baron Marjoribanks, Scottish stockbroker, politician (d. 1873) Franz Graf von Wimpffen, Austrian general, admiral (d. 1870) April 3 Judson Allen, American businessman, politician (d. 1880) Ebenezer Childs, American pioneer (d. 1864) Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier, Belgian botanist, Member of Parliament (d. 1878) April 4 Asa Wentworth Jr., Vermont businessman and politician, President of the Vermont State Senate (d. 1882) Joseph Dresser Wickham, American minister (d. 1891) April 5 Karl August Devrient, German stage actor best known for performances of Schiller and Shakespeare (d. 1872) Johann Fischbach, Austrian painter (d. 1871) Henry Perrine, physician, horticulturist, United States Consul in Campeche, Mexico (d. 1840) April 7 Théodore Anne, French playwright (d. 1869) Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux, French anatomist, naturalist (d. 1880) Pierre Leroux, French philosopher, political economist (d. 1871) Joseph Young, early American convert to the Latter Day Saint movement, missionary, longtime general authority of the LDS Church (d. 1881) April 8 – Jehiel Brooks, American soldier, territorial governor, and plantation owner (d. 1886) April 9 Pierre Carmouche, French playwright, chansonnier (d. 1868) John Hill, United States Representative from North Carolina (d. 1861) April 12 Ernst August Hagen, Prussian art writer, novelist (d. 1880) Zina Pitcher, American physician (d. 1872) April 13 – Stanislas Julien, French sinologist, Chair of Chinese at the Collège de France for over 40 years (d. 1873) April 15 Philip Dorsheimer, politician, New York State Treasurer (d. 1868) Michel Garicoïts, French Basque Roman Catholic priest, founder of the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Bétharram (d. 1863) Adolphe Thiers, President of France and Prime Minister of France (d. 1877) April 17 William Beresford, British Conservative politician (d. 1883) John Ogilvie, Scottish lexicographer, editor of the Imperial Dictionary of the English Language (d. 1867) April 18 Thomas J. Drake, American lawyer, Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (d. 1875) Richard Ryan, British biographer of Irish descent (d. 1849) April 19 Carlo Emanuele Muzzarelli, Italian clergyman (d. 1856) Jeronis de Soysa, pioneering Ceylonese entrepreneur, philanthropist (d. 1860) April 21 – George Stephen Benjamin Jarvis, Upper Canadian judge, political figure (d. 1878) April 23 Ranulph Dacre, New Zealand naval seaman (d. 1884) Giuseppe Ferlini, Italian combat medic turned explorer and treasure hunter (d. 1870) Penina Moise, United States poet (d. 1880) Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, German Romantic painter, illustrator (d. 1855) April 24 Henry Bliss, author, lawyer and provincial agent for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (d. 1873) Peter I. Borst, American politician, United States Representative from New York (d. 1848) April 26 – Albert Seerig, German surgeon, anatomist (d. 1862) April 27 Jean Victoire Audouin, French naturalist, entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and malacologist (d. 1841) Eliphaz Fay, fourth president of Colby College (then called the Waterville College) in Maine (d. 1854) William B. Slaughter, United States politician (d. 1879) Linus Yale Sr., American inventor, manufacturer of locks (d. 1858) April 28 – John Richardson, Australian convict, accompanies several exploring expeditions as botanical collector (d. 1882) April 29 – Gideon Hard, American lawyer, politician (d. 1885) May 1 Pierre Nicolas Gerdy, French physician, native of Loches-sur-Ource (d. 1856) Johann Jakob Stähelin, Swiss theologian (d. 1875) May 2 Abraham Pineo Gesner, Canadian geologist and inventor (d. 1864) May 3 Heinrich Berghaus, German geographer (d. 1884) George Webster, English architect practising in Kendal (d. 1864) May 6 – Joseph Brackett, American religious leader, composer (d. 1882) May 7 Walter Colton, Chaplain for the United States Navy (d. 1851) Charles Frederick, Royal Navy officer, Third Naval Lord (d. 1875) Elizabeth Grant, British diarist (d. 1885) José Antonio Saco, Cuban statesman, deputy to the Spanish Cortes, writer, social critic, publicist, essayist, anthropologist, historian (d. 1879) May 8 Giacomo Luigi Brignole, Italian Catholic Cardinal, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals (d. 1853) John Septimus Roe, first Surveyor-General of Western Australia (d. 1878) May 9 – Lansdown Guilding, St. Vincent-born English theologian, early naturalist (d. 1831) May 10 – Daniel Lynn Carroll, sixth President of Hampden–Sydney College (1835-1838) (d. 1851) May 11 Clement Finley, 10th Surgeon General of the United States Army (d. 1879) Ernst Meyer, German-born Danish genre painter of Jewish ancestry (d. 1861) José Mariano Salas, Mexican general and politician, twice interim president of Mexico (1846 and 1859) (d. 1867) May 12 – Johann Hermann Kufferath, German composer (d. 1864) May 13 Ulrik Frederik Cappelen, Norwegian jurist, politician (d. 1864) William Chapman, British surgeon, Director of the Kew Botanical Gardens, emigrates to New Zealand (d. 1867) Sir William Miles, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1878) May 14 – Carl Georg Christian Schumacher, German painter (d. 1869) May 15 George Dromgoole, Virginia politician, lawyer (d. 1847) Lydia Irving, British philanthropist, prison visitor (d. 1893) Auguste Bottée de Toulmon, 19th-century French composer, musicologist (d. 1850) May 16 Pascual Echagüe, Argentine soldier, politician (d. 1867) Pierre-Chéri Lafont, French actor (d. 1873) May 18 Stoddard Judd, American physician, politician (d. 1873) Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (d. 1854) May 19 Jean-Baptiste Marc Bourgery, French physician and anatomist, native of Orléans (d. 1849) Richard Pakenham, British diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (d. 1868) Maria Isabel of Portugal, Queen of Spain (d. 1818) May 20 – Alexis-François Rio, French writer on art (d. 1874) May 21 Claus Winter Hjelm, Norwegian legal scholar, judge (d. 1871) Nathan Ryno Smith, American surgeon, medical school professor (d. 1877) May 24 James Turner Morehead, United States Senator and the 12th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1854) Archibald Randall, United States federal judge (d. 1846) Lars Rasch, Norwegian jurist, politician (d. 1864) Henry Thynne, 3rd Marquess of Bath, England (d. 1837) May 26 – Ralph Randolph Gurley, American clergyman (d. 1872) May 27 – Sir Thomas Bazley, 1st Baronet of England (d. 1883) May 29 Edwin Croswell, American journalist, politician (d. 1871) Nicolas Roret, French editor, publisher known for an important series of manuals (Manuels) and encyclopedias (d. 1860) May 30 Johann Christian Lobe, German composer, music theorist (d. 1881) Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann, German mineralogist (d. 1873) June 1 – Abby Hadassah Smith, early American suffragist, campaigner for property and voting rights from Glastonbury (d. 1879) June 2 – Joseph Blake, 3rd Baron Wallscourt, Irish nobleman and pioneering socialist (d. 1849) June 6 – Rehuel Lobatto, Dutch mathematician (d. 1866) June 7 Manuel Alves Branco, 2nd Viscount of Caravelas, Brazilian politician (d. 1855) Richard Samuel Guinness, Irish lawyer and a Member of Parliament (d. 1857) June 8 – Henry William-Powlett, 3rd Baron Bayning, English peer and clergyman (d. 1866) June 11 Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham, English soldier, courtier and politician (d. 1876) Henry Lascelles, 3rd Earl of Harewood, English peer and Member of Parliament (d. 1857) José Trinidad Reyes, Honduran Father, National Hero, and founder of Autonomous National University of Honduras (d. 1855) June 12 – Thomas Ainslie Young, official and political figure in Lower Canada (d. 1860) June 13 – Richard Ely Selden, American politician and author (d. 1868) June 14 John Beard, American politician (d. 1876) Jules Lefèvre-Deumier, French author and poet (d. 1857) Calvin Pollard, New York City architect (d. 1850) June 15 Honoratus Bonnevie, Norwegian politician (d. 1848) Sámuel Brassai, centenarian, linguist, teacher, "The Last Transylvanian Polymath" (d. 1897) June 16 Sophie Frémiet, French painter (d. 1867) Alexander Kazarsky, Russian Navy officer, hero of the Russo-Turkish War (d. 1833) June 17 – Alexandre Vinet, Swiss critic and theologian (d. 1847) June 19 – Hamilton Hume, early explorer of the present-day Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria (d. 1873) June 20 – Karolina Gerhardinger, German Roman Catholic professed religious, established the School Sisters of Notre Dame (d. 1879) June 21 Christoffel Brand, South African jurist (d. 1875) William Jessup, Pennsylvania judge and father of the missionary Henry Harris Jessup (d. 1868) Benson Leavitt, Boston businessman (d. 1869) June 23 – Théophile Bra, French Romantic sculptor and exact contemporary of Eugène Delacroix (d. 1863) June 24 Mary Ann Aldersey, English nonconformist, first Christian missionary woman to serve in China (d. 1868) Francisco Freire Allemão e Cysneiro, Brazilian botanist who collected in northeast Brazil and along the Rio de Janeiro (d. 1874) Ann Freeman, British Bible Christian preacher (d. 1826) Johan Coenraad van Hasselt, Dutch physician, zoologist (d. 1823) John Hughes, Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States (d. 1864) June 26 – Imam Shamil, Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus (d. 1871) June 27 Andrew W. Loomis, United States Representative from Ohio (d. 1873) Henry Noble Shipton, British junior officer who served in the Royal Marines and the Army (d. 1821) June 29 – Frederic Baraga, Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States, grammarian of Native American languages (d. 1868) July–September July 2 Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág, Hungarian noblewoman, ancestor of several European monarchs (d. 1862) Pierre Joseph Michel Lorquin, French entomologist specializing in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (d. 1873) July 4 Jacquette Löwenhielm, Swedish noble and lady-in-waiting (d. 1839) James W. Parker, American pioneer, uncle of Cynthia Ann Parker and the great uncle of Comanche Quanah Parker (d. 1864) July 6 – Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey, England (d. 1869) July 7 – George Meads, English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket (1825-1836) (d. 1881) July 11 – Francis Close, Anglican rector of Cheltenham (1826–1856) and Dean of Carlisle (1856–1881) (d. 1882) July 12 John Gaylord, early American Mormon leader (d. 1874) Adele Schopenhauer, German author (d. 1849) July 14 – James Scott Bowerbank, British naturalist, palaeontologist (d. 1877) July 15 Kloka Anna, Swedish cunning woman, medium (d. 1860) Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I, attorney, jurist in his native Georgia (d. 1834) Pier Alessandro Paravia, Venetian writer, scholar, philanthropist, professor of Italian eloquence (d. 1857) July 16 – Daniel D. Barnard, American politician, Representative from New York (d. 1861) July 17 Paul Delaroche, French painter (d. 1856) William Matthew Harries, influential member of both houses of the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope (d. 1865) John Hodgetts-Foley, British Member of Parliament (d. 1861) July 18 – Robert Christison, Scottish toxicologist, physician (d. 1882) July 20 Gotthard Fritzsche, Prussian-Australian pastor (d. 1863) Eli Kirk Price, Philadelphia lawyer (d. 1884) Sir Paweł Strzelecki, Polish explorer, geologist (d. 1873) July 21 – John M. Read, American lawyer (d. 1874) July 24 – Maria Foote, English actress, peeress (d. 1867) July 25 Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889) Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, French American educator, arachnologist (d. 1856) Nehemiah Platt, American politician from New York (d. 1851) July 26 William Bulkeley Hughes, Welsh politician (d. 1882) William Gore Ouseley, British diplomat serving in various roles in Washington (d. 1866) William Ranwell, English marine painter (d. 1861) July 29 François Bourdon, French engineer, inventor (d. 1865) Daniel Drew, American businessman (d. 1879) Beverly R. Wellford, American physician (d. 1870) July 30 – Harriet Windsor-Clive, 13th Baroness Windsor of England (d. 1869) July 31 – Alonzo C. Paige, American lawyer, politician from New York (d. 1868) August 1 Joseph Gensoul, French surgeon (d. 1858) William Thomas Knollys, British Army General (d. 1883) August 2 John Brown, English geographer (d. 1861) William Gibson-Craig, Scottish advocate, politician (d. 1878) Amédée Thierry, French journalist, historian (d. 1873) August 4 William S. Hamilton, American politician, miner (d. 1850) Benjamin F. H. Witherell, Michigan jurist (d. 1867) August 5 Cayetano Heredia, Peruvian physician (d. 1861) Friedrich August Kummer, German violoncellist, pedagogue and composer (d. 1879) August 6 – August Wilhelm Stiehler, German government official, paleobotanist (d. 1878) August 7 James Kānehoa, member of the court of King Kamehameha II and Kamehameha III during the Kingdom of Hawaii (d. 1851) Justin von Linde, German jurist, statesman from the Grand Duchy of Hesse (d. 1870) August 8 George Peck, American Methodist clergyman (d. 1876) Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, French painter (d. 1890) George Rykert, Upper Canada businessman, surveyor and political figure (d. 1857) William Walker, Quebec lawyer, political figure (d. 1844) August 9 Charles Allen, United States Representative from Massachusetts (d. 1869) Charles Robert Malden, British naval officer (d. 1855) Christian Wilhelm Niedner, German church historian, theologian (d. 1865) Archibald Yell, American politician, Representative from Arkansas (d. 1847) August 10 Guillaume Louis Cottrau, French composer, music publisher (d. 1847) Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, Finnish entomologist, governor of the Viipuri province in the Grand Duchy of Finland (d. 1854) John M. Patton, Virginia politician, lawyer (d. 1858) Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, German botanist (d. 1848) August 11 – George Shillibeer, English coachbuilder (d. 1866) August 12 – Manuel Aguilar Chacón, Costa Rican head of state (d. 1846) August 13 – Horatio Chriesman, American surveyor, politician in Mexican Texas and participant in the Texas Revolution (d. 1878) August 14 – Robert Radcliffe, English first-class cricketer associated with Cambridge University (d. 1832) August 15 – James Black, Scottish-born Canadian clergyman (d. 1886) August 17 – Peter Broun, first Colonial Secretary of Western Australia (d. 1846) August 18 – Antoine Claudet, French photographer, artist who produced daguerreotypes (d. 1867) August 20 Johan Frederik Møller, Danish painter, photographer (d. 1882) John Sinclair, Archdeacon of Middlesex (d. 1875) Francesco Zantedeschi, Italian priest, physicist (d. 1873) August 21 Chauncey J. Fox, American politician from New York (d. 1883) John Montagu, Indian-born Tasmanian colonial secretary (d. 1853) John Iltyd Nicholl, Welsh Member of Parliament (d. 1853) August 22 Augustin-Magloire Blanchet, French Canadian Catholic prelate in the Pacific Northwest (d. 1887) Thomas Dale, British priest in the Church of England, Dean of Rochester (d. 1870) August 23 – Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant, French mechanic, mathematician (d. 1886) August 24 John Cobbold, British brewer, railway developer and Conservative Party politician (d. 1882) Laufilitonga, 39th and last Tuokinai of Tonga (d. 1865) August 25 John P. Bigelow, American politician (d. 1872) Henrik Hertz, Danish poet (d. 1870) August 26 Innocent of Alaska, Russian Orthodox missionary priest (d. 1879) Sheldon Peck, American folk artist (d. 1869) August 27 John Bathurst Deane, South African-born English clergyman, schoolmaster, antiquary and author (d. 1887) Edwin James, American botanist (d. 1861) Henry Wilson, Suffolk politician (d. 1866) August 28 Ferenc Duschek, Hungarian politician (d. 1872) Karl Otfried Müller, German scholar, Philodorian (d. 1840) August 30 – Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, English novelist, dramatist, essayist, biographer and travel writer (d. 1851) August 31 Philipp von Brunnow, Russian diplomat (d. 1875) Ramón Castilla, Peruvian caudillo who served as President of Peru three times (d. 1867) James Ferguson, Scottish-born American astronomer and engineer (d. 1867) September 1 – William FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros of England (d. 1874) September 2 – William Stephenson, English Geordie printer, publisher, auctioneer, poet and songwriter (d. 1838) September 3 – Benjamin Nottingham Webster, English actor-manager and dramatist (d. 1882) September 4 Alvan Cullom, American politician, Representative from Tennessee (d. 1877) Raynold Kaufgetz, Swiss soldier (d. 1869) September 5 Francis H. Cone, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U (d. 1859) John Blennerhassett Martin, American painter (d. 1857) William Ruggles, professor at George Washington University (d. 1877) September 6 William Smith, lawyer, congressman, Governor of Virginia, Major General during the American Civil War (d. 1887) Jenny Vertpré, French stage actress (d. 1865) September 7 Louis Vulliemin, Swiss theologian, historian (d. 1897) Per Erik Wallqvist, Swedish ballet dancer, ballet master (d. 1855) September 10 Benjamin Nicolas Marie Appert, French philanthropist (d. 1847) Franz Krüger, German (Prussian) painter, lithographer (d. 1857) Daniel Parkhurst Leadbetter, United States Representative from Ohio (d. 1870) Carl Gustaf Mosander, Swedish chemist (d. 1858) Piotr Wysocki, Polish lieutenant, leader of the Polish conspiracy against Russian Tsar Nicolas I (d. 1875) September 11 – George Strange Boulton, Upper Canada lawyer, political figure (d. 1869) September 12 Jacob Barit, Russian Talmudist, communal worker (d. 1883) George Barrell Emerson, American educator, pioneer of women's education (d. 1881) Samuel Joseph May, American reformer (d. 1871) Samuel McLean, United States Consul for Trinidad (d. 1881) September 13 – Joseph Stannard, English marine and landscape painter (d. 1830) September 14 – Joseph-Désiré Court, French painter of historical subjects and portraits (d. 1865) September 15 – Andrew Trumbo, United States Representative from Kentucky (d. 1871) September 16 Levi Silliman Ives, American theologian, bishop (d. 1867) Samuel Milford, English-born Australian barrister, judge (d. 1865) Anthony Panizzi, Italian-born British librarian, head of the British Museum (d. 1879) Johann Friedrich Ludwig Wöhlert, German businessman (d. 1877) September 17 Eugène Defacqz, Belgian liberal politician, magistrate (d. 1871) Heinrich Kuhl, German naturalist, zoologist (d. 1821) September 18 – Camille-Melchior Gibert, French dermatologist (d. 1866) September 19 – January Suchodolski, Polish painter, Army officer (d. 1875) September 21 George Hamilton Seymour, British diplomat (d. 1880) John Talbot, Irish-born Canadian schoolmaster (d. 1874) September 23 Johannes Henrik Berg, Norwegian politician (d. 1886) Charles Brown, Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (d. 1883) Thomas H. Rochester, 6th son of Colonel Nathaniel Rochester, 6th mayor of Rochester (d. 1874) September 24 – Carl Peter Wilhelm Gramberg, German theologian, biblical scholar (d. 1830) September 25 – John J. Allen, Virginia lawyer (d. 1871) September 26 – Olry Terquem, French pharmacist, paleontologist (d. 1887) September 27 Édouard Frère, French bookseller (d. 1874) Jacob von der Lippe, Norwegian politician, Bishop of the Diocese of Christianssand (d. 1878) September 28 Sophie von Knorring, Swedish novelist, noble (d. 1848) Caroline LeRoy, second wife of American author Daniel Webster (d. 1882) Aimée Caroillon des Tillières, wealthy French heiress, saloniste during the July Monarchy (d. 1862) September 29 Percy Nugent, Irish politician (d. 1874) Joseph Thompson, early settler of Atlanta, Georgia (d. 1885) October–December October 1 – Lewis Ruffner, salt manufacturer from Malden, West Virginia (d. 1883) October 2 – Jonathan Pitney, American physician, promoter of Absecon Island as healing seashore resort (d. 1889) October 3 Knud Ibsen, father of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (d. 1877) Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1870) Hopkins L. Turney, Democratic United States Representative from Tennessee (d. 1857) October 4 Jeremias Gotthelf, Swiss novelist (d. 1854) Charles-Séraphin Rodier, Canadian merchant (d. 1876) October 5 – John Gardner Wilkinson, English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist (d. 1875) October 6 Albrecht Elof Ihre, Swedish diplomat, Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs (d. 1877) Charles Panet, lawyer and political figure in Quebec (d. 1877) Joseph Othmar Rauscher, Austrian Prince-Archbishop of Vienna and cardinal (d. 1875) October 7 Peter Georg Bang, Danish politician, jurist (d. 1861) John Wedderburn Dunbar Moodie, Scottish-born army officer (d. 1869) October 8 William H. DeLancey, American Episcopal bishop (d. 1865) Ludwig Förster, German-born Austrian architect (d. 1863) Charles Knapp, United States Representative from New York (d. 1880) William Thomasson, United States Representative from Kentucky (d. 1882) October 9 Thomas Boutillier, Quebec doctor, political figure (d. 1861) Henry Collen, English miniature portrait painter to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and the Duchess of Kent (d. 1879) Philippe Suchard, Swiss chocolatier, industrialist (d. 1884) October 10 August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff, Prussian diplomat (d. 1874) Thomas Drummond, British army officer, civil engineer, senior public official (d. 1840) October 12 – Gaspard Thémistocle Lestiboudois, French naturalist (d. 1876) October 13 George Anson, British military officer, Whig politician (d. 1857) Thomas Haynes Bayly, English poet (d. 1839) Dong Haichuan, Chinese martial artist, credited to be the founder of Baguazhang (d. 1882) John H. McHenry, United States House of Representatives (d. 1871) William Motherwell, Scottish poet, antiquary and journalist (d. 1835) October 14 Jean Crespon, French zoologist and naturalist (d. 1857) Ida Laura Pfeiffer, Austrian traveler and travel book author (d. 1858) October 15 Johann Gottlieb Fleischer, German botanist and ornithologist (d. 1838) Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse, German philologist (d. 1855) William Siborne, British officer and military historian whose most notable work was a history of the Waterloo Campaign (d. 1849) October 16 – James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan (d. 1868) October 17 Mario Aspa, Italian composer (d. 1868) Juan Lavalle, Argentine military and political figure (d. 1841) October 18 Gallus Jacob Baumgartner, Swiss statesman and prominent federalist (d. 1869) Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont, French physician and psychiatrist (d. 1881) October 19 – Littleton Kirkpatrick, American Whig Party politician (d. 1859) October 20 – José Bernardo Escobar, interim President of Guatemala (d. 1849) October 21 Thomas M. Allen, clergyman who played a prominent role in establishing the Christian Church in Missouri (d. 1871) William Hale, British inventor (d. 1870) October 24 – Štefan Moyses, Slovak bishop, teacher, patriot, co-founder and first chairman of Matica slovenská (d. 1869) October 25 Crispino Agostinucci, Italian Catholic bishop (d. 1856) Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran, first Police Commissioner and first Police Magistrate of South Australia (d. 1870) October 26 Johann Adam Philipp Hepp, German physician, lichenologist (d. 1867) Luther Severance, United States Representative, diplomat from Maine (d. 1855) |
Africa and Asia, and is the 18th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 149. February 26 – Secretary General U Thant signs the United Nations proclamation of the March equinox (March 21) as Earth Day. February 27 – Doctors in the first Dutch abortion clinic (Mildredhuis in Arnhem) start to perform abortions. February 28 – Evel Knievel sets a world record and jumps 19 cars on a motorbike in Ontario, California. March March 1 A bomb explodes in the men's room at the United States Capitol; the Weather Underground claims responsibility. Pakistani president Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan indefinitely postpones the pending National Assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan. Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as the 17th Premier of Ontario. March 4 – The southern part of Quebec, and especially Montreal, receives 16½" (42 cm) of snow in what becomes known as the Century's Snowstorm (la tempête du siècle). March 5 The Pakistani army occupies East Pakistan. In Belfast, a Led Zeppelin show includes the first public performance of "Stairway to Heaven," a song from the band's fourth album. March 6 – A fire in a mental hospital in Burghölzli, Switzerland kills 28 people. March 7 Die Sendung mit der Maus airs its first episode on Das Erste. The British postal workers' strike, led by UPW General Secretary Tom Jackson, ends after 47 days. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, political leader of East Pakistan (modern day-Bangladesh), delivers a famous speech at the Racecourse Field in Dhaka calling for masses to be prepared to fight for national independence. March 8 The Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI breaks into the Media, Pennsylvania offices of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and removes all of its files. "Fight of the Century": Boxer Joe Frazier defeats Muhammad Ali in a 15-round unanimous decision at Madison Square Garden. March 10 – William McMahon replaces John Gorton as the Liberal/Country Coalition Prime Minister of Australia after Gorton resigns following a vote of confidence that was tied 33-all. March 11 – THX 1138, George Lucas' first full-length film, premieres in theaters. March 12 – Hafez al-Assad becomes president of Syria. March 12–13 – The Allman Brothers Band plays their legendary concert at the Fillmore East. March 16 – Trygve Bratteli forms a government in Norway. March 18 – A landslide in Chungar, Peru crashes into Yanawayin Lake, killing 200. March 23 – General Alejandro Lanusse of Argentina takes power in a military coup. March 25 – The Pakistani army starts Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) at midnight after President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, a military ruler, voids election results that gave the Awami League an overwhelming majority in the parliament; start of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. March 26 East Pakistan's independence is declared by Ziaur Rahman on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and transmitted using East Pakistan Rifles radio. Nihat Erim (a former CHP member) forms the new government of Turkey (33rd government, composed mostly of technocrats). March 27 – East Pakistan's independence is repeatedly declared by army major (later president of Bangladesh) Ziaur Rahman on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station, Chittagong. March 28 – The Ed Sullivan Show airs its final episode. March 29 U.S. Army lieutenant William Calley is found guilty of 22 murders during the My Lai Massacre and is sentenced to life in prison (he is later pardoned). A Los Angeles jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and female followers Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten. March 30 – Starbucks coffee shop is founded in the U.S. state of Washington. April April 1 – The United Kingdom lifts all restrictions on gold ownership. April 5 In Ceylon, a group calling themselves the People's Liberation Front begins a rebellion against the Bandaranaike government. Mount Etna erupts in Sicily. April 8 – A right-wing coup attempt is exposed in Laos. April 12 – Palestinians retreat from Amman to the north of Jordan. April 17 The People's Republic of Bangladesh forms under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at Mujibnagor. Libya, Syria and Egypt sign an agreement to form a confederation. April 19 The government of Bangladesh flees to India. Sierra Leone becomes a republic. The Soviet Union launches Salyut 1. Charles Manson is sentenced to death in the United States; in 1972, the sentence for all California death-row inmates will be commuted to life imprisonment. April 20 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education: The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation. Cambodian prime minister Lon Nol resigns but remains effectively in power until the next elections. National Public Radio (NPR) airs its first broadcast. April 21 – Siaka Stevens is sworn in as the first president of Sierra Leone. April 24 Soyuz 10 fails to dock with Salyut 1. An estimated 200,000 people in Washington, D.C. and a further 125,000 in San Francisco march in protest against the Vietnam War. April 25 Todor Zhivkov is reelected as the leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party. Franz Jonas is reelected as president of Austria. April 26 – The government of Turkey declares a state of siege in 11 provinces, including Ankara, in response to violent demonstrations. April 30 The Milwaukee Bucks sweep the Baltimore Bullets in four games to win their first NBA championship. May May 1 Amtrak begins intercity rail passenger service in the United States. The Ceylonese government promises amnesty for guerillas who surrender before May 5. May 2 – In Ceylon, left-wing guerillas launch a series of assaults against public buildings. May 3 Arsenal F.C. wins the English League First Division championship at the home of their bitter rivals Tottenham Hotspur, with Ray Kennedy scoring the winner. (Arsenal will go on to win the league and cup 'double' six days later by defeating Liverpool in the FA Cup final). The Harris Poll finds that 60% of Americans are against the Vietnam War. East German leader Walter Ulbricht resigns as Socialist Unity Party leader but retains the position of head of state. 1971 May Day Protests: Anti-war militants attempt to disrupt government business in Washington, D.C.; police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later released. May 5 – The U.S. dollar floods the European currency markets and especially threatens the Deutsche Mark; the central banks of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading. May 6 – The government of Ceylon begins a major offensive against the People's Liberation Front. May 9 Arsenal FC beats Liverpool F.C. 2–1 to win the English FA Cup, thus completing the league and cup 'double'. Mariner 8 fails to launch. May 12 – An earthquake in Turkey destroys most of the city of Burdur. May 15 – Israeli ambassador to Turkey Efraim Elrom is kidnapped; he is found killed in Istanbul May 25. May 16 – A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in Egypt. May 18 The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American Supersonic Transport program. The Montreal Canadiens win the Stanley Cup against the Chicago Black Hawks. The Canadiens became only the second team in NHL history to win the Cup in Game 7 on the road, and did so after the home team had won each of the previous six games in the series. This also marked Jean Béliveau's last NHL game. May 19 – Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union. May 22 – An earthquake lasting 20 seconds destroys most of Bingöl, Turkey; more than 1,000 are killed and 10,000 are made homeless. May 23 – Aviogenex Flight 130 crashes at Rijeka Airport, Yugoslavia, killing 78 people, mostly British tourists. May 26 Austria and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations. Qantas agrees to pay $500,000 to bomb hoaxer/extortionist Mr. Brown (Peter Macari), who is later arrested. May 27 Six armed passengers hijack a Romanian passenger plane and force it to fly to Vienna. Christie's auctions a diamond known as Deepdene; it is later found to be artificially colored. May 28 – Portugal resigns from UNESCO. May 30 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars. May 31 – The birth of Bangladesh is declared by the government in exile in territory formerly part of Pakistan. June June – Massachusetts passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting special education. June 1 – Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who served in Southeast Asia, speak against war protests. June 6 Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 (Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev) is launched. A midair collision between Hughes Airwest Flight 706 Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom jet fighter near Duarte, California claims 50 lives. June 10 The U.S. ends its trade embargo of China. Corpus Thursday: A student rally on the streets of Mexico City is roughly dispersed. Amtrak had its first fatal accident when 11 people were killed and 163 injured in the derailment of the City of New Orleans train near Tonti, Illinois. June 11 – Neville Bonner becomes the first Indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament. June 13 Vietnam War: The New York Times begins to publish the Pentagon Papers. Racing drivers Gijs van Lennep of the Netherlands and Helmut Marko of Austria win the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the Martini Racing Porsche 917K. June 14 – Norway begins oil production in the North Sea. June 17 Representatives of Japan and the United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the U.S. will return control of Okinawa. President Richard Nixon declares the U.S. War on Drugs. June 18 – Southwest Airlines, a low-cost carrier, begins its first flights between Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. June 20 – Britain announces that Soviet space scientist Anatoli Fedoseyev has been granted asylum. June 21 – Britain begins new negotiations for EEC membership in Luxembourg. June 25 – Madagascar accuses the U.S. of conspiring to oust the government; the U.S. recalls its ambassador. June 27 – Concert promoter Bill Graham closes the legendary Fillmore East, which first opened on 2nd Avenue in New York City on March 8, 1968. June 28 – Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots Joe Colombo, boss of his eponymous crime family, in the head during an Italian-American rally, putting him in a coma. June 30 After a successful mission aboard Salyut 1, the world's first human-occupied space station, the crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft die after their air supply leaks out through a faulty valve. New York Times Co. v. United States: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting government injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint. The musical fantasy film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, based on the novel Charlie & the Chocolate Factory and starring Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson, is released. July July – Nordic Council secretariat inaugurated. July 3 – Jim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors, dies of a heart failure due to a heroin overdose at the age of 27 in his apartment in Paris, France. July 4 Michael S. Hart posts the first e-book, a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, on the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's mainframe computer, the origin of Project Gutenberg. The first plane lands at Seychelles International Airport in Victoria, Seychelles (Mahe). July 5 – Right to vote: The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution, formally certified by President Richard Nixon, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18. July 6 – Hastings Banda is proclaimed President for Life of Malawi. July 9 – The United Kingdom increases the number of its troops in Northern Ireland to 11,000. July 10–11 – Coup attempt in Morocco: 1,400 cadets take over the king's palace for three hours and kill 28 people; 158 rebels die when the king's troops storm the palace (ten high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement). July 10 – Gloria Steinem makes her Address to the Women of America. July 11 – Copper mines in Chile are nationalized. July 13 Ólafur Jóhannesson forms a government in Iceland. Jordanian army troops launch an offensive against Palestinian guerillas in Jordan. The Yugoslavian government begins allowing foreign companies to take their profits from the country. Reggie Jackson's long home run, which hits a transformer on the roof of Tiger Stadium, helps the American League defeat the National League 6–4 in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. July 14 – Libya severs its diplomatic ties with Morocco. July 15 – American President Richard Nixon announces his 1972 visit to China. July 17 – Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the dispute (Südtirolfrage) regarding South Tyrol. July 18 – The Trucial States are formed in the Persian Gulf. July 19 – The South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City tops out at , making it the second-tallest building in the world. July 19–23 – Major Hashem al-Atta ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiri in a military coup in Sudan. Fighting continues until July 22, when pro-Nimeiri troops regain power. Al-Atta and three officers are executed. July 22 A BOAC flight from London to Khartoum is ordered to land at Benghazi, Libya, where two leaders of the unsuccessful Sudanese coup, travelling as passengers, are forced to leave the plane and are subsequently executed. A partial solar eclipse is visible from Asia and North America, and is the 70th and final solar eclipse of Solar Saros 116. July 24 – Georgina Rizk of Lebanon is crowned Miss Universe 1971. July 25–30 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli records two Debussy works in Munich for Deutsche Grammophon, his fifth recording. July 26 – Apollo 15 (carrying astronauts David Scott, Alfred Worden and James Irwin) is launched. July 28 – Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Sudanese communist leader, is hanged. July 29 – The United Kingdom opts out of the Space Race with the cancellation of its Black Arrow launch vehicle. July 30 – In Japan, an All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 collides with a Japanese fighter jet; 162 people are killed. July 31 – Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and James Irwin become the first to ride in the Lunar Roving Vehicle, a day after landing on the Moon. August August – Camden, New Jersey erupts in race riots, with looting and arson, following the beating death of a Puerto Rican motorist by city police. Also in 1971, Philadelphia International Records is established, with Camden native Leon Huff as co-founder. August 1 – In New York City, 40,000 attend The Concert for Bangladesh. August 2 – J. C. Penney debuts its trademark Helvetica wordmark which has been used ever since. August 5 – The South Pacific Forum (SPF) is established. August 6 – A total lunar eclipse lasting 1 hour, 40 minutes, and 4 seconds is observed, visible from South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, and is the 38th lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros 128. August 7 – Apollo 15 returns to Earth. August 9 India signs a 20-year treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union. Internment in Northern Ireland: British security forces arrest hundreds of nationalists and detain them without trial in Long Kesh prison; 20 people die in the riots that follow. August 10 – Mr. Tickle, the first book in the Mr. Men series is first published. August 11 – Construction begins on the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. August 12 – Syria severs | currency (see also decimalisation). Protesting Belgian farmers bring 3 live cows to crash the EEC meeting in Brussels. February 16 – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria; residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for 5 days because of the decision. February 20 Fifty tornadoes rage in Mississippi and Louisiana, killing 74 people. The U.S. Emergency Broadcast System sends an erroneous warning across the nation's radio and television stations, meant to be a standard weekly test conducted by NORAD in Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado. Some stations cease broadcasting until the message is rescinded, as required by federal rules, while most ignore it. February 21 – The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna. February 23 – Operation Lam Son 719: South Vietnamese General Do Cao Tri is killed in a helicopter crash en route to taking control of the faltering campaign. February 25 – A partial solar eclipse is visible from Europe, Africa and Asia, and is the 18th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 149. February 26 – Secretary General U Thant signs the United Nations proclamation of the March equinox (March 21) as Earth Day. February 27 – Doctors in the first Dutch abortion clinic (Mildredhuis in Arnhem) start to perform abortions. February 28 – Evel Knievel sets a world record and jumps 19 cars on a motorbike in Ontario, California. March March 1 A bomb explodes in the men's room at the United States Capitol; the Weather Underground claims responsibility. Pakistani president Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan indefinitely postpones the pending National Assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan. Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as the 17th Premier of Ontario. March 4 – The southern part of Quebec, and especially Montreal, receives 16½" (42 cm) of snow in what becomes known as the Century's Snowstorm (la tempête du siècle). March 5 The Pakistani army occupies East Pakistan. In Belfast, a Led Zeppelin show includes the first public performance of "Stairway to Heaven," a song from the band's fourth album. March 6 – A fire in a mental hospital in Burghölzli, Switzerland kills 28 people. March 7 Die Sendung mit der Maus airs its first episode on Das Erste. The British postal workers' strike, led by UPW General Secretary Tom Jackson, ends after 47 days. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, political leader of East Pakistan (modern day-Bangladesh), delivers a famous speech at the Racecourse Field in Dhaka calling for masses to be prepared to fight for national independence. March 8 The Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI breaks into the Media, Pennsylvania offices of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and removes all of its files. "Fight of the Century": Boxer Joe Frazier defeats Muhammad Ali in a 15-round unanimous decision at Madison Square Garden. March 10 – William McMahon replaces John Gorton as the Liberal/Country Coalition Prime Minister of Australia after Gorton resigns following a vote of confidence that was tied 33-all. March 11 – THX 1138, George Lucas' first full-length film, premieres in theaters. March 12 – Hafez al-Assad becomes president of Syria. March 12–13 – The Allman Brothers Band plays their legendary concert at the Fillmore East. March 16 – Trygve Bratteli forms a government in Norway. March 18 – A landslide in Chungar, Peru crashes into Yanawayin Lake, killing 200. March 23 – General Alejandro Lanusse of Argentina takes power in a military coup. March 25 – The Pakistani army starts Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) at midnight after President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, a military ruler, voids election results that gave the Awami League an overwhelming majority in the parliament; start of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. March 26 East Pakistan's independence is declared by Ziaur Rahman on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and transmitted using East Pakistan Rifles radio. Nihat Erim (a former CHP member) forms the new government of Turkey (33rd government, composed mostly of technocrats). March 27 – East Pakistan's independence is repeatedly declared by army major (later president of Bangladesh) Ziaur Rahman on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station, Chittagong. March 28 – The Ed Sullivan Show airs its final episode. March 29 U.S. Army lieutenant William Calley is found guilty of 22 murders during the My Lai Massacre and is sentenced to life in prison (he is later pardoned). A Los Angeles jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and female followers Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten. March 30 – Starbucks coffee shop is founded in the U.S. state of Washington. April April 1 – The United Kingdom lifts all restrictions on gold ownership. April 5 In Ceylon, a group calling themselves the People's Liberation Front begins a rebellion against the Bandaranaike government. Mount Etna erupts in Sicily. April 8 – A right-wing coup attempt is exposed in Laos. April 12 – Palestinians retreat from Amman to the north of Jordan. April 17 The People's Republic of Bangladesh forms under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at Mujibnagor. Libya, Syria and Egypt sign an agreement to form a confederation. April 19 The government of Bangladesh flees to India. Sierra Leone becomes a republic. The Soviet Union launches Salyut 1. Charles Manson is sentenced to death in the United States; in 1972, the sentence for all California death-row inmates will be commuted to life imprisonment. April 20 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education: The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation. Cambodian prime minister Lon Nol resigns but remains effectively in power until the next elections. National Public Radio (NPR) airs its first broadcast. April 21 – Siaka Stevens is sworn in as the first president of Sierra Leone. April 24 Soyuz 10 fails to dock with Salyut 1. An estimated 200,000 people in Washington, D.C. and a further 125,000 in San Francisco march in protest against the Vietnam War. April 25 Todor Zhivkov is reelected as the leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party. Franz Jonas is reelected as president of Austria. April 26 – The government of Turkey declares a state of siege in 11 provinces, including Ankara, in response to violent demonstrations. April 30 The Milwaukee Bucks sweep the Baltimore Bullets in four games to win their first NBA championship. May May 1 Amtrak begins intercity rail passenger service in the United States. The Ceylonese government promises amnesty for guerillas who surrender before May 5. May 2 – In Ceylon, left-wing guerillas launch a series of assaults against public buildings. May 3 Arsenal F.C. wins the English League First Division championship at the home of their bitter rivals Tottenham Hotspur, with Ray Kennedy scoring the winner. (Arsenal will go on to win the league and cup 'double' six days later by defeating Liverpool in the FA Cup final). The Harris Poll finds that 60% of Americans are against the Vietnam War. East German leader Walter Ulbricht resigns as Socialist Unity Party leader but retains the position of head of state. 1971 May Day Protests: Anti-war militants attempt to disrupt government business in Washington, D.C.; police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later released. May 5 – The U.S. dollar floods the European currency markets and especially threatens the Deutsche Mark; the central banks of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading. May 6 – The government of Ceylon begins a major offensive against the People's Liberation Front. May 9 Arsenal FC beats Liverpool F.C. 2–1 to win the English FA Cup, thus completing the league and cup 'double'. Mariner 8 fails to launch. May 12 – An earthquake in Turkey destroys most of the city of Burdur. May 15 – Israeli ambassador to Turkey Efraim Elrom is kidnapped; he is found killed in Istanbul May 25. May 16 – A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in Egypt. May 18 The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American Supersonic Transport program. The Montreal Canadiens win the Stanley Cup against the Chicago Black Hawks. The Canadiens became only the second team in NHL history to win the Cup in Game 7 on the road, and did so after the home team had won each of the previous six games in the series. This also marked Jean Béliveau's last NHL game. May 19 – Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union. May 22 – An earthquake lasting 20 seconds destroys most of Bingöl, Turkey; more than 1,000 are killed and 10,000 are made homeless. May 23 – Aviogenex Flight 130 crashes at Rijeka Airport, Yugoslavia, killing 78 people, mostly British tourists. May 26 Austria and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations. Qantas agrees to pay $500,000 to bomb hoaxer/extortionist Mr. Brown (Peter Macari), who is later arrested. May 27 Six armed passengers hijack a Romanian passenger plane and force it to fly to Vienna. Christie's auctions a diamond known as Deepdene; it is later found to be artificially colored. May 28 – Portugal resigns from UNESCO. May 30 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars. May 31 – The birth of Bangladesh is declared by the government in exile in territory formerly part of Pakistan. June June – Massachusetts passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting special education. June 1 – Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who served in Southeast Asia, speak against war protests. June 6 Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 (Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev) is launched. A midair collision between Hughes Airwest Flight 706 Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom jet fighter near Duarte, California claims 50 lives. June 10 The U.S. ends its trade embargo of China. Corpus Thursday: A student rally on the streets of Mexico City is roughly dispersed. Amtrak had its first fatal accident when 11 people were killed and 163 injured in the derailment of the City of New Orleans train near Tonti, Illinois. June 11 – Neville Bonner becomes the first Indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament. June 13 Vietnam War: The New York Times begins to publish the Pentagon Papers. Racing drivers Gijs van Lennep of the Netherlands and Helmut Marko of Austria win the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the Martini Racing Porsche 917K. June 14 – Norway begins oil production in the North Sea. June 17 Representatives of Japan and the United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the U.S. will return control of Okinawa. President Richard Nixon declares the U.S. War on Drugs. June 18 – Southwest Airlines, a low-cost carrier, begins its first flights between Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. June 20 – Britain announces that Soviet space scientist Anatoli Fedoseyev has been granted asylum. June 21 – Britain begins new negotiations for EEC membership in Luxembourg. June 25 – Madagascar accuses the U.S. of conspiring to oust the government; the U.S. recalls its ambassador. June 27 – Concert promoter Bill Graham closes the legendary Fillmore East, which first opened on 2nd Avenue in New York City on March 8, 1968. June 28 – Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots Joe Colombo, boss of his eponymous crime family, in the head during an Italian-American rally, putting him in a coma. June 30 After a successful mission aboard Salyut 1, the world's first human-occupied space station, the crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft die after their air supply leaks out through a faulty valve. New York Times Co. v. United States: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting government injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint. The musical fantasy film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, based on the novel Charlie & the Chocolate Factory and starring Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson, is released. July July – Nordic Council secretariat inaugurated. July 3 – Jim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors, dies of a heart failure due to a heroin overdose at the age of 27 in his apartment in Paris, France. July 4 Michael S. Hart posts the first e-book, a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, on the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's mainframe computer, the origin of Project Gutenberg. The first plane lands at Seychelles International Airport in Victoria, Seychelles (Mahe). July 5 – Right to vote: The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution, formally certified by President Richard Nixon, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18. July 6 – Hastings Banda is proclaimed President for Life of Malawi. July 9 – The United Kingdom increases the number of its troops in Northern Ireland to 11,000. July 10–11 – Coup attempt in Morocco: 1,400 cadets take over the king's palace for three hours and kill 28 people; 158 rebels die when the king's troops storm the palace (ten high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement). July 10 – Gloria Steinem makes her Address to the Women of America. July 11 – Copper mines in Chile are nationalized. July 13 Ólafur Jóhannesson forms a government in Iceland. Jordanian army troops launch an offensive against Palestinian guerillas in Jordan. The Yugoslavian government begins allowing foreign companies to take their profits from the country. Reggie Jackson's long home run, which hits a transformer on the roof of Tiger Stadium, helps the American League defeat the National League 6–4 in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. July 14 – Libya severs its diplomatic ties with Morocco. July 15 – American President Richard Nixon announces his 1972 visit to China. July 17 – Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the dispute (Südtirolfrage) regarding South Tyrol. July 18 – The Trucial States are formed in the Persian Gulf. July 19 – The South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City tops out at , making it the second-tallest building in the world. July 19–23 – Major Hashem al-Atta ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiri in a military coup in Sudan. Fighting continues until July 22, when pro-Nimeiri troops regain power. Al-Atta and three officers are executed. July 22 A BOAC flight from London to Khartoum is ordered to land at Benghazi, Libya, where two leaders of the unsuccessful Sudanese coup, travelling as passengers, are forced to leave the plane and are subsequently executed. A partial solar eclipse is visible from Asia and North America, and is the 70th and final solar eclipse of Solar Saros 116. July 24 – Georgina Rizk of Lebanon is crowned Miss Universe 1971. July 25–30 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli records two Debussy works in Munich for Deutsche Grammophon, his fifth recording. July 26 – Apollo 15 (carrying astronauts David Scott, Alfred Worden and James Irwin) is launched. July 28 – Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Sudanese communist leader, is hanged. July 29 – The United Kingdom opts out of the Space Race with the cancellation of its Black Arrow launch vehicle. July 30 – In Japan, an All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 collides with a Japanese fighter jet; 162 people are killed. July 31 – Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and James Irwin become the first to ride in the Lunar Roving Vehicle, a day after landing on the Moon. August August – Camden, New Jersey erupts in race riots, with looting and arson, following the beating death of a Puerto Rican motorist by city police. Also in 1971, Philadelphia International Records is established, with Camden native Leon Huff as co-founder. August 1 – In New York City, 40,000 attend The Concert for Bangladesh. August 2 – J. C. Penney debuts its trademark Helvetica wordmark which has been used ever since. August 5 – The South Pacific Forum (SPF) is established. August 6 – A total lunar eclipse lasting 1 hour, 40 minutes, and 4 seconds is observed, visible from South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, and is the 38th lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros 128. August 7 – Apollo 15 returns to Earth. August 9 India signs a 20-year treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union. Internment in Northern Ireland: British security forces arrest hundreds of nationalists and detain them without trial in Long Kesh prison; 20 people die in the riots that follow. August 10 – Mr. Tickle, the first book in the Mr. Men series is first published. August 11 – Construction begins on the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. August 12 – Syria severs diplomatic relations with Jordan because of border clashes. August 14 British troops are stationed on the Ireland border to stop arms smuggling. Bahrain declares independence as the State of Bahrain ( officially the Kingdom of Bahrain). August 15 Jackie Stewart becomes Formula One World Drivers' Champion in the Tyrrell 003-Cosworth. The number of British troops in Northern Ireland is raised to 12,500. President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents. August 18 Vietnam War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from Vietnam. British troops are engaged in a firefight with the IRA in Derry, Northern Ireland. August 19–22 – A right-wing coup ignites a rebellion in Bolivia. Miners and students join troops to support president Juan José Torres, but eventually Hugo Banzer takes over. August 20 International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat) (effective February 12, 1973). The USS Manatee spills of fuel oil on President Nixon's Western White House beach in San Clemente, California. A partial solar eclipse is visible from Southern Ocean, and is the 4th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 154. August 21 – A bomb made of two hand grenades by communist rebels explodes in the Liberal Party campaign party in Plaza Miranda in Quiapo, Manila the Philippines, injuring several anti-Marcos political candidates. August 25 Border clashes occur between Tanzania and Uganda. Bangladesh and eastern Bengal are flooded; thousands flee the area. August 26 – A civilian government takes power in Greece. August 30 – The Progressive Conservatives under Peter Lougheed defeat the Social Credit government under Harry E. Strom in a general election, ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social Credit in Alberta. September September – Operation Sourisak Montry VIII opens when forces of the Royal Thai Army recapture several positions in the territory of Laos on the south bank of the Mekong in response to an encroaching Chinese presence to the north. September 2 The United Arab Republic is renamed to the Arab Republic of Egypt September 3 Qatar gains independence from the United Kingdom. Unlike most nearby emirates, Qatar declines to become part of either the United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia. Manlio Brosio resigns as NATO Secretary General. September 4 – A Boeing 727 (Alaska Airlines Flight 1866) crashes into the side of a mountain near Juneau, Alaska, killing all 111 people on board. September 8 – In Washington, D.C., the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is inaugurated, with the opening feature being the premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass. September 9–13 – Attica Prison riot: A revolt breaks out at the maximum-security prison in Attica, New York. In the end, state police and the United States National Guard storm the facility; 42 are killed, 10 of them hostages. September 17 – Hugo L. Black retires as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States after serving for 34 years, at this time a record for longevity; Black dies eight days later. September 19 – Trams in Ballarat (Victoria, Australia) cease to run. September 21 – Pakistan declares a state of emergency. September 24 – Britain expels 90 KGB and GRU officials; 15 are not allowed to return. September 27–October 11 – Japanese Emperor Hirohito travels abroad. September 28 – Cardinal József Mindszenty, who has taken refuge in the U.S. Embassy in Budapest since 1956, is allowed to leave Hungary. September 29 – A cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, in the Indian state of Odisha, kills 10,000. October October 1 – Walt Disney World opens in Orlando, Florida. October 4–7 – Pink Floyd record their groundbreaking film, Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii at the Amphitheatre of Pompeii. October 13 – The Pittsburgh Pirates defeat the Baltimore Orioles 4–3 in Game 4 of the World Series at home in the first ever Major League Baseball postseason game played at night. The Pirates defeat the Orioles 2–1 in the decisive Game 7 at Baltimore four days later. October 14 – Greenpeace is founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. October 18 – In New York City, the Knapp Commission begins public hearings on police corruption. October 21 U.S. President Richard Nixon nominates Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. and William H. Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Clarkston explosion in Scotland, caused by a gas leak, kills 22 people. October 24 – Texas Stadium opens in Irving, Texas. In the inaugural game, the host Dallas Cowboys defeat the New England Patriots 44–21. October 25 – The United Nations General Assembly admits the People's Republic of China and expels the Republic of China (or Taiwan). October 27 – The Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed Zaire. October 28 The House of Commons of the United Kingdom votes 356–244 in favour of joining the European Economic Community. The United Kingdom becomes the sixth nation successfully to launch a satellite into orbit using its own launch vehicle, the Prospero (X-3) experimental communications satellite, using a Black Arrow carrier rocket from Woomera, South Australia. The Khedivial Opera House in Cairo, Egypt, burns down. October 29 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: The total number of American troops still in Vietnam drops to a record low of 196,700 (the lowest since January 1966). October 30 – Rev. Ian Paisley founds the Democratic Unionist Party in Northern Ireland. October 31 A bomb explodes at the top of the Post Office Tower in London. Meddle, the critically acclaimed album by progressive rock band Pink Floyd, is released. November Erin Pizzey establishes the world's first domestic violence shelter in Chiswick, London. November 3 – The UNIX Programmer's Manual is published. November 6 – Operation Grommet: The U.S. tests a thermonuclear warhead at Amchitka Island in Alaska, code-named Project Cannikin. At around 5 megatons, it is the largest ever U.S. underground detonation. November 8 – Led Zeppelin release their fourth studio album Led Zeppelin IV, which goes on to sell 23,000,000 copies in the United States. November 9 – A Royal Air Force C-130 crashes into the Ligurian Sea near Leghorn, Italy, killing all 51 people on board. November 10 – In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attack Phnom Penh and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least 30 and damaging 9 airplanes. November 12 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon sets February 1, 1972, as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. November 13 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 becomes the first spacecraft to enter Mars orbit successfully. November 14 – Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria is enthroned. November 15 Intel releases the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004. International Organization and System of Space Communications (Intersputnik) is founded (effective July 12, 1972). November 18 – Oman gains independence from the United Kingdom. November 20 – A bridge still in construction, called Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, falls over the Paulo de Frontin Avenue, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 48 people are killed and several injured. Reconstructed, the bridge is |
June 10 Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a United Nations-mediated cease-fire. The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Israel. Margrethe, heir apparent to the throne of Denmark, marries French count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat. June 11 – A race riot occurs in Tampa, Florida after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while he was allegedly robbing a camera store. The unrest lasts several days. June 12 Loving v. Virginia: The United States Supreme Court declares all U.S. state laws prohibiting interracial marriage to be unconstitutional. Venera program: Venera 4 is launched by the Soviet Union (the first space probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and successfully return data). June 13 – Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall is nominated as the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court. June 14 – Mariner program: Mariner 5 is launched toward Venus. June 14 – 15 – Glenn Gould records Prokofiev's Seventh Piano Sonata, Op. 83, in New York City (his only recording of a Prokofiev composition). June 16 – The Monterey Pop Festival begins and is held for 3 days. June 17 – The People's Republic of China tests its first hydrogen bomb. June 18 – Eighteen British soldiers are killed in the Aden police mutiny. June 23 – Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey, for the 3-day Glassboro Summit Conference. Johnson travels to Los Angeles for a dinner at the Century Plaza Hotel where earlier in the day thousands of war protesters clashed with L.A. police. June 25 – 400 million viewers watch Our World, the first live, international, satellite television production. It features the live debut of The Beatles' song "All You Need Is Love". June 26 Pope Paul VI ordains 27 new cardinals (one of whom is the future Pope John Paul II). The Buffalo Race Riot begins, lasting until July 1; leads to 200 arrests. June 27 – The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed, in the office of Barclays Bank in Enfield, England. June 28 – Israel declares the annexation of East Jerusalem. June 30 – Moise Tshombe, former President of Katanga and former prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is kidnapped to Algeria. July July 1 Canada celebrates its first one hundred years of Confederation. The EEC joins with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Community, to form the European Communities (from the 1980s usually known as European Community [EC]). Seaboard Air Line Railroad merges with Atlantic Coast Line Railroad to become Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, first step to today's CSX Transportation. The first UK colour television broadcasts begin on BBC2. The first one is from the Wimbledon tennis championships. A full colour service begins on BBC2 on December 2. American Samoa's first constitution becomes effective. July 3 – A military rebellion led by Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme begins in Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo. July 4 – The British Parliament decriminalizes homosexuality. July 5 – Troops of Belgian mercenary commander Jean Schramme revolt against Mobutu Sese Seko, and try to take control of Stanleyville, Congo. July 6 Nigerian Civil War: Nigerian forces invade the secessionist Biafra May 30. A level crossing collision between a train loaded with children and a tanker-truck near Magdeburg, East Germany kills 94 people, mostly children. July 7 – All You Need Is Love is released in the UK. July 10 Heavy massive rains and a landslide at Kobe and Kure, Hiroshima, Japan, kill at least 371. New Zealand decimalises its currency from pound to dollar at £1 to $2 ($1 = 10/-). July 12 The Greek military regime strips 480 Greeks of their citizenship. 1967 Newark riots: After the arrest of an African-American cab driver for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the road, race riots break out in Newark, New Jersey, lasting 5 days and leaving 26 dead. July 14 The Bee Gees release their first international album Bee Gees' 1st in the UK. Near Newark, New Jersey, the Plainfield, NJ, riots take place. July 16 – A prison riot in Jay, Florida leaves 37 dead. July 18 – The United Kingdom announces the closing of its military bases in Malaysia and Singapore. Australia and the U.S. disapprove. July 19 A race riot breaks out in the North Side of Minneapolis on Plymouth Street during the Minneapolis Aquatennial Parade; businesses are vandalized and fires break out in the area, although the disturbance is quelled within hours. However, the next day a shooting sets off another incident in the same area that leads to 18 fires, 36 arrests, 3 shootings, 2 dozen people injured, and damages totaling 4.2 million. Two more such incidents occur during the following two weeks. Eighty-two people are killed in a collision between Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 and a Cessna 310 near Hendersonville, North Carolina. July 20 – Chilean poet Pablo Neruda receives the first Viareggio-Versile prize. July 23 – 31 – 12th Street Riot: In Detroit, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city: 43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned. July 24 – During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: Vive le Québec libre! (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delights many Quebecers but angers the Canadian government and many English Canadians. July 29 An explosion and fire aboard the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier in the Gulf of Tonkin leaves 134 dead. Georges Bidault moves to Belgium where he receives political asylum. An earthquake in Caracas, Venezuela leaves 240 dead. July 30 – The 1967 Milwaukee race riots begin, lasting through August 3 and leading to a ten-day shutdown of the city from August 1. August August 1 - UAC TurboTrain maiden voyage. August 1 – Race riots in the United States spread to Washington, D.C.. August 2 - The movie, In the Heat of the Night, starring Sidney Poitier, is released and is later named the best picture of the year. August 2 – The Turkish football club Trabzonspor is established in Trabzon. August 5 – Pink Floyd releases their debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn in the United Kingdom. August 6 – A pulsar is noted by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The discovery is first recorded in print in 1968: "An entirely novel kind of star came to light on Aug. 6 last year [...]". The date of the discovery is not recorded. August 7 Vietnam War: The People's Republic of China agrees to give North Vietnam an undisclosed amount of aid in the form of a grant. A general strike in the old quarter of Jerusalem protests Israel's unification of the city. August 8 – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded in Bangkok, Thailand. August 9 – Vietnam War – Operation Cochise: United States Marines begin a new operation in the Que Son Valley. August 10 – Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme's troops take the Congolese border town of Bukavu. August 13 – The first line-up of Fleetwood Mac makes their live debut at the Windsor Jazz and Blues Festival. August 14 – Wonderful Radio London shuts down at 3:00 PM in anticipation of the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act. Many fans greet the staff upon their return to London that evening with placards reading "Freedom died with Radio London". August 15 – The United Kingdom Marine Broadcasting Offences Act declares participation in offshore pirate radio illegal. Radio Caroline defies the Act and continues broadcasting. August 19 – West Germany receives 36 East German prisoners it has "purchased" through the border posts of Herleshausen and Wartha. August 21 A truce is declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Two U.S. Navy jets stray into the airspace of the People's Republic of China following an attack on a target in North Vietnam and are shot down. Lt. Robert J. Flynn, the only survivor, is captured alive and will be held prisoner by China until 1973. August 24 – Pakistan's first steel mill is inaugurated in Chittagong, East Pakistan (Bangladesh). August 25 – American Nazi Party leader George Lincoln Rockwell is assassinated in Arlington, Virginia. August 27 The East Coast Wrestling Association is established. Beatles manager Brian Epstein is found dead in his locked bedroom. August 29 – The final episode of The Fugitive airs on ABC. The broadcast attracts 78 million viewers, one of the largest audiences for a single episode in U.S. television history. August 30 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is the first African American to hold the position. September September 1 The Khmer–Chinese Friendship Association is banned in Cambodia. Ilse Koch, known as the "Witch of Buchenwald", commits suicide in the Bavarian prison of Aichach. September 3 Nguyễn Văn Thiệu is elected President of South Vietnam. At 5:00 a.m. local time, all road traffic in Sweden switches from left-hand traffic pattern to right-hand traffic. September 4 – Vietnam War – Operation Swift: The United States Marines launch a search and destroy mission in Quảng Nam and Quảng Tín provinces. The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 North Vietnamese. September 5 – The television series The Prisoner has its world broadcast premiere on the CTV Television Network in Canada. September 10 – In a Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, only 44 voters out of 12,182 in the British Crown colony of Gibraltar support union with Spain. September 17 A riot during a football match in Kayseri, Turkey leaves 44 dead, about 600 injured. Jim Morrison and The Doors defy CBS censors on The Ed Sullivan Show, when Morrison sings the word "higher" from their #1 hit Light My Fire, despite having been asked not to. September 18 – Love Is a Many Splendored Thing debuts on U.S. daytime television and is the first soap opera to deal with an interracial relationship. CBS censors find it too controversial and ask for it to be stopped, causing show creator Irna Phillips to quit. September 27 – The arrives in Southampton at the end of her last transatlantic crossing. September 29 Tangerine Dream is founded by Edgar Froese in West-Berlin. The classic sci-fi TV series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons broadcasts on ITV. September 30 – In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio completely restructures its national programming: the Light Programme is split between new national pop station Radio 1 (modelled on the successful pirate station Radio London) and Radio 2; the cultural Third Programme is rebranded as Radio 3; and the primarily-talk Home Service becomes Radio 4. October October 1 - India gains victory in Nathu La and Cho La clashes. October 3 – An X-15 research aircraft with test pilot William J. Knight establishes an unofficial world fixed-wing speed record of Mach 6.7. October 4 Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The Shag Harbour UFO incident occurs. October 6 – Southern California's Pacific Ocean Park, known as the "Disneyland By The Sea", closes down. October 8 – Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia; they are executed the following day. October 12 Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk states during a news conference that, because of North Vietnam's opposition, proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives are futile. The Naked Ape, by Desmond Morris, is published. October 14 – Quebec Nationalism: René Lévesque leaves the Liberal Party. October 16 – Thirty-nine people, including singer-activist Joan Baez, are arrested in Oakland, California, for blocking the entrance of that city's military induction center. October 17 The musical Hair opens off-Broadway. It moves to Broadway the following April. Vietnam War: The Battle of Ong Thanh takes place. October 18 Vietnam War: Students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison protest over recruitment by Dow Chemical on the university campus; 76 are injured in the resulting riot. Walt Disney's 19th full-length animated feature The Jungle Book, the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, Charlie the Lonesome Cougar. The Venera 4 probe descends through the Venusian atmosphere. A total lunar eclipse occurred. October 19 – The Mariner 5 probe flies by Venus. October 20 – Patterson–Gimlin film: Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin's famous film of an unidentified animate cryptid, thought to be Bigfoot or Sasquatch, is recorded at Bluff Creek, California. October 21 Approximately 70,000 Vietnam War protesters march in Washington, D.C. and rally at the Lincoln Memorial; in a successive march that day, 50,000 people march to the Pentagon, where Allen Ginsberg, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin symbolically chant to "levitate" the building and "exorcise the evil within." An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer Eilat, killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal. October 23 – Charles de Gaulle becomes the first French Co-Prince of Andorra to visit his Andorran subjects. In addition to being President of France, de Gaulle is a joint ruler (along with Spain's Bishop of Urgel) of the tiny nation located in the mountains between France and Spain, pursuant to the 1278 agreement creating the nation. October 25 – The Abortion Act 1967 passes in the British Parliament and receives royal assent two days later. October 26 The coronation ceremony of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, ruler of the nation since 1941, takes place. U.S. Navy pilot John McCain is shot down over North Vietnam and taken prisoner. His capture is confirmed two days later, and he remains a prisoner of war for more than five years. October 27 French President Charles de Gaulle vetoes British entry into the European Economic Community for the second time in the decade. London criminal Jack McVitie is murdered by the Kray twins, a crime that eventually leads to their imprisonment and downfall. October 29 President Joseph Mobutu of the Democratic Republic of the Congo launches an offensive against mercenaries in Bukavu. Expo 67 closes in Montreal, after having attracted more than 50 million visitors in six months. October 30 – Hong Kong 1967 riots: British troops and Chinese demonstrators clash on the border of China and Hong Kong. November November – Islamabad officially becomes Pakistan's political capital, replacing Karachi. November 2 Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson holds a secret meeting with a group of the nation's most prestigious leaders ("the Wise Men") and asks them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They conclude that the American people should be given more optimistic reports on the progress of the war. A non-central total solar eclipse took place. November 3 – Vietnam War – Battle of Dak To: Around Đắk Tô (located about 280 miles north of Saigon near the Cambodian border), heavy casualties are suffered on both sides; U.S. troops narrowly win the battle on November 22. November 4 – 5 – In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, mercenaries of Jean Schramme and Jerry Puren withdraw from Bukavu, over the Shangugu Bridge, to Rwanda. November 6 – The Rhodesian parliament passes pro-Apartheid laws. November 7 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, establishing the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Carl B. Stokes is elected Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, becoming the first African American elected mayor of a major United States city. The 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution is celebrated in the Soviet Union. November 8 – The BBC's first local radio station (BBC Radio Leicester) is launched. November 9 – Apollo program: NASA launches the first Saturn V rocket, successfully carrying the Apollo 4 test spacecraft from Cape Kennedy into Earth orbit. November 11 – Vietnam War: In a ceremony in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 3 United States prisoners of war are released by the Viet Cong and turned over to American "New Left" antiwar activist Tom Hayden. November 14 – The Congress of Colombia, in commemoration of the 150-year anniversary of the death of Policarpa Salavarrieta, declares this day as the "Day of the Colombian Woman". November 15 General Georgios Grivas and his 10,000 strong Greek Army division are forced to leave Cyprus, after 24 Turkish Cypriot civilians are killed by the Greek Cypriot National Guard in the villages of Kophinou and Ayios Theodhoros; relations sour between Nicosia and Athens. Turkey flies sorties into Greek territory, and masses troops in Thrace on her border with Greece. Test pilot Michael Adams is killed when his X-15 rocket plane tumbles out of control during atmospheric re-entry and disintegrates. November 17 Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given on November 13, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson tells the nation that, while much remains to be done, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking ... We are making progress." (Two months later the Tet Offensive by the Viet Cong is widely reported as a Viet Cong victory by the U.S. press and thus as a major setback to the U.S.) French author Régis Debray is sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in Bolivia. (He will be released in 1970 after less than three years imprisonment.) November 18 – The UK pound is devalued from £1 = US$2.80 to £1 = US$2.40. November 19 – The establishment of TVB, the first wireless commercial television station in Hong Kong. November 20 – The "population clock" of the United States Census Bureau records the U.S. population at 200 million people at 11:03 a.m. Washington, D.C. time. November 21 – Vietnam War: United States General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing." November 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab–Israeli peace settlement. November 25 – 1967 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government led by Prime Minister Harold Holt lost two seats, while the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam failed to make any gains. The Democratic Labor Party won the two seats from the Liberals and gained the sole balance of power in the Senate. November 26 – Major floods hit Lisbon, Portugal, killing 462. November 27 – The Beatles release Magical Mystery Tour in the U.S. as a full album. The songs added to the original six songs on the double EP include "All You Need Is Love", "Penny Lane", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Baby, You're a Rich Man" and "Hello, Goodbye". Release as a double EP will not take place in the UK until December. November 28 – The first pulsar to be discovered by Earth observers is found in the constellation of Vulpecula by astronomers Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish, and is given the name PSR B1919+21. November 29 – Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announces his resignation to become president of the World Bank. McNamara's resignation follows U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's outright rejection of McNamara's early November recommendations to freeze troop levels, stop the bombing of North Vietnam, and hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam. November 30 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founds the Pakistan People's Party and becomes its first chairman. It has gone on to become one of Pakistan's major political parties (alongside the Pakistan Muslim League) that is broken into many factions, bearing the same name under different leaders, such as the Pakistan's Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP). The People's Republic of South Yemen becomes independent of the United Kingdom. Pro-Soviet communists in the Philippines establish Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataan Pilipino as its new youth wing. U.S. Senator Eugene McCarthy announces his candidacy for the Democratic Party presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson over the Vietnam War. December December 1 The Jimi Hendrix Experience releases Axis: Bold as Love. The RMS Queen Mary is retired. Her place is taken by the Queen Elizabeth 2. December 3 – Christiaan Barnard carries out the world's first heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. December 4 At 6:50 PM, a volcano erupts on Deception Island in Antarctica. Vietnam War: U.S. and South Vietnamese forces engage Viet Cong troops in the Mekong Delta (235 of the 300-strong Viet Cong battalion are killed). December 5 – In New York City, Benjamin Spock and Allen Ginsberg are arrested for protesting against the Vietnam War. December 6 – Vice President Jorge Pacheco Areco is sworn in as President of Uruguay after President Oscar Gestido dies in office. December 8 – Magical Mystery Tour is released by The Beatles as a double EP in the UK, while the only psychedelic rock album by The Rolling Stones, Their Satanic Majesties Request, is released in the UK and in the USA. December 9 Nicolae Ceaușescu becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council, making him the de facto leader of Romania. Jim Morrison is arrested on stage in New Haven, Connecticut for attempting to spark a riot in the audience during a concert. December 11 – Supersonic airliner Concorde is unveiled in Toulouse, France. December 12 – Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, one of the seminal race relations films of the 1960s, is released to theaters. December 13 – King Constantine II of Greece flees the country when his coup attempt fails. December 15 – The Silver Bridge over the Ohio River in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, collapses, killing 46 people. December 17 – Harold Holt, 17th Prime Minister of Australia, disappears when swimming at Cheviot Beach, 60 km from Melbourne. He was briefly replaced as Prime Minister by John McEwen, until the Liberal Party elected Minister for Education and Science John Gorton as leader. December 19 – Professor John Archibald Wheeler coined the astronomical term black hole. December 26 – The Beatles' film Magical Mystery Tour receives its world première on BBC Television in the UK. December 29 – Hyundai Motor founded in South Korea. December 31 The Green Bay Packers become the first team in the modern era to win their third consecutive NFL Championship. They defeat the Dallas Cowboys 21-17 in what becomes known as "The Ice Bowl". Motorcycle daredevil Evel Knievel attempts to jump 141 feet over the Caesars Palace Fountains on the Las Vegas Strip. Knievel crashes on landing and the accident is caught on film. Date unknown Warner Bros. becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Seven Arts Productions, thus becoming Warner Bros.-Seven Arts. The Jari project begins in the Amazon. Albania is officially declared an atheist state by its leader, Enver Hoxha. The University of Winnipeg is founded in Canada. Lonsdaleite (the rarest allotrope of carbon) is first discovered in the Barringer Crater, Arizona. St Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built secular hospice specialising in palliative care of the terminally ill, is established in South London by Dame Cicely Saunders with the support of Albertine Winner. PAL is first introduced in Germany. Gunsmoke, after 12 seasons and with declining ratings, almost gets cancelled, but protests from viewers, network affiliates and even members of Congress and especially William S. Paley, the head of the network, lead the network to move the series from its longtime late Saturday time slot to early Mondays for the fall—displacing Gilligan's Island, which initially had been renewed for a fourth season but is cancelled instead. Gunsmoke would remain on CBS until 1975. Lech Wałęsa goes to work in Gdańsk shipyards. The Greek military junta exiles Melina Mercouri. Parker Morris Standards become mandatory for all housing built in new towns in the United Kingdom. Sabon typeface, designed by Jan Tschichold, introduced. Gabriel García Márquez's influential novel One Hundred Years of Solitude is published (in Spanish). The first edition of the book, A Short History of Pakistan, is published by Karachi University, Pakistan. Fernand Braudel begins publication of Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme, XVe-XVIIIe siècle. The National Hockey League adds six more teams, doubling its size. The teams are the St. Louis Blues, Oakland Seals, Minnesota North Stars, Los Angeles Kings, Philadelphia Flyers, and Pittsburgh Penguins. Births January January 1 Sunny Chan, Hong Kong actor Derrick Thomas, American football player (d. 2000) January 2 Marcelo Costa de Andrade, Brazilian serial killer Tia Carrere, American actress Jón Gnarr, Icelandic comedian and politician Gary Larson, Australian rugby league player Francois Pienaar, South African rugby union player and coach January 4 – Marina Orsini, Canadian actress January 6 - A. R. Rahman, Indian composer, singer, and music producer January 7 David Berman, American musician (Silver Jews), singer, poet, and cartoonist (d. 2019) Nick Clegg, British politician Irrfan Khan, Indian actor (d. 2020) Mark Lamarr, British comedian, TV and radio presenter Ricky Stuart, Australian rugby league player and coach January 8 Małgorzata Foremniak, Polish actress R. Kelly, American R&B singer, songwriter, and convicted sex offender January 9 Dale Gordon, English footballer Dave Matthews, South African–born American musician January 11 – Michael Healy-Rae, Irish politician January 12 – Vendela Kirsebom, Norwegian supermodel January 13 Matjaž Cvikl, Slovenian footballer (d. 1999) Suzanne Cryer, American actress January 14 Kerri Green, American actress and film director Leo Ortolani, Italian comic book author Emily Watson, English actress January 15 – Lisa Lisa, American actress and singer January 16 – Andrea James, American producer and author January 17 – Song Kang-ho, Korean actor January 18 Kim Perrot, American basketball player (d. 1999) Iván Zamorano, Chilean footballer January 19 – Christine Tucci, American actress January 20 Wigald Boning, German actor, singer, writer and television presenter Kellyanne Conway, American pollster, political consultant, and pundit Aderonke Apata, advocate for LGBT equality, lesbian, human rights activist, feminist, and former asylum seeker. January 21 – Artashes Minasian, Armenian chess grandmaster January 23 Magdalena Andersson, 34th Prime Minister of Sweden Belkis Ayón, Cuban printmaker (d. 1999) Mohammad Daud Miraki, Afghan politician and activist Naim Süleymanoğlu, Turkish weightlifter (d. 2017) January 24 Phil LaMarr, American actor, voice actor, comedian, and writer John Myung, American musician January 25 Nozomu Sasaki, Japanese voice actor Voltaire, Cuban singer January 28 – Bongani Mayosi, South African cardiology professor (d. 2018) January 29 – Khalid Skah, Moroccan long-distance runner January 31 Randy Bernard, former CEO of Professional Bull Riders and IndyCar, current co-manager of Garth Brooks Fat Mike, American musician and producer Roberto Palazuelos, Mexican actor Joey Wong, Taiwanese actress February February 1 – Meg Cabot, American teen author February 2 Doc Hammer, American actor and voice artist Jenny Lumet, American actress Frederick Pitcher, Nauruan politician February 4 – Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1995) February 5 – Chris Parnell, American actor, voice artist, comedian, and singer February 6 – Izumi Sakai, Japanese singer (Zard) (d. 2007) February 7 – Cheung Man, Hong Kong actress February 9 Todd Pratt, American baseball player Dan Shulman, Canadian sports announcer February 10 Laura Dern, American actress Ivan Francescato, Italian rugby union player (d. 1999) Vince Gilligan, American writer, director and producer Armand Serrano, Filipino animator Maria Rosa Candido, Italian short track speed skater (d. 1993) February 11 Hank Gathers, American college basketball player (d. 1990) Paul McLoone, Irish radio presenter, voice actor, former radio producer and frontman with The Undertones February 12 Sophie Fiennes, English film director and producer Chitravina N. Ravikiran, Indian composer and musician February 13 – Carolyn Lawrence, American actress and voice actress February 14 Mark Rutte, Dutch politician, 50th Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2010. Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, British-Greek entrepreneur February 15 Dan Farr, American entrepreneur, Founder of Salt Lake Comic Con Trond Egil Soltvedt, Norwegian footballer February 18 Marco Aurélio, Brazilian footballer Roberto Baggio, Italian football player Colin Jackson, British former sprint and hurdling athlete John Valentin, American baseball player February 19 - Benicio del Toro, Puerto Rican-American actor February 20 Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (d. 1994) David Herman, American actor Andrew Shue, American actor and activist Kath Soucie, American voice actress Lili Taylor, American actress February 22 Bentley Mitchum, American actor Paul Lieberstein, American screenwriter and actor February 25 – Oleg Babak, Soviet army officer (d. 1991) February 26 Currie Graham, Canadian actor Kazuyoshi Miura, Japanese footballer February 27 – Jonathan Ive, British industrial designer (Apple Inc.) February 28 – Laurence Treil, French model and actress March March 1 Michael Mronz, German sports and events manager George Eads, American actor Rosyam Nor, Malaysian actor March 3 Alexander Volkov, Russian tennis player (d. 2019) Hans Teeuwen, Dutch comedian March 4 Daryll Cullinan, South African cricketer Tim Vine, English comedian and actor March 6 Connie Britton, American actress Glenn Greenwald, American journalist and author Mihai Tudose, Prime Minister of Romania March 7 – Jean-Pierre Barda, Swedish singer (Army of Lovers) March 9 – Nikolas Vogel, German actor and news camera operator (d. 1991) March 11 John Barrowman, Scottish-American actor and singer Cynthia Klitbo, Mexican actress George Gray, American comedian and game show announcer March 12 – Massimiliano Frezzato, Italian comic writer March 13 – Andrés Escobar, Colombian football player (d. 1994) March 14 – Tomáš Cihlář, Czech chemist and virologist March 15 Naoko Takeuchi, Japanese artist Pierre Coffin, French film director and voice actor (Despicable Me, Minions) March 16 Lauren Graham, American actress and singer John Mangum, American professional football player March 17 – Billy Corgan, American musician and songwriter March 18 Taiten Kusunoki, Japanese actor and voice artist Andre Rison, American pro football player March 21 – Jonas Berggren, Swedish musician March 22 – Mario Cipollini, Italian cyclist March 25 Matthew Barney, American sculptor, photographer and filmmaker Debi Thomas, American figure skater March 27 Kenta Kobashi, Japanese professional wrestler Talisa Soto, American actress March 30 Albert-László Barabási, Romanian-born Hungarian-American physicist Christopher Bowman, American figure skater (d. 2008) Megumi Hayashibara, Japanese actress and voice actress April April 2 – Renée Estevez, American actress and writer April 4 – Xenia Seeberg, German actress April 5 Anu Garg, Indian-American writer and speaker Troy Gentry, American country musician (Montgomery Gentry) (d. 2017) April 6 Kathleen Barr, Canadian voice actress Jonathan Firth, English actor Mika Koivuniemi, Finnish ten-pin bowler April 9 Sam Harris, American neuroscientist and political podcast host Alex Kahn, American artist April 11 – Liina Olmaru, Estonian actress April 14 Steve Chiasson, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1999) Jeff Jarrett, American professional wrestler April 15 Frankie Poullain, British rock bassist Dara Torres, American swimmer April 17 Henry Ian Cusick, Scottish-Peruvian actor and director Kimberly Elise, African-American actress Marquis Grissom, American baseball player Liz Phair, American musician April 18 – Maria Bello, American actress April 20 Mike Portnoy, American musician Lara Jill Miller, American actress Raymond van Barneveld, Dutch darts player April 22 Sheryl Lee, American actress Sherri Shepherd, American comedian and TV show host April 23 Melina Kanakaredes, American actress Eleonora De Angelis, Italian voice actress April 24 Dino Rađa, Croatian basketball player Shannon Larkin, American drummer April 26 Glenn Jacobs (a.k.a. "Kane"), American professional wrestler Marianne Jean-Baptiste, English actress, singer-songwriter, composer and director April 27 Simcha Barbiro, Israeli actor and voice actor Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, King of the Netherlands Aki Avni, Israeli actor April 28 – Kevin Jubinville, Canadian actor April 29 Curtis Joseph, Canadian hockey player Igor Meda, former Russian professional footballer Rachel Williams, American model, actress and television presenter April 30 Philipp Kirkorov, Soviet-Russian pop singer, actor and producer Steven Mackintosh, English actor May May 1 Scott Coffey, American actor and director Kenny Hotz, Canadian entertainer Tim McGraw, American country singer May 4 Ana Gasteyer, American actress Akiko Yajima, Japanese voice actress May 5 Takehito Koyasu, Japanese voice actor Bill Ward, English actor May 8 – Angus Scott, British sports television presenter May 10 – Nobuhiro Takeda, Japanese footballer and sportscaster May 11 – Géza Röhrig, Hungarian actor and poet May 12 Brent Forrester, American writer and producer Bill Shorten, Australian politician May 13 Chuck Schuldiner, American singer and guitarist (d. 2001) Melanie Thornton, American singer (La Bouche) (d. 2001) May 14 – Tony Siragusa, American football player May 15 Madhuri Dixit, Indian actress John Smoltz, American baseball player Ernesto Araújo, Brazil's former Minister of Foreign Affairs May 17 – Greg Florimo, Australian rugby league player and administrator May 19 – Geraldine Somerville, Irish actress May 20 – Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece May 21 – Chris Benoit, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2007) May 22 – Brooke Smith, American actress May 24 Andrey Borodin, Russian banker Eric Close, American actor Heavy D, Jamaican-born American rapper, singer, record producer, and actor (d. 2011) Bruno Putzulu, French actor May 25 Poppy Z. Brite, American author Andrew Sznajder, Canadian tennis player May 26 Stacy Compton, American racing driver Eddie McClintock, American actor Kristen Pfaff, American bassist (d. 1994) | the draft, confront Gen. Lewis Hershey, then head of the U.S. Selective Service System, and as he attempts to deliver an address, shout him down with cries of "America is the Black man's battleground!" Charles Manson is released from Terminal Island. Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested permission to stay. Upon his release, he relocates to San Francisco where he spends the Summer of Love. March 26 In New York City, 10,000 gather for the Central Park be-in. Jim Thompson, co-founder of the Thai Silk Company, disappears from the Cameron Highlands. March 28 – Pope Paul VI issues the encyclical Populorum progressio. March 29 A 13-day TV strike begins in the United States. The first French nuclear submarine, Le Redoutable, is launched. The SEACOM Asian telephone cable is inaugurated. Torrey Canyon oil spill: British Fleet Air Arm and Royal Air Force aircraft bomb and sink the grounded supertanker . March 31 – U.S. President Lyndon Johnson signs the Consular Treaty. April April 1 – A new South Vietnamese constitution is adopted. April 2 – A United Nations delegation arrives in Aden as its independence approaches. The delegation leaves April 7, accusing British authorities of lack of cooperation. The British say the delegation did not contact them. April 4 – Martin Luther King Jr. denounces the Vietnam War during his sermon at the Riverside Church in New York City. April 6 – Georges Pompidou begins to form the next French government. April 7 – Six-Day War (approach): Israeli fighters shoot down 7 Syrian MIG-21s. April 8 – Puppet on a String by Sandie Shaw (music and lyrics by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1967 for the United Kingdom. April 9 – The first Boeing 737 (a 100 series) takes its maiden flight. April 10 The AFTRA strike is settled just in time for the 39th Academy Awards ceremony to be held, hosted by Bob Hope. Best Picture goes to A Man for All Seasons. Oral arguments begin in the landmark Supreme Court of the United States case Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), challenging the State of Virginia's statutory scheme to prevent marriages between persons solely on the basis of racial classifications. April 12 – The Ahmanson Theatre opens in Los Angeles. April 13 – Conservatives win the Greater London Council elections. April 14 – In San Francisco, 10,000 march against the Vietnam War. April 15 Large demonstrations are held against the Vietnam War in New York City and San Francisco. The march, organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, from Central Park to the United Nations drew hundreds of thousands of people, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, who marched and spoke at the event. A simultaneous march in San Francisco was attended by Coretta Scott King. Scotland defeats England 3–2 at Wembley Stadium, with goals from Law, Lennox and McCalligog, in the British Championships. This is England's first defeat since they won the World Cup, and ends a 19-game unbeaten run. April 20 The Surveyor 3 probe lands on the Moon. A Globe Air Bristol Britannia turboprop crashes at Nicosia, Cyprus, killing 126 people. April 21 Greece suffers a military coup by a group of military officers, who establish a military dictatorship led by Georgios Papadopoulos; future-Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou remains a political prisoner to December 25. The dictatorship ends in 1974. An outbreak of tornadoes strikes the upper Midwest section of the United States (in particular the Chicago area, including the suburbs of Belvidere and Oak Lawn, Illinois where 33 people are killed and 500 injured). April 23 – A group of young leftist radicals are expelled from the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN). This group goes on to found the Socialist Workers Party (POS). April 24 Soyuz 1: Vladimir Komarov becomes the first Soviet cosmonaut to die, when the parachute of his space capsule fails during re-entry. In the NBA, the Philadelphia 76ers defeat the San Francisco Warriors 125–122 in game six to win the title. Some say this team is arguably the greatest of all time. A total lunar eclipse took place. April 27 – Montreal, Quebec, Expo 67, a World's Fair to coincide with the Canadian Confederation centennial, officially opens with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson igniting the Expo Flame in the Place des Nations. April 28 In Houston, Texas, boxer Muhammad Ali refuses military service. He is stripped of his boxing title and barred from professional boxing for the next three years. Expo 67 opens to the public, with over 310,000 people attending. Al Carter from Chicago is the first visitor as noted by Expo officials. The U.S. aerospace manufacturer McDonnell Douglas is formed through a merger of McDonnell Aircraft and Douglas Aircraft (it becomes part of The Boeing Company three decades later). April 29 – Fidel Castro announces that all intellectual property belongs to the people and that Cuba intends to translate and publish technical literature without compensation. April 30 – Moscow's 537 m tall TV tower is finished. May May 1 Elvis Presley and Priscilla Beaulieu are married in Las Vegas. GO Transit, Canada's first interregional public transit system, is established. May 2 The Toronto Maple Leafs win the Stanley Cup. It is their last Stanley Cup and last finals appearance to date. It will turn out to be the last game in the Original Six era. Six more teams will be added in the fall. Harold Wilson announces that the United Kingdom has decided to apply for EEC membership. May 4 – Lunar Orbiter 4 is launched by the United States. May 6 Dr. Zakir Hussain is the first Muslim to become president of India. Four hundred students seize the administration building at Cheyney State College, now Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, the oldest institute for higher education for African Americans. Hong Kong 1967 riots: Clashes between striking workers and police kill 51 and injure 800. May 8 – The Philippine province of Davao is split into three: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental. May 9 - Took place a partial solar eclipse. May 10 – The Greek military government accuses Andreas Papandreou of treason. May 11 – The United Kingdom and Ireland apply officially for European Economic Community membership. May 12 – The Jimi Hendrix Experience release their debut album, Are You Experienced. May 15 – The Waiting period leading up to the Six-Day War begins. May 17 Syria mobilizes against Israel. President Gamal Abdal Nasser of Egypt demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping UN Emergency Force in the Sinai. U.N. Secretary-General U Thant complies (May 18). May 18 Tennessee Governor Ellington repeals the "Monkey Law" (officially the Butler Act; see the Scopes Trial). In Mexico, schoolteacher Lucio Cabañas begins guerrilla warfare in Atoyac de Alvarez, west of Acapulco, in the state of Guerrero. NASA announces the crew for the Apollo 7 space mission (the first in the Apollo series with a crew): Wally Schirra, Donn F. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham. May 19 — Yuri Andropov becomes KGB chief in the Soviet Union. May 20 — The Spring Mobilization Conference, a gathering of 700 antiwar activists is held in Washington D.C. to chart the future moves for the U.S. antiwar movement May 22 – The Innovation department store in the centre of Brussels, Belgium, burns down. It is the most devastating fire in Belgian history, resulting in 323 dead and missing and 150 injured. May 23 A significant worldwide geomagnetic flare unfolded. Radio emissions coming from the Sun jammed military surveillance radars. Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, blockading Israel's southern port of Eilat, and Israel's entire Red Sea coastline. May 25 Celtic F.C. becomes the first Northern European football club to win the European Cup (now Champions League). May 26 – The Beatles release Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, nicknamed "The Soundtrack of the Summer of Love"; it will be number one on the albums charts throughout the summer of 1967. May 27 Naxalite Guerrilla War: Beginning with a peasant uprising in the town of Naxalbari, this Marxist/Maoist rebellion sputters on in the Indian countryside. The guerrillas operate among the impoverished peasants, fighting both the government security forces and private paramilitary groups funded by wealthy landowners. Most fighting takes place in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The Australian referendum, 1967 passes with an overwhelming 90% support, removing, from the Australian Constitution, 2 discriminatory sentences referring to Indigenous Australians. It signifies Australia's first step in recognising Indigenous rights. The folk rock band Fairport Convention plays their first gig in Golders Green, North London. May 30 – Biafra, in eastern Nigeria, announces its independence, which is not recognized. June June 2 Protests in West Berlin against the arrival of the Shah of Iran turn into fights, during which 27-year-old student Benno Ohnesorg is killed by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the terrorist group 2 June Movement. Luis Monge is executed in Colorado's gas chamber, in the last pre-Furman execution in the United States. June 4 – Stockport air disaster: British Midland flight G-ALHG crashes in Hopes Carr, Stockport, killing 72 passengers and crew. June 5 Moshe Dayan becomes Israel's Minister of Defense. Six-Day War begins: Israel launches Operation Focus, an attack on Egyptian Air Force airfields; the allied armies of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan invade Israel. Battle of Ammunition Hill, start of the Jordanian campaign Murderer Richard Speck is sentenced to death in the electric chair for killing 8 student nurses in Chicago. June 7 East Jerusalem is captured in a battle conducted by Israeli forces, without the use of artillery, in order to avoid damage to the Holy City. Two members of the American rock group Moby Grape are arrested for contributing to the delinquency of minors. June 8 USS Liberty incident: A U.S. Navy ship is attacked by Israeli forces, apparently in error, killing 34 crew. Egypt severed diplomatic relations with the United States June 10 Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a United Nations-mediated cease-fire. The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Israel. Margrethe, heir apparent to the throne of Denmark, marries French count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat. June 11 – A race riot occurs in Tampa, Florida after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while he was allegedly robbing a camera store. The unrest lasts several days. June 12 Loving v. Virginia: The United States Supreme Court declares all U.S. state laws prohibiting interracial marriage to be unconstitutional. Venera program: Venera 4 is launched by the Soviet Union (the first space probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and successfully return data). June 13 – Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall is nominated as the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court. June 14 – Mariner program: Mariner 5 is launched toward Venus. June 14 – 15 – Glenn Gould records Prokofiev's Seventh Piano Sonata, Op. 83, in New York City (his only recording of a Prokofiev composition). June 16 – The Monterey Pop Festival begins and is held for 3 days. June 17 – The People's Republic of China tests its first hydrogen bomb. June 18 – Eighteen British soldiers are killed in the Aden police mutiny. June 23 – Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey, for the 3-day Glassboro Summit Conference. Johnson travels to Los Angeles for a dinner at the Century Plaza Hotel where earlier in the day thousands of war protesters clashed with L.A. police. June 25 – 400 million viewers watch Our World, the first live, international, satellite television production. It features the live debut of The Beatles' song "All You Need Is Love". June 26 Pope Paul VI ordains 27 new cardinals (one of whom is the future Pope John Paul II). The Buffalo Race Riot begins, lasting until July 1; leads to 200 arrests. June 27 – The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed, in the office of Barclays Bank in Enfield, England. June 28 – Israel declares the annexation of East Jerusalem. June 30 – Moise Tshombe, former President of Katanga and former prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is kidnapped to Algeria. July July 1 Canada celebrates its first one hundred years of Confederation. The EEC joins with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Community, to form the European Communities (from the 1980s usually known as European Community [EC]). Seaboard Air Line Railroad merges with Atlantic Coast Line Railroad to become Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, first step to today's CSX Transportation. The first UK colour television broadcasts begin on BBC2. The first one is from the Wimbledon tennis championships. A full colour service begins on BBC2 on December 2. American Samoa's first constitution becomes effective. July 3 – A military rebellion led by Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme begins in Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo. July 4 – The British Parliament decriminalizes homosexuality. July 5 – Troops of Belgian mercenary commander Jean Schramme revolt against Mobutu Sese Seko, and try to take control of Stanleyville, Congo. July 6 Nigerian Civil War: Nigerian forces invade the secessionist Biafra May 30. A level crossing collision between a train loaded with children and a tanker-truck near Magdeburg, East Germany kills 94 people, mostly children. July 7 – All You Need Is Love is released in the UK. July 10 Heavy massive rains and a landslide at Kobe and Kure, Hiroshima, Japan, kill at least 371. New Zealand decimalises its currency from pound to dollar at £1 to $2 ($1 = 10/-). July 12 The Greek military regime strips 480 Greeks of their citizenship. 1967 Newark riots: After the arrest of an African-American cab driver for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the road, race riots break out in Newark, New Jersey, lasting 5 days and leaving 26 dead. July 14 The Bee Gees release their first international album Bee Gees' 1st in the UK. Near Newark, New Jersey, the Plainfield, NJ, riots take place. July 16 – A prison riot in Jay, Florida leaves 37 dead. July 18 – The United Kingdom announces the closing of its military bases in Malaysia and Singapore. Australia and the U.S. disapprove. July 19 A race riot breaks out in the North Side of Minneapolis on Plymouth Street during the Minneapolis Aquatennial Parade; businesses are vandalized and fires break out in the area, although the disturbance is quelled within hours. However, the next day a shooting sets off another incident in the same area that leads to 18 fires, 36 arrests, 3 shootings, 2 dozen people injured, and damages totaling 4.2 million. Two more such incidents occur during the following two weeks. Eighty-two people are killed in a collision between Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 and a Cessna 310 near Hendersonville, North Carolina. July 20 – Chilean poet Pablo Neruda receives the first Viareggio-Versile prize. July 23 – 31 – 12th Street Riot: In Detroit, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city: 43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned. July 24 – During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: Vive le Québec libre! (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delights many Quebecers but angers the Canadian government and many English Canadians. July 29 An explosion and fire aboard the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier in the Gulf of Tonkin leaves 134 dead. Georges Bidault moves to Belgium where he receives political asylum. An earthquake in Caracas, Venezuela leaves 240 dead. July 30 – The 1967 Milwaukee race riots begin, lasting through August 3 and leading to a ten-day shutdown of the city from August 1. August August 1 - UAC TurboTrain maiden voyage. August 1 – Race riots in the United States spread to Washington, D.C.. August 2 - The movie, In the Heat of the Night, starring Sidney Poitier, is released and is later named the best picture of the year. August 2 – The Turkish football club Trabzonspor is established in Trabzon. August 5 – Pink Floyd releases their debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn in the United Kingdom. August 6 – A pulsar is noted by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The discovery is first recorded in print in 1968: "An entirely novel kind of star came to light on Aug. 6 last year [...]". The date of the discovery is not recorded. August 7 Vietnam War: The People's Republic of China agrees to give North Vietnam an undisclosed amount of aid in the form of a grant. A general strike in the old quarter of Jerusalem protests Israel's unification of the city. August 8 – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded in Bangkok, Thailand. August 9 – Vietnam War – Operation Cochise: United States Marines begin a new operation in the Que Son Valley. August 10 – Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme's troops take the Congolese border town of Bukavu. August 13 – The first line-up of Fleetwood Mac makes their live debut at the Windsor Jazz and Blues Festival. August 14 – Wonderful Radio London shuts down at 3:00 PM in anticipation of the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act. Many fans greet the staff upon their return to London that evening with placards reading "Freedom died with Radio London". August 15 – The United Kingdom Marine Broadcasting Offences Act declares participation in offshore pirate radio illegal. Radio Caroline defies the Act and continues broadcasting. August 19 – West Germany receives 36 East German prisoners it has "purchased" through the border posts of Herleshausen and Wartha. August 21 A truce is declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Two U.S. Navy jets stray into the airspace of the People's Republic of China following an attack on a target in North Vietnam and are shot down. Lt. Robert J. Flynn, the only survivor, is captured alive and will be held prisoner by China until 1973. August 24 – Pakistan's first steel mill is inaugurated in Chittagong, East Pakistan (Bangladesh). August 25 – American Nazi Party leader George Lincoln Rockwell is assassinated in Arlington, Virginia. August 27 The East Coast Wrestling Association is established. Beatles manager Brian Epstein is found dead in his locked bedroom. August 29 – The final episode of The Fugitive airs on ABC. The broadcast attracts 78 million viewers, one of the largest audiences for a single episode in U.S. television history. August 30 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is the first African American to hold the position. September September 1 The Khmer–Chinese Friendship Association is banned in Cambodia. Ilse Koch, known as the "Witch of Buchenwald", commits suicide in the Bavarian prison of Aichach. September 3 Nguyễn Văn Thiệu is elected President of South Vietnam. At 5:00 a.m. local time, all road traffic in Sweden switches from left-hand traffic pattern to right-hand traffic. September 4 – Vietnam War – Operation Swift: The United States Marines launch a search and destroy mission in Quảng Nam and Quảng Tín provinces. The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 North Vietnamese. September 5 – The television series The Prisoner has its world broadcast premiere on the CTV Television Network in Canada. September 10 – In a Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, only 44 voters out of 12,182 in the British Crown colony of Gibraltar support union with Spain. September 17 A riot during a football match in Kayseri, Turkey leaves 44 dead, about 600 injured. Jim Morrison and The Doors defy CBS censors on The Ed Sullivan Show, when Morrison sings the word "higher" from their #1 hit Light My Fire, despite having been asked not to. September 18 – Love Is a Many Splendored Thing debuts on U.S. daytime television and is the first soap opera to deal with an interracial relationship. CBS censors find it too controversial and ask for it to be stopped, causing show creator Irna Phillips to quit. September 27 – The arrives in Southampton at the end of her last transatlantic crossing. September 29 Tangerine Dream is founded by Edgar Froese in West-Berlin. The classic sci-fi TV series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons broadcasts on ITV. September 30 – In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio completely restructures its national programming: the Light Programme is split between new national pop station Radio 1 (modelled on the successful pirate station Radio London) and Radio 2; the cultural Third Programme is rebranded as Radio 3; and the primarily-talk Home Service becomes Radio 4. October October 1 - India gains victory in Nathu La and Cho La clashes. October 3 – An X-15 research aircraft with test pilot William J. Knight establishes an unofficial world fixed-wing speed record of Mach 6.7. October 4 Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The Shag Harbour UFO incident occurs. October 6 – Southern California's Pacific Ocean Park, known as the "Disneyland By The Sea", closes down. October 8 – Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia; they are executed the following day. October 12 Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk states during a news conference that, because of North Vietnam's opposition, proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives are futile. The Naked Ape, by Desmond Morris, is published. October 14 – Quebec Nationalism: René Lévesque leaves the Liberal Party. October 16 – Thirty-nine people, including singer-activist Joan Baez, are arrested in Oakland, California, for blocking the entrance of that city's military induction center. October 17 The musical Hair opens off-Broadway. It moves to Broadway the following April. Vietnam War: The Battle of Ong Thanh takes place. October 18 Vietnam War: Students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison protest over recruitment by Dow Chemical on the university campus; 76 are injured in the resulting riot. Walt Disney's 19th full-length animated feature The Jungle Book, the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, Charlie the Lonesome Cougar. The Venera 4 probe descends through the Venusian atmosphere. A total lunar eclipse occurred. October 19 – The Mariner 5 probe flies by Venus. October 20 – Patterson–Gimlin film: Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin's famous film of an unidentified animate cryptid, thought to be Bigfoot or Sasquatch, is recorded at Bluff Creek, California. October 21 Approximately 70,000 Vietnam War protesters march in Washington, D.C. and rally at the Lincoln Memorial; in a successive march that day, 50,000 people march to the Pentagon, where Allen Ginsberg, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin symbolically chant to "levitate" the building and "exorcise the evil within." An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer Eilat, killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal. October 23 – Charles de Gaulle becomes the first French Co-Prince of Andorra to visit his Andorran subjects. In addition to being President of France, de Gaulle is a joint ruler (along with Spain's Bishop of Urgel) of the tiny nation located in the mountains between France and Spain, pursuant to the 1278 agreement creating the nation. October 25 – The Abortion Act 1967 passes in the British Parliament and receives royal assent two days later. October 26 The coronation ceremony of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, ruler of the nation since 1941, takes place. U.S. Navy pilot John McCain is shot down over North Vietnam and taken prisoner. His capture is confirmed two days later, and he remains a prisoner of war for more than five years. October 27 French President Charles de Gaulle vetoes British entry into the European Economic Community for the second time in the decade. London criminal Jack McVitie is murdered by the Kray twins, a crime that eventually leads to their imprisonment and downfall. October 29 President Joseph Mobutu of the Democratic Republic of the Congo launches an offensive against mercenaries in Bukavu. Expo 67 closes in Montreal, after having attracted more than 50 million visitors in six months. October 30 – Hong Kong 1967 riots: British troops and Chinese demonstrators clash on the border of China and Hong Kong. November November – Islamabad officially becomes Pakistan's political capital, replacing Karachi. November 2 Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson holds a secret meeting with a group of the nation's most prestigious leaders ("the Wise Men") and asks them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They conclude that the American people should be given more optimistic reports on the progress of the war. A non-central total solar eclipse took place. November 3 – Vietnam War – Battle of Dak To: Around Đắk Tô (located about 280 miles north of Saigon near the Cambodian border), heavy casualties are suffered on both sides; U.S. troops narrowly win the battle on November 22. November 4 – 5 – In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, mercenaries of Jean Schramme and Jerry Puren withdraw from Bukavu, over the Shangugu Bridge, to Rwanda. November 6 – The Rhodesian parliament passes pro-Apartheid laws. November 7 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, establishing the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Carl B. Stokes is elected Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, becoming the first African American elected mayor of a major United States city. The 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution is celebrated in the Soviet Union. November 8 – The BBC's first local radio station (BBC Radio Leicester) is launched. November 9 – Apollo program: NASA launches the first Saturn V rocket, successfully carrying the Apollo 4 test spacecraft from Cape Kennedy into Earth orbit. November 11 – Vietnam War: In |
recognition of the Armenian genocide. The bodies of Portuguese opposition politician Humberto Delgado and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos are found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain (they were killed February 12). In the Dominican Republic, officers and civilians loyal to deposed President Juan Bosch mutiny against the right-wing junta running the country, setting up a provisional government. Forces loyal to the deposed military-imposed government stage a countercoup the next day, and civil war breaks out, although the new government retains its hold on power. April 25 – Sixteen-year-old sniper Michael Clark kills 3 and wounds others, shooting at cars from a hilltop along Highway 101 just south of Orcutt, California. Clark kills himself as police rush the hilltop. April 26 – Rede Globo is founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. April 28 U.S. troops occupy the Dominican Republic. Vietnam War: Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies announces that the country will substantially increase its number of troops in South Vietnam, supposedly at the request of the Saigon government (it is later revealed that Menzies had asked the leadership in Saigon to send the request at the behest of the Americans). April 29 – Australia announces that it is sending an infantry battalion to support the South Vietnam government. May May 1 Bob Askin replaces Jack Renshaw as Premier of New South Wales. The Battle of Dong-Yin occurs as a conflict between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China. Liverpool wins the FA Cup Final, beating Leeds Utd 2–1. May 5 – Forty men burn their draft cards at the University of California, Berkeley, and a coffin is marched to the Berkeley Draft Board. May 6 – A tornado outbreak near the Twin Cities in Minnesota kills 13 and injures 683. May 7 – The U.S. Steel freighter collides with the SS Topdalsfjord and sinks near the Mackinac Bridge, killing 25. 10 are rescued from the Cedarville, the 3rd largest lake ship to sink after its sister the , and the . May 9 – Pianist Vladimir Horowitz returns to the stage after a 12-year absence, performing a legendary concert in Carnegie Hall in New York. May 12 West Germany and Israel establish diplomatic relations. The Italian liner enters service. May 22 – The first skateboarding championship is held. May 25 – Muhammad Ali knocks out Sonny Liston in the first round of their championship rematch with the "Phantom Punch" at the Central Maine Civic Center in Lewiston. May 27 – Internazionale beats Benfica 1–0 at the San Siro, Milan and wins the 1964-65 European Cup in Association football. May 29 – A mining accident in Dhanbad, India kills 274. May 31 – Scottish racing driver Jim Clark wins the Indianapolis 500, later this year winning the Formula One world driving championship. June June 1 Florida International University is founded in Miami. A coal mine explosion in Fukuoka, Japan, kills 237. June 2 – Vietnam War: The first contingent of Australian combat troops arrives in South Vietnam. June 3 – Gemini 4: Astronaut Ed White makes the first U.S. space walk. June 7 – Kakanj mine disaster: A mining accident in Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina, results in 128 deaths. June 10 – Vietnam War – Battle of Dong Xoai: About 1,500 Viet Cong mount a mortar attack on Đồng Xoài, overrunning its military headquarters and the adjoining militia compound. June 16 – A planned anti-Vietnam War protest at The Pentagon becomes a teach-in, with demonstrators distributing 50,000 leaflets in and around the building. June 19 Houari Boumediene's Revolutionary Council ousts Ahmed Ben Bella, in a bloodless coup in Algeria. Air Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky, head of the South Vietnamese Air Force, was appointed prime minister at the head of military junta, with General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu becoming a figurehead president, ending two years of short-lived military juntas. June 20 – Police in Algiers break up demonstrations by people who have taken to the streets chanting slogans in support of deposed President Ahmed Ben Bella. June 22 – The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea is signed in Tokyo. June 25 – A U.S. Air Force Boeing C-135 Stratolifter bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff at MCAS El Toro in Orange County, California, killing all 85 on board. July July – The Commonwealth secretariat is created. July 14 – U.S. spacecraft Mariner 4 flies by Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to return images from the Red Planet. July 15 – Greek Prime minister Georgios Papandreou and his government are dismissed by King Constantine II. July 16 – The Mont Blanc Tunnel is inaugurated by presidents Giuseppe Saragat and Charles de Gaulle. July 20 – Rock musician Bob Dylan's influential single "Like a Rolling Stone" is released by Columbia Records. July 24 – Vietnam War: Four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi are targeted by antiaircraft missiles, in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One is shot down and the other 3 sustain damage. July 25 – Electric Dylan controversy: Bob Dylan elicits controversy among folk purists by "going electric" at the Newport Folk Festival. July 26 – The Maldives receive full independence from Great Britain. July 27 – Edward Heath becomes Leader of the British Conservative Party. July 28 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000, and to more than double the number of men drafted per month - from 17,000 to 35,000. July 30 – War on Poverty: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965 into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid. August August 1 – Cigarette advertising is banned on British television. August 6 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law, outlawing literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices that have been responsible for widespread disfranchisement of African Americans. August 7 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia, recommends the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia, negotiating its separation with Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore. August 9 Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia, which recognises it as a sovereign nation. Lee Kuan Yew announces Singapore's independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island nation – a position he holds until 1990. An explosion at an Arkansas missile plant kills 53. Indonesian president Sukarno collapses in public. August 11 – The Watts Riots begin in Los Angeles, ending on the 16th after resulting in 34 deaths and over 3,000 arrests. August 13 – The rock group Jefferson Airplane debuts at the Matrix in San Francisco and begins to appear there regularly. August 15 – The Beatles perform the first stadium concert in the history of music, playing before 55,600 persons at Shea Stadium in New York City. August 18 – Vietnam War – Operation Starlite: 5,500 United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quảng Ngãi Province, in the first major American ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped off by a Viet Cong deserter who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at Chu Lai. August 19 – At the conclusion of the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, 66 ex-SS personnel receive life sentences, 15 others smaller ones. August 21 – Gemini 5 (Gordon Cooper, Pete Conrad) is launched on the first 1-week flight, as well as the first test of fuel cells for electrical power. August 30 – An avalanche buries a dam construction site at Saas-Fee, Switzerland, killing 90 workers. August 31 – President Johnson signs a law penalizing the burning of draft cards with up to 5 years in prison and a $1,000 fine. September September 2 – Pakistani troops enter the Indian sector of Kashmir, while Indian troops try to invade Lahore. The People's Republic of China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian border. Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August's Operation Starlite, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, south of the Chu Lai Marine base. September 8 India opens 2 additional fronts against Pakistan. The Pakistan Navy tries to raid Indian coasts without any resistance in but fails. Operation Dwarka (Pakistan celebrates Victory Day annually). September 9 Sandy Koufax of the Los Angeles Dodgers pitches a perfect game in a baseball game against the Chicago Cubs. The opposing pitcher, Bob Hendley, allows only 1 run, which is unearned, and only one hit, making this the lowest-hit game (1) in baseball history. It is Koufax's fourth no-hitter in as many seasons. U.N. Secretary General U Thant negotiates with Pakistan President Ayub Khan. U Thant recommends China for United Nations membership. Hurricane Betsy makes landfall near New Orleans with winds of , causing 76 deaths and $1.42 billion in damage. The storm is the first hurricane to cause $1 billion in unadjusted damages, giving it the nickname "Billion Dollar Betsy". It is the last major hurricane to strike New Orleans until Hurricane Katrina 40 years later. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is established. September 14 – The fourth and final period of the Second Vatican Council opens. September 16 – In Iraq, Prime Minister Arif Abd ar-Razzaq's attempted coup fails. September 17 – King Constantine II of Greece forms a new government with Prime Minister Stephanos Stephanopoulos, in an attempt to end a 2-year-old political crisis. September 18 In Denmark, Palle Sørensen shoots 4 policemen in pursuit; he is apprehended the same day. Comet Ikeya–Seki is first sighted by Japanese astronomers. Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin invites the leaders of India and Pakistan to meet in the Soviet Union to negotiate. September 19 Pakistani Forces achieve a decisive victory at the Battle of Chawinda, ultimately halting the Indian advance and successfully stabilizing the Sialkot Front. September 20 – Vietnam War: An USAF F-104 Starfighter piloted by Captain Philip Eldon Smith is shot down by a Chinese MiG-19 Farmer. The pilot is held until March 15 1973. September 21 – Gambia, Maldives and Singapore are admitted as members of the United Nations. September 22 – Radio Peking announces that Indian troops have dismantled their equipment on the Chinese side of the border. September 24 Fighting resumes between Indian and Pakistani troops. The British governor of Aden cancels the constitution and takes direct control of the protectorate, due to the bad security situation. September 25 – The Tom & Jerry cartoon series makes its world broadcast premiere on CBS in the United States. September 27 – The largest tanker ship at this time, Tokyo Maru, is launched in Yokohama, Japan. September 28 Fidel Castro announces that anyone who wants to can emigrate to the United States. Taal Volcano in Luzon, Philippines, erupts, killing hundreds. September 30 The Indonesian army, led by General Suharto, crushes an alleged communist coup attempt (see Transition to the New Order and 30 September Movement). The classic family sci-fi show Thunderbirds debuts on ITV in the United Kingdom. October October 3 Fidel Castro announces that Che Guevara has resigned and left the country. U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which ends quotas based on national origin. October 4 At least 150 are killed when a commuter train derails at the outskirts of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Prime minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia and Arthur Bottomley of the Commonwealth of Nations begin negotiations in London. Pope Paul VI visits the United States. He appears for a Mass in Yankee Stadium and makes a speech at the United Nations. The University of California, Irvine opens its doors. October 5 – Pakistan severs diplomatic relations with Malaysia because of their disagreement in the UN. October 6 – Ian Brady, a 27-year-old stock clerk from Hyde in Cheshire, is arrested for allegedly hacking to death (with a hatchet) 17-year-old apprentice electrician Edward Evans at a house on the Hattersley housing estate. October 7 – Seven Japanese fishing boats are sunk off Guam by super typhoon Carmen; 209 are killed. October 8 Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966: The Indonesian army instigates the arrest and execution of communists which last until next March. The 7 Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent are adopted at the XX International Conference in Vienna, Austria. The International Olympic Committee admits East Germany as a member. The Post Office Tower opens in London. October 10 – The first group of Cuban refugees travels to the U.S. October 12 Per Borten forms a government in Norway. The U.N. General Council recommends that the United Kingdom try everything to stop a rebellion in Rhodesia. October 13 – Congo President Joseph Kasavubu fires Prime Minister Moise Tshombe and forms a provisional government, with Évariste Kimba in a leading position. October 15 – Vietnam War: The Catholic Worker Movement stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner is arrested, the first under the new law. October 16 Moors murders: Police find a girl's body on Saddleworth Moor near Oldham in Lancashire. The body is quickly identified as that of 10-year-old Lesley Ann Downey, who disappeared on Boxing Day the previous year from a fairground in the Ancoats area of Manchester. Ian Brady, arrested for the murder of a 17-year-old man in nearby Hattersley, is charged with murdering Lesley, as is his 23-year-old girlfriend Myra Hindley. Anti-war protests draw 100,000 in 80 U.S. cities and around the world October 17 – The New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows, closes. Due to financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements fail to materialize. October 18 – The Indonesian government outlaws the Communist Party of Indonesia. October 20 – Ludwig Erhard is re-elected Chancellor of West Germany (he had first been elected in 1963). October 21 Comet Ikeya–Seki approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers from the sun. The Organization of African Unity meets in Accra, Ghana. October 22 French authors André Figueras and Jacques Laurent are fined for their comments against Charles de Gaulle. African countries demand that the United Kingdom use force to prevent Rhodesia from declaring unilateral independence. Colonel Christophe Soglo stages a second coup in Dahomey. October 24 British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Commonwealth Secretary Arthur Bottomley travel to Rhodesia for negotiations. British police find the decomposed body of a boy on Saddleworth Moor. October 25 – The Soviet Union declares its support of African countries in case Rhodesia unilaterally declares independence. October 27 Brazilian president Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties. Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (30th government). October 28 French Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville travels to Moscow. Pope Paul VI promulgates Nostra aetate, a "Declaration on the Relation of the (Roman Catholic) Church with Non-Christian Religions" by the Second Vatican Council which includes a statement that Jews are not collectively responsible for the death of Jesus (Jewish deicide). In St. Louis, Missouri, the -tall inverted weighted catenary steel Gateway Arch is completed. Mehdi Ben Barka, a Moroccan politician, is kidnapped in Paris and never seen again. October 29 Moors murders: Ian Brady and Myra Hindley appear in court, charged with the murders of Edward Evans (17), Lesley Ann Downey (10), and John Kilbride (12) from Manchester. An 80-kiloton nuclear device is detonated at Amchitka Island, Alaska, as part of the Vela Uniform program, code-named Project Long Shot. October 30 Vietnam War: Near Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found on the dead body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before. In Washington, D.C., a pro-Vietnam War march draws 25,000 people English model Jean Shrimpton wears a controversially short white shift dress to the Victoria Derby at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Australia – a pivotal moment of the introduction of the miniskirt to women's fashion. November November 1 – A trolleybus plunges into the Nile at Cairo, killing 74 passengers. November 3 – French President Charles de Gaulle announces (just short of his 75th birthday) that he will stand for re-election. November 5 – Martial law is announced in Rhodesia. The United Nations General Assembly accepts British intent to use force against Rhodesia if necessary by a vote of 82–9. November 6 – Freedom Flights begin: Cuba and the United States formally agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by 1971, 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program). November 7 – The Pillsbury Company's mascot, the Pillsbury Doughboy, is created in the United States. November 8 Vietnam War – Operation Hump: The United States Army 173rd Airborne is ambushed by over 1,200 Viet Cong. The British Indian Ocean Territory is created, consisting of Chagos Archipelago, Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches islands (on June 23, 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches are returned to the Seychelles). The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 is given Royal Assent, suspending the death penalty for murder in the United Kingdom; renewal of the Act in 1969 makes the abolition permanent. November 11 In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white-minority government of Ian Smith unilaterally declares de facto independence ('UDI'). United Airlines Flight 227 crashes short of the runway and catches fire at Salt Lake City International Airport, killing 43 out of 91 passengers and crew. November 12 – A UN Security Council resolution (voted 10–0) recommends that other countries not recognize independent Rhodesia. November 13 The burns and sinks off Nassau, Bahamas, with the loss of 90 lives. British theatre critic Kenneth Tynan says "fuck" during a discussion on BBC satirical programme BBC-3 for what many believed was the first time on British television. The corporation later issues a public apology. November 14 – Vietnam War – Battle of Ia Drang: In the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnamese forces begins. November 15 – U.S. racer Craig Breedlove sets a new land speed record of . November 16 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus (on March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet). November 20 – The United Nations Security Council recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia. November 21 – Mireille Mathieu sings on France's "Télé-Dimanche" and begins her successful singing career. November 22 – The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations. November 23 – Soviet general Mikhail Kazakov assumes command of the Warsaw Pact. November 24 – Congolese lieutenant general Mobutu ousts Joseph Kasavubu and declares himself president. November 26 – At the Hammaguir launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant A rocket with its first satellite, Astérix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter outer space. November 27 Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the White House, then march on the Washington Monument. Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year are to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam will have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000. November 28 – Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President-elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam. November 29 – The Canadian satellite Alouette 2 is launched. December December 1 – The Border Security Force is established in India as a special force to guard the borders. December 3 The first British aid flight arrives in Lusaka; Zambia had asked for British help against Rhodesia. Members of the Organization of African Unity decide to sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom, unless the British Government ends the rebellion of Rhodesia by mid-December. December 5 Charles de Gaulle is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes. The "Glasnost Meeting" in Moscow becomes the first spontaneous political demonstration, and the first demonstration for civil rights in the Soviet Union. December 8 Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith warns that Rhodesia will resist a trade embargo by neighboring countries with force. The Race Relations Act becomes the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the UK. The Second Vatican Council closes. December 9 – A Charlie Brown Christmas, the first Peanuts television special, debuts on CBS, quickly becoming an annual tradition. December 15 The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) is formed. Tanzania and Guinea sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 perform the first controlled rendezvous in Earth orbit. December 17 – The British government begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia; the United States joins the effort. December 20 – The World Food Programme is made a permanent agency of the United Nations. December 21 The Soviet Union announces that it has shipped rockets to North Vietnam. In West Germany, Konrad Adenauer resigns as chairman of the Christian Democratic Party. The United Nations adopts the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. A new 1-hour German-American production of the ballet The Nutcracker, with an international cast that includes Edward Villella in the title role, makes its U.S. television debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years but after that is virtually forgotten until issued on DVD in 2009 by Warner Archive. December 22 A military coup is launched in Dahomey. A speed limit is imposed on British roads. David Lean's film of Doctor Zhivago, starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie, is released. December 25 – The Yemeni Nasserist Unionist People's Organisation is founded in Ta'izz. December 27 – The British oil platform Sea Gem collapses in the North Sea. December 28 – Italian Foreign Minister Amintore Fanfani resigns. December 30 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed on a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted. Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of the Philippines. December 31 – Bokassa takes power in the Central African Republic. Date unknown Tokyo officially becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City. The Council for National Academic Awards is established in the UK. TAT-4 cable goes into operation. Aborigines are given the vote in Queensland, Australia. World population Births January January 1 Khabib Ilyaletdinov, former Russian professional footballer Terri Sewell, African-American lawyer and politician January 2 – Curt Hagman, Mayor of Chino Hills January 3 – Sharrie Williams, American blues and gospel singer-songwriter January 4 Beth Gibbons, English singer, lead singer of the band Portishead Julia Ormond, British actress Yvan Attal, Israeli-born French actor and director January 5 Vinnie Jones, British footballer-turned-actor Patrik Sjöberg, Swedish high jumper January 9 Haddaway, German singer Farah Khan, Indian choreographer, film director Joely Richardson, British actress January 10 – Butch Hartman, American animator and voice actor January 12 Nikolai Borschevsky, Russian ice hockey player Maybrit Illner, German television journalist and presenter Rob Zombie, American musician January 14 Shamil Basayev, Chechen terrorist (d. 2006) Marc Delissen, Dutch field hockey player Bob Essensa, Canadian ice hockey player January 15 Adam Jones, American musician, guitarist of metal band Tool James Nesbitt, Northern Irish actor January 18 Dave Attell, American comedian Paudge Behan, Irish actor January 19 – J. B. Pritzker, American businessman, philanthropist and politician, 43rd Governor of Illinois January 20 – Sophie, Countess of Wessex, wife of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex January 21 – Jam Master Jay, American DJ, rapper and producer (d. 2002) January 22 DJ Jazzy Jeff, African-American rapper and actor Diane Lane, American actress January 23 – Catherine Guillouard, French businesswoman January 24 – Porfirio Fisac, Spanish basketball coach January 25 – Esa Tikkanen, Finnish ice hockey player January 26 Kevin McCarthy, American politician, House Minority Leader Natalia Yurchenko, Soviet artistic gymnast January 27 Alan Cumming, Scottish actor Peter McCormack, Canadian screenwriter Ignacio Noé, Argentine artist January 28 – Lynda Boyd, Canadian actress January 29 Dominik Hašek, Czech hockey player Jo Min-su, South Korean actress February February 1 Dave Callaghan, South African cricketer Brandon Lee, Chinese-American actor (d. 1993) Sherilyn Fenn, American actress Princess Stéphanie of Monaco February 3 Mattanya Cohen, Israeli diplomat Maura Tierney, American actress February 5 – Gheorghe Hagi, Romanian footballer February 6 Idania Martínez Grandales, Cuban broadcaster, journalist and professor Jan Svěrák, Czech actor, director, and screenwriter February 7 – Chris Rock, African-American actor, comedian, and film director February 8 – Dicky Cheung, Hong Kong actor February 11 – Roberto Moya, Cuban athlete (d. 2020) February 12 – Brett Kavanaugh, American attorney and Supreme Court Justice February 15 – Héctor Beltrán Leyva, Mexican drug lord (d. 2018) February 16 – Adama Barrow, Gambian politician, 3rd President of Gambia February 17 – Michael Bay, American film director February 18 – Dr. Dre, African-American rapper and music producer February 20 – Nilo Divina, Filipino lawyer February 23 Kristin Davis, American actress Michael Dell, American computer manufacturer Vincent Chalvon-Demersay, French producer February 25 – Sylvie Guillem, French ballerina February 27 Claudia Zobel, Filipina actress (d. 1984) Joakim Sundström, Swedish sound editor, sound designer and musician February 28 – Park Gok-ji, South Korean film editor March March 1 Mike Dean, Record producer Stewart Elliott, Canadian jockey Booker Huffman, American professional wrestler Jack Tu, Taiwanese-Canadian cardiologist (d. 2018) March 2 Ron Gant, American news anchor Martin Gilks, English musician and band manager (d. 2006) March 3 Tedros Adhanom, Director of the World Health Organization Tom Brower, American politician Dragan Stojković, Serbian footballer and coach March 4 Greg Alexander, Australian rugby league player Paul W. S. Anderson, British filmmaker, producer and screenwriter Stacy Edwards, American actress | in the United Kingdom; renewal of the Act in 1969 makes the abolition permanent. November 11 In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white-minority government of Ian Smith unilaterally declares de facto independence ('UDI'). United Airlines Flight 227 crashes short of the runway and catches fire at Salt Lake City International Airport, killing 43 out of 91 passengers and crew. November 12 – A UN Security Council resolution (voted 10–0) recommends that other countries not recognize independent Rhodesia. November 13 The burns and sinks off Nassau, Bahamas, with the loss of 90 lives. British theatre critic Kenneth Tynan says "fuck" during a discussion on BBC satirical programme BBC-3 for what many believed was the first time on British television. The corporation later issues a public apology. November 14 – Vietnam War – Battle of Ia Drang: In the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnamese forces begins. November 15 – U.S. racer Craig Breedlove sets a new land speed record of . November 16 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus (on March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet). November 20 – The United Nations Security Council recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia. November 21 – Mireille Mathieu sings on France's "Télé-Dimanche" and begins her successful singing career. November 22 – The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations. November 23 – Soviet general Mikhail Kazakov assumes command of the Warsaw Pact. November 24 – Congolese lieutenant general Mobutu ousts Joseph Kasavubu and declares himself president. November 26 – At the Hammaguir launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant A rocket with its first satellite, Astérix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter outer space. November 27 Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the White House, then march on the Washington Monument. Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year are to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam will have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000. November 28 – Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President-elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam. November 29 – The Canadian satellite Alouette 2 is launched. December December 1 – The Border Security Force is established in India as a special force to guard the borders. December 3 The first British aid flight arrives in Lusaka; Zambia had asked for British help against Rhodesia. Members of the Organization of African Unity decide to sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom, unless the British Government ends the rebellion of Rhodesia by mid-December. December 5 Charles de Gaulle is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes. The "Glasnost Meeting" in Moscow becomes the first spontaneous political demonstration, and the first demonstration for civil rights in the Soviet Union. December 8 Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith warns that Rhodesia will resist a trade embargo by neighboring countries with force. The Race Relations Act becomes the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the UK. The Second Vatican Council closes. December 9 – A Charlie Brown Christmas, the first Peanuts television special, debuts on CBS, quickly becoming an annual tradition. December 15 The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) is formed. Tanzania and Guinea sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 perform the first controlled rendezvous in Earth orbit. December 17 – The British government begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia; the United States joins the effort. December 20 – The World Food Programme is made a permanent agency of the United Nations. December 21 The Soviet Union announces that it has shipped rockets to North Vietnam. In West Germany, Konrad Adenauer resigns as chairman of the Christian Democratic Party. The United Nations adopts the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. A new 1-hour German-American production of the ballet The Nutcracker, with an international cast that includes Edward Villella in the title role, makes its U.S. television debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years but after that is virtually forgotten until issued on DVD in 2009 by Warner Archive. December 22 A military coup is launched in Dahomey. A speed limit is imposed on British roads. David Lean's film of Doctor Zhivago, starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie, is released. December 25 – The Yemeni Nasserist Unionist People's Organisation is founded in Ta'izz. December 27 – The British oil platform Sea Gem collapses in the North Sea. December 28 – Italian Foreign Minister Amintore Fanfani resigns. December 30 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed on a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted. Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of the Philippines. December 31 – Bokassa takes power in the Central African Republic. Date unknown Tokyo officially becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City. The Council for National Academic Awards is established in the UK. TAT-4 cable goes into operation. Aborigines are given the vote in Queensland, Australia. World population Births January January 1 Khabib Ilyaletdinov, former Russian professional footballer Terri Sewell, African-American lawyer and politician January 2 – Curt Hagman, Mayor of Chino Hills January 3 – Sharrie Williams, American blues and gospel singer-songwriter January 4 Beth Gibbons, English singer, lead singer of the band Portishead Julia Ormond, British actress Yvan Attal, Israeli-born French actor and director January 5 Vinnie Jones, British footballer-turned-actor Patrik Sjöberg, Swedish high jumper January 9 Haddaway, German singer Farah Khan, Indian choreographer, film director Joely Richardson, British actress January 10 – Butch Hartman, American animator and voice actor January 12 Nikolai Borschevsky, Russian ice hockey player Maybrit Illner, German television journalist and presenter Rob Zombie, American musician January 14 Shamil Basayev, Chechen terrorist (d. 2006) Marc Delissen, Dutch field hockey player Bob Essensa, Canadian ice hockey player January 15 Adam Jones, American musician, guitarist of metal band Tool James Nesbitt, Northern Irish actor January 18 Dave Attell, American comedian Paudge Behan, Irish actor January 19 – J. B. Pritzker, American businessman, philanthropist and politician, 43rd Governor of Illinois January 20 – Sophie, Countess of Wessex, wife of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex January 21 – Jam Master Jay, American DJ, rapper and producer (d. 2002) January 22 DJ Jazzy Jeff, African-American rapper and actor Diane Lane, American actress January 23 – Catherine Guillouard, French businesswoman January 24 – Porfirio Fisac, Spanish basketball coach January 25 – Esa Tikkanen, Finnish ice hockey player January 26 Kevin McCarthy, American politician, House Minority Leader Natalia Yurchenko, Soviet artistic gymnast January 27 Alan Cumming, Scottish actor Peter McCormack, Canadian screenwriter Ignacio Noé, Argentine artist January 28 – Lynda Boyd, Canadian actress January 29 Dominik Hašek, Czech hockey player Jo Min-su, South Korean actress February February 1 Dave Callaghan, South African cricketer Brandon Lee, Chinese-American actor (d. 1993) Sherilyn Fenn, American actress Princess Stéphanie of Monaco February 3 Mattanya Cohen, Israeli diplomat Maura Tierney, American actress February 5 – Gheorghe Hagi, Romanian footballer February 6 Idania Martínez Grandales, Cuban broadcaster, journalist and professor Jan Svěrák, Czech actor, director, and screenwriter February 7 – Chris Rock, African-American actor, comedian, and film director February 8 – Dicky Cheung, Hong Kong actor February 11 – Roberto Moya, Cuban athlete (d. 2020) February 12 – Brett Kavanaugh, American attorney and Supreme Court Justice February 15 – Héctor Beltrán Leyva, Mexican drug lord (d. 2018) February 16 – Adama Barrow, Gambian politician, 3rd President of Gambia February 17 – Michael Bay, American film director February 18 – Dr. Dre, African-American rapper and music producer February 20 – Nilo Divina, Filipino lawyer February 23 Kristin Davis, American actress Michael Dell, American computer manufacturer Vincent Chalvon-Demersay, French producer February 25 – Sylvie Guillem, French ballerina February 27 Claudia Zobel, Filipina actress (d. 1984) Joakim Sundström, Swedish sound editor, sound designer and musician February 28 – Park Gok-ji, South Korean film editor March March 1 Mike Dean, Record producer Stewart Elliott, Canadian jockey Booker Huffman, American professional wrestler Jack Tu, Taiwanese-Canadian cardiologist (d. 2018) March 2 Ron Gant, American news anchor Martin Gilks, English musician and band manager (d. 2006) March 3 Tedros Adhanom, Director of the World Health Organization Tom Brower, American politician Dragan Stojković, Serbian footballer and coach March 4 Greg Alexander, Australian rugby league player Paul W. S. Anderson, British filmmaker, producer and screenwriter Stacy Edwards, American actress March 5 – Kathleen Delaney, American actress March 6 – Lora Leigh, American novelist March 7 E. E. Knight, American fiction writer Jesper Parnevik, Swedish golfer March 8 Mac Jack, South African educator and politician (d. 2020) Caio Júnior, Brazilian football forward and manager (d. 2016) Kenny Smith, American basketball player Claudia Webbe, British politician March 9 Antonio Saca, 43rd President of El Salvador Benito Santiago, American baseball player March 10 Randy Weiner, American playwright, producer and theater and nightclub owner Rod Woodson, American football player March 11 Catherine Fulop, Venezuelan actress, model, beauty pageant contestant, and television presenter José de Anchieta Júnior, Brazilian politician (d. 2018) Jesse Jackson Jr., African-American politician Wallace Langham, American actor Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen, British designer and television presenter Andy Sturmer, American musician, singer, songwriter, and composer March 12 Steve Finley, American baseball player Liza Umarova, Chechen singer and actress March 13 Gigi Rice, American actress March 14 Kevin Brown, American baseball player Aamir Khan, Indian film director, producer, film and scriptwriter and actor March 15 – Carl J. Artman, American politician March 16 Utut Adianto, Indonesian chess grandmaster and politician Mark Carney, Canadian-born economist and central banker March 17 – George Hinkle, American football player March 18 – Shannon Grove, American politician March 19 Joseph D. Kucan, American video game developer Jeff Pidgeon, American animator and voice actor March 20 – Taeko Kawata, Japanese voice actress March 21 – Wakana Yamazaki, Japanese voice actress March 22 – Rick Harrison, American businessman March 23 – Marti Pellow, Scottish singer (Wet Wet Wet) March 24 – The Undertaker, American professional wrestler March 25 Avery Johnson, American basketball player and coach Stefka Kostadinova, Bulgarian high jumper and president of the Bulgarian Olympic Committee Sarah Jessica Parker, American actress March 26 – Prakash Raj, Indian actor, producer and director March 27 – Francisco Ribeiro, Portuguese musician and composer (Madredeus) (d. 2010) March 29 – Voula Patoulidou, Greek athlete March 30 Juliet Landau, American actress and producer Piers Morgan, British journalist and television personality March 31 Steve Bing, American businessman, philanthropist, and film producer (d. 2020) William McNamara, American film actor April April 1 Brian Marshall, Canadian retired track and field athlete Bekir Bozdağ, Turkish theologian, lawyer, and politician Mark Jackson, American basketball coach April 3 – Nazia Hassan, Pakistani pop singer-songwriter, lawyer and social activist (d. 2000) April 4 – Robert Downey Jr., American actor, producer, and singer April 6 Frank Black, American musician Rica Reinisch, German swimmer April 7 – Bill Bellamy, American actor and comedian April 9 Paulina Porizkova, Swedish-American model and actress Paola Tovaglia, Italian children's television personality (d. 1994) April 10 – Jure Robič, Slovenian cyclist (d. 2010) April 11 – Eelco van Asperen, Dutch computer scientist April 12 Kim Bodnia, Danish actor and director Tom O'Brien, American actor-producer Jonathan Fahn, American voice actor April 13 – Patricio Pouchulu, Argentine architect April 14 – Kirk Windstein, American musician April 15 – Linda Perry, American musician April 16 Jon Cryer, American actor, comedian and television director Martin Lawrence, African-American actor, comedian, and producer April 17 – William Mapother, American actor April 18 – Camille Coduri, English actress April 19 – Suge Knight, African-American record producer April 20 – Jovy Marcelo, Filipino race car driver (d. 1992) April 21 Tatul Krpeyan, Armenian commander (d. 1991) Julio Robaina, Republican politician, Mayor of Hialeah, Florida April 22 – Arihiro Hase, Japanese actor and voice actor (d. 1996) April 23 Tommy DeCarlo, American singer and songwriter Leni Robredo, 14th Vice President of the Philippines April 24 – Michel Leclerc, French director and screenwriter April 25 Eric Avery, American musician Édouard Ferrand, French politician (d. 2018) April 26 – Kevin James, American comedian and actor April 27 – Edwin Poots, Irish politician April 28 – Karl Logan, American musician April 29 – David Shafer, American politician, Georgia April 30 – Adrian Pasdar, Iranian-American actor and voice artist May May 3 – Gary Mitchell, Irish playwright May 4 – Aykut Kocaman, Turkish footballer May 7 Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1999) Norman Whiteside, Northern Irish football player May 8 Momoko Sakura, Japanese manga artist (Chibi Maruko-chan) (d. 2018) May 9 – Steve Yzerman, Canadian hockey player May 10 Linda Evangelista, Canadian supermodel Kiyoyuki Yanada, Japanese voice actor May 11 – Monsour del Rosario, Filipino Olympic athlete and actor May 12 – Renée Simonsen, Danish model and writer May 13 Tim Chapman, American bounty hunter José Antonio Delgado, Venezuelan mountain climber (d. 2006) Hikari Ōta, Japanese comedian Lari White, American country singer (d. 2018) May 14 – Eoin Colfer, Irish novelist May 16 Rodica Dunca, Romania artistic gymnast Krist Novoselic, American rock bassist (Nirvana) May 17 – Trent Reznor, American rock musician (Nine Inch Nails) May 19 Maile Flanagan, American actress Philippe Dhondt, French singer May 20 – Ted Allen, American author and television personality May 23 Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo, Spanish footballer Melissa McBride, American actress (The Walking Dead) Kappei Yamaguchi, Japanese actor and voice actor May 24 Carlos Franco, Paraguayan golfer John C. Reilly, American actor and comedian Shinichirō Watanabe, Japanese anime director May 25 – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia May 27 – Todd Bridges, American actor and comedian May 28 – Robbi Chong, Canadian actress May 30 Guadalupe Grande, Spanish poet (d. 2021) Billy Donovan, American professional basketball coach May 31 Brooke Shields, American actress and model Yōko Sōmi, Japanese voice actress June June 1 Larisa Lazutina, Russian cross-country skier Nigel Short, English chess player June 2 – Steve and Mark Waugh, Australian cricketers June 3 – Mike Shula, American football coach June 4 – Mick Doohan, Australian motorcycle racer June 6 Cam Neely, Canadian ice hockey player Megumi Ogata, Japanese voice actress and singer June 7 Mick Foley, American professional wrestler Jean-Pierre François, French footballer and singer Damien Hirst, British artist Christine Roque, French singer Emanuela Pacotto, Italian voice actress June 8 Chris Chavis ("Tatanka"), American professional wrestler Frank Grillo, American actor Kevin Farley, American actor Rob Pilatus, German model, dancer and singer (d. 1998) Kevin Ritz, American baseball pitcher June 10 Veronica Ferres, German actress Scott Graham, American sportscaster Elizabeth Hurley, English model and actress June 11 Pamela Gidley, American actress and model (d. 2018) Manuel Uribe, morbidly obese Mexican (d. 2014) June 12 – Carlos Luis Morales, Ecuadorian journalist (d. 2020) June 13 – Infanta Cristina of Spain June 15 – Bernard Hopkins, American boxer June 16 – Andrea M. Ghez, American astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics June 17 Dan Jansen, American speedskater Dara O'Kearney, Irish ultra runner and professional poker player June 18 Kim Dickens, American actress Hani Mohsin, Malaysian celebrity, actor and host (d. 2006) June 21 Yang Liwei, Chinese major general, military pilot and China National Space Administration astronaut Gabriella Selmeczi, Hungarian jurist and politician Tim Lajcik, Czech American mixed martial artist, stuntman, actor and writer Michael Dolan, American theatre and film actor, director and educator June 22 Just-Ice, American rapper Anubhav Sinha, Indian film director Robb Cullen, American film and television writer, actor and producer Maurice Core, British boxer J. J. Cohen, American actor June 23 Manuel Andrack, German journalist, television show editor, television host and author Paul Arthurs, British rock guitarist (Oasis) Sylvia Mathews Burwell, American government Fernanda Tapia, Mexican announcer, presenter, producer, screenwriter, lecturer, singer and voice actress June 24 Chris Barnes, American child actor Lakei Heimuli, Tongan footballer Son Hyun-joo, South Korean actor Richard Lumsden, English actor, writer, composer and musician Vladimir Luxuria, Italian trans actress, writer, politician and television host June 25 Joseph Hii Teck Kwong, Malaysian bishop Stan Longinidis, Australian heavyweight kickboxer Anne McElvoy, British journalist Andrew Dan-Jumbo, Nigerian television presenter June 26 Randy Hembrey, American manager Jana Hybášková, Czech politician and diplomat Catherine White, British swimmer June 27 Frédéric Lemoine, French businessman S. Manikavasagam, Malaysian politician June 28 Saul Davies, British musician Belayneh Dinsamo, Ethiopian long-distance runner Sonny Strait, American voice actor and director June 29 Véronique Laury, French businesswoman Dado Villa-Lobos, Brazilian musician Matthew Weiner, American television writer, director and producer June 30 Dietmar Drabek, Austrian football referee Philippe Duquesne, French actor Cho Jae-hyun, South Korean actor Mitch Richmond, American basketball player Adam Roberts, British science fiction and fantasy novelist Bobby Vitale, American pornographic actor July July 1 Harald Zwart, Norwegian film director Teddy McCarthy, hurler and Gaelic footballer Carl Fogarty, motorcycle racer Tom Hodges, American actor and film producer Oscar Pelliccioli, Italian cyclist Mohammed Abdul Hussein, Iraqi former footballer Simon Youl, Australian professional tennis player July 2 Tim Breacker, English footballer and current football coach James Turner, English tennis player Fredrik Sejersted, Norwegian jurist July 3 Komsan Pohkong, Thai lawyer Shinya Hashimoto, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2005) Connie Nielsen, Danish actress Tommy Flanagan, Scottish actor July 4 Horace Grant, American basketball player Harvey Grant, American basketball player Jay Crawford, American sports journalist Gérard Watkins, English-French actor, playwright, director, and songwriter Tracy Letts, American actor, playwright and screenwriter July 5 Kathryn Erbe, American actress Eyran Katsenelenbogen, Israeli jazz pianist July 7 Paula Devicq, Canadian actress Irina Berezina, Australian chess international Master and trainer Jeremy Kyle, English radio and television presenter Karen Malina White, American actress and television actress July 8 Lee Tergesen, American actor Corey Parker, American actor and coach July 9 – David O'Hara, Scottish actor July 10 Alec Mapa, American actor, comedian and writer Danny Boffin, Belgian footballer Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark David Ross, English businessman Dominic Hannigan, Irish politician July 11 Michael Wayne McGray, Canadian serial killer Ernesto Hoost, Dutch kickboxer July 12 – Mama Kandeh, Gambian politician July 13 – Akina Nakamori, Japanese singer and actress July 14 – Lou Savarese, American boxer July 15 Dafna Rechter, Israeli actress and singer Scott Livingstone, American professional baseball player Bobby Gustafson, American guitarist David Miliband, British politician July 16 Billy Mitchell, American video game player Daryl Mitchell, African-American actor Gianni Faresin, Italian road bicycle racer July 17 Ken Evraire, Canadian television journalist, host and former professional football league player with Hamilton Tiger Cats Martin Kelly (Heavenly), British musician, music manager, record label boss, music publisher and author Craig Morgan, American country music artist Santiago Segura, Spanish actor, screenwriter, producer and director Rosa Gumataotao Rios, 43rd Treasurer of the United States Alex Winter, American actor Muhamad Radhi Mat Din, Malaysian coach and footballer July 18 Eva Ionesco, French actress, film director and screenwriter Rosanan Samak, Bruneian football coach Michael Sharrett, American actor Jim Bob Duggar, American real estate agent, politician, and television personality July 19 Clea Lewis, American actress and singer Dame Evelyn Glennie, Scottish virtuoso percussionist Hailemariam Desalegn, 15th Prime Minister of Ethiopia Stuart Scott, American sports reporter and ESPN anchor (d. 2015) July 20 Laurent Lucas, French actor Anthony Shriver, American activist July 21 Tom Gulager, American actor Guðni Bergsson, Icelandic footballer July 22 – Shawn Michaels, American professional wrestler July 23 Grace Mugabe, First Lady of Zimbabwe Slash (Saul Hudson), American rock musician July 24 Brian Blades, American National Football League wide receiver Kadeem Hardison, American actor and director July 25 Illeana Douglas, American actress and producer Dale Shearer, Australian rugby league player July 26 Vladimir Cruz, Cuban actor Jeremy Piven, American actor Jimmy Dore, American comedian and political commentator July 27 José Luis Chilavert, Paraguayan footballer Trifon Ivanov, Bulgarian footballer (d. 2016) July 28 – Daniela Mercury, Brazilian singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, actress and television host July 29 – Chang-Rae Lee, Korean-American novelist July 31 – J. K. Rowling, English author August August 1 – Sam Mendes, English film director August 2 Sandra Ng, Hong Kong actress Andrew Blackman, Australian actor and theatre director Hisanobu Watanabe, Japanese baseball player and coach August 4 Terri Lyne Carrington, American jazz drummer Dennis Lehane, American crime writer Fredrik Reinfeldt, Swedish Prime Minister August 5 – Monica Ward, Italian actress and voice actress August 6 David Robinson, American basketball player Mark Speight, English television presenter (d. 2008) August 9 Darren Millane, Australian rules football player (d. 1991) August 10 Claudia Christian, American actress, writer, singer, musician, and director Mike E. Smith, American jockey John Starks, American basketball player August 11 Embeth Davidtz, South African-American actress Viola Davis, African-American actress Duane Martin, American actor August 13 – Deborah Falconer, American actress August 14 – Terry Richardson, American fashion photographer August 15 Vincent Kuk, Hong Kong director and actor Mark Labbett, British mathematician Rob Thomas, American author, producer, director and screenwriter August 16 – Michael O'Gorman, American coxswain (d. 2018) August 18 Bob Harper, American personal trainer and author Kōji Kikkawa, Japanese singer Ikue Ōtani, Japanese voice actress August 19 Hemant Birje, Indian actor Kevin Dillon, American actor Kyra Sedgwick, American actress James Tomkins, Australian rower August 22 – David Reimer, Canadian victim of a botched circumcision and transgender reassignment surgery (d. 2004) August 24 Dee Harvey, American R&B singer (d. 2012) Reggie Miller, American basketball player and commentator August 25 – Mia Zapata, American singer (d. 1993) August 26 Bobby Duncum Jr., American professional wrestler (d. 2000) Azela Robinson, Mexican actress August 27 Lynn Shelton, American filmmaker (d. 2020) Scott Dibble, American politician and activist LeRoy Homer Jr., American airline pilot (d. 2001) August 28 Satoshi Tajiri, Japanese video game designer and Pokémon creator Amanda Tapping, Canadian actress Shania Twain, Canadian country singer and songwriter Steve Walters, Australian rugby league player August 30 – Peter Grant, Scottish football player and manager September September 1 Jean-François Ballester, French figure skating coach (d. 2018) Craig McLachlan, Australian actor and singer September 2 – Lennox Lewis, British boxer September 3 Costas Mandylor, Greek-Australian actor Charlie Sheen, American actor and producer September 5 – Derby Makinka, Zambian footballer (d. 1993) September 6 – Gleisi Hoffmann, Brazilian lawyer and politician September 7 – Jörg Pilawa, German television presenter September 8 Tutilo Burger, German Benedictine monk and abbot Darlene Zschech, Australian singer and worship leader September 9 Dan Majerle, American basketball player Charles Esten, American actor Constance Marie, American actress September 10 – Marco Pastors, Dutch politician September 11 Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria Paul Heyman, American wrestling promoter, ECW Moby, American musician September 12 – Einstein Kristiansen, Norwegian cartoonist, designer, and television host September 13 – Jeff Ross, American stand-up comedian, writer, and actor September 14 – Dmitry Medvedev, former President of Russia September 15 – Fernanda Torres, Brazilian actress September 16 – Katy Kurtzman, American actress, director and producer September 17 – Kyle Chandler, American actor September 19 Goldie, English record producer and DJ Sabine Paturel, French singer Tim Scott, African-American politician and businessman Tshering Tobgay, former Prime Minister of Bhutan September 20 – Robert Rusler, American actor September 21 Cheryl Hines, American actress Johanna Vuoksenmaa, Finnish film director David Wenham, Australian actor Pramila Jayapal, American politician September 23 – Mark Woodforde, Australian tennis player September 25 – Scottie Pippen, American basketball player September 26 Radisav Ćurčić, Serbian-Israeli basketball player Alexei Mordashov, Russian businessman Petro Poroshenko, former President of Ukraine September 27 Steve Kerr, American basketball player Peter MacKay, Canadian politician September 28 – Scott Fellows, American animator September 30 Kathleen Madigan, American comedian Daron Norwood, American country singer (d. 2015) October October 1 Andreas Keller, German field hockey player Cliff Ronning, Canadian ice hockey player J. Paul Oetken, American Judge October 2 – Gerardo Reyero, Mexican voice actor October 3 Adriana Calcanhotto, Brazilian singer and composer Jan-Ove Waldner, Swedish table tennis player October 4 Marcus Bentley, British actor, broadcaster and voice-over artist John Melendez, American television announcer Michiko Neya, Japanese voice actress Rykers Solomon, Nauruan politician Micky Ward, American boxer October 5 Mario Lemieux, Canadian ice hockey player Patrick Roy, Canadian ice hockey player October 6 – Steve Scalise, House Majority Whip and U.S. Representative of Louisiana's 1st district October 7 – Kumiko Watanabe, Japanese voice actress October 8 Matt Biondi, American swimmer C. J. Ramone, American musician October 9 – Dionicio Cerón, Mexican long-distance runner October 10 – Chris Penn, American actor (d. 2006) October 11 Bobby Wayne Woods, American convicted murderer, kidnapper and rapist (d. 2009) Julianne McNamara, American artistic gymnast Ronit Roy, Indian film and television actor Ivo Uukkivi, Estonian actor, singer and producer Lennie James, English actor, screenwriter, and playwright October 13 Kalpana, Indian film actress (d. 2016) Bill Odenkirk, American comedy writer October 14 Steve Coogan, British comedian and actor Constantine Koukias, Australian composer October 15 – Stephen Tompkinson, English actor October 16 Kang Kyung-ok, South Korean artist Steve Lamacq, British radio DJ October 17 Aravinda de Silva, Sri Lankan cricketer Rhys Muldoon, Australian actor, writer, and director October 18 Zakir Naik, Indian doctor and Islamic activist Curtis Stigers, American jazz vocalist and saxophonist October 19 The Renegade, American professional wrestler (d. 1999) Ty Pennington, American television presenter Tracy Griffith, American actress, sushi chef, and painter Nikolay Platoshkin, Russian diplomat, historian and politician October 20 Amos Mansdorf, Israeli tennis player Mikhail Shtalenkov, Russian ice hockey player William Zabka, American actor October 26 Aaron Kwok, Hong Kong singer and actor Kelly Rowan, Canadian actress Kenneth Rutherford, New Zealand cricketer October 29 Christy Clark, Canadian politician Andrew Ettingshausen, Australian rugby league player October 30 – Zaza Urushadze, Georgian film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2019) October 31 – Rob Rackstraw, English voice actor November November 1 – Mia Korf, American actress November 2 Paweł Adamowicz, Polish politician and lawyer (d. 2019) Shah Rukh Khan, Indian actor, film/television producer and television presenter November 3 – Ann Scott, French novelist November 4 – Wayne Static, American singer and musician (Static-X) (d. 2014) November 6 – Greg Graffin, American rock singer (Bad Religion) November 7 Sigrun Wodars, German athlete Steve Parkin, English former footballer and manager November 8 – Patricia Poleo, Venezuelan journalist November 9 – Bryn Terfel, Welsh baritone November 10 – Eddie Irvine, Northern Irish racecar driver November 11 – Max Mutchnick, American television producer November 13 Kurt Marshall, American model and actor (d. 1988) Rick Roberts, Canadian actor November 16 – Walter Stern, English music video and film director November 19 |
will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time. June 29 – Tanquetazo: failed coup attempt in Chile led by Lieutenant Colonel Roberto Souper against the government of Socialist president Salvador Allende. June 30 – A very long total solar eclipse occurs. During the entire second millennium, only seven total solar eclipses exceeded seven minutes of totality. July July 1 – The United States Drug Enforcement Administration is founded. July 2 – The United States Congress passes the Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA) mandating special education federally. July 3 – Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). July 4 – MLB: The New York Mets fall 12 games back in last place of the National League Eastern Division. July 5 The Isle of Man Post begins to issue its own postage stamps. The catastrophic BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) occurs in Kingman, Arizona, following a fire that broke out as propane was being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, killing 11 firefighters. This explosion becomes a classic incident, studied in fire department training programs worldwide. July 6 – St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore is gazetted as a national monument. July 10 – The Bahamas gains full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations. July 11 – Varig Flight 820 crashes near Orly, France; 123 people are killed. July 12 – National Personnel Records Center fire: A major fire destroys the entire 6th floor of the United States National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri. July 16 – Watergate scandal: Former White House aide Alexander Butterfield informs the United States Senate Watergate Committee that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations. July 17 – King Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is deposed by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy undergoing eye surgery. July 20 France resumes nuclear bomb tests in Mururoa Atoll, over the protests of Australia and New Zealand. Bruce Lee, American actor, philosopher, founder of Jeet Kune Do, dies in Hong Kong of cerebral edema (six days later his final film, Enter the Dragon, is released). July 21 – Lillehammer affair: Agents of Mossad, the Israeli secret intelligence agency, shoot and kill a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, mistakenly believing him to be a senior member of the Palestinian Black September Organization. July 23 – The Avianca Building in Bogotá, Colombia, suffers a serious fire, in which four people are killed. July 25 – The Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched. July 28 The Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive rock festival featuring the Grateful Dead, The Allman Brothers Band and The Band, attracts over 600,000 music fans. Skylab 3 (Owen Garriott, Jack Lousma, Alan Bean) is launched, to conduct various medical and scientific experiments aboard Skylab. July 29 – Formula One racing driver Roger Williamson dies in an accident, witnessed live on European television, during the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix. July 30 – An 11-year legal action for the victims of Thalidomide ends. July 31 Militant protesters led by Ian Paisley disrupt the first sitting of the Northern Ireland Assembly. A Delta Air Lines DC-9 aircraft flying as Delta Air Lines Flight 173 lands short of Boston's Logan Airport runway in poor visibility, striking a sea wall about 165 feet (50 m) to the right of the runway centerline and about 3,000 feet (914 m) short. All 6 crew members and 83 passengers are killed, 1 of the passengers dying several months after the accident. August August 1 – Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) inaugurated. August 2 – A flash fire kills 51 at the Summerland amusement centre at Douglas, Isle of Man. August 5 Black September members open fire at the Athens airport; 3 are killed, 55 injured. Mars 6, also known as 3MP No.50P, is a Soviet spacecraft launched to explore Mars. August 8 South Korean politician Kim Dae-jung is kidnapped in Tokyo by the KCIA. American serial killer, rapist, kidnapper and torturer Dean Corll is shot to death by one of his teenage accomplices, Elmer Wayne Henley, at Corll's Pasadena, Texas home. Henley turns himself in and confesses, uncovering the Houston Mass Murders, a series of murders in which 28 young boys have been abducted, tortured and murdered by Corll and his accomplices Henley and David Brooks (who is also arrested). August 11 – DJ Kool Herc originates the hip hop music genre in New York City. August 15 – The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, officially halting 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia according to the Case–Church Amendment-an act that prohibits military operations in Laos, Cambodia, and North and South Vietnam as a follow up of the Paris Peace Accords. August 23 – The Norrmalmstorg robbery occurs, famous for the origin of the term Stockholm syndrome. September September 3 – The British Trades Union Congress expels 20 members for registering under the Industrial Relations Act 1971. September 9 – Scottish racing driver Jackie Stewart becomes World Drivers' Champion when his Tyrrell 003-Cosworth places fourth in the 1973 Italian Grand Prix at Monza. September 11 Chile's democratically elected government is overthrown in a violent military coup after serious political instability. President Salvador Allende allegedly commits suicide during the coup in the presidential palace, and General Augusto Pinochet heads a US-backed military junta that governs Chile for the next 16 years. American singer Art Garfunkel finally releases his solo debut album Angel Clare, 17 years after starting his career. September 15 – Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden dies. His grandson, Carl XVI Gustaf, becomes king. September 18 – The two German Republics, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), are admitted to the United Nations. September 20 The "Battle of the Sexes": Billie Jean King defeats Bobby Riggs in a televised tennis match, 6–4, 6–4, 6–3, at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. With an attendance of 30,492, this remains the largest live audience ever to see a tennis match in US history. The global audience that views on television in 36 countries is estimated at 90 million. Singer-songwriter Jim Croce dies following a gig at Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, Louisiana, having boarded a small chartered plane that crashes on takeoff; all six people aboard are killed. Baseball legend Willie Mays announces his retirement. September 22 – Henry Kissinger, United States National Security Advisor, starts his term as United States Secretary of State. September 23 – In American football, the Oakland Raiders defeat the Miami Dolphins 12–7, ending the Dolphins' unbeaten streak at 18. It is the Miami Dolphins' first loss since January 16, 1972 in Super Bowl VI. September 27 Soviet space program: Soyuz 12 (Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov), the first Soviet manned flight since the Soyuz 11 tragedy in 1971, is launched. Luís Cabral declares the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau from the Estado Novo regime in Portugal. It is later granted in September 1974. September 28 – The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT's alleged involvement in the September 11, 1973, coup d'état in Chile. September 30 – Yankee Stadium, known as "The House That Ruth Built", closes for a two-year renovation at a cost of $160 million. The New York Yankees play all of their home games at Shea Stadium in 1974 and 1975. October October 5 – Elton John releases his most successful album, Goodbye Yellow Brick Road. October 6 Yom Kippur War begins: The fourth and largest Arab–Israeli conflict begins, as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur. French Formula One driver François Cevert is killed in the Tyrrell 003-Cosworth during the U.S. Grand Prix. Cevert's teammate, World Champion Jackie Stewart, announces his retirement after the event. October 8 – LBC Radio begins broadcasting on 97.3 FM in London. October 10 Spiro T. Agnew resigns as Vice President of the United States and then, in federal court in Baltimore, pleads no contest to charges of income tax evasion on $29,500 he received in 1967, while he was governor of Maryland. He is fined $10,000 and put on 3 years' probation. The New York Mets win the National League pennant. October 14 – Thai popular uprising Students revolt in Bangkok – In the Thammasat student uprising over 100,000 people protest in Thailand against the Thanom military government, 77 are killed and 857 are injured by soldiers, Thailand. October 15 – Typhoon Ruth crosses Luzon, Philippines, killing 27 people and causing $5 million in damage. October 17 – An OPEC oil embargo against several countries supporting Israel triggers the 1973 energy crisis. October 20 The Saturday Night Massacre: U.S. President Richard Nixon orders Attorney General Elliot Richardson to dismiss Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox. Richardson refuses and resigns, along with Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Solicitor General Robert Bork, third in line at the Department of Justice, then fires Cox. The event raises calls for Nixon's impeachment. The Sydney Opera House is opened by Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction work. October 21 – The Oakland Athletics defeat the New York Mets 5–2 to win the World Series 4 games to 3. October 25 – The Yom Kippur War ends. October 26 – The United Nations recognizes the independence of Guinea-Bissau. October 27 – The Canon City meteorite, a 1.4 kilogram chondrite type meteorite, strikes Earth in Fremont County, Colorado. October 30 – The Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus for the first time in history. October 31 – Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape: Three Provisional Irish Republican Army members escape from Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Republic of Ireland after a hijacked helicopter lands in the exercise yard. November November 1 – Watergate scandal: Acting Attorney General Robert Bork appoints Leon Jaworski as the new Watergate Special Prosecutor. November 3 Pan Am cargo flight 160, a Boeing 707-321C, crashes at Logan International Airport, Boston, killing 3 people. Mariner program: NASA launches Mariner 10 toward Mercury (on March 29, 1974, it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet). November 7 – The Congress of the United States overrides President Richard Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, which limits presidential power to wage war without congressional approval. November 8 – Millennium '73, a festival hosted by Guru Maharaj Ji at the Astrodome, is called by supporters the "most significant event in human history". November 11 – Egypt and Israel sign a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord. November 14 – In the United Kingdom, Princess Anne marries Captain Mark Phillips in Westminster Abbey (they divorce in 1992). November 16 Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 (Gerald Carr, William Pogue, Edward Gibson) from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on an 84-day mission. U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline. November 17 Watergate scandal: In Orlando, Florida, U.S. President Richard Nixon tells 400 Associated Press managing editors "I am not a crook." The Athens Polytechnic uprising occurs against the military regime in Athens, Greece. November 21 – U.S. President Richard Nixon's attorney, J. Fred Buzhardt, reveals the existence of an 18-minute gap in one of the White House tape recordings related to Watergate. November 25 – Greek dictator Georgios Papadopoulos is ousted in a military coup led by Brigadier General Dimitrios Ioannidis. November 27 – The United States Senate votes 92–3 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States. November 29 – 104 people are killed in a Taiyo department store fire in Kumamoto, Kyūshū, Japan. November – Queen Sisowath Kossamak of Cambodia is released from house arrest to Beijing. December December – Chile breaks diplomatic contacts with Sweden. December 1 – Papua New Guinea gains self-government from Australia. December 3 – Pioneer program: Pioneer 10 sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter. December 6 – The United States House of Representatives votes 387–35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States; he is sworn in the same day. December 14 – Rhodesia executes two Blacks at Salisbury Central Prison for murder December 15 – Gay rights: The American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its DSM-II. December 16 – O. J. Simpson of the Buffalo Bills became the first running back to rush for 2,000 yards in a pro football season. December 18 Soviet space program: Soyuz 13 (Pyotr Klimuk, Valentin Lebedev) is launched. The Islamic Development Bank is created as a specialized agency of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) (effective August 12, 1974). December 20 – Spanish prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco is assassinated in Madrid by the separatist organization ETA. December 28 – The Endangered Species Act is passed in the United States. December 30 – Terrorist Carlos fails in his attempt to assassinate British businessman Joseph Sieff. December 31 – In the United Kingdom, coal shortages caused by industrial action result in the implementation of the Three-Day Week electricity consumption reduction measure. Date unknown ODECA functions are suspended. Economist E. F. Schumacher publishes his book Small Is Beautiful. The New York Bible Society International's New International Version of the New Testament translated into modern American English is published. The National House Building Council is formed in the United Kingdom. The COSC The Swiss Official Chronometer testing Institute is founded in Switzerland by 5 Watch Cantons & Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry. The title Queen of Australia is created by the Royal Style and Titles Act. A large Song dynasty trade ship of c. 1277 A.D. is dredged up from the waters near the southern coast of China with 12 compartments in its hull. It confirms the descriptions of bulkheaded hull compartments for junks in Zhu Yu's Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119. The Sentosa Musical Fountain opens alongside the Fountain Gardens in Sentosa, Singapore. 5 teams tie for the rugby championship: Wales, England, France, Ireland, and Scotland. Lite Beer is introduced in the U.S. by the Miller Brewing Company. 1973 - Stadtbahnwagen B hybrid tram-train on heavy rail tracks developed. First modern premetro since interurbans. Births January January 1 Jimi Mistry, English actor Bryan Thao Worra, Lao writer January 3 – Jaroslav Švach, Czech footballer (d. 2020) January 4 Thuliswa Nkabinde-Khawe, South African politician (d. 2019) Greg de Vries, Canadian ice hockey player January 5 – Uday Chopra, Indian actor January 6 – Scott Ferguson, Canadian ice hockey player January 7 – Jonna Tervomaa, Finnish singer January 9 – Sean Paul, Jamaican singer January 10 – Ajit Pai, American politician and telecommunications director, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission January 11 - Rahul Dravid, Indian cricket player and coach. January 12 Brian Culbertson, American contemporary jazz/R&B/funk musician, instrumentalist, producer and performer Joseph M. Smith, American actor, writer and producer Hande Yener, Turkish singer January 13 Nikolai Khabibulin, Russian hockey player Gloria Yip, Hong Kong actress January 14 Václav Burda, Czech ice hockey player (d. 2018) Giancarlo Fisichella, Italian race car driver Katie Griffin, Canadian actress and singer January 15 Essam El Hadary, Egyptian goalkeeper Tomáš Galásek, Czech football player Maksim Martynov, Russian engineer January 16 Josie Davis, American actress Liliana Barba, Mexican actress, voice actress and ADR director Marlies Somers, Dutch voice actress January 17 Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Mexican football and politician, Governor of Morelos 2018-2024 Chris Bowen, Australian politician Ari Lasso, Indonesian singer January 18 Burnie Burns, American filmmaker Crispian Mills, British musician (The Jeevas, Kula Shaker) Ben Willbond, English actor and screenwriter January 19 Ann Kristin Aarønes, Norwegian footballer Marta Cattani, Italian basketball player Wang Junxia, Chinese long-distance runner Karen Lancaume, French pornographic film actress (d. 2005) Antero Manninen, Finnish cellist Yevgeny Sadovyi, Russian swimmer Aaron Yonda, American YouTube celebrity January 21 – Chris Kilmore, American rock DJ (Incubus) January 22 – Abi Tucker, Australian actor and singer January 26 Brendan Rodgers, Northern Irish football manager Jörn Weisbrodt, German arts administrator January 27 – Shadmehr Aghili, Iranian pop singer, musician and composer January 29 Louise Hindsgavl, Danish artist Jason Schmidt, American baseball player January 30 – Jalen Rose, American basketball player January 31 Portia de Rossi, Australian actress Inés González Árraga, Venezuelan chemist and political prisoner. Shingo Katayama, Japanese golfer Daniel Lewis Lee, American white supremacist and convicted murderer (d. 2020) February February 1 Yuri Landman, Dutch artist and musician Nick Mitchell, American wrestler Makiko Ohmoto, Japanese voice actress Óscar Pérez Rojas, Mexican football goalkeeper February 2 – Aleksander Tammert, Estonian discus thrower February 3 – Ilana Sod, Mexican journalist February 4 Oscar De La Hoya, American boxer James Hird, Australian rules footballer for Essendon Brett Hestla, American musician and record producer. February 5 Trijntje Oosterhuis, Dutch pop singer Luke Ricketson, Australian rugby league player Deng Yaping, Chinese table tennis player February 7 Turki Al-Dakhil, Saudi journalist Angel Aquino, Filipina model, actress and host Juwan Howard, American retired professional basketball player Mie Sonozaki, Japanese voice actress Kate Thornton, British television presenter February 8 – Sonia Deol, British-Asian presenter February 9 – Svetlana Boginskaya, Soviet gymnast Makoto Shinkai, Japanese animator and filmmaker February 10 Núria Añó, Spanish writer Gunn-Rita Dahle, Norwegian mountain biker February 11 Jeon Do-yeon, South Korean actress Mishal Husain, British news presenter for the BBC Haruhi Terada, Japanese voice actress Varg Vikernes, Norwegian rock musician February 12 – Tara Strong, Canadian actress and voice actress February 13 – Ian Duncan, Baron Duncan of Springbank, English politician February 14 – Steve McNair, American football player (d. 2009) February 15 Anna Dogonadze, German trampoline gymnast Amy Van Dyken, American swimmer February 16 – Cathy Freeman, Australian athlete February 17 – Jen Taylor, American voice actress February 18 – Claude Makélélé, French footballer February 19 Eric Lange, American actor Christopher Kerze, American Missing Teenager February 20 Priyanshu Chatterjee, Indian film actor, previously model Kimberley Davies, Australian actress February 21 – Heri Joensen, Faroese musician (Týr) February 22 Mr. Niebla, Mexican professional wrestler (d. 2019) Shota Arveladze, Georgian football player Gustavo Assis-Brasil, Brazilian guitarist Scott Phillips, American rock drummer February 24 Alexei Kovalev, Russian ice hockey player Chris Fehn, American musician Yordan Yovchev, Bulgarian gymnast February 25 Julio Iglesias Jr., Spanish singer Anson Mount, American actor February 26 ATB, German DJ and music producer Anders and Jonas Björler, guitarists Marshall Faulk, American football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Norwegian footballer Jenny Thompson, American swimmer February 27 – Peter Andre, English singer and television personality February 28 Eric Lindros, Canadian hockey player Masato Tanaka, Japanese professional wrestler March March 1 Jack Davenport, English actor Ahmed El Sakka, Egyptian action actor Anton Gunn, American politician Kathrine Lee-Hinton, American flight attendant Chris Webber, American basketball player March 3 – Dejan Bodiroga, Serbian basketball player March 5 – Ryan Franklin, American baseball pitcher March 6 Peter Lindgren, Swedish musician Rumi Ochiai, Japanese voice actress March 7 – Rick Emerson, American talk show host and author 8 March – Tony Campos, American bassist March 9 Aaron Boone, American baseball player Matteo Salvini, Italian politician Uribe DJ, Colombian radio personality and television host March 10 Eva Herzigová, Czech model and actress John LeCompt, American musician Dan Swanö, Swedish musician March 13 Edgar Davids, Dutch footballer David Draiman songwriter and lead singer for the band Disturbed Ólafur Darri Ólafsson, Icelandic actor March 14 – Betsy Brandt, American actress March 15 – Lee Jung-jae, South Korean actor and model March 17 – Caroline Corr, Irish musician (The Corrs) March 18 – Luci Christian, American voice actress March 19 Magnus Hedman, Swedish footballer Simmone Jade Mackinnon, Australian actor March 20 Arjun Atwal, Indian golfer Cedric Yarbrough, American comedian, actor, voice artist and singer Talal Khalifa Aljeri, Kuwaiti businessman March 23 Jerzy Dudek, Polish footballer Jason Kidd, American basketball player March 24 Jacek Bąk, Polish footballer Jim Parsons, American actor and comedian Sakura Tange, Japanese voice actress March 25 – Anders Fridén, Swedish musician March 26 T. R. Knight, American actor Larry Page, American entrepreneur, founder and CEO of Google (2011-2015) March 27 – Sayaka Aoki, Japanese comedian March 28 Matt Nathanson, American singer-songwriter Umaga, Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. 2009) March 29 Brandi Love, American porn actress Marc Overmars, Dutch footballer March 30 – DJ AM, American DJ (d. 2009) April April 1 Stephen Fleming, New Zealand cricket captain Rachel Maddow, American political commentator Kris Marshall, British actor April 2 Simon Farnaby, English actor, writer and comedian Roselyn Sánchez, Puerto Rican-American actress April 3 Jamie Bamber, English actor Prabhu Deva, Indian actor Matthew Ferguson, Canadian actor Adam Scott, American actor April 4 David Blaine, American magician Loris Capirossi, Italian motorcycle racer April 5 Élodie Bouchez, French actress Cho Sung-min, South Korean baseball pitcher (d. 2013) Pharrell Williams, American musician and producer (The Neptunes) April 6 Lori Heuring, American actress Franck Marchis, American astronomer Rie Miyazawa, Japanese actress and singer Cindy Robinson, American voice actress April 7 – Christian O'Connell, British radio DJ and presenter April 8 – Emma Caulfield, American actress April 10 Roberto Carlos, Brazilian footballer Davide Cecotti, Italian footballer Selahattin Demirtaş, Turkish-Kurdish politician April 11 Jennifer Esposito, American actress Kris Marshall, English actor April 12 Christina Moore, American actress Amr Waked, Egyptian film, television and stage actor April 13 – Sergey Shnurov, Russian singer April 14 – Adrien Brody, American actor April 15 – Emanuel Rego, Brazilian beach volleyball player April 16 Akon, Senegalese American rapper, R&B singer-songwriter and record producer Teddy Cobeña, Spanish-Ecuadorian sculptor April 18 – Haile Gebrselassie, Ethiopian long-distance runner April 19 – George Gregan, Australian rugby union footballer April 21 Steve Backshall, English naturalist, writer and television presenter Mark Dexter, British actor Katsuyuki Konishi, Japanese voice actor April 22 – Christopher Sabat, American voice actor April 23 Cem Yılmaz, Turkish comedian and actor Zubin Damania, American physician and Internet personality April 24 Brian Marshall, American musician, songwriter, record producer and real estate broker Yevgeny Shabayev, Russian artistic gymnast (d. 1998) Sachin Tendulkar, Indian cricketer Lee Westwood, English golfer April 25 – Fredrik Larzon, Swedish rock musician (Millencolin) April 26 – Lee Woon-jae, South Korean footballer April 27 – Sharlee D'Angelo, Swedish guitarist April 28 Melissa Fahn, American actress Jorge Garcia, American actor and comedian Elisabeth Röhm, German-American actress April 29 Miguel Ángel Falasca, Spanish volleyball player and head coach (d. 2019) David Belle, French actor and stunt performer April 30 Leigh Francis, British comedian Jeff Timmons, American singer May May 1 Paul Burke, Irish rugby player Diana Hayden, Miss World and Indian actress Oliver Neuville, German footballer May 2 – Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, German director May 3 Brad Martin, American musician Michael Reiziger, Dutch footballer May 4 – Guillermo Barros Schelotto, Argentine footballer May 5 David Hagen, Scottish footballer (d. 2020) Johan Hedberg, Swedish retired hockey goaltender also known as "Moose" May 7 – Paolo Savoldelli, Italian professional road racing cyclist May 8 Giant Ochiai, Japanese professional wrestler and mixed martial artist (d. 2003) Hiromu Arakawa, Japanese manga artist Marcus Brigstocke, British comedian May 9 – Tegla Loroupe, Kenyan long-distance runner May 10 Keylla Hernandéz, Puerto Rican television reporter (d. 2018) Gareth Ainsworth, English footballer Rüştü Reçber, Turkish football goalkeeper May 12 Mackenzie Astin, American actor Forbes March, American actor Robert Tinkler, Canadian voice actor May 14 Natalie Appleton, Canadian singer (All Saints) Shanice, African-American singer May 16 Muna AbuSulayman, Influential Arab and Muslim Media personality Jason Acuña, American skateboarder and actor Tori Spelling, American actress Kōsuke Toriumi, Japanese voice actor May 17 Sasha Alexander, American actress Joshua Homme, American musician Tamsier Joof, British dancer, choreographer and entrepreneur (of Senegalese and Gambian descent) May 18 – Kaz Hayashi, Japanese professional wrestler May 19 – Dario Franchitti, Scottish racecar driver May 20 Elsa Lunghini, French actress and singer Kaya Yanar, German comedian May 21 – Noel Fielding, British comedian May 23 Emperor Magus Caligula, Swedish Musician Jacopo Gianninoto, Italian musician May 24 Bartolo Colón, Dominican baseball player Dermot O'Leary, British television presenter Ruslana, Ukrainian pop star, activist, Eurovision Song Contest 2004 winner May 25 Jean-Pierre Canlis, American glass artist Ai Kobayashi, Japanese voice actress Demetri Martin, American actor and comedian May 27 – Jack McBrayer, American actor and comedian May 30 Leigh Francis, British comedian Minae Noji, American actress May 31 Cadaveria, Italian singer (Opera IX) Dominique van Roost, Belgian tennis player June June 1 Fred Deburghgraeve, Belgian swimmer Adam Garcia, Australian actor and singer Heidi Klum, German model Derek Lowe, American baseball player June 2 Carlos Acosta, Cuban-born ballet dancer Kevin Feige, American film producer and president of Marvel Studios June 8 – Lexa Doig, Canadian actress June 9 – Tedy Bruschi, American football player June 10 – Faith Evans, American singer June 12 Mitsuki Saiga, Japanese voice actress Darryl White, Australian footballer June 13 Sam Adams, American football player Ogie Banks, American voice actor June 14 – Ceca Raznatovic, Serbian folk singer June 15 Neil Patrick Harris, American actor, comedian, singer, presenter and host Dean McAmmond, Canadian hockey player Greg Vaughan, American actor June 17 – Louis Leterrier, French film director June 18 – Yumi Kakazu, Japanese voice actress June 19 Yuko Nakazawa, Japanese singer Gobind Singh Deo, Malaysian politician June 20 – Chino Moreno, American musician June 21 Zuzana Čaputová, Slovak politician, President of Slovakia Juliette Lewis, American actress Francesca Martiradonna, Italian basketball player Fedja van Huêt, Dutch actor Frank Vogel, American basketball coach June 22 Carson Daly, American television personality, host of NBC's The Voice and Last Call with Carson Daly Giorgio Pasotti, Italian actor and martial arts athlete June 23 Davies Chisopa, Zambian politician Gurbir Grewal, American attorney and prosecutor, Attorney General of New Jersey Marija Naumova (Marie N), Latvian singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2002 winner June 24 Alexander Beyer, German actor Matt Drummond, Australian film director, screenwriter and visual effects supervisor Jonathan Lambert, French actor and comedian Charles Venn, English actor June 25 Jamie Redknapp, English footballer Nuno Resende, Portuguese singer Tengku Zafrul Aziz, Malaysian banker and investor June 26 Paweł Małaszyński, Polish actor Samuel Benchetrit, French writer, actor, scenarist and director June 27 Razaaq Adoti, British actor, producer and screenwriter Olve Eikemo, Norwegian musician Gonzalo López-Gallego, Spanish film director June 28 Adrián Annus, Hungarian athlete Frost, Norwegian musician Andre Lange, German Olympic bobsledder June 29 Samir Choughule, Indian actor and writer Kento Masuda, Japanese composer and recording artist June 30 Robert Bales, United States Army staff-sergeant and suspect of the Kandahar massacre Chan Ho Park, Korean Major League Baseball player Hidetada Yamagishi, Japanese bodybuilder July July 1 Akhilesh Yadav, Indian politician Brenton Brown, South African-American Christian musician and worship leader July 2 – Peter Kay, British comedian July 3 Antonio Filippini, Italian footballer Emanuele Filippini, Italian footballer Emma Cunniffe, British actress Jonah Lotan, Israeli actor Mimi Miyagi, Filipino model, pornographic actress, film director and actress Owen H.M. Smith, American television producer, writer, actor and comedian Patrick Wilson, American actor July 4 Gackt, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor Mathieu Chantelois, Canadian television personality, journalist, magazine editor and marketing executive July 5 Joe, American singer-songwriter and record producer Dominic Power, English actor Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer and coach Andrei Zibrov, Russian actor July 6 Charizma, African-American rapper (d. 1993) Pablo Escudero Morales, Mexican lawyer and politician William Lee Scott, American actor Jehangir Wadia, Indian businessman July 7 Troy Garity, American actor Yoon Kyung-shin, South Korean handball player John Lapus, Filipino actor, host and comedian Luciano Nassyn, Brazilian singer Natsuki Takaya, Japanese manga artist July 8 Kathleen Robertson, Canadian actress and producer Medi Sadoun, French actor Sebastian Maniscalco, American stand-up comedian and actor July 9 Kelly Holcomb, American football player Enrique Murciano, American actor July 10 Neil Bannister, English cricketer Craig Heap, English gymnast Julián Legaspi, Uruguayan-Peruvian actor McNeil Hendricks, South African rugby union player Annie Mumolo, American actress, screenwriter, comedian and producer Andrej Hrnčiar, Slovak actor and politician Martin S. Jensen, Danish professional football goalkeeper Oleksandr Yanukovych, Ukrainian dentist and businessman July 11 Link Abrams, American-New Zealand basketball player Andrew Bird, American violinist and singer-songwriter Marcelo Charpentier, Argentine tennis player Konstantinos Kenteris, Greek athlete Kris Steele, American politician Mohsen Torky, Iranian football player July 12 Inoke Afeaki, Tongan rugby union footballer Christian Vieri, Italian footballer July 13 Roberto Martínez, Spanish football manager Danny Williams, British professional boxer July 14 Kanaka, South Indian actress Halil Mutlu, Bulgaria-born Turkish weightlifter Candela Peña, Spanish actress July 15 John Dolmayan, Lebanese-born rock drummer for the band System of a Down Brian Austin Green, American actor Yasemin Şamdereli, Turkish-German actress, screenwriter and film director July 16 Tim Ryan, American politician Stefano Garzelli, Italian professional road racing cyclist Yoshihiko Hakamada, Japanese actor Jonas Chernick, Canadian actor and screenwriter Graham Robertson, American filmmaker and author July 17 Tony Dovolani, Kosovar-American ballroom dancer Daimaou Kosaka, Japanese comedian Eric Moulds, American football player Liam Kyle Sullivan, American comedian July 18 – Chi In-jin, South Korean boxer July 19 Aílton, Brazilian football player Nathalie Boltt, South African actress Diether Ocampo, Filipino actor, singer and model Wayne Rigby, British boxer Toni Brogno, Belgian football striker Saïd Taghmaoui, French-American actor and screenwriter July 20 Roberto Orci, Mexican-American screenwriter and producer Peter Forsberg, Swedish hockey player Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway Raymart Santiago, Filipino television host, actor, action star and comedian July 21 – Ali Landry, American actress July 22 Rufus Wainwright, American-Canadian singer-songwriter and composer Jaime Camil, Mexican actor and singer Daniel Jones, Australian musician and record producer July 23 Omar Epps, American actor Nomar Garciaparra, American baseball player Fran Healy, Scottish singer-songwriter Monica Lewinsky, American White House intern July 24 – Jamie Denbo, American actress July 25 David Denman, American actor Dani Filth, British vocalist Kevin Phillips, English footballer Tony Vincent, American actor and singer July 26 – Kate Beckinsale, English actress July 27 Abe Cunningham, American drummer Gorden Tallis, Australian rugby league player July 28 – Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player July 29 – Wanya Morris, American singer July 30 Markus Näslund, Swedish ice hockey player Sonu Nigam, Indian singer July 31 – Jacob Aagaard, Danish-Scottish chess player August August 1 Tempestt Bledsoe, American actress Edurne Pasaban, Basque Spanish mountaineer August 2 Miguel Mendonca, Anglo-Azorean writer Susie O'Neill, Australian swimmer August 3 – Stephen Graham, English actor August 4 – Marcos, Brazilian footballer August 5 Michael Hollick, American actor Sean Sherk, American mixed martial artist, UFC Lightweight Champion August 6 Asia Carrera, American actress Vera Farmiga, American actress, director and producer August 7 – Giorgi Balashvili, former Georgian professional football player August 8 Jessica Calvello, American voice actress Scott Stapp, American singer-songwriter (Creed) August 9 Kevin McKidd, Scottish actor Filippo Inzaghi, Italian footballer Oleksandr Ponomariov, Ukrainian singer August 10 – Javier Zanetti, Argentine football player August 11 – Carolyn Murphy, American model August 12 – Richard Reid, English terrorist August 13 – Ryoko Shinohara, Japanese actress August 14 Jared Borgetti, Mexican footballer Jay-Jay Okocha, Nigerian footballer Kieren Perkins, Australian swimmer Thyra von Westernhagen, German noblewoman and landowner August 15 Kris Mangum, Professional football | musician June 21 Zuzana Čaputová, Slovak politician, President of Slovakia Juliette Lewis, American actress Francesca Martiradonna, Italian basketball player Fedja van Huêt, Dutch actor Frank Vogel, American basketball coach June 22 Carson Daly, American television personality, host of NBC's The Voice and Last Call with Carson Daly Giorgio Pasotti, Italian actor and martial arts athlete June 23 Davies Chisopa, Zambian politician Gurbir Grewal, American attorney and prosecutor, Attorney General of New Jersey Marija Naumova (Marie N), Latvian singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2002 winner June 24 Alexander Beyer, German actor Matt Drummond, Australian film director, screenwriter and visual effects supervisor Jonathan Lambert, French actor and comedian Charles Venn, English actor June 25 Jamie Redknapp, English footballer Nuno Resende, Portuguese singer Tengku Zafrul Aziz, Malaysian banker and investor June 26 Paweł Małaszyński, Polish actor Samuel Benchetrit, French writer, actor, scenarist and director June 27 Razaaq Adoti, British actor, producer and screenwriter Olve Eikemo, Norwegian musician Gonzalo López-Gallego, Spanish film director June 28 Adrián Annus, Hungarian athlete Frost, Norwegian musician Andre Lange, German Olympic bobsledder June 29 Samir Choughule, Indian actor and writer Kento Masuda, Japanese composer and recording artist June 30 Robert Bales, United States Army staff-sergeant and suspect of the Kandahar massacre Chan Ho Park, Korean Major League Baseball player Hidetada Yamagishi, Japanese bodybuilder July July 1 Akhilesh Yadav, Indian politician Brenton Brown, South African-American Christian musician and worship leader July 2 – Peter Kay, British comedian July 3 Antonio Filippini, Italian footballer Emanuele Filippini, Italian footballer Emma Cunniffe, British actress Jonah Lotan, Israeli actor Mimi Miyagi, Filipino model, pornographic actress, film director and actress Owen H.M. Smith, American television producer, writer, actor and comedian Patrick Wilson, American actor July 4 Gackt, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor Mathieu Chantelois, Canadian television personality, journalist, magazine editor and marketing executive July 5 Joe, American singer-songwriter and record producer Dominic Power, English actor Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer and coach Andrei Zibrov, Russian actor July 6 Charizma, African-American rapper (d. 1993) Pablo Escudero Morales, Mexican lawyer and politician William Lee Scott, American actor Jehangir Wadia, Indian businessman July 7 Troy Garity, American actor Yoon Kyung-shin, South Korean handball player John Lapus, Filipino actor, host and comedian Luciano Nassyn, Brazilian singer Natsuki Takaya, Japanese manga artist July 8 Kathleen Robertson, Canadian actress and producer Medi Sadoun, French actor Sebastian Maniscalco, American stand-up comedian and actor July 9 Kelly Holcomb, American football player Enrique Murciano, American actor July 10 Neil Bannister, English cricketer Craig Heap, English gymnast Julián Legaspi, Uruguayan-Peruvian actor McNeil Hendricks, South African rugby union player Annie Mumolo, American actress, screenwriter, comedian and producer Andrej Hrnčiar, Slovak actor and politician Martin S. Jensen, Danish professional football goalkeeper Oleksandr Yanukovych, Ukrainian dentist and businessman July 11 Link Abrams, American-New Zealand basketball player Andrew Bird, American violinist and singer-songwriter Marcelo Charpentier, Argentine tennis player Konstantinos Kenteris, Greek athlete Kris Steele, American politician Mohsen Torky, Iranian football player July 12 Inoke Afeaki, Tongan rugby union footballer Christian Vieri, Italian footballer July 13 Roberto Martínez, Spanish football manager Danny Williams, British professional boxer July 14 Kanaka, South Indian actress Halil Mutlu, Bulgaria-born Turkish weightlifter Candela Peña, Spanish actress July 15 John Dolmayan, Lebanese-born rock drummer for the band System of a Down Brian Austin Green, American actor Yasemin Şamdereli, Turkish-German actress, screenwriter and film director July 16 Tim Ryan, American politician Stefano Garzelli, Italian professional road racing cyclist Yoshihiko Hakamada, Japanese actor Jonas Chernick, Canadian actor and screenwriter Graham Robertson, American filmmaker and author July 17 Tony Dovolani, Kosovar-American ballroom dancer Daimaou Kosaka, Japanese comedian Eric Moulds, American football player Liam Kyle Sullivan, American comedian July 18 – Chi In-jin, South Korean boxer July 19 Aílton, Brazilian football player Nathalie Boltt, South African actress Diether Ocampo, Filipino actor, singer and model Wayne Rigby, British boxer Toni Brogno, Belgian football striker Saïd Taghmaoui, French-American actor and screenwriter July 20 Roberto Orci, Mexican-American screenwriter and producer Peter Forsberg, Swedish hockey player Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway Raymart Santiago, Filipino television host, actor, action star and comedian July 21 – Ali Landry, American actress July 22 Rufus Wainwright, American-Canadian singer-songwriter and composer Jaime Camil, Mexican actor and singer Daniel Jones, Australian musician and record producer July 23 Omar Epps, American actor Nomar Garciaparra, American baseball player Fran Healy, Scottish singer-songwriter Monica Lewinsky, American White House intern July 24 – Jamie Denbo, American actress July 25 David Denman, American actor Dani Filth, British vocalist Kevin Phillips, English footballer Tony Vincent, American actor and singer July 26 – Kate Beckinsale, English actress July 27 Abe Cunningham, American drummer Gorden Tallis, Australian rugby league player July 28 – Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player July 29 – Wanya Morris, American singer July 30 Markus Näslund, Swedish ice hockey player Sonu Nigam, Indian singer July 31 – Jacob Aagaard, Danish-Scottish chess player August August 1 Tempestt Bledsoe, American actress Edurne Pasaban, Basque Spanish mountaineer August 2 Miguel Mendonca, Anglo-Azorean writer Susie O'Neill, Australian swimmer August 3 – Stephen Graham, English actor August 4 – Marcos, Brazilian footballer August 5 Michael Hollick, American actor Sean Sherk, American mixed martial artist, UFC Lightweight Champion August 6 Asia Carrera, American actress Vera Farmiga, American actress, director and producer August 7 – Giorgi Balashvili, former Georgian professional football player August 8 Jessica Calvello, American voice actress Scott Stapp, American singer-songwriter (Creed) August 9 Kevin McKidd, Scottish actor Filippo Inzaghi, Italian footballer Oleksandr Ponomariov, Ukrainian singer August 10 – Javier Zanetti, Argentine football player August 11 – Carolyn Murphy, American model August 12 – Richard Reid, English terrorist August 13 – Ryoko Shinohara, Japanese actress August 14 Jared Borgetti, Mexican footballer Jay-Jay Okocha, Nigerian footballer Kieren Perkins, Australian swimmer Thyra von Westernhagen, German noblewoman and landowner August 15 Kris Mangum, Professional football player Adnan Sami, Turkish music composer, pianist, singer August 16 Damian Jackson, American baseball player Mauricio Islas, Mexican actor August 19 Marco Materazzi, Italian football player HRH Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway August 20 – Todd Helton, American baseball player August 21 Sergey Brin, Russian-born American entrepreneur, co-founder of Google Steve McKenna, American hockey player Nikolai Valuev, Russian heavyweight boxing champion August 22 Howie D., American singer (Backstreet Boys) Kristen Wiig, American actress, comedian and writer August 23 Chelsi Smith, American actress, singer, television host and beauty queen (d. 2018) Joey Cramer, Canadian child actor August 24 Dave Brown, English comedian Dave Chappelle, African-American actor and comedian Inge de Bruijn, Dutch swimmer Grey DeLisle, American voice actress, comedian and singer-songwriter Carmine Giovinazzo, American actor August 25 – Hayko, Armenian singer (d. 2021) August 26 - Andy Muschietti, Argentine film director and screenwriter August 28 – Kirby Morrow, Canadian actor, comedian and writer (d. 2020) August 29 Abdo Hakim, Lebanese actor and voice actor Jason Spisak, American actor, voice actor and producer August 30 – Lisa Ling, American journalist September September 1 – Ram Kapoor, Indian actor September 3 Alexandra Kerry, American actress, filmmaker, director and producer Jennifer Paige, American singer-songwriter September 4 Jason David Frank, American actor and martial artist Diosbelys Hurtado, Cuban boxer Lazlow Jones, American writer, producer, director, talk show host and voice actor September 5 Paddy Considine, British actor, filmmaker and musician Rose McGowan, American actress Rachel Sheherazade, Brazilian journalist September 6 Carlo Cudicini, Italian footballer Greg Rusedski, Canadian-British tennis player September 7 – Shannon Elizabeth, American actress September 8 Khamis Al-Dosari, Saudi Arabian footballer (d. 2020) Troy Sanders, American musician (Mastodon, Killer Be Killed) September 9 Kazuhisa Ishii, Japanese baseball player Jennie Kwan, American actress and voice actress September 11 - Sohrab Bakhtiarizadeh, Iranian footballer September 12 Tarana Burke, American civil rights activist Darren Campbell, British athlete Maximiliano Hernández, American actor Paul Walker, American actor (d. 2013) September 13 Fabio Cannavaro, Italian footballer Travis Knight, American animator, producer and director September 14 Andrew Lincoln, English actor Nas, African-American rapper September 15 Julie Cox, English actress Indira Levak, Croatian lead vocalist of Colonia Lidija Perkov, Croatian writer, poet and journalist Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland, né Olof Daniel Westling, Swedish prince, married to Crown Princess Victoria September 17 – Ada Choi, Hong Kong actress September 18 Paul Brousseau, Canadian ice hockey player James Marsden, American actor Ami Onuki, Japanese singer Mark Shuttleworth, South African entrepreneur September 19 José Azevedo, Portuguese cyclist David Zepeda, Mexican actor, model and singer September 20 Jo Pavey, British athlete Li Xiaomeng, Chinese television host September 21 – Oswaldo Sánchez, Mexican footballer September 22 Craig McRae, Australian footballer Yoo Chae-yeong, South Korean singer and actress Bob Sapp, American professional wrestler, actor, American football player, kickboxer and mixed martial artist September 24 – Eddie George, American football player September 25 Bridget Marquardt, American television personality, model and actress Bridgette Wilson-Sampras, American actress September 26 – Lainey Lui, Canadian television personality, co-host of etalk September 29 Alfie Boe, English tenor Joe Hulbig, American ice hockey player September 30 – David Ury, American actor October October 1 – Christian Borle, American actor and singer October 2 Melissa Harris-Perry, African-American political commentator Lene Nystrøm, Norwegian singer (Aqua) Proof, American rapper (D12) (d. 2006) Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian Drag queen, comedian and singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2007 runner-up October 3 Neve Campbell, Canadian actress Richard Ian Cox, Welsh voice actor and radio host October 4 Chris Parks, American professional wrestler Craig Robert Young, British actor and singer (Deuce) October 5 – Annabelle Chvostek, Canadian singer-songwriter October 6 – Ioan Gruffudd, Welsh actor October 8 – Kari Korhonen, Finnish cartoonist October 9 Steve Burns, American actor, musician and television host Fabio Lione, Italian singer October 10 – Mario Lopez, American actor October 11 Takeshi Kaneshiro, Taiwanese/Japanese actor Daisuke Sakaguchi, Japanese voice actor October 13 Matt Hughes, American mixed martial arts fighter Nanako Matsushima, Japanese actress October 14 George Floyd, African-American victim of police brutality (d. 2020) Steven Bradbury, Australian short track speed skater Masato Sakai, Japanese voice actor and actor Lasha Zhvania, Georgian politician October 15 Susy Pryde, New Zealand cyclist Dax Riggs, American musician October 16 – Todd van der Heyden, Canadian journalist and news anchor October 18 Sergey Bezrukov, Russian screen and stage actor Rachel Nichols, American sports journalist Alex Tagliani, Canadian race car driver Black Child, rapper from Queens October 19 – Joaquin Gage, Canadian ice hockey player October 21 – Beverley Turner, British television and radio presenter October 22 – Ichiro Suzuki, Japanese baseball player October 23 – Malaika Arora, Indian actress, dancer, model, VJ and television personality October 24 Kurt Kuenne, filmmaker, known for documentary Dear Zachary Levi Leipheimer, American professional cyclist October 25 – Lamont Bentley, American actor and rapper (d. 2005) October 26 Seth MacFarlane, American actor, screenwriter, producer, director and singer Taka Michinoku, Japanese professional wrestler October 28 Maryam Nawaz, Pakistani politician Montel Vontavious Porter, WWE Raw wrestler October 29 – Robert Pires, French football player October 30 Silvia Corzo, Colombian newsreader Edge, Canadian professional wrestler and 4-time WWE Champion October 31 – Beverly Lynne, American actress November November 1 Assia, Algerian singer Li Xiaoshuang, Chinese gymnast Aishwarya Rai, Indian actress, Miss World 1994 November 2 – Marisol Nichols, American actress November 3 Kirk Jones, African-American rapper (Onyx) Mick Thomson, American guitarist November 4 – Steven Ogg, Canadian actor November 5 Johnny Damon, American baseball player Peter Emmerich, American illustrator November 6 – Rumi Shishido, Japanese voice actress and singer November 7 – Yunjin Kim, South Korean-American film and theater actress November 8 David Muir, American journalist and news anchor November 9 Alyson Court, Canadian actress and voice actress Nick Lachey, American actor, singer and television personality and host Maija Vilkkumaa, Finnish pop rock singer November 10 Jacqui Abbott, English singer Róbert Gulya, Hungarian composer November 11 – Jason White, American musician November 13 – Jordan Bridges, American actor November 14 Andrew Strong, Irish singer and actor Dana Snyder, American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and producer Mikey Kelley, American voice actor Hila Elmalich, Israeli fashion model (d. 2007) Lawyer Milloy, American football player November 16 – Marcus Lemonis, Lebanese-American businessman, investor and television personality November 19 Billy Currington, American country singer Savion Glover, American tap dancer, actor and choreographer November 20 Sav Rocca, American football player and Australian rules footballer Simone D'Andrea, Italian voice actor November 22 Cassie Campbell, Canadian ice hockey forward and CBC commentator Eliana, Brazilian television hostess, actress and singer November 24 – Amy Hayes, American ring announcer and model November 26 – Peter Facinelli, American actor November 27 Satyendra Dubey, Indian Engineering Service officer (d. 2003) Tadanobu Asano, Japanese actor and musician Sharlto Copley, South African producer, actor and director November 28 Rob Conway, American professional wrestler Jade Puget, American guitarist Gina Tognoni, American actress November 29 Ryan Giggs, Welsh footballer Raphael Smith, South African screenwriter and songwriter November 30 John Moyer, American bassist Nimród Antal, Hungarian-American film director, screenwriter and actor Christian, Canadian professional wrestler Angélica, Brazilian television presenter, actress and singer Im Chang-jung, South Korean actor December December 1 Lombardo Boyar, American stand-up, comedian, actor and voice artist Kieron Durkan, English footballer (d. 2018) Brian Froud, Canadian actor and voice actor December 2 Monica Seles, Hungarian-Yugoslavian tennis player Jan Ullrich, German professional road bicycle racer December 3 Holly Marie Combs, American actress Francisco Islas Rueda, Mexican professional wrestler December 4 Tyra Banks, American supermodel, talk show host Michael Jackson, English football defender Steven Menzies, Australian rugby league player December 5 Arik Benado, Israeli footballer Neil Codling, Member of Suede Sorin Grindeanu, 65th Prime Minister of Romania Mikelangelo Loconte, Italian singer Shalom Harlow, Canadian model and actress December 7 Carrie Kei Heim, American actress, lawyer and writer Terrell Owens, American football player Damien Rice, Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer December 8 – Corey Taylor, American rock vocalist (Slipknot, Stone Sour) December 9 – Bárbara Padilla, American operatic soprano December 10 Arden Myrin, American comedian Gabriela Spanic, Venezuelan-Mexican actress December 11 – Mos Def, African-American rapper and actor December 12 Tony Hsieh, American venture capitalist and businessman, CEO of Zappos (d. 2020) Paz Lenchantin, Argentine-American musician December 14 Tom S. Englund, Swedish musician Tomasz Radzinski, Canadian footballer Thuy Trang, Vietnamese-born actress (d. 2001) December 15 – Surya Bonaly, French figure skater December 16 Mariza, Portuguese fado singer Scott Storch, American hip-hop producer December 17 Martha Erika Alonso Hidalgo, Mexican politician (d. 2018) Rian Johnson, American filmmaker Paula Radcliffe, British athlete December 18 – Darryl Brown, Trinidad and West Indian cricketer December 20 – Antti Kasvio, Finnish swimmer December 21 – Mike Alstott, American football player December 24 Paul Foot, English comedian Stephenie Meyer, American novelist Kerry Nettle, Australian politician December 25 – Chris Harris, American professional wrestler December 26 – Reichen Lehmkuhl, American lawyer, businessman, reality show winner, previously model and occasional actor December 27 Wilson Cruz, American actor Elizabeth Rodriguez, American actress Kristoffer Zegers, Dutch composer December 28 Seth Meyers, American actor and comedian, currently hosts Late Night with Seth Meyers Ids Postma, Dutch speed skater December 29 Pimp C, American rap artist (d. 2007) Theo Epstein, American baseball general manager December 30 Jason Behr, American actor Ato Boldon, West Indian athlete Jason Molina, American musician (d. 2013) December 31 – Nikolay Tsiskaridze, Russian dancer Date unknown Tiago Carneiro da Cunha, Brazilian artist Iliana Hernández, Cuban journalist Matthew Walker, English sleep scientist Deaths January January 2 – Eleazar López Contreras, 45th President of Venezuela (b. 1883) January 16 – Nellie Yu Roung Ling, Chinese dancer, former lady-in-waiting in Qing imperial court (b. 1889) January 22 – Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States (b. 1908) January 23 – Kid Ory, American musician (b. 1886) January 24 – J. Carrol Naish, American actor (b. 1896) January 26 – Edward G. Robinson, American actor (b. 1893) January 28 – John Banner, Austrian-born actor (b. 1910) January 31 Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1895) Jack MacGowran, Irish film actor (b. 1918) February February 11 – J. Hans D. Jensen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907) February 15 Wally Cox, American actor (b. 1924) Tim Holt, American actor (b. 1919) February 16 – Francisco Caamaño, 50th President of the Dominican Republic (executed) (b. 1932) February 18 – Frank Costello, Italian-American Mafia gangster and crime boss (b. 1891) February 19 Ivan T. Sanderson, Scottish-American naturalist, cryptozoologist and writer (b. 1911) Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist (b. 1892) February 22 Elizabeth Bowen, Irish novelist (b. 1899) Katina Paxinou, Greek actress (b. 1900) February 23 – Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895) February 24 – Manolo Caracol, Spanish flamenco singer (b. 1909) February 28 – Cecil Kellaway, South African actor (b. 1890) March March 3 – Vera Panova, Soviet-Russian writer (b. 1905) March 6 – Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892) March 8 Benjamín de Arriba y Castro, Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop and cardinal (b. 1886) Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, American rock musician (Grateful Dead) (b. 1945) March 10 – Robert Siodmak, German-born American director (b. 1900) March 12 – Frankie Frisch, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1898) March 13 – Melville Cooper, British actor (b. 1896) March 17 – Giuseppe Ferretto, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1899) March 18 Johannes Aavik, Estonian philologist (b. 1880) Lauritz Melchior, Danish opera singer (b. 1890) March 20 – Adolf Strauss, German general (b. 1879) March 22 – Hilda Geiringer, Austrian mathematician (b. 1893) March 23 – Ken Maynard, American actor (b. 1895) March 25 – Edward Steichen, American photographer (b. 1879) March 26 Sir Noël Coward, English composer and playwright (b. 1899) George Sisler, American baseball player (St. Louis Browns) and a member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1893) April April 8 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist (b. 1881) April 12 – Arthur Freed, American film producer (b. 1894) April 13 Henry Darger, American outsider artist (b. 1892) Dudley Senanayake, 2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. 1911) April 14 – Károly Kerényi, Hungarian philologist and mythologist (b. 1897) April 16 Nino Bravo, Spanish singer (b. 1944) Istvan Kertesz, Hungarian conductor (b. 1929) April 19 – Hans Kelsen, Austrian-born legal theorist (b. 1881) April 20 – Robert Armstrong, American actor (b. 1890) April 21 Merian C. Cooper, American aviator, director, and producer (b. 1893) Sir Arthur Fadden, Australian politician, 13th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894) April 25 Fuad Chehab, 8th President of Lebanon (b. 1902) Frank Jack Fletcher, American admiral (b. 1885) April 26 – Irene Ryan, American actress (b. 1902) April 28 – Jacques Maritain, Catholic philosopher (b. 1882) May May 1 – Asger Jorn, Danish painter (b. 1914) May 6 – Myrna Fahey, American actress (b. 1933) May 8 – Alexander Vandegrift, American general (b. 1887) May 11 – Lex Barker, American actor (b. 1919) May 12 – Frances Marion, American screenwriter (b. 1888) May 16 – Jacques Lipchitz, French-American sculptor (b. 1891) May 18 – Jeannette Rankin, American politician (b. 1880) May 20 – Jarno Saarinen, Finnish motorcycle racer (b. 1945) May 21 Ivan Konev, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1897) Vaughn Monroe, American singer (b. 1911) May 26 Karl Löwith, German philosopher (b. 1897) May 27 – Constantin Daicoviciu, Romanian historian and archaeologist (b. 1898) May 29 – P. Ramlee, Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter, composer, and producer (b. 1929) June–July June 1 – Mary Kornman, American actress (b. 1915) June 8 – Emmy Göring nee'' Sonnemann, German actress, second wife of Hermann Göring (b. 1893) June 9 – Erich von Manstein, German field marshal (b. 1887) June 10 – William Inge, American playwright (b. 1913) June 18 – Roger Delgado, English actor (b. 1918) June 23 – Fay Holden, American actress (b. 1893) June 24 – Mary Carr, American actress (b. 1874) June 26 – Ernest Truex, American actor (b. 1889) June 29 – Germán Valdés, Mexican actor, singer and comedian (b. 1915) June 30 Nancy Mitford, English novelist (b. 1904) Vasyl Velychkovsky C.Ss.R, Ukrainian Catholic bishop, martyr and blessed (b. 1903) July 2 Betty Grable, American actress (b. 1916) George Macready, American actor (b. 1899) July 6 Joe E. Brown, American actor and comedian (b. 1891) Otto Klemperer, German-born conductor (b. 1885) July 7 Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (b. 1895) Veronica Lake, American actress (b. 1922) July 8 Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-born Israeli educator, historian and politician (b. 1884) Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer (b. 1877) July 11 Alexander Mosolov, Russian composer (b. 1900) Robert Ryan, American actor (b. 1909) July 12 – Lon Chaney Jr., American actor (b. 1906) July 13 – Willy Fritsch, German actor (b. 1901) July 18 – Jack Hawkins, British actor (b. 1910) July 20 Mikhail Isakovsky, Russian poet (b. 1900) Bruce Lee, Chinese-American martial artist and actor (b. 1940) Robert Smithson, American artist (b. 1938) July 23 – Eddie Rickenbacker, American World War I flying ace and race car driver (b. 1890) July 24 – Julián Acuña Galé, Cuban botanist (b. 1900) July 25 Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1875) Louis St. Laurent, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882) July 26 – Konstantinos Georgakopoulos, Greek lawyer and professor, 152nd Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1890) July 29 Henri Charrière, French writer (b. 1906) Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, 34th President of El Salvador (b. 1921) Roger Williamson, British race car driver (b. 1948) July 31 – Annibale Bergonzoli, Italian general (b. 1884) August August 1 Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (b. 1882) Walter Ulbricht, East German politician, former leader of the Communist Party and 2nd head of State of the GDR (b. 1893) Nikos Zachariadis, Greek politician, former leader of the Communist Party of Greece (b. 1903) August 2 – Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director (b. 1917) August 4 – Eddie Condon, American jazz musician (b. 1905) August 6 Fulgencio Batista, 9th and 12th President of Cuba (b. 1901) James Beck, British actor (b. 1929) August 9 – Charles Daniels, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1885) August 10 – Douglas Kennedy, American actor (b. 1915) August 11 – Peggie Castle, American actress (b. 1927) August 12 Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881) Karl Ziegler, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898) August 16 Veda Ann Borg, American actress (b. 1915) Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1888) August 17 Conrad Aiken, American writer (b. 1889) Jean Barraqué, French composer (b. 1928) Paul Williams, American singer (The Temptations) (b. 1939) August 18 François Bonlieu, French Olympic alpine skier (b. 1937) Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, British politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (b. 1888) August 30 – Michael Dunn, American actor (b. 1934) August 31 – John Ford, American film director (b. 1894) September September 2 – J. R. R. Tolkien, British writer (b. 1892) September 9 – S. N. Behrman, American playwright, screenwriter, and biographer (b. 1893) September 11 – Salvador Allende, 30th President of Chile (b. 1908) September 12 – Marjorie Merriweather Post, American businesswoman (b. 1887) September 13 Betty Field, American actress (b. 1913) Sajjad Zaheer, Urdu writer and revolutionary (b. 1899) September 15 – King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (b. 1882) September 16 Rafael Franco, 33rd President of Paraguay (b. 1896) Víctor Jara, Chilean political activist and singer-songwriter (b. 1932) September 18 – Théo Lefèvre, 39th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1914) September 19 – Gram Parsons, American musician (b. 1946) September 20 Jim Croce, American songwriter (b. 1943) Glenn Strange, American actor (b. 1899) Ben Webster, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1909) September 22 – Paul van Zeeland, 29th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1893) September 23 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904) September 24 – Josué de Castro, Brazilian writer, physician, geographer and activist against hunger (b. 1908) September 26 – Anna Magnani, Italian actress (b. 1908) September 28 Norma Crane, American actress (b. 1928) Mantan Moreland, American actor and comedian (b. 1902) September 29 – W. H. Auden, English poet (b. 1907) October October 1 – Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, former Prime Minister of Afghanistan (b. 1921) October 2 Paul Hartman, American dancer and actor (b. 1904) Paavo Nurmi, Finnish Olympic athlete (b. 1897) October 6 Sidney Blackmer, American actor (b. 1895) François Cevert, French race car driver (b. 1944) October 7 – Bonner Fellers, United States Army general (b. 1896) October 8 – Gabriel Marcel, French Catholic existential thinker (b. 1889) October 9 – Sister Rosetta Tharpe, American singer and guitarist (b. 1915) October 10 – Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist (b. 1881) October 16 – Gene Krupa, American jazz drummer (b. 1909) October 17 – Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian poet and author (b. 1926) October 18 Leo Strauss, German-American political philosopher (b. 1899) Walt Kelly, American cartoonist (b. 1913) Crane Wilbur, American actor (b. 1886) October 19 – Margaret Caroline Anderson, American magazine publisher (b. 1886) October 22 – Pablo Casals, Spanish cellist and conductor (b. 1876) October 25 – Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian Olympic athlete (b. 1932) October 26 – Semyon Budyonny, Cossack cavalryman and Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1883) October 27 – Allan Lane, American actor (b. 1909) October 28 Cleo Moore, American actress (b. 1928) Taha Hussein, Egyptian writer (b. 1889) November November 3 Arturo de Córdova, Mexican actor (b. 1908) Marc Allégret, French film director (b. 1900) November 7 – Kiyohide Shima, Japanese admiral (b. 1890) November 11 Hassan al-Hudaybi, Egyptian general (b. 1891) Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1895) November 12 – Wacław Stachiewicz, Polish writer, geologist, and general (b. 1894) November 13 B. S. Johnson, English experimental novelist (b. 1933) Lila Lee, American actress (b. 1901) Bruno Maderna, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1920) Elsa Schiaparelli, Italian fashion designer (b. 1890) November 16 – Alan Watts, British philosopher (b. 1915) November 18 – Alois Hába, Czech composer and musicologist (b. 1893) November 20 – Allan Sherman, American comedy writer, television producer, and song parodist (b. 1924) November 23 Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese-born American actor and film director (b. 1889) Constance Talmadge, American actress (b. 1898) November 25 Albert DeSalvo, American criminal, suspect in the Boston Strangler case (b. 1931) Laurence Harvey, English actor (b. 1928) November 28 – John Rostill, English bassist, musician and composer (The Shadows) (b. |
April 30 – The Vietnam War ends with the Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War concludes as Communist forces from North Vietnam take Saigon, resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with the temporary Provisional Government. May May 1 – The Khmer Rouge raided several Vietnamese towns, which eventually leads to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. May 3 – West Ham United wins the FA Cup at Wembley, beating Fulham 2–0 in the final. Both goals are scored by Alan Taylor. West Ham legend Bobby Moore, appears for Fulham. May 5 – The Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park opens in Virginia. May 6 The South African government announces that it will provide all Black children with free and compulsory education. A violent F4 tornado hits the Omaha metropolitan area, killing three and injuring more than 137. May 12 – Mayaguez incident: Khmer Rouge forces in Cambodia seize the United States merchant ship in international waters. May 15 – Mayaguez incident: The American merchant ship Mayaguez, seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S. Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed. May 16 Sikkim accedes to India after a referendum and abolishes the Chogyal, its monarchy. Junko Tabei from Japan becomes the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. May 17 – Elton John's Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy becomes the first album to enter the US Billboard 200 album chart at Number One. May 25 Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500 for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, race. The Golden State Warriors win the 1975 NBA basketball championship. May 27 The Dibbles Bridge coach crash near Grassington, North Yorkshire, England results in 32 deaths (the highest ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident). In the National Hockey League, The Philadelphia Flyers defeat the Buffalo Sabres 2–0 in game six of the finals to claim their second straight Stanley Cup. May 28 – Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States. June June 5 The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War. The United Kingdom votes yes in a referendum to stay in the European Community. June 6 – The Georgetown Agreement, formally creating the ACP Group, is signed. June 7 - June 21 – The first ever Cricket World Cup, 1975 Cricket world Cup is held in England with West Indies defeating Australia in the final. June 9 – The Order of Australia is awarded for the first time. June 10 – In Washington, D.C., the Rockefeller Commission issues its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence. June 11 After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern day Greece is established as the Hellas Republic. In Uganda, British author and adventurer Denis Hills is sentenced to death by firing squad for referring to Idi Amin as a 'village tyrant'. June 19 – Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan is found guilty in absentia of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett. June 20 – Jaws is released in theaters and becomes a popular summer hit, setting the standard for Hollywood blockbusters for years to come. June 25 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency in India, suspending civil liberties and elections. Mozambique gains independence from Portugal. June 26 – Two FBI agents and one AIM member die in a shootout, at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. July July 1 – The Postmaster-General's Department is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as Australia Post). July 4 Zion Square refrigerator bombing. A terrorist attack in downtown Jerusalem kills 15 civilians and wounds 77. Sydney newspaper publisher Juanita Nielsen disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered. July 5 – Cape Verde gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule. July 6 The Comoros declares and is granted their independence from France. Ruffian, an American champion thoroughbred racehorse breaks down in a match race against Kentucky Derby winner, Foolish Pleasure; she has to be euthanized the following day. July 9 – The National Assembly of Senegal passes a law that will pave way for a multi-party system (albeit highly restricted). July 12 – São Tomé and Príncipe declare independence from Portugal. July 17 – Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: A manned American Apollo spacecraft and the manned Soviet Soyuz spacecraft for the Soyuz 19 mission dock in orbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations. July 30 – In Detroit, former Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing. August The first Cuban forces arrive in Angola to join Soviet personnel who are there to assist the MPLA that controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory. In response, the United States, Zaire and Zambia request South Africa to provide training and support for the FNLA and UNITA forces. August 1 – The Helsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland. August 3 – The Louisiana Superdome opens in New Orleans. August 5 – U.S. President Ford posthumously restores the U.S. citizenship of General Robert E. Lee, military leader of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. August 8 The Banqiao Dam, in China's Henan Province, fails after Typhoon Nina; over 200,000 people perish. Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president of Seagram's, is kidnapped in Purchase, New York. August 11 British Leyland Motor Corporation comes under British government control. Governor Mário Lemos Pires of Portuguese East Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a UDT coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin. August 15 The Birmingham Six are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment in Great Britain. (They are released 1991.) Founder President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh is killed during a coup led by Major Syed Faruque Rahman. Some members of Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Armageddon will occur this year based on the group's chronology and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believe will be created when Jesus establishes God's Kingdom on Earth. August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars. August 24 – Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death in Athens. The sentences are later commuted to life imprisonment. August 25 The Victoria Falls Conference between Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith and the United African National Council is held in a South African Railways coach on the Victoria Falls Bridge, officiated by Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda and South African Prime Minister John Vorster. Bruce Springsteen's album Born to Run is released in the United States. September September–October – In New Zealand, Māori leader Whina Cooper leads a march of 5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land. September 5 In Sacramento, California, Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford, but is thwarted by a Secret Service agent. The London Hilton Hotel is bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army; two people are killed and 63 injured. September 6 – An earthquake of magnitude kills at least 2,085 in Diyarbakır and Lice, Turkey. September 9 – Riverfront Coliseum opens in Cincinnati. September 14 Elizabeth Seton is canonized, becoming the first American Roman Catholic saint. Rembrandt's painting The Night Watch is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. September 15 – The French department of "Corse", comprising the entire island of Corsica, is divided into two departments: Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) and Corse-du-Sud (Southern Corsica). September 16 Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia. Cape Verde, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations. September 18 – Fugitive Patty Hearst is captured in San Francisco. September 19 General Vasco Gonçalves is ousted as Prime Minister of Portugal. The British comedy sitcom Fawlty Towers airs on BBC Two. September 20 – The term of Tuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, as the 5th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, ends. September 21 – Sultan Yahya Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra of Kelantan, becomes the 6th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. September 22 – U.S. President Gerald Ford survives a second assassination attempt, this time by Sara Jane Moore in San Francisco. September 24 – Dougal Haston and Doug Scott on the 1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition become the first to reach the summit of Mount Everest via a face and the first Britons to reach the summit by any route. September 27 – Francoist Spain executes five ETA and FRAP members, the last executions in Spain to date. September 28 – The Spaghetti House siege takes place in London. September 30 – The Hughes Helicopters (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing IDS) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight. October October 1 – Thrilla in Manila: Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines. October 2 – A blast at an explosives factory kills six in Beloeil, Quebec. October 9 – A bomb explosion outside the Green Park tube station near Piccadilly in London kills one and injures 20. October 11 – NBC airs the first episode of Saturday Night Live (George Carlin is the first host; Billy Preston and Janis Ian the first musical guests). October 14 The South African Defence Force invades Angola during Operation Savannah in support of the FNLA and UNITA prior to the Angolan elections scheduled for November 11. An RAF Avro Vulcan bomber explodes and crashes over Żabbar, Malta after an aborted landing, killing five crew members and one person on the ground. October 16 The "Balibo Five" Australian television journalists are killed at Balibo by Indonesian Army special forces in the buildup to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old Rahima Banu. October 21 – 1975 World Series: US baseball team the Boston Red Sox defeat the Cincinnati Reds in Game 6 off Carlton Fisk's 12th-inning home run in one of the most famous World Series games ever played. The following day, the series ends with Game 7, in a broadcast that breaks records for a televised sporting event. October 27 – Robert Poulin kills one and wounds five at St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada before shooting himself. October 28 - Dr. No (film) is broadcast on ITV, the first time a Bond film is shown on British television. October 30 Peter Sutcliffe (the "Yorkshire Ripper") commits his first murder, that of Wilma McCann. Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting head of state after General Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern. His death on November 20 effectively marks the end of the dictatorship established following the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy. October 31 The Queen single "Bohemian Rhapsody" is released. It later becomes one of their most popular songs. The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 took effect in Australia. Tun Mustapha resigned as Chief Minister of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, bringing to an end speculation that he would attempt to lead secession for Sabah to become an independent nation. November November 3 An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States' largest toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated press releases and financial information to "maintain the appearance of continued corporate growth". The first petroleum pipeline opens from Cruden Bay to Grangemouth, Scotland. The long-running television game show The Price Is Right expands from 30 minutes to its current hour-long format on CBS. November 6 – The Green March begins: 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converge on the southern city of Tarfaya and wait for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara. November 7 – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility in Geleen, Netherlands leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting for five days. November 10 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379: By a vote of 72–35 (with 32 abstentions), the United Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism. The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world. It is repealed in 1991. The -long freighter sinks during a storm from the entrance to Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew members on board (an event immortalized in song by Gordon Lightfoot). Lev Leshchenko revives Den Pobedy, one of the most popular World War II songs in the USSR. November 11 Angola becomes independent from Portugal and civil war erupts. Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr controversially dismisses the Whitlam Labor Government and commissions Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal/National Country Coalition as caretaker Prime Minister. The first annual Vogalonga rowing "race" is held in Venice, Italy. November 12 – The Comoros joins the United Nations. November 14 – Madrid Accords: Spain abandons Western Sahara. November 15 – The "Group of 6" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and helds its 1st summit at the Château de Rambouillet in France. November 16 – Beginning of the Third Cod War between UK and Iceland, which lasts until June 1976. November 19 – The United States Congress approves the Clark Amendment, ending aid to the FNLA and UNITA. November 20 Former California Governor Ronald Reagan enters the race for the Republican presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Gerald Ford. November 22 – Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of General Francisco Franco; he would reign until his abdication in 2014. November 25 Suriname gains independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. November 26 – The cult classic movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show is released in the United States. November 27 – Ross McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records, is shot dead by the Provisional Irish Republican Army for offering reward money to informers. November 28 Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal as East Timor. South African Navy frigates evacuate 26 SADF members from behind enemy lines at Ambrizete, north of Luanda in Angola. November 29 The name "Micro-soft" (for microcomputer software) is used by Bill Gates in a letter to Paul Allen for the first time (Microsoft becomes a registered trademark on November 26, 1976). While disabled, the submarine tender discharges radioactive coolant water into Apra Harbor, Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor's public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour, 50 times the allowable dose. Formula One world champion Graham Hill is killed when the Piper Aztec aeroplane he is piloting crashes in foggy conditions near Arkley golf course in North London. December December 2 – In Laos, the communist party of the Pathet Lao takes over Vientiane and defeats the Kingdom of Laos, forcing King Sisavang Vatthana to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends the Laotian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians, but effectively begins the ongoing Insurgency in Laos with the Pathet Lao fighting the Hmong people, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings. December 3 – Wreck of (sunk by mine 1916) is found in the Kea Channel by Jacques Cousteau. December 7 – Indonesian invasion of East Timor: Indonesia invades East Timor; the occupation continues until 1999, when U.N. peacekeepers take over control until 2002. December 8 – New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion each year through to 1978 – 6.9 billion total. December 13 1975 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Country Coalition led by Malcolm Fraser defeats the recently dismissed Labor Government led by Gough Whitlam. The Fraser Government achieves what is so far the largest parliamentary majority in federal Australian political history. Whitlam would subsequently survive a leadership challenge against him. United Nations Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961) comes into effect. December 18 The Lutz family moves into 112 Ocean Avenue, Amityville, Long Island, New York, in the United States, only to flee from the house after 28 days, which will go on to inspire the story of The Amityville Horror. The Algerian president Houari Boumediene orders the expulsion of all Moroccans from Algeria. December 21 – Six people, including Carlos the Jackal, kidnap delegates of an OPEC conference in Vienna. December 25 The heavy metal band Iron Maiden is formed by Steve Harris in London. The Wizard of Oz (1939 film) is shown on British television for the first time, on BBC One. December 29 – A bomb explosion at LaGuardia Airport in New York City kills 11 people. Date unknown The Spanish Army quits Spanish Sahara (modern-day Western Sahara), last remnant of the Spanish Empire. The Sahrawi Republic (RASD) is created. Morocco invades the former territory. The government of Colombia announces the finding of Ciudad Perdida. Benoit Mandelbrot coins the mathematical term fractal. Lyme disease is first diagnosed at Lyme, Connecticut. Victoria (Australia) abolishes capital punishment. South Australia becomes the first Australian state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults. Peter Gabriel departs Genesis, and is replaced on lead vocals by drummer Phil Collins. The first monster truck, Bigfoot, is created by Bob Chandler. David Sanborn releases his first solo album, Taking Off, in the United States. James Galway first starts his international solo career in 1975, later being known as; The Man with the Golden Flute. Then later being knighted by the queen, making his name Sir James Galway. World population Births January January 1 Kamaal Rashid Khan, Indian actor and internet celebrity Sonali Bendre, Indian actress Eiichiro Oda, Japanese manga artist January 2 Rupal Patel, Indian actress Doug Robb, American musician Dax Shepard, American actor Oleksandr Shovkovskiy, Ukrainian footballer Vladyslav Vashchuk, Ukrainian footballer Robert Westerholt, Dutch musician January 3 Danica McKellar, American actress and education advocate Jason Marsden, American actor Thomas Bangalter, French musician and record producer January 5 Bradley Cooper, American actor Mike Grier, American hockey player January 6 Nicole DeHuff, American actress (d. 2005) Jason King, British radio DJ and presenter Yukana Nogami, Japanese voice actress Ricardo Santos, Brazilian beach volleyball player January 8 – Chris Simmons, British actor January 10 – Jake Delhomme, American football player January 11 Rory Fitzpatrick, American hockey player Matteo Renzi, 56th Prime Minister of Italy January 13 Shazia Mirza, British comedian Andrew Yang, American entrepreneur, founder of Venture for America, and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate January 14 Ricardo López, Uruguayan-American pest control worker (d. 1996) Ronald MacKay, Guatemalan YouTuber and voice actor January 15 – Mary Pierce, French tennis player January 16 – Anthony Taberna, Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator January 17 Tony Brown, New Zealand rugby union footballer Freddy Rodriguez, American actor January 20 David Eckstein, American baseball player Mark Allan Robinson, Canadian recall leader January 21 – Zach Helm, American writer, director, and producer January 22 – Balthazar Getty, American actor January 23 – Tito Ortiz, American mixed martial arts fighter January 24 – Paul Marazzi, English singer January 25 Ricky Rodriguez, American murderer (d. 2005) Mia Kirshner, Canadian actress Tim Montgomery, American athlete John Wade, American football player January 28 Tanya Chua, Singapore singer Terri Conn, American actress Hiroshi Kamiya, Japanese voice actor and singer Lee Latchford-Evans, English singer January 29 Sharif Atkins, American television actor Sara Gilbert, American actress January 30 – Yumi Yoshimura, Japanese singer January 31 – Preity Zinta, Indian actress and entrepreneur February February 1 – Big Boi, American rapper February 2 Todd Bertuzzi, Canadian hockey player Ieroklis Stoltidis, Greek footballer February 3 – Brad Thorn, New Zealand-Australian rugby player February 4 Natalie Imbruglia, Australian actress and singer Pietro Taricone, Italian actor, television personality, and reality show contestant (d. 2010) February 6 Tomoko Kawase, Japanese singer February 9 – Vladimir Guerrero, Dominican baseball player February 10 – Hiroki Kuroda, Japanese baseball pitcher February 14 – Malik Zidi, French actor February 16 – Nanase Aikawa, Japanese singer February 17 Harisu, South Korean singer, model and actress Todd Harvey, Canadian hockey player Kaspars Astašenko, Latvian ice hockey player (d. 2012) Václav Prospal, Czech hockey player Michiko Kichise, Japanese actress February 18 Sarah Brown, American actress Igor Dodon, President of Moldova Keith Gillespie, Northern Irish footballer Gary Neville, English footballer February 19 – Mohamed Aly, Egyptian reformist and writer February 20 – Brian Littrell, American pop singer February 21 – Mark Ross, American rock singer and entrepreneur February 22 – Drew Barrymore, American actress and film producer February 23 Wilfred Kibet Kigen, Kenyan long-distance runner Callan Mulvey, New Zealand-born Australian actor February 25 Chiemi Chiba, Japanese voice actress Chelsea Handler, American comedian and television host March March 1 Maya Kulenovic, Canadian painter Valentina Monetta, Sammarinese singer March 3 – Khadaffy Janjalani, Filipino terrorist March 4 Myrna Veenstra, Dutch field hockey player Jerod Turner, American professional golfer March 5 Jolene Blalock, American actress Niki Taylor, American model March 6 – Aracely Arámbula, Mexican actress, singer and model March 9 Roy Makaay, Dutch footballer Lisa Miskovsky, Swedish musician March 6 – Jamie Arnold, American-Israeli basketball player March 11 Buvaisar Saitiev, Chechen wrestler David Cañada, Spanish cyclist (d. 2016) March 12 – Kéllé Bryan, English singer March 13 – Matt Sing, Australian rugby league player March 15 Eva Longoria, American actress Veselin Topalov, Bulgarian chess player will.i.am, American rapper and singer March 17 Natalie Zea, American actress Puneeth Rajkumar, Indian actor, singer, and producer (d. 2021) March 18 Brian Griese, American football player Sutton Foster, American actress March 19 Vivian Hsu, Taiwanese singer, actress and model Le Jingyi, Chinese swimmer Matthew Richardson, Australian rules footballer Brann Dailor, American drummer March 21 Fabricio Oberto, Argentinian-Italian basketball player Justin Pierce, British-American actor (d. 2000) Mark Williams, Welsh professional snooker player March 22 – Guillermo Díaz, American actor March 25 Ladislav Benýšek, Czech ice hockey player Melanie Blatt, English singer March 27 Fergie, American singer and actress March 28 – Richard Kelly, American director March 29 – Jan Bos, Dutch speed skater March 30 – Bahar Soomekh, American actress April April 2 Nate Huffman, American basketball player (d. 2015) Pedro Pascal, Chilean-American actor Adam Rodriguez, American actor Deedee Magno Hall, American actress and singer April 3 Aries Spears, American stand-up comedian, actor, and writer Yoshinobu Takahashi, Japanese professional baseball player Koji Uehara, Japanese baseball pitcher April 4 Delphine Arnault, French businesswoman and entrepreneur Scott Rolen, American baseball player April 5 John Hartson, Welsh footballer Juicy J, American rapper, songwriter, and record producer April 6 Zach Braff, American actor Sónia Lopes, Cape Verdean runner April 7 Ronde Barber, American football player Tiki Barber, American football player John Cooper, America guitarist and singer April 8 – Anouk, Dutch singer-songwriter and producer April 9 Robbie Fowler, British footballer David Gordon Green, American filmmaker April 10 Chris Carrabba, American singer and guitarist David Harbour, American actor April 11 – Dariusz Kozubek, Polish footballer April 13 Bruce Dyer, English footballer Jasey-Jay Anderson, Canadian snowboarder April 14 Amy Dumas, American professional wrestler Stefano Miceli, Italian conductor and pianist Anderson Silva, Brazilian UFC fighter Takayoshi Tanimoto, Japanese singer April 15 – Paul Dana, American racing driver (d. 2006) April 16 Sean Maher, American actor Karl Yune, American actor Megumi Ōhara, Japanese voice actress April 17 – Lee Hyun-il, South Korean badminton player April 21 – Danyon Loader, New Zealand swimmer April 22 Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (d. 1999) Ginny Owens, American singer, songwriter, author, and blogger Carlos Sastre, Spanish road bicycle racer April 23 – Olga Kern, Russian pianist April 26 Joey Jordison, American metal drummer (d. 2021) India Summer, American actress April 27 – Kazuyoshi Funaki, Japanese ski jumper April 29 – Eric Koston, American skateboarder April 30 Johnny Galecki, Belgian-born American actor Mike Chat, American actor Tomi Joutsen, Finnish metal musician May May 1 – Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroonian footballer (d. 2003) May 2 David Beckham, English footballer Ahmed Hassan, Egyptian footballer May 3 Andreea Bibiri, Romanian actress and theatre director Christina Hendricks, American actress Dulé Hill, American actor and tap dancer Kimora Lee Simmons, American fashion designer May 7 – Jason Tunks, Canadian discus thrower May 8 Enrique Iglesias, Spanish singer Jussi Markkanen, Finnish hockey player May 9 – Chris Diamantopoulos, Canadian actor May 10 Hazem Emam, Egyptian footballer Hélio Castroneves, Brazilian race car driver Julie Nathanson, American actress and voice actress Torbjørn Brundtland, Norwegian musician May 11 Ziad Jarrah, a member of al-Qaeda and one of the perpetrators of the September 11 attacks (d. 2001) May 12 Jonah Lomu, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2015) Jared Polis, American politician, 43rd Governor of Colorado May 13 Itatí Cantoral, Mexican actress Brian Geraghty, American actor May 15 Peter Iwers, Swedish rock bassist Ray Lewis, American football player Janne Seurujärvi, Finnish Sami politician, and the first Sami ever to be elected to the Finnish Parliament. May 16 Tony Kakko, Finnish singer Simon Whitfield, Canadian triathlete May 17 Alex Wright, German professional wrestler Jonti Picking, British animator, voice actor and internet personality May 18 John Higgins, Scottish snooker player Jack Johnson, American singer-songwriter Irina Karavayeva, Russian trampolinist May 19 London Fletcher, American football player Jonas Renkse, Swedish musician Dorit Bar Or, Israeli actress Masanobu Ando, Japanese actor Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro, Japanese manga artist Zhang Ning, Chinese badminton player May 20 Al Bano, Italian singer Tahmoh Penikett, Canadian actor Miriam Quiambao, Filipina actress Andrew Sega, American musician Marc Thompson, American voice actor May 21 – Anthony Mundine, Australian rugby league player and boxer May 22 Janne Niinimaa, Finnish hockey player Harriet Toompere, Estonian actress May 23 – Michiel van den Bos, Dutch composer May 25 Keiko Fujimori, Peruvian politician Lauryn Hill, American singer May 26 Tsuruno Takeshi, Japanese actor and singer May 27 André 3000, American musician, record producer, and actor Chrigel Glanzmann, Swiss metal singer Jamie Oliver, English chef, restaurateur and television personality ZP Theart, South African singer and songwriter May 28 – Charmaine Sheh, Hong Kong actress May 29 David Burtka, American actor and professional chef Jason Allison, Canadian hockey player Mel B, English singer, songwriter, rapper, television personality, actress and author Gunnar Garfors, Norwegian media professional, traveller, and author Daniel Tosh, American comedian May 31 – Toni Nieminen, Finnish ski jumper June June 1 Gareth Edwards, British director Bryan Konietzko, American animator Nikol Pashinyan, Armenian politician, Prime Minister if Armeni June 4 Nikki Araguz, American same-sex marriage activist, author, and public speaker (d. 2019) Russell Brand, English actor and comedian Angelina Jolie, American actress June 5 Scott Holroyd, American actor June 7 Shane Bond, New Zealand fast bowler Allen Iverson, American basketball player Ekta Kapoor, Indian actress June 8 – Shilpa Shetty, Bollywood actress June 9 Serena Liu, Taiwanese dancer and actress (d. 2020) Andrew Symonds, Australian cricketer Ameesha Patel, Indian actress and model June 10 – Darren Eadie, English footballer June 11 Choi Ji-woo, South Korean actress and model Gergely Karácsony, Hungarian politician June 14 Chris Onstad, American cartoonist Laurence Rickard, English actor, writer and comedian June 15 – Elizabeth Reaser, American actress June 16 – Anabel Conde, Spanish singer June 17 – Phiyada Akkraseranee, Thai actress June 18 – Martin St. Louis, Canadian hockey player June 19 Oksana Chusovitina, German artistic gymnast Anthony Parker, American basketball player Ed Coode, British rower June 21 – Oscar Wood, American wrestler June 22 – Jeff Hephner, American actor June 23 Lee Kiat Lee, Malaysian politician KT Tunstall, Scottish singer-songwriter Markus Zusak, Australian writer June 24 Remco van der Ven, Dutch cyclist Christie Pearce, American footballer Jean-Kome Loglo, Togolese tennis player Carla Gallo, American actress June 25 Linda Cardellini, American actress Natasha Klauss, Colombian actress Vladimir Kramnik, Russian chess player June 26 Gwendolyn Rutten, Belgian politician Luke Mejares, Filipino singer-songwriter Florence Loiret Caille, French actress June 27 Mufti Menk, Zimbabwean Muslim cleric and Mufti Tobey Maguire, American actor Mosese Rauluni, Fijian rugby union footballer Timote Moleni, Tongan footballer June 28 Jeff Geddis, Canadian film and television actor Ning Baizura, Malaysian singer Jon Nödtveidt, Swedish singer (d. 2006) June 29 | The 2 June Movement kidnaps West German politician Peter Lorenz. He is released on March 4 after most of the kidnappers' demands are met. February 28 A major tube train crash at Moorgate station, London kills 43 people. In Lomé, Togo, the European Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first Lomé Convention. The National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) approaches the South African Embassy in London and requests 40 to 50 artillery pieces to assist their cause in the Angolan Civil War. March March 1 Aston Villa win the Football League Cup at Wembley, beating Norwich City 1–0 in the final. Australian television switches to full-time colour. March 4 Charlie Chaplin is knighted by Elizabeth II. A Canadian parliamentary committee is televised for the first time. March 6 Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement in their border dispute. A bomb explodes in the Paris offices of the Springer Press. The March 6 Group (connected to the Red Army Faction) demands amnesty for the Baader-Meinhof Group. March 7 – The body of teenage heiress Lesley Whittle, kidnapped 7 weeks earlier by the "Black Panther", is discovered in Staffordshire, England. March 8 The United Nations proclaims International Women's Day. First appearance of Davros in Doctor Who. March 9 – Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System begins. March 10 Vietnam War: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Mê Thuột, South Vietnam, on their way to capturing Saigon. The Rocky Horror Show opens on Broadway in New York City; closed after 3 previews and 45 performances. An extended portion of Sanyō Shinkansen between Okayama Station and Hakata Station opens, thus making Shinkansen reach the second island, Kyushu, Japan. March 11 – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist coup attempt in head of the former president António de Spínola. March 13 – Vietnam War: South Vietnam President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu orders the Central Highlands evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and civilians (the Convoy of Tears). March 15 – In Brazil, Guanabara State merges into the state of Rio de Janeiro. The state's capital moves from the city of Niterói to the city of Rio de Janeiro. March 22 – Ding-a-dong by Teach-In (music by Dick Bakker, text by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens) wins the 20th Eurovision Song Contest 1975 for the Netherlands. March 25 – King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is shot and killed by his nephew. March 27 – The South African government announces that it will consolidate the 113 separate homeland areas into 36. March 28 – A fire in the maternity wing at Kučić Hospital in Rijeka, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), kills 25 people. March 29 – Blow by Blow by Jeff Beck is released. It would become his most successful album in the United States, reaching the top five and selling over one million copies. March 31 Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (39th government, a four-party coalition, so-called First National Front ()). In his final game on the sideline, John Wooden coaches UCLA to its 10th national championship in 12 seasons when the Bruins defeat Kentucky 92–85 in the title game at San Diego. April April 3 Bobby Fischer refuses to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov, giving Karpov the title. Monty Python and the Holy Grail is released in the UK. April 4 Vietnam War: The first military Operation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff, killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash. Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico. April 5 – The Soviet manned space mission (Soyuz 18a) ends in failure during its ascent into orbit when a critical malfunction occurs in the second and third stages of the booster rocket during staging at an altitude of 192 km, resulting in the cosmonauts and their Soyuz spacecraft having to be ripped free from the vehicle. Both cosmonauts (Vasily Lazarev and Oleg Makarov) survive. April 9 Asia's first professional basketball league, the Philippine Basketball Association, plays its first game at the Araneta Coliseum. Eight people in South Korea, who are involved in the People's Revolutionary Party Incident, are hanged. April 13 Bus massacre: The Kataeb militia kills 27 Palestinians during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, Lebanon, triggering the Lebanese Civil War which lasts until 1990. A coup d'état in Chad led by the military overthrows and kills President François Tombalbaye. April 15 – Karen Ann Quinlan, 21, faints after consuming Quaaludes at a party. She becomes a controversial subject in the right to die movement after her parents sue to have her comatose body removed from life-support. She lives off a feeding tube until 1985. April 17 – The Khmer Republic surrenders, when the Communist Khmer Rouge guerilla forces capture Phnom Penh ending the Cambodian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Cambodian civilians. April 18 – The Khmer Rouge begins a forcible mass evacuation of the city and starts the genocide. April 19 – Nico Diederichs becomes the 3rd State President of South Africa. April 20 – Taman Mini Indonesia Indah opens to the public in Jakarta, Indonesia. April 24 – Six Red Army Faction terrorists take over the West German embassy in Stockholm, take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group's jailed members; shortly after, they are captured by Swedish police (See West German Embassy siege). April 25 – Vietnam War: As North Vietnamese Army forces close in on the South Vietnamese capital Saigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam. April 29 – Vietnam War: Operation Frequent Wind – Americans and their allies are evacuated from South Vietnam by helicopter. North Vietnam concludes its East Sea Campaign by capturing all of the Spratly Islands that were being held by South Vietnam. April 30 – The Vietnam War ends with the Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War concludes as Communist forces from North Vietnam take Saigon, resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with the temporary Provisional Government. May May 1 – The Khmer Rouge raided several Vietnamese towns, which eventually leads to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. May 3 – West Ham United wins the FA Cup at Wembley, beating Fulham 2–0 in the final. Both goals are scored by Alan Taylor. West Ham legend Bobby Moore, appears for Fulham. May 5 – The Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park opens in Virginia. May 6 The South African government announces that it will provide all Black children with free and compulsory education. A violent F4 tornado hits the Omaha metropolitan area, killing three and injuring more than 137. May 12 – Mayaguez incident: Khmer Rouge forces in Cambodia seize the United States merchant ship in international waters. May 15 – Mayaguez incident: The American merchant ship Mayaguez, seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S. Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed. May 16 Sikkim accedes to India after a referendum and abolishes the Chogyal, its monarchy. Junko Tabei from Japan becomes the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. May 17 – Elton John's Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy becomes the first album to enter the US Billboard 200 album chart at Number One. May 25 Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500 for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, race. The Golden State Warriors win the 1975 NBA basketball championship. May 27 The Dibbles Bridge coach crash near Grassington, North Yorkshire, England results in 32 deaths (the highest ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident). In the National Hockey League, The Philadelphia Flyers defeat the Buffalo Sabres 2–0 in game six of the finals to claim their second straight Stanley Cup. May 28 – Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States. June June 5 The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War. The United Kingdom votes yes in a referendum to stay in the European Community. June 6 – The Georgetown Agreement, formally creating the ACP Group, is signed. June 7 - June 21 – The first ever Cricket World Cup, 1975 Cricket world Cup is held in England with West Indies defeating Australia in the final. June 9 – The Order of Australia is awarded for the first time. June 10 – In Washington, D.C., the Rockefeller Commission issues its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence. June 11 After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern day Greece is established as the Hellas Republic. In Uganda, British author and adventurer Denis Hills is sentenced to death by firing squad for referring to Idi Amin as a 'village tyrant'. June 19 – Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan is found guilty in absentia of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett. June 20 – Jaws is released in theaters and becomes a popular summer hit, setting the standard for Hollywood blockbusters for years to come. June 25 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency in India, suspending civil liberties and elections. Mozambique gains independence from Portugal. June 26 – Two FBI agents and one AIM member die in a shootout, at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. July July 1 – The Postmaster-General's Department is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as Australia Post). July 4 Zion Square refrigerator bombing. A terrorist attack in downtown Jerusalem kills 15 civilians and wounds 77. Sydney newspaper publisher Juanita Nielsen disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered. July 5 – Cape Verde gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule. July 6 The Comoros declares and is granted their independence from France. Ruffian, an American champion thoroughbred racehorse breaks down in a match race against Kentucky Derby winner, Foolish Pleasure; she has to be euthanized the following day. July 9 – The National Assembly of Senegal passes a law that will pave way for a multi-party system (albeit highly restricted). July 12 – São Tomé and Príncipe declare independence from Portugal. July 17 – Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: A manned American Apollo spacecraft and the manned Soviet Soyuz spacecraft for the Soyuz 19 mission dock in orbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations. July 30 – In Detroit, former Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing. August The first Cuban forces arrive in Angola to join Soviet personnel who are there to assist the MPLA that controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory. In response, the United States, Zaire and Zambia request South Africa to provide training and support for the FNLA and UNITA forces. August 1 – The Helsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland. August 3 – The Louisiana Superdome opens in New Orleans. August 5 – U.S. President Ford posthumously restores the U.S. citizenship of General Robert E. Lee, military leader of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. August 8 The Banqiao Dam, in China's Henan Province, fails after Typhoon Nina; over 200,000 people perish. Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president of Seagram's, is kidnapped in Purchase, New York. August 11 British Leyland Motor Corporation comes under British government control. Governor Mário Lemos Pires of Portuguese East Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a UDT coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin. August 15 The Birmingham Six are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment in Great Britain. (They are released 1991.) Founder President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh is killed during a coup led by Major Syed Faruque Rahman. Some members of Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Armageddon will occur this year based on the group's chronology and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believe will be created when Jesus establishes God's Kingdom on Earth. August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars. August 24 – Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death in Athens. The sentences are later commuted to life imprisonment. August 25 The Victoria Falls Conference between Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith and the United African National Council is held in a South African Railways coach on the Victoria Falls Bridge, officiated by Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda and South African Prime Minister John Vorster. Bruce Springsteen's album Born to Run is released in the United States. September September–October – In New Zealand, Māori leader Whina Cooper leads a march of 5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land. September 5 In Sacramento, California, Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford, but is thwarted by a Secret Service agent. The London Hilton Hotel is bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army; two people are killed and 63 injured. September 6 – An earthquake of magnitude kills at least 2,085 in Diyarbakır and Lice, Turkey. September 9 – Riverfront Coliseum opens in Cincinnati. September 14 Elizabeth Seton is canonized, becoming the first American Roman Catholic saint. Rembrandt's painting The Night Watch is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. September 15 – The French department of "Corse", comprising the entire island of Corsica, is divided into two departments: Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) and Corse-du-Sud (Southern Corsica). September 16 Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia. Cape Verde, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations. September 18 – Fugitive Patty Hearst is captured in San Francisco. September 19 General Vasco Gonçalves is ousted as Prime Minister of Portugal. The British comedy sitcom Fawlty Towers airs on BBC Two. September 20 – The term of Tuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, as the 5th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, ends. September 21 – Sultan Yahya Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra of Kelantan, becomes the 6th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. September 22 – U.S. President Gerald Ford survives a second assassination attempt, this time by Sara Jane Moore in San Francisco. September 24 – Dougal Haston and Doug Scott on the 1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition become the first to reach the summit of Mount Everest via a face and the first Britons to reach the summit by any route. September 27 – Francoist Spain executes five ETA and FRAP members, the last executions in Spain to date. September 28 – The Spaghetti House siege takes place in London. September 30 – The Hughes Helicopters (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing IDS) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight. October October 1 – Thrilla in Manila: Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines. October 2 – A blast at an explosives factory kills six in Beloeil, Quebec. October 9 – A bomb explosion outside the Green Park tube station near Piccadilly in London kills one and injures 20. October 11 – NBC airs the first episode of Saturday Night Live (George Carlin is the first host; Billy Preston and Janis Ian the first musical guests). October 14 The South African Defence Force invades Angola during Operation Savannah in support of the FNLA and UNITA prior to the Angolan elections scheduled for November 11. An RAF Avro Vulcan bomber explodes and crashes over Żabbar, Malta after an aborted landing, killing five crew members and one person on the ground. October 16 The "Balibo Five" Australian television journalists are killed at Balibo by Indonesian Army special forces in the buildup to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old Rahima Banu. October 21 – 1975 World Series: US baseball team the Boston Red Sox defeat the Cincinnati Reds in Game 6 off Carlton Fisk's 12th-inning home run in one of the most famous World Series games ever played. The following day, the series ends with Game 7, in a broadcast that breaks records for a televised sporting event. October 27 – Robert Poulin kills one and wounds five at St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada before shooting himself. October 28 - Dr. No (film) is broadcast on ITV, the first time a Bond film is shown on British television. October 30 Peter Sutcliffe (the "Yorkshire Ripper") commits his first murder, that of Wilma McCann. Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting head of state after General Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern. His death on November 20 effectively marks the end of the dictatorship established following the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy. October 31 The Queen single "Bohemian Rhapsody" is released. It later becomes one of their most popular songs. The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 took effect in Australia. Tun Mustapha resigned as Chief Minister of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, bringing to an end speculation that he would attempt to lead secession for Sabah to become an independent nation. November November 3 An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States' largest toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated press releases and financial information to "maintain the appearance of continued corporate growth". The first petroleum pipeline opens from Cruden Bay to Grangemouth, Scotland. The long-running television game show The Price Is Right expands from 30 minutes to its current hour-long format on CBS. November 6 – The Green March begins: 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converge on the southern city of Tarfaya and wait for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara. November 7 – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility in Geleen, Netherlands leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting for five days. November 10 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379: By a vote of 72–35 (with 32 abstentions), the United Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism. The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world. It is repealed in 1991. The -long freighter sinks during a storm from the entrance to Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew members on board (an event immortalized in song by Gordon Lightfoot). Lev Leshchenko revives Den Pobedy, one of the most popular World War II songs in the USSR. November 11 Angola becomes independent from Portugal and civil war erupts. Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr controversially dismisses the Whitlam Labor Government and commissions Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal/National Country Coalition as caretaker Prime Minister. The first annual Vogalonga rowing "race" is held in Venice, Italy. November 12 – The Comoros joins the United Nations. November 14 – Madrid Accords: Spain abandons Western Sahara. November 15 – The "Group of 6" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and helds its 1st summit at the Château de Rambouillet in France. November 16 – Beginning of the Third Cod War between UK and Iceland, which lasts until June 1976. November 19 – The United States Congress approves the Clark Amendment, ending aid to the FNLA and UNITA. November 20 Former California Governor Ronald Reagan enters the race for the Republican presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Gerald Ford. November 22 – Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of General Francisco Franco; he would reign until his abdication in 2014. November 25 Suriname gains independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. November 26 – The cult classic movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show is released in the United States. November 27 – Ross McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records, is shot dead by the Provisional Irish Republican Army for offering reward money to informers. November 28 Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal as East Timor. South African Navy frigates evacuate 26 SADF members from behind enemy lines at Ambrizete, north of Luanda in Angola. November 29 The name "Micro-soft" (for microcomputer software) is used by Bill Gates in a letter to Paul Allen for the first time (Microsoft becomes a registered trademark on November 26, 1976). While disabled, the submarine tender discharges radioactive coolant water into Apra Harbor, Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor's public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour, 50 times the allowable dose. Formula One world champion Graham Hill is killed when the Piper Aztec aeroplane he is piloting crashes in foggy conditions near Arkley golf course in North London. December December 2 – In Laos, the communist party of the Pathet Lao takes over Vientiane and defeats the Kingdom of Laos, forcing King Sisavang Vatthana to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends the Laotian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians, but effectively begins the ongoing Insurgency in Laos with the Pathet Lao fighting the Hmong people, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings. December 3 – Wreck of (sunk by mine 1916) is found in the Kea Channel by Jacques Cousteau. December 7 – Indonesian invasion of East Timor: Indonesia invades East Timor; the occupation continues until 1999, when U.N. peacekeepers take over control until 2002. December 8 – New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion each year through to 1978 – 6.9 billion total. December 13 1975 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Country Coalition led by Malcolm Fraser defeats the recently dismissed Labor Government led by Gough Whitlam. The Fraser Government achieves what is so far the largest parliamentary majority in federal Australian political history. Whitlam would subsequently survive a leadership challenge against him. United Nations Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961) comes into effect. December 18 The Lutz family moves into 112 Ocean Avenue, Amityville, Long Island, New York, in the United States, only to flee from the house after 28 days, which will go on to inspire the story of The Amityville Horror. The Algerian president Houari Boumediene orders the expulsion of all Moroccans from Algeria. December 21 – Six people, including Carlos the Jackal, kidnap delegates of an OPEC conference in Vienna. December 25 The heavy metal band Iron Maiden is formed by Steve Harris in London. The Wizard of Oz (1939 film) is shown on British television for the first time, on BBC One. December 29 – A bomb explosion at LaGuardia Airport in New York City kills 11 people. Date unknown The Spanish Army quits Spanish Sahara (modern-day Western Sahara), last remnant of the Spanish Empire. The Sahrawi Republic (RASD) is created. Morocco invades the former territory. The government of Colombia announces the finding of Ciudad Perdida. Benoit Mandelbrot coins the mathematical term fractal. Lyme disease is first diagnosed at Lyme, Connecticut. Victoria (Australia) abolishes capital punishment. South Australia becomes the first Australian state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults. Peter Gabriel departs Genesis, and is replaced on lead vocals by drummer Phil Collins. The first monster truck, Bigfoot, is created by Bob Chandler. David Sanborn releases his first solo album, Taking Off, in the United States. James Galway first starts his international solo career in 1975, later being known as; The Man with the Golden Flute. Then later being knighted by the queen, making his name Sir James Galway. World population Births January January 1 Kamaal Rashid Khan, Indian actor and internet celebrity Sonali Bendre, Indian actress Eiichiro Oda, Japanese manga artist January 2 Rupal Patel, Indian actress Doug Robb, American musician Dax Shepard, American actor Oleksandr Shovkovskiy, Ukrainian footballer Vladyslav Vashchuk, Ukrainian footballer Robert Westerholt, Dutch musician January 3 Danica McKellar, American actress and education advocate Jason Marsden, |
Known as the core document on Primary Health Care Practices and Equity in Healthcare, it paved the way for the modern-day State-sponsored Healthcare System. September 16 General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq officially assumes the post of President of Pakistan. The 7.4 Tabas earthquake affects the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people were killed. September 17 – The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt. September 19 Police in the West Midlands of England launch a massive murder hunt, when 13-year-old newspaper boy Carl Bridgewater is shot dead after disturbing a burglary. The Solomon Islands join the United Nations. September 20 – General Rahimuddin Khan assumes the post of Martial Law Governor of Balochistan. September 23 – California Angels outfielder Lyman Bostock is shot to death at age 27 while visiting friends in Gary, Indiana during an Angels' road trip in Chicago, Illinois. September 24 PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727, collides with a small private airplane and crashes in San Diego, California; 144 are killed. Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello makes its first appearance on Live from the Met, in a complete production of the opera starring Jon Vickers. This is the first complete television broadcast of the opera in the U.S. since the historic 1948 one. September 27 – The last Forest Brother guerrilla movement fighter is discovered and killed in Estonia. September 28 – Pope John Paul I dies after only 33 days of papacy. September 30 – Finnair Flight 405 aircraft is hijacked by Aarno Lamminparras in Oulu, Finland. September – The African National Congress attempts to kill about 500 of its own cadres by poisoning their food because an infiltrated enemy agent cannot be identified. October October 1 Vietnam attacks Cambodia. Tuvalu becomes independent from the United Kingdom. October 7 – Wranslide in New South Wales: the Wran government is re-elected with an increased majority. October 8 – Australia's Ken Warby sets the current world water speed record of 317.6 mph (511.13 km/h) at Blowering Dam, Australia. October 9 – P.W. Botha succeeds John Vorster as Prime Minister of South Africa. October 10 Daniel arap Moi becomes president of Kenya. John Vorster becomes State President of South Africa. A massive short circuit in Seasat's electrical system ends the satellite's scientific mission. United States President Jimmy Carter signs a bill that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar. October 13 – The Soviet Union launches a major Russification campaign throughout all union republics. October 14 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law which allows homebrewing of beer in the United States. Singer/Songwriter Usher is born. October 16 – Pope John Paul II succeeds Pope John Paul I as the 264th pope, resulting in the first Year of Three Popes since 1605. He is the first Polish pope in history, and the first non-Italian pope since Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523). October 18 – Thorbjörn Fälldin steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden, and is succeeded by Ola Ullsten, the Leader of the liberal People's Party ("Folkpartiet"). October 20 – The first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is held as a protest march and commemoration of the Stonewall riots. October 21 – Australian civilian pilot Frederick Valentich vanishes in a Cessna 182 Skylane over the Bass Strait south of Melbourne, after reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft. October 27 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin win the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord. October 31 – The South African Railways sets a still unbeaten world rail speed record on Cape gauge. November November 2: 8:00 pm – The Republic of Ireland's second television channel RTÉ 2 goes on air (renamed Network 2, 1988; RTÉ Network Two, 1995; N2, 1997; and RTÉ Two in 2004). November 3 – Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom. November 7 – Indira Gandhi is re-elected to the Indian parliament. November 18 – Jonestown incident: In Guyana, Jim Jones leads his Peoples Temple cult in a mass murder–suicide that claims 918 lives in all, 909 of them at Jonestown itself, including over 270 children. Congressman Leo J. Ryan is assassinated by members of Peoples Temple shortly beforehand. November 19 – The first U.S. Take Back the Night march occurs in San Francisco. November 26 – Two British commercial divers, Michael Ward and Tony Prangley, die of hypothermia and drowning in the East Shetland Basin after their diving bell plunges to the seabed at a depth of over . November 30 – Publication of The Times is suspended due to labor problems for almost a year, until November 13, 1979. December December 4 – Dianne Feinstein succeeds the murdered George Moscone, to become the first woman mayor of San Francisco and remains in office until January 8, 1988. December 6 – The Spanish Constitution officially restores the country's democratic government. December 11 Lufthansa heist: Six men rob a Lufthansa cargo facility in New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport. Two million demonstrate against the Shah in Iran. December 15 Cleveland, Ohio becomes the first major American city to go into default since the Great Depression, under Democrat Mayor Dennis Kucinich. Superman is released in theaters in the United States. December 16 Train 87 from Nanjing to Xining collides with train 368 from Xi'an to Xuzhou near Yangzhuang railway station in China, killing 106, injuring 218. The Mystery of Mamo is released in cinemas in Japan. December 19 – Former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi is arrested and jailed for a week for breach of privilege and contempt of parliament. December 22 The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform. Chicago serial killer John Wayne Gacy, who was subsequently convicted of the murder of 33 young men and boys committed between 1972 and 1978, is arrested. Argentina begins Operation Soberanía against Chile, but Argentinian forces quickly withdraw. December 25 – Vietnam launches a major offensive against the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia. December 27 – The Constitution of Spain is approved in a referendum, officially ending 40 years of military dictatorship. Date unknown Synthetic insulin is developed. Romanian painter Doina Bumbea is abducted by the North Korean government. Abortion is legalized in Italy for the first time. In Seoul, South Korea, construction begins on Seoul Subway Line 2. Ford initiates a recall for the Pinto because of a public outcry resulting from deaths associated with gas tank explosions. The New York International Bible Society's New International Version of the complete Bible translated into modern American English is published. The Space Invaders arcade video game is released by Taito. Births January January 1 – Philip Mulryne, Northern Irish footballer January 2 – Karina Smirnoff, Ukrainian-American dancer January 3 Liya Kebede, Ethiopian model, clothing designer and actress Park Sol-mi, South Korean actress January 4 – Karine Ruby, French snowboarder (d. 2009) January 5 Franck Montagny, French Formula One driver January Jones, American actress January 7 – Emilio Palma, Argentine citizen, first human born in Antarctica January 9 Chad Johnson, American football player AJ McLean, American singer Gennaro Gattuso, Italian football player January 10 – Kanako Mitsuhashi, Japanese voice actress January 11 – Emile Heskey, English footballer January 12 – Hannah Gadsby, Australian comedian January 13 Ashmit Patel, Indian actor Mohit Sharma Indian Army Officer January 14 – Shawn Crawford, American sprinter January 15 Eddie Cahill, American actor Franco Pellizotti, Italian cyclist January 17 – Ricky Wilson, British vocalist (Kaiser Chiefs) January 18 Thor Hushovd, Norwegian cyclist Katja Kipping, German politician January 20 – Omar Sy, French actor and comedian January 24 Mark Hildreth, Canadian actor and voice actor Nami Miyahara, Japanese voice actress and singer Kristen Schaal, American actress, comedian, and writer January 25 – Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukrainian politician and comedian, President of Ukraine January 28 Gianluigi Buffon, Italian footballer Jamie Carragher, English footballer Papa Bouba Diop, Senegalese footballer (d. 2020) Sheamus, Irish wrestler Vanessa Villela, Mexican actress February February 2 Nelson Chamisa, Zimbabwean politician Barry Ferguson, Scottish footballer and coach February 3 – Amal Clooney, British-Lebanese barrister, activist and author February 4 – Aleksey Rozin, Russian actor February 5 Brian Russell, American football player Samuel Sánchez, Spanish road bicycle racer February 6 Danny Buderus, Australian rugby league player Olena Zelenska, Ukrainian first lady Yael Naim, Israeli-French singer and songwriter February 7 Ashton Kutcher, American actor Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Nigerian actress, singer, philanthropist and former model February 10 Isabella Eklöf, Swedish screenwriter and film director Don Omar, Puerto Rican singer and actor February 12 Gethin Jones, Welsh television presenter Silver Meikar, Estonian politician February 13 – Niklas Bäckström, Finnish hockey player February 14 Richard Hamilton, American basketball player Danai Gurira, American actress and playwright Darius Songaila, Lithuanian basketball player February 16 John Tartaglia, American actor Tia Hellebaut, Belgian athlete February 19 Kenyatta Wright, American football player Immortal Technique, Peruvian-American rapper February 20 Julia Jentsch, German actress Ken Takeuchi, Japanese voice actor February 21 Kim Ha-neul, South Korean actress Kumail Nanjiani, Pakistani-American actor and comedian Miki Sakai, Japanese actress February 22 – Jenny Frost, English singer February 23 – Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (d. 2003) February 24 Leon Constantine, British footballer Gary, South Korean musician, entertainer February 27 – Kakha Kaladze, Georgian footballer and politician, Mayor of Tbilisi February 28 Jeanne Cherhal, French singer-songwriter Yasir Hameed, Pakistani cricketer Benjamin Raich, Austrian skier March March 1 Jensen Ackles, American actor Donovan Patton, American actor and television host Sakura Nogawa, Japanese voice actress March 2 Tomáš Kaberle, Czech hockey player Sebastian Janikowski, American football player March 3 – Tanishaa Mukerji, Indian actress March 4 – Denis Dallan, Italian rugby union footballer March 6 Sage Rosenfels, American football player Mike Jackson, American politician March 7 Mike Reese, American politician (d. 2021) Azis, Bulgarian singer March 8 – Nick Zano, American actor March 10 – Benjamin Burnley, American musician March 11 Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer Ha Jung-woo, South Korean actor and director March 12 Neal Obermeyer, American editorial cartoonist Claudio Sanchez, American writer and musician March 13 Tom Danielson, American cyclist Kenny Watson, American football player March 14 Pieter van den Hoogenband, Dutch swimmer Carl Johan Bergman, Swedish biathlete Moon Hee-joon, Korean singer March 15 – Flavio Furtado, Cape Verdean boxer March 16 Matthew Montgomery, American actor Brooke Burns, American fashion model and actress March 17 – Patrick Seitz, American voice actor March 18 – Antonio Margarito, Mexican-American boxer March 21 Rani Mukerji, Indian actress Mohammad Rezaei, Iranian wrestler March 22 Josh Heupel, American football player Vanessa Senior, Venezuelan comedian and actress. March 23 Simon Gärdenfors, Swedish cartoonist and radio host Nicholle Tom, American actress Perez Hilton, American actor and blogger March 29 – Igor Rakočević, Serbian basketball player March 30 – Simon Webbe, English singer March 31 Stephen Clemence, English footballer Jérôme Rothen, French footballer April April 1 Jason Bell, former NFL player and TV pundit Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (d. 2009) April 2 – Nick Berg, American businessman (d. 2004) April 3 Matthew Goode, English actor John Smit, South African rugby union player April 4 Jason Ellison, American baseball player Sam Moran, Australian singer April 5 Franziska van Almsick, German swimmer Stephen Jackson, American basketball player April 6 Tim Hasselbeck, American football player Myleene Klass, English singer, pianist, and model Martín Méndez, Uruguayan musician and songwriter Lauren Ridloff, African-American actress April 7 Duncan James, English singer Adrienne Haan, German-Luxembourgish actress, singer, writer and producer April 9 Jorge Andrade, Portuguese footballer Takashi Ohara, Japanese voice actor Rachel Stevens, English singer April 10 - Rokhaya Diallo, French writer and filmmaker April 12 Guy Berryman, Scottish musician Cheeming Boey, Malaysian artist Riley Smith, American actor April 13 Kyle Howard, American television and movie actor Carles Puyol, Spanish footballer April 15 Luis Fonsi, Puerto Rican singer and songwriter Chris Stapleton, American country singer and guitarist April 16 Lara Dutta, Indian actress and beauty queen Matthew Lloyd, Australian rules footballer April 17 Juan Guillermo Castillo, Uruguayan goalkeeper Jason White, Scottish rugby union player April 19 – James Franco, American actor April 20 Matthew Wilkas, American actor, playwright and reality television personality Matt Austin, Canadian actor Alessandro Rigotti, Italian voice actor April 21 – Jukka Nevalainen, Finnish drummer April 22 Esteban Tuero, Argentine Formula One driver Manu Intiraymi, American actor April 23 – Tamara Czartoryski-Borbon, Spanish athlete April 25 – Duncan Kibet, Kenyan long-distance runner April 26 Stana Katic, Canadian-American actress Shinnosuke Tachibana, Japanese voice actor April 28 – Robert Oliveri, American former actor April 29 Bob and Mike Bryan, American doubles tennis team Tyler Labine, Canadian actor May May 4 – Daisuke Ono, Japanese voice actor May 6 Tony Estanguet, French slalom canoeist Aleksandr Fyodorov, Russian bodybuilder May 10 – Kenan Thompson, African-American actor and comedian May 11 Laetitia Casta, French supermodel and actress Judy Ann Santos, Filipino actress May 12 Hossein Rezazadeh, Iranian weightlifter Jason Biggs, American actor Aya Ishiguro, Japanese singer, writer, and fashion designer Malin Åkerman, Swedish-Canadian actress May 15 Dwayne De Rosario, Canadian footballer Caroline Dhavernas, French-Canadian actress Krzysztof Ignaczak, Polish volleyball player May 18 – Ricardo Carvalho, Portuguese footballer May 19 – Marcus Bent, English footballer *** May 22 Katie Price (Jordan), English model and television personality Ginnifer Goodwin, American actress May 25 – Adam Gontier, Canadian singer May 28 Jake Johnson, American actor and comedian Tomohiko Ito, Japanese footballer May 29 – Pelle Almqvist, Swedish singer-songwriter May 30 – Lyoto Machida, Brazilian mixed martial artist June June 1 – Antonietta Di Martino, Italian high-jumper June 2 Nikki Cox, American actress Justin Long, American actor June 4 – Simone Maludrottu, Italian boxer June 5 – Nick Kroll, American actor and comedian June 6 Konstantīns Konstantinovs, Latvian powerlifter (d. 2018) Mariana Popova, Bulgarian singer June 7 – Bill Hader, American actor and comedian June 8 Maria Menounos, American actress, journalist, and television presenter Eun Ji-won, South Korean rapper and singer June 9 Michaela Conlin, American actress Miroslav Klose, German footballer Matt Bellamy, British musician and singer June 10 Han Hee-won, South Korean golfer DJ Qualls, American actor, producer, and model Shane West, American actor June 11 – Joshua Jackson, Canadian actor June 13 – Faizal Yusof, Malaysian actor (d. 2011) June 14 - Nikola Vujčić, Croatian basketball player and team manager of Maccabi Tel Aviv June 15 Wilfred Bouma, Dutch footballer June 16 – Daniel Brühl, German actor June 19 Mía Maestro, Argentine actress Dirk Nowitzki, German basketball player Zoe Saldana, American actress June 20 – Frank Lampard, English footballer June 21 Erica Durance, Canadian actress Jean-Pascal Lacoste, French singer, actor and television host Ignacio Corleto, Argentine rugby union player June 22 Tim Driesen, Belgian actor and singer-songwriter Dan Wheldon, English racing driver (d. 2011) June 23 Gladys Reyes, Filipino actress Frédéric Leclercq, French musician June 24 Emppu Vuorinen, Finnish musician Juan Román Riquelme, Argentine footballer Shunsuke Nakamura, Japanese footballer June 25 Aramis Ramírez, Dominican baseball player Aftab Shivdasani, Indian actor Denis Barbe, Seychellois footballer June 26 Daniel Constantin, Romanian politician Cristian Lucchetti, Argentine footballer June 28 - Ha Ji-won, South Korean actress and singer June 29 Luke Kirby, Canadian actor Nicole Scherzinger, American singer Steve Savidan, French footballer July July 1 Hillary Tuck, American actress Aleki Lutui, Tongan rugby player Liu Kwok Man, Chinese footballer Mark Hunter, British rower July 2 Ganesh, Indian actor and television presenter Diana Gurtskaya, Georgian singer Jüri Ratas, Estonian politician and 18th Prime Minister of Estonia July 3 Jesse Leach, America vocalist Mizuki Noguchi, Japanese long-distance runner July 4 – Becki Newton, American actress July 5 Andreas Baum, German politician Nandamuri Kalyan Ram, Indian actor and film producer July 6 Daphne Iking, Malaysian television personality and actress Danil Khalimov, Kazakh Greco-Roman wrestler Tia and Tamera Mowry, African-American actresses Kevin Senio, New Zealand rugby union footballer July 7 Chris Andersen, American basketball player DJ Manian, German music producer and DJ Marino Franchitti, British racing driver Mark Sloan, British professional wrestler July 8 Rachael Lillis, American actress Erin Morgenstern, American artist and author Garth Mulroy, South African golfer July 9 Kyle Davis, American actor Dmitri Dyuzhev, Russian actor and singer Mark Medlock, German singer Linda Park, Korean-born actress July 10 Ray Kay, Norwegian director and photographer Jesse Lacey, American singer-songwriter July 11 Kris Law, Malaysian actor Kim Kang-woo, South Korean actor Dustin Demri-Burns, English actor, comedian, writer Mattias Gustafsson, Swedish handball player July 12 Topher Grace, American actor Michelle Rodriguez, American actress July 13 Gary David, Filipino professional basketball player Jessica Barth, American actress July 15 Matt Mitrione, American mixed martial artist Greg Sestero, French-American actor and model July 16 – Ahmede Hussain, Bangladeshi writer July 17 Panda Bear, American musician Justine Triet, French actress July 18 Shane Horgan, Irish rugby player Crystal Mangum, American murderer responsible for making false rape allegations in the Duke lacrosse case Virginia Raggi, Italian lawyer, politician Joo Sang-wook, South Korean actor Ben Sheets, American baseball player Vladimir Tintor, Serbian film actor July 19 – Atsushi Harada, Japanese actor July 20 Pavel Datsyuk, Russian ice hockey player Tamsyn Manou, Australian athlete July 21 Josh Hartnett, American actor Kyoko Iwasaki, Japanese swimmer July 22 A. J. Cook, Canadian actress Ryan Eigenmann, Filipino actor Kyōko Hasegawa, Japanese model and actress July 23 Stuart Elliott, Northern Irish footballer Stefanie Sun, Singapore singer July 25 Louise Brown, British citizen, first human born through in vitro fertilisation Gerard Warren, American football player July 26 Jehad Muntasser, Libyan footballer Eve Myles, Welsh actress July 28 – Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer July 31 Zac Brown, American country singer-songwriter and guitarist Nick Sorensen, American football player and sportscaster Justin Wilson, English race car driver (d. 2015) July – Caucher Birkar, born Fereydoun Derakhshani, Kurdish-born mathematician August August 3 Mariusz Jop, Polish footballer Shanelle Workman, American actress August 4 – Kurt Busch, American race car driver August 5 Carolina Duer, Argentine boxer Harel Levy, Israeli tennis player August 6 Marisa Miller, American supermodel Freeway, American rapper Peng Cheng-min, Taiwanese baseball player Iñaki Rueda, Spanish Racing strategist August 7 Alexandre Aja, French director Vanness Wu, Taiwanese singer August 8 Countess Vaughn, American actress Natsuko Kuwatani, Japanese voice actress August 9 – Daniela Denby-Ashe, English actress August 10 – Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono, Indonesian politician and former military officer August 13 – Luciano Ábalos, Argentine footballer August 15 Jennie Eisenhower, American actress Kerri Walsh Jennings, American beach volleyball player | released by Taito. Births January January 1 – Philip Mulryne, Northern Irish footballer January 2 – Karina Smirnoff, Ukrainian-American dancer January 3 Liya Kebede, Ethiopian model, clothing designer and actress Park Sol-mi, South Korean actress January 4 – Karine Ruby, French snowboarder (d. 2009) January 5 Franck Montagny, French Formula One driver January Jones, American actress January 7 – Emilio Palma, Argentine citizen, first human born in Antarctica January 9 Chad Johnson, American football player AJ McLean, American singer Gennaro Gattuso, Italian football player January 10 – Kanako Mitsuhashi, Japanese voice actress January 11 – Emile Heskey, English footballer January 12 – Hannah Gadsby, Australian comedian January 13 Ashmit Patel, Indian actor Mohit Sharma Indian Army Officer January 14 – Shawn Crawford, American sprinter January 15 Eddie Cahill, American actor Franco Pellizotti, Italian cyclist January 17 – Ricky Wilson, British vocalist (Kaiser Chiefs) January 18 Thor Hushovd, Norwegian cyclist Katja Kipping, German politician January 20 – Omar Sy, French actor and comedian January 24 Mark Hildreth, Canadian actor and voice actor Nami Miyahara, Japanese voice actress and singer Kristen Schaal, American actress, comedian, and writer January 25 – Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukrainian politician and comedian, President of Ukraine January 28 Gianluigi Buffon, Italian footballer Jamie Carragher, English footballer Papa Bouba Diop, Senegalese footballer (d. 2020) Sheamus, Irish wrestler Vanessa Villela, Mexican actress February February 2 Nelson Chamisa, Zimbabwean politician Barry Ferguson, Scottish footballer and coach February 3 – Amal Clooney, British-Lebanese barrister, activist and author February 4 – Aleksey Rozin, Russian actor February 5 Brian Russell, American football player Samuel Sánchez, Spanish road bicycle racer February 6 Danny Buderus, Australian rugby league player Olena Zelenska, Ukrainian first lady Yael Naim, Israeli-French singer and songwriter February 7 Ashton Kutcher, American actor Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Nigerian actress, singer, philanthropist and former model February 10 Isabella Eklöf, Swedish screenwriter and film director Don Omar, Puerto Rican singer and actor February 12 Gethin Jones, Welsh television presenter Silver Meikar, Estonian politician February 13 – Niklas Bäckström, Finnish hockey player February 14 Richard Hamilton, American basketball player Danai Gurira, American actress and playwright Darius Songaila, Lithuanian basketball player February 16 John Tartaglia, American actor Tia Hellebaut, Belgian athlete February 19 Kenyatta Wright, American football player Immortal Technique, Peruvian-American rapper February 20 Julia Jentsch, German actress Ken Takeuchi, Japanese voice actor February 21 Kim Ha-neul, South Korean actress Kumail Nanjiani, Pakistani-American actor and comedian Miki Sakai, Japanese actress February 22 – Jenny Frost, English singer February 23 – Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (d. 2003) February 24 Leon Constantine, British footballer Gary, South Korean musician, entertainer February 27 – Kakha Kaladze, Georgian footballer and politician, Mayor of Tbilisi February 28 Jeanne Cherhal, French singer-songwriter Yasir Hameed, Pakistani cricketer Benjamin Raich, Austrian skier March March 1 Jensen Ackles, American actor Donovan Patton, American actor and television host Sakura Nogawa, Japanese voice actress March 2 Tomáš Kaberle, Czech hockey player Sebastian Janikowski, American football player March 3 – Tanishaa Mukerji, Indian actress March 4 – Denis Dallan, Italian rugby union footballer March 6 Sage Rosenfels, American football player Mike Jackson, American politician March 7 Mike Reese, American politician (d. 2021) Azis, Bulgarian singer March 8 – Nick Zano, American actor March 10 – Benjamin Burnley, American musician March 11 Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer Ha Jung-woo, South Korean actor and director March 12 Neal Obermeyer, American editorial cartoonist Claudio Sanchez, American writer and musician March 13 Tom Danielson, American cyclist Kenny Watson, American football player March 14 Pieter van den Hoogenband, Dutch swimmer Carl Johan Bergman, Swedish biathlete Moon Hee-joon, Korean singer March 15 – Flavio Furtado, Cape Verdean boxer March 16 Matthew Montgomery, American actor Brooke Burns, American fashion model and actress March 17 – Patrick Seitz, American voice actor March 18 – Antonio Margarito, Mexican-American boxer March 21 Rani Mukerji, Indian actress Mohammad Rezaei, Iranian wrestler March 22 Josh Heupel, American football player Vanessa Senior, Venezuelan comedian and actress. March 23 Simon Gärdenfors, Swedish cartoonist and radio host Nicholle Tom, American actress Perez Hilton, American actor and blogger March 29 – Igor Rakočević, Serbian basketball player March 30 – Simon Webbe, English singer March 31 Stephen Clemence, English footballer Jérôme Rothen, French footballer April April 1 Jason Bell, former NFL player and TV pundit Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (d. 2009) April 2 – Nick Berg, American businessman (d. 2004) April 3 Matthew Goode, English actor John Smit, South African rugby union player April 4 Jason Ellison, American baseball player Sam Moran, Australian singer April 5 Franziska van Almsick, German swimmer Stephen Jackson, American basketball player April 6 Tim Hasselbeck, American football player Myleene Klass, English singer, pianist, and model Martín Méndez, Uruguayan musician and songwriter Lauren Ridloff, African-American actress April 7 Duncan James, English singer Adrienne Haan, German-Luxembourgish actress, singer, writer and producer April 9 Jorge Andrade, Portuguese footballer Takashi Ohara, Japanese voice actor Rachel Stevens, English singer April 10 - Rokhaya Diallo, French writer and filmmaker April 12 Guy Berryman, Scottish musician Cheeming Boey, Malaysian artist Riley Smith, American actor April 13 Kyle Howard, American television and movie actor Carles Puyol, Spanish footballer April 15 Luis Fonsi, Puerto Rican singer and songwriter Chris Stapleton, American country singer and guitarist April 16 Lara Dutta, Indian actress and beauty queen Matthew Lloyd, Australian rules footballer April 17 Juan Guillermo Castillo, Uruguayan goalkeeper Jason White, Scottish rugby union player April 19 – James Franco, American actor April 20 Matthew Wilkas, American actor, playwright and reality television personality Matt Austin, Canadian actor Alessandro Rigotti, Italian voice actor April 21 – Jukka Nevalainen, Finnish drummer April 22 Esteban Tuero, Argentine Formula One driver Manu Intiraymi, American actor April 23 – Tamara Czartoryski-Borbon, Spanish athlete April 25 – Duncan Kibet, Kenyan long-distance runner April 26 Stana Katic, Canadian-American actress Shinnosuke Tachibana, Japanese voice actor April 28 – Robert Oliveri, American former actor April 29 Bob and Mike Bryan, American doubles tennis team Tyler Labine, Canadian actor May May 4 – Daisuke Ono, Japanese voice actor May 6 Tony Estanguet, French slalom canoeist Aleksandr Fyodorov, Russian bodybuilder May 10 – Kenan Thompson, African-American actor and comedian May 11 Laetitia Casta, French supermodel and actress Judy Ann Santos, Filipino actress May 12 Hossein Rezazadeh, Iranian weightlifter Jason Biggs, American actor Aya Ishiguro, Japanese singer, writer, and fashion designer Malin Åkerman, Swedish-Canadian actress May 15 Dwayne De Rosario, Canadian footballer Caroline Dhavernas, French-Canadian actress Krzysztof Ignaczak, Polish volleyball player May 18 – Ricardo Carvalho, Portuguese footballer May 19 – Marcus Bent, English footballer *** May 22 Katie Price (Jordan), English model and television personality Ginnifer Goodwin, American actress May 25 – Adam Gontier, Canadian singer May 28 Jake Johnson, American actor and comedian Tomohiko Ito, Japanese footballer May 29 – Pelle Almqvist, Swedish singer-songwriter May 30 – Lyoto Machida, Brazilian mixed martial artist June June 1 – Antonietta Di Martino, Italian high-jumper June 2 Nikki Cox, American actress Justin Long, American actor June 4 – Simone Maludrottu, Italian boxer June 5 – Nick Kroll, American actor and comedian June 6 Konstantīns Konstantinovs, Latvian powerlifter (d. 2018) Mariana Popova, Bulgarian singer June 7 – Bill Hader, American actor and comedian June 8 Maria Menounos, American actress, journalist, and television presenter Eun Ji-won, South Korean rapper and singer June 9 Michaela Conlin, American actress Miroslav Klose, German footballer Matt Bellamy, British musician and singer June 10 Han Hee-won, South Korean golfer DJ Qualls, American actor, producer, and model Shane West, American actor June 11 – Joshua Jackson, Canadian actor June 13 – Faizal Yusof, Malaysian actor (d. 2011) June 14 - Nikola Vujčić, Croatian basketball player and team manager of Maccabi Tel Aviv June 15 Wilfred Bouma, Dutch footballer June 16 – Daniel Brühl, German actor June 19 Mía Maestro, Argentine actress Dirk Nowitzki, German basketball player Zoe Saldana, American actress June 20 – Frank Lampard, English footballer June 21 Erica Durance, Canadian actress Jean-Pascal Lacoste, French singer, actor and television host Ignacio Corleto, Argentine rugby union player June 22 Tim Driesen, Belgian actor and singer-songwriter Dan Wheldon, English racing driver (d. 2011) June 23 Gladys Reyes, Filipino actress Frédéric Leclercq, French musician June 24 Emppu Vuorinen, Finnish musician Juan Román Riquelme, Argentine footballer Shunsuke Nakamura, Japanese footballer June 25 Aramis Ramírez, Dominican baseball player Aftab Shivdasani, Indian actor Denis Barbe, Seychellois footballer June 26 Daniel Constantin, Romanian politician Cristian Lucchetti, Argentine footballer June 28 - Ha Ji-won, South Korean actress and singer June 29 Luke Kirby, Canadian actor Nicole Scherzinger, American singer Steve Savidan, French footballer July July 1 Hillary Tuck, American actress Aleki Lutui, Tongan rugby player Liu Kwok Man, Chinese footballer Mark Hunter, British rower July 2 Ganesh, Indian actor and television presenter Diana Gurtskaya, Georgian singer Jüri Ratas, Estonian politician and 18th Prime Minister of Estonia July 3 Jesse Leach, America vocalist Mizuki Noguchi, Japanese long-distance runner July 4 – Becki Newton, American actress July 5 Andreas Baum, German politician Nandamuri Kalyan Ram, Indian actor and film producer July 6 Daphne Iking, Malaysian television personality and actress Danil Khalimov, Kazakh Greco-Roman wrestler Tia and Tamera Mowry, African-American actresses Kevin Senio, New Zealand rugby union footballer July 7 Chris Andersen, American basketball player DJ Manian, German music producer and DJ Marino Franchitti, British racing driver Mark Sloan, British professional wrestler July 8 Rachael Lillis, American actress Erin Morgenstern, American artist and author Garth Mulroy, South African golfer July 9 Kyle Davis, American actor Dmitri Dyuzhev, Russian actor and singer Mark Medlock, German singer Linda Park, Korean-born actress July 10 Ray Kay, Norwegian director and photographer Jesse Lacey, American singer-songwriter July 11 Kris Law, Malaysian actor Kim Kang-woo, South Korean actor Dustin Demri-Burns, English actor, comedian, writer Mattias Gustafsson, Swedish handball player July 12 Topher Grace, American actor Michelle Rodriguez, American actress July 13 Gary David, Filipino professional basketball player Jessica Barth, American actress July 15 Matt Mitrione, American mixed martial artist Greg Sestero, French-American actor and model July 16 – Ahmede Hussain, Bangladeshi writer July 17 Panda Bear, American musician Justine Triet, French actress July 18 Shane Horgan, Irish rugby player Crystal Mangum, American murderer responsible for making false rape allegations in the Duke lacrosse case Virginia Raggi, Italian lawyer, politician Joo Sang-wook, South Korean actor Ben Sheets, American baseball player Vladimir Tintor, Serbian film actor July 19 – Atsushi Harada, Japanese actor July 20 Pavel Datsyuk, Russian ice hockey player Tamsyn Manou, Australian athlete July 21 Josh Hartnett, American actor Kyoko Iwasaki, Japanese swimmer July 22 A. J. Cook, Canadian actress Ryan Eigenmann, Filipino actor Kyōko Hasegawa, Japanese model and actress July 23 Stuart Elliott, Northern Irish footballer Stefanie Sun, Singapore singer July 25 Louise Brown, British citizen, first human born through in vitro fertilisation Gerard Warren, American football player July 26 Jehad Muntasser, Libyan footballer Eve Myles, Welsh actress July 28 – Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer July 31 Zac Brown, American country singer-songwriter and guitarist Nick Sorensen, American football player and sportscaster Justin Wilson, English race car driver (d. 2015) July – Caucher Birkar, born Fereydoun Derakhshani, Kurdish-born mathematician August August 3 Mariusz Jop, Polish footballer Shanelle Workman, American actress August 4 – Kurt Busch, American race car driver August 5 Carolina Duer, Argentine boxer Harel Levy, Israeli tennis player August 6 Marisa Miller, American supermodel Freeway, American rapper Peng Cheng-min, Taiwanese baseball player Iñaki Rueda, Spanish Racing strategist August 7 Alexandre Aja, French director Vanness Wu, Taiwanese singer August 8 Countess Vaughn, American actress Natsuko Kuwatani, Japanese voice actress August 9 – Daniela Denby-Ashe, English actress August 10 – Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono, Indonesian politician and former military officer August 13 – Luciano Ábalos, Argentine footballer August 15 Jennie Eisenhower, American actress Kerri Walsh Jennings, American beach volleyball player August 17 Vibeke Stene, Norwegian rock singer Jelena Karleuša, Serbian pop singer August 18 – Andy Samberg, American actor and comedian August 19 Chris Capuano, American baseball player Qais Al Khonji, Omani entrepreneur August 20 – Noah Bean, American actor August 21 Reuben Droughns, American football player Alan Lee, Irish footballer August 22 Vitaliy Balytskyi, Ukrainian football player and manager (d. 2018) James Corden, British comedian and television personality August 23 Kobe Bryant, American basketball player (d. 2020) Julian Casablancas, American singer-songwriter and musician August 24 – Rafael Furcal, Dominican baseball player August 25 – Kel Mitchell, American actor, stand-up comedian, musician, singer, and rapper August 26 – Amanda Schull, American actress August 27 – Suranne Jones, English actress August 28 Kelly Overton, American actress Rachel Kimsey, American actress Sam Wills, New Zealand comic August 29 – Danielle Hampton, Canadian actress August 31 – Ido Pariente, Israeli mixed martial artist September September 1 – Max Vieri, Italian Australian footballer September 3 – Tinkara Kovač, Slovenian singer and musician September 4 Wes Bentley, American actor Frederik Veuchelen, Belgian cyclist September 6 Mathew Horne, English actor Homare Sawa, Japanese footballer September 7 – Devon Sawa, Canadian actor September 9 – Gina Gogean, Romania artistic gymnast September 11 Ed Reed, American football player Ben Lee, Australian singer Else-Marthe Sørlie Lybekk, Norwegian handball player September 12 Ruben Studdard, American singer Ben McKenzie, American actor September 13 Megan Henning, American actress Swizz Beatz, American record producer and rapper September 14 Ben Cohen, English rugby union player Ron DeSantis, American politician, 46th Governor of Florida Carmen Kass, Estonian supermodel September 15 Eiður Guðjohnsen, Icelandic football player David Sneddon, Scottish singer-songwriter September 18 – Billy Eichner, American actor and comedian September 20 Jason Bay, Canadian baseball player Patrizio Buanne, Italian singer Sarit Hadad, Israeli pop singer September 21 Doug Howlett, New Zealand rugby union player Josh Thomson, American mixed martial artist September 22 – Harry Kewell, Australian footballer September 23 Anthony Mackie, American actor Worm Miller, American screenwriter, director and actor Keri Lynn Pratt, American actress September 24 – Wietse van Alten, Dutch archer September 25 Jodie Kidd, English model Rossif Sutherland, Canadian actor September 27 - Ani Lorak, Ukrainian singer September 28 Dane Boedigheimer, American Internet personality Pastora Soler, Spanish singer September 29 – Kurt Nilsen, Norwegian singer September 30 – Candice Michelle, American professional wrestler and model October October 1 – Katie Aselton, American actress October 2 – Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer October 3 Jake Shears, American singer and songwriter Claudio Pizarro, Peruvian footballer Gerald Asamoah, German footballer Ricardo Rocha, Portuguese footballer Christian Coulson, English actor Shannyn Sossamon, American actress October 4 Dana Davis, American actress Mark Day, Canadian actor Phillip Glasser, American actor and producer Kei Horie, Japanese actor October 5 Shane Ryan, Irish Gaelic footballer James Valentine, American musician Morgan Webb, television personality October 7 – Omar Benson Miller, American actor October 9 – Nicky Byrne, Irish musician (Westlife) October 10 – QBoy, UK-based rapper, producer, DJ, writer and presenter October 14 Paul Hunter, English snooker player (d. 2006) Usher, American singer and actor, is born. October 17 – Pablo Iglesias Turrión, Spanish politician October 18 Jake Farrow, American television writer and actor Wesley Jonathan, American actor October 20 Tomohiko Ito, Japanese anime director Michael Johns, Australian singer (d. 2014) Kira, German singer Dionne Quan, American voice actress Virender Sehwag, Indian cricketer October 21 – Joey Harrington, American football player October 23 – John Lackey, American baseball player October 24 – Carlos Edwards, Trinidadian footballer October 25 Russell Anderson, Scottish footballer Zachary Knighton, American actor David T. Little, American composer and drummer October 26 CM Punk, American professional wrestler Antonio Pierce, American football player Faizal Tahir, Malaysian singer October 27 David Walton, American actor Vanessa-Mae, Singaporean violinist October 28 Justin Guarini, American singer Gwendoline Christie, English actress and model October 29 – Travis Henry, American football player October 30 – Matthew Morrison, American actor and singer November November 1 Jessica Valenti, American blogger and writer Manju Warrier, Indian actress Mary Kate Schellhardt, American actress November 3 – Tim McIlrath, American singer November 4 – Shaun Berrigan, Australian rugby league player November 5 Bubba Watson, American golfer Xavier Tondo, Spanish cyclist (d. 2011) November 6 Nicole Dubuc, American actress and writer Taryn Manning, American actress Sandrine Blancke, Belgian actress November 7 Zaheer Khan, Indian cricketer Mark Read, English singer (A1) November 8 – Ali Karimi, Iranian football player November 9 – Sisqó, American actor and singer November 10 Nadine Angerer, German footballer Kyla Cole, Czech model Diplo, American DJ and music producer Eve, African-American rapper Akemi Kanda, Japanese voice actress Drew McConnell, English musician November 12 – Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, Pakistani journalist, activist and filmmaker November 13 – Hsu Wei Lun, Taiwanese actress (d. 2007) November 14 Bobby Allen, American ice hockey player Xavier Nady, American baseball player November 17 Tom Ellis, Welsh actor Rachel McAdams, Canadian actress Reggie Wayne, American football player November 18 Daniel Chong, American animator Damien Johnson, Northern Irish footballer Aldo Montano, Italian fencer November 19 Chad Doreck, American actor Matt Dusk, Canadian musician and singer November 22 – Karen O, American singer-songwriter and musician November 23 – Destin Daniel Cretton, American film director November 24 – Katherine Heigl, American actress November 25 – Shiina Ringo, Japanese singer and musician November 26 – Jun Fukuyama, Japanese voice actor November 27 – Mike Skinner, English musician November 28 – Aimee Garcia, American actress November 29 – Lauren German, American actress November 30 Clay Aiken, American singer-songwriter and author Gael García Bernal, Mexican actor Robert Kirkman, American comic book writer December December 1 – Stefan Kapičić, Serbian actor December 2 Nelly Furtado, Portuguese-Canadian singer and songwriter Alo Kõrve, Estonian actor December 4 – Lars Bystøl, Norwegian ski jumper December 5 Neil Druckmann, Israeli-American video game writer and programmer, founder of Naughty Dog Olli Jokinen, Finnish ice hockey player December 7 – Shiri Appleby, American actress Kristofer Hivju, Norwegian actor December 8 – Ian Somerhalder, American actor December 9 – Gastón Gaudio, Argentine tennis player December 10 – Summer Phoenix, American actress December 12 – Monica Bîrlădeanu, Romanian actress December 17 Riteish Deshmukh, Indian actor, architect, producer and entrepreneur Manny Pacquiao, Filipino boxer and politician December 18 Daniel Cleary, Canadian ice hockey player Josh Dallas, American actor Katie Holmes, American actress December 19 – Patrick Casey, American screenwriter and actor December 20 Geremi, Cameroon footballer Jacqueline Saburido, Venezuelan-American social activist (d. 2019) Waleed al-Shehri, 9/11 terrorist (d. 2001) December 21 – Shaun Morgan, South African musician and singer-songwriter December 22 Edo Maajka, Bosnian rapper Emmanuel Olisadebe, Polish-Nigerian footballer Joanne Kelly, Canadian actress December 23 Víctor Martínez, Venezuelan baseball player Estella Warren, Canadian swimmer, model, and actress December 24 – Yıldıray Baştürk, Turkish footballer December 25 Paula Seling, Romanian singer and radio DJ Jeremy Strong, American actor |
– Vela incident: The "South Atlantic Flash" is observed near the Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean, thought to be a nuclear weapons test conducted by South Africa and Israel. September 29 – The overthrown dictator Francisco Macías Nguema of Equatorial Guinea is convicted of genocide and executed by firing squad. September 30 – The Hong Kong MTR metro begins service with the opening of its Modified Initial System, the Kwun Tong Line. October October 1 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Second Nigerian Republic is established. October 1–7 – Pope John Paul II visits the United States, starting in Boston. October 1 – The MTR, the rapid transit railway system in Hong Kong, opens. October 2 – Pope John Paul II arrives in New York City for his first papal tour where he addresses the U.N. General Assembly against all forms of concentration camps and torture. October 6 – Federal Reserve System changes from an interest rate target policy to a money supply target policy. October 7 – Pope John Paul II ends his first U.S. papal visit in Washington, D.C. with his first-ever visit to the White House. October 9 – Peter Brock wins the Bathurst 1000 by a record six laps, with a lap record on the last lap. October 12 Near Guam, Typhoon Tip reaches a record intensity of 870 millibars, the lowest pressure recorded at sea level. This makes Tip the most powerful tropical cyclone in known world history. Thorbjörn Fälldin returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, replacing Ola Ullsten who is named Foreign Minister of Sweden. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the first novel by Douglas Adams, is published in the United Kingdom October 14 – National March for gay rights takes place in Washington, D.C., involving tens of thousands of people. October 15 – Black Monday events, in which members of a political group sack a newspaper office, unfold in Malta. October 16 – A tsunami in Nice, France kills 23 people. October 19 – 13 U.S. Marines die in a fire at Camp Fuji, Japan as a result of Typhoon Tip. October 20 – The first McDonald's in Singapore opens at Liat Towers in Orchard Road. October 26 – Park Chung-hee, the President of South Korea, is assassinated by KCIA director Kim Jae-gyu. The eradication of the smallpox virus is announced by the World Health Organization, making smallpox the first of only two human diseases that have been driven to extinction (rinderpest in 2011 being the other). October 27 – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gains independence from the UK. October 31 – Western Airlines Flight 2605 crashes upon landing at Mexico City International Airport, killing 72 occupants plus one on the ground; 16 people on board survive. November November 1 Military coup in Bolivia. Iran hostage crisis: Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urges his people to demonstrate on November 4 and to expand attacks on United States and Israeli interests. November 2 French police shoot gangster Jacques Mesrine in Paris. Assata Shakur (née Joanne Chesimard), a former member of the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army, escapes from a New York prison to Cuba, where she remains under political asylum. November 3 – In Greensboro, North Carolina, five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot to death and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis, during a "Death to the Klan" rally. November 4 – Iran hostage crisis begins: 500 Iranian radicals, mostly students, invade the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and take 90 hostages (53 of whom are American). They demand that the United States send the former Shah of Iran back to stand trial. November 5 All Saints' Massacre: The military junta in Bolivia initiates a violent crack-down on its opponents. The radio news program Morning Edition premieres on National Public Radio in the United States. November 6 – At Montevideo, Uruguay, the International Olympic Committee adopts a resolution, whereby Taiwan Olympic and sports teams will participate with the name Chinese Taipei in future Olympic Games and international sports tournaments and championships. November 7 – U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy announces that he will challenge President Jimmy Carter for the 1980 Democratic presidential nomination. November 9 The Carl Bridgewater murder trial ends in England with all four men found guilty. James Robinson, 45, and 25-year-old Vincent Hickey are sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommended 25-year minimum for murder. 18-year-old Michael Hickey is also found guilty of murder and sentenced to indefinite detention. Patrick Molloy, 53, is found guilty on a lesser charge of manslaughter and sentenced to 12 years in prison. Nuclear false alarm: the NORAD computers and the Alternate National Military Command Center in Fort Ritchie, Maryland, detect an apparent massive Soviet nuclear strike. After reviewing the raw data from satellites and checking the early-warning radars, the alert is cancelled. November 10 – 1979 Mississauga train derailment: A 106-car Canadian Pacific freight train carrying explosive and poisonous chemicals from Windsor, Ontario, Canada derails in Mississauga, just west of Toronto, causing a massive explosion and the largest peacetime evacuation in Canadian history and one of the largest in North American history. November 12 Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all oil imports into the United States from Iran. Süleyman Demirel, of the Justice Party (AP) forms the new government of Turkey (43rd government, a minority government). November 13 - Ronald Reagan announced his candidacy for President of the United States. November 14 – Iran hostage crisis: U.S. President Jimmy Carter issues Executive Order 12170, freezing all Iranian assets in the United States and U.S. banks in response to the hostage crisis. November 15 – British art historian and former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures Anthony Blunt's role as the "fourth man" of the 'Cambridge Five' double agents for the Soviet NKVD during World War II is revealed by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom; she gives further details on November 21. November 16 – Bucharest Metro Line One is opened, in Bucharest, Romania (from Timpuri Noi to Semanatoarea stations, ). November 17 – Iran hostage crisis: Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini orders the release of 13 female and African American hostages being held at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. November 20 – Grand Mosque seizure: A group of 200 Juhayman al-Otaybi militants occupy Mecca's Masjid al-Haram, the holiest place in Islam. They are driven out by Saudi military forces after bloody fighting that leaves 250 people dead and 600 wounded. November 21 – After false radio reports from the Ayatollah Khomeini that the Americans had occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan is attacked by a mob and set afire, killing 4, and disturbing Pakistan–United States relations. November 23 – In Dublin, Ireland, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten of Burma. November 25 – The last cargo of phosphate was shipped from Banaba Island in Kiribati in the South Pacific ocean, bringing an end to the island's chief industry. November 28 – Air New Zealand Flight 901: an Air New Zealand DC-10 crashes into Mount Erebus in Antarctica on a sightseeing trip, killing all 257 people on board. November 30 – The Wall, a rock opera and concept album by Pink Floyd, is first released. December December 3 The Who concert disaster: Eleven fans are killed during a crowd crush for unreserved seats before The Who rock concert at the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati. The United States dollar exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark falls to 1.7079 DM, the all-time low so far; this record is not broken until November 5, 1987. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini becomes the first Supreme Leader of Iran. December 4 – The Hastie fire in Kingston upon Hull, England, leads to the deaths of 3 boys and begins the hunt for Bruce George Peter Lee, the UK's most prolific killer. December 5 – Jack Lynch resigns as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland; he is succeeded by Charles Haughey. December 6 – The world premiere of Star Trek: The Motion Picture is held at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. December 12 The NATO Double-Track Decision: is the decision of NATO from December 12, 1979, to offer the Warsaw Pact a mutual limitation of medium-range ballistic missiles and intermediate-range ballistic missiles combined with the threat that in case of disagreement NATO would deploy more middle-range nuclear weapons in Western Europe, following the so-called "Euromissile Crisis". The 8.2 Tumaco earthquake shakes Colombia and Ecuador with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 300–600, and generating a large tsunami. Coup d'état of December Twelfth: South Korean Army Major General Chun Doo-hwan orders the arrest of Army Chief of Staff General Jeong Seung-hwa without authorization from President Choi Kyu-hah, alleging involvement in the assassination of ex-President Park Chung-hee. The unrecognised state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia returns to British control and resumes using the name Southern Rhodesia. December 13 – The government of Canada falls in a non-confidence motion. December 15 – The directorial debut of Hayao Miyazaki, The Castle of Cagliostro based on the manga series Lupin III is released in Japan. December 21 – A ceasefire for Rhodesia is signed at London. December 23 – The highest aerial tramway in Europe, the Klein Matterhorn, opens. December 24 The Soviet Union covertly launches its invasion of Afghanistan - 3 days later, PDPA general secretary Hafizullah Amin is executed in Operation Storm-333 and Babrak Karmal replaces him, beginning the war. The first European Ariane rocket is launched. December 26 – In Rhodesia, 96 Patriotic Front guerrillas enter the capital Salisbury to monitor a ceasefire that begins December 28. Date unknown The One-child policy is introduced in China – it contributes to Missing women of China. It was loosened in 2013. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn is widely adopted as the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, leading to changes in Western spelling of Chinese toponyms. VisiCalc becomes the first commercial spreadsheet program. The first usenet experiments are conducted by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis of Duke University. Worldwide per capita oil production reaches a historic peak. The remains of Tsar Nicholas II and some of the Romanovs are discovered and exhumed near Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg). NBC introduces a new version of its famous peacock, used in conjunction with the 1975-style N, for the Fall season. China International Trust Investment Group (CITIC) founded. Births January January 1 Brody Dalle, Australian singer Vidya Balan, Indian actress Gisela, Spanish pop singer and voice actress January 2 Erica Hubbard, American actress Jagmeet Singh, Canadian politician, leader of the New Democratic Party January 3 Koit Toome, Estonian singer and musical actor Rie Tanaka, Japanese voice actress January 4 – Kevin Kuske, German Olympic bobsledder January 6 Christina Chanée, Danish-Thai pop singer Bernice Liu, Hong Kong actress January 7 Bipasha Basu, Indian actress and model Christian Lindner, German politician January 8 Sarah Polley, Canadian actress, writer, director, producer and political activist Seol Ki-hyeon, South Korean footballer Stipe Pletikosa, Croatian football goalkeeper January 9 Tomiko Van, Japanese singer (Do As Infinity) Bipasha Basu, Indian actress and model Hannah Yeoh, Malaysian politician January 11 Terence Morris, American basketball player Siti Nurhaliza, Malaysian singer January 12 Marián Hossa, Slovak ice hockey player Lee Bo-young, South Korean actress and model Grzegorz Rasiak, Polish footballer January 15 Drew Brees, American football player Martin Petrov, Bulgarian footballer January 16 – Aaliyah, American R&B singer and actress (d. 2001) January 17 – Sharon Chan, Hong Kong actress January 18 Jay Chou, Taiwanese singer, song producer and actor Paulo Ferreira, Portuguese footballer Leo Varadkar, 14th Taoiseach of Ireland January 19 – Svetlana Khorkina, Russian artistic gymnast January 20 Rob Bourdon, American drummer (Linkin Park) Asaka Kubo, Japanese gravure idol Will Young, English singer January 21 Brian O'Driscoll, Irish rugby union player Inul Daratista, Indonesian dangdut singer Johann Hari, Scot-Swiss Journalist and author January 23 – Larry Hughes, American basketball player January 24 – Tatyana Ali, American actress January 25 – Christine Lakin, American actress January 26 ACM Neto, Brazilian lawyer and politician Sara Rue, American actress January 27 Daniel Vettori, New Zealand cricketer January 29 – B. J. Flores, American boxer January 31 – Jenny Wolf, German speed skater February February 1 Julie Augustyniak, American footballer Mahek Chahal, Norwegian actress and model Valentín Elizalde, Mexican singer (d. 2006) Peter Fulton, New Zealand cricketer Rachelle Lefevre, Canadian actress Clodoaldo Silva, Brazilian paralympian swimmer February 2 David Paisley, Scottish actor Fani Chalkia, Greek athlete Mayer Hawthorne, American soul singer Christine Lampard, Northern Irish television presenter Shamita Shetty, Indian actress and interior designer Yuichi Tsuchiya, Japanese actor February 4 Andrei Arlovski, Belarusian mixed martial artist Jodi Shilling, American actress Tabitha Brown, American actress February 5 Paulo Gonçalves, Portuguese rally racing motorcycle rider (d. 2020) Katie Brambley, Canadian distance freestyle swimmer February 6 – David Dolníček, Czech ice hockey player February 7 Cerina Vincent, American actress and writer Michał Karwan, Polish footballer Tawakkol Karman, Yemeni politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate February 8 Josh Keaton, American actor Martin Rowlands, Irish footballer Aleksey Mishin, Russian wrestler February 9 Zhang Ziyi, Chinese actress and model Irina Slutskaya, Russian figure skater February 11 – Brandy Norwood, African-American singer and actress February 12 Antonio Chatman, American football player Jesse Spencer, Australian actor February 13 Anders Behring Breivik, Norwegian far-right terrorist responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks Mena Suvari, American actress Rafael Márquez, Mexican footballer February 14 – Jocelyn Quivrin, French actor (d. 2009) February 15 – Gordon Shedden, Scottish race car driver February 16 Valentino Rossi, Italian seven-time MotoGP world champion Eric Mun, leader of Korean boy-band Shinhwa February 19 Mariana Ochoa, Mexican singer and actress Vitas, Ukrainian and Russian singer and actor February 20 – Song Chong-gug, South Korean footballer February 21 Maria Annus, Estonian actress Carly Colón, Puerto Rican professional wrestler Jennifer Love Hewitt, American actress and singer Jordan Peele, American actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer February 25 – László Bodnár, Hungarian footballer February 26 Corinne Bailey Rae, British singer-songwriter and guitarist Susana Diazayas, Mexican actress February 28 Michael Bisping, Cypriot mixed martial artist Sébastien Bourdais, French racing driver Sander van Doorn, Dutch DJ and electronic music producer March March 4 Ben Fouhy, New Zealand flatwater canoeist Geoff Huegill, Australian swimmer Jon Fratelli, Scottish singer (The Fratellis) March 5 Martin Axenrot, Swedish metal drummer Riki Lindhome, American actress and comedian Tang Gonghong, Chinese weightlifter March 6 – Érik Bédard, Canadian pitcher March 7 Stephanie Anne Mills, Canadian voice actress Ricardo Rosselló, Puerto Rican politician, Governor of Puerto Rico March 8 Jasmine You, Japanese musician (d. 2009) Tom Chaplin, British singer (Keane) March 9 Oscar Isaac, Guatemalan-American actor Melina Perez, American professional wrestler March 12 – Pete Doherty, British singer and guitarist (The Libertines, Babyshambles) March 13 – Johan Santana, Venezuelan baseball player March 14 Nicolas Anelka, French footballer Gao Ling, Chinese badminton player Chris Klein, American actor Michele Riondino, Italian actor March 16 – Adriana Fonseca, Mexican actress and dancer March 17 – Samoa Joe, American professional wrestler March 18 Shola Ama, English singer Adam Levine, American singer (Maroon 5) March 19 Emil Dimitriev, Macedonian politician, Prime Minister Hedo Türkoğlu, Turkish basketball player March 20 Daniel Cormier, American retired mixed martial artist Freema Agyeman, British actress Molly Jenson, American musician Bianca Lawson, American actress March 21 – Jimenez Lai, American architect March 23 Mark Buehrle, American baseball player Bryan Fletcher, American football player March 25 Lee Pace, American actor Traxamillion, American producer rapper Gorilla Zoe, American rapper March 28 Mark Connor, Anguillan football player Shakib Khan, Bangladeshi film actor, producer, singer, film organiser and media personalities March 29 – Estela Giménez, Spanish gymnast March 30 Daniel Arenas, Colombian-Mexican actor Norah Jones, American musician Jose Pablo Cantillo, American actor April April 2 Lindy Booth, Canadian actress Jesse Carmichael, American musician (Maroon 5) April 3 Grégoire, French singer-songwriter Živilė Balčiūnaitė, Lithuanian long-distance runner April 4 Heath Ledger, Australian actor and music video director (d. 2008) Roberto Luongo, Canadian ice hockey goaltender Maksim Opalev, Russian canoeist April 8 Mohamed Kader, Togolese footballer Alexi Laiho, Finnish musician (Children of Bodom) (d. 2020) David Petruschin, American drag queen April 9 Sebastián Silva, Chilean director, actor, screenwriter, painter and musician Keshia Knight Pulliam, African-American actress Mario Matt, Austrian alpine skier April 10 Ryan Agoncillo, Filipino actor and TV personality Rachel Corrie, American activist and diarist (d. 2003) Tsuyoshi Domoto, Japanese entertainer (KinKi Kids) Sophie Ellis-Bextor, British singer April 11 Sebastien Grainger, Canadian singer and musician Michel Riesen, Swiss ice hockey player Josh Server, American actor April 12 Claire Danes, American actress Jennifer Morrison, American actress April 13 – Baron Davis, American basketball player April 14 Pedro Andrade, Brazilian journalist and model Rebecca DiPietro, American model Pierre Roland, Indonesian actor April 15 – Luke Evans, Welsh actor and singer April 17 – Sung Si-kyung, South Korean singer April 18 Michael Bradley, American basketball player Anthony Davidson, English racing driver Yusuke Kamiji, Japanese actor Kourtney Kardashian, American reality television star April 19 Kate Hudson, American actress and co-founder of Fabletics Antoaneta Stefanova, Bulgarian chess player April 20 – Teoh Beng Hock, Malaysian journalist (d. 2009) April 21 Cindy Kurleto, Filipina-Austrian model and TV personality James McAvoy, Scottish actor Karin Rask, Estonian actress April 22 – Daniel Johns, Australian musician (Silverchair) April 23 Jaime King, American actress Yana Gupta, Indian actress of Czech origin April 24 Laurentia Tan, Singaporean Paralympic equestrienne Avey Tare, American musician Adam Andretti, American race car driver April 25 Andreas Küttel, Swiss ski jumper Andrea Osvárt, Hungarian actress April 27 – Travis Meeks, American musician (Days of the New) April 28 – Bahram Radan, Iranian actor April 29 Jo O'Meara, English singer (S Club 7) April 30 – Shelley Calene-Black, American voice actress May May 1 Roman Lyashenko, | President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign an Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. Michigan State University, led by Earvin "Magic" Johnson, defeats Larry Bird-led Indiana State 75–64 in the NCAA tournament championship game at Salt Lake City. March 28 In Britain, James Callaghan's minority Labour government loses a motion of confidence by one vote, forcing a general election which is to be held on 3 May. America's most serious nuclear power plant accident occurs, at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania. March 29 – Sultan Yahya Petra of Kelantan, the 6th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Head of State) of Malaysia, dies in office. He is replaced by Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang. March 30 – Airey Neave, Conservative M.P. in the British House of Commons, is killed, presumably by an Irish National Liberation Army bomb in the car park for the Houses of Parliament. March 31 The last British soldier (belonging to the Royal Navy) leaves the Maltese Islands, after 179 years of presence. Malta declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien). Milk and Honey win the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 for Israel, with the song Hallelujah. April April 1 Iran's government becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, overthrowing the Shah officially. Nickelodeon launches from QUBE's Pinwheel experiment and begins airing on various Warner Cable systems beginning in Buffalo, New York, expanding its audience reach. Dale Earnhardt Sr wins his first career NASCAR race at the 1979 Southeastern 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway. He would go on to win 76 races and 7 championships during his career. April 1–18 – Police lock Andreas Mihavecz in a holding cell in Bregenz, Austria and forget about him, leaving him there without food or drink. April 2 – Sverdlovsk anthrax leak: A Soviet biowarfare laboratory at Sverdlovsk accidentally releases airborne anthrax spores, killing 66 plus an unknown amount of livestock. It is a violation of the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972. April 2 - In Japan, the channel of TV Asahi premieres Doraemon. April 4 – Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is executed by hanging for the murder of a political opponent. April 5 - Ex-premier Pol Jar flees out of Cambodia April 6 – Student protests break out in Nepal. April 7 – In Japan, Yoshiyuki Tomino directs Mobile Suit Gundam, the first series of the metaseries of the same name. April 10 – A tornado hits Wichita Falls, Texas, killing 42 people (the most notable of 26 tornadoes that day). April 11 – Uganda–Tanzania War: Fall of Kampala: Tanzanian troops take Kampala, the capital of Uganda; Idi Amin flees. April 13 – The La Soufrière volcano erupts in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. April 15 – 1979 Montenegro earthquake: A major earthquake strikes Montenegro (then part of Yugoslavia) and parts of Albania, causing extensive damage to coastal areas and taking 136 lives; the old town of Budva is devastated. April 17 – Schoolchildren in the Central African Republic are arrested (and around 100 killed) for protesting against compulsory school uniforms. An African judicial commission later determines that Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa "almost certainly" took part in the massacre. April 22 – The Albert Einstein Memorial is unveiled at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. April 23 – Fighting breaks out in London between the Anti-Nazi League and the Metropolitan Police's Special Patrol Group; protester Blair Peach receives fatal injuries during the incident, now officially attributed to the SPG. May May 1 – Greenland is granted limited autonomy from Denmark, with its own Parliament sitting in Nuuk. May 3 – The 1979 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons takes place, giving the Conservatives a majority, and electing Margaret Thatcher as the nation's first woman prime minister, ending the rule of James Callaghan's Labour government. May 8 – Ten shoppers die in a fire at the Woolworths department store in Manchester city centre in England. May 9 The Salvadoran Civil War begins. A Unabomber bomb injures Northwestern University graduate student John Harris. May 10 – The Federated States of Micronesia becomes self-governing. May 15 – Uganda–Tanzania War: Battle of Lira: Tanzania and its Uganda National Liberation Front allies capture Lira, Uganda, from the forces of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. May 21 Dan White is convicted of manslaughter, rather than murder, for the assassination of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, after using what would become known as the "Twinkie defense" and persuading a jury that the crime was not premeditated. The maximum sentence is seven years imprisonment, with eligibility for early parole, prompting the "White Night riots" in the gay community. The Montreal Canadiens defeat the New York Rangers four games to one to win their fourth consecutive Stanley Cup. May 25 American Airlines Flight 191: In Chicago, a DC-10 crashes during takeoff at O'Hare International Airport, killing all 271 on board and 2 people on the ground in the deadliest aviation accident in U.S. history. John Spenkelink is executed in Florida, in the first use of the electric chair in America after the reintroduction of the death penalty in 1976. Etan Patz, 6 years old, is kidnapped in New York. He is often referred to as the "Boy on the Milk Carton" and the investigation later sprouts into one of the most famous child abduction cases of all time. This is a cold case until 2010 when it is re-opened. In April 2017, Pedro Hernandez is convicted of the murder and kidnapping and sentenced to life imprisonment. May 27 – Indianapolis 500: Rick Mears wins the race for the first time, and car owner Roger Penske for the second time. June June 1 The Vizianagaram district is formed in Andhra Pradesh, India. The first black-led government of Rhodesia in 90 years takes power, in succession to Ian Smith and under his power-sharing deal, in the unrecognized republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. The Seattle SuperSonics win the NBA Championship against the Washington Bullets. June 2 Pope John Paul II arrives in his native Poland on his first official, nine-day stay, becoming the first Pope to visit a Communist country. This visit, known as nine days that changed the world, brings about the solidarity of the Polish people against Communism, ultimately leading to the rise of the Solidarity movement. Los Angeles' city council passes the city's first homosexual rights bill signed without fanfare by mayor Tom Bradley. June 3 Ixtoc I oil spill: A blowout at the Ixtoc I oil well in the southern Gulf of Mexico causes at least 600,000 tons (176,400,000 gallons) of oil to be spilled into the waters, the worst oil spill to date. Some estimate the spill to be 428 million gallons, making it the largest unintentional oil spill until it is surpassed by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. 1979 Italian general election: The Italian Communist Party loses a significant number of seats. June 4 Joe Clark becomes Canada's 16th and youngest Prime Minister. Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings takes power in Ghana after a military coup in which General Fred Akuffo is overthrown. Following the "Muldergate" Information Scandal, John Vorster resigns as State President of South Africa. June 7 – 1979 European Parliament election: The first direct elections to the European Parliament begin, allowing citizens from across all nine (at this time) member states of the European Union to elect 410 MEPs. It is also the first international election in history. June 12 – Bryan Allen flies the man-powered Gossamer Albatross across the English Channel. June 15 McDonald's introduces the Happy Meal in the United States in a nationwide advertising campaign after testing the product since February in franchises in the U.S. state of Missouri. June 18 – Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement in Vienna. June 19 – Marais Viljoen becomes State President of South Africa. June 20 – A Nicaraguan National Guard soldier kills ABC TV news correspondent Bill Stewart and his interpreter Juan Espinosa. Other members of the news crew capture the killing on tape. June 22 – The Muppet Movie is released. June 23 – New South Wales Premier Neville Wran officially opens the Eastern Suburbs Railway in Sydney. It operates as a shuttle between Central and Bondi Junction until full integration with the Illawarra Line in 1980. June 24 – The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal, an international opinion tribunal, is founded in Bologna at the initiative of Senator Lelio Basso. June 25 – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Alexander Haig escapes an assassination attempt in Belgium by the Baader-Meinhof terrorist organization. July July 1 Sweden outlaws corporal punishment in the home. The Sony Walkman goes on sale for the first time in Japan. July 3 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Afghanistan. July 5 – Queen Elizabeth II attends the millennium celebrations of the Isle of Man's Parliament, Tynwald. July 8 – Los Angeles passes its gay and lesbian civil rights bill. July 9 – A car bomb destroys a Renault owned by Nazi hunters Serge and Beate Klarsfeld at their home in France. A note purportedly from ODESSA claims responsibility. July 11 – NASA's first orbiting space station, Skylab, begins falling back Earth as its orbit decays after more than six years. July 12 The Gilbert Islands become fully independent of the United Kingdom as Kiribati. A Disco Demolition Night publicity stunt goes awry at Comiskey Park, forcing the Chicago White Sox to forfeit their game against the Detroit Tigers. Carmine Galante, boss of the Bonanno crime family, is assassinated in Brooklyn. A fire at a hotel in Zaragoza, Spain, leaves 72 dead, the worst hotel fire in Europe in decades. July 15 – President Jimmy Carter addresses the nation in a televised speech talking about the "crisis of confidence in America today"; it would go on to be known as his "national malaise" speech. July 16 – Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and Vice President Saddam al-Tikriti, more commonly referred to in the Western press as "Saddam Hussein", replaces him. July 17 – Nicaraguan president General Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigns and flees to Miami. July 21 The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the Somoza dynasty and assumes power in Nicaragua. Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo becomes prime minister of Portugal. Maritza Sayalero of Venezuela wins the Miss Universe pageant; the stage collapses after contestants and news photographers rush to her throne. The disco music genre dominates and peaks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with the first six spots (beginning with Donna Summer's Bad Girls), and seven of the chart's top ten songs ending that week. July 22 – 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge: Iraqi president Saddam Hussein arranges the arrest and later execution of nearly seventy members of his ruling Ba'ath Party. July 28 – Morarji Desai resigns as India's prime minister and Charan Singh succeeds him. August August 3 – Dictator Francisco Macías Nguema of Equatorial Guinea is overthrown in a bloody coup d'état led by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. August 4 – Opening game of the American Football Bundesliga played between Frankfurter Löwen and Düsseldorf Panther, first-ever league game of American football in Germany. August 5 – The Polisario Front signs a peace treaty with Mauritania. Mauritania withdraws from the Western Sahara territory it had occupied, and cedes it to the SADR. August 6 - Bauhaus releases their debut single "Bela Lugosi's Dead", considered to be the first gothic rock release. August 8 – Two American commercial divers, Richard Walker and Victor Guiel, die of hypothermia after their diving bell becomes stranded at a depth of over in the East Shetland Basin. The legal repercussions of the accident will lead to important safety changes in the diving industry. August 9 – Raymond Washington, co-founder of the Crips, today one of the largest, most notorious gangs in the United States, is killed in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles; the killers have not yet been identified. August 10 – Michael Jackson releases his breakthrough album Off the Wall. It sells 7 million copies in the United States alone, making it a 7× platinum album. August 11 The former Mauritanian province of Tiris al-Gharbiyya in Western Sahara is annexed by Morocco. The Machchu-2 dam in Morbi, India, collapses, killing between 1800 and 25000 people in one of the worst ever dam failures. August 14 – A freak storm during the Fastnet Race results in the deaths of 15 sailors. August 17 – The controversial religious satirical film Monty Python's Life of Brian premieres in the United States. August 27 – Lord Mountbatten of Burma and two others are killed in a bombing on his boat in the Republic of Ireland by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Mountbatten was a British admiral, statesman and an uncle of The Duke of Edinburgh. On the same day, the Warrenpoint ambush occurs, killing 18 British soldiers. Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne would die in a hospital the following day from injuries sustained in the bombing. August 29 – A national referendum is held in which Somali voters approve a new liberal constitution, promulgated by President Siad Barre to placate the United States. September September 1 The U.S. Pioneer 11 becomes the first spacecraft to visit Saturn when it passes the planet at a distance of . Sri Lanka Army Women's Corps is formed. September 7 – The first cable sports channel, the Entertainment Sports Programming Network (better known as ESPN), is launched in the United States. September 9 – The long-running comic strip For Better or For Worse begins its run, in Canada, before becoming syndicated elsewhere in North America and the world. September 12 – Hurricane Frederic makes landfall at 10:00 p.m. on Alabama's Gulf Coast. September 13 – South Africa grants independence to the "homeland" of Venda (not recognised outside South Africa). September 16 East German balloon escape: Two families flee from East Germany by balloon. The Sugarhill Gang release Rapper's Delight in the United States, the first rap single to become a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. September 20 – French paratroopers help David Dacko to overthrow Emperor Bokassa in the Central African Republic. September 22 – Vela incident: The "South Atlantic Flash" is observed near the Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean, thought to be a nuclear weapons test conducted by South Africa and Israel. September 29 – The overthrown dictator Francisco Macías Nguema of Equatorial Guinea is convicted of genocide and executed by firing squad. September 30 – The Hong Kong MTR metro begins service with the opening of its Modified Initial System, the Kwun Tong Line. October October 1 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Second Nigerian Republic is established. October 1–7 – Pope John Paul II visits the United States, starting in Boston. October 1 – The MTR, the rapid transit railway system in Hong Kong, opens. October 2 – Pope John Paul II arrives in New York City for his first papal tour where he addresses the U.N. General Assembly against all forms of concentration camps and torture. October 6 – Federal Reserve System changes from an interest rate target policy to a money supply target policy. October 7 – Pope John Paul II ends his first U.S. papal visit in Washington, D.C. with his first-ever visit to the White House. October 9 – Peter Brock wins the Bathurst 1000 by a record six laps, with a lap record on the last lap. October 12 Near Guam, Typhoon Tip reaches a record intensity of 870 millibars, the lowest pressure recorded at sea level. This makes Tip the most powerful tropical cyclone in known world history. Thorbjörn Fälldin returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, replacing Ola Ullsten who is named Foreign Minister of Sweden. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the first novel by Douglas Adams, is published in the United Kingdom October 14 – National March for gay rights takes place in Washington, D.C., involving tens of thousands of people. October 15 – Black Monday events, in which members of a political group sack a newspaper office, unfold in Malta. October 16 – A tsunami in Nice, France kills 23 people. October 19 – 13 U.S. Marines die in a fire at Camp Fuji, Japan as a result of Typhoon Tip. October 20 – The first McDonald's in Singapore opens at Liat Towers in Orchard Road. October 26 – Park Chung-hee, the President of South Korea, is assassinated by KCIA director Kim Jae-gyu. The eradication of the smallpox virus is announced by the World Health Organization, making smallpox the first of only two human diseases that have been driven to extinction (rinderpest in 2011 being the other). October 27 – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gains independence from the UK. October 31 – Western Airlines Flight 2605 crashes upon landing at Mexico City International Airport, killing 72 occupants plus one on the ground; 16 people on board survive. November November 1 Military coup in Bolivia. Iran hostage crisis: Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urges his people to demonstrate on November 4 and to expand attacks on United States and Israeli interests. November 2 French police shoot gangster Jacques Mesrine in Paris. Assata Shakur (née Joanne Chesimard), a former member of the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army, escapes from a New York prison to Cuba, where she remains under political asylum. November 3 – In Greensboro, North Carolina, five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot to death and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis, during a "Death to the Klan" rally. November 4 – Iran hostage crisis begins: 500 Iranian radicals, mostly students, invade the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and take 90 hostages (53 of whom are American). They demand that the United States send the former Shah of Iran back to stand trial. November 5 All Saints' Massacre: The military junta in Bolivia initiates a violent crack-down on its opponents. The radio news program Morning Edition premieres on National Public Radio in the United States. November 6 – At Montevideo, Uruguay, the International Olympic Committee adopts a resolution, whereby Taiwan Olympic and sports teams will participate with the name Chinese Taipei in future Olympic Games and international sports tournaments and championships. November 7 – U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy announces that he will challenge President Jimmy Carter for the 1980 Democratic presidential nomination. November 9 The Carl Bridgewater murder trial ends in England with all four men found guilty. James Robinson, 45, and 25-year-old Vincent Hickey are sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommended 25-year minimum for murder. 18-year-old Michael Hickey is also found guilty of murder and sentenced to indefinite detention. Patrick Molloy, 53, is found guilty on a lesser charge of manslaughter and sentenced to 12 years in prison. Nuclear false alarm: the NORAD computers and the Alternate National Military Command Center in Fort Ritchie, Maryland, detect an apparent massive Soviet nuclear strike. After reviewing the raw data from satellites and checking the early-warning radars, the alert is cancelled. November 10 – 1979 Mississauga train derailment: A 106-car Canadian Pacific freight train carrying explosive and poisonous chemicals from Windsor, Ontario, Canada derails in Mississauga, just west of Toronto, causing a massive explosion and the largest peacetime evacuation in Canadian history and one of the largest in North American history. November 12 Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all oil imports into the United States from Iran. Süleyman Demirel, of the Justice Party (AP) forms the new government of Turkey (43rd government, a minority government). November 13 - Ronald Reagan announced his candidacy for President of the United States. November 14 – Iran hostage crisis: U.S. President Jimmy Carter issues Executive Order 12170, freezing all Iranian assets in the United States and U.S. banks in response to the hostage crisis. November 15 – British art historian and former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures Anthony Blunt's role as the "fourth man" of the 'Cambridge Five' double agents for the Soviet NKVD during World War II is revealed by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom; she gives further details on November 21. November 16 – Bucharest Metro Line One is opened, in Bucharest, Romania (from Timpuri Noi to Semanatoarea stations, ). November 17 – Iran hostage crisis: Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini orders the release of 13 female and African American hostages being held at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. November 20 – Grand Mosque seizure: A group of 200 Juhayman al-Otaybi militants occupy Mecca's Masjid al-Haram, the holiest place in Islam. They are driven out by Saudi military forces after bloody fighting that leaves 250 people dead and 600 wounded. November 21 – After false radio reports from the Ayatollah Khomeini that the Americans had occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan is attacked by a mob and set afire, killing 4, and disturbing Pakistan–United States relations. November 23 – In Dublin, Ireland, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten of Burma. November 25 – The last cargo of phosphate was shipped from Banaba Island in Kiribati in the South Pacific ocean, bringing an end to the island's chief industry. November 28 – Air New Zealand Flight 901: an Air New Zealand DC-10 crashes into Mount Erebus in Antarctica on a sightseeing trip, killing all 257 people on board. November 30 – The Wall, a rock opera and concept album by Pink Floyd, is first released. December December 3 The Who concert disaster: Eleven fans are killed during a crowd crush for unreserved seats before The Who rock concert at the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati. The United States dollar exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark falls to 1.7079 DM, the all-time low so far; this record is not broken until November 5, 1987. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini becomes the first Supreme Leader of Iran. December 4 – The Hastie fire in Kingston upon Hull, England, leads to the deaths of 3 boys and begins the hunt for Bruce George Peter Lee, the UK's most prolific killer. December 5 – Jack Lynch resigns as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland; he is succeeded by Charles Haughey. December 6 – The world premiere of Star Trek: The Motion Picture is held at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. December 12 The NATO Double-Track Decision: is the decision of NATO from December 12, 1979, to offer the Warsaw Pact a mutual limitation of medium-range ballistic missiles and intermediate-range ballistic missiles combined with the threat that in case of disagreement NATO would deploy more middle-range nuclear weapons in Western Europe, following the so-called "Euromissile Crisis". The 8.2 Tumaco earthquake shakes Colombia and Ecuador with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 300–600, and generating a large tsunami. Coup d'état of December Twelfth: South Korean Army Major General Chun Doo-hwan orders the arrest of Army Chief of Staff General Jeong Seung-hwa without authorization from President Choi Kyu-hah, alleging involvement in the assassination of ex-President Park Chung-hee. The unrecognised state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia returns to British control and resumes using the name Southern Rhodesia. December 13 – The government of Canada falls in a non-confidence motion. December 15 – The directorial debut of Hayao Miyazaki, The Castle of Cagliostro based on the manga series Lupin III is released in Japan. December 21 – A ceasefire for Rhodesia is signed at London. December 23 – The highest aerial tramway in Europe, the Klein Matterhorn, opens. December 24 The Soviet Union covertly launches its invasion of Afghanistan - 3 days later, PDPA general secretary Hafizullah Amin is executed in Operation Storm-333 and Babrak Karmal replaces him, beginning the war. The first European Ariane rocket is launched. December 26 – In Rhodesia, 96 Patriotic Front guerrillas enter the capital Salisbury to monitor a ceasefire that begins December 28. Date unknown The One-child policy is introduced in China – it contributes to Missing women of China. It was loosened in 2013. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn is widely adopted as the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, leading to changes in Western spelling of Chinese toponyms. VisiCalc becomes the first commercial spreadsheet program. The first usenet experiments are conducted by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis of Duke University. Worldwide per capita oil production reaches a historic peak. The remains of Tsar Nicholas II and some of the Romanovs are discovered and exhumed near Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg). NBC introduces a new version of its famous peacock, used in conjunction with the 1975-style N, for the Fall season. China International Trust Investment Group (CITIC) founded. Births January January 1 Brody Dalle, Australian singer Vidya Balan, Indian actress Gisela, Spanish pop singer and voice actress January 2 Erica Hubbard, American actress Jagmeet Singh, Canadian politician, leader of the New Democratic Party January 3 Koit Toome, Estonian singer and musical actor Rie Tanaka, Japanese voice actress January 4 – Kevin Kuske, German Olympic bobsledder January 6 Christina Chanée, Danish-Thai pop singer Bernice Liu, Hong Kong actress January 7 Bipasha Basu, Indian actress and model Christian Lindner, German politician January 8 Sarah Polley, Canadian actress, writer, director, producer and political activist Seol Ki-hyeon, South Korean footballer Stipe Pletikosa, Croatian football goalkeeper January 9 Tomiko Van, Japanese singer (Do As Infinity) Bipasha Basu, Indian actress and model Hannah Yeoh, Malaysian politician January 11 Terence Morris, American basketball player Siti Nurhaliza, Malaysian singer January 12 Marián Hossa, Slovak ice hockey player Lee Bo-young, South Korean actress and model Grzegorz Rasiak, Polish footballer January 15 Drew Brees, American football player Martin Petrov, Bulgarian footballer January 16 – Aaliyah, American R&B singer and actress (d. 2001) January 17 – Sharon Chan, Hong Kong actress January 18 Jay Chou, Taiwanese singer, song producer and actor Paulo Ferreira, Portuguese footballer Leo Varadkar, 14th Taoiseach of Ireland January 19 – Svetlana Khorkina, Russian artistic gymnast January 20 Rob Bourdon, American drummer (Linkin Park) Asaka Kubo, Japanese gravure idol Will Young, English singer January 21 Brian O'Driscoll, Irish rugby union player Inul Daratista, Indonesian dangdut singer Johann Hari, Scot-Swiss Journalist and author January 23 – Larry Hughes, American basketball player January 24 – Tatyana Ali, American actress January 25 – Christine Lakin, American actress January 26 ACM Neto, Brazilian lawyer and politician Sara Rue, American actress January 27 Daniel Vettori, New Zealand cricketer January 29 – B. J. Flores, American boxer January 31 – Jenny Wolf, German speed skater February February 1 Julie Augustyniak, American footballer Mahek Chahal, Norwegian actress and model Valentín Elizalde, Mexican singer (d. 2006) Peter Fulton, New Zealand cricketer Rachelle Lefevre, Canadian actress Clodoaldo Silva, Brazilian paralympian swimmer February 2 David Paisley, Scottish actor Fani Chalkia, Greek athlete Mayer Hawthorne, American soul singer Christine Lampard, Northern Irish television presenter Shamita Shetty, Indian actress and interior designer Yuichi Tsuchiya, Japanese actor February 4 Andrei Arlovski, Belarusian mixed martial artist Jodi Shilling, American actress Tabitha Brown, American actress February 5 Paulo Gonçalves, Portuguese rally racing motorcycle rider (d. 2020) Katie Brambley, Canadian distance freestyle swimmer February 6 – David Dolníček, Czech ice hockey player February 7 Cerina Vincent, American actress and writer Michał Karwan, Polish footballer Tawakkol Karman, Yemeni politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate February 8 Josh Keaton, American actor Martin Rowlands, Irish footballer Aleksey Mishin, Russian wrestler February 9 Zhang Ziyi, Chinese actress and model Irina Slutskaya, Russian figure skater February 11 – Brandy Norwood, African-American singer and actress February 12 Antonio Chatman, American football player Jesse Spencer, Australian actor February 13 Anders Behring Breivik, Norwegian far-right terrorist responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks Mena Suvari, American actress Rafael Márquez, Mexican footballer February 14 – Jocelyn Quivrin, French actor (d. 2009) February 15 – Gordon Shedden, Scottish race car driver February 16 Valentino Rossi, Italian seven-time MotoGP world champion Eric Mun, leader of Korean boy-band Shinhwa February 19 Mariana Ochoa, Mexican singer and actress Vitas, Ukrainian and Russian singer and actor February 20 – Song Chong-gug, South Korean footballer February 21 Maria Annus, Estonian actress Carly Colón, Puerto Rican professional wrestler Jennifer Love Hewitt, American actress and singer Jordan Peele, American actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer February 25 – László Bodnár, Hungarian footballer February 26 Corinne Bailey Rae, British singer-songwriter and guitarist Susana Diazayas, Mexican actress February 28 Michael Bisping, Cypriot mixed martial artist Sébastien Bourdais, French racing driver Sander van Doorn, Dutch DJ and electronic music producer March March 4 Ben Fouhy, New Zealand flatwater canoeist Geoff Huegill, Australian swimmer Jon Fratelli, Scottish singer (The Fratellis) March 5 Martin Axenrot, Swedish metal drummer Riki Lindhome, American actress and comedian Tang Gonghong, Chinese weightlifter March 6 – Érik Bédard, Canadian pitcher March 7 Stephanie Anne Mills, Canadian voice actress Ricardo Rosselló, Puerto Rican politician, Governor of Puerto Rico March 8 Jasmine You, Japanese musician (d. 2009) Tom Chaplin, British singer (Keane) March 9 Oscar Isaac, Guatemalan-American actor Melina Perez, American professional wrestler March 12 – Pete Doherty, British singer and guitarist (The Libertines, Babyshambles) March 13 – Johan Santana, Venezuelan baseball player March 14 Nicolas Anelka, French footballer Gao Ling, Chinese badminton player Chris Klein, American actor Michele Riondino, Italian actor March 16 – Adriana Fonseca, Mexican actress and dancer March 17 – Samoa Joe, American professional wrestler March 18 Shola Ama, English singer Adam Levine, American singer (Maroon 5) March 19 Emil Dimitriev, Macedonian politician, Prime Minister Hedo Türkoğlu, Turkish basketball player March 20 Daniel Cormier, American retired mixed martial artist Freema Agyeman, British actress Molly Jenson, American musician Bianca Lawson, American actress March 21 – Jimenez Lai, American architect March 23 Mark Buehrle, American baseball player Bryan Fletcher, American football player March 25 Lee Pace, American actor Traxamillion, American producer rapper Gorilla Zoe, American rapper March 28 Mark Connor, Anguillan football player Shakib Khan, Bangladeshi film actor, producer, singer, film organiser and media personalities March 29 – Estela Giménez, Spanish gymnast March 30 Daniel Arenas, Colombian-Mexican actor Norah Jones, American musician Jose Pablo Cantillo, American actor April April 2 Lindy Booth, Canadian actress Jesse Carmichael, American musician (Maroon 5) April 3 Grégoire, French singer-songwriter Živilė Balčiūnaitė, Lithuanian long-distance runner April 4 Heath Ledger, Australian actor and music video director (d. 2008) Roberto Luongo, Canadian ice hockey goaltender Maksim Opalev, Russian canoeist April 8 Mohamed Kader, Togolese footballer Alexi Laiho, Finnish musician (Children of Bodom) (d. 2020) David Petruschin, American drag queen April 9 Sebastián Silva, Chilean director, actor, screenwriter, painter and musician Keshia Knight Pulliam, African-American actress Mario Matt, Austrian alpine skier April 10 Ryan Agoncillo, Filipino actor and TV personality Rachel Corrie, American activist and diarist (d. 2003) Tsuyoshi Domoto, Japanese entertainer (KinKi Kids) Sophie Ellis-Bextor, British singer April 11 Sebastien Grainger, Canadian singer and musician Michel Riesen, Swiss ice hockey player Josh Server, American actor April 12 Claire Danes, American actress Jennifer Morrison, American actress April 13 – Baron Davis, American basketball player April 14 Pedro Andrade, Brazilian journalist and model Rebecca DiPietro, American model Pierre Roland, Indonesian actor April 15 – Luke Evans, Welsh actor and singer April 17 – Sung Si-kyung, South Korean singer April 18 Michael Bradley, American basketball player Anthony Davidson, English racing driver Yusuke Kamiji, Japanese actor Kourtney Kardashian, American reality television star April 19 Kate Hudson, American actress and co-founder of Fabletics Antoaneta Stefanova, Bulgarian chess player April 20 – Teoh Beng Hock, Malaysian journalist (d. 2009) April 21 Cindy Kurleto, Filipina-Austrian model and TV personality James McAvoy, Scottish actor Karin Rask, Estonian actress April 22 – Daniel Johns, Australian musician (Silverchair) April 23 Jaime King, American actress Yana Gupta, Indian actress of Czech origin April 24 Laurentia Tan, Singaporean Paralympic equestrienne Avey Tare, American musician Adam Andretti, American race car driver April 25 Andreas Küttel, Swiss ski jumper Andrea Osvárt, Hungarian actress April 27 – Travis Meeks, American musician (Days of the New) April 28 – Bahram Radan, Iranian actor April 29 Jo O'Meara, English singer (S Club 7) April 30 – Shelley Calene-Black, American voice actress May May 1 Roman Lyashenko, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2003) Lars Berger, Norwegian biathlete and cross-country skier Mauro Bergamasco, Italian rugby union player May 2 – Jason Chimera, Canadian ice hockey player May 3 Danny Foster, English singer (Hear'Say) Ingrid Isotamm, Estonian actress May 4 Lance Bass, American singer (NSYNC) Wes Butters, English broadcaster May 5 – Vincent Kartheiser, American actor May 6 Mark Burrier, American cartoonist Kerry Ellis, English stage actress and singer Gerd Kanter, Estonian discus thrower Jon Montgomery, Canadian former skeleton racer and television personality; host of The Amazing Race Canada May 8 – Wendy Armoko, Indonesian singer, actor, presenter and comedian May 9 Pierre Bouvier, Canadian musician Rosario Dawson, American actress May 10 Marieke Vervoort, Belgian athlete (d. 2019) Lee Hyori, South Korean entertainer May 12 – Adrian Serioux, Canadian soccer player May 13 Mickey Madden, American musician (Maroon 5) Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland May 14 – Urijah Faber, |
which she expressed fears about nuclear war. May May 6 – Stern magazine publishes the "Hitler Diaries" (which are later found to be forgeries). May 11 Sir Laurence Street is called on to head a Royal Commission after New South Wales Premier Neville Wran is alleged by the ABC program Four Corners to have attempted to influence the NSW magistracy. Wran temporarily hands over power to his deputy. Aberdeen F.C. beat Real Madrid 2–1 (after extra time) to win the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1983 and become only the third Scottish side to win a European trophy. May 14 – Dundee United F.C. are crowned champions of Scotland for the first time in their history by winning the Scottish Premier Division, on the final day of the league season at the home of their city rivals Dundee F.C., Dens Park. May 17 – Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon. May 17 – New York Islanders beat the Edmonton Oilers four games to none to win the Stanley Cup May 20 Two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier independently declare that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with HIV/AIDS, and publish their findings in the same issue of the journal Science. Church Street bombing. A car bombing in Pretoria, South Africa, kills 19 people. The bomb had been planted by members of Umkhonto we Sizwe, a military wing of the African National Congress. May 25 – Hamburger SV beat Juventus 1-0 in the final of the European Cup. May 26 – The 7.8 Sea of Japan earthquake shakes northern Honshu with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A destructive tsunami is generated that leaves about 100 people dead. May 27 – Benton fireworks disaster. An explosion at an unlicensed and illegal fireworks operation near Benton, Tennessee kills eleven and injures one. The blast is heard within a radius of . May 28 The 9th G7 summit begins at Williamsburg, Virginia. Golgo 13: The Professional is released in cinemas in Japan. May 29 – Tom Sneva wins the Indianapolis 500 May 29 – Neil Bonnett wins the 24th running of the world 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway May 31 – The Philadelphia 76ers defeat the LA Lakers to sweep the NBA championship in four games. June June – Throughout the local summer, many Midwestern American states are affected by a severe drought that causes water shortages. June 4 – Fugitive tax protester Gordon Kahl, who has been on the run for four months, is killed in a shootout with police in Smithville, Arkansas, along with a local sheriff. June 5 – Rede Manchete is founded in São Paulo, Brazil. It was defunct in 1999. June 9 – Britain's Conservative government, led by Margaret Thatcher, is re-elected by a landslide majority. June 13 – Pioneer 10 passes the orbit of Neptune, becoming the first man-made object to leave the vicinity of the major planets of the Solar System. June 16 – Cork Graham is caught off the Vietnamese island of Phú Quốc looking for treasure buried by Captain Kidd. He is convicted and imprisoned until 1984 for illegal entry. June 18 Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space aboard Space Shuttle Challenger on the STS-7 mission. Iranian teenager Mona Mahmudnizhad and nine other women are hanged because they are members of the Baháʼí Faith. June 18 – 19 – The team of Vern Schuppan, Al Holbert and Hurley Haywood wins the 24 Hours of Le Mans. June 25 – India wins the Cricket World Cup, defeating the West Indies by 43 runs. June 30 – A total loss of coolant occurs at the Embalse Nuclear Power Station, Argentina. It is classified as an "Accident With Local Consequences" – level 4 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. July July 1 A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet, en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea, crashes into the Fouta Djall Mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board. The High Court of Australia blocks construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania. A technical failure causes the release of iodine-131 from the Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant, Germany. July 15 Nintendo's Family Computer, also known as the Famicom, goes on sale in Japan. The Orly Airport attack in Paris leaves eight dead and 55 injured. July 16 – Sikorsky S-61 disaster: A helicopter crashes off the Isles of Scilly, causing 20 fatalities. July 20 – The government of Poland announces the end of martial law and amnesty for political prisoners. July 21 – The lowest temperature on Earth is recorded in Vostok Station, Antarctica with −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). July 22 – Australian Dick Smith completes his solo circumnavigation in a helicopter. July 23 Gimli Glider: Out of fuel, Air Canada Flight 143 glides in to land in Gimli, Manitoba. 13 Sri Lanka Army soldiers are killed after a deadly ambush by the militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, starting the Sri Lankan Civil War which continued until 2009. Heavy massive rain and mudslides at western Shimane Prefecture, Japan, kill 117. July 24 – The Black July anti-Tamil riots begin in Sri Lanka, killing between 400 and 3,000. Black July is generally regarded as the beginning of the Sri Lankan Civil War. July 28 – New South Wales premier Neville Wran is exonerated by the Street Royal Commission, over claims raised by the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) programme Four Corners, that he attempted to influence the NSW magistracy. August August 1 – America West Airlines begins operations out of Phoenix, Arizona and Las Vegas, Nevada. August 4 – Thomas Sankara becomes President of Upper Volta. August 18 Hurricane Alicia hits the Texas coast, killing 22 and causing over US$3.8 billion (2005 dollars) in damage. 5 people are killed and 18 others injured when a road train is deliberately driven into a motel at Ayers Rock in the Northern Territory of Australia (the driver, Douglas Edward Crabbe, is convicted in March 1984). August 21 – Benigno Aquino Jr., Philippines opposition leader, is assassinated in Manila just as he returns from exile. August 26 – Heavy rain triggers flooding at Bilbao, Spain, and surrounding areas, killing 44 people and causing millions in damages. August 30 – Guion Bluford becomes the first African-American in space aboard Space Shuttle Challenger on the STS-8 mission. September September 1 – Cold War: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down by Soviet Union Air Force Su-15 Flagon pilot Major Gennadi Osipovich near Moneron Island when the commercial aircraft enters Soviet airspace. All 269 on board are killed, including U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald. September 4 – Six men walk underwater across Sydney Harbour – in 48 hours. September 6 – The Soviet Union admits to shooting down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, stating that the pilots did not know it was a civilian aircraft when it violated Soviet airspace. September 9 – Iraqi club Al-Shorta wins the 1983 President's Gold Cup by defeating Malaysia 2–0 in the final. September 15 – Huey Lewis and the News's album Sports was released. September 16 – President Ronald Reagan announces that the Global Positioning System (GPS) will be made available for civilian use. September 17 – Vanessa L. Williams becomes the first African American to be crowned Miss America, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. September 18 – U.S. heavy metal band Kiss officially appears in public without makeup for the first time on MTV. September 19 – Saint Kitts and Nevis becomes an independent state. September 23 Gulf Air Flight 771 crashes in the United Arab Emirates after a bomb explodes in the baggage compartment, killing 117. Violence erupts in New Caledonia between native Kanaks and French expatriates. The French government withdraws the promise of independence. September 25 – Maze Prison escape: 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners, armed with 6 handguns, hijack a prison lorry and smash their way out of HM Prison Maze in Northern Ireland, in the largest prison escape since World War II and in British history. September 26 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident: Soviet military officer Stanislav Petrov averts a worldwide nuclear war by correctly identifying a warning of attack by U.S. missiles as a false alarm. The Soyuz T-10-1 mission ends in a pad abort at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, when a pad fire occurs at the base of the Soyuz U rocket during the launch countdown. The escape tower system, attached to the top of the capsule containing the crew and Soyuz spacecraft, fires immediately, pulling the crew safe from the vehicle a few seconds before the rocket explodes, destroying the launch complex. The Australian yacht Australia II wins the America's Cup, the first successful challenge to the New York Yacht Club's 132-year defence of the sailing trophy. September 27 – The GNU Project is announced publicly on the net.unix-wizards and net.usoft newsgroups. October October 2 – Neil Kinnock is elected leader of the British Labour Party. October 4 – British entrepreneur Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 mph (1,019.468 km/h), driving Thrust2 at the Black Rock Desert, Nevada. October 9 – The Rangoon bombing kills South Korea's Foreign Minister, Lee Bum Suk, and 21 others. The perpetrators are believed to be North Koreans. October 12 – Japan's former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka is found guilty of taking a $2 million bribe from Lockheed, and sentenced to 4 years in jail. October 13 – The world's first mobile cellular telephone call is made, in Chicago, United States. October 16 – The Baltimore Orioles beat the Philadelphia Phillies 4 games to 1 to win the World Series baseball championship in the United States. October 19 – Maurice Bishop, Prime Minister of Grenada, and 40 others are assassinated in a military coup. October 21 – At the 17th General Conference on Weights and Measures, the metre is defined in terms of the speed of light as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. October 22 – In Bonn, West Germany, people demonstrate for nuclear disarmament. October 23 – Beirut barracks bombing: Simultaneous suicide truck-bombings destroy both the French Army and United States Marine Corps barracks in Beirut, killing 241 U.S. servicemen, 58 French paratroopers and 6 Lebanese civilians. October 25 Invasion of Grenada by United States troops at the behest of Eugenia Charles of Dominica, a member of the Organization of American States. Word processor software Multi-Tool Word, soon to become Microsoft Word, is released in the United States. It is primarily the work of programmers Richard Brodie and Charles Simonyi. Free demonstration copies on disk are distributed with the November issue of PC World magazine. October 30 – Argentine general election: The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held. November November 2 Martin Luther King Jr. Day: At the White House Rose Garden, U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs a bill creating a federal holiday on the third Monday of every January to honor American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. It is first observed in 1986. South Africa approves a new constitution granting limited political rights to Coloureds and Asians as part of a series of reforms to apartheid. Chrysler introduces the Dodge Caravan, the first "minivan". November 3 The Reverend Jesse Jackson announces his candidacy for the 1984 United States' Democratic Party presidential nomination. Commencement of the battle of Tripoli between Arafat loyalists and PLO dissidents. November 5 – Byford Dolphin rig diving bell accident: Off the coast of Norway, 5 divers are killed and 1 severely wounded in an explosive decompression accident. November 7 Able Archer 83: Many Soviet officials misinterpret this NATO exercise as a nuclear first strike, causing the last nuclear scare of the Cold War. 1983 U.S. Senate bombing A bomb explodes in the United States Senate with the intent to kill Republican senators; no one is injured. The perpetrators are members of the May 19th Communist Organization. November 11 – Ronald Reagan becomes the first U.S. president to address the National Diet, Japan's national legislature. November 13 – The first United States cruise missiles arrive at RAF Greenham Common in England amid protests from peace campaigners. November 14 – The immunosuppressant cyclosporine is approved by the FDA, leading to a revolution in the field of transplantation. November 15 – The Turkish part of Cyprus declares independence. November 16 – A jury in Gretna, Louisiana, US acquits Ginny Foat of the murder of Argentine businessman Moses Chaiyo. November 17 – The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded in Mexico. November 18 – A Christmas Story is released. November 19 – An attempted hijacking of Aeroflot Flight 6833 in Soviet Georgia results in several dead and wounded. November 24 – Lynda Mann, 15, is found raped and strangled in the village of Narborough, England (Colin Pitchfork is sentenced to life imprisonment in 1988). November 26 – Brink's-Mat robbery: In London, 6,800 gold bars worth nearly GB£26 million are taken from the Brink's-Mat vault at Heathrow Airport. Only a fraction of the gold is ever recovered, and only 2 men are convicted of the crime. November 27 – Colombian Avianca Flight 11 crashes near Barajas Airport in Madrid, Spain, killing 181 of the 192 on board. December December 2 – Michael Jackson's Thriller video is aired on MTV for the first time. December 4 United States Navy aviator Lt's. Mark Lange and Bobby Goodman are shot down in an A-6 Intruder over Lebanon and captured by Syrians; Lt. Lange dies of his injuries; Lt. Goodman is released 30 days later after the intervention of the Reverend Jesse Jackson. General elections are celebrated in Venezuela in which the opposition party, Democratic Action, wins a majority in both chambers of the Venezuelan Congress and the presidency for the 1984–1989 period under Jaime Lusinchi. Voter turn out is 87.3% and Lusinchi obtains 58.4% of the votes. Solar eclipse of December 4, 1983. December 5 – ICIMOD is established and inaugurated with its headquarters in Kathmandu, Nepal, and legitimised through an Act of Parliament in Nepal this same year. December 7 – Two Spanish passenger planes collide on the foggy runway at a Madrid airport, killing 90. December 9 – The Australian dollar is floated, by Federal treasurer Paul Keating. Under the old flexible peg system, the Reserve Bank bought and sold all Australian dollars and cleared the market at the end of the day. This initiative is taken by the government of Bob Hawke. December 10 – Military rule ends and democracy is restored in Argentina, with the beginning of Raúl Alfonsín's first term as President of Argentina. December 13 – Turgut Özal, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (45th government); beginning of a new civilian regime. December 17 A discothèque fire in Madrid, Spain, injuring 47 and killing 83 people. Harrods bombings: a Provisional IRA car bomb kills 6 people and injures 90 outside Harrods in London. December 19 – The Jules Rimet Trophy is stolen from the Brazilian Soccer Confederation building in Rio de Janeiro. , the trophy has not been recovered. December 27 A propane explosion in Buffalo, New York, US kills five firefighters and two civilians. Pope John Paul II visits Rebibbia prison to forgive his would-be assassin Mehmet Ali Ağca. December 29 – The Reverend Jesse Jackson travels to Syria to secure the release of U.S. Navy Lieutenant Robert Goodman, who has been in Syrian captivity since being shot down over Lebanon during a bombing mission. December 31 Brunei gains independence from the United Kingdom. Two bombs explode in France; one on a Paris train kills 3 and injures 19. The other at Marseille station kills 2 and injures 34. Date unknown I. M. Pei wins the Pritzker Architecture Prize. Zlatko Ugljen receives the Aga Khan Award for Architecture for Šerefudin's White Mosque, built in Visoko. The Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program is launched in the United States. Flashdance and Return of the Jedi are box-office hits. Gérard Debreu wins the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Leopold Kohr, the people of Belau, Amory and Hunter Lovins/Rocky Mountain Institute and Manfred Max Neef/CEPAUR win the Right Livelihood Award. McDonald's introduces the McNugget. Kary Mullis discovers polymerase chain reaction while working for Cetus. The DeLorean Motor Company ceases production. The meteorological 1982–83 El Niño event brings severe weather worldwide. A severe drought affects the Midwest, Great Plains and parts of the Southern United States between May and September. Ronald Reagan declassifies GPS for public use; it will be shut down again in 1990 for the Gulf War and re-activated again in 1993. The capital of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire is changed from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro. Births January January 2 – Kate Bosworth, American actress January 3 – Precious Lara Quigaman, Filipina model, host and actress January 4 Will Bynum, American basketball player Kerry Condon, Irish actress January 7 Tosin Abasi, Nigerian-American musician (Animals As Leaders) Brett Dalton, American actor Natalie Gulbis, American golfer January 8 Chen Xiexia, Chinese weightlifter Chris Masters, American wrestler January 9 – Gala Évora, Spanish actress January 10 – Li Nina, Chinese aerial free-style skier January 13 Imran Khan, Bollywood actor Julian Morris, British actor Ronny Turiaf, French basketball player January 14 – Takako Uehara, Japanese singer January 16 Marwan Kenzari, Dutch actor Emanuel Pogatetz, Austrian footballer January 18 Jung Yu-mi, South Korean actress Samantha Mumba, Irish singer and actress January 19 Øystein Pettersen, Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier Hikaru Utada, Japanese singer and songwriter January 21 Svetlana Khodchenkova, Russian actress Maryse Ouellet, French-Canadian professional wrestler and glamour model January 23 Justyna Kowalczyk, Polish cross-country skier Sarah Tait, Australian rower (d. 2016) January 24 Diane Birch, American singer-songwriter Craig Horner, Australian actor Scott Speed, American Formula One driver Teo, Belarusian singer January 25 – Yasuyuki Konno, Japanese footballer February February 1 – Ronnie Kroell, American fashion model, actor, and singer February 2 – Carolina Klüft, Swedish athlete February 3 – Gabriel Sargissian, Armenian chess Grandmaster February 4 – Hannibal Buress, American comedian February 5 – Vanessa Rousso, French-American professional poker player February 6 Sreesanth, Indian cricketer Jamie Whincup, Australian racing driver February 7 Elin Grindemyr, Swedish model Federico Marchetti, Italian footballer February 8 Atiba Hutchinson, Canadian footballer Olga Syahputra, Indonesian actor, comedian, singer, and television presenter (d. 2015) February 10 – Daiane dos Santos, Brazilian artistic gymnast February 11 – Rafael van der Vaart, Dutch footballer February 12 – Iko Uwais Indonesian pencak silat actor February 15 Philipp and David Degen, Swiss footballers Russell Martin, Canadian baseball player February 16 Agyness Deyn, English supermodel John Magaro, American film, television and stage actor February 17 Selita Ebanks, Caymanian model Elin Kling, Swedish fashion journalist Kevin Rudolf, American singer-songwriter and record producer February 18 – Jason Maxiell, American basketball player February 19 Kotoōshū Katsunori (born Kaloyan Stefanov Mahlyanov), Bulgarian sumo wrestler Mika Nakashima, Japanese singer and actress Nozomi Sasaki, Japanese voice actress Reynhard Sinaga, Indonesian rapist February 20 Emad Moteab, Egyptian footballer Justin Verlander, American baseball player February 21 – Mélanie Laurent, French actress and director February 22 – Iliza Shlesinger, American comedian February 23 Aziz Ansari, American comedian and actor Mirco Bergamasco, Italian rugby union player Emily Blunt, English actress Mido, Egyptian footballer February 25 – Eduardo da Silva, Croatian soccer player February 27 Devin Harris, American basketball player Kate Mara, American television and film actress Vítězslav Veselý, Czech javelin thrower February 28 – Linda Király, American-Hungarian singer-songwriter March March 1 – Lupita Nyong'o, Mexican-born Kenyan-American Academy Award-winning actress March 4 Samuel Contesti, Italian figure skater Jessica Heap, American actress March 7 – Raquel Alessi, American actress March 9 Bobby Campo, American actor Clint Dempsey, American footballer Maite Perroni, Mexican singer and actress March 10 Kyle Marshall, Canadian animator, storyboard artist, director and writer Janet Mock, American author and activist Jonas Olsson, Swedish footballer Rafe Spall, English actor Carrie Underwood, American singer, songwriter, fashion designer and actress March 14 Bakhtiyar Artayev, Kazakh boxer Taylor Hanson, American musician March 15 – Florencia Bertotti, Argentine actress, singer and producer March 16 Stephanie Gatschet, American actress Katie Kim, Irish singer-songwriter March 17 Atit Shah, Indian American Hollywood film producer Attila Vajda, Hungarian sprint canoeist March 18 Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro, French tennis player Kyle Downes, Canadian-American actor March 19 – Nicole Muirbrook, American actress and model March 20 Michael Cassidy, American film television and actor Eiji Kawashima, Japanese footballer Jenni Vartiainen, Finnish pop singer March 23 – Mo Farah, Somali-born British athlete March 29 Ezgi Mola, Turkish actress Ed Skrein, English actor and rapper March 30 – Hebe Tien, Taiwanese singer March 31 Hashim Amla, South African cricketer Ashleigh Ball, Canadian voice actress, singer and musician Melissa Ordway, American actress and model April April 1 Matt Lanter, American actor and model Sergey Lazarev, Russian pop-singer Sean Taylor, American football player (d. 2007) April 2 – Yung Joc, American rapper April 4 Eric Andre, American comedian, actor, and television host Doug Lynch, Canadian ice hockey player Amanda Righetti, American actress and film producer April 6 – Diora Baird, American actress April 7 – Franck Ribéry, French footballer April 10 Jamie Chung, American actress Ryan Merriman, American actor April 11 – Joanna Douglas, Canadian actress April 12 Jelena Dokić, Australian tennis player Judy Marte, American actress and producer April 13 – Schalk Burger, South African rugby player April 14 – Armando Torrea, Mexican actor April 15 Alice Braga, Brazilian actress Ilya Kovalchuk, Russian ice hockey player Matt Cardle, British singer April 16 – Alex Antônio de Melo Santos, Brazilian footballer April 18 – Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player April 19 – Joe Mauer, American baseball player April 20 Sebastian Ingrosso, Swedish club DJ Miranda Kerr, Australian model April 21 Paweł Brożek, Polish footballer Lily Chan, Chinese singer Gugu Mbatha-Raw, British actress April 23 Daniela Hantuchová, Slovakian tennis player Aaron Hill, American actor April 29 Megan Boone, American actress David Lee, American basketball player Yuriko Shiratori, Japanese actress and gravure idol April 30 – Yelena Leuchanka, Belarusian professional women's basketball player May May 1 – Alain Bernard, French Olympic swimmer May 2 – Tina Maze, Slovenian alpine ski racer May 5 – Henry Cavill, British actor May 6 Gabourey Sidibe, American actress Adrianne Palicki, American actress Doron Perkins, American basketball player Raquel Zimmermann, Brazilian model May 7 Marco Galiazzo, Italian archer Alexander Legkov, Russian cross country skier May 9 – Ryuhei Matsuda, Japanese actor May 11 – Holly Valance, Australian actress and singer May 12 Alicja Bachleda-Curuś, Polish actress and singer Domhnall Gleeson, Irish actor and writer Alina Kabaeva, Russian rhythmic gymnast and politician Charilaos Pappas, Greek footballer May 13 Anita Görbicz, Hungarian handball player Grégory Lemarchal, French singer (d. 2007) Yaya Touré, Ivorian footballer May 14 Anahí, Mexican singer and actress Sarbel, Greek Cypriot pop singer Amber Tamblyn, American actress May 16 Nancy Ajram, Lebanese singer Marcela Temer, First Lady of Brazil May 17 – Channing Frye, American basketball player May 20 Michaela McManus, American actress N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Indian actor and singer May 21 – Leva Bates, American professional wrestler May 22 John Hopkins, American MotoGP racer May 23 – Heidi Range, British singer (Sugababes) May 24 – Woo Seung-yeon, South Korean actress and model (d. 2009) May 27 – Bobby Convey, American soccer player May 28 – Megalyn Echikunwoke, American actress May 30 – Jennifer Ellison, British actress May 31 David Hernandez, American singer Zana Marjanović, Bosnian actress June June 1 – Sylvia Hoeks, Dutch actress June 2 – Brooke White, American singer June 6 Adam Hendershott, American actor Joe Rokocoko, New Zealand rugby union player June 7 – Indiggo, Romanian-born American twin sisters, singer-songwriters, and reality TV personalities June 8 Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player Mamoru Miyano, Japanese voice actor June 9 – Marina Lizorkina, Russian singer June 10 Marina Abrosimova, Russian pop singer Leelee Sobieski, American film and television actress June 12 Bryan Habana, South African rugby union player Andy Ologun, Nigerian mixed martial artist Anja Rubik, Polish model June 13 – Jason Spezza, Canadian hockey player June 15 Derek Anderson, American football player Julia Fischer, German violinist and pianist June 16 Verónica Echegui, Spanish actress Olivia Hack, American actress and voice actress Kana Mannami, Japanese Go player June 17 Connie Fisher, British actress and singer Kazunari Ninomiya, Japanese actor, idol, and singer Lee Ryan, English singer June 19 Macklemore, American rapper Tanja Mihhailova, Russian-Estonian pop singer and actress Mark Selby, British snooker player Aidan Turner, Irish actor June 20 – Cherrie Ying, Hong Kong actress June 21 Michael Malarkey, British-American actor and musician Edward Snowden, American computer specialist, CIA employee, and whistleblower Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca, Spanish basketball player June 22 – Giacomo Bevilacqua, Italian cartoonist June 23 José Rojas, Chilean footballer Brandi Rhodes, American wrestler and reality television personality Rade Đokić, Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer June 24 Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis John Lloyd Cruz, Filipino actor and model Shermain Jeremy, Antiguan singer and beauty pageant contestant Kenny Van Hoevelen, Belgian footballer June 25 Cleo, Polish singer Shamau Shareef, Maldivian politician Daniele Gastaldello, Italian footballer Cristian Baroni, Brazilian footballer Marko Đurić, Serbian politician June 26 Toyonoshima Daiki, Japanese sumo wrestler Alsény Këïta, Liberian footballer Fahad Mustafa, Pakistani actor Richard Okia, Ugandan cricketer June 27 Alsou, Russian singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2000 runner-up Ben Bocquelet, French-British animator and producer Nikola Rakočević, Serbian actor June 28 Jaiveer Shergill, Indian politician June 29 – Ilya Yashin, Russian activist and politician June 30 Cheryl, British singer (Girls Aloud) and TV personality Katherine Ryan, Canadian comedian and actress July July 1 Tanya Chisholm, American actress and dancer Marit Larsen, Norwegian singer and songwriter Park Jeong-su, Korean singer (Super Junior) July 2 Michelle Branch, American singer (The Wreckers) Fadhil Hashim, Malaysian footballer Alicia Menendez, American television commentator July 3 – Park Jin-woo, South Korean actor July 4 – Isabeli Fontana, Brazilian fashion model July 5 Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player Kumiko Ogura, Japanese badminton player July 6 Gregory Smith, Canadian actor David Price, British professional boxer July 7 Kristi Capel, American beauty pageant and news presenter Renee Chappell, Australian cricketer Krzysztof Lijewski, Polish handballer C4 Pedro, Angolan musician Martin Wallström, Swedish actor Vincent Wong, Hong Kong actor Yoo Jae-hoon, South Korean footballer July 9 – Christopher Porco, American convicted murderer July 10 Barış Pehlivan, Turkish journalist and writer Sherif Ekramy, Egyptian footballer Kim Heechul, Korean actor and singer (Super Junior) Boniface Mwangi, Kenyan photojournalist, politician and activist July 11 – Marie Eleonor Serneholt, Swedish singer (A*Teens) July 12 – Megumi Kawamura, Japanese model July 13 Liu Xiang, Chinese athlete Carmen Villalobos, Colombian actress and model July 14 – Graham Ackerman, American gymnast July 15 Maxim Dondyuk, Ukrainian documentary photographer Cristián Muñoz Corrales, Chilean footballer July 16 Katrina Kaif, Bollywood actress and model Duncan Keith, Canadian ice hockey player Eleanor Matsuura, Japanese-English actress July 17 Flávia de Oliveira, Brazilian model Joker Xue, Chinese singer-songwriter July 18 – Mikk Pahapill, Estonian decathlete July 19 Prince Ernst August of Hanover Sindhu Tolani, Indian actress July 21 Amy Mizzi, Australian actress Eivør Pálsdóttir, Faroese singer and composer July 22 Detsl, Russian musician (d. 2019) Ryan Doucette, Canadian actor Juliana Silva, Brazilian beach volleyball player Jonas Sakuwaha, Zambian footballer Sharni Vinson, Australian model, actress and dancer July 23 Bec Hewitt, Australian actress Aaron Peirsol, American swimmer July 24 Daniele De Rossi, Italian footballer Asami Mizukawa, Japanese actress July 26 Kate Bolduan, American television journalist and CNN anchor Elettra Weidemann, American fashion model and socialite July 27 – Blair Redford, American actor July | 3 – Gabriel Sargissian, Armenian chess Grandmaster February 4 – Hannibal Buress, American comedian February 5 – Vanessa Rousso, French-American professional poker player February 6 Sreesanth, Indian cricketer Jamie Whincup, Australian racing driver February 7 Elin Grindemyr, Swedish model Federico Marchetti, Italian footballer February 8 Atiba Hutchinson, Canadian footballer Olga Syahputra, Indonesian actor, comedian, singer, and television presenter (d. 2015) February 10 – Daiane dos Santos, Brazilian artistic gymnast February 11 – Rafael van der Vaart, Dutch footballer February 12 – Iko Uwais Indonesian pencak silat actor February 15 Philipp and David Degen, Swiss footballers Russell Martin, Canadian baseball player February 16 Agyness Deyn, English supermodel John Magaro, American film, television and stage actor February 17 Selita Ebanks, Caymanian model Elin Kling, Swedish fashion journalist Kevin Rudolf, American singer-songwriter and record producer February 18 – Jason Maxiell, American basketball player February 19 Kotoōshū Katsunori (born Kaloyan Stefanov Mahlyanov), Bulgarian sumo wrestler Mika Nakashima, Japanese singer and actress Nozomi Sasaki, Japanese voice actress Reynhard Sinaga, Indonesian rapist February 20 Emad Moteab, Egyptian footballer Justin Verlander, American baseball player February 21 – Mélanie Laurent, French actress and director February 22 – Iliza Shlesinger, American comedian February 23 Aziz Ansari, American comedian and actor Mirco Bergamasco, Italian rugby union player Emily Blunt, English actress Mido, Egyptian footballer February 25 – Eduardo da Silva, Croatian soccer player February 27 Devin Harris, American basketball player Kate Mara, American television and film actress Vítězslav Veselý, Czech javelin thrower February 28 – Linda Király, American-Hungarian singer-songwriter March March 1 – Lupita Nyong'o, Mexican-born Kenyan-American Academy Award-winning actress March 4 Samuel Contesti, Italian figure skater Jessica Heap, American actress March 7 – Raquel Alessi, American actress March 9 Bobby Campo, American actor Clint Dempsey, American footballer Maite Perroni, Mexican singer and actress March 10 Kyle Marshall, Canadian animator, storyboard artist, director and writer Janet Mock, American author and activist Jonas Olsson, Swedish footballer Rafe Spall, English actor Carrie Underwood, American singer, songwriter, fashion designer and actress March 14 Bakhtiyar Artayev, Kazakh boxer Taylor Hanson, American musician March 15 – Florencia Bertotti, Argentine actress, singer and producer March 16 Stephanie Gatschet, American actress Katie Kim, Irish singer-songwriter March 17 Atit Shah, Indian American Hollywood film producer Attila Vajda, Hungarian sprint canoeist March 18 Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro, French tennis player Kyle Downes, Canadian-American actor March 19 – Nicole Muirbrook, American actress and model March 20 Michael Cassidy, American film television and actor Eiji Kawashima, Japanese footballer Jenni Vartiainen, Finnish pop singer March 23 – Mo Farah, Somali-born British athlete March 29 Ezgi Mola, Turkish actress Ed Skrein, English actor and rapper March 30 – Hebe Tien, Taiwanese singer March 31 Hashim Amla, South African cricketer Ashleigh Ball, Canadian voice actress, singer and musician Melissa Ordway, American actress and model April April 1 Matt Lanter, American actor and model Sergey Lazarev, Russian pop-singer Sean Taylor, American football player (d. 2007) April 2 – Yung Joc, American rapper April 4 Eric Andre, American comedian, actor, and television host Doug Lynch, Canadian ice hockey player Amanda Righetti, American actress and film producer April 6 – Diora Baird, American actress April 7 – Franck Ribéry, French footballer April 10 Jamie Chung, American actress Ryan Merriman, American actor April 11 – Joanna Douglas, Canadian actress April 12 Jelena Dokić, Australian tennis player Judy Marte, American actress and producer April 13 – Schalk Burger, South African rugby player April 14 – Armando Torrea, Mexican actor April 15 Alice Braga, Brazilian actress Ilya Kovalchuk, Russian ice hockey player Matt Cardle, British singer April 16 – Alex Antônio de Melo Santos, Brazilian footballer April 18 – Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player April 19 – Joe Mauer, American baseball player April 20 Sebastian Ingrosso, Swedish club DJ Miranda Kerr, Australian model April 21 Paweł Brożek, Polish footballer Lily Chan, Chinese singer Gugu Mbatha-Raw, British actress April 23 Daniela Hantuchová, Slovakian tennis player Aaron Hill, American actor April 29 Megan Boone, American actress David Lee, American basketball player Yuriko Shiratori, Japanese actress and gravure idol April 30 – Yelena Leuchanka, Belarusian professional women's basketball player May May 1 – Alain Bernard, French Olympic swimmer May 2 – Tina Maze, Slovenian alpine ski racer May 5 – Henry Cavill, British actor May 6 Gabourey Sidibe, American actress Adrianne Palicki, American actress Doron Perkins, American basketball player Raquel Zimmermann, Brazilian model May 7 Marco Galiazzo, Italian archer Alexander Legkov, Russian cross country skier May 9 – Ryuhei Matsuda, Japanese actor May 11 – Holly Valance, Australian actress and singer May 12 Alicja Bachleda-Curuś, Polish actress and singer Domhnall Gleeson, Irish actor and writer Alina Kabaeva, Russian rhythmic gymnast and politician Charilaos Pappas, Greek footballer May 13 Anita Görbicz, Hungarian handball player Grégory Lemarchal, French singer (d. 2007) Yaya Touré, Ivorian footballer May 14 Anahí, Mexican singer and actress Sarbel, Greek Cypriot pop singer Amber Tamblyn, American actress May 16 Nancy Ajram, Lebanese singer Marcela Temer, First Lady of Brazil May 17 – Channing Frye, American basketball player May 20 Michaela McManus, American actress N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Indian actor and singer May 21 – Leva Bates, American professional wrestler May 22 John Hopkins, American MotoGP racer May 23 – Heidi Range, British singer (Sugababes) May 24 – Woo Seung-yeon, South Korean actress and model (d. 2009) May 27 – Bobby Convey, American soccer player May 28 – Megalyn Echikunwoke, American actress May 30 – Jennifer Ellison, British actress May 31 David Hernandez, American singer Zana Marjanović, Bosnian actress June June 1 – Sylvia Hoeks, Dutch actress June 2 – Brooke White, American singer June 6 Adam Hendershott, American actor Joe Rokocoko, New Zealand rugby union player June 7 – Indiggo, Romanian-born American twin sisters, singer-songwriters, and reality TV personalities June 8 Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player Mamoru Miyano, Japanese voice actor June 9 – Marina Lizorkina, Russian singer June 10 Marina Abrosimova, Russian pop singer Leelee Sobieski, American film and television actress June 12 Bryan Habana, South African rugby union player Andy Ologun, Nigerian mixed martial artist Anja Rubik, Polish model June 13 – Jason Spezza, Canadian hockey player June 15 Derek Anderson, American football player Julia Fischer, German violinist and pianist June 16 Verónica Echegui, Spanish actress Olivia Hack, American actress and voice actress Kana Mannami, Japanese Go player June 17 Connie Fisher, British actress and singer Kazunari Ninomiya, Japanese actor, idol, and singer Lee Ryan, English singer June 19 Macklemore, American rapper Tanja Mihhailova, Russian-Estonian pop singer and actress Mark Selby, British snooker player Aidan Turner, Irish actor June 20 – Cherrie Ying, Hong Kong actress June 21 Michael Malarkey, British-American actor and musician Edward Snowden, American computer specialist, CIA employee, and whistleblower Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca, Spanish basketball player June 22 – Giacomo Bevilacqua, Italian cartoonist June 23 José Rojas, Chilean footballer Brandi Rhodes, American wrestler and reality television personality Rade Đokić, Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer June 24 Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis John Lloyd Cruz, Filipino actor and model Shermain Jeremy, Antiguan singer and beauty pageant contestant Kenny Van Hoevelen, Belgian footballer June 25 Cleo, Polish singer Shamau Shareef, Maldivian politician Daniele Gastaldello, Italian footballer Cristian Baroni, Brazilian footballer Marko Đurić, Serbian politician June 26 Toyonoshima Daiki, Japanese sumo wrestler Alsény Këïta, Liberian footballer Fahad Mustafa, Pakistani actor Richard Okia, Ugandan cricketer June 27 Alsou, Russian singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2000 runner-up Ben Bocquelet, French-British animator and producer Nikola Rakočević, Serbian actor June 28 Jaiveer Shergill, Indian politician June 29 – Ilya Yashin, Russian activist and politician June 30 Cheryl, British singer (Girls Aloud) and TV personality Katherine Ryan, Canadian comedian and actress July July 1 Tanya Chisholm, American actress and dancer Marit Larsen, Norwegian singer and songwriter Park Jeong-su, Korean singer (Super Junior) July 2 Michelle Branch, American singer (The Wreckers) Fadhil Hashim, Malaysian footballer Alicia Menendez, American television commentator July 3 – Park Jin-woo, South Korean actor July 4 – Isabeli Fontana, Brazilian fashion model July 5 Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player Kumiko Ogura, Japanese badminton player July 6 Gregory Smith, Canadian actor David Price, British professional boxer July 7 Kristi Capel, American beauty pageant and news presenter Renee Chappell, Australian cricketer Krzysztof Lijewski, Polish handballer C4 Pedro, Angolan musician Martin Wallström, Swedish actor Vincent Wong, Hong Kong actor Yoo Jae-hoon, South Korean footballer July 9 – Christopher Porco, American convicted murderer July 10 Barış Pehlivan, Turkish journalist and writer Sherif Ekramy, Egyptian footballer Kim Heechul, Korean actor and singer (Super Junior) Boniface Mwangi, Kenyan photojournalist, politician and activist July 11 – Marie Eleonor Serneholt, Swedish singer (A*Teens) July 12 – Megumi Kawamura, Japanese model July 13 Liu Xiang, Chinese athlete Carmen Villalobos, Colombian actress and model July 14 – Graham Ackerman, American gymnast July 15 Maxim Dondyuk, Ukrainian documentary photographer Cristián Muñoz Corrales, Chilean footballer July 16 Katrina Kaif, Bollywood actress and model Duncan Keith, Canadian ice hockey player Eleanor Matsuura, Japanese-English actress July 17 Flávia de Oliveira, Brazilian model Joker Xue, Chinese singer-songwriter July 18 – Mikk Pahapill, Estonian decathlete July 19 Prince Ernst August of Hanover Sindhu Tolani, Indian actress July 21 Amy Mizzi, Australian actress Eivør Pálsdóttir, Faroese singer and composer July 22 Detsl, Russian musician (d. 2019) Ryan Doucette, Canadian actor Juliana Silva, Brazilian beach volleyball player Jonas Sakuwaha, Zambian footballer Sharni Vinson, Australian model, actress and dancer July 23 Bec Hewitt, Australian actress Aaron Peirsol, American swimmer July 24 Daniele De Rossi, Italian footballer Asami Mizukawa, Japanese actress July 26 Kate Bolduan, American television journalist and CNN anchor Elettra Weidemann, American fashion model and socialite July 27 – Blair Redford, American actor July 29 Kaitlyn Black, American actress Inés Gómez Mont, Mexican television host, reporter and actress Tania Gunadi, Indonesian-American actress and producer Elise Testone, American singer-songwriter July 30 – Mariano Andújar, Argentine footballer August August 3 – Mamie Gummer, American actress August 4 Jai Crawford, Australian cyclist Greta Gerwig, American actress and filmmaker Adhir Kalyan, South African actor Mariusz Wlazły, Polish volleyball player August 6 – Robin van Persie, Dutch footballer August 7 Christian Chávez, Mexican singer and actor Brit Marling, American actress, screenwriter and producer Tina O'Brien, British actress August 9 – Ashley Johnson, American actress and voice actress August 11 – Chris Hemsworth, Australian actor August 13 – Aleš Hemský, Czechoslovakian ice hockey player August 14 Elena Baltacha, Ukrainian-Scottish tennis player (d. 2014) Sunidhi Chauhan, Indian playback singer Spencer Pratt, American television personality Mila Kunis, Ukraine-born American actress August 16 – Nikos Zisis, Greek basketball player August 17 – Dustin Pedroia, American baseball player August 18 Kris Boyd, Scottish football player Mika, Lebanese-British singer Cameron White, Australian cricketer August 19 Missy Higgins, Australian pop singer-songwriter, musician and actor Claudia Salinas, Mexican model and actress Reeva Steenkamp, South African model (d. 2013) Tammin Sursok, Australian actress August 20 Andrew Garfield, British/American actor Yuri Zhirkov, Russian footballer August 21 – Brody Jenner, American television personality August 23 James Collins, Welsh footballer Ruta Gedmintas, Lithuanian-English actress Annie Ilonzeh, American actress August 26 Rob Cantor, American singer-songwriter Nicol David, Malaysian squash player August 27 Chen Bolin, Taiwanese actor Jamala, Ukrainian singer and songwriter, Eurovision Song Contest 2016 winner August 28 Alfonso Herrera, Mexican actor and singer Lasith Malinga, Sri Lankan cricketer August 29 – Jennifer Landon, American actress August 30 – Jun Matsumoto, Japanese singer and actor August 31 Larry Fitzgerald, American football player Maria Flor, Brazilian actress September September 1 Camille Mana, American actress José Antonio Reyes, Spanish footballer (d. 2019) September 2 – Tiffany Hines, American television actress and singer September 3 Valdas Vasylius, Lithuanian basketball player Christine Woods, American actress September 4 – Guy Pnini, Israeli basketball player September 5 – Priscilla Meirelles, Brazilian model, Miss Earth 2004 September 8 – Chris Judd, Australian rules footballer September 9 – Zoe Kazan, American actress and screenwriter September 10 Shawn James, Guyanese-American basketball player Joey Votto, Canadian baseball player September 11 – Vivian Jepkemoi Cheruiyot, Kenyan long-distance runner September 12 – Carly Smithson, Irish singer September 13 – Kaoklai Kaennorsing, Thai Muay Thai kickboxer September 14 – Amy Winehouse, British singer (d. 2011) September 15 Ashleigh McIvor, Canadian freestyle skier Holly Montag, American television personality September 16 – Kirsty Coventry, Zimbabwean swimmer September 17 – Jennifer Peña, American singer September 18 Kevin Doyle, Irish footballer Sasha Son, Lithuanian singer September 20 A-Lin, Taiwanese singer Yuna Ito, American-Japanese singer and actress September 21 Sarah Rees Brennan, Irish novelist Scott Evans, American actor Maggie Grace, American actress Joseph Mazzello, American actor Anna Meares, Australian track cyclist September 23 – Märt Israel, Estonian discus thrower September 24 Lyndon Ferns, South African swimmer Randy Foye, American basketball player September 25 Donald Glover, American actor Son Dam-bi, South Korean singer September 26 Ricardo Quaresma, Portuguese footballer Zoe Perry, American actress September 27 Fazura, Malaysian actress Jeon Hye-bin, South Korean actress and singer September 28 Julissa Bermudez, Dominican-American television personality and actress Sarah Wright, American actress September 30 – Andreea Răducan, Romanian gymnast October October 1 Tom Dillon, English rugby union player Anna Drijver, Dutch actress and model October 2 – Gerran Walker, American football player October 3 Meghan Heffern, Canadian actress Tessa Thompson, American actress October 4 Vicky Krieps, Luxembourgish actress Shontelle, Barbadian singer, and songwriter October 5 Jesse Eisenberg, American actor Nicky Hilton Rothschild, American model and socialite Juan Manuel Vargas, Peruvian footballer October 8 – Michael Fraser, Scottish football goalkeeper October 9 – Spencer Grammer, American actress October 10 – Alyson Hau, Hong Kong radio DJ October 11 – Bradley James, English actor October 12 – Annick Obonsawin, Canadian actress and voice actress October 13 – Katia Winter, Swedish actress October 14 Lin Dan, Chinese badminton player David Oakes, English film, television and theatre actor October 15 – Stephy Tang, Hong Kong singer and actress October 16 – Loreen, Swedish pop singer and music producer, Eurovision Song Contest 2012 winner October 17 Daniel Booko, American actor Felicity Jones, English actress Daniel Kajmakoski, Macedonian singer and songwriter Ivan Saenko, Russian footballer October 19 Rebecca Ferguson, Swedish model and actress Cara Santa Maria, American neuroscientist and writer October 20 – Alona Tal, Israeli television actress October 21 Ashley Banjo, Canadian actor Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian footballer (d. 2008) Marie Marguerite, Duchess of Anjou, Venezuelan heiress and wife of Louis Alphonse of Bourbon, Duke of Anjou Charlotte Sullivan, Canadian actress Amber Rose, American model and actress Aaron Tveit, American actor October 24 Adrienne Bailon, American singer and actress V V Brown, English singer, songwriter, model, and producer Katie McGrath, Irish actress October 25 – Princess Yōko of Mikasa, member of the Japanese Imperial Family October 27 Dmitri Sychev, Russian footballer Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ, Turkish actor and model October 29 – Johnny Lewis, American film and television actor (d. 2012) October 30 – Diana Karazon, Jordanian singer November November 1 Yuko Ogura, Japanese gravure idol Jelena Tomašević, Serbian pop singer November 2 – Andreas Bourani, German singer-songwriter November 3 – Julie Marie Berman, American actress November 5 – Alexa Chung, English television presenter and model November 7 – Adam DeVine, American actor, voice actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and singer November 8 Pavel Pogrebnyak, Russian footballer Blanka Vlašić, Croatian high jumper November 9 – Meseret Defar, Ethiopian long-distance runner November 10 – Miranda Lambert, American country singer November 11 Sola Aoi, Japanese model Philipp Lahm, German footballer November 12 – Kate Bell, Australian actress November 14 – Chelsea Wolfe, American singer-songwriter and musician November 15 – Laura Smet, French actress November 16 – K, Korean singer November 17 Viva Bianca, Australian actress Ioannis Bourousis, Greek basketball player Ryan Braun, American baseball player Christopher Paolini, American author November 18 – Jon Johansen, Norwegian computer programmer November 19 Adam Driver, American actor DeAngelo Hall, American football player Daria Werbowy, Ukrainian-Canadian model November 20 – Future, American rapper, singer, and songwriter November 21 – The Bella Twins, (Brie & Nikki), American professional wrestlers November 22 Tyler Hilton, American singer-songwriter and actor Xiao Yu, Taiwanese singer and songwriter November 24 – Dean Ashton, British footballer November 27 Professor Green, British rapper Arjay Smith, American actor Donta Smith, American basketball player December December 2 – Ana Lucía Domínguez, Colombian actress December 9 – Dariusz Dudka, Polish footballer December 10 – Xavier Samuel, Australian actor December 12 – Roni Porokara, Finnish footballer December 13 – Otylia Jędrzejczak, Polish swimmer December 14 – Íñigo Errejón, Spanish political scientist and politician December 15 René Duprée, Canadian professional wrestler Brooke Fraser, New Zealand folk-pop and Christian musician Camilla Luddington, English actress Wang Hao, Chinese table tennis player December 16 – Danielle Lloyd, British model December 17 Erik Christensen, Canadian hockey player Sébastien Ogier, French rally driver December 19 Nektarios Alexandrou, Cypriot footballer Laura Pomeroy, Canadian swimmer Matt Stajan, Canadian ice hockey player December 20 Jonah Hill, American actor Lucy Pinder, English model December 21 – Steven Yeun, Korean-American actor December 22 Joe Dinicol, Canadian actor Jennifer Hawkins, Australian television personality, Miss Universe 2004 Nathalie Péchalat, French ice dancer December 23 – Hanley Ramírez, Dominican baseball player December 25 – Gwei Lun-mei, Taiwanese actress December 27 Cole Hamels, American baseball player Sa Dingding, Chinese singer December 29 – Jessica Andrews, American country music singer Deaths January January 2 Dick Emery, British comedian (b. 1915) Edward Howard, American Roman Catholic prelate and venerable (b. 1877) January 7 – Fred Church, American actor (b. 1889) January 8 – Gerhard Barkhorn, German World War II fighter ace (b. 1919) January 10 – Roy DeMeo, American Mafia hitman (b. 1942) January 11 Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian industrialist and educator (b. 1894) Tikhon Kiselyov, Belarusian statesman in the Soviet Union, the de facto leader of the Byelorussian SSR from 1980 to 1983 (b. 1917) January 12 – Nikolai Podgorny, Soviet politician, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1965 to 1977 (b. 1903) January 13 – David M. Shoup, American general (b. 1904) January 15 Masatane Kanda, Japanese general (b. 1890) Meyer Lansky, American gangster (b. 1902) January 17 – Doodles Weaver, American comedian (b. 1911) January 18 – Arturo Umberto Illia, Argentine politician and physician, 34th President of Argentina (b. 1900) January 20 – Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (b. 1933) January 21 – Howard Clark, Canadian Anglican primate (b. 1903) January 22 – Walter Citrine, 1st Baron Citrine, British trade unionist (b. 1887) January 23 Fred Bakewell, English cricketer (b. 1908) Marcolino Gomes Candau, Brazilian medical doctor, 2nd Director-General of World Health Organization (b. 1911) January 24 Carmen Clemente Travieso, Venezuelan journalist and activist (b. 1900) George Cukor, American film director (b. 1899) Juan Carlos Zabala, Argentine Olympic athlete (b. 1911) January 26 – Bear Bryant, American football player and coach (b. 1913) January 27 Georges Bidault, French Resistance leader and politician, 82nd Prime Minister of France (b. 1899) Louis de Funès, French actor (b. 1914) January 28 Frank Forde, Australian politician, 15th Prime Minister of Australia, leader of the World War II (b. 1890) Billy Fury, British musician (b. 1940) January 29 – Stuart H. Ingersoll, American admiral (b. 1898) February February 4 – Karen Carpenter, |
or tawse children against the wishes of their parents are in breach of the Human Rights Convention. March March 2 – Decentralisation in France: Law of Decentralisation creates the administrative regions of France (régions). March 3 – Elizabeth II opens the Barbican Centre in London. March 9 – Charles Haughey becomes Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland. March 10 The United States places an embargo on Libyan oil imports, alleging Libyan state-sponsored terrorism. Syzygy: All 9 planets recognized at this time align on the same side of the Sun. March 16 – Claus von Bülow is found guilty of the attempted murder of his wife by a court in Newport, Rhode Island. March 18 – A legal case brought by Mary Whitehouse against the National Theatre of Britain concerning alleged obscenity in the play The Romans in Britain ends after the Attorney General intervenes. March 19 – Argentine scrap metal workers (infiltrated by marines) raise the flag of Argentina on South Georgia in the Falkland Islands, a British overseas territory. March 24 – Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes power in Bangladesh. March 26 – A groundbreaking ceremony for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is held in Washington, D.C. March 29 Royal Assent is given to the Canada Act 1982, setting the stage for the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution on April 17. The 54th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Chariots of Fire wins Best Picture and 3 other Academy Awards. April April 1 – The 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands begins when Argentine forces land near Stanley, beginning the Falklands War. April 2 – Rex Hunt, the British governor of the Falkland Islands, surrenders the islands to Argentine forces, leading to their occupation. April 3 – Invasion of the Falkland Islands: Argentine forces begin the invasion of South Georgia. April 17 – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: By Proclamation of the Queen of Canada on Parliament Hill, Canada patriates its constitution, gaining full political independence from the United Kingdom; included is the country's first entrenched bill of rights. April 23 – Dennis Wardlow, mayor of Key West, Florida, declares the independent "Conch Republic" for a day. April 24 – German singer Nicole wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 (held in Britain) with the song Ein Bisschen Frieden. April 25 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty of 1979. April 26 – Falklands War: British troops retake South Georgia Island during Operation Paraquet. April 30 – The Bijon Setu massacre takes place in broad daylight at a railway crossing in India. May May 1 – A crowd of over 100,000 attends the first day of the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee, which is kicked off with an address by President Ronald Reagan. Over 11 million people attend during its 6-month run. May 2 Falklands War: The British nuclear submarine sinks the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano, killing 323 sailors. Operation Algeciras, an attempt to destroy a Royal Navy warship in Gibraltar, fails. The Weather Channel airs on cable television in the United States as the first 24-hour all weather network. May 4 – Falklands War: is hit by an Argentine Exocet missile and burns out of control; 20 sailors are killed. The ship sinks on May 10. May 5 – A Unabomber bomb explodes in the computer science department at Vanderbilt University; secretary Janet Smith is injured. May 8 – French-Canadian racing driver Gilles Villeneuve is killed during qualifying for the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix. May 12 Spanish priest Juan María Fernández y Krohn tries to stab Pope John Paul II with a bayonet during the latter's pilgrimage to the shrine at Fátima. Braniff International Airways is declared bankrupt and ceases all flights. May 16 – The New York Islanders sweep the Vancouver Canucks in four games to win the 1982 Stanley Cup Finals in ice hockey. May 18 – Falklands War: The British Special Air Service launches Operation Plum Duff, a reconnaissance mission preliminary to Operation Mikado, which is planned to destroy three Argentinean Exocet missiles and five Super Étendard fighter-bombers. Both Operation Plum Duff and Operation Mikado are called off after the Plum Duff insertion is revealed by a helicopter landing in Chile. May 21 Falklands War: is sunk by Argentine aircraft, killing 22 sailors. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is established. May 23 – Falklands War: is lost. May 24 Iranian troops retake Khorramshahr. KGB head Yuri Andropov is appointed to the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. May 25 – British ships and are sunk during the Falklands War; Coventry by two A-4C Skyhawks and Atlantic Conveyor by two Exocets. May 26 Aston Villa F.C. wins the European Cup, beating Bayern Munich 1–0 after a 69-minute goal by Peter Withe in Rotterdam. Kielder Water, an artificial lake in Northumberland, is opened. May 27 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. wins the FA Cup, beating Queens Park Rangers 1–0 in a replay. Conservative candidate Tim Smith holds the seat of Beaconsfield in a by-election. The Labour Party candidate is future Prime Minister Tony Blair. May 28 – Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom, the first by a reigning pope, begins. May 28 – 29 – Falklands War: Battle of Goose Green: British forces defeat a larger Argentine force. May 30 Spain becomes the 16th member of NATO and the first nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in 1955. Indianapolis 500: 1973 winner Gordon Johncock wins his second race over 1979 winner Rick Mears by 0.16 seconds. Leading to the closest finish to this date, Mears draws alongside Johncock with a lap remaining, after erasing a seemingly insurmountable advantage of more than 11 seconds in the final 10 laps, in what Indianapolis Motor Speedway historian Donald Davidson and Speedway public address announcer Tom Carnegie later call the greatest moment in the track's history. Cal Ripken, Jr. plays the first of what eventually becomes his record-breaking streak of 2,632 consecutive Major League Baseball games in the United States. June June 3 – Israeli ambassador to the UK Shlomo Argov is shot in London, an event which provokes the 1982 Lebanon War; he dies in 2003 in Israel without regaining full consciousness. June 6 – The 1982 Lebanon War begins: Israeli forces under Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their "Operation Peace for the Galilee," eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut. The United Nations Security Council votes to demand that Israel withdraw its troops from Lebanon. June 8 President Ronald Reagan becomes the first American chief executive to address a joint session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Falklands War: British supply ship RFA Sir Galahad is destroyed during the Bluff Cove Air Attacks VASP Flight 168, a Boeing 727 passenger jet, crashes into a forest hillside in Fortaleza in Brazil, killing 137. The Los Angeles Lakers defeats the Philadelphia 76ers in six games to win the 1982 NBA Finals. June 11 – E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial is released in the United States; this will become the biggest box-office hit of the rest of the decade. June 12 – The Nuclear Disarmament Rally, an event against nuclear weapon proliferation, draws 750,000 to New York City's Central Park. Jackson Browne, James Taylor, Bruce Springsteen and Linda Ronstadt attend. An international convocation at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine features prominent peace activists from around the world and afterward participants march on Fifth Avenue to Central Park for the rally. June 13 The 1982 FIFA World Cup begins in Spain. Fahd becomes King of Saudi Arabia upon the death of his brother, Khalid. June 14 – Argentine surrender in the Falklands War: Argentine forces in the capital, Stanley, surrender to British forces. June 18 – Argentine military dictator Leopoldo Galtieri resigns in the wake of his country's defeat in the Falklands War. June 19 – The body of "God's Banker", Roberto Calvi, chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, is found hanging beneath Blackfriars Bridge in London. June 20 – Falklands War ends with British forces retaking the South Sandwich Islands. June 21 – Prince William is born at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, West London. June 24 – British Airways Flight 9 suffers a temporary four-engine flameout and damage to the exterior of the plane after flying through the otherwise undetected volcanic ash plume from Indonesia's Mount Galunggung. June 25 – The Institute for Puerto Rican Policy is founded in New York City to research and advocate for Puerto Rican and Latino community issues. In 2006, it changes its name to the National Institute for Latino Policy. June 30 – The Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution of the United States falls short of the 38 states needed to pass. July July 2 – Roy Jenkins is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Party in the United Kingdom. July 3 – ASLEF train drivers in the United Kingdom go on strike over hours of work, returning to work on July 18. July 4 – Four Iranian diplomats are kidnapped upon Israel's invasion of Lebanon. July 6 – A lunar eclipse (umbral duration 236 min and total duration 106 min, the longest of the 20th century) occurs. July 9 Pan Am Flight 759 (Boeing 727) crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, killing all 146 on board and 8 on the ground. Intruder Michael Fagan breaches Buckingham Palace security as far as into the bedroom of Elizabeth II in London. July 11 – Italy beats West Germany 3–1 to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain. July 16 – In New York City, the Reverend Sun Myung Moon is sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $25,000 for tax fraud and conspiracy to obstruct justice. July 20 – Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings: the Provisional IRA detonates 2 bombs in central London, killing 8 soldiers, wounding 47 people, and leading to the deaths of 7 horses. July 21 – , the Royal Navy flagship during the Falklands War, returns home to Portsmouth to a hero's welcome. July 23 The International Whaling Commission decides to end commercial whaling by 1985–1986. A coroner's jury returns a verdict of suicide on Roberto Calvi, who was found hanging under Blackfriars Bridge. Torrential rain and mudslides in Nagasaki, Japan, destroy bridges and kill 299. [[Twilight Zone accident|Twilight Zone accident]]: During filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie, actor Vic Morrow and 2 child actors die in a helicopter stunt accident in California. July 31 – Beaune coach crash: In Beaune, France, 53 persons, 46 of them children, die in a highway accident (France's worst). August August 1 – Attempted coup against government of Daniel Arap Moi in Kenya. August 2 – The Helsinki Metro, the first rapid transit system of Finland, was opened to the general public. August 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes to censure Israel because its troops are still in Lebanon. August 7 – Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini resigns. August 12 – Mexico announces it is unable to pay its large foreign debt, triggering a debt crisis that quickly spreads throughout Latin America. August 13 – In Hong Kong, health warnings on cigarette packets are made statutory. August 17 – The first compact discs (CDs) are produced in Germany. August 20 – Lebanese Civil War: A multinational force lands in Beirut to oversee the PLO withdrawal from Lebanon. French troops arrive August 21, U.S. Marines August 25. September September 1 – The United States Air Force Space Command is founded. September 3 – Italian general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is killed in a Mafia ambush. September 5 – Iowa paperboy Johnny Gosch is kidnapped. September 14 – Lebanese President-elect Bachir Gemayel is assassinated in Beirut. September 15 – A first edition of USA Today was founded in United States. September 18 A Lebanese Christian militia (the Phalange) kill thousands of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in West Beirut, the massacre is a response to the assassination of president-elect, Bachir Gemayel four days earlier. The funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco takes place in Monaco; Princess Grace died after having suffered a car crash a few days previously September 19 – The first emoticons are posted by Scott Fahlman. September 21 The first International Day of Peace is proclaimed by the (United Nations). In the United States, the National Football League Players Association calls a strike, the first in-season work stoppage in the National Football League's 63-year history. The strike lasts for 57 days, reduces the regular season from 16 games to 9, and forces an expanded 16-team playoff tournament. September 23 – Amine Gemayel, brother of Bachir, is elected president of Lebanon. September 24 – The Wimpy Operation, first act of armed resistance against Israeli troops in Beirut. September 25 – In Israel, 400,000 marchers demand the resignation of Prime Minister Menachem Begin. September 26 – Thermals take Australian parachutist Rich Collins up to during a jump; he almost blacks out due to lack of oxygen. He releases his main parachute to fall to lower altitude and lands by his reserve parachute. September 29 – October 1 – The Chicago Tylenol murders occur when seven people in the Chicago area die after ingesting capsules laced with potassium cyanide. October October 1 Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence. In Orlando, Florida, Walt Disney World opens its second theme park, EPCOT Center, to the public for the first time. Sony launches the first consumer compact disc (CD) player (model CDP-101). October 8 Poland bans the Solidarity trade union after having suspended it on December 13, 1981. After six years in opposition, Social Democrat Olof Palme becomes once again Prime Minister of Sweden. October 11 – The Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII of England that sank in 1545, is raised from the Solent. October 19 – US car designer John DeLorean is arrested for selling cocaine to undercover FBI agents (he is later found not guilty on the grounds of entrapment). October 20 – Luzhniki disaster: During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death. October 27 In Canada, Dominion Day is officially renamed Canada Day. The Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 comes into effect, decriminalizing homosexuality in Northern Ireland for those aged 18 or older. October 28 – The Socialist Party wins the election in Spain; Felipe González is elected Prime Minister. November November 2 – Channel 4, a British public-service television broadcaster, is launched, with Richard Whiteley's Countdown being the first program to be broadcast. November 3 A gasoline or petrol tanker explodes in the Salang Tunnel in Afghanistan, killing at least 176 people. The Dow Jones Industrial Average surges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years. It last hit a record on January 11, 1973, when the average closed at 1,051.70. The points gain is the biggest ever up to this point. November 6 – Cameroon president Ahmadou Ahidjo resigns, replaced by Paul Biya. November 7 – The Thames Barrier is first publicly demonstrated. November 8 – Kenan Evren becomes the seventh president of Turkey as a result of the constitution referendum. His former title was "head of state". November 11 – In Lebanon, the first Tyre headquarters bombing kills between 89 and 102 people. November 12 – In the Soviet Union, former KGB head Yuri Andropov is selected to become the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the late Leonid I. Brezhnev who had died two days earlier. November 13 – The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C., after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans. November 14 – The leader of Poland's outlawed Solidarity movement, Lech Wałęsa, is released from 11 months of internment near the Soviet border. November 20 The General Union of Ecuadorian Workers (UGTE) is founded. University of California, Berkeley executes "The Play" in a college football game against Stanford. Completing a wacky 57-yard kickoff return that includes five laterals, Kevin Moen runs through Stanford band members who have prematurely come onto the field. His touchdown stands and California wins 25–20. November 24 – Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade. November 25 – The Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day fire destroys an entire city block of downtown Minneapolis, including the headquarters of Northwestern National Bank. November 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone becomes Prime Minister of Japan. November 28 – The Edmonton Eskimos win an unprecedented 5th consecutive Grey Cup; a feat yet unaccomplished by any professional football franchise to win the 70th Grey Cup defeating the Toronto Argonauts 32–16. November 30 – Michael Jackson releases his sixth studio album, Thriller, in the United States, which will go on to be the greatest selling album of all time at 110 million units sold worldwide. December December 1 – Miguel de la Madrid takes office as President of Mexico. December 2 – At the University of Utah, 61-year-old retired dentist Barney Clark becomes the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart (he lives for 112 days with the device). December 3 – A final soil sample is taken from the site of Times Beach, Missouri. It is found to contain 300 times the safe level of dioxin. December 4 – The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution. December 7 – The first U.S. execution by lethal injection is carried out in Texas. December 8 – The December murders occur in Suriname. December 11 – Swedish pop group ABBA make their final public performance on the British TV program The Late, Late Breakfast Show. December 12 – Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp: 30,000 women hold hands and form a human chain around the 14.5 km (9 mi) perimeter fence of RAF Greenham Common in England in a protest against nuclear weapons. December 13 – The 6.2 North Yemen earthquake shakes southwestern Yemen with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 2,800. December 16 – The United Freedom Front bombs an office of South African Airways in Elmont, NY and an IBM office in Harrison, NY. Two police officers suffer hearing damage. In March 1984, the UFF claims responsibility for the IBM building bombing, stating that the company was targeted because of its business in South Africa under Apartheid. December 22 – The Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Océan Indien, COI) is created by the Port Louis Agreement. December 23 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends the evacuation of Times Beach, Missouri, due to dangerous levels of dioxin contamination. December 26 – Time magazine's Man of the Year is given for the first time to a non-human, the computer. December 29 – Paul "Bear" Bryant coaches his final college football game, leading Alabama to a 21–15 victory over Illinois in the Liberty Bowl at Memphis, Tennessee. Bryant dies of a massive heart attack four weeks later at age 69. Date unknown The population of the People's Republic of China alone exceeds 1 billion, making China the first nation to have a population of more than a billion. A global surplus of crude oil causes gasoline prices to collapse. A brief but severe recession begins in the United States. Seattle is officially dubbed the Emerald City after a contest is held to choose a new city slogan. Ciabatta bread is invented by a baker in Verona, Italy. Births January January 1 – David Nalbandian, Argentine tennis player January 4 – Kang Hye-jung, South Korean actress January 5 Janica Kostelić, Croatian skier Vadims Vasiļevskis, Latvian javelin thrower January 6 Gilbert Arenas, American basketball player Eddie Redmayne, English actor January 7 Lauren Cohan, American actress Ruth Negga, Irish actress Camilo Villegas, Colombian golfer January 9 – Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, British princess January 13 Guillermo Coria, Argentine tennis player Ruth Wilson, English actress January 14 – Víctor Valdés, Spanish football player January 15 – Benjamin Agosto, American skater January 17 – Dwyane Wade, American professional basketball player January 18 – Joanna Newsom, American singer, harpist, pianist and songwriter January 19 – Pete Buttigieg, American politician and Presidential candidate (Mayor of South Bend, Indiana) January 21 – Go Shiozaki, Japanese professional wrestler January 23 – Alexandru Jicul, Moldovan professional football player January 25 – Noemi, Italian singer January 28 Mirtel Pohla, Estonian actress Ainett Stephens, Venezuelan television personality/model January 29 Adam Lambert, American singer Ernest Prakasa, Indonesian Comedian January 31 – Elena Paparizou, Greek-Swedish singer February February 1 Iness Chepkesis Chenonge, Kenyan athlete Gavin Henson, Welsh rugby union player February 2 – Filippo Magnini, Italian swimmer February 3 Diego Acoglanis, Argentine footballer Vera Brezhneva, Ukrainian and Russian pop-singer and television presenter Bridget Regan, American actress February 4 – Tomas Vaitkus, Lithuanian professional road racing cyclist February 6 – Alice Eve, English actress February 8 – Zersenay Tadese, Eritrean long-distance track/road running athlete February 10 Justin Gatlin, American athlete Mon Redee Sut Txi, Malaysian athlete February 11 Natalie Dormer, English actress Neil Robertson, Australian snooker player February 12 – Carter Hayden, Canadian actor February 14 – Marián Gáborík, Czechoslovakian (now Slovakia) hockey player February 16 – Lupe Fiasco, American rapper February 17 Adriano, Brazilian footballer Brooke D'Orsay, Canadian actress February 19 – Camelia Potec, Romanian swimmer February 25 Chris Baird, Northern Irish footballer Maria Kanellis, American professional wrestler/model Bert McCracken, American singer (The Used) Flavia Pennetta, Italian tennis player February 28 Andres Nuiamäe, Estonian soldier (d. 2004) Natalia Vodianova, Russian model, actress and philanthropist March March 2 Kevin Kurányi, German soccer player Henrik Lundqvist, Swedish hockey goaltender March 3 – Jessica Biel, American actress March 4 Landon Donovan, American soccer player Moussa Sylla, French basketball player March 5 – Daniel Carter, New Zealand rugby player March 6 – Stephen Jordan, English footballer March 8 – Nicoleta Onel, Romanian gymnast March 9 – Matt Bowen, Australian rugby league player March 10 – Thomas Middleditch, Canadian actor and screenwriter March 11 – Thora Birch, American actress and producer March 13 – Gisela Mota Ocampo, mayor of Temixco, Morelos, Mexico (d. 2016) March 15 Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich, Kenyan long-distance runner Daniel Richardsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier March 23 Tomasz Kuszczak, Polish football goalkeeper Adam Thomson, New Zealand rugby player March 25 Danica Patrick, American race car driver Jenny Slate, American actress and comedian March 26 – Mikel Arteta, Spanish footballer and manager March 30 Philippe Mexès, French footballer Javier Portillo, Spanish footballer March 31 Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer Chloé Zhao, Chinese-American film director Brian Tyree Henry, American actor April April 1 Andreas Thorkildsen, Norwegian javelin thrower Róbert Vittek, Slovak football player April 2 – David Ferrer, Spanish tennis player April 3 – Cobie Smulders, Canadian actress April 5 Thomas Hitzlsperger, German director of football and former footballer Hayley Atwell, British-American actress April 9 Jay Baruchel, Canadian actor and film director Olímpio Cipriano, Angolan basketball player April 10 – Chyler Leigh, American actress April 13 – Federico Crescentini, Sanmarinese football player (d. 2006) April 14 – | chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, is found hanging beneath Blackfriars Bridge in London. June 20 – Falklands War ends with British forces retaking the South Sandwich Islands. June 21 – Prince William is born at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, West London. June 24 – British Airways Flight 9 suffers a temporary four-engine flameout and damage to the exterior of the plane after flying through the otherwise undetected volcanic ash plume from Indonesia's Mount Galunggung. June 25 – The Institute for Puerto Rican Policy is founded in New York City to research and advocate for Puerto Rican and Latino community issues. In 2006, it changes its name to the National Institute for Latino Policy. June 30 – The Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution of the United States falls short of the 38 states needed to pass. July July 2 – Roy Jenkins is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Party in the United Kingdom. July 3 – ASLEF train drivers in the United Kingdom go on strike over hours of work, returning to work on July 18. July 4 – Four Iranian diplomats are kidnapped upon Israel's invasion of Lebanon. July 6 – A lunar eclipse (umbral duration 236 min and total duration 106 min, the longest of the 20th century) occurs. July 9 Pan Am Flight 759 (Boeing 727) crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, killing all 146 on board and 8 on the ground. Intruder Michael Fagan breaches Buckingham Palace security as far as into the bedroom of Elizabeth II in London. July 11 – Italy beats West Germany 3–1 to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain. July 16 – In New York City, the Reverend Sun Myung Moon is sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $25,000 for tax fraud and conspiracy to obstruct justice. July 20 – Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings: the Provisional IRA detonates 2 bombs in central London, killing 8 soldiers, wounding 47 people, and leading to the deaths of 7 horses. July 21 – , the Royal Navy flagship during the Falklands War, returns home to Portsmouth to a hero's welcome. July 23 The International Whaling Commission decides to end commercial whaling by 1985–1986. A coroner's jury returns a verdict of suicide on Roberto Calvi, who was found hanging under Blackfriars Bridge. Torrential rain and mudslides in Nagasaki, Japan, destroy bridges and kill 299. [[Twilight Zone accident|Twilight Zone accident]]: During filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie, actor Vic Morrow and 2 child actors die in a helicopter stunt accident in California. July 31 – Beaune coach crash: In Beaune, France, 53 persons, 46 of them children, die in a highway accident (France's worst). August August 1 – Attempted coup against government of Daniel Arap Moi in Kenya. August 2 – The Helsinki Metro, the first rapid transit system of Finland, was opened to the general public. August 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes to censure Israel because its troops are still in Lebanon. August 7 – Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini resigns. August 12 – Mexico announces it is unable to pay its large foreign debt, triggering a debt crisis that quickly spreads throughout Latin America. August 13 – In Hong Kong, health warnings on cigarette packets are made statutory. August 17 – The first compact discs (CDs) are produced in Germany. August 20 – Lebanese Civil War: A multinational force lands in Beirut to oversee the PLO withdrawal from Lebanon. French troops arrive August 21, U.S. Marines August 25. September September 1 – The United States Air Force Space Command is founded. September 3 – Italian general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is killed in a Mafia ambush. September 5 – Iowa paperboy Johnny Gosch is kidnapped. September 14 – Lebanese President-elect Bachir Gemayel is assassinated in Beirut. September 15 – A first edition of USA Today was founded in United States. September 18 A Lebanese Christian militia (the Phalange) kill thousands of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in West Beirut, the massacre is a response to the assassination of president-elect, Bachir Gemayel four days earlier. The funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco takes place in Monaco; Princess Grace died after having suffered a car crash a few days previously September 19 – The first emoticons are posted by Scott Fahlman. September 21 The first International Day of Peace is proclaimed by the (United Nations). In the United States, the National Football League Players Association calls a strike, the first in-season work stoppage in the National Football League's 63-year history. The strike lasts for 57 days, reduces the regular season from 16 games to 9, and forces an expanded 16-team playoff tournament. September 23 – Amine Gemayel, brother of Bachir, is elected president of Lebanon. September 24 – The Wimpy Operation, first act of armed resistance against Israeli troops in Beirut. September 25 – In Israel, 400,000 marchers demand the resignation of Prime Minister Menachem Begin. September 26 – Thermals take Australian parachutist Rich Collins up to during a jump; he almost blacks out due to lack of oxygen. He releases his main parachute to fall to lower altitude and lands by his reserve parachute. September 29 – October 1 – The Chicago Tylenol murders occur when seven people in the Chicago area die after ingesting capsules laced with potassium cyanide. October October 1 Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence. In Orlando, Florida, Walt Disney World opens its second theme park, EPCOT Center, to the public for the first time. Sony launches the first consumer compact disc (CD) player (model CDP-101). October 8 Poland bans the Solidarity trade union after having suspended it on December 13, 1981. After six years in opposition, Social Democrat Olof Palme becomes once again Prime Minister of Sweden. October 11 – The Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII of England that sank in 1545, is raised from the Solent. October 19 – US car designer John DeLorean is arrested for selling cocaine to undercover FBI agents (he is later found not guilty on the grounds of entrapment). October 20 – Luzhniki disaster: During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death. October 27 In Canada, Dominion Day is officially renamed Canada Day. The Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 comes into effect, decriminalizing homosexuality in Northern Ireland for those aged 18 or older. October 28 – The Socialist Party wins the election in Spain; Felipe González is elected Prime Minister. November November 2 – Channel 4, a British public-service television broadcaster, is launched, with Richard Whiteley's Countdown being the first program to be broadcast. November 3 A gasoline or petrol tanker explodes in the Salang Tunnel in Afghanistan, killing at least 176 people. The Dow Jones Industrial Average surges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years. It last hit a record on January 11, 1973, when the average closed at 1,051.70. The points gain is the biggest ever up to this point. November 6 – Cameroon president Ahmadou Ahidjo resigns, replaced by Paul Biya. November 7 – The Thames Barrier is first publicly demonstrated. November 8 – Kenan Evren becomes the seventh president of Turkey as a result of the constitution referendum. His former title was "head of state". November 11 – In Lebanon, the first Tyre headquarters bombing kills between 89 and 102 people. November 12 – In the Soviet Union, former KGB head Yuri Andropov is selected to become the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the late Leonid I. Brezhnev who had died two days earlier. November 13 – The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C., after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans. November 14 – The leader of Poland's outlawed Solidarity movement, Lech Wałęsa, is released from 11 months of internment near the Soviet border. November 20 The General Union of Ecuadorian Workers (UGTE) is founded. University of California, Berkeley executes "The Play" in a college football game against Stanford. Completing a wacky 57-yard kickoff return that includes five laterals, Kevin Moen runs through Stanford band members who have prematurely come onto the field. His touchdown stands and California wins 25–20. November 24 – Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade. November 25 – The Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day fire destroys an entire city block of downtown Minneapolis, including the headquarters of Northwestern National Bank. November 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone becomes Prime Minister of Japan. November 28 – The Edmonton Eskimos win an unprecedented 5th consecutive Grey Cup; a feat yet unaccomplished by any professional football franchise to win the 70th Grey Cup defeating the Toronto Argonauts 32–16. November 30 – Michael Jackson releases his sixth studio album, Thriller, in the United States, which will go on to be the greatest selling album of all time at 110 million units sold worldwide. December December 1 – Miguel de la Madrid takes office as President of Mexico. December 2 – At the University of Utah, 61-year-old retired dentist Barney Clark becomes the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart (he lives for 112 days with the device). December 3 – A final soil sample is taken from the site of Times Beach, Missouri. It is found to contain 300 times the safe level of dioxin. December 4 – The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution. December 7 – The first U.S. execution by lethal injection is carried out in Texas. December 8 – The December murders occur in Suriname. December 11 – Swedish pop group ABBA make their final public performance on the British TV program The Late, Late Breakfast Show. December 12 – Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp: 30,000 women hold hands and form a human chain around the 14.5 km (9 mi) perimeter fence of RAF Greenham Common in England in a protest against nuclear weapons. December 13 – The 6.2 North Yemen earthquake shakes southwestern Yemen with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 2,800. December 16 – The United Freedom Front bombs an office of South African Airways in Elmont, NY and an IBM office in Harrison, NY. Two police officers suffer hearing damage. In March 1984, the UFF claims responsibility for the IBM building bombing, stating that the company was targeted because of its business in South Africa under Apartheid. December 22 – The Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Océan Indien, COI) is created by the Port Louis Agreement. December 23 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends the evacuation of Times Beach, Missouri, due to dangerous levels of dioxin contamination. December 26 – Time magazine's Man of the Year is given for the first time to a non-human, the computer. December 29 – Paul "Bear" Bryant coaches his final college football game, leading Alabama to a 21–15 victory over Illinois in the Liberty Bowl at Memphis, Tennessee. Bryant dies of a massive heart attack four weeks later at age 69. Date unknown The population of the People's Republic of China alone exceeds 1 billion, making China the first nation to have a population of more than a billion. A global surplus of crude oil causes gasoline prices to collapse. A brief but severe recession begins in the United States. Seattle is officially dubbed the Emerald City after a contest is held to choose a new city slogan. Ciabatta bread is invented by a baker in Verona, Italy. Births January January 1 – David Nalbandian, Argentine tennis player January 4 – Kang Hye-jung, South Korean actress January 5 Janica Kostelić, Croatian skier Vadims Vasiļevskis, Latvian javelin thrower January 6 Gilbert Arenas, American basketball player Eddie Redmayne, English actor January 7 Lauren Cohan, American actress Ruth Negga, Irish actress Camilo Villegas, Colombian golfer January 9 – Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, British princess January 13 Guillermo Coria, Argentine tennis player Ruth Wilson, English actress January 14 – Víctor Valdés, Spanish football player January 15 – Benjamin Agosto, American skater January 17 – Dwyane Wade, American professional basketball player January 18 – Joanna Newsom, American singer, harpist, pianist and songwriter January 19 – Pete Buttigieg, American politician and Presidential candidate (Mayor of South Bend, Indiana) January 21 – Go Shiozaki, Japanese professional wrestler January 23 – Alexandru Jicul, Moldovan professional football player January 25 – Noemi, Italian singer January 28 Mirtel Pohla, Estonian actress Ainett Stephens, Venezuelan television personality/model January 29 Adam Lambert, American singer Ernest Prakasa, Indonesian Comedian January 31 – Elena Paparizou, Greek-Swedish singer February February 1 Iness Chepkesis Chenonge, Kenyan athlete Gavin Henson, Welsh rugby union player February 2 – Filippo Magnini, Italian swimmer February 3 Diego Acoglanis, Argentine footballer Vera Brezhneva, Ukrainian and Russian pop-singer and television presenter Bridget Regan, American actress February 4 – Tomas Vaitkus, Lithuanian professional road racing cyclist February 6 – Alice Eve, English actress February 8 – Zersenay Tadese, Eritrean long-distance track/road running athlete February 10 Justin Gatlin, American athlete Mon Redee Sut Txi, Malaysian athlete February 11 Natalie Dormer, English actress Neil Robertson, Australian snooker player February 12 – Carter Hayden, Canadian actor February 14 – Marián Gáborík, Czechoslovakian (now Slovakia) hockey player February 16 – Lupe Fiasco, American rapper February 17 Adriano, Brazilian footballer Brooke D'Orsay, Canadian actress February 19 – Camelia Potec, Romanian swimmer February 25 Chris Baird, Northern Irish footballer Maria Kanellis, American professional wrestler/model Bert McCracken, American singer (The Used) Flavia Pennetta, Italian tennis player February 28 Andres Nuiamäe, Estonian soldier (d. 2004) Natalia Vodianova, Russian model, actress and philanthropist March March 2 Kevin Kurányi, German soccer player Henrik Lundqvist, Swedish hockey goaltender March 3 – Jessica Biel, American actress March 4 Landon Donovan, American soccer player Moussa Sylla, French basketball player March 5 – Daniel Carter, New Zealand rugby player March 6 – Stephen Jordan, English footballer March 8 – Nicoleta Onel, Romanian gymnast March 9 – Matt Bowen, Australian rugby league player March 10 – Thomas Middleditch, Canadian actor and screenwriter March 11 – Thora Birch, American actress and producer March 13 – Gisela Mota Ocampo, mayor of Temixco, Morelos, Mexico (d. 2016) March 15 Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich, Kenyan long-distance runner Daniel Richardsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier March 23 Tomasz Kuszczak, Polish football goalkeeper Adam Thomson, New Zealand rugby player March 25 Danica Patrick, American race car driver Jenny Slate, American actress and comedian March 26 – Mikel Arteta, Spanish footballer and manager March 30 Philippe Mexès, French footballer Javier Portillo, Spanish footballer March 31 Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer Chloé Zhao, Chinese-American film director Brian Tyree Henry, American actor April April 1 Andreas Thorkildsen, Norwegian javelin thrower Róbert Vittek, Slovak football player April 2 – David Ferrer, Spanish tennis player April 3 – Cobie Smulders, Canadian actress April 5 Thomas Hitzlsperger, German director of football and former footballer Hayley Atwell, British-American actress April 9 Jay Baruchel, Canadian actor and film director Olímpio Cipriano, Angolan basketball player April 10 – Chyler Leigh, American actress April 13 – Federico Crescentini, Sanmarinese football player (d. 2006) April 14 – Larissa França, Brazilian beach volleyball player April 15 – Seth Rogen, Canadian actor, comedian, film director and screenwriter April 16 – Gina Carano, American actress, television personality, fitness model, and a former mixed martial artist April 18 – Scott Hartnell, Canadian hockey player April 19 – Ola Vigen Hattestad, Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier April 20 – Keiichiro Nagashima, Japanese speed skater April 22 – Kaká, Brazilian footballer April 23 – Kyle Beckerman, American footballer April 24 – Kelly Clarkson, American singer April 25 – Monty Panesar, English cricketer April 27 – Brian Gallant, Canadian politician, Premier of New Brunswick April 28 – Harry Shum Jr., Costa Rican-American dancer and actor April 30 Lloyd Banks, American rapper Kirsten Dunst, American actress Drew Seeley, Canadian actor, singer-songwriter and dancer May May 1 Jamie Dornan, Northern Irish actor and model Darijo Srna, Croatian soccer player May 3 – Rebecca Hall, British-American actress May 4 – Markus Rogan, Austrian swimmer May 6 Miljan Mrdaković, Serbian professional footballer (d. 2020) Jason Witten, American football player May 7 – Ákos Buzsáky, Hungarian footballer May 8 – Mark Bedworth, English rugby union footballer May 9 – Rachel Boston, American actress May 10 – Adebayo Akinfenwa, English footballer May 11 Cory Monteith, Canadian actor (d. 2013) Jonathan Jackson, American actor May 13 – Oguchi Onyewu, American soccer player May 14 Ai Shibata, Japanese swimmer Anjelah Johnson, American actress May 15 Alexandra Breckenridge, American actress, voice actress, and photographer Veronica Campbell-Brown, Jamaican athlete Tatsuya Fujiwara, Japanese actor Jessica Sutta, American dancer and singer Layal Abboud, Lebanese singer May 17 – Tony Parker, French basketball player May 19 – Kevin Amankwaah, English footballer May 20 Petr Čech, Czech footballer Jessica Raine, English actress Lee Ryol-li, Korean-Japanese boxer May 22 Hong Yong-jo, North Korean footballer Apolo Ohno, American short track speed skater and actor May 24 Paul Joseph Watson, British right-wing YouTuber, radio host, writer and conspiracy theorist May 25 Justin Hodges, Australian rugby league player Alexandr Ivanov, Russian javelin thrower Ezekiel Kemboi, Kenyan athlete May 29 Ana Beatriz Barros, Brazilian model Anita Briem, Icelandic actress June June 1 – Justine Henin, Belgian tennis player June 2 – Jewel Staite, Canadian actress June 3 – Yelena Isinbayeva, Russian athlete June 4 – MC Jin, American rapper June 8 – Nadia Petrova, Russian tennis player June 10 Laleh, Swedish singer-songwriter Tara Lipinski, American figure skater Princess Madeleine of Sweden June 11 Eldar Rønning, Norwegian cross-country skier Diana Taurasi, American basketball player June 12 – Jason David, American football player June 13 – Kenenisa Bekele, Ethiopian long-distance runner June 14 Jamie Green, English racing driver Lang Lang, Chinese pianist June 17 – Jodie Whittaker, English actress June 18 – Marco Borriello, Italian football player June 21 Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, heir to the Prince of Wales Danny Buijs, Dutch football manager and former player June 22 – Soraia Chaves, Portuguese actress and model June 23 Joona Puhakka, Finnish diver Denys Shelikhov, Ukrainian football player June 24 Natasa Dusev-Janics, Serbian-Hungarian sprint canoeist Kevin Nolan, English professional footballer June 25 Rain, South Korean singer-songwriter, actor, and music producer Ryan Block, American technology entrepreneur Mikhail Youzhny, Russian tennis player Cécile Cassel, French actress and singer June 28 Jung Gyu-woon, South Korean actor Grazi Massafera, Brazilian actress and model June 29 Lily Rabe, American actress Kwon Yul, South Korean actor June 30 Lizzy Caplan, American actress Büşra Pekin, Turkish actress July July 1 Daniel Lee Chee Hun, Malaysian-Chinese singer Hilarie Burton, American actress and VJ Johann Tschopp, Swiss mountain bike racer July 2 – Beste Bereket, Turkish actress July 3 – Kanika, Indian actress and singer July 4 Michael Sorrentino, American model, actor, and author Antonio Reguero, Spanish footballer Zoran Ljubinković, Serbian footballer July 5 Javed Ali, Indian singer Tuba Büyüküstün, Turkish actress Alexander Dimitrenko, Ukrainian-German boxer Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist Paíto, Mozambican footballer Beno Udrih, Slovenian basketball player Alberto Gilardino, Italian football manager July 7 Marcelo Calero, Brazilian diplomat and politician Jan Laštůvka, Czech footballer July 8 Sophia Bush, American actress Miguel Thiré, Brazilian actor July 9 Slaine Kelly, Irish actress Sidão, Brazilian volleyball player July 11 – Max Rhyser, Danish-American-Israeli model, stage, television, and film actor July 12 – Antonio Cassano, Italian footballer July 13 Luvsanlkhündegiin Otgonbayar, Mongolian athlete Yadier Molina, Puerto Rican baseball player July 15 – Maksym Khvorost, Ukrainian épée fencer July 16 Kellie Wells, American athlete Steve Hooker, Australian pole vaulter Aamna Sharif, Indian actress July 18 Ryan Cabrera, Colombian-American pop rock musician Priyanka Chopra, Indian actress and beauty queen Carlo Costly, Honduran footballer July 19 – Jared Padalecki, American actor July 22 – Lafaele Moala, Tongan footballer July 23 – Paul Wesley, American actor July 24 Elisabeth Moss, American actress Anna Paquin, Canadian-born New Zealand actress July 25 – Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008) July 27 – Wolé Parks, American actor July 29 Prince Azim of Brunei, Brunei royal and film producer (d. 2020) Allison Mack, German-American actress July 30 James Anderson, English cricketer Yvonne Strahovski, Australian actress August August 2 – Hélder Postiga, Portuguese footballer August 5 – Lolo Jones, American track and field athlete August 6 – Romola Garai, English actress August 7 Brit Marling, American actress Yana Klochkova, Ukrainian swimmer Marco Melandri, Italian motorcycle racer Abbie Cornish, Australian actress and rapper August 9 – Tyson Gay, American athlete August 10 Devon Aoki, American supermodel and actress Shaun Murphy, English snooker player August 12 – Jon Olsson, Swedish freestyle skier August 13 Shani Davis, American speed skater Gary McSheffrey, English footballer Sarah Huckabee Sanders, American political consultant and press secretary Sebastian Stan, Romanian-American actor August 16 – Joleon Lescott, English footballer August 17 Jon Olsson, Swedish freestyle skier Mark Salling, American actor (d. 2018) August 19 Melissa Fumero, American actress Stipe Miocic, American mixed martial artist Erika Christensen, American actress and singer August 20 – Meghan Ory, Canadian actress August 23 – Natalie Coughlin, American Olympic swimmer August 24 – Kim Källström, Swedish footballer August 25 – Jung Jae-sung, South Korean badminton player (d. 2018) August 28 – LeAnn Rimes, American country singer August 29 Carlos Delfino, Argentine basketball player Vincent Enyeama, Nigerian football goalkeeper August 30 – Andy Roddick, American tennis player August 31 Ian Crocker, American Olympic swimmer José Manuel Reina Páez, Spanish footballer September September 1 – Jeffrey Buttle, Canadian figure skater September 2 Mandy Cho, Hong Kong actress Alan Tate, British professional footballer September 3 – Sarah Burke, Canadian freestyle skier (d. 2012) September 9 – Ai Otsuka, Japanese singer, songwriter, pianist and actress September 10 Misty Copeland, American ballet dancer Bret Iwan, American voice actor September 11 – Shriya Saran, Indian actress September 12 – Isabelle Caro, French model and actress (d. 2010) September 13 – Nenê, Brazilian basketball player September 16 – Leon Britton, English footballer September 18 – Lukas Reimann, Swiss politician September 19 – Skepta, English MC and record producer September 22 Kosuke Kitajima, Japanese swimmer Billie Piper, English actress and singer September 25 – Hyun Bin, Korean actor September 26 – Betty Sun, Chinese actress September 27 Anna Camp, American actress Abhinav Shukla, Indian actor and model Lil Wayne, African-American rapper September 28 Abhinav Bindra, Indian shooter Ranbir Kapoor, Indian actor Emeka Okafor, American basketball player Anderson Varejão, American basketball player St. Vincent, American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist September 29 – Amy Williams, British Olympic medallist September 30 Lacey Chabert, American actress Li Xiaolu, Chinese actress October October 2 – Tyson Chandler, American basketball player October 5 – Zhang Yining, Chinese table tennis player October 6 – Levon Aronian, Armenian chess Grandmaster October 7 Madjid Bougherra, Algerian footballer Jermain Defoe, English footballer Robby Ginepri, American tennis player October 8 Princess Siribhachudabhorn of Thailand Annemiek van Vleuten, Dutch road bicycle racer October 9 – Travis Rice, American snowboarder October 10 – David Cal, Spanish sprint canoeist October 13 – Ian Thorpe, Australian swimmer October 15 – Saif Saaeed Shaheen, Qatarian athlete October 16 – Svetlana Loboda, Ukrainian singer and composer October 19 – Louis Oosthuizen, South African golfer October 20 – Johan Lora, Dominican international footballer October 21 – Lee Chong Wei, Malaysian badminton player October 26 Nicola Adams, English boxer Matt Smith, English actor October 30 – Clémence Poésy, French actress and fashion model November November 2 – Kyoko Fukada, Japanese actress and singer November 3 – Pekka Rinne, Finnish ice hockey goaltender November 4 – Kamila Skolimowska, Polish hammer thrower (d. 2009) November 8 Ted DiBiase, American professional wrestler and actor Francesco Molinari, Italian golfer November 9 – Jana Pittman, Australian athlete November 10 – Ruth Lorenzo, Spanish singer and composer November 12 – Anne Hathaway, American actress November 13 – Kumi Koda, Japanese singer November 14 – Laura Ramsey, American actress November 16 – Amar'e Stoudemire, American professional basketball player November 18 – Damon Wayans, Jr., American actor and comedian November 19 – Shin Dong-hyuk, North Korean defector and human rights activist November 21 – Ioana Ciolacu, Romanian fashion designer November 22 – Charlene Choi, Hong Kong singer and actress November 23 – Asafa Powell, Jamaican sprinter November 24 – Mary Kom, Indian boxer November 25 – Minna Kauppi, Finnish orienteer November 27 – Aleksandr Kerzhakov, Russian soccer player November 28 – Steve Mullings, Jamaican athlete November 29 Lucas Black, American actor Gemma Chan, British film actress November 30 – Elisha Cuthbert, Canadian actress December December 1 – Riz Ahmed, British actor, rapper, and activist December 3 – Michael Essien, Ghanaian footballer December 5 Keri Hilson, American R&B recording artist, songwriter, and actress Gabriel Luna, American actor December 6 – Alberto Contador, Spanish cyclist December 8 – Nicki Minaj, Trinidadian-born American rapper, singer, and songwriter December 9 Tamilla Abassova, Russian cyclist Nathalie De Vos, Belgian athlete Bastian Swillims, German sprinter December 13 – Elisa Di Francisca, Italian fencer December 15 – Charlie Cox, English actor December 16 Anna Sedokova, Ukrainian singer, actress and television presenter Stanislav Šesták, Slovak footballer December 19 – Tero Pitkämäki, Finnish javelin thrower December 21 Mandy Wong, Hong Kong actress Tom Payne, English actor December 22 – Britta Heidemann, German fencer December 26 – Aksel Lund |
of Alkmaar. November 15 – Santa Fe, Argentina, is founded by Juan de Garay. November – Alva resigns as Spanish Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in the Netherlands, and is succeeded by Luis de Requesens, who attempts to pursue a more conciliatory policy. Date unknown Sarsa Dengel, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats the Oromo in a battle near Lake Zway. The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World. The Luzhou Laojiao liquor is made. The Portuguese are expelled from the Maldives. Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, England, is formed. Births January 1 – Philippus Rovenius, Dutch priest (d. 1651) January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (d. 1624) January 18 – Ambrosius Bosschaert, still life painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1621) January 20 – Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (d. 1627) January 22 – Ludwig Camerarius, German politician (d. 1651) January 30 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (d. 1638) February 28 – Elias Holl, German architect (d. 1646) March 12 – Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt, Abbess of Gernrode, Electress of Saxony, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Plön (d. 1616) March 24 – Giovanni Doria, Spanish noble (d. 1642) April 6 – Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (d. 1643) April 12 – Jacques Bonfrère, Flemish Jesuit priest, biblical scholar (d. 1642) April 13 – Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, Queen of Sweden (d. 1625) April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1651) April 28 – Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (d. 1650) May 12 – Henri, Duke of Montpensier, French noble (d. 1608) May 13 – Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani, Mughal empress (d. 1619) June 12 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, British Earl (d. 1629) June 16 – Andries de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland (d. 1637) June 28 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (d. 1643) July 12 – Pietro Carrera, Italian priest, | Geuzen ships, attempting to break the siege of Haarlem, are defeated by a combined Spanish and Amsterdam fleet. July–December July 6 – Córdoba, in the Viceroyalty of Peru, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera. July 12 – Siege of Haarlem: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture Haarlem, after a seven-month siege. July – The Edict of Boulogne is signed by Charles IX of France, granting limited rights to Huguenots, and ending the Fourth War of Religion in France. August – Alva begins to besiege Alkmaar in North Holland. August 27 – Oda Nobunaga drives the 15th Ashikaga shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki out of Kyoto, effectively destroying the Ashikaga shogunate, and historically ending the Muromachi and Sengoku periods. The Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan begins. September 8–16 – Siege of Hikida Castle and siege of Ichijōdani Castle in Japan: The Asakura clan is eliminated by Oda Nobunaga. September 22–26 – Siege of Odani Castle in Japan: The Azai clan is eliminated by Oda Nobunaga. October 8 – The Spanish abandon the siege of the city of Alkmaar. November 15 – Santa Fe, Argentina, is founded by Juan de Garay. November – Alva resigns as Spanish Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in the Netherlands, and is succeeded by Luis de Requesens, who attempts to pursue a more conciliatory policy. Date unknown Sarsa Dengel, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats the Oromo in a battle near Lake Zway. The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World. The Luzhou Laojiao liquor is made. The Portuguese are expelled from the Maldives. Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, England, is formed. Births January 1 – Philippus Rovenius, Dutch priest (d. 1651) January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (d. 1624) January 18 – Ambrosius Bosschaert, still life painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1621) January 20 – Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (d. 1627) January 22 – Ludwig Camerarius, German politician (d. 1651) January 30 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (d. 1638) February 28 – Elias Holl, German architect (d. 1646) March 12 – Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt, Abbess of Gernrode, Electress of Saxony, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Plön (d. 1616) March 24 – Giovanni Doria, Spanish noble (d. 1642) April 6 – Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (d. 1643) April 12 – Jacques Bonfrère, Flemish Jesuit priest, biblical scholar (d. 1642) April 13 – Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, Queen of Sweden (d. 1625) April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1651) April 28 – Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (d. 1650) May 12 – Henri, Duke of Montpensier, French noble (d. 1608) May 13 – Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani, Mughal empress (d. 1619) June 12 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, British Earl (d. 1629) June 16 – Andries de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland (d. 1637) June 28 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (d. 1643) July 12 – Pietro Carrera, Italian priest, painter and saint (d. 1647) July 14 – Bonaventure Hepburn, Scottish philologist and Minim friar (d. 1620) July 15 – Inigo Jones, English architect (d. 1652) July 18 – Odoardo Fialetti, Italian painter (d. 1638) July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (d. 1650) July 29 – Philip II, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (d. 1618) August 16 – Anne of Austria, Queen |
1570, to December | to December 31, 1579. References |
and Duke Charles. October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggars fleet under Louis Boisot. November 22 – The Juan Fernández Islands in the South Pacific Ocean are discovered by Spanish sailor Juan Fernández. November 29 – Limahong and Juan de Salcedo quarrel during the Battle of Manila. December – Murad III succeeds Selim II, as Ottoman Sultan. Undated Prince El-Mirza of Kakheti is defeated in his bid for the throne by his half-brother, Alexander II. The Liturgical Battle royal between the Reformation and Counter Reformation begins in Sweden, and continues until the Uppsala Synod of 1593. La Alameda, Seville, is laid out in Spain, as Europe's first public garden. Births January 17 – Robert Fludd, English Rosicrucian and Paracelsian physicist (d. 1637) February 17 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna, Spanish nobleman and politician (d. 1624) March 4 – Carl Gyllenhielm, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1650) March 5 – William Oughtred, English mathematician and Anglican minister (d. 1660) March 7 – John Wilbye, English composer (date of baptism) (d. 1638) April 27 – Philip Rubens, Flemish lawyer and older brother to painter Peter Paul Rubens (d. 1611) May 6 – Pope Innocent X (d. 1655) May 14 Daniel Dumonstier, French artist (d. 1646) Francesco Rasi, Italian composer, singer, instrumentalist, poet (d. 1621) June 13 – Juan Alonso de Solis y Mendoza, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Puerto Rico (1635–1640) (d. 1640) June 20 – Wilhelm Kettler, Duke of Courland (d. 1640) June – Richard Barnfield, English poet (d. 1627) July 1 – Joseph Hall, English bishop and satirist (d. 1656) July 2 – Dorothea Maria of Anhalt, Duchess consort of Saxe-Weimar (1602–1605) (d. 1617) July 10 – Clara Maria of Pomerania-Barth, German noble (d. 1623) July 23 – Balthasar I Moretus, Flemish printer (d. 1641) August 2 – Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1631) August 7 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer (d. 1649) August 28 – Frederick IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1636–1648) (d. 1648) August 30 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (d. 1634) September 6 – Luis Sotelo, Spanish Franciscan friar who died as a martyr in Japan (d. 1624) September 18 – Claudio Achillini, Italian philosopher, theologian, mathematician, poet, jurist (d. 1640) September 29 – Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (d. 1624) September – Thomas Gataker, English clergyman and theologian (d. 1654) October 25 – François de Sourdis, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1628) November 4 – Erycius Puteanus, Dutch humanist, philologist (d. 1646) November 5 – Charlotte de La Marck, French duchess (d. 1594) November 10 – Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1621) November 30 – Frederick of Solms-Rödelheim, imperial chamberlain, war and Obrist (d. 1649) December 8 – Maria Anna of Bavaria, Archduchess of Inner Austria (d. 1616) December 10 – Mikołaj Łęczycki, Polish Jesuit (d. 1653) December 12 Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn (d. | lawyer and older brother to painter Peter Paul Rubens (d. 1611) May 6 – Pope Innocent X (d. 1655) May 14 Daniel Dumonstier, French artist (d. 1646) Francesco Rasi, Italian composer, singer, instrumentalist, poet (d. 1621) June 13 – Juan Alonso de Solis y Mendoza, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Puerto Rico (1635–1640) (d. 1640) June 20 – Wilhelm Kettler, Duke of Courland (d. 1640) June – Richard Barnfield, English poet (d. 1627) July 1 – Joseph Hall, English bishop and satirist (d. 1656) July 2 – Dorothea Maria of Anhalt, Duchess consort of Saxe-Weimar (1602–1605) (d. 1617) July 10 – Clara Maria of Pomerania-Barth, German noble (d. 1623) July 23 – Balthasar I Moretus, Flemish printer (d. 1641) August 2 – Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1631) August 7 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer (d. 1649) August 28 – Frederick IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1636–1648) (d. 1648) August 30 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (d. 1634) September 6 – Luis Sotelo, Spanish Franciscan friar who died as a martyr in Japan (d. 1624) September 18 – Claudio Achillini, Italian philosopher, theologian, mathematician, poet, jurist (d. 1640) September 29 – Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (d. 1624) September – Thomas Gataker, English clergyman and theologian (d. 1654) October 25 – François de Sourdis, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1628) November 4 – Erycius Puteanus, Dutch humanist, philologist (d. 1646) November 5 – Charlotte de La Marck, French duchess (d. 1594) November 10 – Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1621) November 30 – Frederick of Solms-Rödelheim, imperial chamberlain, war and Obrist (d. 1649) December 8 – Maria Anna of Bavaria, Archduchess of Inner Austria (d. 1616) December 10 – Mikołaj Łęczycki, Polish Jesuit (d. 1653) December 12 Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn (d. 1617) Anne of Denmark, queen of James VI of Scotland (d. 1619) December 15 – Samuel Besler, Polish composer (d. 1625) date unknown John Day, English dramatist (d. 1640) Wilhelm Kinsky, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1634) Claudio Pari, Sicilian composer Feng Menglong, Chinese poet (d. 1645) Deaths January 26 – Martin Helwig, German cartographer of Silesia (b. 1516) January 30 – Damião de Góis, Portuguese philosopher (b. 1502) March 4 – Anna II, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg, German noblewoman, reigning from 1516 until her death (b. 1504) March 27 – Takeda Nobutora, Japanese warlord (b. 1494) April 14 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (b. 1538) April 17 – Joachim Camerarius, German classical scholar (b. 1500) April 21 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1519) April 30 – Joseph Boniface de La Molle, Provençale lover of Marguerite de Valois (b. 1530) May 14 – Guru Amar Das, third Sikh Guru (b. 1479) May 3 |
19 Joe Hart, English footballer Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player Oksana Akinshina, Russian actress April 21 Lenira Santos, Cape Verdean sprinter Anastasia Prikhodko, Ukrainian folk rock and traditional pop singer April 22 David Luiz, Brazilian footballer Mikel John Obi, Nigerian footballer April 24 Varun Dhawan, Indian actor Kris Letang, Canadian ice hockey player April 27 Anne Suzuki, Japanese actress Emma Taylor-Isherwood, Canadian actress April 28 Samantha Akkineni, Indian film actress and model Daequan Cook, American basketball player April 29 – Sara Errani, Italian tennis player May May 1 – Matt Di Angelo, British Actor May 2 – Nana Kitade, Japanese singer May 3 – Damla Sönmez, Turkish actress May 4 Cesc Fàbregas, Spanish football player Jorge Lorenzo, Spanish triple MotoGP world champion Zbigniew Bartman, Polish volleyball player May 6 Moon Geun-young, Korean actress Meek Mill, American rapper May 7 – Asami Konno, Japanese singer May 10 – Eileen April Boylan, American film and television actress May 11 Albulena Haxhiu, Kosovo Albanian politician Enikő Mihalik, Hungarian model May 12 – Felipe Roque, Brazilian actor and model May 13 Hunter Parrish, American actor and singer Candice King, American actress and singer Marianne Vos, Dutch multiple cyclist May 15 – Andy Murray, Scottish tennis player May 17 – Ott Lepland, Estonian singer May 18 – Luisana Lopilato, Argentine actress and singer May 20 – Julian Wright, American basketball player May 22 Arturo Vidal, Chilean footballer Novak Djokovic, Serbian tennis player May 23 – Bray Wyatt, American professional wrestler May 24 – Déborah François, Belgian actress May 25 – Nico Hillenbrand, German footballer May 26 Tooji, Norwegian-Iranian singer, model and television host Brandi Cyrus, American actress, singer and DJ May 27 Bella Heathcote, Australian actress José Cañas, Spanish footballer May 28 – Jessica Rothe, American actress May 29 – Noah Reid, Canadian actor and musician May 30 - Javicia Leslie, American actress May 31 Shaun Fleming, American actor and musician Meredith Hagner, American actress June June 2 Tobias Arlt, German Olympic luger Sonakshi Sinha, Indian actress June 3 Lalaine, American actress, singer-songwriter, and bassist Masami Nagasawa, Japanese actress June 6 Luo Zilin, Miss Universe China 2011 4th runner-up and model Cássio Ramos, Brazilian footballer June 10 – He Chong, Chinese diver June 11 Didrik Solli-Tangen, Norwegian singer Rie Tanaka, Japanese gymnast June 12 Abbey Lee, Australian model Antonio Barragán, Spanish footballer June 13 – Gesaffelstein, French record producer June 16 – Tobias Wendl, German Olympic luger June 17 Nozomi Tsuji, Japanese singer Kendrick Lamar, American rapper Rebecca Breeds, Australian actress June 18 Niels Schneider, French-Canadian actor Zsuzsanna Tomori, Hungarian handball player June 20 A-fu, Taiwanese singer and songwriter Daiana Menezes, Brazilian actress, model, and television host June 21 Mohd Hafiszuan Salehuddin, Malaysian footballer Tomáš Jablonský, Czech football player June 22 Joe Dempsie, English actor Lee Min-ho, South Korean actor, singer and model June 23 Guillaume Bonnafond, French road bicycle racer Aaron Groom, Fijian rugby league footballer Edward Holcroft, English actor June 24 Lionel Messi, Argentine footballer Pierre Vaultier, French snowboarder June 26 – Samir Nasri, French footballer June 27 – Ed Westwick, English actor June 29 – Gal Nevo, Israeli swimmer June 30 – Adi Alsaid, Mexican author July July 1 Choe Kum-hui, North Korean platform diver Ahn Jae-hyun, South Korean model and actor Mehmet Yağmur, Turkish basketball player July 2 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (d. 2008) July 3 Murad Subay, Yemeni artist and political activist Maximilian Mauff, German actor Sebastian Vettel, German racing driver July 4 Ater Majok, Sudanese basketball player Prajwal Devaraj, Indian film actor July 5 David Halaifonua, Tongan rugby union player Ji Chang-wook, South Korean actor Mohd Safiq Rahim, Malaysian footballer Chen Xiao, Chinese actor and model July 6 Kate Nash, British singer-songwriter Caroline Trentini, Brazilian model July 7 – Veronica Wagner, Swedish artistic gymnast July 9 Yūta Furukawa, Japanese actor, songwriter, singer, dancer, and model Rebecca Sugar, American animator and creator of Steven Universe Élodie Fontan, French actress July 11 – Maximilian Müller, German field hockey player July 12 – Anarkali Akarsha, Sri Lankan actress, model, singer, TV host, and a politician July 13 Eva Rivas, Russian-Armenian singer Neil Denis, Canadian actor July 14 Sara Canning, Canadian actress Larry Madowo, Kenyan journalist and news anchor Dan Reynolds, American singer and musician July 15 – Fredric Jonson, Swedish footballer July 16 – AnnaLynne McCord, American actress July 17 Darius Boyd, Australian rugby league player Benedict Martin, Malaysian footballer July 19 Yan Gomes, Brazilian baseball player Ho Ho Lun, Hong Kong wrestler July 20 – Owen Cheung, Hong Kong actor July 22 – Denis Gargaud Chanut, French slalom canoeist July 23 Luiz Gustavo, Brazilian footballer Marta Pihan-Kulesza, Polish artistic gymnast July 24 – Mara Wilson, American actress and writer July 25 – Eran Zahavi, Israeli footballer July 26 – Miriam McDonald, Canadian actress and dancer July 27 Marek Hamšík, Slovak football player Thomas Enevoldsen, Danish footballer July 28 Sumire, Japanese fashion model (d. 2009) Pedro, Spanish footballer July 31 Brittany Byrnes, Australian actress Michael Bradley, American soccer player August August 1 Iago Aspas, Spanish footballer Alper Balaban, Turkish-German footballer (d. 2010) Marcus Diniz, Brazilian footballer Sébastien Pocognoli, Belgian footballer August 2 – Hannah Hoekstra, Dutch actress August 3 Zaquan Adha, Malaysian footballer Gary Medel, Chilean footballer Brandon Peniche, Mexican actor Alexander Søderlund, Norwegian footballer August 4 – Phil Younghusband, British-Filipino footballer August 5 Adrian Petriw, Canadian actor Genelia D'Souza, Indian actress, model, and host August 7 – Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player August 8 – Katie Leung, Scottish actress August 10 – Ari Boyland, New Zealand actor August 11 Jonatas Faro, Brazilian actor and singer Slađa Guduraš, Bosnian recording artist, bit actress, and nurse (d. 2014) August 14 Johnny Gargano, American wrestler Tim Tebow, American football tight end August 16 Eri Kitamura, Japanese voice actress and singer Okieriete Onaodowan, Nigerian actor Carey Price, Canadian ice hockey goaltender August 19 – Nico Hülkenberg, German racing driver August 20 Cătălina Ponor, Romanian gymnast Tulus, Indonesian singer August 21 Kim Kibum, South Korean singer and actor Anton Shipulin, Russian biathlete August 24 – Anže Kopitar, Slovene ice hockey player August 25 Liu Yifei, Chinese actress Blake Lively, American actress Amy Macdonald, Scottish singer and songwriter Rona Nishliu, Albanian singer, radio presenter, and humanitarian August 30 Johanna Braddy, American actress Roy Krishna, Fijian footballer September September 2 Scott Moir, Canadian figure skater Spencer Smith, American musician September 3 – James Neal, Canadian ice hockey player September 4 – Maryna Linchuk, Belarusian model September 6 – Anna Pavlova, Russian artistic gymnast September 7 Evan Rachel Wood, American actress and singer Aleksandra Wozniak, Canadian tennis player September 8 Ray Fisher, American actor Wiz Khalifa, American rapper Alexandre Bilodeau, Canadian freestyle skier September 9 Afrojack, Dutch DJ and music producer Milan Stanković, Serbian pop-folk singer September 11 Ilija Spasojević, Indonesian footballer Susianna Kentikian, German-Armenian boxer Tyler Hoechlin, American actor Elizabeth Henstridge, English actress September 13 – G.NA, Canadian singer September 15 – Aly Cissokho, French footballer September 19 – Danielle Panabaker, American actress September 20 – Alex Pullin, Australian snowboarder (d. 2020) September 21 – Ryan Guzman, American actor September 22 – Tom Felton, English actor and musician September 23 – Skylar Astin, American actor, model and singer September 26 Warren Shankland, South African cricketer Jang Keun Suk, South Korean actor, singer and model September 28 – Hilary Duff, American actress, businesswoman, singer, songwriter, producer, and writer September 29 – Anaïs Demoustier, French actress September 30 Ramy Ashour, Egyptian squash player Aida Garifullina, Russian operatic soprano Elanne Kong, Hong Kong actress and singer October October 1 – Matthew Daddario, American actor October 2 – Christopher Larkin, Korean-American actor and musician October 3 – Zuleyka Rivera, Puerto Rican beauty queen (Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2006, Miss Universe 2006) October 4 – Marina Weisband, German politician October 8 – Aya Hirano, Japanese voice actress and singer October 9 – Melissa Villaseñor, American comedian October 10 – Valentina Favazza, Italian voice actress October 11 – Ariella Käslin, Swiss artistic gymnast October 12 – Besian Idrizaj, Austrian footballer October 15 Jesse Levine, American-Canadian tennis player Qiao Renliang, Chinese actor and singer (d. 2016) Mizuho Sakaguchi, Japanese woman footballer October 16 Seungho, South Korean pop singer (MBLAQ) Zhao Liying, Chinese actress October 18 Zac Efron, American actor and singer Freja Beha Erichsen, Danish model October 20 – Levy Li, Miss Malaysia Universe 2008 October 22 Kain O'Keeffe, Australian actor Donny Montell, Lithuanian singer-songwriter October 23 – Miyuu Sawai, Japanese actress October 24 – Charlie White, American figure skater October 27 Thelma Aoyama, Japanese singer Yi Jianlian, Chinese basketball player (year of birth disputed) October 28 Frank Ocean, American singer and rapper Na Yeon Choi, South Korean female professional golfer October 29 Makoto Ogawa, Japanese singer Cleopatra Coleman, Australian actress November November 1 – Ileana D'Cruz, Indian actress November 3 Colin Kaepernick, American football player Gemma Ward, Australian model Elizabeth Smart, North American activist November 4 – T.O.P, Korean rapper November 5 – Kevin Jonas, American actor and singer-songwriter November 6 Ana Ivanovic, Serbian tennis player G.O, South Korean singer (MBLAQ) November 8 Maryjun Takahashi, Japanese model and actress Mohd Faiz Subri, Malaysian footballer November 10 – Jessica Tovey, Australian actress November 11 Yuya Tegoshi, Japanese singer (NEWS, Tegomass) Giles Matthey, Australian actor November 12 Jason Day, Australian golfer Kengo Kora, Japanese actor Juan José Ballesta, Spanish actor November 14 – Brian Gleeson, Irish actor November 15 – Sergio Llull, Spanish basketball player November 18 – Daniella Mastricchio, Argentine actress November 22 – Mauro Nespoli, Italian archer November 23 – Kasia Struss, Polish model November 24 Elena Satine, American film actress and singer Jeremain Lens, Dutch footballer November 26 – Kat DeLuna, American singer November 28 – Karen Gillan, Scottish actress December December 1 – Sarah Snook, Australian actress December 2 – Isaac Promise, Nigerian footballer (d. 2019) December 3 Michael Angarano, American actor Alicia Sacramone, American gymnast December 4 – Orlando Brown, American actor, rapper and singer December 6 – Jack DeSena, American actor December 7 Aaron Carter, American rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, dancer and record producer Ashley Cheadle, Australian actress, surfer and singer December 8 – Susanne Riesch, German alpine skier December 9 – Hikaru Nakamura, American chess grandmaster December 10 – Gonzalo Higuaín, Argentine footballer December 11 – Miranda Tapsell, Australian actress December 12 – Lao Lishi, Chinese diver December 13 Michael Socha, English actor Rachel Anne Daquis, Filipino volleyball player December 14 - Ana Polvorosa, Spanish actress December 16 – Mame Biram Diouf, Senegalese footballer December 17 Bo Guagua, Chinese princeling and son of former official Bo Xilai Chelsea Manning, American whistleblower December 18 Miki Ando, Japanese figure skater Ayaka, Japanese singer Yuki Furukawa, Japanese actor December 19 Karim Benzema, French footballer Ronan Farrow, American activist Fábio Audi, Brazilian actor and producer December 20 – Michihiro Yasuda, Japanese football player December 25 – LJ Reyes, Filipino actress December 27 – Lily Cole, British model December 28 – Thomas Dekker, American actor, musician, singer, director and producer December 29 – Iain De Caestecker, Scottish actor December 31 Seydou Doumbia, Ivorian football player Émilie Le Pennec, French gymnast Deaths January January 2 – Jean de Gribaldy, French road cyclist and directeur sportif (b. 1922) January 5 – Herman Smith-Johannsen, Norwegian supercentenarian (b. 1875) January 9 – Arthur Lake, American actor (b. 1905) January 10 Håkan Malmrot, Swedish Olympic swimmer (b. 1900) Marion Hutton, American singer and actress (b. 1919) January 14 – Douglas Sirk, German-born film director (b. 1897) January 15 – Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1904) January 16 – Joyce Jameson, American actress (b. 1932) January 22 – R. Budd Dwyer, American politician (b. 1939) January 25 – Asim Ferhatović, Yugoslav footballer (b. 1933) January 27 – Norman McLaren, Canadian animator and director (b. 1914) January 28 – Galo Plaza, Ecuadorian statesman, 29th President of Ecuador (b. 1906) January 31 – Yves Allégret, French film director (b. 1905) February February 1 Gustav Knuth, German film actor (b. 1901) Alessandro Blasetti, Italian film director and screenwriter (b. 1900) February 2 Alistair MacLean, British writer (b. 1922) Carlos José Castilho, Brazilian football goalkeeper (b. 1927) February 3 – Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu, younger brother of Japanese Emperor Hirohito (b. 1905) February 4 – Liberace, American pianist, singer and actor (b. 1919) February 5 Otto Wöhler, German general, serving during World War I and World War II (b. 1894) William Collier Jr., American actor (b. 1902) February 7 – Claudio Villa, Italian singer (b. 1926) February 10 – Robert O'Brien, American racing driver (b. 1908) February 11 – Mark Ashton, Irish gay rights activist (b. 1960) February 12 Dennis Poore, British entrepreneur, financier and sometime racing driver (b. 1916) Raymond Vouel, Luxembourg politician (b. 1923) February 14 – Dmitry Kabalevsky, Russian composer (b. 1904) February 22 – Andy Warhol, American artist, director, writer (b. 1928) February 23 Esmond Knight, English actor (b. 1906) José Afonso, Portuguese singer-songwriter, teacher and activist (b. 1929) February 25 James Coco, American actor (b. 1930) Elisabeth Coit, American architect (b. 1897) February 27 Joan Greenwood, English actress (b. 1921) Franciszek Blachnicki, Polish priest (b. 1921) March March 1 – Freddie Green, American swing jazz guitarist (b. 1911) March 2 – Randolph Scott, American actor (b. 1898) March 3 – Danny Kaye, American singer, actor, and comedian (b. 1911) March 7 – Waldo Salt, American screenwriter (b. 1914) March 11 – Joe Gladwin, English actor (b. 1906) March 15 – W. Sterling Cole, American politician, first Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (b. 1904) March 19 – Louis de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892) March 21 Robert Preston, American actor (b. 1918) Dean Paul Martin, American pop singer and film and television actor (b. 1951) March 22 – Joan Shawlee, American actress (b. 1926) March 26 Walter Abel, American actor (b. 1898) Georg Muche, German painter, printmaker, architect, author, and teacher (b. 1895) Eugen Jochum, German conductor (b. 1902) March 27 – Stane Kavčič, 6th Prime Minister of Slovenia (b. 1919) March 28 Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (b. 1905) Patrick Troughton, English actor (b. 1920) Alphonse Alley, Beninese military officer, former Head of State of Dahomey (b. 1930) April April 1 – Henri Cochet, French tennis champion (b. 1901) April 2 Wang Renmei, Chinese actress and singer (b. 1914) Buddy Rich, American jazz drummer (b. 1917) April 4 – C. L. Moore, American writer (b. 1911) April 5 – Leabua Jonathan, 2nd Prime Minister of Lesotho (b. 1914) April 11 Erskine Caldwell, American writer (b. 1903) Kent Taylor, American actor (b. 1907) Primo Levi, Italian chemist and writer (b. 1919) April 12 – Mike Von Erich, American professional wrestler (b. 1964) April 15 – Masatoshi Nakayama, Japanese karate master (b. 1913) April 17 Carlton Barrett, Jamaican reggae drummer (b. 1950) Cornelius Van Til, Dutch Christian philosopher, reformed theologian, and presuppositional apologist (b. 1895) Dick Shawn, American actor (b. 1923) April 19 Milt Kahl, Animator for the Disney Studio (b. 1909) Antony Tudor, English dancer and choreographer (b. 1908) Maxwell D. Taylor, American general and diplomat (b. 1901) May May 3 – Dalida, French rock musician (b. 1933) May 4 Paul Butterfield, American musician (b. 1942) Cathryn Damon, American actress (b. 1930) May 6 – William J. Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (b. 1913) May 7 – Colin Blakely, Northern Irish actor (b. 1930) May 8 Sir James Plimsoll, Australian public servant (b. 1917) Carl Tchilinghiryan, German businessman (b. 1910) May 9 – Thodoros Kefalopoulos, Greek actor (b. 1894) May 13 Ismael Rivera, Puerto Rican composer and salsa singer (b. 1931) Signe Amundsen, Norwegian operatic soprano (b. 1899) May 14 – Rita Hayworth, American actress and dancer (b. 1918) May 17 – Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898) May 19 – James Tiptree, Jr., American author (b. 1915) May 21 – Alejandro Rey, Argentine actor (b. 1930) May 24 – Hermione Gingold, English actress (b. 1897) May 27 Colin McCahon, New Zealand artist (b. 1919) John Howard Northrop, American biochemist (b. 1891) May 29 Charan Singh, 5th Prime Minister of India (b. 1902) Jozef Langenus, Belgian middle-distance runner (b. 1898) May 31 – John Abraham, Indian film director (b. 1937) June June 1 Errol Barrow, Caribbean statesman, 1st Prime Minister of Barbados (b. 1920) Rashid Karami, Lebanese statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1921) Domenico Piemontesi, Italian road bicycle racer (b. 1903) June 2 – Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (b. 1893) June 3 – Will Sampson, American actor (b. 1933) June 6 – Richard Münch, German actor (b. 1916) June 9 Madge Kennedy, American actress (b. 1891) Raya Dunayevskaya, Russian-born philosopher, founder of Marxist humanism in the United States (b. 1910) June 10 – Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (b. 1943) June 13 Vera Caspary, American screenwriter, novelist, playwright (b. 1899) Geraldine Page, American actress (b. 1924) June 20 – Salim Ali, Indian ornithologist and naturalist (b. 1896) June 22 – Fred Astaire, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1899) June 24 – Jackie Gleason, American actor and comedian (b. 1916) June 26 Arthur F. Burns, American economist (b. 1904) Henk Badings, Dutch composer (b. 1907) June 30 – Federico Mompou, Spanish composer and pianist (b. 1893) July July 2 – Michael Bennett, American theater director and choreographer (b. 1943) July 3 – Viola Dana, American actress (b. 1897) July 4 – Abdul Halim, Indonesian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Indonesia (b. 1911) July 8 – Gerardo Diego, Spanish poet (b. 1896) July 10 – John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910) July 11 – Tom Waddell, American sportsman and competitor (b. 1937) July 17 Kristjan Palusalu, Estonian wrestler (b. 1908) Yujiro Ishihara, Japanese actor (b. 1934) July 20 – Richard Egan, American actor (b. 1921) August August 1 – Pola Negri, Polish born actress (b. 1897) August 2 – Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, 2nd President of Bangladesh (b. 1921) August 5 – Anatoli Papanov, Soviet and Russian stage, film and voice actor (b. 1922) August 6 Léon Noël, French diplomat, politician and historian (b. 1888) Ira C. Eaker, World War II United States Army Air Forces general (b. 1896) August 7 Camille Chamoun, 7th President of Lebanon (b. 1900) Nobusuke Kishi, Japanese politician, 37th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1896) August 10 – Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1893) August 16 – Andrei Mironov, Soviet and Russian theatre and film actor (b. 1941) August 17 Rudolf Hess, German Nazi official (b. 1894) Clarence Brown, American film director (b. 1890) Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Brazilian poet (b. 1902) August 19 – Hayden Rorke, American actor (b. 1910) August 23 – Didier Pironi, French racing driver (b. 1952) August 24 – Bayard Rustin, American civil rights activist (b. 1912) August 26 – Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897) August 28 – John Huston, American film director, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1906) August 29 – Lee Marvin, American actor (b. 1924) September September 1 – Gerhard Fieseler, German World War I flying ace, aerobatics champion, and aircraft designer and manufacturer (b. 1896) September 2 – Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean, President of Argentina (1982) (b. 1926) September 3 – Morton Feldman, American composer (b. 1926) September 4 – Richard Marquand, Welsh film director (b. 1937) September 9 Bill Fraser, Scottish actor (b. 1908) Gerrit Jan Heijn, Dutch businessman (b. 1931) September 11 Peter Tosh, Jamaican singer and musician (b. 1944) Lorne Greene, Canadian actor, radio personality and singer (b. 1915) September 12 John Qualen, Canadian-American actor (b. 1899) J. Lawton Collins, American general (b. 1896) September 13 – Mervyn LeRoy, American film producer and director (b. 1900) September 17 – Vladimir Basov, Soviet actor, film director and screenwriter (b. 1923) September 18 – Américo Tomás, 13th President of Portugal (b. 1894) September 19 – Einar Gerhardsen, former Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1897) September 21 – Jaco Pastorius, American jazz bassist (b. 1951) September 22 Hákun Djurhuus, 4th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1908) Dan Rowan, American comedian (b. 1922) Hédi Váradi, Hungarian actress (b. 1929) September 23 Bob Fosse, American theater choreographer and director (b. 1927) Erland Van Lidth De Jeude, Dutch-born wrestler, opera singer and actor (b. 1953) September 25 Mary Astor, American actress (b. 1906) Emlyn Williams, Welsh writer, dramatist and actor (b. 1905) September 29 – Henry Ford II, president of Ford Motor Company (b. 1917) September 30 – Alfred Bester, American author (b. 1913) October October 2 Madeleine Carroll, English actress (b. 1906) Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1915) October 3 Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (b. 1910) Hans Gál, composer, teacher and author (b. 1890) October 8 Spencer Gordon Bennet, American film producer (b. 1893) Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (b. 1899) October 9 Clare Boothe Luce, American playwright (b. 1903) William P. Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1892) October 11 – Jaime Pardo Leal, Colombian lawyer, union leader, and politician (b. 1941) October 12 Alf Landon, American politician (b. 1887) Fahri Korutürk, Turkish diplomat, 6th President of Turkey (b. 1903) October 13 Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902) Kishore Kumar, Indian actor and playback singer (b. 1929) October 15 – Thomas Sankara, Burkinabe politician, 5th Prime Minister of Burkina Faso and 2nd President of Burkina Faso (b. 1949) October 19 Jacqueline du Pré, British cellist (b. 1945) Hermann Lang, German race car driver (b. 1909) October 20 – Andrey Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician (b. 1903) October 22 – Lino Ventura, Italian actor (b. 1919) October 27 – Vijay Merchant, Indian cricketer (b. 1911) October 28 – André Masson, French artist (b. 1896) October 29 – Woody Herman, American jazz musician (b. 1913) October 30 – Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, author (b. 1904) November November 1 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician, 23rd Premier of Quebec (b. 1922) November 5 – Georges Franju, French filmmaker (b. 1912) November 6 Zohar Argov, Israeli singer (b. 1955) Jean Rivier, French composer of classical music (b. 1896) November 7 – Arne Borg, Swedish Olympic swimmer (b. 1901) November 10 – Seyni Kountché, Nigerien military officer and statesman, 2nd President of Niger (b. 1931) November 12 – Cornelis Vreeswijk, Dutch-born Swedish singer-songwriter, poet and actor (b. 1937) November 18 – Jacques Anquetil, French road racing cyclist (b. 1934) November 23 – Antonio Sastre, Argentine footballer (b. 1911) November 26 – Duncan Sandys, British politician (b. 1908) December December 1 – James Baldwin, African-American novelist, essayist, playwright and poet (b. 1924) December 2 Juan Alberto Melgar Castro, Honduran military officer (b. 1930) Donn F. Eisele, American astronaut (b. 1930) Luis Federico Leloir, French-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906) Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian physicist (b. 1914) December 4 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American film director (b. 1897) December 8 Marcos Calderón, Peruvian football coach (b. 1928) José González Ganoza, Peruvian footballer (b. 1954) December 10 – Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian-born violinist (b. 1901) December 17 Linda Wong, American pornographic actress (b. 1951) Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, Dutch cardinal (b. 1900) December 21 Ralph Nelson, American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor (b. 1916) Robert Paige, American actor (b. 1911) December 22 – Alice Terry, American actress (b. 1899) December 24 Joop den Uyl, Dutch politician and journalist, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1973–1977) (b. 1919) M. G. Ramachandran, Indian actor and Chief Minister of the Tamil Nadu (1977–1987) (b. 1917) December 27 – Priscilla Dean, American actress (b. 1896) Nobel Prizes Physics – J. Georg Bednorz, Karl Alexander Müller Chemistry – Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen Medicine – Susumu Tonegawa Literature – Joseph Brodsky Peace – Óscar Arias Sánchez Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of | Lamar, American rapper Rebecca Breeds, Australian actress June 18 Niels Schneider, French-Canadian actor Zsuzsanna Tomori, Hungarian handball player June 20 A-fu, Taiwanese singer and songwriter Daiana Menezes, Brazilian actress, model, and television host June 21 Mohd Hafiszuan Salehuddin, Malaysian footballer Tomáš Jablonský, Czech football player June 22 Joe Dempsie, English actor Lee Min-ho, South Korean actor, singer and model June 23 Guillaume Bonnafond, French road bicycle racer Aaron Groom, Fijian rugby league footballer Edward Holcroft, English actor June 24 Lionel Messi, Argentine footballer Pierre Vaultier, French snowboarder June 26 – Samir Nasri, French footballer June 27 – Ed Westwick, English actor June 29 – Gal Nevo, Israeli swimmer June 30 – Adi Alsaid, Mexican author July July 1 Choe Kum-hui, North Korean platform diver Ahn Jae-hyun, South Korean model and actor Mehmet Yağmur, Turkish basketball player July 2 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (d. 2008) July 3 Murad Subay, Yemeni artist and political activist Maximilian Mauff, German actor Sebastian Vettel, German racing driver July 4 Ater Majok, Sudanese basketball player Prajwal Devaraj, Indian film actor July 5 David Halaifonua, Tongan rugby union player Ji Chang-wook, South Korean actor Mohd Safiq Rahim, Malaysian footballer Chen Xiao, Chinese actor and model July 6 Kate Nash, British singer-songwriter Caroline Trentini, Brazilian model July 7 – Veronica Wagner, Swedish artistic gymnast July 9 Yūta Furukawa, Japanese actor, songwriter, singer, dancer, and model Rebecca Sugar, American animator and creator of Steven Universe Élodie Fontan, French actress July 11 – Maximilian Müller, German field hockey player July 12 – Anarkali Akarsha, Sri Lankan actress, model, singer, TV host, and a politician July 13 Eva Rivas, Russian-Armenian singer Neil Denis, Canadian actor July 14 Sara Canning, Canadian actress Larry Madowo, Kenyan journalist and news anchor Dan Reynolds, American singer and musician July 15 – Fredric Jonson, Swedish footballer July 16 – AnnaLynne McCord, American actress July 17 Darius Boyd, Australian rugby league player Benedict Martin, Malaysian footballer July 19 Yan Gomes, Brazilian baseball player Ho Ho Lun, Hong Kong wrestler July 20 – Owen Cheung, Hong Kong actor July 22 – Denis Gargaud Chanut, French slalom canoeist July 23 Luiz Gustavo, Brazilian footballer Marta Pihan-Kulesza, Polish artistic gymnast July 24 – Mara Wilson, American actress and writer July 25 – Eran Zahavi, Israeli footballer July 26 – Miriam McDonald, Canadian actress and dancer July 27 Marek Hamšík, Slovak football player Thomas Enevoldsen, Danish footballer July 28 Sumire, Japanese fashion model (d. 2009) Pedro, Spanish footballer July 31 Brittany Byrnes, Australian actress Michael Bradley, American soccer player August August 1 Iago Aspas, Spanish footballer Alper Balaban, Turkish-German footballer (d. 2010) Marcus Diniz, Brazilian footballer Sébastien Pocognoli, Belgian footballer August 2 – Hannah Hoekstra, Dutch actress August 3 Zaquan Adha, Malaysian footballer Gary Medel, Chilean footballer Brandon Peniche, Mexican actor Alexander Søderlund, Norwegian footballer August 4 – Phil Younghusband, British-Filipino footballer August 5 Adrian Petriw, Canadian actor Genelia D'Souza, Indian actress, model, and host August 7 – Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player August 8 – Katie Leung, Scottish actress August 10 – Ari Boyland, New Zealand actor August 11 Jonatas Faro, Brazilian actor and singer Slađa Guduraš, Bosnian recording artist, bit actress, and nurse (d. 2014) August 14 Johnny Gargano, American wrestler Tim Tebow, American football tight end August 16 Eri Kitamura, Japanese voice actress and singer Okieriete Onaodowan, Nigerian actor Carey Price, Canadian ice hockey goaltender August 19 – Nico Hülkenberg, German racing driver August 20 Cătălina Ponor, Romanian gymnast Tulus, Indonesian singer August 21 Kim Kibum, South Korean singer and actor Anton Shipulin, Russian biathlete August 24 – Anže Kopitar, Slovene ice hockey player August 25 Liu Yifei, Chinese actress Blake Lively, American actress Amy Macdonald, Scottish singer and songwriter Rona Nishliu, Albanian singer, radio presenter, and humanitarian August 30 Johanna Braddy, American actress Roy Krishna, Fijian footballer September September 2 Scott Moir, Canadian figure skater Spencer Smith, American musician September 3 – James Neal, Canadian ice hockey player September 4 – Maryna Linchuk, Belarusian model September 6 – Anna Pavlova, Russian artistic gymnast September 7 Evan Rachel Wood, American actress and singer Aleksandra Wozniak, Canadian tennis player September 8 Ray Fisher, American actor Wiz Khalifa, American rapper Alexandre Bilodeau, Canadian freestyle skier September 9 Afrojack, Dutch DJ and music producer Milan Stanković, Serbian pop-folk singer September 11 Ilija Spasojević, Indonesian footballer Susianna Kentikian, German-Armenian boxer Tyler Hoechlin, American actor Elizabeth Henstridge, English actress September 13 – G.NA, Canadian singer September 15 – Aly Cissokho, French footballer September 19 – Danielle Panabaker, American actress September 20 – Alex Pullin, Australian snowboarder (d. 2020) September 21 – Ryan Guzman, American actor September 22 – Tom Felton, English actor and musician September 23 – Skylar Astin, American actor, model and singer September 26 Warren Shankland, South African cricketer Jang Keun Suk, South Korean actor, singer and model September 28 – Hilary Duff, American actress, businesswoman, singer, songwriter, producer, and writer September 29 – Anaïs Demoustier, French actress September 30 Ramy Ashour, Egyptian squash player Aida Garifullina, Russian operatic soprano Elanne Kong, Hong Kong actress and singer October October 1 – Matthew Daddario, American actor October 2 – Christopher Larkin, Korean-American actor and musician October 3 – Zuleyka Rivera, Puerto Rican beauty queen (Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2006, Miss Universe 2006) October 4 – Marina Weisband, German politician October 8 – Aya Hirano, Japanese voice actress and singer October 9 – Melissa Villaseñor, American comedian October 10 – Valentina Favazza, Italian voice actress October 11 – Ariella Käslin, Swiss artistic gymnast October 12 – Besian Idrizaj, Austrian footballer October 15 Jesse Levine, American-Canadian tennis player Qiao Renliang, Chinese actor and singer (d. 2016) Mizuho Sakaguchi, Japanese woman footballer October 16 Seungho, South Korean pop singer (MBLAQ) Zhao Liying, Chinese actress October 18 Zac Efron, American actor and singer Freja Beha Erichsen, Danish model October 20 – Levy Li, Miss Malaysia Universe 2008 October 22 Kain O'Keeffe, Australian actor Donny Montell, Lithuanian singer-songwriter October 23 – Miyuu Sawai, Japanese actress October 24 – Charlie White, American figure skater October 27 Thelma Aoyama, Japanese singer Yi Jianlian, Chinese basketball player (year of birth disputed) October 28 Frank Ocean, American singer and rapper Na Yeon Choi, South Korean female professional golfer October 29 Makoto Ogawa, Japanese singer Cleopatra Coleman, Australian actress November November 1 – Ileana D'Cruz, Indian actress November 3 Colin Kaepernick, American football player Gemma Ward, Australian model Elizabeth Smart, North American activist November 4 – T.O.P, Korean rapper November 5 – Kevin Jonas, American actor and singer-songwriter November 6 Ana Ivanovic, Serbian tennis player G.O, South Korean singer (MBLAQ) November 8 Maryjun Takahashi, Japanese model and actress Mohd Faiz Subri, Malaysian footballer November 10 – Jessica Tovey, Australian actress November 11 Yuya Tegoshi, Japanese singer (NEWS, Tegomass) Giles Matthey, Australian actor November 12 Jason Day, Australian golfer Kengo Kora, Japanese actor Juan José Ballesta, Spanish actor November 14 – Brian Gleeson, Irish actor November 15 – Sergio Llull, Spanish basketball player November 18 – Daniella Mastricchio, Argentine actress November 22 – Mauro Nespoli, Italian archer November 23 – Kasia Struss, Polish model November 24 Elena Satine, American film actress and singer Jeremain Lens, Dutch footballer November 26 – Kat DeLuna, American singer November 28 – Karen Gillan, Scottish actress December December 1 – Sarah Snook, Australian actress December 2 – Isaac Promise, Nigerian footballer (d. 2019) December 3 Michael Angarano, American actor Alicia Sacramone, American gymnast December 4 – Orlando Brown, American actor, rapper and singer December 6 – Jack DeSena, American actor December 7 Aaron Carter, American rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, dancer and record producer Ashley Cheadle, Australian actress, surfer and singer December 8 – Susanne Riesch, German alpine skier December 9 – Hikaru Nakamura, American chess grandmaster December 10 – Gonzalo Higuaín, Argentine footballer December 11 – Miranda Tapsell, Australian actress December 12 – Lao Lishi, Chinese diver December 13 Michael Socha, English actor Rachel Anne Daquis, Filipino volleyball player December 14 - Ana Polvorosa, Spanish actress December 16 – Mame Biram Diouf, Senegalese footballer December 17 Bo Guagua, Chinese princeling and son of former official Bo Xilai Chelsea Manning, American whistleblower December 18 Miki Ando, Japanese figure skater Ayaka, Japanese singer Yuki Furukawa, Japanese actor December 19 Karim Benzema, French footballer Ronan Farrow, American activist Fábio Audi, Brazilian actor and producer December 20 – Michihiro Yasuda, Japanese football player December 25 – LJ Reyes, Filipino actress December 27 – Lily Cole, British model December 28 – Thomas Dekker, American actor, musician, singer, director and producer December 29 – Iain De Caestecker, Scottish actor December 31 Seydou Doumbia, Ivorian football player Émilie Le Pennec, French gymnast Deaths January January 2 – Jean de Gribaldy, French road cyclist and directeur sportif (b. 1922) January 5 – Herman Smith-Johannsen, Norwegian supercentenarian (b. 1875) January 9 – Arthur Lake, American actor (b. 1905) January 10 Håkan Malmrot, Swedish Olympic swimmer (b. 1900) Marion Hutton, American singer and actress (b. 1919) January 14 – Douglas Sirk, German-born film director (b. 1897) January 15 – Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1904) January 16 – Joyce Jameson, American actress (b. 1932) January 22 – R. Budd Dwyer, American politician (b. 1939) January 25 – Asim Ferhatović, Yugoslav footballer (b. 1933) January 27 – Norman McLaren, Canadian animator and director (b. 1914) January 28 – Galo Plaza, Ecuadorian statesman, 29th President of Ecuador (b. 1906) January 31 – Yves Allégret, French film director (b. 1905) February February 1 Gustav Knuth, German film actor (b. 1901) Alessandro Blasetti, Italian film director and screenwriter (b. 1900) February 2 Alistair MacLean, British writer (b. 1922) Carlos José Castilho, Brazilian football goalkeeper (b. 1927) February 3 – Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu, younger brother of Japanese Emperor Hirohito (b. 1905) February 4 – Liberace, American pianist, singer and actor (b. 1919) February 5 Otto Wöhler, German general, serving during World War I and World War II (b. 1894) William Collier Jr., American actor (b. 1902) February 7 – Claudio Villa, Italian singer (b. 1926) February 10 – Robert O'Brien, American racing driver (b. 1908) February 11 – Mark Ashton, Irish gay rights activist (b. 1960) February 12 Dennis Poore, British entrepreneur, financier and sometime racing driver (b. 1916) Raymond Vouel, Luxembourg politician (b. 1923) February 14 – Dmitry Kabalevsky, Russian composer (b. 1904) February 22 – Andy Warhol, American artist, director, writer (b. 1928) February 23 Esmond Knight, English actor (b. 1906) José Afonso, Portuguese singer-songwriter, teacher and activist (b. 1929) February 25 James Coco, American actor (b. 1930) Elisabeth Coit, American architect (b. 1897) February 27 Joan Greenwood, English actress (b. 1921) Franciszek Blachnicki, Polish priest (b. 1921) March March 1 – Freddie Green, American swing jazz guitarist (b. 1911) March 2 – Randolph Scott, American actor (b. 1898) March 3 – Danny Kaye, American singer, actor, and comedian (b. 1911) March 7 – Waldo Salt, American screenwriter (b. 1914) March 11 – Joe Gladwin, English actor (b. 1906) March 15 – W. Sterling Cole, American politician, first Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (b. 1904) March 19 – Louis de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892) March 21 Robert Preston, American actor (b. 1918) Dean Paul Martin, American pop singer and film and television actor (b. 1951) March 22 – Joan Shawlee, American actress (b. 1926) March 26 Walter Abel, American actor (b. 1898) Georg Muche, German painter, printmaker, architect, author, and teacher (b. 1895) Eugen Jochum, German conductor (b. 1902) March 27 – Stane Kavčič, 6th Prime Minister of Slovenia (b. 1919) March 28 Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (b. 1905) Patrick Troughton, English actor (b. 1920) Alphonse Alley, Beninese military officer, former Head of State of Dahomey (b. 1930) April April 1 – Henri Cochet, French tennis champion (b. 1901) April 2 Wang Renmei, Chinese actress and singer (b. 1914) Buddy Rich, American jazz drummer (b. 1917) |
Philippines earlier announced by President Ferdinand Marcos is held amidst controversy, that paves the way for a chain of protests, culminating in the People Power Revolution. February 8 Hinton train collision: A Canadian National train heading westbound collides with a Via Rail train in Hinton, Alberta; 23 people are killed and 71 injured in the accident. February 9 – Halley's Comet reaches its perihelion, the closest point to the Sun, during its second visit to the solar system in the 20th century (the first was in 1910). February 10 - The Maxi Trial (Italian: Maxiprocesso) begins in the bunker room of the Ucciardone prison (Palermo). It will be the largest criminal trial ever celebrated in the history of the age, and the most important against the Sicilian Mafia. February 11 – Human rights activist Natan Sharansky is released by Soviet authorities and leaves the country for Israel. February 15 – The Beechcraft Starship makes its maiden flight. February 16 The Soviet liner sinks in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Ouadi Doum air raid: The French Air Force raids the Libyan Ouadi Doum airbase in northern Chad. Mário Soares wins the second round of the Portuguese presidential election. February 17 – The Single European Act is signed. February 19 The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station. The United States Senate approves a treaty outlawing genocide. February 22 – The People Power Revolution begins in the Philippines to remove President Ferdinand Marcos from office. February 24 – Sherri Rae Rasmussen, a 29 year old nursing administrator was shot to death in her Los Angeles home. The crime remained unsolved for 23 years until LAPD detective Stephanie Lazarus was arrested and charged with her murder on June 5, 2009. Lazarus once dated Rasmussen's husband John Rutten while in college. Lazarus was convicted on March 8, 2012, and was sentenced to 27 years to life in prison. She will not be eligible for parole until 2028. February 25 The 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union opens in Moscow. The General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev introduces the keywords of his mandate to the audience: Glasnost and Perestroika. People Power Revolution: President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines is ousted from power and goes into exile in Hawaii after 21 years of dictatorial rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the first Filipino woman president and forms an interim government with Salvador Laurel becoming her Vice-President and Prime Minister. Egyptian military police, protesting against bad salaries, enter four luxury hotels near the pyramids, set fire to them, and loot them. February 27 – The United States Senate allows its debates to be televised on a trial basis. February 28 – Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme is shot to death on his way home from the cinema in Stockholm, Sweden. March March 1 – Olof Palme's deputy Ingvar Carlsson becomes acting Prime Minister of Sweden. He is elected Prime Minister by the Swedish Riksdag on March 15. March 3 – The first paper is published describing the atomic force microscope invented the previous year by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christopher Berger. March 8 – The Japanese Suisei probe flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind. March 9 – United States Navy divers find the largely intact but heavily damaged crew compartment of the Space Shuttle Challenger; the bodies of all seven astronauts are still inside. March 13 – In a Black Sea incident, American cruiser USS Yorktown and the destroyer USS Caron, claiming the right of innocent passage, enter the Soviet territorial waters near the southern Crimean Peninsula. March 14 – Microsoft Corporation holds its initial public offering of stock shares. March 15 – Hotel New World collapses, 33 killed and 17 rescued from rubble. March 25 – The 58th Academy Awards are held in Los Angeles, with Out of Africa winning Best Picture. March 26 – An article in The New York Times charges that Kurt Waldheim, former United Nations Secretary-General and candidate for president of Austria, may have been involved in Nazi war crimes during World War II. March 27 – Russell Street Bombing: A car bomb explodes at Russell Street Police Headquarters in Russell Street, Melbourne, killing a woman constable, the first Australian policewoman to be killed in the line of duty. March 31 - Mexicana Flight 940 crashes near Maravatío, Mexico, killing 167. April April – The government of Ivory Coast requests international diplomatic use of the French form of its name, Côte d'Ivoire. April 1 – Sector Kanda: Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal) cadres attack a number of police stations in Kathmandu, seeking to incite a popular rebellion. April 2 – A bomb explodes on a Trans World Airlines flight from Rome to Athens, killing 4 people. April 5 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing: The West Berlin discothèque La Belle, a known hangout for United States soldiers, is bombed, killing three and injuring 230; Libya is held responsible. April 11 – The infamous FBI shootout in Miami results in the death of two FBI agents and the wounding of five others. April 13 – Pope John Paul II officially visits the Great Synagogue of Rome, the first time a modern Pope has visited a synagogue. April 13 – The first child born to a non-related surrogate mother is born. April 14 – Hailstones weighing fall on Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, killing 92. April 15 – Operation El Dorado Canyon: At least 15 people die after United States planes bomb targets in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, and the Benghazi region. April 16 – The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands sign a peace treaty, thus ending the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War, one of the longest wars in human history. April 17 Lebanon hostage crisis: British journalist John McCarthy is kidnapped in Beirut (he is released in August 1991) and three others are killed in retaliation for the bombing of Libya. The Hindawi affair begins when an Irishwoman is found carrying explosives onto an El Al flight from London to Tel Aviv. April 18 - Titan 34D-9 explodes just after launch while carrying the final KH-9 satellite. April 21 – Lorimar-Telepictures launches as a mass media company. April 26 – Chernobyl disaster: A mishandled safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union "killed at least 4,056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of property". Radioactive fallout from the accident is concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people are forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the accident, "traces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl were in nearly every country in the northern hemisphere". April 27 – "Captain Midnight" interrupts the HBO satellite feed. April 29 – The Diamond Jubilee of Hirohito is held at the Kokugikan in Tokyo. May May 2 – Expo 86, the 1986 World Exposition on Transportation and Communication, a World's fair, opens in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. May 8 – Óscar Arias is inaugurated into his first term as President of Costa Rica. May 12 – NBC unveils its current peacock logo at the finale of its 60th anniversary special. May 16 – The Seville Statement on Violence is adopted by an international meeting of scientists, convened by the Spanish National Commission for UNESCO, in Seville, Spain. Paramount Pictures releases Top Gun. May 23 – Somali President Siad Barre is injured in a car accident in Mogadishu and taken to Saudi Arabia for treatment. Somali opposition groups see this as an opportunity to try to remove Barre, beginning the Somali Civil War. May 25 Hands Across America: At least 5,000,000 people form a human chain from New York City to Long Beach, California, to raise money to fight hunger and homelessness. The Bangladeshi double-decked ferry Shamia capsizes in the Meghna River, southern Barisal, Bangladesh, killing at least 600. June June – Construction of the Oosterscheldekering, the world's largest openable storm surge flood barrier, is completed in the Netherlands. June 4 – Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel. June 8 – Former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim is elected president of Austria. June 9 – The Rogers Commission releases its report on the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. June 12 – South Africa declares a nationwide state of emergency. June 14 – Fantasyland's Mindbender derails and kills three people. June 22 – In one of the most famous FIFA World Cup matches, Argentinian football player Diego Maradona scores one handball goal (nicknamed the "Hand of God") and then dribbles past the entire English football team to score a second goal (nicknamed "The Goal of the Century") with Argentina winning 2–1 against England. June 23 – Eric Thomas develops LISTSERV, the first email list management software. June 29 – Argentina defeats West Germany 3–2 to win the 1986 World Cup in Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. July July 2 – Walt Disney Pictures releases the company's 26th animated film, The Great Mouse Detective. July 4 – The Statue of Liberty is reopened to the public after celebrating its centennial and an extensive refurbishment. July 7 – Australian drug smugglers Kevin Barlow and Brian Chambers are executed in Malaysia. July 11 – The New Zealand Homosexual Law Reform Act decriminalizes consensual sex between men from the age of 16. July 23 – In London, Prince Andrew, Duke of York marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey. August August 6 A low-pressure system moving from South Australia and redeveloping off the New South Wales coast dumps a record of rain in a day on Sydney. Australian Democrats leader Don Chipp retires from federal parliament and is succeeded by Janine Haines, the first woman to lead a political party in Australia. August 19 – Two weeks after it was stolen, the Picasso painting Weeping Woman is found in a locker at the Spencer Street Station in Melbourne, Australia. August 20 – In Edmond, Oklahoma, United States Postal Service employee Patrick Sherrill guns down 14 of his coworkers before committing suicide. August 21 – The Lake Nyos disaster, a limnic eruption, occurs in Cameroon, killing nearly 2,000 people. August 31 The Soviet passenger liner collides with the bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev in the Black Sea and sinks almost immediately, killing 398. Aeroméxico Flight 498, a Douglas DC-9, collides with a Piper PA-28 over Cerritos, California, killing 82 (67 on both aircraft and 15 on the ground). The cargo ship Khian Sea departs from the docks of Philadelphia, carrying 14,000 tons of toxic waste. It wanders the seas for the next 16 months trying to find a place to dump its cargo. The waste is later dumped in Haiti. September September 1 – Jordan University of Science and Technology is established in Jordan. September 4 – Eusko Alkartasuna, the Basque Social Democratic Party, is created in Vitoria-Gasteiz. September 5 – Pan Am Flight 73, with 358 people on board, is hijacked at Karachi International Airport by four Abu Nidal terrorists. September 6 The Big Mac Index is introduced in The Economist newspaper as a semi-humorous international measure of purchasing power parity. In Istanbul, two Abu Nidal terrorists kill 22 and wound 6 inside the Neve Shalom Synagogue during Shabbat services. September 7 Desmond Tutu becomes the first black Anglican Church bishop in South Africa. Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet survives an assassination attempt by the FPMR; 5 of Pinochet's bodyguards are killed. September 13 – The 6.0 Kalamata earthquake shook southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The shock left at least 20 dead, 300 injured, and caused $5 million in damage. September 28 – The Democratic Progressive Party is founded. It was part of the Tangwai movement in the new generation to challenge Kuomintang in Taiwan's one-party politics, and is currently one of only two parties to win presidential elections in Taiwan. October October 1 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Goldwater–Nichols Act into law, making official the largest reorganization of the United States Department of Defense since the Air Force was made a separate branch of service in 1947. October 3 – TASCC, a superconducting cyclotron, officially opens at Chalk River Laboratories. A hybrid solar eclipse was visible off the coast of Iceland, and was the 53rd solar eclipse of Solar Saros 124. October 9 United States District Court Judge Harry E. Claiborne becomes the fifth federal official to be removed from office through impeachment. News Corporation completes its acquisition of the Metromedia group of companies, thereby launching the Fox Broadcasting Company. The Phantom of the Opera, the longest running Broadway show in history, opens at Her Majesty's Theatre in London. October 10 – The 5.7 San Salvador earthquake shook San Salvador, El Salvador with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Up to 1,500 people were killed. October 11 – 12 – Cold War: Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe, which end in failure. October 16 – The International Olympic Committee chooses Albertville, France to be the host city of the 1992 Winter Olympics and Barcelona, Spain to be the host city of the 1992 Summer Olympics. The IOC also announces that the summer and winter games will separate with the winter games on every even, common year; and the summer games on every leap year starting from 1992. October 19 – Mozambican President Samora Machel's plane crashes in South Africa. October 21 – The Marshall Islands became an associated state under the Compact of Free Association. October 22 – In New York City, WNBC Radio's traffic helicopter crashes into the Hudson River, killing traffic reporter Jane Dornacker. The last words heard on-the-air are Dornacker's screams of terror, "Hit the water! Hit the water! Hit the water!" October 26 Bus deregulation goes into effect in the United Kingdom, except Greater London and Northern Ireland. The state funeral of President Samora Machel of Mozambique takes place in Maputo. October 27 The New York Mets win 4 games to 3 in the 1986 World Series against the Boston Red Sox. October 29 – British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher officially opens the M25 Motorway, which encircles Greater London, in a ceremony on the carriageway near Potters Bar. It became Europe's second longest orbital road upon completion, and provides the first and only full bypass of London. October 30 - The National Park Passport Stamps program begins in the United States. November November 1 Queensland, Australia: Joh Bjelke-Petersen wins his final election as Premier of Queensland with 38.6% of the vote. He resigns on December 1, 1987, following revelations of his involvement with corruption released in the Fitzgerald Inquiry. Sandoz chemical spill: a major environmental disaster near Basel, Switzerland, pollutes the Rhine. November 3 Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been selling weapons to Iran in secret, in order to secure the release of 7 American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon. The Northern Mariana Islands enter in a political union with the | Thornton, American actress, radio personality and singer February 15 Valeri Bojinov, Bulgarian footballer Ami Koshimizu, Japanese voice actress Amber Riley, American actress, singer and author February 17 – Brett Kern, American football player February 18 Brenan Espartinez, Filipino singer and actor Vika Jigulina, Romanian music producer, dance singer and DJ Alessandra Mastronardi, Italian actress Gregory Vargas, Venezuelan basketball player February 19 Björn Gustafsson, Swedish comedian Ophelia Lovibond, British actress Marta, Brazilian-born footballer Maria Mena, Norwegian pop singer February 21 Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, member of the Belgian Royal Family Charlotte Church, Welsh singer, actress, and television presenter February 22 – Miko Hughes, American actor February 23 Emerson da Conceição, Brazilian footballer Skylar Grey, American pop singer Kazuya Kamenashi, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor Boipelo Makhothi, Lesotho swimmer Jerod Mayo, American football player Ola Svensson, Swedish pop singer February 25 Danny Saucedo, Swedish pop and dance singer Justin Berfield, American actor, writer, and producer James and Oliver Phelps, English actors February 26 Leila Lopes, Angolan Miss Universe Crystal Kay, Japanese actress and pop singer Teresa Palmer, Australian actress, writer, model and film producer March March 1 Ayumu Goromaru, Japanese rugby union player Jonathan Spector, American soccer player March 2 – Ethan Peck, American actor March 3 Stacie Orrico, American singer Mehmet Topal, Turkish footballer March 4 – Margo Harshman, American actress March 5 Corey Brewer, American basketball player Julie Henderson, American model Andrew Jenks, American filmmaker Sarah J. Maas, American novelist Shikabala, Egyptian footballer March 6 Eli Marienthal, American actor Francisco Cervelli, Venezuelan baseball player Charlie Mulgrew, Scottish footballer March 8 Tal Slutzker, Israeli painter and poet Princess Tsuguko of Takamado, member of the Japanese Imperial Family March 9 – Brittany Snow, American actress, producer, director and singer March 11 Dario Cologna, Swiss Olympic skier Mariko Shinoda, Japanese singer, actress, fashion model, and idol March 12 Danny Jones, British musician František Rajtoral, Czech footballer (d. 2017) March 13 Chiaki Kyan, Japanese gravure idol Kousuke Yonehara, Japanese singer and actor March 14 – Jamie Bell, English actor and dancer March 15 – Jai Courtney, Australian actor March 16 Alexandra Daddario, American actress Ken Doane, American professional wrestler T. J. Jordan, American basketball player Daisuke Takahashi, Japanese figure skater March 17 Edin Džeko, Bosnian footballer Olesya Rulin, Russian-born actress March 18 – Lykke Li, Swedish singer-songwriter March 19 – Anne Vyalitsyna, Russian model March 20 – Ruby Rose, Australian actress and model March 21 Scott Eastwood, American actor Michu, Spanish footballer March 22 – Matt Bush, American actor March 23 Brett Eldredge, American country music singer Steven Strait, American musician, actor, and fashion model March 24 – Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Ukrainian-American dancer March 25 Marco Belinelli, Italian basketball player Megan Gibson, American softball player Kyle Lowry, American basketball player March 26 Jonny Craig, Canadian-American singer Jessica Hart, Australian model Misty Stone, American pornographic actress Alexander Taraikovsky, Belarusian demonstrator (d. 2020) March 27 SoCal Val, American professional wrestling personality Manuel Neuer, German football goalkeeper March 28 Lady Gaga, American singer, songwriter and actress Bowe Bergdahl, American soldier and deserter captured by the Taliban Amaia Salamanca, Spanish actress and model March 29 Lucas Elliot Eberl, American actor and director Romina Oprandi, Italian tennis player March 30 Tessa Ferrer, American actress Sergio Ramos, Spanish footballer April April 1 Ellen Hollman, American actress Kid Ink, American hip-hop musician Yurika Nakamura, Japanese athlete Hillary Scott, American musician April 2 Lee DeWyze, American rock musician Drew Van Acker, American actor April 3 Amanda Bynes, American actress and fashion designer Coleen Rooney, English media personality April 4 Labinot Harbuzi, Swedish footballer (d. 2018) Eunhyuk, South Korean actor and singer Steven Brown, Australian judoka personnel April 7 – Choi Si-won, South Korean actor and singer April 8 Igor Akinfeev, Russian footballer Cliff Avril, American football player Félix Hernández, Venezuelan baseball player Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress, singer, and model April 9 Leighton Meester, American actress Jordan Masterson, American actor April 10 Sam Attwater, British actor Fernando Gago, Argentine footballer Vincent Kompany, Belgian footballer April 11 – Esteban Vizcarra, Argentine-Indonesian fotballer April 12 – Matt McGorry, American actor and activist April 14 – Thaila Ayala, Brazilian actress and model April 15 – Tom Heaton, English footballer April 16 Sufe Bradshaw, American actress Shinji Okazaki, Japanese football player Paul Di Resta, British racing driver April 17 Romain Grosjean, French racing driver Zheng Kai, Chinese actor April 18 – Maurice Edu, American footballer April 19 – Candace Parker, American basketball player April 20 Pablo Martín, Spanish golfer Cameron Duncan, New Zealand director and writer (d. 2003) April 22 Amanda Berry, American author and abduction survivor Viktor Fayzulin, Russian footballer Amber Heard, American actress Marshawn Lynch, American football player April 23 – Sven Kramer, Dutch speed skater April 24 – Tahyna Tozzi, Australian model, singer and actress April 25 Daniel Sharman, English actor John DeLuca, American actor and singer April 27 Jenna Coleman, British actress Dinara Safina, Russian tennis player April 28 Jenna Ushkowitz, American stage and television actress and singer Jazmín Beccar Varela, Argentine actress April 30 – Dianna Agron, American actress, singer and dancer May May 1 Christian Benítez, Ecuadorian footballer (d. 2013) Diego Valeri, Argentine footballer Cassie Jaye, American actress and film director May 2 Emily Hart, American actress and voice actress Thomas McDonell, American actor, musician, and artist May 5 – Grace Wong, Hong Kong actress and beauty pageant contestant May 6 Tyler Hynes, Canadian actor and film maker Sasheer Zamata, American actress and comedian May 7 – Rianne ten Haken, Dutch model May 8 – Laura Spencer, American actress May 12 Jonathan Orozco, Mexican footballer Emily VanCamp, Canadian actress May 13 Lena Dunham, American actress and producer Robert Pattinson, English actor and musician Alexander Rybak, Norwegian singer and violinist May 14 Alyosha, Ukrainian singer Mey Chan, Indonesian singer Marco Motta, Italian footballer Camila Sodi, Mexican actress, singer and model May 15 – Matías Fernández, Chilean footballer May 16 Drew Roy, American actor Megan Fox, American actress and model Shamcey Supsup, Filipina beauty queen, host and pageant director May 17 Amy Gumenick, Swedish actress Tahj Mowry, American actor and singer Eric Lloyd, American actor, comedian, musician and producer Erin Richards, Welsh actress, director and writer May 18 - Natalia Osipova, Russian ballerina May 20 – Louisa Krause, American actress May 21 Kevin Kraxner, former Austrian ice hockey player Ricardo Lockette, American football player Mario Mandžukić, Croatian footballer May 22 Thandeka Mdeliswa, South African actress (d. 2020) Julian Edelman, American football player Molly Ephraim, American actress Tatiana Volosozhar, Ukrainian-born Russian figure skater May 23 Nico Colaluca, American footballer Ryan Coogler, American film director, producer, and screenwriter Valentina Marchei, Italian figure skater Jordan Zimmermann, American baseball player May 24 Mark Ballas, American dancer, actor, and musician Carolina Rodriguez, Spanish rhythmic gymnast May 25 – Juri Ueno, Japanese actress May 26 – Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey, Spanish actress and model May 27 – Timo Descamps, Belgian actor and singer May 28 Joseph Cross, American actor Bryant Dunston, American-Armenian basketball player Charles N'Zogbia, French footballer Britt McHenry, American sports reporter Seth Rollins, American professional wrestler May 29 Hornswoggle, American professional wrestler and actor Eleazar Gómez, Mexican actor Jaslene Gonzalez, Puerto Rican fashion model May 30 Will Peltz, American actor Pasha Parfeni, Moldovan singer May 31 Brooke Castile, American figure skater Robert Gesink, Dutch cyclist Sopho Khalvashi, Georgian musician Melissa McIntyre, Canadian actress June June 1 Ricardo Abarca, Mexican actor and singer Moses Ndiema Masai, Kenyan runner Dayana Mendoza, Venezuelan model and beauty queen Chinedu Obasi, Nigerian footballer Skream, British DJ and producer Ben Smith, New Zealand rugby player Alessio Puccio, Italian voice actor June 2 Todd Carney, Australian rugby player Curtis Lofton, American football player June 3 Al Horford, Dominican basketball player Brenden Jefferson, American actor Alexandros Karageorgiou, Greek archer Micah Kogo, Kenyan runner Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player Josh Segarra, American actor Adrián Vallés, Spanish race car driver Tomáš Verner, Czech Republic ice skater June 4 Oona Chaplin, Spanish-English actress and dancer Fahriye Evcen, German-Turkish actress Shane Kippel, Canadian actor Shelly Woods, British wheelchair racer Yoochun, South Korean musician and actor June 5 Christian Baracat, German rugby player Dave Bolland, Canadian ice hockey player Amanda Crew, Canadian actress Vernon Gholston, American football player June 6 Justin Allgaier, American race car driver Kim Hyun-joong, South Korean actor, model and singer Junichi Tazawa, Japanese-American baseball player Leslie Carter, American pop singer (d. 2012) June 9 – Adamo Ruggiero, Canadian actor June 10 Hajime Hosogai, Japanese footballer Joey Zimmerman, American actor and musician June 11 – Shia LaBeouf, American actor, performance artist, and filmmaker June 12 Benjamin Schmideg, Australian actor Cintia Dicker, Brazilian model Jessica Keenan Wynn, American actress Luke Youngblood, British actor Mario Casas, Spanish actor Gary Buckland, Welsh former professional boxer of Romani descent June 13 Kat Dennings, American actress DJ Snake, French DJ and producer Keisuke Honda, Japanese football player Ashley Olsen, American actress Mary-Kate Olsen, American actress Måns Zelmerlöw, Swedish pop singer and television presenter June 14 – Haley Hudson, American actress June 15 – Momoko Ueda, Japanese golfer June 16 – Fernando Muslera, Uruguayan footballer June 17 Marie Avgeropoulos, Canadian actress and model Lisa Haydon, Indian actress June 18 Richard Gasquet, French tennis player Richard Madden, Scottish actor Shusaku Nishikawa, Japanese footballer Meaghan Rath, Canadian film and television actress Crystal Renn, American model and author June 19 Nazareno Casero, Argentinian actor Erin Mackey, American actress and singer Marvin Williams, American basketball player June 20 – Dreama Walker, American actress June 21 – Cheick Tioté, Ivorian footballer (d. 2017) June 23 Marti Malloy, American judoka Simon Špilak, Slovenian road bicycle racer Colin Ryan, English actor June 24 Stuart Broad, English cricketer Solange Knowles, American actress and singer Bojana Stamenov, Serbian singer June 25 Lee Ho-suk, South Korean short-track skater Ace Mahbaz, Iranian actor and writer June 26 – Mohd Farizal Marlias, Malaysian footballer June 27 Drake Bell, American actor, voice actor, singer, songwriter, and musician Sam Claflin, British actor LaShawn Merritt, American sprinter Kristal Uzelac, American artistic gymnast June 28 Matteo Lane, American comedian, opera singer, and oil painter Suzuko Mimori, Japanese voice actress and singer Kellie Pickler, American singer Shadia Simmons, Canadian actress Maya Stojan, Swiss actress June 29 Christopher Egan, Australian actor Mohd Farizal Marlias, Malaysian footballer Edward Maya, Romanian musician Iya Villania, Filipina TV personality June 30 Alicia Fox, American professional wrestler and model Azat Nurgaliev, Kazakh footballer July July 1 Saw Yi Khy, Malaysian swimmer Ekaterina Malysheva, Russian designer and filmmaker July 2 Lindsay Lohan, American actress, singer-songwriter, businesswoman, fashion designer, and film producer Bruno Rezende, Brazilian volleyball player July 3 – Felixia Yeap, Malaysian model July 4 Jaclyn Betham, American actress and ballet dancer Takahisa Masuda, Japanese actor and singer July 5 Iurii Cheban, Ukrainian canoe sprinter Ashkan Dejagah, Iranian footballer July 7 Wan Azraie, Malaysian footballer Igor Klitsov, Russian footballer Sevyn Streeter, American singer July 8 Renata Costa, Brazilian footballer Jake McDorman, American film and television actor July 9 – Kiely Williams, American actress and singer July 10 Shintaro Yamada, Japanese fashion model, actor and singer Wyatt Russell, American actor Tom Richards, English squash player July 11 – Raúl García, Spanish footballer July 12 – JP Pietersen, South African rugby player July 13 – Stanley Weber, French actor and theatre director July 14 Sanam Baloch, Pakistani VJ, actress and anchor Peta Murgatroyd, New Zealand-born Australian dancer Dan Smith, British singer July 15 – Mishael Morgan, Canadian actress July 17 Dana, Korean singer, dancer and actress Mojo Rawley, American professional wrestler and former American professional football player July 18 James Sorensen, Australian model and actor Natalia Mikhailova, Russian former competitive ice dancer Mustapha Jarju, Gambian footballer Travis Milne, Canadian actor July 19 – Jinder Mahal, Canadian professional wrestler July 20 – Osric Chau, Canadian actor and martial artist July 21 Livia Brito, Cuban-Mexican actress and model Betty Gilpin, American actress Diane Guerrero, American actress July 22 – Zeus, Motswana hip-hop artist, MC and businessman July 23 Aya Uchida, Japanese voice actress Ayaka Komatsu, Japanese actress, model and gravure idol July 24 Vugar Gashimov, Azerbaijani chess grandmaster (d. 2014) Megan Park, Canadian actress and singer Natalie Tran, Australian comedian Remy Hii, Malaysian-Australian actor July 25 – Hulk, Brazilian footballer July 26 – Monica Raymund, American actress July 27 – Nathan Stephenson, Canadian actor July 28 Alexandra Chando, American actress Nolan Gerard Funk, Canadian actor and singer July 30 Jung Chul-woon, South Korean football player Danielle Keaton, American actress July 31 – Evgeni Malkin, Russian hockey player August August 1 - Josh Harder, American politician August 3 Charlotte Casiraghi, Monegasque heiress, royal and socialite Andrew McFarlane, American actor Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Prince of Luxembourg August 4 – Oleg Ivanov, Russian footballer August 5 Paula Creamer, American golfer Kyoko Oshima, Japanese artistic gymnast August 6 – Bryan Young, Canadian ice hockey player August 7 Altaír Jarabo, Mexican actress and model Paul Biedermann, German swimmer Nancy Sumari, Tanzanian beauty queen and model August 8 Jackie Cruz, Dominican-American actress Peyton List, American actress Paula Forteza, French-Argentine politician August 11 Kaori Fukuhara, Japanese voice actress Colby Rasmus, American baseball player August 14 – Nigel Boogaard, Australian footballer August 15 – Teddy Sinclair, English singer-songwriter August 16 – Yu Darvish, Japanese baseball player August 17 – Tobias Schönenberg, German actor and photo model August 19 – Christina Perri, American pop and rock musician August 20 – Ryo Katsuji, Japanese actor and voice actor August 21 Usain Bolt, Jamaican sprinter Brooks Wheelan, American actor, comedian and writer August 22 Keiko Kitagawa, Japanese actress Benjamin Satterley, English professional wrestler August 23 Ayron Jones, American musician Neil Cicierega, American Internet artist Andra, Romanian singer August 26 Big K.R.I.T., American rapper Cassie Ventura, American singer, songwriter, model, actress and dancer Saint Jhn, Guyanese-American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer August 27 – Sebastian Kurz, Austrian politician, 25th Chancellor of Austria August 28 Briggs, Australian rapper Armie Hammer, American actor Gilad Shalit, Israeli soldier/hostage Florence Welch, British singer August 29 Lea Michele, American actress, singer, and author Hajime Isayama, Japanese manga artist, and creator of Attack on Titan August 30 – Ryan Ross, American guitarist August 31 Melanie Schlanger, Australian freestyle swimmer Feng Tianwei, Singaporean table tennis player September September 1 – Jean Sarkozy, French politician September 2 Moses Ndiema Kipsiro, Ugandan middle-distance runner Stevan Faddy, Montenegrin singer September 3 OMI, Jamaican-born singer Shaun White, American professional snowboarder September 4 Jaclyn Hales, American actress Xavier Woods, American professional wrestler September 5 - Francis Ngannou, Cameroonian Professional MMA Fighter September 7 Eric Kofi-Abrefa, British actor Charlie Daniels, English footballer September 8 – Jake Sandvig, American actor September 9 – José Aldo, Brazilian mixed martial artist September 10 Greg Garbowsky, American musician Ryuji Kamiyama, Japanese vocalist and actor Sarah Levy, Canadian actress Carlos Paparoni, Venezuelan politician September 12 Alfie Allen, English actor Yuto Nagatomo, Japanese footballer Emmy Rossum, American actress and singer Yang Mi, Chinese actress and singer September 13 – Kamui Kobayashi, Japanese professional racing driver September 14 A. J. Trauth, American actor and musician Ai Takahashi, Japanese singer Tinchy Stryder, Ghanaian musician September 15 Jenna McCorkell, British figure skater Heidi Montag, American television personality September 16 – Kyla Pratt, American actress and singer September 18 – Renaud Lavillenie, French pole vaulter September 19 Mandy Musgrave, American actress Sally Pearson, Australian athlete Ilya Salmanzadeh, Swedish music producer Peter Vack, American actor, writer, director and producer September 20 Aldis Hodge, American actor Diego Sinagra, Italian footballer September 21 – Lindsey Stirling, American violinist, dancer, performance artist, and composer September 24 Leah Dizon, American singer and model Eloise Mumford, American actress September 26 Ashley Leggat, Canadian actress September 27 – Natasha Thomas, Danish singer and songwriter September 28 – Andrés Guardado, Mexican footballer September 30 Cristián Zapata, Colombian footballer Olivier Giroud, French footballer Ki Hong Lee, Korean-American actor October October 1 Sayaka Kanda, Japanese actress and singer (d. 2021) Jurnee Smollett, American actress October 2 Kiko Casilla, Spanish footballer Camilla Belle, Brazilian-American actress, director, writer and producer October 3 – Joonas Suotamo, Finnish basketball player and actor October 5 – Novica Veličković, Serbian basketball player October 6 Luisa D'Oliveira, Canadian actress Tereza Kerndlová, Czech singer Olivia Thirlby, American actress October 7 Holland Roden, American actress Amber Stevens West, American actress and model October 9 – Laure Manaudou, French swimmer October 10 Lucy Griffiths, English actress Nathan Jawai, Australian basketball player October 12 Li Wenliang, Chinese ophthalmologist (d. 2020) Tyler Blackburn, American actor, singer and model October 13 – Gabby Agbonlahor, English footballer October 14 Wesley Matthews, American basketball player Iveta Mukuchyan, Armenian singer, model and actress Skyler Shaye, American actress October 15 Ali Fazal, Indian actor Paul Walter Hauser, American actor Lee Donghae, Korean singer October 16 Franco Armani, Argentine footballer Craig Pickering, English sprinter Inna, Romanian singer October 17 - Mohombi, Congolese urban singer-songwriter and dancer October 18 – Loukas Giorkas, Greek-Cypriot singer and model October 20 – Elyse Taylor, Australian model October 21 Tamerlan Tsarnaev, Russian-American terrorist (d. 2013) Christopher von Uckermann, Mexican-Swedish singer, songwriter and actor October 22 Chancellor, American musician Kyle Gallner, American actor Kara Lang, Canadian footballer October 23 Emilia Clarke, English actress Jessica Stroup, American actress and fashion model LoLa Monroe, American rapper, model and actress October 24 Drake, Canadian actor and hip-hop rapper Nobuhiko Okamoto, Japanese voice actor and singer John Ruddy, English footballer October 25 – Chiquito Felipe do Carmo, East Timorese football player October 27 Erica Dasher, American actress Inbar Lavi, Israeli actress October 28 – Tamar Kaprelian, Armenian-American musician and singer October 29 Italia Ricci, Canadian actress Derek Theler, American actor October 30 Thomas Morgenstern, Austrian Olympic ski jumper Hiba Abouk, Spanish-Tunisian actress November November 1 – Penn Badgley, American actor and musician November 3 Davon Jefferson, American basketball player Jasmine Trias, Filipino singer Heo Young-Saeng, South Korean singer Joseline Hernandez, Puerto Rican reality television personality, rapper, and actress November 4 Alexz Johnson, Canadian actress and singer Angelica Panganiban, Filipino-American actress and comedian November 5 Kasper Schmeichel, Danish footballer Nodiko Tatishvili, Georgian singer November 6 – Katie Leclerc, American actress November 7 – James Ferraro, American musician and contemporary artist November 8 – Aaron Swartz, American programmer (d. 2013) November 10 Andy Mientus, American actor, singer, composer and writer Josh Peck, American actor and director Samuel Wanjiru, Kenyan athlete (d. 2011) November 11 François Trinh-Duc, French rugby player Greta Salóme Stefánsdóttir, Icelandic singer and violinist Radhika Kumaraswamy, Indian actress Rafael de la Fuente, Venezuelan actor and singer November 12 – Evan Yo, Taiwanese singer-songwriter November 13 - Kevin Bridges, Scottish stand-up comedian November 14 Cory Michael Smith, American actor Yuna, Malaysian singer, songwriter, and businesswoman November 15 Winston Duke, Tobagonian actor Sania Mirza, Indian tennis player November 17 Karmichael Hunt, New Zealand-Australian sportsperson Nani, Cape Verde-born Portuguese footballer Greg Rutherford, British athlete Alexis Vastine, French boxer (d. 2015) November 20 Ashley Fink, American actress and singer Lee Gye-deok, South Korean singer and activist Oliver Sykes, English musician and vocalist of Bring Me the Horizon November 21 – Sam Palladio, British actor and musician November 22 Oscar Pistorius, South African Paralympic runner Sebastián Zurita, Mexican actor November 23 – Alejandro Alfaro, Spanish footballer November 24 Jimmy Graham, American football player Pedro León, Spanish soccer player Mohamed Massaquoi, American football player Guðmundur Pétursson, Icelandic soccer player Micaela Vázquez, Argentine actress November 25 – Katie Cassidy, American singer and model November 26 – Kanae Ito, Japanese voice actress November 27 – Suresh Raina, Indian cricket player November 28 Pamela Bianca Manalo, Filipina beauty queen and actress Johnny Simmons, American actor December December 1 – DeSean Jackson, American football player December 4 – Martell Webster, American basketball player December 8 Amir Khan, British boxer Kate Voegele, American singer-songwriter and actress December 11 Alex House, Canadian actor Lee Peltier, English footballer Condola Rashād, American actress December 15 Radosław Majewski, Polish footballer Xiah, Korean singer December 17 – Emma Bell, American actress December 18 – Jery Sandoval, Colombian actress, model and singer December 19 Calvin Andrew, English footballer Ryan Babel, Dutch footballer December 22 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Nigerian terrorist December 24 Ana Brenda Contreras, Mexican actress and singer Satomi Ishihara, Japanese actress December 26 Joe Alexander, American-Israeli basketball player Mew Azama, Japanese actress Kit Harington, British actor December 27 Jamaal Charles, American football player Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Jamaican sprinter December 29 – Kim Ok-bin, South Korean actress and model December 30 Ellie Goulding, British singer Max Walker, Canadian actor Deaths January January 4 Christopher Isherwood, English writer (b. 1904) Phil Lynott, Irish musician, lead singer and bassist (Thin Lizzy) (b. 1949) January 5 – Ilmari Salminen, Finnish Olympic athlete (b. 1902) January 6 – Una Merkel, American actress (b. 1903) January 7 – Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer (b. 1917) January 10 – Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901) January 12 – Juan Carlos Corazzo, Uruguayan football player (b. 1907) January 13 – Abdul Fattah Ismail, Leader of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) (b. 1939) January 14 – Donna Reed, American actress (b. 1921) January 16 – Herbert W. Armstrong, founded the Worldwide Church of God (b. 1892) January 17 – Abdul Majid Kubar, 4th Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1909) January 23 – Willard Van Dyke, American filmmaker and photographer (b. 1906) January 24 Victor Crutchley, British admiral (b. 1893) L. Ron Hubbard, American writer and founder of Scientology (b. 1911) Gordon MacRae, American actor and singer (b. 1921) January 27 Nikhil Banerjee, Indian classical sitarist (b. 1931) Lilli Palmer, German actress (b. 1914) January 28 – In the Challenger disaster: Gregory Jarvis, American astronaut (b. 1944) Christa McAuliffe, American astronaut and teacher (b. 1948) Ronald McNair, American astronaut (b. 1950) Ellison Onizuka, American astronaut (b. 1946) Judith Resnik, American astronaut (b. 1949) Dick Scobee, American astronaut (b. 1939) Michael J. Smith, American astronaut (b. 1945) January 29 – Leif Erickson, American actor (b. 1911) February February 1 Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1902) Ida Rhodes, American mathematician, pioneer in computer programming (b. 1900) February 7 Minoru Yamasaki, Japanese architect, designed the twin towers of the World Trade Center (b. 1912) Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegalese historian, anthropologist, physicist, and politician (b. 1923) February 10 – Brian Aherne, British actor (b. 1902) February 11 – Frank Herbert, American author (b. 1920) February 14 – Edmund Rubbra, British composer (b. 1901) February 16 – Howard Da Silva, American actor (b. 1909) February 17 Jiddu Krishnamurti, Indian philosopher (b. 1895) Paul Stewart, American actor (b. 1908) February 19 Francisco Mignone, Brazilian classical music (b. 1897) Barry Seal, American smuggler of drugs and arms, aircraft pilot, and money launderer and former Trans Worlds Airlines pilot (b. 1939) Adolfo Celi, Italian actor and director (b. 1922) February 20 – Bert Schneider, Canadian boxer (b. 1897) February 21 – Mart Stam, Dutch architect (b. 1899) February 24 – Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician and "Father of medicare" in Canada (b. 1904) February 25 – Pasquale Festa Campanile, Italian screenwriter, film director and novelist (b. 1927) February 27 – Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (b. 1929) February 28 – Olof Palme, Swedish politician, 26th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1927) March March 4 Richard Manuel, Canadian musician (The Band) (b. 1943) Howard Greenfield, American songwriter (b. 1936) March 6 Adolph Caesar, American actor (b. 1933) Georgia O'Keeffe, American artist (b. 1887) Zhu Guangqian, Chinese esthetician, modern literary theorist, and famous scholar (b.1897) March 10 – Ray Milland, Welsh-American actor and director (b. 1907) March 13 – Eugen Gerstenmaier, German politician, 20 July Plotter (b. 1906) March 15 – Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez, Mexican Roman Catholic archbishop and cardinal (b. 1895) March 17 – John Bagot Glubb, British soldier (b. 1897) March 18 – Bernard Malamud, American writer (b. 1914) March 19 – Jon Lormer, American actor (b. 1906) March 22 Charles Starrett, American actor (b. 1903) Martin Harlinghausen, German air force general (b. 1902) March 23 Moshe Feinstein, Orthodox rabbi (b. 1895) Anastasia Zuyeva, Soviet actress (b. 1896) March 24 – Michael, Prince of Montenegro (b. 1908) March 28 – Virginia Gilmore, American actress (b. 1919) March 29 – Harry Ritz, American actor (b. 1907) March 30 – James Cagney, American actor and dancer (b. 1899) March 31 – Jerry Paris, American actor and director (b. 1925) April April 1 – Erik Bruhn, Danish danseur and choreographer (b. 1928) April 3 – Sir Peter Pears, English tenor (b. 1910) April 7 – Leonid Kantorovich, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912) April 8 – Yukiko Okada, Japanese idol singer (b. 1967) April 14 – Simone de Beauvoir, French feminist writer (b. 1908) April 15 Jean Genet, French writer (b. 1910) Tim McIntire, American actor (b. 1944) Robert Marjolin, French economist and politician, 1st Secretary-General of the OECD (b. 1911) April 17 Paul Costello, American Olympic rower – double sculls (b. 1894) Marcel Dassault, French aircraft industrialist (b. 1892) Bessie Head, South African writer (b. 1937) April 19 – Alvin Childress, American actor (b. 1907) April 20 – Aleksei Arbuzov, Soviet playwright (b. 1908) April 22 – Mircea Eliade, Romanian historian of religions and writer (b. 1907) April 23 Harold Arlen, American music composer (b. 1905) Jim Laker, English cricketer (b. 1922) Otto Preminger, Austrian-American film director (b. 1905) April 24 – The Duchess of Windsor (b. 1896) April 26 Broderick Crawford, American actor (b. 1911) Bessie Love, American actress (b. 1898) Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian educator (b. 1919) Valery Khodemchuk, Soviet engineer, working at Chernobyl reactor 4 (b. 1951) April 27 – J. Allen Hynek, American ufologist (b. 1910) April 30 – Robert Stevenson, English film director (b. 1905) May May 2 – Henri Toivonen, Finnish rally car driver (b. 1956) May 3 – Robert Alda, American actor (b. 1914) May 7 – Herma Szabo, Austrian figure skater (b. 1902) May 9 Herschel Bernardi, American actor (b. 1923) Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese sherpa (b. 1914) May 11 Vladimir Pravik, Soviet firefighter (b. 1962) Aleksandr Akimov, Soviet engineer who was the shift supervisor during the events of the Chernobyl disaster (b. 1953) May 12 Elisabeth Bergner, Austrian actress (b. 1897) Alicia Moreau de Justo, Argentine physician, politician, pacifist and human rights activist (b. 1885) May 13 – Vasily Ignatenko, Soviet firefighter who responded to the Chernobyl disaster (b. 1961) May 15 Elio de Angelis, Italian race car driver (b. 1958) Theodore White, American writer (b. 1915) May 20 – Helen B. Taussig, American cardiologist (b. 1898) May 23 Sterling Hayden, American actor (b. 1916) Altiero Spinelli, Italian political theorist and European federalist (b. 1907) May 24 – Yakima Canutt, American actor and stuntman (b. 1895) May 25 – Chester Bowles, American politician (b. 1901) May 26 – Gian-Carlo Coppola, American film producer (b. 1963) May 28 – Lurene Tuttle, American actress (b. 1907) May 30 – Perry Ellis, American fashion designer (b. 1940) May 31 – James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917) June June 3 – Dame Anna Neagle, English actress (b. 1904) June 5 – Bryan Grant, American tennis champion (b. 1909) June 11 – Chesley Bonestell, American painter (b. 1888) June 13 – Benny Goodman, American jazz musician (b. 1909) June 14 Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist (b. 1918) Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (b. 1899) June 16 – Maurice Duruflé, French composer (b. 1902) June 17 – Kate Smith, American singer (b. 1907) June 19 Len Bias, American basketball player (b. 1963) Coluche, stage name of Michel Colucci, French comedian and humorist (b. 1944) June 23 – Sir Moses Finley, British classicist (b. 1912) June 26 – Kunio Maekawa, Japanese architect (b. 1905) June 27 – Don Rogers, American football player (b. 1962) June 28 – Mary Anderson, American actress (b. 1897) July July 3 – Rudy Vallée, American singer, actor, and bandleader (b. 1901) July 4 – Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. 1899) July 6 – Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician (b. 1908) July 8 – Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (b. 1900) July 14 – Raymond Loewy, French-born industrial designer (b. 1893) July 18 Buddy |
American general (d. 1935) March 22 – Paul Doumer, President of France (d. 1932) March 26 – Théodore Tuffier, French surgeon (d. 1929) March 27 Ella Hepworth Dixon, English author and editor (d. 1932) Karl Pearson, English statistician (d. 1936) March 30 – Léon Charles Thévenin, French telegraph engineer (d. 1926) April–June April 5 – Alexander of Battenberg, first Prince of Bulgaria (d. 1893) April 14 Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, youngest child of Queen Victoria (d. 1944) Victor Horsley, English physician, surgeon (d. 1916) April 22 – Paul Dresser, American songwriter (d. 1906) April 23 – Ruggero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (d. 1919) April 30 – Walter Simon, German philanthropist (d. 1920) May 1 - Theo van Gogh, Dutch art dealer (d. 1891) May 7 – William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1930) May 10 – Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1938) May 13 – Ronald Ross, English physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1932) May 15 – Williamina Fleming, Scottish astronomer (d. 1911) May 19 – John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (d. 1938) May 24 – Richard Mansfield, Anglo-American stage actor (d. 1907) May 27 – Theodor Curtius, German chemist (d. 1928) May 28 Annie Maria Barnes, American author of children's literature (unknown year of death) Robert C. Hilliard, American stage actor (d. 1927) May 31 – Pope Pius XI (d. 1939) June 2 Urban Jacob Rasmus Børresen, Norwegian admiral and industry leader (d. 1943) Edward Elgar, English composer (d. 1934) Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919) June 8 – Lawrence Marston, American actor, playwright and film director (d. 1939) June 10 – Caroline Louise Dudley (later Mrs. Leslie Carter), American stage actress (d. 1937) June 12 – Kate Lester, English stage & silent screen actress (d. 1924) June 16 – Arthur Arz von Straußenburg, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1935) June 20 – Mary Gage Day, American physician (d. 1935) June 30 – Friedrich von Ingenohl, German admiral (d. 1933) July–September July 1 – Martha Hughes Cannon, American politician (d. 1932) July 5 – Clara Zetkin, German-born Marxist theorist, activist and women's rights advocate (d. 1933) July 11 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist (Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales) (d. 1911) July 14 – Vittorio Ranuzzi de' Bianchi, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1927) July 22 – Shams-ul-haq Azeemabadi, Indian Islamic scholar (d. 1911) July 23 – Carl Meinhof, German linguist (d. 1944) July 24 Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943) Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (d. 1935) July 25 – Nat Goodwin, American actor (d. 1919) July 28 – Ballington Booth, British-born American Salvation Army officer, co-founder of Volunteers of America (d. 1940) July 30 Lucy Bacon, California Impressionist painter (d. 1932) Thorstein Veblen, American economist (d. 1929) August 8 – Henry Fairfield Osborn, American geologist, paleontologist and eugenist (d. 1935) August 14 – Max Wagenknecht, German composer (d. 1922) August 15 – Albert Ballin, German shipping magnate, owner of the Hamburg America Line (d. 1918) August 16 – Ioan Popovici, Romanian general (d. 1956) August 18 – Sergei Sheydeman, Russian general (d. 1922) August 27 – Oskar von Hutier, German general (d. 1934) September 5 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian scientist, inventor (d. 1935) September 8 – Georg Michaelis, 6th Chancellor of Germany (d. 1936) September 13 – Milton S. Hershey, American chocolate manufacturer (d. 1945) September 15 – William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States and 10th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1930) September 18 – John Hessin Clarke, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1945) September 20 – Antoine de Mitry, French general (d. 1924) September 28 – Lewis Bayly, British admiral (d. 1938) October–December October 2 Martinus Theunis Steyn, Boer lawyer, politician and statesman, sixth and last President of the Orange Free State (1896-1902) (d. 1916) A. E. Waite, British occultist (d. 1942) October 5 – Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich, Irish language writer (d. 1942) October 14 – Joseph Rucker Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1916) October 24 – Ned Williamson, American baseball player (d. 1894) October 27 – Ernst Trygger, 19th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1943) November 5 Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter (d. 1931) Ida Tarbell, American journalist (d. 1944) November 9 – Dorothea Rhodes Lummis Moore, American physician (d. 1942) November 14 – Mihail Savov, Bulgarian general (d. 1928) November 15 – Mikhail Alekseyev, Russian general (d. 1918) November 17 – George Marchant, English-born inventor, manufacturer and philanthropist (d. 1941) November 26 – Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist (d. 1913) November 27 – Charles Scott Sherrington, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952) November 28 – King Alfonso XII of Spain (d. 1885) November 29 – Theodor Escherich, German pediatrician (d. 1911) December 3 – Joseph Conrad, Polish-British novelist (d. 1924) December 4 – Julia Evelyn Ditto Young, American poet and novelist (d. 1915) Date unknown Marguerite Merington, English-born American author (d. 1951) Deaths January–June January 27 – Dorothea Lieven, Baltic-German diplomat in Russian services (b. 1785) February 10 – David Thompson, British-Canadian explorer (b. 1770) February 15 – Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (b. 1804) February 16 – Elisha Kent Kane, American explorer of the Arctic regions (b. 1820) March 9 – Dominic Savio, Italian adolescent saint (b. 1842) March 11 – Manuel José Quintana, Spanish poet (b. 1772) April 8 – Mangal Pandey, Indian soldier (b. 1827) May 2 – Alfred de Musset, French poet (b. 1810) May 11 – Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal, private detective (b. 1775) May 13 – Parley P. Pratt, early American Latter Day Saint | of Great Britain exhibition is held in Manchester, one of the largest such displays of all time. May 10 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The 3rd Light Cavalry of the British East India Company's army rebels against its British officers, thus beginning the rebellion. May 11 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian combatants capture Delhi from the British East India Company. May 15 – Spanish financial group, Banco Santander founded in Cantabria, Spain. May 28 – Banco de Bilbao, as predecessor of BBVA is founded in Spain. June 6 – Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden–Norway. June 12 – American mercenary William Walker is overthrown as ruler of Nicaragua, by Honduran general Florencio Xatruch. June 20 – The Victoria and Albert Museum in London is officially opened by Queen Victoria. June 26 – At a ceremony in London, Queen Victoria awards the first 66 Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during the Crimean War. July–September July 1–November 19 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Siege of Lucknow. July 15 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The second massacre at Kanpur takes place. July 18 The Utah Expedition leaves Fort Leavenworth, effectively beginning the Utah War. Prison hulks are used for the last time in the United Kingdom. August 20 – The Dunbar wrecks near the entrance to Sydney Harbour, Australia, with the loss of 121 lives. August 28 – The Matrimonial Causes Act makes divorce without parliamentary approval legal in the United Kingdom. September – The Panic of 1857 begins: Speculation in U.S. railroad shares, and the collapse on August 24 of the New York City branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, following widespread embezzlement, trigger a financial crisis which will extend to Europe. September 11 – The Mountain Meadows massacre occurs in Utah. September 12 – The sinks off the coast of North Carolina, with the loss of 425 lives. September 20 – In India, British forces recapture Delhi, compelling the surrender of Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor. September 22 (September 10 O.S.) – Russian ship of the line Lefort sinks in the Gulf of Finland during a sudden squall with the loss of 826 lives; 30 other ships are wrecked in the same storm. October–December October 13 – Panic of 1857: New York banks close, and do not reopen until December 12. October 24 – Sheffield F.C., the world's first association football team, is founded in Sheffield, England. November 1 – The Indus Valley Region (i.e., Pakistan Region) is incorporated into Southern Asia as part of British India, for the next 90 years. November 30 – President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga. December – The Reform War in Mexico begins. December 7 – US Consul in Japan Townsend Harris meets the Shogun in Edo in a diplomatic reception, the first ever meeting between the Shogun and a foreign diplomat. December 16 – The 7.0 Basilicata earthquake shakes the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Southern Italy) with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing about 10,000 people. December 20 – Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria issues a decree, Es ist Mein Wille, which leads to the demolition of the city walls of Vienna, allowing the construction of the Ringstraße. December 31 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the capital of Canada. Date unknown The first commercial tea plantation in the British Raj is opened in the Mulnicherra Estate in Sylhet. The Mormons abandon Las Vegas. Kuala Lumpur, the future capital of Malaysia, is founded as a tin mining settlement. La Tène culture artifacts are discovered in Switzerland, by Hansli Kopp. Illinois State University, the first public university in Illinois, is established in Normal, Illinois. Bucharest becomes the world's first city to have its streets illuminated by kerosene lamps. American politician William Daniel proposes the Local Option for Prohibition. American composer James Lord Pierpont composes "Jingle Bells", originally entitled "The One Horse Open Sleigh". Suzumoto Vaudeville Theater officially opens in Ueno region, Edo (modern-day Tokyo) in Japan. Sunny Lane, Falmouth, is constructed. Births January–March January 2 – Uryū Sotokichi, Japanese admiral (d. 1937) January 4 – Émile Courtet, French caricaturist, animator (d. 1938) January 12 Knut Ångström, Swedish physicist (d. 1910) Léon de Witte de Haelen, Belgian general (d. 1933) January 13 – Anastasios Papoulas, Greek general (d. 1935) January 18 – Otto von Below, German general (d. 1944) January 26 – The 12th Dalai Lama of Tibet (d. 1875) January 31 – George Jackson Churchward, British chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway(d. 1933) February 1 – Lucy Wheelock, American early childhood education pioneer within the kindergarten movement (d. 1946) February 13 – Almanzo James Wilder, American writer (d. 1949) February 18 – Dmitry Shcherbachev, Russian general (d. 1932) February 22 Robert Baden-Powell, English founder of the Scouting movement (d. 1941) Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (d. 1894) March 4 Constantin Coandă, Romanian general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1932) Aleksei Evert, Russian general (d. 1918 or 1926) March 6 – George Dayton, American businessman, founder of Target Corporation (d. 1938) March 7 Genevieve Stebbins, American performer of the Delsarte system of expression (d. 1934) Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1940) March 13 – Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer, British general (d. 1932) March 15 – Christian Michelsen, 1st Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1925) March 21 – Hunter Liggett, American general (d. 1935) March 22 – Paul Doumer, President of France (d. 1932) March 26 – Théodore Tuffier, French surgeon (d. 1929) March 27 Ella Hepworth Dixon, English author and editor (d. 1932) Karl Pearson, English statistician (d. 1936) March 30 – Léon Charles Thévenin, French telegraph engineer (d. 1926) April–June April 5 – Alexander of Battenberg, first Prince of Bulgaria (d. 1893) April 14 Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, youngest child of Queen Victoria (d. 1944) Victor Horsley, English physician, surgeon (d. 1916) April 22 – Paul Dresser, American songwriter (d. 1906) April 23 – Ruggero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (d. 1919) |
– Edgar Wallace, English author (d. 1932) April 2 – Walter Chrysler, American automobile pioneer (d. 1940) April 4 Samuel S. Hinds, American actor (d. 1948) Pierre Monteux, French conductor (d. 1964) April 5 – Mistinguett, French singer (d. 1956) April 8 – King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934) April 15 – James J. Jeffries, American boxer (d. 1953) April 18 – Abd-ru-shin, German author (d. 1941) May–June May 2 – Owen Roberts, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1955) May 6 – William D. Leahy, American admiral (d. 1959) May 11 – Harriet Quimby, American pilot (d. 1912) May 12 Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (d. 1949) Charles Holden, British architect (d. 1960) May 23 – Alfred P. Sloan, American automobile industrialist (d. 1966) June 4 – Albert E. Smith, English stage magician, film director and producer (d. 1958) June 6 J. Farrell MacDonald, American character actor, film director (d. 1952) Thomas Mann, German novelist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955) June 9 – Henry Hallett Dale, English pharmacologist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) June 12 – Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (d. 1953) June 15 – Herman Smith-Johannsen, Norwegian supercentenarian (d. 1987) June 24 – Diedrich Westermann, German linguist (d. 1956) June 28 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (d. 1941) July–August July 3 Tanxu, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 1963) Ferdinand Sauerbruch, German surgeon (d. 1951) July 10 Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Hungarian politician (d. 1973) Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator (d. 1955) July 25 – Jim Corbett, Anglo-Indian hunter, conservationist and author (d. 1955) July 26 Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (d. 1961) Antonio Machado, Spanish poet (d. 1939) August 8 – Arthur Bernardes, 12th President of Brazil (d. 1955) August 10 – Florrie Forde, Australian-born music hall singer (d. 1940) August 15 – Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, English composer (d. 1912) August 16 – Juho Sunila, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1936) August 21 – Winnifred Eaton, Canadian author (d. 1954) August 26 – John Buchan, Scottish-Canadian historian and politician, 15th Governor General of Canada (d. 1940) August 27 – Katharine McCormick, American suffragist (d. 1967) August 29 – Leonardo De Lorenzo, Italian flautist (d. 1962) September–October September 1 – Edgar Rice Burroughs, American author (d. 1950) September 3 – Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian automotive engineer (d. 1951) September 16 – James Cash Penney, American businessman, founder of J. C. Penney (d. 1971) September 18 – Tomás Burgos, Chilean philanthropist (d. 1945) September 22 – Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Lithuanian composer (d. 1911) October – George Ranetti, Romanian poet, publicist (d. 1928) October 1 – Eugeen Van Mieghem, Belgian painter (d. 1930) October 12 – Aleister Crowley, British occultist (d. 1947) October 23 – Gilbert N. Lewis, American chemist (d. 1946) October 31 – Vallabhbhai Patel, Indian political leader (Iron Man of India) (d. 1950) November–December November 8 – Qiu Jin, Chinese revolutionary, writer and feminist (d. 1907) November 14 – Gregorio del Pilar, Filipino general (d. 1899) November 30 – Otto Strandman, 1st Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1941) December 4 – Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet (d. 1926) December 5 – Arthur Currie, Canadian general (d. 1933) December 6 – Evelyn Underhill, British writer (d. 1941) December 11 – Yehuda Leib Maimon, Bassarabian-born Israeli rabbi, government minister (d. 1962) December 12 – Gerd von Rundstedt, German field marshal (d. 1953) December 15 – Emilio Jacinto, Filipino poet, revolutionary (d. 1899) December 19 – Mileva Marić, Albert Einstein's first wife (d. 1948) December 24 – Otto Ender, 8th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1960) December 25 – Theodor Innitzer, Austrian Catholic cardinal (d. 1955) Deaths January–June January 12 – Tongzhi Emperor, 8th emperor of Qing dynasty (b. 1856) January 20 – Jean-François Millet, French painter (b. 1814) January 23 – Charles Kingsley, English writer (b. 1819) February 5 – Birgitte Andersen, Danish actress and ballet dancer (b.1791) February 7 - Edmund Spangler, American stagehand at Ford's Theatre (b. 1825) February 22 Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, French painter (b. 1796) Sir Charles Lyell, Scottish geologist (b. 1797) March 1 – Tristan Corbière, French poet (b. 1845) April 4 – Karl Mauch, German explorer (b. 1837) April 25 – the 12th Dalai Lama (b. 1857) May 17 – John C. Breckinridge, 14th Vice President of the United States, Confederate States Secretary of War (b. 1821) May 20 – Amalia of Oldenburg, Greek queen (b. 1818) May 31 – Eliphas Lévi, French occult author, magician (b. 1810) June 2 – Józef Kremer, Polish philosopher (b. 1806) June 3 – Georges Bizet, French composer (b. 1838) June 4 – Eduard Mörike, German poet (b. 1804) June 25 – Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (b. 1796) June 29 – Ferdinand I of Austria, Emperor of Austria (b. 1793) July–December July 8 – Francis Preston Blair Jr., American politician, Civil War officer (b. 1821) July 29 – Paschal Beverly Randolph, American occultist (b. 1825) July 30 – George Pickett, American Confederate general (b. 1825) July 31 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808) August 4 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (b. 1805) August 6 – Gabriel García Moreno, President of Ecuador (b. 1821) August 10 – Karl Andree, German geographer (b. | Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 is passed in the United Kingdom, to permit slum clearance. Convent Scandal: During the winter in Montreal, typhoid fever strikes at a convent school. The corpses of the victims are filched by body-snatchers before relatives arrive from America, causing much furor. Eventually the Anatomy Act of Quebec is changed over it. The opening of Flushing High School, the oldest public high school in New York City. Tanaka Manufacturing, a telecommunications factory in Ginza, Tokyo, a predecessor of Toshiba, a Japanese giant electromechanics is founded. World's first electric tram line operated in Sestroretsk near Saint Petersburg, Russia, invented and tested by Fyodor Pirotsky. Births January–February January 3 – Alexandros Diomidis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1950) January 5 – J. Stuart Blackton, American film producer (d. 1941) January 6 – Leslie Green, British architect (d. 1908) January 7 – Thomas Hicks, American runner (d. 1952) January 9 – Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, American sculptor, socialite (d. 1942) January 11 – Reinhold Glière, Russian composer (d. 1956) January 14 Felix Hamrin, 22nd Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1937) Albert Schweitzer, Alsatian philosopher and musician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1965) January 15 Thomas Burke, American sprinter (d. 1929) King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia (d. 1953) January 22 – D. W. Griffith, American film director, (The Birth of a Nation) (d. 1948) February 1 – Eddie Polo, Austrian-American actor (d. 1961) February 2 – Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist (d. 1962) February 4 – Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist (d. 1953) February 7 – Erkki Melartin, Finnish composer (d. 1937) February 8 – Valentine O'Hara, Irish author, authority on Russia and the Baltic states (d. 1941) February 21 – Jeanne Calment, French supercentenarian, world's longest lived person (d. 1997) February 26 – Emma Dunn, British-born stage, screen actress (d. 1966) March–April March 4 – Mihály Károlyi, Prime Minister and President of Hungary (d. 1955) March 7 – Maurice Ravel, French composer (d. 1937) March 8 – Kenkichi Ueda, Japanese general (d. 1962) March 9 – Juan de Dios Martínez, 23rd President of Ecuador (d. 1955) March 19 – Zhang Zuolin, Chinese bandit, soldier, and warlord (d. 1928) March 26 – Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea (d. 1965) March 28 – Helen Westley, American stage, film actress (d. 1942) April 1 – Edgar Wallace, English author (d. 1932) April 2 – Walter Chrysler, American automobile pioneer (d. 1940) April 4 Samuel S. Hinds, American actor (d. 1948) Pierre Monteux, French conductor (d. 1964) April 5 – Mistinguett, French singer (d. 1956) April 8 – King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934) April 15 – James J. Jeffries, American boxer (d. 1953) April 18 – Abd-ru-shin, German author (d. 1941) May–June May 2 – Owen Roberts, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1955) May 6 – William D. Leahy, American admiral (d. 1959) May 11 – Harriet Quimby, American pilot (d. 1912) May 12 Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (d. 1949) Charles Holden, British architect (d. 1960) May 23 – Alfred P. Sloan, American automobile industrialist (d. 1966) June 4 – Albert E. Smith, English stage magician, film director and producer (d. 1958) June 6 J. Farrell MacDonald, American character actor, film director (d. 1952) Thomas Mann, German novelist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955) June 9 – Henry Hallett Dale, English pharmacologist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) June 12 – Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (d. 1953) June 15 – Herman Smith-Johannsen, Norwegian supercentenarian (d. 1987) June 24 – Diedrich Westermann, German linguist (d. 1956) June 28 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (d. 1941) July–August July 3 Tanxu, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 1963) Ferdinand Sauerbruch, German surgeon (d. 1951) July 10 Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Hungarian politician (d. 1973) Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator (d. 1955) July 25 – Jim Corbett, Anglo-Indian hunter, conservationist and author (d. 1955) July 26 Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (d. 1961) Antonio Machado, Spanish poet (d. 1939) August 8 – Arthur Bernardes, 12th President of Brazil (d. 1955) August 10 – Florrie Forde, Australian-born music hall singer (d. 1940) August 15 – Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, English composer (d. 1912) August 16 – Juho Sunila, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1936) August 21 – Winnifred Eaton, Canadian author (d. 1954) August 26 – John Buchan, Scottish-Canadian historian and politician, 15th Governor General of Canada (d. 1940) August 27 – Katharine McCormick, American suffragist (d. 1967) August 29 – Leonardo De Lorenzo, Italian flautist (d. 1962) September–October September 1 – Edgar Rice Burroughs, American author (d. 1950) September 3 – Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian automotive engineer (d. 1951) September 16 – James Cash Penney, American businessman, founder of J. C. Penney (d. 1971) September 18 – Tomás Burgos, Chilean philanthropist (d. 1945) September 22 – Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Lithuanian composer (d. 1911) October – George Ranetti, Romanian poet, publicist (d. 1928) October 1 – Eugeen Van Mieghem, Belgian painter (d. 1930) October 12 – Aleister Crowley, British occultist (d. 1947) October 23 – Gilbert N. Lewis, American chemist (d. 1946) October 31 – Vallabhbhai Patel, Indian political leader (Iron Man of India) (d. 1950) November–December November 8 – Qiu Jin, Chinese revolutionary, writer and feminist (d. 1907) November 14 – Gregorio del Pilar, Filipino general (d. 1899) November 30 – Otto Strandman, 1st Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1941) December 4 – Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet (d. 1926) December 5 – Arthur Currie, Canadian general (d. 1933) December 6 – Evelyn Underhill, British writer (d. 1941) December 11 – Yehuda Leib Maimon, Bassarabian-born Israeli rabbi, government minister (d. 1962) December 12 – Gerd von Rundstedt, German field marshal (d. 1953) December 15 – Emilio Jacinto, Filipino poet, revolutionary (d. 1899) December 19 – Mileva Marić, Albert Einstein's first wife (d. 1948) December 24 – Otto Ender, 8th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1960) December 25 – Theodor Innitzer, Austrian Catholic cardinal (d. 1955) Deaths January–June January 12 – Tongzhi Emperor, 8th emperor of Qing dynasty (b. 1856) January 20 – Jean-François Millet, French painter (b. 1814) January 23 – Charles Kingsley, English writer (b. 1819) February 5 – Birgitte Andersen, Danish actress and ballet dancer (b.1791) February 7 - Edmund Spangler, American stagehand at Ford's Theatre (b. 1825) February 22 Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, French painter (b. 1796) Sir Charles Lyell, Scottish geologist (b. 1797) March 1 – Tristan Corbière, French poet (b. 1845) April 4 – Karl Mauch, German explorer (b. 1837) April 25 – the 12th Dalai Lama (b. 1857) May 17 – John C. Breckinridge, 14th Vice President of the United States, Confederate States Secretary of War (b. 1821) May 20 – Amalia of Oldenburg, Greek queen (b. 1818) May 31 – Eliphas Lévi, French occult author, magician (b. 1810) June 2 – Józef Kremer, Polish philosopher (b. 1806) June 3 – Georges Bizet, French composer (b. 1838) June 4 – Eduard Mörike, German poet (b. 1804) June 25 – Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (b. 1796) June 29 – Ferdinand I of Austria, Emperor of Austria (b. 1793) July–December July 8 – Francis Preston Blair Jr., American politician, Civil War officer (b. 1821) July 29 – Paschal Beverly Randolph, American occultist (b. 1825) July 30 – George Pickett, American Confederate general (b. 1825) July 31 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808) August 4 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (b. 1805) August 6 – Gabriel García Moreno, President of Ecuador (b. 1821) August 10 – Karl Andree, German geographer (b. 1808) August 11 – William Alexander Graham, |
Tortoni and Alessandria, with all their guns, are given up. April 27 – Case of the Lyons Mail: During the night, five highwaymen attack the mail between Paris and Lyon, kill the postmen and steal the funds sent to the armies in Italy. April 28 – In an impassioned speech, U.S. Representative Fisher Ames of Massachusetts persuades his fellow members of the House to support the Jay Treaty. May 6 – Napoleon Bonaparte forms an advanced guard (3,500 infantry and 1,500 cavalry) under General Claude Dallemagne. He sends this force along the south bank of the Po River, to cross it with boats at Piacenza. May 10 War of the First Coalition – Battle of Lodi: General Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrian rearguard, in forcing a crossing of the bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men, 14 guns, and 30 ammunition wagons. Persian Expedition of 1796: Russian troops storm Derbent. May 14 – Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination, in England. May 15 – Napoleon's troops take Milan. May 20 – The last mock Garrat Elections are held in Surrey, England. June 1 The French-Republican army divisions of the Army of Italy invade the territories of the Serenissima Repubblica di San Marco. Tennessee is admitted as the 16th U.S. state. June 6–7 – Ragunda lake in Sweden bursts and drains completely leaving the Döda fallet dry. June 21 – British explorer Mungo Park becomes the first European to reach the Niger River. June 23 – Napoleon Bonaparte seizes the Papal States, which become part of the revolutionary Cisalpine Republic. Pope Pius VI signs the Armistice of Bologna, and is forced to pay a contribution (34 million francs). July–September July 10 – Carl Friedrich Gauss discovers that every positive integer is representable as a sum of at most 3 triangular numbers. July 11 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain, under the terms of the Jay Treaty. July 21 – Mungo Park reaches Ségou, the capital of the Bamana Empire. July 22 – Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio Cleveland, after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party. July 29 – The Habsburg army under Marshal Wurmser advances from the Alps, and captures Rivoli and Verona. The French abandon the east bank of the Mincio River, the outnumbered division (15,000 men) of Masséna retreats towards Lake Garda. August 4 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Lonato – The French Army of Italy under Napoleon crushes an Austrian brigade. August 5 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Castiglione – The French Army of Italy under Napoleon defeats the Habsburg army (25,000 men) under Marshal Wurmser, who thus fails to break the Siege of Mantua (1796–97), and is forced to retreat north up the Adige Valley. August 9 – The Wearmouth Bridge in England, designed by Thomas Paine in cast iron, opens to traffic. Its span of makes it the world's longest single-span vehicular bridge extant at this date. August 10 – A mob of peasants overtakes the Convent of St. Peter (Bludenz, Austria) and murders Ignaz Anton von Indermauer. August 19 – Second Treaty of San Ildefonso: Spain and France form an alliance against Great Britain. September 2 – Jewish emancipation in the Batavian Republic (Netherlands). September 8 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Bassano – French forces (20,000 men) under André Masséna defeat the Austrians in Veneto. Wurmser retreats towards Vicenza with just 3,500 men of his originally 11,000 left to him. September 15 – Siege of Mantua: Napoleon Bonaparte fights a pitched battle at La Favorita on the east side of the Mincio River. The Austrians withdraw into the fortress of Mantua, which is crowded nearly with 30,000 men. Within six weeks, 4,000 die from wounds or sickness. September 17 – U.S. President George Washington issues his Farewell Address, which warns against partisan politics and foreign entanglements. In addition, he sets a precedent by declining to run for a third term. September 28 – Empress Catherine the Great signs an agreement with Great Britain, formally joining Russia to the coalition. October–December October 19 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Emmendingen – Austrian forces force the French to retreat, but commanding generals on both sides are killed. October – Jane Austen begins writing her first draft of Pride and Prejudice, under the title First Impressions (the book will not be published until 1813). November 3 – John Adams defeats Thomas Jefferson, in the U.S. presidential election. November 4 – The Treaty of Tripoli (between the United States and Tripoli) is signed at Tripoli (see also 1797). November 6 Catherine the Great dies, and is succeeded by her son Paul I of Russia. His wife Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg becomes Empress consort. French forces (9,500 men) under Masséna attack the Austrian army at Fontaniva. After a desperate assault he is outnumbered, and forced to retreat to Verona. November 12 Battle of Caldiero: French forces are defeated by the Austrians at Caldiero, and pushed back to Verona. This marks Napoleon's first defeat, losing nearly 2,000 men and 2 guns. Groton, New Hampshire is incorporated as a town. November 17 – Battle of Arcole: French forces under General Napoleon defeat the Austrians at Arcole. After a bold maneuver, he outflanks the Austrian army (24,000 men) under Freiherr József Alvinczi, and cuts off its line of retreat. Alvinczi is forced to take up a defensive | March 3 – Pierre-René Rogue, French Catholic priest, member of the Congregation of the Mission (b. 1758) March 6 – Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French writer, man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment (b. 1713) March 10 William Chambers, Scottish-Swedish architect (b. 1723) John Forbes, British Royal Navy officer (b. 1714) March 12 – Franz Töpsl, Augustinian Canon Regular (b. 1711) March 16 – Joseph Gerrald, Scottish political reformer (b. 1763) March 19 – Hugh Palliser, British naval officer, administrator (b. 1722) March 26 – François de Charette, French Royalist soldier, politician (b. 1763) March 30 – Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1765) April–June April 2 – Ulrika Pasch, Swedish rococo painter and miniaturist (b. 1735) April 6 – George Campbell, Scottish minister (b. 1719) April 9 – Frederick Albert, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, German prince of the House of Ascania (b. 1735) April 11 – François-Antoine Devaux, French writer (b. 1712) April 16 – Molly Brant Mohawk United Empire Loyalist (d. c.1736) April 17 – Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar IX of Mysore (b. 1774) April 30 – Franciszka Corvin-Krasińska, Polish noblewoman, morganatic wife of Charles of Saxony (b. 1742) May 1 – Alexandre Guy Pingré, Catholic priest and scientist (b. 1711) May 2 – Juan García Ruiz, bishop of Nueva Segovia (1784–1796) (b. 1728) May 6 – Adolph Freiherr Knigge, German writer, Freemason (b. 1752) May 12 – Johann Uz, German poet (b. 1720) May 13 – John Butler, Loyalist who led an irregular militia unit during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1728) May 17 – Gotthard Friedrich Stender, Baltic-German Lutheran priest who played an outstanding role in Latvia's history of culture (b. 1714) May 28 – Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern, Princess of Stolberg-Gerdern by birth and by marriage a princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b. 1732) May 29 – Carl Fredrik Pechlin, Swedish politician and demagogue (b. 1720) June 7 – Elisabetta Caminèr Turra, Venetian writer (b. 1751) June 8 Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, French revolutionary (b. 1749) Felice Giardini, Italian composer, violinist (b. 1716) June 9 – José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, patron of the artist Francisco Goya (b. 1756) June 11 Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts politician, merchant (b. 1738) Samuel Whitbread, English brewer, politician (b. 1720) June 14 Charles Albert II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, 3rd Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst from 1793 to 1796 (b. 1742) John Laforey, British naval officer (b. 1729) June 16 Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland, German prince from the House of Wettin and Duke of Courland (b. 1733) Walter Stewart, Irish-born American general during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1756) June 19 – Consider Tiffany, British loyalist (b. 1732) June 21 – Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (b. 1710) June 25 – Johann Philipp Siebenkees, German philosopher (b. 1759) June 26 – David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman and public official (b. 1732) June 28 – Antonio Maria Lorgna, Italian mathematician (b. 1735) June 30 – Abraham Yates Jr., American lawyer, civil servant from Albany (b. 1724) July–September July 8 John Mills, American soldier, officer (b. 1754) Adam Naruszewicz, Polish-Lithuanian nobleman (b. 1733) July 16 William Gerard Hamilton, English statesman (b. 1729) George Howard, British field marshal (b. 1718) July 17 – John Christopher Hartwick, Lutheran minister in Colonial America, founder of Hartwick College (b. 1714) July 20 – John Houstoun, American lawyer, statesman from Savannah (b. 1744) July 21 Robert Burns, Scottish poet (b. 1759) Philip Carteret, British naval officer, explorer in two circumnavigation expeditions (b. 1733) August 1 Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet, British Army officer during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1720) Sir Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet, British army officer (b. 1720) August 2 – Sarah Osborn, American writer (b. 1714) August 10 – Ignaz Anton von Indermauer, Austrian nobleman from Tyrol, Landvögte and Kreishauptmann of Vorarlberg (b. 1759) August 12 – Mary Ann Wrighten, English singer, actress (b. 1751) August 25 – Isaac Parsons, American planter (b. 1752) August 31 – John McKinly, American physician, politician from Wilmington (b. 1721) September 1 – David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield (b. 1727) September 7 – Henri François Lambert, brigadier general of the French revolutionary army (b. 1760) September 11 – Anna Barbara Gignoux, German industrialist (b. 1725) September 20 Juan José Elhuyar, Spanish chemist, mineralogist (b. 1754) Christian Febiger, American Revolutionary War commander (b. 1749) September 21 – François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers, French revolutionary general (killed in battle) (b. 1769) September 27 – Jonathan Sewall, last British attorney general of Massachusetts (b. 1729) September 29 – Henry Hamilton, Anglo-Irish soldier, government official of the British Empire (b. c. 1734) October–December October 7 – Thomas Reid, religiously trained Scottish philosopher (b. 1710) October 10 – Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1729) October 16 Antoine-Joseph Pernety, French writer (b. 1716) Victor Amadeus III of |
31, 1729. References | The 1720s decade ran |
by General Chimaji Appa, overcome the defenders of Malwa (now part of India's Andhra Pradesh state) and Malwa's Governor Girdhar Bahadur is killed. December 25– William Burnet, the British Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay since July 19, is appointed by King George II to be the Governor of the Province of New Hampshire as well, governing both future U.S. states simultaneously until September 7. Up until July, Burnet had been Governor of both New York and New Jersey since 1720. Date unknown English astronomer James Bradley uses stellar aberration (first observed in 1725) to calculate the speed of light, and observes nutation of the Earth's axis. Births January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790) February 3 – Charles Rainsford, British general (d. 1809) February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762) February 25 – John Wood, the Younger, English architect (d. 1782) March 28 – Anton Raphael Mengs, German-Bohemian painter (d. 1779) April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish physicist and chemist (d. 1799) June 22 – Anna Jabłonowska, Polish magnate and politician (d. 1800) August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (d. 1777) August 28 – John Stark, American Revolutionary War general (d. 1822) September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English manufacturer, lifelong key partner of James Watt (d. 1809) September 14 – Mercy Otis Warren, American playwright (d. 1814) October 5 – Chevalier d'Éon, French diplomat, spy, soldier and transvestite (d. 1810) October 7 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784) October 27 – James Cook, British naval commander and explorer (d. 1779) November 10 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (d. 1774) December 28 – Justus Claproth, German jurist, inventor of the de-inking process of recycled paper (d. 1805) date unknown Josefa Ordóñez, Spanish–Mexican actress, courtesan (est. year of birth) James Armstrong, American politician and Major of the Continental Army (d. 1800) (est. year of birth) Juan Albano Pereira Márquez godfather and tutor of Bernardo O'Higgins. Deaths January 26 – Paolo de Matteis, Italian painter (b. 1662) February 12 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat, composer (b. 1654) February 13 – Cotton Mather, New England Puritan minister (b. 1663) February 16 Maria Aurora von Königsmarck, Swedish noblewoman of Brandenburg extraction (b. 1662) Heinrich of Saxe-Weissenfels, Count of Barby, German prince (b. 1657) February 25 – Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten, German general (b. 1661) March 4 – Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, eldest daughter of Peter the Great (b. 1708) March 7 – Frederick Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (b. 1653) March 18 – George Stanhope, Dean of Canterbury (b. 1660) March 20 – Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard, Marshal of France (b. 1652) May 26 – William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven, English politician (b. 1657) April 3 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (b. 1662) April 10 – Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, Swedish architect (b. 1654) April 21 – Filippo Antonio Gualterio, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1660) April 23 – Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco, Spanish composer, musician and organist (b. 1644) May 7 – Rose Venerini, Italian saint, educational pioneer (b. 1656) May 14 – Louise Marie d'Orléans, Mademoiselle, French princess (b. 1726) May 23 – William Delaune, English academic administrator and clergyman (b. 1659) June 6 – David Leslie, 3rd Earl of Leven, British politician (b. 1660) June 17 – Matthieu Petit-Didier, French Benedictine theologian (b. 1659) June 30 – Otto Friedrich von der Groeben, Prussian traveller, soldier and author (b. 1657) July 21 – Nathaniel Gould, English politician (b. 1661) August 3 – Abraham de Peyster, United States politician (b. 1657) August 7 – Jacques L'enfant, French Protestant pastor (b. 1661) August 11 – William Sherard, English botanist (b. 1659) August 15 – Marin Marais, French viol player and composer (b. 1656) August 26 William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. 1662) Anne Marie d'Orléans, Queen consort of Sicily and Sardinia (b. 1669) September 23 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655) September 24 – Frederik Krag, Danish nobleman and senior civil servant (b. 1655) October 1 – Robert Livingston the Elder, New York colonial official (b. 1654) October 15 – Bernard de la Monnoye, French lawyer (b. 1641) November 10 – Fyodor Apraksin, Russian admiral (b. 1661) November 15 – Élie Benoist, French Protestant minister (b. 1640) November 19 – Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b. 1694) November 22 Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia (1714–1728), Russian grand duchess (b. 1714) Joseph Boyse, Presbyterian minister (b. 1660) December 8 – | June 14 – The Congress of Soissons opens at the French town of Soissons to negotiate a treaty between Great Britain and Spain. The treaty, which is concluded on November 9, 1729, recognizes the Spanish royal family's rule of parts of Italy, and Britain's possession of Gibraltar and Menorca. June 25 – The Treaty of Kyakhta was signed at the border city of Kyakhta between Russia and China by representatives of the Tsar Peter II and the Emperor Yongzheng. July–September July 14– The First Kamchatka Expedition, led by Vitus Bering and his crew sail northward on the ship Archangel Gabriel from the Kamchatka Peninsula, through the Bering Strait, and round Cape Dezhnev. July 17– At the age of 8, Prince Teruhito, son of Emperor Nakamikado, is named as the Crown Prince of Japan. Teruhito becomes the Emperor Sakuramachi at age 15 upon his father's death. July 18– After a reign of only four months, Abdalmalik is deposed as Sultan of Morocco by his half-brother Ahmad ad Dahabi, whom he had deposed on March 13. Abdalmalik is later captured and executed on March 2, 1729. July 23– At the conclusion of the Szeged witch trials in the city of the same name in Hungary, six men and six women are burned at the stake on the island of Boszorkány Sziget (Hungarian for "Witch Island"). August 16 – Because of advancing Arctic ice, the First Kamchatka Expedition turns around after Vitus Bering concludes (inaccurately) that it had reached the easternmost point of Russia and Asia, and fails to spot the coast of Alaska because of the weather. August 29 – The City of Nuuk is founded in Greenland, as Fort Godt-Haab, by royal governor Claus Paarss. September 15 – Persian physician Mohammad Mehdi ibn Ali Naqi completes Zad al-musafirin, his treatise for travelers to Persia on preservation of their health. He notes the date as a postscript in his manual. September 18 – John Deane, a colonial administrator of Britain's British East India Company, returns to Calcutta (Kolkata) after an absence of more than two years, and takes office at Fort William to return to administering the Bengal Presidency, an area now covering the Indian state of West Bengal and the nation of Bangladesh. Late Summer – Voltaire ends his exile in England. October–December October 20–23 – The Copenhagen Fire of 1728 (the largest in the Danish city's history) burns. November 25– In India, the Maratha Empire's army invades the Mughal Empire's Malwa province, crossing the Narmada River. On November 29, the two armies clash at the Battle of Amjhira; the Maratha troops, commanded by General Chimaji Appa, overcome the defenders of Malwa (now part of India's Andhra Pradesh state) and Malwa's Governor Girdhar Bahadur is killed. December 25– William Burnet, the British Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay since July 19, is appointed by King George II to be the Governor of the Province of New Hampshire as well, governing both future U.S. states simultaneously until September 7. Up until July, Burnet had been Governor of both New York and New Jersey since 1720. Date unknown English astronomer James Bradley uses stellar aberration (first observed in 1725) to calculate the speed of light, and observes nutation of the Earth's axis. Births January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790) February 3 – Charles Rainsford, British general (d. 1809) February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762) February 25 – John Wood, the Younger, English architect (d. 1782) March 28 – Anton Raphael Mengs, German-Bohemian painter (d. 1779) April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish physicist and chemist (d. 1799) June 22 – Anna Jabłonowska, Polish magnate and politician (d. 1800) August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and |
9 – One of the few known major hurricanes to strike what becomes the US state of Hawaii causes significant damage on Hawai'i and Maui. August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan. August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic. September 2 – Whaling Disaster of 1871: The Comet, a brig used by whalers, becomes the first of 33 ships to be crushed in the Arctic ice by an early freeze. Remarkably, all 1,219 people on the abandoned ships are rescued without a single loss of life. September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the "Tammany Hall" political machine and "Boss" William M. Tweed, its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the 'Committee of Seventy' to reform local politics. October–December October 5 – The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (now Società Astronomica Italiana) was established in Rome, the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to astrophysics. October 8 – Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago; Peshtigo, Wisconsin; Holland, Michigan; and Manistee, Michigan. The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, leaving nearly 100,000 people homeless, although the Peshtigo Fire kills as many as 2,500 people, making it the deadliest in United States history. October 11 – Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy. October 12 – The Criminal Tribes Act is enacted by the British Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as "Denotified Tribes", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in 1949, after Indian independence). October 20 – The Royal Regiment of Artillery forms the first regular Canadian army units, when they create two batteries of garrison artillery, which later become the Royal Canadian Artillery. October 24 – Chinese massacre of 1871. In Los Angeles' Chinatown, 18 Chinese immigrants are killed by a mob of 500 men. October 26 – Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d'état. October 27 British forces march into the Klipdrift Republic and annex the territory as Griqualand West Colony. Henri, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag. Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall is arrested for bribery, ending his grip on New York City. c. November – The South Improvement Company is formed in Pennsylvania by John D. Rockefeller and a group of major United States railroad interests, in an early effort to organize and control the American petroleum industry. November 5 – Wickenburg Massacre: Six men travelling by stagecoach, in the Arizona Territory, are reportedly murdered by Yavapai people. November 7 – The London–Australia telegraph cable is brought ashore at Darwin. November 10 – Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-born correspondent for the New York Herald, locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" November 17 The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York. George Biddell Airy presents his discovery that astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium. December 10 – German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage, by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state. December 19 – The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns. December 24 – The opera Aida opens in Cairo, Egypt. December 25 – Reading F.C. is formed as an Association football club in England. December 26 – Thespis, the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premières. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years. Date unknown In South Africa Gold is discovered at Pilgrim's Creek in the Pilgrim's Rest area. A diamond is discovered, resulting in a diamond rush, and the town of New Rush springs up; Colonial Commissioners arrive there on November 17. The Harvard Summer School is founded. Continental AG is founded as Continental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie in Hanover, Germany on 8th October. The Shinto shrine of Izumo-taisha in Japan is designated as an Imperial shrine. Modern "neoclassical economics" is initiated by publication of William Stanley Jevons's Theory of Political Economy and Carl Menger's Principles of Economics (Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre). Births January–February January 1 – Manuel Gondra, Paraguayan author and journalist, 21st President of Paraguay (d. 1927) January 7 – Émile Borel, French mathematician, politician (d. 1956) January 17 – David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty, British admiral (d. 1936) January 30 – Wilfred Lucas, Canadian-born actor (d. 1940) February 4 – Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925) February 9 – Howard Taylor Ricketts, American pathologist (d. 1910) February 18 – Harry Brearley, English inventor (d. 1948) February 27 – Otto Praeger, American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (d. 1948) February 28 – Manuel Díaz Rodríguez, Venezuelan writer and politician (d. 1927) March–April March 1 – Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (d. 1938) March 4 – Boris Galerkin, Russian mathematician (d. 1945) March 5 – Rosa Luxemburg, German politician (d. 1919) March 6 – Afonso Costa, Portuguese lawyer, professor, politician and 3-time Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1937) March 12 – Kitty Marion, German-born actress and women's rights activist in England and the United States (d. 1944) March 15 – Constantin Argetoianu, 41st Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1955) March 17 – Konstantinos Pallis, Greek general (d. 1941) March 19 – Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (d. 1921) March 24 – Birdie Blye, American pianist (d. 1935) March 27 – Heinrich Mann, German writer (d. 1950) March 31 – Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922) April 4 – Luke McNamee, American admiral (d. 1952) April 8 – Clarence Hudson White, American photographer (d. 1925) April 12 – Ioannis Metaxas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1941) April 13 – Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius, Lithuanian author, Roman Catholic archbishop and blessed (d. 1927) April 15 – Jonathan Zenneck, German physicist, electrical engineer (d. 1959) May–June May 2 – Francis P. Duffy, Canadian-born American Catholic priest (d. 1932) May 6 Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1935) Christian Morgenstern, German author (d. 1914) May 7 – Gyula Károlyi, 29th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1947) May 27 – Georges Rouault, French painter, graphic artist (d. 1958) June 5 – Nicolae Iorga, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940) June 11 – Walter Cowan, British admiral (d. 1956) June 12 – Ernst Stromer, German paleontologist (d. 1952) June 14 – Jacob Ellehammer, Danish inventor (d. 1946) June 17 – James Weldon Johnson, American author, politician, diplomat, critic, journalist, poet, anthologist, educator, lawyer, songwriter and early civil rights activist (d. 1938) June 18 – Edmund Breese, American actor (d. 1936) June 23 – Jantina Tammes, Dutch plant biologist (d. 1947) June 26 – Reginald R. Belknap, United States Navy rear admiral (d. 1959) July–August July 5 – Claus Schilling, German medical researcher and war criminal (d. 1946) July 10 – Marcel Proust, French writer (d. | in Bordeaux. February 9 – The United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded. February 21 – The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 is signed into law by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. February 24 – The Danish Women's Society is founded to promote women's rights in Denmark; on December 15 it adopts the style Dansk Kvindesamfund. March 3 – The first American civil service reform legislation is signed into law by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant, creating the United States Civil Service Commission. March 7 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, serving for four years. March 18 – Origin of the Paris Commune: Troops of the regular French Army, sent by Adolphe Thiers, Chef du pouvoir executive de la République française, to seize cannons stored on the hill of Montmartre, fraternise with civilians and the National Guard, and two army generals are killed. Regular troops are evacuated to Versailles. March 21 Otto von Bismarck becomes the first Chancellor of the German Empire. John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (whose father, the 8th Duke of Argyll, is the serving Secretary of State for India), marries Princess Louise. March 22 In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment. The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, Nebraska. March 26 – The Paris Commune is formally established in France. March 27 – The first Rugby Union International results in a 1–0 win, by Scotland over England. March 29 The first Surgeon General of the United States (John Maynard Woodworth) is appointed. The Royal Albert Hall in London is opened by Queen Victoria; it incorporates a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons, the world's largest at this time. April–June April – The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded. April 4 – The New Jersey Detective Agency is chartered, and the New Jersey State Detectives are initiated. April 10 – In Brooklyn, New York, P.T. Barnum opens his three-ring circus, hailing it as "The Greatest Show on Earth". April 20 – U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act of 1871. April 24 – Servant girl Jane Clouson is murdered in Eltham, England. May 4 – The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played in America. May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton, of the Cleveland Forest Citys. May 10 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany. May 11 – The first trial in the Tichborne case begins, in the London Court of Common Pleas. May 21 French government troops enter Paris to overthrow the Commune, beginning "Bloody Week" (Semaine sanglante). The first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau–Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland, is opened. May 27 – French government troops massacre 147 Communards from Belleville, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. May 28 – Paris Commune falls to French government forces. June 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts: Koreans attack two United States Navy warships. June 10 – United States expedition to Korea: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a punitive naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea, resulting in 250 Koreans dying and diplomatic failure to "open up" Korea. June 18 – The Universities Tests Act 1871 removes restrictions limiting access to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities to members of the Church of England. June 29 – Trade unions are legalized in the United Kingdom by the Trade Union Act 1871. July–September July 13 – The first cat exhibition is held at the Crystal Palace of London. July 20 British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada. C. W. Alcock proposes that "a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association", giving birth to the FA Cup for Association football in England. July 21–August 26 – The first ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region are taken by photographer William Henry Jackson, during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871. July 22 – The foundation stone of the first Tay Rail Bridge is laid; the bridge collapses in a storm eight years later. July 28 – The Annie becomes the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake, in the Yellowstone National Park region. August 7 – Banco de Concepcion, as predecessor of Itau Unibanco, major financial services in South America, founded in Chile. August 9 – One of the few known major hurricanes to strike what becomes the US state of Hawaii causes significant damage on Hawai'i and Maui. August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan. August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic. September 2 – Whaling Disaster of 1871: The Comet, a brig used by whalers, becomes the first of 33 ships to be crushed in the Arctic ice by an early freeze. Remarkably, all 1,219 people on the abandoned ships are rescued without a single loss of life. September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the "Tammany Hall" political machine and "Boss" William M. Tweed, its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the 'Committee of Seventy' to reform local politics. October–December October 5 – The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (now Società Astronomica Italiana) was established in Rome, the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to astrophysics. October 8 – Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago; Peshtigo, Wisconsin; Holland, Michigan; and Manistee, Michigan. The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, |
Gilgamesh, to a meeting of the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London. December 4 – The now-crewless American ship Mary Celeste is found (still seaworthy) by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic. December 6 – Springwell Pit disaster at Dawley, England: Eight coal miners fall to their death, when a winding chain snaps. December 14 6.5-7 magnitude earthquake takes place in the Cascade mountains in northern Washington. President Ulysses S. Grant establishes the San Carlos Apache Reservation, in southeastern Arizona. December 21 – Challenger expedition: sails from Portsmouth, England on the 4-year scientific expedition that lays the foundation for the science of oceanography. Date unknown In the aftermath of the Paraguayan War, the new government of Paraguay makes peace with Brazil, grants reparations and territorial concessions. The Kolozsvári Egyetem, predecessor of the University of Szeged, is founded. Under Japan's Meiji Restoration: A conscription law, modeled on the French version, is issued. Universal public schools are called for. The first Marist Brothers travel to Australia. S. T. Dupont begins manufacture of luxury leather goods in France. Kimberly, Clark and Co. is founded in Neenah, Wisconsin by John A. Kimberly, Charles B. Clark, Havilah Babcock and Franklyn C. Shattuck. Schenker, as predecessor of DB Schenker, a logistics and freight transport worldwide, founded in Vienna, Austria. Versicherung-Verein, as predecessor of Zurich Insurance Group was founded. Births January–June January 6 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915) January 14 – Kerstin Hesselgren, Swedish politician (d. 1962) January 20 – Julia Morgan, American architect (d. 1957) January 23 – Gotse Delchev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1903) January 31 – Zane Grey, American writer (d. 1939) February 6 – Robert Maillart, Swiss civil engineer (d. 1940) February 11 – Hannah Mitchell, English socialist, suffragette (d. 1956) February 19 – Johan Pitka, Estonian entrepreneur, sea captain, and admiral (d. 1944) February 27 – Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, 3-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1950) February 28 – Mehdi Frashëri, Albanian politician, 15th Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1963) March 3 – Willie Keeler, American baseball player (d. 1923) March 7 – Piet Mondrian, Dutch painter (d. 1944) March 19 – Anna Held, Polish-born French actress (d. 1918) March 23 – Michael Joseph Savage, 23rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1940) April 9 – Léon Blum, French politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1950) April 14 – Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Indian-born Islamic scholar, translator (d. 1953) April 29 – Harry Payne Whitney, American businessman, horse breeder (d. 1930) May 1 – Sidónio Pais, 4th President, 66th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1918) May 2 – Ichiyō Higuchi, Japanese author (d. 1896) May 6 – William Bowie, American geodetic engineer (d. 1940) May 12 – Anton Korošec, Slovenian political leader (d. 1940) May 18 – Bertrand Russell, British philosopher and mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1970) May 31 Charles Greeley Abbot, American astrophysicist (d. 1973) W. Heath Robinson, British cartoonist, illustrator (d. 1944) June 3 – Saburō Hyakutake, Japanese admiral (d. 1963) June 5 – Ladislas Lazaro, U.S. Representatives from Louisiana (d. 1927) June 6 – Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) (d. 1918) June 8 – Jan Frans De Boever, Belgian painter (d. 1949) June 22 – Charles Murray, American actor (d. 1941) June 27 – Paul Laurence Dunbar, American poet, publisher (d. 1906) July–December July 1 – Louis Blériot, French aviation pioneer (d. 1936) July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933) July 5 – Édouard Herriot, 3-time Prime Minister of France (d. 1957) July 12 – Emil Hácha, 3rd President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1945) July 16 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928) July 23 – Edward Adrian Wilson, English polar explorer (d. 1912) July 28 – Albert Sarraut, 2-time Prime Minister of France (d. 1962) August 3 – King Haakon VII of Norway (d. 1957) August 9 – Archduke Joseph August of Austria, Austrian field marshal (d. 1962) August 10 – William Manuel Johnson, American jazz double-bassist (d. 1972) August 13 – Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942) August 15 – Sri Aurobindo, Indian nationalist, writer | Gomburza, are executed in Bagumbayan Fields, Manila, Philippines by the authorities of New Spain, on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. March 1 – In the United States, Yellowstone National Park (once dubbed "Colter's Hell" after John Colter, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition) is established as the world's first national park. March 5 George Westinghouse receives a United States patent for the "failsafe" automatic railway air brake. The Tichborne case is decided in London against claimant Arthur Orton (who, as a result, is convicted of perjury in 1874). March 9 – Alfred B. Miller and Elmer Crockett found the South Bend Tribune newspaper in the United States. March 11 – Work begins on the Seven Sisters Colliery in South Wales, located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain. March 16 – 1872 FA Cup Final: In the first ever final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest football competition, Wanderers F.C. defeat Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1–0 at The Oval in Kennington, London. March 26 – The 7.4–7.9 Lone Pine earthquake shakes eastern California, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 27 people are killed and 56 injured. April–June April 21 – The Third Carlist War begins in northern Spain. Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid (the Carlist pretender Carlos VII) appoints General Rada commander-in-chief in Spain, and calls for a general rising. May The magazine Popular Science is first published in the United States. Rangers F.C., founded in March as an Association football club in Glasgow (Scotland) by brothers Moses and Peter McNeil, Peter Campbell and William McBeath, play their first ever game on the public pitches of Glasgow Green, a goalless draw against Callander. Nippon Express, as predecessor name was Nippon Domestic Express, a global freight and logistics service on worldwide, founded in Japan. May 4 – Third Carlist War in Spain – Battle of Oroquieta in Navarre: 1,000 government troops (Moriones) easily defeat the much larger number of Carlists at Oroquieta. 50 Carlists are killed, and the Moriones take 700 prisoners, but Don Carlos escapes. May 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot. May 15 – The New Zealand Wars end after 17 years, with the conclusion of Te Kooti's War; Maori spiritual leader Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuk crosses the Waikato River, and enters the territory of the Māori King Tāwhiao, where he is granted asylum. May 22 Reconstruction: U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law, restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers. Georges Bizet's comic opera Djamileh is premièred at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, France. June 14 – Trade unions are legalised in Canada. July–September July 1 – Thomas François Burgers becomes State President of the South African Republic. July 4 The Society of Jesus is pronounced illegal in the German Empire. Tsukuba University is founded in Japan, as a teacher training college. July 15 – Hochi Mail News, later Hochi Daily News, from 1894, a first issued of Japanese language newspaper published in Tokyo, although this newspaper change to sports newspaper from general newspaper from December 1949. July 18 – Mexican President Benito Juarez dies of a heart attack, and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes interim president. July 19 – Explorer William Gosse reached Uluru in central Australia and named it Ayers Rock. August 22 – The Australian Overland Telegraph Line is completed, providing a telegraphic link between Australia and the rest of the world for the first time. September – Thomas Hardy anonymously publishes his novel Under the Greenwood Tree. September 1 – A group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack the British garrison at Orange Walk Town in British Honduras. September 17 – Shiseido Pharmacy Shop, as predecessor of Shiseido, a major cosmetics brand in worldwide, founded in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan. September 18 – Upon the death of King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway, he is succeeded as King of both crowns by his brother Oscar II. September 26 – The first Shriners Temple (called Mecca) is established in New York City. October–December October 1 The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session (the university is later renamed Virginia Tech). The first case is reported in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, of the Great Epizootic of 1872 (equine influenza, or the "horse flu") which will substantially disrupt life in North America by mid-December. October 16 – University College Wales (later to become Aberystwyth University) begins its first academic session. November 5 U.S. presidential election, 1872: Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley. Women's suffrage: In defiance of the law, American suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time (on November 18 she is served an arrest warrant, and in the subsequent trial is fined $100, which she never pays). November 7 – The Mary Celeste sets sail from New York; bound for Genoa, Italy. November 9 – Great Boston Fire of 1872: In Boston, Massachusetts, a large fire begins to burn on Lincoln Street (the 2-day disaster destroys about of the city, 776 buildings, much of the financial district and causes US$60 million in damage). November 11 – U.S. government geologist Clarence King reveals the diamond hoax in Wyoming. November 12 – The 1872 Baltic Sea flood ravaged the Baltic Sea coast from Denmark to Pomerania, also affecting Sweden, during the night between 12 and 13 November 1872 November 13 (07:35) (probable date) – Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant, the painting that will give a name to Impressionism) as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre in France. November 16 – The first ever Metropolitan Police strike November 22 – "Spitzeder Swindle": Adele Spitzeder's pioneering Ponzi scheme in Munich collapses. November 27 – A meteor shower display of Andromedids is seen over France. November 29 American Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River. Horace Greeley, President Ulysses S. Grant's opponent in this year's U.S. presidential election, dies. His electoral votes are divided among several candidates. November 30 – The first international Association football match to be recognised (retrospectively) by FIFA as "official" takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Scotland; the result is Scotland 0-0 England. Earlier international football matches had already taken place in 1870, in 1871 and again in 1872 at the Oval, London. December 1 Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (1823-1889) becomes constitutional President of Mexico. Responsible government is granted to Cape Colony (South Africa). Sir John Molteno, first Prime Minister of the Cape of Good Hope, forms the first Cape Cabinet which immediately plans to establish Cape Government Railways and take over the operation of all private railways in the Colony. December 3 – George Smith presents the first translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh, to a meeting of the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London. December 4 – The now-crewless American ship Mary Celeste is found (still seaworthy) by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic. December 6 – Springwell Pit disaster at Dawley, England: Eight coal miners fall to their death, when |
February). December 28 – Juan Prim, prime minister of Spain, is shot by unknown assassins on leaving the Cortes, dying two days later. December 31 Sir Henry Barkly is appointed Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa. The Fréjus Rail Tunnel through the Alps is completed. Date unknown Japanese yen currency is introduced to supersede the mon. David Kenyon invents the fireman's pole in Chicago. Graeter's ice cream is originated in Cincinnati, Ohio. Just one of the 916 members of the Indian Civil Service is Indian. Births January–June January 2 – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor, graphic artist and poet (d. 1938) January 6 – Gustav Bauer, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1944) January 8 Walter Edwards, American film director (d. 1920) Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain (d. 1930) January 11 – Alexander Stirling Calder, American sculptor (d. 1945) January 14 – George Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1952) January 20 – Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta, Thai Buddhist monk (d. 1949) January 23 – William G. Morgan, American inventor of volleyball (d. 1942) February 1 – Erik Adolf von Willebrand, Finnish physician (d. 1949) February 7 – Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (d. 1937) February 12 Marie Lloyd, English singer (d. 1922) Hugo Stinnes, German industrialist, politician (d. 1924) February 20 – Jay Johnson Morrow, American military engineer, politician, 3rd Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (d. 1937) February 25 – Jelica Belović-Bernardzikowska, Croatian writer (d. 1946) March 5 – Frank Norris, American writer (d. 1902) March 10 – Ester Rachel Kamińska, Polish actress, "mother of Yiddish theatre" (d. 1925) March 13 – Seale Harris, American physician (d. 1957) March 17 – Horace Donisthorpe, English entomologist (d. 1951) March 20 – Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (d. 1964) March 29 – Pavlos Melas, Greek revolutionary and army officer (d. 1904) March 31 – James M. Cox, Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920 (d. 1957) April 1 – Hamaguchi Osachi, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1931) April 4 – George Albert Smith, 8th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1951) April 17 – Ray Stannard Baker, American journalist, author (d. 1946) April 22 – Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary, first Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1924) April 21 – Edwin S. Porter, American film director (d. 1941) April 30 – Franz Lehár, Austrian composer (d. 1948) May 9 – Harry Vardon, English golf professional (d. 1937) May 10 – Reginald Tyrwhitt, British admiral (d. 1951) May 19 – Albert Fish, American serial killer (d. 1936) May 24 Benjamin N. Cardozo, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1938) Jan Smuts, South African soldier, statesman (d. 1950) June 13 – Jules Bordet, Belgian immunologist, microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1961) June 18 – Édouard Le Roy, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1954) June 20 – Georges Dufrénoy, French post-impressionist painter (d. 1943) July–December July 3 – R. B. Bennett, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1947) July 9 – Mathew Beard, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1870 (d. 1985) July 12 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (d. 1949) July 25 – Maxfield Parrish, American illustrator (d. 1966) July 26 – Charles Becker, American policeman and murderer (d. 1915) July 27 – Hilaire Belloc, French/English man of letters (d. 1953) July 29 – George Dixon, Canadian boxer (d. 1909) August 2 – Marianne Weber, German sociologist and suffragist (d. 1954) August 4 – Harry Lauder, Scottish entertainer (d. 1950) August 10 – Hans Zenker, German admiral (d. 1932) August 11 – Tom Richardson, English cricketer (d. 1912) August 12 – Hubert Gough, British general (d. 1963) August 20 – Edward Stanley Kellogg, 16th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1948) August 31 – Maria Montessori, Italian educator (d. 1952) September 24 – Georges Claude, French engineer, inventor (d. 1960) September 26 – King Christian X of Denmark (d. 1947) September 30 Jean Baptiste Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942) Thomas W. Lamont, American banker (d. 1948) October 2 – Horace Hood, British admiral (d. 1916) October 4 – Karl Renner, 1st Chancellor of Austria (d. 1950) October 10 – Ivan Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953) October 18 – D. T. Suzuki, Japanese philosopher (d. 1966) October 22 – Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Norwegian businessman, Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1943) October 30 – Lawrence Grant, English actor (d. 1952) November 21 – Sigfrid Edström, Swedish sports official, President of the International Olympic Committee (d. 1964) November 27 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1956) November 28 – Gustavus M. Blech, German-American physician, surgeon (d. 1949) November 29 – Trixie Friganza, American actress (d. 1955) December 5 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (d. 1949) December 9 – Francisco S. Carvajal, 36th President of Mexico (d. 1932) December 10 – Jadunath Sarkar, Indian historian (d. 1958) December 14 Dirk Jan de Geer, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1960) Karl Renner, 4th President of Austria (d. 1950) December 18 – Saki, English writer (d. 1916) December 31 – Mbah Gotho, Indonesian man, oldest human (d. 2017) Deaths January–June January 20 – Sir George Seymour, British admiral of the fleet (b. 1787) January 25 – Victor de Broglie, Prime Minister of France (b. 1785) January 29 – Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1797) February 7 – Sylvain Salnave, Haitian general, 9th President of Haiti (b. 1827) February 11 – Carlos Soublette, 2-time President of Venezuela (b. 1789) February 19 – Nathaniel de Rothschild, French wine grower (b. 1812) March 1 – Francisco Solano López, 2nd President of Paraguay (killed in action) (b. 1827) March 4 – Thomas Scott, Canadian Orangeman, surveyor of the Red River Rebellion (shot by Louis Riel and the Métis) (b. c. 1842) March 11 – Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho (b. 1786?) March 28 – George Henry Thomas, American general (b. 1816) April 15 – Emma Willard, American women's rights activist (b. 1787) April 16 – Domnița Rallou Caragea, Greek princess, independence activist (b. 1799) May 6 – Sir James Young Simpson, Scottish physician, researcher (b. 1811) June 6 – Ferdinand von Wrangel, Baltic-German explorer (b. 1796/1797) June 7 – Friedrich Hohe, German lithographer, painter (b. 1802) June 9 – Charles Dickens, British novelist (b. 1812) June 20 – Jules de Goncourt, French writer, publisher (b. 1830) June 23 – Mírzá Mihdí, youngest child of Baháʼí founder Baháʼu'lláh (b. 1848) June 24 – Adam Lindsay Gordon, Australian poet (b. 1833) June 27 – Cyrus Kingsbury, American missionary to Choctaw Indians (b. 1786) July–December July 10 – Pelaghia Roșu, Romanian heroine (b. 1800) July 22 – Josef Strauss, Austrian composer (b. 1827) July 30 – Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Norwegian journalist and poet (b. 1818) August 4 – Abel Douay, French general (killed in action) (b. 1809) August 14 – David Farragut, American admiral (b. 1801) August 17 – Pedro Figueredo, Cuban poet, musician and freedom fighter (b. 1818) September 4 – Juan Javier Espinosa, 9th President of Ecuador (b. 1815) September 12 – Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author, explorer (b. 1836) September 23 – Prosper Mérimée, French writer (b. 1803) September 27 – William F. Packer, American politician (b. 1807) October 12 Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch, American minister, hymn writer (b. 1809) Robert E. Lee, | last former Confederate state of America to be readmitted to the Union. The British government admits the former Hudson's Bay Company territory of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to the Dominion of Canada. July 18 – Pastor aeternus: Pope Pius IX declares papal infallibility, in matters of faith and morals. July 19 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia. July 28 – Start of Solar Saros 153. The final eclipse in this series will be in 3114. July 30 – The 'Diggers' Republic' is proclaimed at Klipdrift in South Africa by diamond miners, with Stafford Parker as president. August 2 – The Tower Subway beneath the River Thames in London, the world's first underground passenger "tube" railway, officially opens. Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindrical wrought iron tunnelling shield, devised by Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead, and of a permanent tunnel lining of cast iron segments. August 8 – The Republic of Ploiești, an uprising against Domnitor Carol of Romania, fails. August 24 – The Red River Rebellion in Canada ends with the arrival of the Wolseley Expedition and the flight of Louis Riel. September 2 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan – Prussian forces defeat the French armies and take Emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan, France. September 4 – Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed and the Third Republic is declared. Empress Eugénie flees to England with her son. September 6 – Louisa Swain of Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally since 1807. September 18 – Old Faithful Geyser is observed and named by Henry D. Washburn, during the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition to Yellowstone in Wyoming. September 19 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris (1870–1871) begins. From September 23, balloon mail is sent out of the city. September 20 – Capture of Rome; With Bersaglieri soldiers entering Rome at Porta Pia, the unification of Italy is completed, ending the last remnant of the Papal States and Papal temporal power. October–December October 2 – A plebiscite held in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy. October 6 – Rome becomes the capital of unified Italy. October 8 – Léon Gambetta escapes besieged Paris in a hot-air balloon. October 20 – The First Vatican Council adjourns. October 26 – The Chinese leaders of June's Tianjin Massacre of foreigners are executed by the China's Imperial government. October 27 – Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Metz – Marshal François Achille Bazaine, commanding the French left wing, is forced by starvation to surrender the fortifications of Metz. November 1 – In the United States, the newly created Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) makes its first official meteorological forecast: "High winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakes". November 12 – Dresdner Bank is founded in Germany. November 16 – The Spanish Cortes Generales proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as King Amadeo I of Spain. December 12 – Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman (following Hiram Rhodes Revels in February). December 28 – Juan Prim, prime minister of Spain, is shot by unknown assassins on leaving the Cortes, dying two days later. December 31 Sir Henry Barkly is appointed Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa. The Fréjus Rail Tunnel through the Alps is completed. Date unknown Japanese yen currency is introduced to supersede the mon. David Kenyon invents the fireman's pole in Chicago. Graeter's ice cream is originated in Cincinnati, Ohio. Just one of the 916 members of the Indian Civil Service is Indian. Births January–June January 2 – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor, graphic artist and poet (d. 1938) January 6 – Gustav Bauer, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1944) January 8 Walter Edwards, American film director (d. 1920) Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain (d. 1930) January 11 – Alexander Stirling Calder, American sculptor (d. 1945) January 14 – George Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1952) January 20 – Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta, Thai Buddhist monk (d. 1949) January 23 – William G. Morgan, American inventor of volleyball (d. 1942) February 1 – Erik Adolf von Willebrand, Finnish physician (d. 1949) February 7 – Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (d. 1937) February 12 Marie Lloyd, English singer (d. 1922) Hugo Stinnes, German industrialist, politician (d. 1924) February 20 – Jay Johnson Morrow, American military engineer, politician, 3rd Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (d. 1937) February 25 – Jelica Belović-Bernardzikowska, Croatian writer (d. 1946) March 5 – Frank Norris, American writer (d. 1902) March 10 – Ester Rachel Kamińska, Polish actress, "mother of Yiddish theatre" (d. 1925) March 13 – Seale Harris, American physician (d. 1957) March 17 – Horace Donisthorpe, English entomologist (d. 1951) March 20 – Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (d. 1964) March 29 – Pavlos Melas, Greek revolutionary and army officer (d. 1904) March 31 – James M. Cox, Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920 (d. 1957) April 1 – Hamaguchi Osachi, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1931) April 4 – George Albert Smith, 8th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1951) April 17 – Ray Stannard Baker, American journalist, author (d. 1946) April 22 – Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary, first Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1924) April 21 – Edwin S. Porter, American film director (d. 1941) April 30 – Franz Lehár, Austrian composer (d. 1948) May 9 – Harry Vardon, English golf professional (d. 1937) May 10 – Reginald Tyrwhitt, British admiral (d. 1951) May 19 – Albert Fish, American serial killer (d. 1936) May 24 Benjamin N. Cardozo, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1938) Jan Smuts, South African soldier, statesman (d. 1950) June 13 – Jules Bordet, Belgian immunologist, microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1961) June 18 – Édouard Le Roy, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1954) June 20 – Georges Dufrénoy, French post-impressionist painter (d. 1943) July–December July 3 – R. B. Bennett, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1947) July 9 – Mathew Beard, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1870 (d. 1985) July 12 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (d. 1949) July 25 – Maxfield Parrish, American illustrator (d. 1966) July 26 – Charles Becker, American policeman and murderer (d. 1915) July 27 – Hilaire Belloc, French/English man of letters (d. 1953) July 29 – George Dixon, Canadian boxer (d. 1909) August 2 – Marianne Weber, German sociologist and suffragist (d. 1954) August 4 – Harry Lauder, Scottish entertainer (d. 1950) August 10 – Hans Zenker, German admiral (d. 1932) August 11 – Tom Richardson, English cricketer (d. 1912) August 12 – Hubert Gough, British general (d. 1963) August 20 – Edward Stanley Kellogg, 16th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1948) August 31 – Maria |
General Joaquín Elío, with just 17,000 men, once again drives off the attack at nearby Somorrostro, and it is another six weeks before Serrano manages to relieve Bilbao. March – The Young Men's Hebrew Association in Manhattan (which still operates today as the 92nd Street Y) is founded. April–June April 15–May 15 – A group of young painters, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes, Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, gives their first exhibition, at the studio of the photographer Nadar in Paris. Louis Leroy's critical review of it published on 25 April gives rise to the term Impressionism for the movement, with reference to Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise. May 2 – Third Carlist War – Siege of Bilbao: The siege is lifted. May 9 – The first commercial horse-drawn carriage debuts in the city of Bombay, plying two routes. May 14 – First admission charge at a football game. Harvard beats University of McGill (Montreal) 3-0 May 20 – Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive a U.S. patent for blue jeans, with copper rivets. The price is $13.50 per dozen. May 23 – Passenger ship British Admiral, on a voyage from Liverpool (England) to Melbourne (Australia), sinks after hitting rocks off King Island (Tasmania); only nine of the 88 passengers and crew are rescued. May 27 – The first group of Dorsland Trekkers, a series of expeditions by Trekboere in search of political independence and better farming conditions, departs South Africa to settle in Angola, led by Gert Alberts. June 14 – Michel Domingue becomes head of state of Haiti. June 22 – Andrew Taylor Still starts the movement for osteopathic medicine in the United States at Kirksville, Missouri. June 25–27 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Monte Muro: Carlist forces entrenched around Abárzuza, on the approach to Estella in Navarre, repel an attack by Isabelino/Liberal (supporters of Queen Isabella II) troops led by General Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, Marqués del Duero, who is killed on the third day of fighting. July–September July 1 The Universal Postal Union is established. The Philadelphia Zoo opens, the first public zoo in the United States. The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, with cylindrical platen and QWERTY keyboard, is first marketed in the United States. The Bank of Spain emits the first peseta banknotes. July 14 – The Chicago Fire of 1874 burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council. July 24 Mathew Evans and Henry Woodward patent the first incandescent lamp, with an electric light bulb. Third Carlist War – Sack of Cuenca: After Carlist forces successfully defend Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, leads 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca (136 km from Madrid), held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulates, but Don Alfonso permits a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently, another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans, who flee back to the Ebro. July 31 – Patrick Francis Healy, S.J., the first Black man to receive a PhD, is inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, the oldest Catholic University in America, and becomes the first Black person to head a predominantly White university. August 11 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Oteiza: Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones makes a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secures a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mendíri, but the war continues another 18 months, before Estella finally falls. Heart of Midlothian was founded. September 9 – Captain Lyman's wagon train besieged by Indians in Hemphill County, Texas. September 14 – Battle of Liberty Place: In New Orleans, former Confederate Army members of the White League temporarily drive Republican Governor William P. Kellogg from office, replacing him with former Democratic Governor John McEnery. U.S. Army troops restore Kellogg to office five days later. September 28 – Texas–Indian wars: U.S. Army Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie leads his force of 600 men on the successful raid of the last sanctuary of the Kiowa, Comanche and Cheyenne Indian tribes, a village inside the Palo Duro Canyon in Texas, and carries out their removal to the designated Indian reservations in Oklahoma. October–December October 9 – The Treaty of Bern establishes the General Postal Union, to coordinate the exchange of international mail. October 19 – The modern University of Zagreb is founded. October 31 – The Quebra-Quilos Revolt starts in Paraíba, Empire of Brazil. November 2 – The first issue of Japanese language newspaper Yomiuri Shinbun is published in Tokyo, Japan. November 4 – Democrats gain control of the United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1860. November 6 – The University of Adelaide is founded. November 7 – Harper's Weekly publishes a cartoon by Thomas Nast which is the first use of an elephant as a symbol for the Republican Party in the United States. November 9 – The New York Zoo hoax, a supposed breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo, is perpetrated on the public. November 10 – John Ernst Worrell Keely demonstrates his "induction resonance motion motor", a perpetual motion machine, which eventually turns out to be a fraud. November 11 – The Gamma Phi Beta sorority is founded at Syracuse University. This is the first women's Greek letter organization to be called a sorority. November 16 – Premiere of Alfred Cellier's comic opera The Sultan of Mocha at the Prince's Theatre, Manchester November 18 – Sailing ship Cospatrick carrying emigrants from England bound for New Zealand, catches fire and sinks in the south Atlantic with the loss of all but three of the 472 persons on board. November 25 – The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party, made primarily of farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873. December 1 – Iceland is granted a constitution, and limited home rule from Denmark. December 29 – General Martínez and Brigadier General Luís Daban stage a pronunciamento at Sagunto, and proclaim Isabel's son Alfonso as King of Spain. Subsequently, the Madrid garrison follows suit, and the First Spanish Republic comes to an end. Date unknown The Agra Canal opens in India. St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg, designed by English architect George Gilbert Scott, is completed. Its -tall spire makes it (briefly, and by 5m) the world's tallest building (a title held since 1647 by Strasbourg Cathedral). The House of Keys, lower house of the Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man, moves from Castletown to Douglas. Charles Taze Russell and the Bible Student movement claim this year marks the invisible return of Jesus Christ to earth. Gold is discovered in the Black Hills. DDT is first synthesized. The San Diego Natural History Museum is founded. The following Association football clubs are founded in Great Britain: Aston Villa. Bolton Wanderers (as Christ Church F.C.) Greenock Morton. English chemist C. R. Alder Wright synthetizes heroin for the first time. The Supreme Council 33° Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Canada is founded. The medieval Frankish Tower on the Acropolis of Athens is demolished. Schindler Group, known for escalators and elevators, is founded in Switzerland. Births January January 1 Alexandros Hatzikyriakos, Greek admiral, politician (d. 1958) Gustav Albin Weißkopf, German-born aviation pioneer (d. 1927) January 4 – Josef Suk, Czech composer, violinist (d. 1935) January 5 – Joseph Erlanger, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965) January 12 – Marta Anna Wiecka, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. | – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general, commander-in-chief of the Greater Poland Uprising (d. 1960) April 15 – Johannes Stark, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957) April 19 – Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist (d. 1952) April 25 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1937) April 28 – Sidney Toler, American actor, playwright and theatre director (d. 1947) May May 3 – François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (d. 1934) May 9 – Howard Carter, British archaeologist (d. 1939) May 14 – Polaire, French actress, singer (d. 1939) May 17 – Mikhail Diterikhs, Russian general (d. 1937) May 19 – Gilbert Jessop, English cricketer (d. 1955) May 22 – D. F. Malan, 4th Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1959) May 26 – Henri Farman, French pilot and aircraft designer (d. 1958) May 27 – Dustin Farnum, American actor (d. 1929) May 29 – G. K. Chesterton, English author (d. 1936) June June 11 – Lyman Gilmore, American aviation pioneer (d. 1951) June 16 – Arthur Meighen, 9th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1960) June 17 – Grant Mitchell, American actor (d. 1957) June 18 – King George Tupou II of Tonga (d. 1918) July July 3 – R. B. Bennett, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1947) July 5 – Eugen Fischer, German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics (d. 1967) July 6 – Isaías de Noronha, 13th President of Brazil (d. 1963) July 14 – Abbas II, last khedive of Egypt (d. 1944) July 25 – Alfred Walton Hinds, 17th Naval Governor of Guam (d. 1957) July 26 – Serge Koussevitzky, Russian conductor (d. 1951) July 27 – Frank Shannon, Irish-born American actor (d. 1959) July 29 – J. S. Woodsworth, Canadian politician (d. 1942) August August 1 – Constantin Levaditi, Romanian physician and microbiologist (d. 1953) August 6 – Charles Fort, Dutch-American writer, researcher into anomalous phenomena (d. 1932) August 8 – Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield, British-American businessman (d. 1948) August 10 Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States (d. 1964) Jirō Minami, Japanese general, Governor-General of Korea (1936-1942) (d. 1955) Tod Sloan, American jockey (d. 1933) August 14 – Bertha M. Wilson, American dramatist, critic, and actress (d. 1936) August 27 – Carl Bosch, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940) September September 12 – Redcliffe N. Salaman, British botanist (d. 1955) September 13 Henry F. Ashurst, American politician (d. 1962) Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (d. 1951) September 21 – Gustav Holst, English composer (d. 1934) September 23 – Ernst Streeruwitz, 6th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1952) October October 3 – Charles Middleton, American actor (d. 1949) October 8 István Bethlen, 28th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946) Nance O'Neil, American stage and film actress (d. 1965) October 9 – Nicholas Roerich, Russian painter (d. 1947) October 13 – József Klekl, Slovene politician in Hungary (d. 1948) October 15 – Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1899) October 17 – Lumsden Hare, Irish-born actor, theatre director and producer (d. 1964) October 20 – Charles Ives, American composer (d. 1954) October 26 – Martin Lowry, English chemist (d. 1936) November November 1 – Salima Machamba, Sultan of Mohéli (d. 1964) November 13 – Henry Kolker, American stage, screen actor (d. 1947) November 14 – Johann Schober, 3rd Chancellor of Austria (d. 1932) November 15 – August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1949) November 27 – Chaim Weizmann, 1st President of Israel (d. 1952) November 29 – António Egas Moniz, Portuguese physician and neurologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955) November 30 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1965) Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian author (d. 1942) Friedrich Hasenöhrl, Austrian physicist (d. 1915) December December 11 James L. Kraft, Canadian-American entrepreneur, inventor (d. 1953) Paul Wegener, German actor, film director, and screenwriter; one of the pioneers of German Expressionism (d. 1948) December 13 – Josef Lhévinne, Russian pianist (d. 1944) December 17 – William Lyon Mackenzie King, 10th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1950) December 22 – Franz Schmidt, Austrian composer (d. 1939) December 26 – Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah, Indian educationist, philosopher, philanthropist, social reformer, Sufi thinker, scientist and spiritual person (d. 1965) December 29 – Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the world's first scheduled airline (d. 1917) Deaths January–June January 8 – Abbé Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer, historian (b. 1814) January 14 – Johann Philipp Reis, German scientist, inventor (b. 1834) January 17 – Chang and Eng Bunker, Siamese twins, sideshow performers (b. 1811) January 19 – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet (b. 1798) January 28 – Ludwig von Gablenz, Austrian general (b. 1814) February 3 – William Charles Lunalilo, last monarch of the House of Kamehameha (b. 1835) February 8 – David Friedrich Strauss, German theologian (b. 1808) February 24 – John Bachman, American Lutheran minister, social activist and naturalist (b. 1790) February 27 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Cuban revolutionary hero (b. 1819) March 8 – Millard Fillmore, 74, 13th President of the United States (b. 1800) March 10 – Moritz von Jacobi, German engineer, physicist (b. 1801) March 11 – Charles Sumner, American senator, civil rights activist (b. 1811) March 20 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer (b. 1810) April 13 – Etō Shimpei, Japanese statesman (executed) (b. 1834) April 20 – Alexander H. Bailey, American politician (b. 1807) June 17 – Sir Stephen Glynne, British antiquary and politician (b. 1817) June 20 – John Ruggles, American politician (b. 1789) June 21 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist (b. 1814) July–December July 8 – Agnes Strickland, English popular historian (b. 1796) July 12 – Fritz Reuter, German novelist (b. 1810) July 24 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (b. 1801) August 14 – Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, African-American minister, politician (b. 1821) August 26 – Julie-Victoire Daubié, French journalist (b. 1824) August 27 – Ștefan Golescu, 8th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1809) September 12 – François Guizot, Prime Minister of |
The 1876 United States presidential election is resolved with the selection of Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote on November 7, 1876. March 4 Emile Berliner invents the microphone. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake debuts. Rutherford B. Hayes is sworn in, as the 19th President of the United States. March 15 – English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77: The first Test cricket match is held between England and Australia. March 24 – For the only time in history, The Boat Race between the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw). April–June April 10 – The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 14-year-old Rossa Matilda Richter ("Zazel") at the London Royal Aquarium. April 12 The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic, violating the Sand River Convention of 1852, causing a new Xhosa War. The University of Tokyo is officially established in Japan. April 24 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire. May 5 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada, to avoid harassment by the United States Army under Colonel Nelson Miles. May 6 – Realizing that his people are weakened by cold and hunger, Chief Crazy Horse of the Oglala Sioux surrenders to United States troops in Nebraska. May 8–11 – At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is held. May 9 (May 10 0:59 UTC) – Iquique Earthquake and tsunami: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 Ms occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the Pacific Rim. May 16 – The 16 May 1877 crisis occurs in France. May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war). June 15 – Henry Ossian Flipper becomes the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy. June 17 – American Indian Wars – Battle of White Bird Canyon: The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the Idaho Territory. This begins the Nez Perce War. June 20 – Alexander Graham Bell installs the world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison, in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. June 26 – The eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi in Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000. June 30 – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay. July–September July – The serial publication of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina is concluded, in The Russian Messenger. July 9 – The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club begins its first lawn tennis tournament at Wimbledon. July 16 – Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Riots by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in Baltimore lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a Communist government, before U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces. July 19 – Russo-Turkish War: The first battle in the siege of Plevna is fought. July 30 – Russo-Turkish War: The second battle in the siege of Plevna is fought. July 30 – Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora and massacre the inhabitants. August 9 – American Indian Wars – Battle of the Big Hole: Near Big Hole River, Montana, a small band of Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory. August 12 – American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the outer moon of Mars. August 18 – Asaph Hall discovers Phobos, the inner moon of Mars. September 1 – The Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the siege of Plevna, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at Lovcha. September 5 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska. September 22 – Treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly Blackfoot First Nations tribes and the Canadian Confederation, at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, settling the Blackfoot on Indian reserves in what will become southern Alberta. September 24 – Battle of Shiroyama in Kagoshima, Japan: The Imperial Japanese Army annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel samurai under Saigō Takamori (who is killed), ending the Satsuma Rebellion. October–December October 22 – The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners. November 14 – Henrik Ibsen's first contemporary realist drama The Pillars of Society is premièred at the Odense Teater. November 21 – Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered Edison's first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on November 29. November 22 – The first college lacrosse game is played between New York University and Manhattan College. December 9 – The fourth battle of the Russo-Turkish War is fought, concluding the siege of Plevna. December 13 – Serbia restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey. December 17 – disastrous premiere of Anton Bruckner's Third Symphony in D minor at the Vienna Philharmonic December 30 – Brahms' Symphony No. 2 premieres in Vienna. Births January–March January 2 – Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter (d. 1906) January 3 – Josephine Hull, American actress (d. 1957) January 17 – Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková, Czech botanist and zoologist (d. 1937) January 22 – Hjalmar Schacht, German economist, politician and banker (d. 1970) January 24 – Louise van den Plas, Belgian suffragist, activist (d. 1968) January 26 – Kees van Dongen, Dutch-French painter (d. 1968) February 4 – Eddie Cochems, father of the forward pass in American football (d. 1953) February 7 G. H. Hardy, British mathematician (d. 1947) Alfred Williams, British poet (d. 1930) February 8 – Carl Tanzler, German-born radiology technologist (d. 1952) February 12 – Louis Renault, French industrialist, founder of Renault (d. 1944) February 14 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician (d. 1938) February 17 Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer, writer (d. 1904) André Maginot, French politician (d. 1932) February 19 – Gabriele Münter, German painter (d. 1962) February 25 – Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (d. 1935) March 2 – Consuelo Vanderbilt, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1964) March 4 Alexander Fyodorovich Gedike, Russian composer (d. 1957) Fritz Graebner, German ethnologist (d. 1934) Garrett Morgan, American inventor (d. 1963) March 10 Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Mexican politician and substitute President of Mexico, 1930-1932 (d. 1963) Albert Leo Stevens, pioneering American balloonist (d. 1944) March 12 – Wilhelm Frick, German Nazi politician (d. 1946) March 18 – Edgar Cayce, American psychic (d. 1945) March 21 – Maurice Farman, French pilot, aircraft designer (d. 1964) March 25 – Walter Little, Canadian politician (d. 1961) March 29 – Alois Kayser, German missionary (d. 1944) April–June April 7 – Isabella Mary Macdonald, granddaughter of Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (d. 1959) April 15 – Georg Kolbe, German sculptor (d. 1947) April 17 – Lionel Pape, English actor (d. 1944) April 23 – Charles D. Herron, United States Army general (d. 1977) April 30 – Alice B. Toklas, American writer (d. 1967) May 3 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (d. 1925) May 5 – Halfdan Egedius, Norwegian painter, illustrator (d. 1899) May 23 – Grace Ingalls, youngest sister of American author Laura Ingalls Wilder (d. 1941) May 24 – Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (d. 1938) May 25 – Billy Murray, singer (d. 1954) May 27 – Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927) June 4 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957) June 7 – Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944) June 11 – Renée Vivien, British | 29 – Alois Kayser, German missionary (d. 1944) April–June April 7 – Isabella Mary Macdonald, granddaughter of Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (d. 1959) April 15 – Georg Kolbe, German sculptor (d. 1947) April 17 – Lionel Pape, English actor (d. 1944) April 23 – Charles D. Herron, United States Army general (d. 1977) April 30 – Alice B. Toklas, American writer (d. 1967) May 3 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (d. 1925) May 5 – Halfdan Egedius, Norwegian painter, illustrator (d. 1899) May 23 – Grace Ingalls, youngest sister of American author Laura Ingalls Wilder (d. 1941) May 24 – Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (d. 1938) May 25 – Billy Murray, singer (d. 1954) May 27 – Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927) June 4 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957) June 7 – Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944) June 11 – Renée Vivien, British poet who wrote in French (d. 1909) June 12 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral, politician (d. 1971) June 14 Jane Bathori, French opera singer (d. 1970) Ida Maclean, British biochemist, the first woman admitted to the London Chemical Society (d. 1944) June 18 – James Montgomery Flagg, American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d. 1960) June 19 – Charles Coburn, American actor (d. 1961) July–September July 1 – Benjamin O. Davis Sr. US Army General. First African-American to rise to the rank of Brigadier General. (d. 1970) July 2 Rinaldo Cuneo, American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (d. 1939) Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962) July 6 – Arnaud Massy, French golfer (d. 1950) July 13 – Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1962) July 17 – Ernst von Dohnányi, Hungarian conductor (d. 1960) July 19 Cécile Brunschvicg, French politician (d. 1946) Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (d. 1949) July 31 – Louisa Bolus, South African botanist and taxonomist (d. 1970) August 1 George Hackenschmidt, Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d. 1968) Charlotte Milburn Hughes, the longest-lived British person ever documented (d. 1993) August 6 – Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (d. 1952) August 7 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (d. 1949) August 15 – Stanley Vestal, American writer, poet, historian (d. 1957) August 16 – Roque Ruaño, Spanish priest, civil engineer (d. 1935) August 22 – Ananda Coomaraswamy, Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d. 1947) August 26 John Latham, Australian politician, judge (d. 1964) Iosif Dubrovinsky, Bolshevik and comrade of Vladimir Lenin prior to the Russian Revolution (d. 1913) August 27 Lloyd C. Douglas, American minister, author (d. 1951) Charles Rolls, Welsh co-founder of the Rolls-Royce car firm, pioneer aviator (d. 1910) August 29 – Dudley Pound, British admiral (d. 1943) September 1 Francis William Aston, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945) Rex Beach, American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d. 1949) September 2 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1956) September 6 – Buddy Bolden, American jazz musician (d. 1931) September 14 – Leonhard Seppala, Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d. 1967) September 15 – Wilhelm Adam, German general (d. 1949) September 16 – Carsten Tank-Nielsen, Norwegian admiral (d. 1957) September 25 – Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexican general and President of Mexico, 1924–1928; known as Jefe Maximo ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d. 1945) September 26 Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist (d. 1962) Edmund Gwenn, English actor (d. 1959) Bertha De Vriese, Belgian physician (d. 1958) October–December October 4 – Razor Smith, English cricketer (d. 1946) October 10 – William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, British businessman, philanthropist (d. 1963) October 15 – Helen Ware, American stage, film actress (d. 1939) October 21 – Oswald Avery, Canadian-American physician, medical researcher (d. 1955) October 22 – Frederick Twort, English bacteriologist (d. 1950) October 24 – Ernst Mielck, Finnish composer (d. 1899) October 27 – George Thompson, English cricketer (d. 1943) October 29 – Narcisa de Leon, Filipino film mogul (d. 1966) October 30 – Hugo Celmiņš, 2-time Prime Minister of Latvia (d. 1941) November 1 – Else Ury, German writer, children's book author (d. 1943) November 2 – Claire McDowell, American silent film actress (d. 1966) November 3 – Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, 2-time President of Chile (d. 1960) November 9 Enrico De Nicola, 1st President of Italy (d. 1959) Allama Iqbal, Indian philosopher, one of the founding fathers of the Muslims of India (d. 1938) November 15 – William Hope Hodgson, English author (d. 1918) November 17 – Frank Lahm, Brigadier General USAF, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by the Wright brothers (d. 1963) November 20 – Herbert Pitman, British mariner; 3rd Officer aboard RMS Titanic (d. 1961) November 22 Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (d. 1919) Joan Gamper, Swiss-born businessman, founder of FC Barcelona (d. 1930) November 24 Alben W. Barkley, 35th Vice President of the United States (d. 1956) Edward C. Kalbfus, American admiral (d. 1954) Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara, Indian police commissioner of Bombay (d. 1941) December 3 – Richard Pearse, New Zealand airplane pioneer (d. 1953) December 16 – Kichisaburō Nomura, Japanese admiral and diplomat (d. 1964) December 24 – Sigrid Schauman, Finnish painter (d. 1979) December 30 – Edward Ellington, British military officer; Marshal of the Royal Air Force (d. 1967) Date unknown Rashid Tali’a, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1926) Al-Abbas ibn Ibrahim as-Samlali, Moroccan historian (d. 1959) Deaths January–June January 1 – Karl von Urban, Austrian field marshal (suicide) (b. 1802) January 2 – Alexander Bain, Scottish inventor (b. 1811) January 4 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (b. 1794) January |
Felix Adler. October 14 – The University of the Punjab at Lahore (Undivided India), is founded in modern-day Pakistan. October 16 – The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad ("Nickel Plate Road") runs its first trains over the entire system between Buffalo, New York, and Chicago. Nine days later the Seney Syndicate sells the road to William Henry Vanderbilt, for US$7.2 million. October 21 – Waseda University was founded by Shigenobu Ōkuma in Japan, as predecessor name was Tokyo Specializing School. November 2 – The Great Fire of Oulu destroyed 27 buildings in the downtown of Oulu, Finland. November 14 – Franklyn Leslie shoots Billy Claiborne dead, in the streets of Tombstone, Arizona. November 16 – The British Royal Navy's destroys Abari village in Niger. December – Zikhron Ya'akov is founded in northern Israel. December 6 – A transit of Venus, the last until 2004, occurs. Date unknown The first International Polar Year, an international scientific program, begins. Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande returns to South Africa from England. A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay. Pogroms in Southern Russia end. Nikola Tesla claims this is when he conceives the rotating magnetic field principle, which he later uses to invent his induction motor. The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents (the modern-day Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys) is founded. Redruth Mining School opens in Cornwall. The Personal Liberty League is established, to oppose the temperance movement in the United States. Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the United States. Édouard Manet exhibits his painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère at the Paris Salon. Founding of the following sports clubs: Albion Rovers F.C. (through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers) in the urban west of Scotland Christchurch Rangers, the earliest predecessor of Queens Park Rangers F.C., in London. Glentoran F.C. in Belfast in the north of Ireland. Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club, the oldest lawn tennis club still on its original site, in the outer London suburbs. Waterloo F.C., a rugby union club, as Serpentine on Merseyside in the north of England. Births January January 6 Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet, political figure (d. 1965) Ferdinand Pecora, Sicilian-born American lawyer (d. 1971) Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961) January 17 Arnold Rothstein, American gangster (d. 1928) Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946) January 18 – A. A. Milne, British author (d. 1956) January 20 – Johnny Torrio, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1957) January 22 – Theodore Kosloff, Russian-born actor (d. 1956) January 23 – Anna Abrikosova, Soviet Roman Catholic religious sister and servant of God (d. 1936) January 25 – Virginia Woolf, English writer (d. 1941) January 28 Mary Boland, American actress (d. 1965) Gengo Hyakutake, Japanese admiral (d. 1976) Pascual Orozco, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1915) January 30 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945) January 31 – Fritz Leiber Sr., American stage, screen actor (d. 1949) February February 1 – Louis St. Laurent, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973) February 2 Juan B. Alegre, Philippine Statesman and Senator of the 6th District (d. 1931) Anne Bauchens, American film editor working with Cecil B. DeMille (d. 1967) James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941) February 4 – E. J. Pratt, Canadian poet (d. 1964) February 5 – Louis Wagner, French Grand Prix racer, aviator (d. 1960) February 11 Valli Valli, German-born British actress (d. 1927) Joe Jordan, American ragtime composer (d. 1971) February 12 – Walter Nash, 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1968) February 15 – John Barrymore, American actor (d. 1942) February 18 – Petre Dumitrescu, Romanian general (d. 1950) February 22 – Eric Gill, English sculptor, writer (d. 1940) February 26 – Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (d. 1968) February 28 Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (d. 1967) Herbert Silberer, Austrian psychoanalyst (d. 1923) March March 3 – Charles Ponzi, Italian-born American con man (d. 1949) March 6 – F. Burrall Hoffman, American architect (d. 1980) March 8 – Alfred A. Cunningham, first United States Marine Corps aviator (d. 1939) March 12 – Carlos Blanco Galindo , 32nd President of Bolivia (d. 1943) March 14 Wacław Sierpiński, Polish mathematician (d. 1969) Giuseppe Tellera, Italian general (d. 1941) March 15 – James Lightbody, American middle-distance runner (d. 1953) March 18 – Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (d. 1973) March 20 – René Coty, 17th President of France (d. 1962) March 22 – John W. Wilcox Jr., American admiral (d. 1942) March 23 – Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935) March 24 – George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway, English politician, 5th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1943) March 26 – Hermann Obrecht, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1940) March 30 – Melanie Klein, Viennese child psychoanalyst (d. 1960) April April 7 – Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1934) April 17 – Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (d. 1951) April 18 Isabel J. Cox, wife of Canadian prime minister Arthur Meighen (d. 1985) Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian writer (d. 1948) Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (d. 1977) April 19 – Getúlio Vargas, president of Brazil (d. 1954) April 20 Nicolae Ciupercă, Romanian general and politician (d. 1950) Holland Smith, American general (d. 1967) April 21 – Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961) April 24 – Hugh Dowding, commander of the RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain (d. 1970) April 29 – H.N. Werkman, Dutch artist, printer (d. 1945) May May 2 Sophus Black, Danish telegraph manager and art collector (d. 1960) James F. Byrnes, American politician, Secretary of State and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1972) May 5 Sylvia Pankhurst, English suffragette (d. 1960) Sir Douglas Mawson, Antarctic explorer (d. 1958) May 6 – Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir-apparent of Emperor Wilhelm II (d. 1951) May 9 Henry J. Kaiser, American industrialist (d. 1967) George Barker, American painter (d. 1965) May 10 – Thurston Hall, American stage & screen actor (d. 1958) May 12 – Chabilal Upadhyaya, Indian freedom fighter and social activist (d.1980) May 13 – Georges Braque, French painter (d. 1963) Mary Gordon, stage and screen actress (d. 1963) May 20 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian author (d. 1949) May 25 – Marie Doro, American stage, silent film actress (d. 1956) May 26 – Roderick McMahon, American professional boxing, wrestling promoter (d. 1954) May 28 – Avery Hopwood, American playwright (d. 1928) May 30 – Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (d. 1915) June June 4 – Karl Valentin, German actor (d. 1948) June 9 – Robert Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963) June 10 – Nevile Henderson, British diplomat (d. 1942) June 12 – Roi Cooper Megrue, American playwright (d. 1927) June 15 – Ion Antonescu, Romanian prime minister, dictator (d. 1946) June 16 – Mohammad Mosaddegh, Iranian politician, 35th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1967) June 17 Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1918) Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer (d. 1971) June 18 – Georgi Dimitrov, 32nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1949) June 22 – Nikolai Cholodny, Russian microbiologist (d. 1953) June 28 – Valeska Suratt, American stage actress, silent film star (d. 1962) June 29 – Ole Singstad, Norwegian-American civil engineer (d. 1969) July July 1 – Bidhan Chandra Roy, Indian physician and politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1962) July 8 – Percy Grainger, Australian composer (d. 1961) July 10 – Ima Hogg, American society leader, philanthropist, patron and collector of the arts (d. 1975) July 16 – Edward Earle, Canadian-American actor (d. 1972) July 17 – James Somerville, British admiral (d. 1949) July 22 – Edward Hopper, American painter (d. 1967) July 24 – Lynn Thorndike, American historian of medieval science and alchemy (d. 1965) July 25 – George S. Rentz, United States Navy Chaplain, Navy Cross winner (d. 1942) July 27 Donald Crisp, English actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer (d. 1974) Geoffrey de Havilland, British aviation pioneer, aircraft company founder (d. 1965) July 31 Itamar Ben-Avi, first native speaker of Modern Hebrew (d. 1943) August August 11 – Rodolfo Graziani, Italian general (d. 1955) August 14 – Gisela Richter, English art historian (d. 1972) August 16 – Christian Mortensen, oldest verified male ever at the time of his death (d. 1998) August 19 – MacGillivray Milne, United States Navy Captain, 27th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1959) August 22 Raymonde de Laroche, French aviator, first woman to receive an aviators license (d. 1919) Madame de Meuron, famed Swiss noble lady, eccentric from Bern (d. 1980) August 25 – Seán T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966) August 26 – James Franck, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964) September September 1 – Nicholas H. Heck, American geophysicist, oceanographer, and surveyor (d. 1953) September 10 – Károly Huszár, 25th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1941) September 11 – William T. Bovie, American biophysicist, inventor (d. 1958) September 13 – Ramón Grau, Cuban president (d. 1969) September 16 – Robert Hichens, RMS Titanic quartermaster, man at the wheel when Titanic hit the iceberg (d. 1940) September 12 – Ion Agârbiceanu, Romanian writer, journalist, politician and priest (d. 1963) September 22 – Wilhelm Keitel, German field marshal (d. 1946) September 29 – Lilias Armstrong, English phonetician (d. 1937) September 30 George Bancroft, American film actor (d. 1956) Hans Geiger, German physicist (d. 1945) October October 2 – Boris Shaposhnikov, Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1945) October 3 – A. Y. Jackson, Canadian painter (d. 1974) October 5 – Robert H. Goddard, American rocket scientist (d. 1945) October 6 – Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (d. 1937) October 14 Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz, Polish military leader (d. 1915) Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975) Charlie Parker, English cricketer (d. 1959) October 17 | of Alexandria, Egypt, and securing the Suez Canal. July 23 The Imo Incident occurs in Seoul, Korea as a result of bad rations and payment towards soldiers of the Old Korean Army. July 26 Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa. Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal debuts, at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in Bavaria. July 31 – The Hebrew Moshava of Rishon LeZion is founded. August 3 – The U.S. Congress passes the 1882 Immigration Act. August 5 – Standard Oil of New Jersey is established. August 18 – The Married Women's Property Act 1882 receives royal assent in Britain; it enables women to buy, own and sell property, and to keep their own earnings. August 20 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture debuts in Moscow. September 4 – Thomas Edison flips the switch to the first commercial electrical power plant in the United States, lighting one square mile of lower Manhattan. This is considered by many as the day that begins the electrical age. September 5 The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City. Tottenham Hotspur F.C. is founded (as Hotspur F.C.) in London. September 13 Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate. Selwyn College, Cambridge is founded after Queen Victoria grants a Charter of Incorporation. September 18 – Great Comet of 1882: Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape, David Gill, reports watching the comet rise a few minutes before the Sun, describing it as "The nucleus was then undoubtedly single, and certainly rather under than over 4″ in diameter; in fact, as I have described it, it resembled very much a star of the 1st magnitude seen by daylight." October–December October 5 – The Society for Ethical Culture of Chicago (the modern-day Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago) is founded by Felix Adler. October 14 – The University of the Punjab at Lahore (Undivided India), is founded in modern-day Pakistan. October 16 – The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad ("Nickel Plate Road") runs its first trains over the entire system between Buffalo, New York, and Chicago. Nine days later the Seney Syndicate sells the road to William Henry Vanderbilt, for US$7.2 million. October 21 – Waseda University was founded by Shigenobu Ōkuma in Japan, as predecessor name was Tokyo Specializing School. November 2 – The Great Fire of Oulu destroyed 27 buildings in the downtown of Oulu, Finland. November 14 – Franklyn Leslie shoots Billy Claiborne dead, in the streets of Tombstone, Arizona. November 16 – The British Royal Navy's destroys Abari village in Niger. December – Zikhron Ya'akov is founded in northern Israel. December 6 – A transit of Venus, the last until 2004, occurs. Date unknown The first International Polar Year, an international scientific program, begins. Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande returns to South Africa from England. A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay. Pogroms in Southern Russia end. Nikola Tesla claims this is when he conceives the rotating magnetic field principle, which he later uses to invent his induction motor. The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents (the modern-day Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys) is founded. Redruth Mining School opens in Cornwall. The Personal Liberty League is established, to oppose the temperance movement in the United States. Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the United States. Édouard Manet exhibits his painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère at the Paris Salon. Founding of the following sports clubs: Albion Rovers F.C. (through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers) in the urban west of Scotland Christchurch Rangers, the earliest predecessor of Queens Park Rangers F.C., in London. Glentoran F.C. in Belfast in the north of Ireland. Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club, the oldest lawn tennis club still on its original site, in the outer London suburbs. Waterloo F.C., a rugby union club, as Serpentine on Merseyside in the north of England. Births January January 6 Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet, political figure (d. 1965) Ferdinand Pecora, Sicilian-born American lawyer (d. 1971) Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961) January 17 Arnold Rothstein, American gangster (d. 1928) Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946) January 18 – A. A. Milne, British author (d. 1956) January 20 – Johnny Torrio, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1957) January 22 – Theodore Kosloff, Russian-born actor (d. 1956) January 23 – Anna Abrikosova, Soviet Roman Catholic religious sister and servant of God (d. 1936) January 25 – Virginia Woolf, English writer (d. 1941) January 28 Mary Boland, American actress (d. 1965) Gengo Hyakutake, Japanese admiral (d. 1976) Pascual Orozco, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1915) January 30 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945) January 31 – Fritz Leiber Sr., American stage, screen actor (d. 1949) February February 1 – Louis St. Laurent, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973) February 2 Juan B. Alegre, Philippine Statesman and Senator of the 6th District (d. 1931) Anne Bauchens, American film editor working with Cecil B. DeMille (d. 1967) James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941) February 4 – E. J. Pratt, Canadian poet (d. 1964) February 5 – Louis Wagner, French Grand Prix racer, aviator (d. 1960) February 11 Valli Valli, German-born British actress (d. 1927) Joe Jordan, American ragtime composer (d. 1971) February 12 – Walter Nash, 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1968) February 15 – John Barrymore, American actor (d. 1942) February 18 – Petre Dumitrescu, Romanian general (d. 1950) February 22 – Eric Gill, English sculptor, writer (d. 1940) February 26 – Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (d. 1968) February 28 Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (d. 1967) Herbert Silberer, Austrian psychoanalyst (d. 1923) March March 3 – Charles Ponzi, Italian-born American con man (d. 1949) March 6 – F. Burrall Hoffman, American architect (d. 1980) March 8 – Alfred A. Cunningham, first United States Marine Corps aviator (d. 1939) March 12 – Carlos Blanco Galindo , 32nd President of Bolivia (d. 1943) March 14 Wacław Sierpiński, Polish mathematician (d. 1969) Giuseppe Tellera, Italian general (d. 1941) March 15 – James Lightbody, American middle-distance runner (d. 1953) March 18 – Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (d. 1973) March 20 – René Coty, 17th President of France (d. 1962) March 22 – John W. Wilcox Jr., American admiral (d. 1942) March 23 – Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935) March 24 – George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway, English politician, 5th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1943) March 26 – Hermann Obrecht, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1940) March 30 – Melanie Klein, Viennese child psychoanalyst (d. 1960) April April 7 – Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1934) April 17 – Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (d. 1951) April 18 Isabel J. Cox, wife of Canadian prime minister Arthur Meighen (d. 1985) Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian writer (d. 1948) Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (d. 1977) April 19 – Getúlio Vargas, president of Brazil (d. 1954) April 20 Nicolae Ciupercă, Romanian general and politician (d. 1950) Holland Smith, American general (d. 1967) April 21 – Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961) April 24 – Hugh Dowding, commander of the RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain (d. 1970) April 29 – H.N. Werkman, Dutch artist, printer (d. 1945) May May 2 Sophus Black, Danish telegraph manager and art collector (d. 1960) James F. Byrnes, American politician, Secretary of State and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1972) May 5 Sylvia Pankhurst, English suffragette (d. 1960) Sir Douglas Mawson, Antarctic explorer (d. 1958) May 6 – Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir-apparent of Emperor Wilhelm II (d. 1951) May 9 Henry J. Kaiser, American industrialist (d. 1967) George Barker, American painter (d. 1965) May 10 – Thurston Hall, American stage & screen actor (d. 1958) May 12 – Chabilal Upadhyaya, Indian freedom fighter and social activist (d.1980) May 13 – Georges Braque, French painter (d. 1963) Mary Gordon, stage and screen actress (d. 1963) May 20 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian author (d. 1949) May 25 – Marie Doro, American stage, silent film actress (d. 1956) May 26 – Roderick McMahon, American professional boxing, wrestling promoter (d. 1954) May 28 – Avery Hopwood, American playwright (d. 1928) May 30 – Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (d. 1915) June June 4 – Karl Valentin, German actor (d. 1948) June 9 – Robert Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963) June 10 – Nevile Henderson, British diplomat (d. 1942) June 12 – Roi Cooper Megrue, American playwright (d. 1927) June 15 – Ion Antonescu, Romanian prime minister, dictator (d. 1946) June 16 – Mohammad Mosaddegh, Iranian politician, 35th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1967) June 17 Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1918) Igor |
– Louis Charles Breguet, French aircraft designer, builder and early aviation pioneer (d. 1955) January 3 – Father Francis Browne, Irish Jesuit priest, famous for his last photos of the RMS Titanic (d. 1960) January 6 – Tom Mix, American actor (d. 1940) January 10 – Manuel Azaña, 2nd President of the Spanish Second Republic, 55th Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1940) January 11 – Rudolph Palm, Curaçao-born composer (d. 1950) January 17 – Mack Sennett, Canadian director, producer (d. 1960) January 18 – Paul Ehrenfest, Austrian-Dutch physicist (d. 1933) January 19 – Henryk Minkiewicz, Polish general and politician (d. 1940) January 26 Sylvia Ashton, American actress (d. 1940) Douglas MacArthur, American general (d. 1964) January 28 Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer (d. 1970) Dorothy Donnelly, American actress, lyricist (d. 1928) January 29 – W. C. Fields, American actor, comedian (d. 1946) February February 5 – Gabriel Voisin, French aviation pioneer (d. 1973) February 8 – Franz Marc, German artist (d. 1916) February 12 John L. Lewis, American labor union leader (d. 1969) George Preca, Maltese saint (d. 1962) February 14 – Frederick J. Horne, American four-star Admiral (d. 1959) February 16 – Frank Burke, American baseball player (d. 1946) February 17 – Reginald Farrer, English botanist (d. 1920) February 19 – Álvaro Obregón, 39th President of Mexico (d. 1928) February 21 – Waldemar Bonsels, German writer (d. 1952) February 22 Eric Lemming, Swedish athlete (d. 1930) Frigyes Riesz, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1956) February 26 - Lionel Logue, Australian speech and language therapist (d. 1953) February 27 – Olivia Nordgren, Swedish politician (d. 1969) March March 1 – Lytton Strachey, English writer, biographer (d. 1932) March 4 – Channing Pollock, American playwright, critic (d. 1946) March 6 – Jameson Adams, British Antarctic explorer, Royal Navy officer and civil servant (d. 1962) March 10 – Broncho Billy Anderson, American actor (d. 1971) March 11 – Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenicist (d. 1943) March 15 – Montagu Love, English actor (d. 1943) March 17 – Lawrence Oates, British army officer and Antarctic explorer (d. 1912) March 22 – Kuniaki Koiso, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1950) March 23 – Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish Minister of the Interior (d. 1922) March 27 – Ruth Hanna McCormick, American politician, activist and publisher (d. 1944) March 28 – Louis Wolheim, American character actor (d. 1931) March 30 – Seán O'Casey, Irish writer (d. 1964) April April 13 – Charles Christie, Canadian-born film studio owner (d. 1955) April 15 – Max Wertheimer, Austrian-born psychologist, father of Gestalt Theory (d. 1943) April 18 – Sam Crawford, American Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1968) April 30 – Charles Exeter Devereux Crombie, Scottish-born cartoonist (d. 1967) May May 6 Edmund Ironside, BritishOops field marshal (d. 1959) Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, German painter (d. 1938) William J. Simmons, American founder of the second Ku Klux Klan (d. 1945) May 14 B. C. Forbes, Scottish-born financial publisher (d. 1954) Wilhelm List, German field marshal (d. 1971) May 21 – Tudor Arghezi, Romanian writer (d. 1967) May 25 Jean Alexandre Barré, French neurologist (d. 1967) Alf Common, English footballer (d. 1946) May 29 – Oswald Spengler, German philosopher (d. 1936) June June 6 – W. T. Cosgrave, Irish politician (d. 1965) June 9 – William S. Pye, American admiral (d. 1959) June 15 – Osami Nagano, Japanese admiral (d. 1947) June 17 – Carl Van Vechten, American writer, photographer (d. 1964) June 21 – Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, British civil servant, industrialist and economist (d. 1941) June 24 – João Cândido Felisberto, Brazilian sailor (d. 1969) June 26 – Mitchell Lewis, American actor (d. 1956) June 27 – Helen Keller, American spokeswoman for the deaf and blind (d. 1968) June 29 – Ludwig Beck, German general, Chief of the General Staff (d. 1944) June 30 – Elisabeth Tamm, Swedish politician (d. 1958) July July 1 – Tuti Yusupova, Uzbekistani longevity claimant (d. 2015) July 3 – Carl Schuricht, German conductor (d. 1967) July 5 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940) July 11 – Friedrich Lahrs, German architect (d. 1964) July 12 – Tod Browning, American motion picture director, horror film pioneer (d. 1962) July 15 – Alessandro Guidoni, Italian air force general (d. 1928) July 21 – Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak General, politician and astronomer (d. 1919) July 24 Ernest Bloch, Swiss-born composer (d. 1959) Kristian Hellström, Swedish athlete (d. 1946) July 26 Volodymyr Vynnychenko, 1st Prime Minister of Ukraine (d. 1951) Jean Clemens, youngest of Mark Twain (d. 1909) August August 4 – Werner von Fritsch, German general (d. 1939) August 6 – Hans Moser, Austrian actor (d. 1964) August 8 – Sir Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1961) August 10 – Robert L. Thornton, American businessman, philanthropist and mayor of Dallas, Texas (d. 1964) August 12 – Christy Mathewson, American baseball player (d.1925) August 15 – Anna Rüling, German journalist, the first known lesbian activist (d. 1953) August 19 – Jean Patou, French fashion designer (d. 1936) August 22 – George Herriman, American cartoonist (d. 1944) August 23 – Wyndham Standing, English stage, film actor (d. 1963) August 26 – Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (d. 1918) August 29 – Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian supercentenarian, oldest Canadian ever (d. 1998) August 30 – Nikolai Astrup, Norwegian painter (d. 1928) August 31 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (d. 1962) September September 12 – H. L. Mencken, American journalist (d. 1956) September 14 Metropolitan Benjamin (Fedchenkov), Eastern Orthodox missionary and writer, Exarch of the Russian Church in North America (d. 1961) Archie Hahn, American athlete (d. 1955) September 15 – Chujiro Hayashi, Japanese Reiki master (d. 1940) September | (d. 1936) June June 6 – W. T. Cosgrave, Irish politician (d. 1965) June 9 – William S. Pye, American admiral (d. 1959) June 15 – Osami Nagano, Japanese admiral (d. 1947) June 17 – Carl Van Vechten, American writer, photographer (d. 1964) June 21 – Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, British civil servant, industrialist and economist (d. 1941) June 24 – João Cândido Felisberto, Brazilian sailor (d. 1969) June 26 – Mitchell Lewis, American actor (d. 1956) June 27 – Helen Keller, American spokeswoman for the deaf and blind (d. 1968) June 29 – Ludwig Beck, German general, Chief of the General Staff (d. 1944) June 30 – Elisabeth Tamm, Swedish politician (d. 1958) July July 1 – Tuti Yusupova, Uzbekistani longevity claimant (d. 2015) July 3 – Carl Schuricht, German conductor (d. 1967) July 5 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940) July 11 – Friedrich Lahrs, German architect (d. 1964) July 12 – Tod Browning, American motion picture director, horror film pioneer (d. 1962) July 15 – Alessandro Guidoni, Italian air force general (d. 1928) July 21 – Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak General, politician and astronomer (d. 1919) July 24 Ernest Bloch, Swiss-born composer (d. 1959) Kristian Hellström, Swedish athlete (d. 1946) July 26 Volodymyr Vynnychenko, 1st Prime Minister of Ukraine (d. 1951) Jean Clemens, youngest of Mark Twain (d. 1909) August August 4 – Werner von Fritsch, German general (d. 1939) August 6 – Hans Moser, Austrian actor (d. 1964) August 8 – Sir Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1961) August 10 – Robert L. Thornton, American businessman, philanthropist and mayor of Dallas, Texas (d. 1964) August 12 – Christy Mathewson, American baseball player (d.1925) August 15 – Anna Rüling, German journalist, the first known lesbian activist (d. 1953) August 19 – Jean Patou, French fashion designer (d. 1936) August 22 – George Herriman, American cartoonist (d. 1944) August 23 – Wyndham Standing, English stage, film actor (d. 1963) August 26 – Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (d. 1918) August 29 – Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian supercentenarian, oldest Canadian ever (d. 1998) August 30 – Nikolai Astrup, Norwegian painter (d. 1928) August 31 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (d. 1962) September September 12 – H. L. Mencken, American journalist (d. 1956) September 14 Metropolitan Benjamin (Fedchenkov), Eastern Orthodox missionary and writer, Exarch of the Russian Church in North America (d. 1961) Archie Hahn, American athlete (d. 1955) September 15 – Chujiro Hayashi, Japanese Reiki master (d. 1940) September 16 – Alfred Noyes, English poet (d. 1958) September 20 – Ugo Cavallero, Italian field marshal (d. 1943) September 22 – Christabel Pankhurst, English suffragette (d. 1958) September 23 – John Boyd Orr, Scottish physician and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1971) September 24 – Sarah Knauss, American supercentenarian, oldest American ever, last surviving person born in 1880 (d. 1999) September 27 – Pier Ruggero Piccio, Italian World War I fighter ace, air force general (d. 1965) September 29 – Liberato Pinto, 78th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1949) October October 2 – Nicolae M. Condiescu, Romanian novelist and general (d. 1939) October 3 – Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (d. 1943) October 4 – Damon Runyon, American writer (d. 1946) October 7 – Paul Hausser, German general (d. 1972) October 12 Marcel-Bruno Gensoul, French admiral (d. 1973) Kullervo Manner, Finnish Speaker of the Parliament, the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (d. 1939) October 17 - Jabotinsky, Zionist philosopher, intellectual (d. 1940) October 23 Hong Yi, born Li Shutong, Chinese Buddhist artist, art teacher (d. 1942) Una O'Connor, Irish actress (d. 1959) October 24 – Antonina De Angelis, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. 1962) November November 1 Grantland Rice, American sportswriter (d. 1954) Alfred Wegener, German scientist, meteorologist (d. 1930) November 2 – John Foulds, English classical music composer (d. 1939) November 3 – Avra Theodoropoulou, Greek suffragist (d. 1957) November 5 – Richard Oswald, Austrian film director (d. 1963) November 6 – Robert Musil, Austrian novelist (d. 1942) November 9 – Giles Gilbert Scott, British architect (d. 1960) November 10 – Jacob Epstein, American-born sculptor (d. 1959) November 12 – Harold Rainsford Stark, American admiral (d. 1972) November 18 – Naum Torbov, Bulgarian architect (d. 1952) November 22 – Charles Forbes, British admiral (d. 1960) November 25 John Flynn, Australian medical services pioneer (d. 1951) Elsie J. Oxenham, born Elsie J. Dunkerley, English children's novelist (d. 1960) November 29 – Sara Allgood, Irish-American actress (d. 1950) December December 1 – Joseph Trumpeldor, Russian Zionist (d. 1920) December 3 – Fedor von Bock, German field marshal (d. 1945) December 4 – Garfield Wood, American motorboat racer (d. 1971) December 10 – Jessie Aspinall, Australian doctor, first female junior medical resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (d. 1953) December 11 – Frank Tarrant, Australian cricketer (d. 1951) December 24 – Johnny Gruelle, American cartoonist, children's book author (d. 1938) December 31 – George Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959) Date unknown Tringe Smajli, Albanian guerrilla fighter, sworn virgin (d. 1917) Deaths January–June January 4 Anselm Feuerbach, German painter (b. 1829) Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet, French statesman (b. 1801) January 8 – Joshua A. Norton, self-anointed Emperor Norton I of the United States of America (b. 1811) January 12 Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur (b. 1837) Ida, Countess von Hahn-Hahn, German author (b. 1805) January 14 – Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1829) January 20 – Captain Moonlite, Australian bushranger (hanged) (b. 1842) January 31 – Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac, French politician (b. 1806) February 18 – Nikolay Zinin, Russian organic chemist (b. 1812) February 29 – Sir James Milne Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1812) March 14 – Pagan Min, King of Ava (b. 1811) March 31 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (b. 1835) April 23 – Raden Saleh, Indonesian painter (b. 1807) April 27 – Joseph Vinoy, French general (b. 1803) May 2 Eunice Hale Waite Cobb, American public speaker (b. 1803) Tom Wills, Australian cricketer, pioneer of Australian rules football (b. 1835) May 4 – Edward Clark, Confederate Governor of Texas (b. 1815) May 8 – Gustave Flaubert, French novelist (b. 1821) May 20 – Ana Néri, Brazilian nurse (b. 1814) June 8 – Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), Empress Consort of Czar Alexander II of Russia (b. 1824) June 28 – Texas Jack Omohundro, American frontier scout, actor, and cowboy (b. 1846) July–December July 7 – Lydia Maria Child, American novelist, abolitionist (b. 1802) July 9 – Paul Broca, French physician and anthropologist (b. 1824) July 17 – Tomasz Chołodecki, Polish political activist (b. 1813) July 21 – Hiram Walden, American politician (b. 1800) August 9 – William Bigler, American politician (b. 1814) August 15 – Adelaide Neilson, English actress (b. 1848) August 16 – Herschel Vespasian Johnson, American politician (b. 1812) August 17 – Ole Bull, Norwegian violinist (b. 1810) August 24 – Chief Ouray, Native American leader (b. c. 1833) September 21 – Manuel Montt, 5th President of Chile (b. 1809) September 25 – John Tarleton, British admiral (b. 1811) October 5 – Jacques Offenbach, German-born French composer (b. 1819) October 14 – Victorio, Chiricahua Apache chief (b. c. 1825) October 22 – Alphonse Pénaud, French aviation pioneer (b. 1850) October 23 – Bettino Ricasoli, Italian statesman (b. 1809) November 11 Ned Kelly, Australian bush ranger (hanged) (b. c. 1855) Lucretia Mott, American social activist (b. 1793) November 13 – August Karl von Goeben, Prussian general (b. 1816) November 23 – Sir Redmond Barry, Australian judge, sentenced Ned Kelly to death (b. 1813) November 28 – Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, (Portuguese) Archbishop of Goa (b. 1837) November 30 – Jeanette Threlfall, English hymnwriter (b. 1821) December 7 – Maria Giuseppa Rossello, Italian Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1811) December 20 – Gaspar Tochman, Polish-American soldier (b. 1797) December 22 – George Eliot, English writer (b. 1819) Date unknown Manolache Costache Epureanu, 2-time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1823) Ng Akew, Chinese businesswoman References Further reading and year books 1880 Annual Cyclopedia (1881) highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, |
an Edison-type dynamo." While among the earliest submarines to successfully make use of electric power, she proved to have a severe flaw. She could not stay at a stable depth, set by the operator. The improved Goubet II was introduced in 1889. This version could transport a 2-man crew and had "an attractive interior". More stable than her predecessor, though still unable to stay at a set depth. 1885–1887: Thorsten Nordenfelt of Örby, Uppsala Municipality, Sweden produces a series of steam powered submarines. The first was the Nordenfelt I, a 56 tonne, 19.5 metre long vessel similar to George Garrett's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres and armed with a single torpedo and a 25.4 mm machine gun. It was manufactured by Bolinders in Stockholm in 1884–1885. Like the Resurgam, it operated on the surface using a 100 HP steam engine with a maximum speed of 9 kn, then it shut down its engine to dive. She was purchased by the Hellenic Navy and was delivered to Salamis Naval Base in 1886. Following the acceptance tests, she was never used again by the Hellenic Navy and was scrapped in 1901. Nordenfelt then built the Nordenfelt II (Abdülhamid) in 1886 and Nordenfelt III (Abdülmecid) in 1887, a pair of 30 metre long submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for the Ottoman Navy. Abdülhamid became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo while submerged under water. The Nordenfelts had several faults. "It took as long as twelve hours to generate enough steam for submerged operations and about thirty minutes to dive. Once underwater, sudden changes in speed or direction triggered—in the words of a U.S. Navy intelligence report—"dangerous and eccentric movements." ...However, good public relations overcame bad design: Nordenfeldt always demonstrated his boats before a stellar crowd of crowned heads, and Nordenfeldt's submarines were regarded as the world standard." 1886–1887: Carl Gassner of Mainz, German Empire receives a patent for a zinc–carbon battery, among the earliest examples of dry cell batteries. Originally patented in the German Empire, Gassner also received patents from Austria-Hungary, Belgium, the French Third Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (all in 1886) and the United States (in 1887). Consumer dry cells would first appear in the 1890s. In 1887, Wilhelm Hellesen of Kalundborg, Denmark patented his own zinc–carbon battery. Within the year, Hellesen and V. Ludvigsen founded a factory in Frederiksberg, producing their batteries. 1886: Charles Martin Hall of Thompson Township, Geauga County, Ohio, and Paul Héroult of Thury-Harcourt, Normandy independently discover the same inexpensive method for producing aluminium, which became the first metal to attain widespread use since the prehistoric discovery of iron. The basic invention involves passing an electric current through a bath of alumina dissolved in cryolite, which results in a puddle of aluminum forming in the bottom of the retort. It has come to be known as the Hall-Héroult process. Often overlooked is that Hall did not work alone. His research partner was Julia Brainerd Hall, an older sister. She had studied chemistry at Oberlin College, helped with the experiments, took laboratory notes and gave business advice to Charles. 1886–1890: Herbert Akroyd Stuart of Halifax Yorkshire, England receives his first patent on a prototype of the hot bulb engine. His research culminated in an 1890 patent for a compression ignition engine. Production started in 1891 by Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham, Lincolnshire, England under the title Hornsby Akroyd Patent Oil Engine under licence. Stuart's oil engine design was simple, reliable and economical. It had a comparatively low compression ratio, so that the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate combustion. Combustion instead took place in a separated combustion chamber, the "vaporizer" (also called the "hot bulb") mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel was sprayed. It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting. Self-ignition occurred from contact between the fuel-air mixture and the hot walls of the vaporizer. 1887: William Thomson (later Baron Kelvin) of Belfast, Ireland introduces the multicellular voltmeter. The electrical supply industry needed instruments capable of measuring high voltages. Thomson's voltmeter could measure up to 20,000 volts. It could measure both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) flows. They went into production in 1888, being the first electrostatic voltmeters. 1887: Charles Vernon Boys of Wing, Rutland, England introduces a method of using fused quartz fibers to measure "delicate forces". Boys was a physics demonstrator at the Royal College of Science in South Kensington, but was contacting private experiments on the effects of delicate forces on objects. It was already known that hanging an object from a thread could demonstrate the effects of such weak influences. Said thread had to be "thin, strong and elastic". Finding the best fibers available at the time insufficient for his experiments, Boys set out to create a better fiber. He tried making glass from a variety of minerals. The best results came from natural quartz. He created fibers both extremely thin and highly durable. He used them to create the "radiomicrometer", a device sensitive enough to detect the heat of a single candle from a distance of almost 2 miles. By March 26, 1887, Boys was reporting his results to the Physical Society of London. 1887–1888: Augustus Desiré Waller of Paris recorded the human electrocardiogram with surface electrodes. He was employed at the time as a lecturer in physiology at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, England. In May, 1887, Waller demonstrated his method to many physiologists. In 1888, Waller demonstrated that the contraction of the heart started at the apex of the heart and ended at the base of the heart. Willem Einthoven was among those who took interest in the new method. He would end up improving it in the 1900s. 1887–1889: The Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla files patents on a rotating magnetic field based alternating current induction motor and related polyphase AC transmission systems. The patents are licensed by Westinghouse Electric although technical problems and a shortage of cash at the company meant a complete system would not be rolled out until 1893. 1887–1890: Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti of Liverpool, England is hired by the London Electric Supply Corporation to design the Deptford Power Station. Ferranti designed the building, as well as the electrical systems for both generating and distributing alternating current (AC). Among the innovations included in the Station was "the use of 10,000-volt high-tension cable", successfully tested for safety. On its completion in October 1890 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power. "Ferranti pioneered the use of Alternating Current for the distribution of electrical power in Europe authoring 176 patents on the alternator, high-tension cables, insulation, circuit breakers, transformers and turbines." 1888: Heinrich Hertz of Hamburg, a city-state of the German Empire, successfully transmits and receives radio waves. He was employed at the time by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Attempting to experimentally prove James Clerk Maxwell' "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (1864), Hertz "generated electric waves using an electric circuit". Then he detected said waves "with another similar circuit some distance away". Hertz succeeded in proving the existence of electromagnetic waves. But in doing so, he had built basic transmitter and receiver devices. Hertz took this work no further, did not exploit it commercially, and famously did not consider it useful. But it was an important step in the invention of radio. 1888–1890: Isaac Peral of Cartagena, Spain launches his pioneering submarine on September 8, 1888. Created for the Spanish Navy, el Peral was "roughly 71 feet long, with a 9-foot beam and a height of almost 9 feet amidships, with one horizontal and two small vertical propellers, Peral's "cigar," as the workers called it, ... had a periscope, a chemical system to oxygenate the air for a crew of six, a speedometer, spotlights, and a launcher at the bow capable of firing three torpedoes. Its two 30-horsepower electrical motors, powered by 613 batteries, gave it a theoretical range of 396 nautical miles and a maximum speed of 10.9 knots an hour at the surface." It underwent a series of trials in 1889 and 1890, all in the Bay of Cádiz. On June 7, 1890, it "successfully spent an hour submerged at a depth of 10 meters, following a set course of three and a half miles". He was celebrated by the public and honored by Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain. But Navy officials ultimately declared the submarine a "useless curiosity", scrapping the project. 1888–1890: Gustave Zédé and Arthur Constantin Krebs launch the Gymnote, a 60-foot submarine for the French Navy. "It was driven by a 55 horse power electric motor, originally powered by 564 Lalande-Chaperon alkaline cells by Coumelin, Desmazures et Baillache with a total capacity of 400 Amphours weighing 11 tons and delivering a maximum current of 166 Amps." She was launched on 24 September 1888 and would stay in service to 1908. The Gymnote underwent various trials to 1890, successful enough for the Navy to start building two "real fighting submarines", considerably larger. Several of the trials were intended to established tactical methods of using submarines in warfare. Several weapons were tested until it was decided that the torpedoes of Robert Whitehead were ideal for the job. The Gymnote proved effective in breaking blockades and surface ships had trouble spotting it. She was able to withstand explosions of up to 220 pounds of guncotton in a distance of 75 yards from its body. Shells of quick-firing guns, fired at short range, would explode in the water before hitting it. At long-range everything fired at the submarine, ended up ricocheting. The submarine proved "blind" when submerged, establishing the need of a periscope. 1889–1891: Almon Brown Strowger of Penfield, New York, files a patent for the stepping switch on March 12, 1889. Issued on March 10, 1891, it enabled automatic telephone exchanges. Since 1878, telephone communications were handled by telephone switchboards, staffed by telephone operators. Operators were not only responsible for connecting, monitoring and disconnecting calls. They were expected to provide "emotional support, emergency information, local news and gossip, business tips", etc. Strowger had reportedly felt the negative side of this development, while working as an undertaker in Kansas City. The local operator happened to be the wife of a rival undertaker. Whenever someone asked to be put through to an undertaker, the operator would connect them to her husband. Strowger was frustrated at losing customers to this unfair competition. He created his device explicitly to bypass the need of an operator. His system "required users to tap out the number they wanted on three keys to call other users directly. The system worked with reasonable accuracy when the subscribers operated their push buttons correctly and remembered to press the release button after a conversation was finished, but there was no provision against a subscriber being connected to a busy line." Strowger would | discarded. By 1887, Drzewiecki was designing submarines for the French Third Republic. 1881–1883: John Philip Holland of Liscannor, County Clare, Ireland builds the Fenian Ram submarine for the Fenian Brotherhood. During extensive trials, Holland made numerous dives and test-fired the gun using dummy projectiles. However, due to funding disputes within the Irish Republican Brotherhood and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and the Holland III prototype in November 1883. 1882: William Edward Ayrton of London, England and John Perry of Garvagh, County Londonderry, Ireland build an electric tricycle. It reportedly had a range of 10 to 25 miles, powered by a lead acid battery. A significant innovation of the vehicle was its use of electric lights, here playing the role of headlamps. 1882: James Atkinson of Hampstead, London, England invented the Atkinson cycle engine. By use of variable engine strokes from a complex crankshaft, Atkinson was able to increase the efficiency of his engine, at the cost of some power, over traditional Otto-cycle engines. 1882: Schuyler Wheeler of Massachusetts invented the two-blade electric fan. Henry W. Seely of New York invented the electric safety iron. Both were arguably among the earliest small domestic electrical appliances to appear. 1882–1883: John Hopkinson of Manchester, England patents the three-phase electric power system in 1882. In 1883 Hopkinson showed mathematically that it was possible to connect two alternating current dynamos in parallel — a problem that had long bedeviled electrical engineers. 1883: Charles Fritts, an American inventor, creates the first working solar cell. The energy conversion efficiency of these early devices was less than 1%. Denounced as a fraud in the US for "generating power without consuming matter, thus violating the laws of physics". 1883–1885: Josiah H. L. Tuck, an American inventor, works in his own submarine designs. His 1883 model was created in Delameter Iron Works. It was 30-feet long, "all-electric and had vertical and horizontal propellers clutched to the same shaft, with a 20-feet breathing pipe and an airlock for a diver." His 1885 model, called the "Peacemaker", was larger. It used "a caustic soda patent boiler to power a 14-HP Westinghouse steam engine". She managed a number of short trips within the New York Harbor area. The Peacemaker had a submerged endurance of 5 hours. Tuck did not benefit from his achievement. His family feared that the inventor was squandering his fortune on the Peacemaker. They had him committed to an insane asylum by the end of the decade. 1883–1886: John Joseph Montgomery of Yuba City, California, starts his attempts at early flight. In 1884, using a glider designed and built in 1883, Montgomery made the "first heavier-than-air human-carrying aircraft to achieve controlled piloted flight" in the Western Hemisphere. This glider had a curved parabolic wing surface. He reportedly made a glide of "considerable length" from Otay Mesa, San Diego, California, his first successful flight and arguably the first successful one in the United States. In 1884–1885, Montgomery tested a second monoplane glider with flat wings. The innovation in design was "hinged surfaces at the rear of the wings to maintain lateral balance". These were early forms of Aileron. After experimentation with a water tank and smoke chamber to understand the nature of flow over surfaces, in 1886, Montgomery designed a third glider with fully rotating wings as pitcherons. He then turned to theoretic research towards the development of a manuscript "Soaring Flight" in 1896. 1884–1885: On August 9, 1884, La France, a French Army airship, makes its maiden flight. Launched by Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs. Krebs piloted the first fully controlled free-flight with the La France. The long, airship, electric-powered with a 435 kg battery completed a flight that covered in 23 minutes. It was the first full round trip flight with a landing on the starting point. On its seven flights in 1884 and 1885 the La France dirigible returned five times to its starting point. "La France was the first airship that could return to its starting point in a light wind. It was 165 feet (50.3 meters) long, its maximum diameter was 27 feet (8.2 meters), and it had a capacity of 66,000 cubic feet (1,869 cubic meters)." Its battery-powered motor "produced 7.5 horsepower (5.6 kilowatts). This motor was later replaced with one that produced 8.5 horsepower (6.3 kilowatts)." 1884: Paul Gottlieb Nipkow of Lębork, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire invents the Nipkow disk, an image scanning device. It was the basis of his patent method of translating visual images to electronic impulses, transmit said impulses to another device and successfully reassemble the impulses to visual images. Nipkow used a selenium photoelectric cell. Nipkow proposed and patented the first "near-practicable" electromechanical television system in 1884. Although he never built a working model of the system, Nipkow's spinning disk design became a common television image rasterizer used up to 1939. 1884: Alexander Mozhaysky of Kotka, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire makes the second known "powered, assisted take off of a heavier-than-air craft carrying an operator". His steam-powered monoplane took off at Krasnoye Selo, near Saint Petersburg, making a hop and "covering between 65 and 100 feet". The monoplane had a failed landing, with one of its wings destroyed and serious damages. It was never rebuilt. Later Soviet propaganda would overstate Mozhaysky's accomplishment while downplaying the failed landing. The Grand Soviet Encyclopedia called this "the first true flight of a heavier-than-air machine in history". 1884–1885: Ganz Company engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage. In their joint patent application for the "Z.B.D." transformers, they described the design of two with no poles: the "closed-core" and the "shell-core" transformers. In the closed-core type, the primary and secondary windings were wound around a closed iron ring; in the shell type, the windings were passed through the iron core. In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the iron core, with no intentional path through air. When employed in electric distribution systems, this revolutionary design concept would finally make it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces. Bláthy had suggested the use of closed-cores, Zipernowsky the use of shunt connections, and Déri had performed the experiments. Electrical and electronic systems the world over continue to rely on the principles of the original Z.B.D. transformers. The inventors also popularized the word "transformer" to describe a device for altering the EMF of an electric current, although the term had already been in use by 1882. 1884–1885: John Philip Holland and Edmund Zalinski, having formed the "Nautilus Submarine Boat Company", start working on a new submarine. The so-called "Zalinsky boat" was constructed in Hendrick's Reef (former Fort Lafayette), Bay Ridge in (ray) or (rayacus the 3rd) New York City borough of Brooklyn. "The new, cigar-shaped submarine was 50 feet long with a maximum beam of eight feet. To save money, the hull was largely of wood, framed with iron hoops, and again, a Brayton-cycle engine provided motive power." The project was plagued by a "shoestring budget" and Zalinski mostly rejecting Holland's ideas on improvements. The submarine was ready for launching in September, 1885. "During the launching itself, a section of the ways collapsed under the weight of the boat, dashing the hull against some pilings and staving in the bottom. Although the submarine was repaired and eventually carried out several trial runs in lower New York Harbor, by the end of 1886 the Nautilus Submarine Boat Company was no more, and the salvageable remnants of the Zalinski Boat were sold to reimburse the disappointed investors." Holland would not create another submarine to 1893. 1885: Galileo Ferraris of Livorno Piemonte, Kingdom of Italy reaches the concept of a rotating magnetic field. He applied it to a new motor. "Ferraris devised a motor using electromagnets at right angles and powered by alternating currents that were 90° out of phase, thus producing a revolving magnetic field. The motor, the direction of which could be reversed by reversing its polarity, proved the solution to the last remaining problem in alternating-current motors. The principle made possible the development of the asynchronous, self-starting electric motor that is still used today. Believing that the scientific and intellectual values of new developments far outstripped material values, Ferraris deliberately did not patent his invention; on the contrary, he demonstrated it freely in his own laboratory to all comers." He published his findings in 1888. By then, Nikola Tesla had independently reached the same concept and was seeking a patent. 1885: Nikolay Bernardos and Karol Olszewski of Broniszów were granted a patent for their Electrogefest, an "electric arc welder with a carbon electrode". Introducing a method of carbon arc welding, they also became the "inventors of modern welding apparatus". 1885–1888: Karl Benz of Karlsruhe, Baden, German Empire introduces the Benz Patent Motorwagen, widely regarded as the first automobile. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones) with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. The Motorwagen was patented on January 29, 1886, as DRP-37435: "automobile fueled by gas". The 1885 version was difficult to control, leading to a collision with a wall during a public demonstration. The first successful tests on public roads were carried out in the early summer of 1886. The next year Benz created the Motorwagen Model 2 which had several modifications, and in 1887, the definitive Model 3 with wooden wheels was introduced, showing at the Paris Expo the same year. Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the Benz Patent Motorwagen) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. 1885–1887: William Stanley, Jr. of Brooklyn, New York, an employee of George Westinghouse, creates an improved transformer. Westinghouse had bought the patents of Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs on the subject, and had purchased an option on the designs of Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri. He entrusted engineer Stanley with the building of a device for commercial use. Stanley's first patented design was for induction coils with single cores of soft iron and adjustable gaps to regulate the EMF present in the secondary winding. This design was first used commercially in 1886. But Westinghouse soon had his team working on a design whose core comprised a stack of thin "E-shaped" iron plates, separated individually or in pairs by thin sheets of paper or other insulating material. Prewound copper coils could then be slid into place, and straight iron plates laid in to create a closed magnetic circuit. Westinghouse applied for a patent for the new design in December 1886; it was granted in July 1887. 1885–1889: , a French inventor, builds two small electric submarines. The first Goubet model was 16-feet long and weighed 2 tons. "She used accumulators (storage batteries which operated an Edison-type dynamo." While among the earliest submarines to successfully make use of electric power, she proved to have a severe flaw. She could not stay at a stable depth, set by the operator. The improved Goubet II was introduced in 1889. This version could transport a 2-man crew and had "an attractive interior". More stable than her predecessor, though still unable to stay at a set depth. 1885–1887: Thorsten Nordenfelt of Örby, Uppsala Municipality, Sweden produces a series of steam powered submarines. The first was the Nordenfelt I, a 56 tonne, 19.5 metre long vessel similar to George Garrett's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres and armed with a single torpedo and a 25.4 mm machine gun. It was manufactured by Bolinders in Stockholm in 1884–1885. Like the Resurgam, it operated on the surface using a 100 HP steam engine with a maximum speed of 9 kn, then it shut down its engine to dive. She was purchased by the Hellenic Navy and was delivered to Salamis Naval Base in 1886. Following the acceptance tests, she was never used again by the Hellenic Navy and was scrapped in 1901. Nordenfelt then built the Nordenfelt II (Abdülhamid) in 1886 and Nordenfelt III (Abdülmecid) in 1887, a pair of 30 metre long submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for the Ottoman Navy. Abdülhamid became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo |
in Geneva. The principal issue at the conference is the demand made by Germany for ("equality of status" i.e. abolishing Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany) and the French demand for ("security" i.e. maintaining Part V). The League of Nations again recommends negotiations between the Republic of China and Japan. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation begins operations in Washington, D.C. February 4 The 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York. Japan occupies Harbin, China. February 9 – Junnosuke Inoue, prominent Japanese businessman, banker and former governor of the Bank of Japan is assassinated by the right-wing extremist group the League of Blood in the League of Blood Incident. February 11 – Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in Vatican City. February 15 – Clara, Lu & Em, generally regarded as the first daytime network soap opera, debuts in its morning time slot over the Blue Network of NBC Radio in the United States, having originally been a late evening program. February 18 – Japan declares Manchukuo (Japanese name for Manchuria) formally independent from China. February 22 – The Purple Heart is revived as a decoration of the United States military for those wounded or killed while serving with the United States Armed Forces; retrospective awards are made. February 24 – Women's suffrage is granted in Brazil. February 25 – Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932 election for Reichspräsident. February 27 – The Mäntsälä rebellion occurs in Finland. March March 1 Lindbergh kidnapping: Charles Lindbergh Jr., the infant son of Anne Morrow Lindbergh and Charles Lindbergh, is kidnapped from the family home near Hopewell, New Jersey. Japan installs Puyi as puppet emperor of Manchukuo. March 2 – The Mäntsälä rebellion ends in failure; Finnish democracy prevails. The Lapua Movement is condemned by conservative Finnish President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud in a radio speech. March 5 – Dan Takuma, prominent Japanese businessman and director of the Mitsui Zaibatsu conglomerate is assassinated by the radical right-wing League of Blood group. March 7 – Four people are killed when police fire upon 3,000 unemployed autoworkers marching outside the Ford River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Michigan. March 9 – Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, the first change of government in the country since its foundation 10 years previously. March 14 – George Eastman, founder of Kodak, commits suicide in Rochester, New York. March 18 – Peace negotiations between China and Japan begin. March 19 – The Sydney Harbour Bridge opens in Australia. March 20 – The Graf Zeppelin airship begins a regular route between Germany and South America. March 21–22 – 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak: A series of deadly tornadoes in the United States kills more than 220 people in Alabama, 34 in Georgia and 17 in Tennessee. March 25 – Tarzan the Ape Man opens, with Olympic gold medal swimmer Johnny Weissmuller in the title role; he will star in a total of twelve Tarzan films. April April 5 10,000 disgruntled Newfoundlanders march on their legislature to show discontent with their current political situation; this is a flash point in the demise of the Dominion of Newfoundland. Kreuger & Toll, the company of the Swedish "Match King" Ivar Kreuger, collapses. The first Alko stores are opened in Finland at 10 in the morning (local time) following the end of Prohibition in that country, resulting in a new mnemonic "543210". April 6 U.S. president Herbert Hoover supports armament limitations at the World Disarmament Conference. The trial against fraudulent art dealer Otto Wacker begins in Berlin. April 11 – Paul von Hindenburg is re-elected president of Germany. April 13 – German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning bans the SA and the SS as threats to public order, arguing that they are chiefly responsible for the wave of political violence afflicting Germany. April 14 – John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton focus a proton beam on lithium and split its nucleus. April 17 – Haile Selassie announces an anti-slavery law in Abyssinia. April 19 – German art dealer Otto Wacker is sentenced to 19 months in prison for selling fraudulent paintings he attributed to Vincent van Gogh. April 25 Gladys Elinor Watkins consecrates the carillon of the National War Memorial in New Zealand. The bodies of Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman and Jabir ibn Abd Allah, two of the companions of Islamic prophet Muhammad, are moved from their graves in Salmaan Paak following a dream of King Faisal I of Iraq that they are affected by water. April 29 – Korean pro-independence paramilitary Yun Bong-gil detonates a bomb at a gathering of Japanese government and military officials in Shanghai's Hongkou Park, killing General Yoshinori Shirakawa and injuring Mamoru Shigemitsu and Vice Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura. May May 2 – Comedian Jack Benny's radio show airs for the first time in the United States. May 6 Paul Gorguloff shoots French president Paul Doumer in Paris; Doumer dies the next day. The politically powerful General Kurt von Schleicher meets secretly with Adolf Hitler. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming to bring down the Brüning government in Germany and asks for Nazi support of the new "presidential government" Schleicher is planning to form. Schleicher and Hitler negotiate a "gentlemen's agreement" where in exchange for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the Reichstag dissolved for early elections this summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher's new chancellor. May 10 Albert Lebrun becomes the new president of France. Violent scenes in the Reichstag building as Hermann Göring and other Nazi MRDs attack the Defense Minister General Wilhelm Groener for his lack of belief in a supposed Social Democratic putsch. After the debate, General Schleicher tells Groener that he has lost the confidence of the Army and must resign at once. James Chadwick discovers the neutron. May 12 Ten weeks after his abduction, the infant son of Charles Lindbergh is found dead just a few miles from the Lindbergh home. General Wilhelm Groener resigns as German Defense Minister. Schleicher takes control of the Defense Ministry. May 13 – The Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang, is dismissed by the State Governor, Sir Philip Game. May 15 – May 15 Incident, an attempted military coup in which Japanese prime minister Tsuyoshi Inukai is assassinated by naval officers. Japanese troops leave Shanghai. May 16 – Massive riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bombay leave thousands dead and injured. May 20–21 – Amelia Earhart flies from the United States to County Londonderry, Northern Ireland in 14 hours 54 minutes. May 20 – Federación Obrera de la Industria de la Carne initiates a major strike in the Argentinian meat-packing industry. May 25 – Goofy makes his appearance in the Disney animated short Mickey's Revue. May 26 – Judgement in Donoghue v Stevenson handed down in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, creating the modern concept of a duty of care in English law. May 29 – The first of approximately 15,000 World War I veterans arrive in Washington, D.C. demanding the immediate payment of their military bonus, becoming known as the Bonus Army. May 30 – German chancellor Heinrich Brüning is dismissed by President von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks Franz von Papen to form a new government, known as the "Government of the President's Friends", which is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the Weimar Republic. The downfall of Brüning is largely the work of Schleicher, who has been scheming against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen's government. June June 4 A military coup occurs in Chile. The Papen government in Germany dissolves the Reichstag for elections on July 31 in the full expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats. June 6 – The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States at 1 cent per US gallon (0.26 ¢/L) sold. June 14 – The Papen government lifts the ban against the SS and SA in Germany. June 16– Lausanne conference opens to discuss reparations, which Germany had not paid since the Hoover Moratorium of June 1931. June 20 – The Benelux customs union is negotiated. June 24 – After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, Siam becomes a constitutional monarchy. June 25 – India plays its first Test cricket match with England at Lord's. June 29 – The comedy serial Vic and Sade debuts on NBC Radio in the United States. July July 5 – becomes the fascist prime minister of Portugal (for the next 36 years). July 7 – French submarine sinks off Cherbourg; 66 are killed. July 8 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average in the United States reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, bottoming out at 41.22. July 9 The Constitutionalist Revolution starts in Brazil with the uprising of the state of São Paulo. Lausanne conference ends, agreeing to cancel World War I reparations against Germany. July 12 Norway annexes northern Greenland. Hedley Verity establishes a new first-class cricket record by taking all ten wickets for only ten runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected by a storm. July 17 – Altona Bloody Sunday: In Altona, Germany, armed communists attack a National Socialist demonstration; 18 are killed and many other political street fights follow. July 20 – The in Germany. The Papen government sends out the under General to depose the elected SPD government in Prussia under . The coup gives Papen control of Prussia, the most powerful in Germany, and is a major blow to German democracy. July 21 – British Empire Economic Conference opens in Ottawa, Canada. July 28 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army to evict by force the Bonus Army of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C. Troops disperse the last of the Bonus Army the next day. July 30 The 1932 Summer Olympics open in Los Angeles. Walt Disney's Flowers and Trees, the first animated cartoon to be presented in full Technicolor, premieres in Los Angeles. It releases in theaters, along with the film version of Eugene O'Neill's Strange Interlude (starring Norma Shearer and Clark Gable); Flowers and Trees goes on to win the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short. July 31 – July 1932 German federal election sees the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag, winning 37% of the vote. August August – A farmers' revolt begins in the Midwestern United States. August 1 The second International Polar Year, an international scientific collaboration, begins. Forrest Mars produces the first Mars bar in his Slough factory in England. August 2 – The first positron is discovered by Carl D. Anderson. August 5 – Hitler meets with Schleicher and reneges on the "gentlemen's agreement", demanding that he be appointed Chancellor. Schleicher agrees to support Hitler as Chancellor provided that he can remain minister of defense. Schleicher sets up a meeting between Hindenburg and Hitler on for August 13 to discuss Hitler's possible appointment as chancellor. August 6 The first Venice Film Festival is held. In Germany, the world's first Autobahn is opened by Konrad Adenauer (Bundesautobahn 555). Carl Gustaf Ekman resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden and is replaced by his Minister of Finance Felix Hamrin. August 7 – Raymond Edward Welch becomes the first one legged man to scale the 6,288 ft. Mount Washington (New Hampshire). August 9 The Papen government in Germany, which likes to take a tough "law and order" stance, passes via Article 48 a law prescribing the death penalty for a variety of offenses and with the court system simplified so that the courts can hand down as many death sentences as possible. Potempa Murder of 1932: In the German town of Potempa, five Nazi "Brownshirts" break into the house of Konrad Pietrzuch, a Communist miner, and proceed to castrate and beat him to death in front of his mother. The case attracts much media attention in Germany and results in convictions and death sentences. However, the Nazis celebrated the murderers, and they were released from jail in 1933 after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. August 10 – A 5.1 kg chondrite-type meteorite breaks into fragments and strikes earth near the town of Archie, Missouri. August 11 – To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor Franz von Papen and his interior minister Baron Wilhelm von Gayl present proposed amendments to the Weimar constitution for a "New State" to deal with the problems besetting Germany. August 13 – Hitler meets President von Hindenburg and asks to be appointed as Chancellor. Hindenburg refuses under the grounds that Hitler is not qualified to be Chancellor and asks him instead to serve as Vice-Chancellor in Papen's government. Hitler announces his "all or nothing" strategy in which he will oppose any government not headed by himself and will accept no office other than Chancellor. August 18 – Auguste Piccard reaches an altitude of with a hot air balloon. August 18–19 – Scottish aviator Jim Mollison becomes the first pilot to make an East-to-West solo transatlantic flight, from Portmarnock, County Dublin, Ireland to RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick, Canada, in his de Havilland Puss Moth high-wing monoplane The Heart's Content. August 20 – The Ottawa conference ends with the adoption of Imperial Preference tariff, turning the British Empire into one economic zone with a series of tariffs meant to exclude non-empire states from competing within the markets of Britain; the Dominions; and the rest of the empire. August 22 – The five SA men involved in the torture and murder of Konrad Pietrzuch are quickly convicted and sentenced to death under the new law introduced by the Papen government. The Potempa case becomes a cause célèbre in Germany with the Nazis demonstrating for amnesty for the "Potempa five" under the grounds they were justified in killing the Communist Pietrzuch. Hitler sends a telegram congratulating the "Potempa five". Many Germans argue that the "Potempa five" are patriotic heroes who should not be executed while others maintain the death sentences are appropriate given the brutality of the torture and murder. August 23 – The Panama Civil Aviation Authority is established. August 30 – Hermann Göring is elected as Speaker of the German Reichstag. August 31 – A total solar eclipse is visible from northern Canada through northeastern Vermont, New Hampshire, southwestern Maine and the Capes of Massachusetts. September September 2 – Despite the court's sentence of death against the "Potempa five", Chancellor von Papen in his capacity as Reich Commissioner of Prussia refuses to have the "Potempa five" executed under the grounds that they were not aware of the emergency law at the time they committed the murder, but in reality because he is still hoping for Nazi support for his government. September 9 The Cortes Generales (Parliament) of the Second Spanish Republic approves the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which grants full autonomy for Catalonia for the first time in modern history. Beginning of the Chaco War a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia because of delimitation problems and others. September 10 – The IND Eighth Avenue Line, at this time the world's longest subway line (), begins operation in Manhattan. September 11 Canadian operations end on the International Railway (New York–Ontario). A bronze statue of Youssef Bey Karam is erected in his memory outside the Cathedral of Saint Georges, Ehden in Lebanon. September 12 – The very unpopular Papen government in Germany is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence in the Reichstag. With the exceptions of the German People's Party and the German National People's Party, every party in the Reichstag votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag for new elections in November. September 17 A speech by Laureano Gómez leads to the escalation of the Leticia Incident between Colombia and Peru. Start of the Han–Liu War over Shandong. September 20 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a hunger strike in Poona prison, India. September 22 – Soviet famine of 1932–33 begins; millions starve to death as a result of forced collectivization and as part of the government's effort to break rural resistance to its policies. The Soviet regime denies the famine and allows the deaths. September 23 – The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concluding the country's unification under the rule of Ibn Saud. September 24 – After his party's victory in the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Social Democrat Per Albin Hansson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden, after Felix Hamrin. September 27 – Ryutin Affair at its height in the Soviet Union. The Politburo meets and condemns the so-called "Ryutin Platform" and agrees to expel those associated with it from the Communist Party, but refuses Stalin's request to execute those associated with the Platform. October October – Hergé's Tintin in America (Tintin en Amérique) concludes serial publication and is issued in book format (in black and white) in Belgium. October 1 The famous Babe Ruth's called shot is made in the fifth inning of game 3 of the 1932 World Series (baseball) during the 1932 New York Yankees season. Gyula Gömbös becomes Prime Minister of Hungary, the first time a member of the radical right has become the country's head of government. October 3 – Iraq becomes an independent kingdom under Faisal. October 13 – Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes lays the cornerstone for a new U.S. Supreme Court building. October 15 Tata Airlines (later to become Air India) makes its first flight. The Michigan Marching Band (at this time called the Varsity band) debuts Script Ohio at the Michigan versus Ohio State American football game in Columbus. October 19 – Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden marries Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. October 23 – Fred Allen's radio comedy show debuts on CBS in the United States. October 25 – Twenty-one-year-old Michael D'Oyly Carte, grandson of theatrical impresario and hotelier Richard D'Oyly Carte, is killed in a car crash in Switzerland. November November 1 – The War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco (California) opens. November 2 – The Emu War, a nuisance wildlife management military operation, begins in Australia. November 3 – Strike by transport workers in Berlin. The Nazis and the Communists both co-operate in support of the strike. The Nazi-Communist co-operation damages the Nazis at the upcoming election with many right-wing voters switching back to the German National People's Party. November 6 – November 1932 German federal election: The Nazis remain the largest party in the Reichstag but their share of the seats drops from 37% to 32%. November 7 – Buck Rogers in the 25th Century debuts on American radio. It is the first science fiction program on radio. November 8 – U.S. presidential election, 1932: Democratic Governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory. November 9 A hurricane and huge waves kill about 2,500 in Santa Cruz del Sur in the worst natural disaster in Cuban history. Geneva massacre: Military of Switzerland fire on a socialist anti-fascist demonstration in Geneva leaving 13 dead and 60 injured. November 16 – New York City's Palace Theatre fully converts to a cinema, which is considered the final death knell of vaudeville as a popular entertainment in the United States. November 19 – The second wife of Joseph Stalin is found dead in her home. November 21 – German president Hindenburg begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government. November 24 – In Washington, D.C., the FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens. November 27 – The Second Eastern Women's Congress opens in Tehran, Iran. November 30 – The Polish Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher. December December 1 – Germany returns to the World Disarmament Conference after the others powers agree to accept gleichberechtigung "in principle". Henceforward, it is clear that Germany will be allowed to rearm beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. December 3 – Hindenburg names Kurt von Schleicher as German chancellor after he ousts Papen. Papen is deeply angry about how his former friend Schleicher has brought him down and decides that he will do anything to get back into power. December 4 – Chancellor Schleicher meets with Gregor Strasser and offers to appoint him Vice-Chancellor and Reich Commissioner for Prussia out of the hope that if faced with a split in the NSDAP, Hitler will support his government. December 5 – At a secret meeting of the Nazi leaders, Strasser urges Hitler to drop his "all or nothing" strategy and accept Schleicher's offer to have the Nazis serve in his cabinet. Hitler gives a dramatic speech saying that Schleicher's offer is not acceptable and he will stick to his "all or nothing" strategy whatever the consequences might be and wins the Nazi leadership over to his viewpoint. December 8 – Gregor Strasser resigns as the chief of the NSDAP's organizational department in protest against Hitler's "all or nothing" strategy. December 10 – The Emu War in Australia ends in failure. December 12 – Japan and the Soviet Union reform their diplomatic connections. December 19 – BBC World Service begins broadcasting as the BBC Empire Service using a shortwave radio facility at its Daventry transmitting station in England. December 23 or 24 – Moweaqua Coal Mine disaster: a methane gas explosion claims 54 lives in Illinois. December 25 The 7.6 Changma earthquake shakes the Kansu Province in China with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Two-hundred and seventy-five people are killed. IG Farben files a patent application in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide oral antibiotic, which will be marketed as Prontosil, following Gerhard Domagk's laboratory demonstration of its properties as an antibiotic. King George V delivers the first Royal Christmas Message on the new BBC Empire Service radio from Sandringham House; the text has been written by Rudyard Kipling. December 27 Radio City Music Hall opens in New York City. Internal passports are introduced in the Soviet Union. December 28 – The Cologne banker Kurt von Schröder-who is a close friend of Papen and a NSDAP member-meets with Adolf Hitler to tell him that Papen wants to set up a meeting to discuss how they can work together. Papen wants Nazi support to return to the Chancellorship while Hitler wants Papen to convince Hindenburg to appoint him Chancellor. Hitler agrees to meet Papen on January 3, 1933. Date unknown Dust storms begin in Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas, the start of the Dust Bowl in the United States. Zippo lighters are developed. Zero-length springs are invented, revolutionizing seismometers and gravimeters. The Kennedy–Thorndike experiment shows that measured time as well as length are affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of special relativity. Geneticist J. B. S. Haldane publishes The Causes of Evolution, unifying the findings of Mendelian genetics with those of evolutionary science. The heath hen becomes extinct in North America. Walter B. Pitkin publishes Life Begins at Forty in the United States. The Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition is established for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. Fire temple (Atash Behram) becomes established in Yazd, Iran. | South Wales, Jack Lang, is dismissed by the State Governor, Sir Philip Game. May 15 – May 15 Incident, an attempted military coup in which Japanese prime minister Tsuyoshi Inukai is assassinated by naval officers. Japanese troops leave Shanghai. May 16 – Massive riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bombay leave thousands dead and injured. May 20–21 – Amelia Earhart flies from the United States to County Londonderry, Northern Ireland in 14 hours 54 minutes. May 20 – Federación Obrera de la Industria de la Carne initiates a major strike in the Argentinian meat-packing industry. May 25 – Goofy makes his appearance in the Disney animated short Mickey's Revue. May 26 – Judgement in Donoghue v Stevenson handed down in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, creating the modern concept of a duty of care in English law. May 29 – The first of approximately 15,000 World War I veterans arrive in Washington, D.C. demanding the immediate payment of their military bonus, becoming known as the Bonus Army. May 30 – German chancellor Heinrich Brüning is dismissed by President von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks Franz von Papen to form a new government, known as the "Government of the President's Friends", which is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the Weimar Republic. The downfall of Brüning is largely the work of Schleicher, who has been scheming against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen's government. June June 4 A military coup occurs in Chile. The Papen government in Germany dissolves the Reichstag for elections on July 31 in the full expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats. June 6 – The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States at 1 cent per US gallon (0.26 ¢/L) sold. June 14 – The Papen government lifts the ban against the SS and SA in Germany. June 16– Lausanne conference opens to discuss reparations, which Germany had not paid since the Hoover Moratorium of June 1931. June 20 – The Benelux customs union is negotiated. June 24 – After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, Siam becomes a constitutional monarchy. June 25 – India plays its first Test cricket match with England at Lord's. June 29 – The comedy serial Vic and Sade debuts on NBC Radio in the United States. July July 5 – becomes the fascist prime minister of Portugal (for the next 36 years). July 7 – French submarine sinks off Cherbourg; 66 are killed. July 8 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average in the United States reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, bottoming out at 41.22. July 9 The Constitutionalist Revolution starts in Brazil with the uprising of the state of São Paulo. Lausanne conference ends, agreeing to cancel World War I reparations against Germany. July 12 Norway annexes northern Greenland. Hedley Verity establishes a new first-class cricket record by taking all ten wickets for only ten runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected by a storm. July 17 – Altona Bloody Sunday: In Altona, Germany, armed communists attack a National Socialist demonstration; 18 are killed and many other political street fights follow. July 20 – The in Germany. The Papen government sends out the under General to depose the elected SPD government in Prussia under . The coup gives Papen control of Prussia, the most powerful in Germany, and is a major blow to German democracy. July 21 – British Empire Economic Conference opens in Ottawa, Canada. July 28 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army to evict by force the Bonus Army of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C. Troops disperse the last of the Bonus Army the next day. July 30 The 1932 Summer Olympics open in Los Angeles. Walt Disney's Flowers and Trees, the first animated cartoon to be presented in full Technicolor, premieres in Los Angeles. It releases in theaters, along with the film version of Eugene O'Neill's Strange Interlude (starring Norma Shearer and Clark Gable); Flowers and Trees goes on to win the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short. July 31 – July 1932 German federal election sees the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag, winning 37% of the vote. August August – A farmers' revolt begins in the Midwestern United States. August 1 The second International Polar Year, an international scientific collaboration, begins. Forrest Mars produces the first Mars bar in his Slough factory in England. August 2 – The first positron is discovered by Carl D. Anderson. August 5 – Hitler meets with Schleicher and reneges on the "gentlemen's agreement", demanding that he be appointed Chancellor. Schleicher agrees to support Hitler as Chancellor provided that he can remain minister of defense. Schleicher sets up a meeting between Hindenburg and Hitler on for August 13 to discuss Hitler's possible appointment as chancellor. August 6 The first Venice Film Festival is held. In Germany, the world's first Autobahn is opened by Konrad Adenauer (Bundesautobahn 555). Carl Gustaf Ekman resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden and is replaced by his Minister of Finance Felix Hamrin. August 7 – Raymond Edward Welch becomes the first one legged man to scale the 6,288 ft. Mount Washington (New Hampshire). August 9 The Papen government in Germany, which likes to take a tough "law and order" stance, passes via Article 48 a law prescribing the death penalty for a variety of offenses and with the court system simplified so that the courts can hand down as many death sentences as possible. Potempa Murder of 1932: In the German town of Potempa, five Nazi "Brownshirts" break into the house of Konrad Pietrzuch, a Communist miner, and proceed to castrate and beat him to death in front of his mother. The case attracts much media attention in Germany and results in convictions and death sentences. However, the Nazis celebrated the murderers, and they were released from jail in 1933 after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. August 10 – A 5.1 kg chondrite-type meteorite breaks into fragments and strikes earth near the town of Archie, Missouri. August 11 – To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor Franz von Papen and his interior minister Baron Wilhelm von Gayl present proposed amendments to the Weimar constitution for a "New State" to deal with the problems besetting Germany. August 13 – Hitler meets President von Hindenburg and asks to be appointed as Chancellor. Hindenburg refuses under the grounds that Hitler is not qualified to be Chancellor and asks him instead to serve as Vice-Chancellor in Papen's government. Hitler announces his "all or nothing" strategy in which he will oppose any government not headed by himself and will accept no office other than Chancellor. August 18 – Auguste Piccard reaches an altitude of with a hot air balloon. August 18–19 – Scottish aviator Jim Mollison becomes the first pilot to make an East-to-West solo transatlantic flight, from Portmarnock, County Dublin, Ireland to RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick, Canada, in his de Havilland Puss Moth high-wing monoplane The Heart's Content. August 20 – The Ottawa conference ends with the adoption of Imperial Preference tariff, turning the British Empire into one economic zone with a series of tariffs meant to exclude non-empire states from competing within the markets of Britain; the Dominions; and the rest of the empire. August 22 – The five SA men involved in the torture and murder of Konrad Pietrzuch are quickly convicted and sentenced to death under the new law introduced by the Papen government. The Potempa case becomes a cause célèbre in Germany with the Nazis demonstrating for amnesty for the "Potempa five" under the grounds they were justified in killing the Communist Pietrzuch. Hitler sends a telegram congratulating the "Potempa five". Many Germans argue that the "Potempa five" are patriotic heroes who should not be executed while others maintain the death sentences are appropriate given the brutality of the torture and murder. August 23 – The Panama Civil Aviation Authority is established. August 30 – Hermann Göring is elected as Speaker of the German Reichstag. August 31 – A total solar eclipse is visible from northern Canada through northeastern Vermont, New Hampshire, southwestern Maine and the Capes of Massachusetts. September September 2 – Despite the court's sentence of death against the "Potempa five", Chancellor von Papen in his capacity as Reich Commissioner of Prussia refuses to have the "Potempa five" executed under the grounds that they were not aware of the emergency law at the time they committed the murder, but in reality because he is still hoping for Nazi support for his government. September 9 The Cortes Generales (Parliament) of the Second Spanish Republic approves the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which grants full autonomy for Catalonia for the first time in modern history. Beginning of the Chaco War a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia because of delimitation problems and others. September 10 – The IND Eighth Avenue Line, at this time the world's longest subway line (), begins operation in Manhattan. September 11 Canadian operations end on the International Railway (New York–Ontario). A bronze statue of Youssef Bey Karam is erected in his memory outside the Cathedral of Saint Georges, Ehden in Lebanon. September 12 – The very unpopular Papen government in Germany is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence in the Reichstag. With the exceptions of the German People's Party and the German National People's Party, every party in the Reichstag votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag for new elections in November. September 17 A speech by Laureano Gómez leads to the escalation of the Leticia Incident between Colombia and Peru. Start of the Han–Liu War over Shandong. September 20 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a hunger strike in Poona prison, India. September 22 – Soviet famine of 1932–33 begins; millions starve to death as a result of forced collectivization and as part of the government's effort to break rural resistance to its policies. The Soviet regime denies the famine and allows the deaths. September 23 – The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concluding the country's unification under the rule of Ibn Saud. September 24 – After his party's victory in the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Social Democrat Per Albin Hansson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden, after Felix Hamrin. September 27 – Ryutin Affair at its height in the Soviet Union. The Politburo meets and condemns the so-called "Ryutin Platform" and agrees to expel those associated with it from the Communist Party, but refuses Stalin's request to execute those associated with the Platform. October October – Hergé's Tintin in America (Tintin en Amérique) concludes serial publication and is issued in book format (in black and white) in Belgium. October 1 The famous Babe Ruth's called shot is made in the fifth inning of game 3 of the 1932 World Series (baseball) during the 1932 New York Yankees season. Gyula Gömbös becomes Prime Minister of Hungary, the first time a member of the radical right has become the country's head of government. October 3 – Iraq becomes an independent kingdom under Faisal. October 13 – Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes lays the cornerstone for a new U.S. Supreme Court building. October 15 Tata Airlines (later to become Air India) makes its first flight. The Michigan Marching Band (at this time called the Varsity band) debuts Script Ohio at the Michigan versus Ohio State American football game in Columbus. October 19 – Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden marries Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. October 23 – Fred Allen's radio comedy show debuts on CBS in the United States. October 25 – Twenty-one-year-old Michael D'Oyly Carte, grandson of theatrical impresario and hotelier Richard D'Oyly Carte, is killed in a car crash in Switzerland. November November 1 – The War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco (California) opens. November 2 – The Emu War, a nuisance wildlife management military operation, begins in Australia. November 3 – Strike by transport workers in Berlin. The Nazis and the Communists both co-operate in support of the strike. The Nazi-Communist co-operation damages the Nazis at the upcoming election with many right-wing voters switching back to the German National People's Party. November 6 – November 1932 German federal election: The Nazis remain the largest party in the Reichstag but their share of the seats drops from 37% to 32%. November 7 – Buck Rogers in the 25th Century debuts on American radio. It is the first science fiction program on radio. November 8 – U.S. presidential election, 1932: Democratic Governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory. November 9 A hurricane and huge waves kill about 2,500 in Santa Cruz del Sur in the worst natural disaster in Cuban history. Geneva massacre: Military of Switzerland fire on a socialist anti-fascist demonstration in Geneva leaving 13 dead and 60 injured. November 16 – New York City's Palace Theatre fully converts to a cinema, which is considered the final death knell of vaudeville as a popular entertainment in the United States. November 19 – The second wife of Joseph Stalin is found dead in her home. November 21 – German president Hindenburg begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government. November 24 – In Washington, D.C., the FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens. November 27 – The Second Eastern Women's Congress opens in Tehran, Iran. November 30 – The Polish Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher. December December 1 – Germany returns to the World Disarmament Conference after the others powers agree to accept gleichberechtigung "in principle". Henceforward, it is clear that Germany will be allowed to rearm beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. December 3 – Hindenburg names Kurt von Schleicher as German chancellor after he ousts Papen. Papen is deeply angry about how his former friend Schleicher has brought him down and decides that he will do anything to get back into power. December 4 – Chancellor Schleicher meets with Gregor Strasser and offers to appoint him Vice-Chancellor and Reich Commissioner for Prussia out of the hope that if faced with a split in the NSDAP, Hitler will support his government. December 5 – At a secret meeting of the Nazi leaders, Strasser urges Hitler to drop his "all or nothing" strategy and accept Schleicher's offer to have the Nazis serve in his cabinet. Hitler gives a dramatic speech saying that Schleicher's offer is not acceptable and he will stick to his "all or nothing" strategy whatever the consequences might be and wins the Nazi leadership over to his viewpoint. December 8 – Gregor Strasser resigns as the chief of the NSDAP's organizational department in protest against Hitler's "all or nothing" strategy. December 10 – The Emu War in Australia ends in failure. December 12 – Japan and the Soviet Union reform their diplomatic connections. December 19 – BBC World Service begins broadcasting as the BBC Empire Service using a shortwave radio facility at its Daventry transmitting station in England. December 23 or 24 – Moweaqua Coal Mine disaster: a methane gas explosion claims 54 lives in Illinois. December 25 The 7.6 Changma earthquake shakes the Kansu Province in China with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Two-hundred and seventy-five people are killed. IG Farben files a patent application in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide oral antibiotic, which will be marketed as Prontosil, following Gerhard Domagk's laboratory demonstration of its properties as an antibiotic. King George V delivers the first Royal Christmas Message on the new BBC Empire Service radio from Sandringham House; the text has been written by Rudyard Kipling. December 27 Radio City Music Hall opens in New York City. Internal passports are introduced in the Soviet Union. December 28 – The Cologne banker Kurt von Schröder-who is a close friend of Papen and a NSDAP member-meets with Adolf Hitler to tell him that Papen wants to set up a meeting to discuss how they can work together. Papen wants Nazi support to return to the Chancellorship while Hitler wants Papen to convince Hindenburg to appoint him Chancellor. Hitler agrees to meet Papen on January 3, 1933. Date unknown Dust storms begin in Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas, the start of the Dust Bowl in the United States. Zippo lighters are developed. Zero-length springs are invented, revolutionizing seismometers and gravimeters. The Kennedy–Thorndike experiment shows that measured time as well as length are affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of special relativity. Geneticist J. B. S. Haldane publishes The Causes of Evolution, unifying the findings of Mendelian genetics with those of evolutionary science. The heath hen becomes extinct in North America. Walter B. Pitkin publishes Life Begins at Forty in the United States. The Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition is established for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. Fire temple (Atash Behram) becomes established in Yazd, Iran. Association for Research and Enlightenment, Inc. (ARE) founded in Virginia Beach, Virginia, as an open-membership group to research the collected transcripts of Edgar Cayce's continuing trances, stored at the Edgar Cayce Foundation. Unemployment in the United States – ca. 33% – 14 million. A similar level of unemployment affects Germany. Many people in depressed countries do not receive unemployment benefit due to governments not being able to afford benefit payments. SPAR, as known well for retailer brand on worldwide, founded in Zegwaart, Netherlands. Births January January 3 – Dabney Coleman, American actor January 5 Johnny Adams, American singer (d. 1998) Umberto Eco, Italian scholar and novelist (d. 2016) Raisa Gorbacheva, Wife of the President of the Soviet Union (d. 1999) Frank Layden, NBA Executive and Coach. Chuck Noll, American football coach (d. 2014) January 6 – Stuart A. Rice, American chemist January 10 József Szécsényi, Hungarian track and field athlete (d. 2017) David Ejoor, Nigerian Army officer (d. 2019) January 11 Takkō Ishimori, Japanese voice actor (d. 2013) Alfonso Arau, Mexican actor, filmmaker and singer. January 13 – Joseph Cardinal Zen, Catholic Bishop of Hong Kong January 16 – Dian Fossey, American zoologist (d. 1985) January 17 – Sheree North, American actress and singer (d. 2005) January 18 – Robert Anton Wilson, American author (d. 2007) January 19 – Richard Lester, American film director January 22 – Piper Laurie, American actress January 23 – James Rado, American actor, playwright, director, writer and composer January 25 – Nikolay Anikin, Soviet cross-country skier (d. 2009) January 26 – Coxsone Dodd, Jamaican record producer (d. 2004) January 27 – Boris Shakhlin, Soviet gymnast (d. 2008) January 28 – Ellen Griffin Dunne, American actress and activist (d. 1997) January 29 – Tommy Taylor, English footballer (d. 1958) January 30 Kazuo Inamori, Japanese businessman Knock Yokoyama, Japanese comedian and politician (d. 2007) January 31 – Rick Hall, American record producer, songwriter and recording studio owner (d. 2018) February February 1 – Hassan Al-Turabi, Sudanese spiritual leader (d. 2016) February 3 Peggy Ann Garner, American actress (d. 1984) Blaise Rabetafika, Malagasy diplomat (d. 2000) February 5 – Cesare Maldini, Italian football player and manager (d. 2016) February 6 François Truffaut, French film director (d. 1984) Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban revolutionary leader (d. 1959) February 7 Gay Talese, American author Alfred Worden, American astronaut (d. 2020) February 8 – John Williams, American composer and conductor February 9 – Gerhard Richter, German painter February 11 Margit Carlqvist, Swedish actress Dennis Skinner, British politician, former Member of Parliament February 13 – Susan Oliver, American actress (d. 1990) February 14 Alexander Kluge, German author and film director Harriet Andersson - Swedish actress. February 16 Alhaji Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, former President of Sierra Leone (d. 2014) Aharon Appelfeld, Ukrainian-born Israeli writer (d. 2018) February 18 – Miloš Forman, Czech-American film director (d. 2018) February 19 – Alberto Dines, Brazilian journalist and writer (d. 2018) February 20 – Adrian Cristobal, Filipino writer (d. 2007) February 22 Ted Kennedy, American politician (d. 2009) Robert Opron, French automotive designer (d. 2021) February 23 Majel Barrett, American actress (d. 2008) Irene Jai Narayan, Fiji politician (d. 2011) February 24 John Vernon, Canadian actor (d. 2005) Michel Legrand, French composer (d. 2019) Zell Miller, American politician (d. 2018) M. S. Rajeswari, Indian singer (d. 2018) February 25 Augusto Polo Campos, Peruvian composer (d. 2018) Faron Young, American country singer (d. 1996) Tony Brooks, British racing driver February 26 – Johnny Cash, American country singer (d. 2003) February 27 – Dame Elizabeth Taylor, British-American actress (d. 2011) February 28 Don Francks, Canadian actor, musician and singer (d. 2016) Francisco Colmenero, Mexican actor and director March March 4 Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist (d. 2007) Miriam Makeba, South African singer and civil rights activist (d. 2008) Efrén Echeverría, Paraguayan musician guitarist, composer, and compiler (d. 2018) March 6 Marc Bazin, 4th Prime Minister of Haiti (d. 2010) Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (d. 2008) March 7 Lola Beltrán, Mexican singer, actress, and television presenter (d. 1996) Momoko Kōchi, Japanese actress (d. 1998) March 11 – Leroy Jenkins, African-American jazz musician and composer (d. 2007) March 12 Bob Houbregs, Canadian basketball player (d. 2014) Andrew Young, African-American politician, diplomat and activist March 14 – Mark Murphy, American jazz singer (d. 2015) March 15 – Alan Bean, American naval officer and naval aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut (d. 2018) March 16 – Walter Cunningham, American astronaut March 18 – John Updike, American author (d. 2009) March 21 Wan Mokhtar, Malaysian politician (d. 2020) Walter Gilbert, American chemist and Nobel laureate March 22 – Els Borst, Dutch politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1998–2002) (d. 2014) March 27 Junior Parker, African-American blues musician (d. 1971) Patrick Newell, British actor (d. 1988) March 28 – Sven Lindqvist, Swedish author (d. 2019) March 30 – Ted Morgan, French-born biographer and journalist March 31 – Nagisa Oshima, Japanese film director (d. 2013) April April 1 – Debbie Reynolds, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 2016) April 4 Richard Lugar, American politician (d. 2019) Anthony Perkins, American actor (d. 1992) Andrei Tarkovsky, Soviet and Russian film director (d. 1986) April 8 József Antall, Hungarian historian, librarian, political figure and teacher, 53rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1993) Sultan Iskandar of Johor, 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (d. 2010) April 9 Armin Jordan, Swiss conductor (d. 2006) Carl Perkins, American musician (d. 1998) April 10 Kishori Amonkar, Indian vocalist (d. 2017) Delphine Seyrig, Lebanese-born French actress (d. 1990) Omar Sharif, Egyptian actor (d. 2015) April 11 Bienvenido Lumbera, Filipino poet, critic and dramatist (d. 2021) Joel Grey, American actor, singer and dancer April 12 Jean-Pierre Marielle, French actor (d. 2019) Lakshman Kadirgamar, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2005) Tiny Tim, American musician (d. 1996) April 13 Barney Simon, South African writer, playwright and director (d. 1995) Orlando Letelier, Chilean economist, politician and diplomat (d. 1976) April 14 António dos Santos, Portuguese bishop (d. 2018) Loretta Lynn, American country singer April 16 Qahhor Mahkamov, Tajik politician, 1st President of Tajikistan (d. 2016) Pierre Milza, French historian (d. 2018) April 21 – Elaine May, American movie director April 24 – Vladimir Yengibaryan, Armenian amateur light-welterweight boxer (d. 2013) April 25 – Nikolai Kardashev, Soviet and Russian astrophysicist (d. 2019) April 26 Agildo Ribeiro, Brazilian actor and humorist (d. 2018) Michael Smith, English-born chemist and Nobel laureate (d. 2000) Francis Lai, French composer (d. 2018) April 27 Anouk Aimée, French actress Pik Botha, South African politician (d. 2018) Casey Kasem, American disc jockey and voice actor (d. 2014) Gian-Carlo Rota, Italian-born mathematician and philosopher (d. 1999) April 29 – Wilson Ndolo Ayah, Kenyan politician (d. 2016) May May 6 Ahmet Haxhiu, Albanian political activist (d. 1994) José Maria Marin, Brazilian politician and sports administrator Antal Bolvári, Hungarian water polo player (d. 2019) May 7 – Fufi Santori, Puerto Rican basketball player and writer (d. 2018) May 8 Phyllida Law, Scottish actress Sonny Liston, American boxer (d. 1970) May 9 – Geraldine McEwan, English actress (d. 2015) May 10 - Christiane Kubrick, German actress, dancer, painter, and singer May 11 Fabio Mamerto Rivas Santos, Dominican Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2018) Valentino, Italian fashion designer May 15 - John Glen, English film director May 18 – Dean Tavoularis, Greek-American motion picture production designer May 19 – Alma Cogan, English singer (d. 1966) May 21 – Leonidas Vasilikopoulos, Greek admiral and intelligence chief (d. 2014) May 24 – Arnold Wesker, British playwright (d. 2016) May 25 K. C. Jones, American basketball player and coach (d. 2020) May 27 – José Varacka, Argentine footballer and coach (d. 2018) May 29 – Paul R. Ehrlich, American biologist May 30 Abdul Ghani Gilong, Malaysian politician (d. 2021) Jose Melo, Filipino lawyer and jurist (d. 2020) June June 4 John Drew Barrymore, American actor (d. 2004) Maurice Shadbolt, New Zealand writer (d. 2004) June 5 – Christy Brown, Irish writer and painter (d. 1981) June 6 – David Scott, American astronaut June 9 – Dave McKigney, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1988) June 10 – Branko Lustig, Croatian film producer (d. 2019) June 11 – Athol Fugard, South African author and dramatist June 12 Mimi Coertse, South African opera soprano Mamo Wolde, |
– Finn Bálor (aka Fergal Devitt), Irish professional wrestler July 26 – Maicon Douglas Sisenando, Brazilian footballer July 27 – Li Xiaopeng, Chinese gymnast July 29 – Fernando Alonso, Spanish double Formula 1 world champion July 30 – Nicky Hayden, American motorcycle racer (d. 2017) August August 3 – Fikirte Addis, Ethiopian fashion designer August 4 Abigail Spencer, American actress Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, American actress and member of the British royal family August 5 – Anna Rawson, Australian professional golfer August 6 - Leslie Odom Jr., American actor August 8 Roger Federer, Swiss tennis player Meagan Good, American actress Harel Skaat, Israeli singer August 9 – Li Jiawei, Singaporean Olympic table tennis player August 10 Natsumi Abe, Japanese singer and actress Taufik Hidayat, Indonesian badminton player August 12 Djibril Cissé, French footballer Steve Talley, American actor August 14 Scott Lipsky, American tennis player Kofi Kingston, Ghanaian professional wrestler August 15 Zaka Alao, French basketball player Tosyn Bucknor, Nigerian media personality (d. 2018) Song Ji-hyo, South Korean actress Oh Jin-hyek, South Korean archer August 18 – Jan Frodeno, German triathlete August 20 – Ben Barnes, English actor (Prince Caspian) August 21 – Jarrod Lyle, Australian golfer (d. 2018) August 24 – Chad Michael Murray, American actor August 25 – Rachel Bilson, American actress August 27 – Patrick J. Adams, Canadian actor and director August 29 Jay Ryan, New Zealand actor Karim Darwish, Egyptian squash player September September 1 – Park Hyo-shin, Korean singer September 4 – Beyoncé, American actress and R&B singer (Destiny's Child) September 8 – Jonathan Taylor Thomas, American actor September 9 Julie Gonzalo, Argentine-American actress and producer Nancy Wu, Hong Kong actress September 10 – Marco Chiudinelli, Swiss tennis player September 12 – Jennifer Hudson, American singer and actress September 14 Jordi Mestre, Spanish actor and model (d. 2020) Ashley Roberts, American singer (The Pussycat Dolls) Miyavi, Japanese musician September 15 – Ben Schwartz, American actor September 16 Alexis Bledel, American actress and model Fan Bingbing, Chinese actress September 18 – Jennifer Tisdale, American actress September 23 – Natalie Horler, German singer (Cascada) September 26 Christina Milian, American R&B singer and actress Serena Williams, American tennis player September 30 Cecelia Ahern, Irish author, daughter of Bertie Ahern Dominique Moceanu, Romanian-American gymnast October October 1 – Roxane Mesquida, French actress October 3 – Zlatan Ibrahimović, Swedish international October 5 – Enrico Fabris, Italian speed skater October 8 – Chris Killen, New Zealand footballer October 12 Engin Akyürek, Turkish actor Brian J. Smith, American actor Tom Guiry, American actor October 15 Elena Dementieva, Russian tennis player Guo Jingjing, Chinese diver October 16 – Caterina Scorsone, Canadian actress October 19 – Dmitri Shlyakhtin, former Russian professional football player October 20 – Stefan Nystrand, Swedish swimmer October 21 – Nemanja Vidić, Serbian football player October 23 – Huo Siyan, Chinese actress October 24 Tila Tequila, Vietnamese-American model Mallika Sherawat, Indian actress October 25 – Shaun Wright-Phillips, English footballer October 26 – Guy Sebastian, original Australian Idol 2003 singer October 28 Milan Baroš, Czech footballer October 29 – Amanda Beard, American swimmer October 30 Jun Ji-hyun, South Korean actress Ivanka Trump, American model and advisor October 31 – Frank Iero, American guitarist (My Chemical Romance) November November 2 Tatiana Totmianina, Russian figure skater Ai, Japanese-American singer-songwriter Katharine Isabelle, Canadian actress November 4 – Lakshmi Menon, Indian model November 8 – Joe Cole, English footballer November 11 Natalie Glebova, Russian-born Canadian beauty queen Raphael Gualazzi, Italian singer and pianist, Eurovision Song Contest 2011 runner-up The Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg November 14 – Russell Tovey, British actor November 15 – Lorena Ochoa, Mexican golfer November 16 - Kate Miller-Heidke, Australian singer, songwriter and actress November 18 Allison Tolman, American actress Nasim Pedrad, Iranian-American actress and comedian November 19 – Yfke Sturm, Dutch model November 20 Andrea Riseborough, English actress Kimberley Walsh, British singer (Girls Aloud) November 22 – Song Hye-kyo, South Korean actress November 25 – Xabi Alonso, Spanish footballer November 26 Natasha Bedingfield, British singer-songwriter Jon Ryan, Canadian National Football League football player from Regina, Saskatchewan November 27 – Bruno Alves, Portuguese footballer November 29 – Bakhyt Sarsekbayev, Kazakh Olympic boxer December December 2 – Britney Spears, American singer-songwriter, choreographer December 3 – David Villa, Spanish footballer December 6 – Lior Suchard, Israeli mentalist December 9 – Dia Mirza, Bollywood actress December 11 Kevin Phillips, American film actor Javier Saviola, Argentine soccer player December 13 – Amy Lee, American pianist/singer-songwriter (Evanescence) December 14 – Amber Chia, Malaysian model and actress December 15 Michelle Dockery, British actress Roman Pavlyuchenko, Russian football player Firman Utina, Indonesian football player December 16 – Krysten Ritter, American actress, musician, author, and model December 20 – Leo Bertos, New Zealand footballer December 24 – Dima Bilan, Russian pop-singer December 26 – Nikolai Nikolaeff, Australian actor December 27 Yuvraj Singh, Indian cricketer Emilie de Ravin, Australian actress December 28 Sienna Miller, American-born English actress Khalid Boulahrouz, Dutch footballer December 29 – Shizuka Arakawa, Japanese figure skater Deaths January January 1 Kazimierz Michałowski, Polish archaeologist (b. 1901) Mauri Rose, American race car champion (b. 1906) January 3 Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria (b. 1883) Marvin Opler, American anthropologist (b. 1914) January 5 Harold Urey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1893) Lanza del Vasto, Italian-born philosopher, poet and activist (b. 1901) January 6 – A. J. Cronin, Scottish novelist (b. 1896) January 10 Katherine Alexander, American actress (b. 1898) Richard Boone, American actor (b. 1917) January 11 – Beulah Bondi, American actress (b. 1889) January 12 – Sir John Nicoll, British colonial governor (b. 1899) January 13 – Robert Kellard, American actor (b. 1915) January 16 – Bernard Lee, English actor (b. 1908) January 19 – Francesca Woodman, American photographer (b. 1958) January 21 – Allyn Joslyn, American actor (b. 1901) January 23 – Samuel Barber, American composer (b. 1910) January 25 – Adele Astaire, American actress (b. 1896) January 27 – Léo Collard, Belgian Socialist politician (b. 1902) January 29 – Lajos Korányi, Hungarian footballer (b. 1907) January 30 – John Gordon, Irish Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1912) January 31 – Cozy Cole, American jazz drummer (b. 1909) February February 1 Wanda Hendrix, American actress (b. 1928) Ernst Pepping, German composer (b. 1901) Geirr Tveitt, Norwegian composer (b. 1908) February 2 – Hugh Joseph Addonizio, Italian-born American politician and Mayor of Newark (b. 1914) February 4 – Mario Camerini, Italian film director and screenwriter (b. 1895) February 6 – Frederica of Hanover, Queen Consort of the Hellenes and wife of King Paul of Greece (b. 1917) February 7 – Hermann Esser, German journalist and editor of the Nazi newspaper Völkischer Beobachter (b. 1900) February 9 Bill Haley, American rock musician, member of Bill Haley & The Comets (b. 1925) Jack Z. Anderson, U.S. Representative from California (b. 1904) February 10 – Hubert Shirley-Smith, British civil engineer (b. 1901) February 12 – Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape, British admiral (b. 1888) February 15 – Karl Richter, German conductor (b. 1926) February 18 John Knudsen Northrop, American airplane manufacturer (b. 1895) Ibrahim Abdel Hady Pasha, Egyptian politician, 28th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1896) February 20 Bernard B. Brown, American sound engineer and composer (b. 1898) Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg, French magazine editor and playboy (b. 1904) February 22 Michael Maltese, American screenwriter (b. 1908) Curtis Bernhardt, German film director (b. 1899) Ilo Wallace, wife of Henry A. Wallace, Second Lady of the United States (b. 1888) February 25 Leonard Howell, Founder of Rastafarianism (b. 1898) Gunichi Mikawa, Japanese admiral (b. 1888) February 26 – Howard Hanson, American composer (b. 1896) February 27 – Jacob H. Gilbert, American politician (b. 1920) March March 1 – Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón, 14th President of Panama (b. 1903) March 4 – Torin Thatcher, American actor (b. 1905) March 5 – Yip Harburg, American lyricist (b. 1896) March 6 – George Geary, English cricketer (b. 1893) March 7 Peter Birch, Irish Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1911) Kirill Kondrashin, Russian conductor (b. 1914) Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling, German-Danish tennis player (b. 1908) March 9 – Max Delbrück, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1906) March 10 – Flavio Calzavara, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1900) March 11 – Kazimierz Kordylewski, Polish astronomer (b. 1903) March 14 – Paolo Grassi, Italian actor (b. 1919) March 15 – René Clair, French film director (b. 1898) March 20 – Gerry Bertier, American college football player (b. 1953) March 21 – Mark Donskoy, Russian Soviet film director (b. 1901) March 22 John S. McCain Jr., American admiral (b. 1911) Gil Puyat, Filipino businessman and politician, Senator of the Philippines and Senate President (b. 1907) March 23 Claude Auchinleck, British field marshal (b. 1884) Mike Hailwood, English motorcycle racer (b. 1940) Beatrice Tinsley, English astronomer (b. 1941) March 26 – Cyril Dean Darlington, English biologist, geneticist and eugenicist, (b. 1903) March 29 – Eric Williams, 1st Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1911) March 30 Sherman Edwards, American songwriter (b. 1919) Douglas Lowe, British Olympic athlete (b. 1902) DeWitt Wallace, American magazine publisher (b. 1889) March 31 – Frank Tieri, American gangster (b. 1904) April April 3 – Juan Trippe, airline entrepreneur (b. 1899) April 5 Lucile Godbold, American Olympic athlete (b. 1900) Maurice Zbriger, Canadian violinist, composer and conductor (b. 1896) Bob Hite, American musician (Canned Heat) (b. 1943) April 6 – Alfredo Guarini, Italian director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1901) April 7 – Norman Taurog, American film director (b. 1899) April 8 Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian entomologist (b. 1895) Omar Bradley, American army general (b. 1893) April 12 Joe Louis, American boxer (b. 1914) Hendrik Andriessen, Dutch composer (b. 1892) April 13 – Prince Yasuhiko Asaka of Japan (b. 1887) April 15 John Thach, American naval aviator and admiral (b. 1905) Lorenzo Guerrero, former President of Nicaragua (b. 1900) April 17 – Ludwik Sempoliński, Polish actor (b. 1899) April 18 – James H. Schmitz, German-born writer (b. 1911) April 22 – Marcia King, murder victim (b. 1959) April 23 Nietta Zocchi, Italian actress (b. 1909) Josep Pla, Spanish journalist and author (b. 1897) April 26 Jim Davis, American actor (b. 1909) Madge Evans, American actress (b. 1909) Muhammad Lafir, Sri Lankan snooker player (b. 1930) April 27 – John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1916) April 28 – Cliff Battles, American football player (Boston Redskins) and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1910) May May 1 – Barry Jones, American actor (b. 1893) May 3 – Nargis, Indian actress (b. 1929) May 5 – Bobby Sands, Irish republican hunger striker (b. 1954) May 6 – Frank O'Grady, Australian public servant (b. 1900) May 7 – Hiromichi Yahara, Imperial Japanese Army officer (b. 1902) May 8 – Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia (b. 1897) May 9 Nelson Algren, American author (b. 1909) Margaret Lindsay, American actress (b. 1910) May 11 Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897) Bob Marley, Jamaican singer, songwriter and musician (b. 1945) May 12 – Benjamin Sheares, Singaporean politician and professor, 2nd President of Singapore (b. 1907) May 13 – Ben Andrews, American actor (b. 1942) May 14 – J. Posadas, Argentine politician (b. 1912) May 17 – Hugo Friedhofer, German-American film composer (b. 1901) May 18 Eleonore Baur, German Nazi and only woman to participate in Munich Beer Hall Putsch (b. 1885) Arthur O'Connell, American actor (b. 1908) William Saroyan, American author (b. 1908) May 20 – Dositej, Metropolitan of Skopje (b. 1906) May 21 – Yuki Shimoda, American actor (b. 1921) May 22 – Boris Sagal, Ukrainian-American television and film director (b. 1923) May 23 George Jessel, American actor (b. 1898) Donald Macintyre, British naval officer and naval historian (b. 1904) May 24 Jaime Roldós Aguilera, 33rd President of Ecuador (b. 1940) Jack Warner, British actor (b. 1895) May 25 Rosa Ponselle, American soprano (b. 1897) Ruby Payne-Scott, Australian radio astronomer (b. 1912) A. Thiagarajah, Sri Lankan Tamil teacher and politician (b. 1916) May 28 John Bryan Ward-Perkins, British archaeologist (b. 1912) Mary Lou Williams, American jazz pianist (b. 1910) Stefan Wyszyński, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop and Servant of God (b. 1901) May 29 – Soong Ching-ling, Acting head of State of the People's Republic of China (b. 1893) May 30 Don Ashby, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1955) Peter Lindgren, Swedish actor (b. 1915) Ziaur Rahman, 7th President of Bangladesh (b. 1936) May 31 Barbara Ward, Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth, British economist (b. 1914) Gyula Lóránt, Hungarian footballer and manager (b. 1923) Giuseppe Pella, Italian politician, 31st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1902) June June 2 – Rino Gaetano, Italian musician and singer-songwriter (b. 1950) June 5 – Miguel Contreras Torres, Mexican actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1899) June 10 Jenny Maxwell, American actress (b. 1941) Phelps Phelps, 38th Governor of American Samoa and United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (b. 1897) June 12 – Mahmoud Fawzi, Egyptian diplomat and political figure, 35th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1900) June 13 – George Walsh, American actor (b. 1889) June 14 – Sir Ronald Holmes, British government official in Hong Kong (b. 1913) June 16 – Sir Thomas Playford, Australian politician, Premier of South Australia (b. 1891) June 17 – Sir Richard O'Connor, British general (b. 1889) June 19 Billy Cook, American actor (b. 1928) Anya Phillips, American co-founder of New York City's Mudd Club (b. 1955) Lotte Reiniger, German-born silhouette animator (b. 1899) June 22 Henri Bouillard, French Jesuit theologian (b. 1908) Lola Lane, American actress and singer (b. 1906) June 23 – Zarah Leander, Swedish actress and singer (b. 1907) June 28 Mohammad Beheshti, Chief Justice of Iran (b. 1928) Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and cancer activist (b. 1958) July July 1 Marcel Breuer, Hungarian-born American architect (b. 1902) George Voskovec, Czech-American actor, writer, dramatist and director (b. 1905) July 3 – Ross Martin, American actor (b. 1920) July 7 – Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi, South Yemenite socialist leader, 1st President of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) (b. 1920) July 8 – Joe McDonnell, Irish republican hunger striker (b. 1951) July 10 – Giorgio De Lullo, Italian actor and director (b. 1921) July 16 – Harry Chapin, American singer and songwriter (b. 1942) July 27 – William Wyler, American movie director (b. 1902) July 28 – Stanley Francis Rother, American priest, martyr, and Blessed (b. 1935) July 29 – Robert Moses, American urban planner (b. 1888) July 31 – Omar Torrijos, Panamanian leader (b. 1929) August August 1 Paddy Chayefsky, American screenwriter (b. 1923) Álvaro de Laiglesia, Spanish writer (b. 1922) August 2 Delfo Cabrera, Argentine athlete (b. 1919) Stefanie Clausen, Danish diver (b. 1900) August 4 – Melvyn Douglas, American actor (b. 1901) August 14 – Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (b. 1894) August 15 Carlo Buscaglia, Italian football player (b. 1909) Karl Gero, Duke of Urach, Lichtenstein noble (b. 1899) August 18 Robert Russell Bennett, American composer and arranger (b. 1894) Anita Loos, American screenwriter (b. 1888) August 19 – Jessie Matthews, English dancer, singer and actress (b. 1907) August 22 – Glauber Rocha, Brazilian filmmaker (b. 1939) August 27 – Valeri Kharlamov, Soviet ice hockey player (b. 1948) August 28 – Béla Guttmann, Hungarian-born Association footballer and coach (b. 1899) August 29 – Lowell Thomas, American writer and broadcaster (b. 1892) August 30 Mohammad-Ali Rajai, 47th Prime Minister of Iran and 2nd President of Iran (assassinated) (b. 1933) Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, Iranian theologian and politician, 48th Prime Minister of Iran (assassinated) (b. 1933) Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (b. 1921) September September 1 Ann Harding, American actress (b. 1902) Albert Speer, German Nazi architect and war minister (b. 1905) September 2 – Enid Lyons, Australia politician (b. 1897) September 7 – Christy Brown, Irish writer and painter (b. 1932) September 8 Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907) Roy Wilkins, American civil rights activist (b. 1901) September 9 Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (b. 1901) Ricardo Balbín, Argentine politician, leader of the Radical Civic Union (UCR) (b. 1904) Sir Robert (Bob) Askin, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1907) September 11 – Frank McHugh, American actor (b. 1898) September 12 – Eugenio Montale, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896) September 14 – Charles L. Melson, American admiral (b. 1904) September 15 Harold Bennett, British actor (b. 1899) Rafael Méndez, Mexican-born trumpet virtuoso (b. 1906) September 21 – Nigel Patrick, English actor (b. 1912) September 22 – Harry Warren, American songwriter (b. 1893) September 23 – Chief Dan George, Canadian actor and writer, tribal chief of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation (b. 1899) September 24 – Patsy Kelly, American actress (b. 1910) September 27 – Robert Montgomery, American actor and director (b. 1904) September 28 Rómulo Betancourt, 2-time President of Venezuela (b. 1908) Sir Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth, British Conservative cabinet minister (b. 1923) September 29 Javad Fakoori, Iranian military officer, former minister of Defence (b. 1913) Mousa Namjoo, Iranian military officer, minister of Defence (b. 1938) Bill Shankly, British football manager (b. 1913) October October 2 Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902) Hazel Scott, American jazz singer and pianist (b. 1920) October 3 – Chrysostom Blashkevich, Soviet Benedict monk (b. 1915) October 4 – Freddie Lindstrom, American baseball player (New York Giants) and a member of the MLB Hall of | in European history. November 25–26 – 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt: A group of mercenaries led by Mike Hoare take over Mahe airport. Most of them escape by a commandeered Air India passenger jet; six are later arrested. December December 1 – An Inex-Adria Aviopromet McDonnell Douglas MD-80 strikes a mountain peak and crashes while approaching Ajaccio Airport in Corsica, killing all 180 people on board. December 4 – South Africa grants Ciskei independence, not recognized outside South Africa. December 7 – Rotary International charters the Rotary Club of Grand Baie, Mauritius. December 8 The No. 21 Mine explosion in Whitwell, Tennessee kills 13. Arthur Scargill becomes President-elect of the National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain). December 10 – During the Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Spain signs the Protocol of Accession to NATO. December 11 Boxing: Muhammad Ali loses to Trevor Berbick; this proves to be Ali's last-ever fight. El Mozote massacre: In El Salvador, army units kill 900 civilians. December 13 – Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland, to prevent the dismantling of the communist system by Solidarity. December 15 – A car bomb destroys the Iraqi Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 61 people; Syrian intelligence is blamed. December 17 – American Brigadier General James L. Dozier is kidnapped in Verona by the Italian Red Brigades. December 20 – The Penlee lifeboat disaster: While attempting to rescue those on board the Union Star off the coast of South-West Cornwall, the lifeboat Solomon Browne is lost with all crew. Sixteen people in all are killed. December 28 – The first American test-tube baby, Elizabeth Jordan Carr, is born in Norfolk, Virginia. December 31 – A coup d'état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the PNDC led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings. Date unknown January to March – Heavy snow causes many houses and buildings to collapse in northwestern Japan; 152 are killed. Cuba suffers a major outbreak of Dengue fever, with 344,203 cases. Use of crack cocaine, a smokeable form of the drug, first reported in the United States and Caribbean. Luxor AB presents the ABC 800 computer. Polybius, an urban legend game, is said to have been released in Portland, Oregon; there is no evidence for its existence. The State Council of the People's Republic of China lists the cities of Beijing, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Guilin as those where the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as well as natural scenery, should be treated as a priority project. Pepsi enters China. China becomes the first country to ever reach a population of 1 billion around the end of 1981. Births January January 1 – Mladen Petrić, Croatian football player January 2 – Maxi Rodríguez, Argentine footballer January 3 – Eli Manning, American football player January 5 – Deadmau5 (Joel Zimmerman), Canadian DJ/producer January 8 Xie Xingfang, Chinese badminton player Genevieve Cortese, American actress January 9 – Euzebiusz Smolarek, Polish footballer January 10 – Jared Kushner, American investor Chris Pozniak, Canadian footballer January 11 – Jamelia, British singer January 15 Howie Day, American singer El Hadji Diouf, Senegalese footballer Pitbull, American hip-hop musician and record producer January 17 – Ray J, American rapper and singer January 19 – Lucho González, Argentine footballer Elizabeth Tulloch, American actress January 20 Owen Hargreaves, Canadian-born English footballer Jason Richardson, American basketball player January 21 – Izabella Miko, Polish actress and dancer January 25 Alicia Keys, American singer, pianist and actress Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer (d. 2007) January 26 – Gustavo Dudamel, Venezuelan conductor January 27 Yaniv Katan, Israeli footballer Alicia Molik, Australian tennis player January 28 – Elijah Wood, American actor and music producer January 30 – Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer January 31 Gemma Collins, English media personality and businesswoman Justin Timberlake, American actor and musician February February 2 – Emily Rose, American actress February 3 – Ben Sigmund, New Zealand footballer February 4 Paulien van Deutekom, Dutch speed skater (d. 2019) Fahmi Fadzil, Malaysian politician February 5 – Nora Zehetner, American actress February 8 – Dawn Olivieri, American actress February 9 – Tom Hiddleston, British actor February 10 Uzo Aduba, American actress Holly Willoughby, English television presenter February 11 Kelly Rowland, American singer and actress Edoardo Molinari, Italian golfer February 12 – Selena Li, Hong Kong actress February 17 Joseph Gordon-Levitt, American actor and film director Paris Hilton, American model, heiress, and socialite February 18 – Andrei Kirilenko, Russian basketball player February 23 – Josh Gad, American actor, comedian, and singer February 24 – Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player February 25 Park Ji-sung, South Korean footballer Shahid Kapoor, Indian actor Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Mexican actor February 27 Josh Groban, American singer Mat Yeung, Hong Kong actor March March 1 – Will Power, Australian racing driver March 2 – Bryce Dallas Howard, American actress March 3 Julius Malema, South African politician László Nagy, Hungarian handball player March 5 – Hanna Alström, Swedish actress March 10 Samuel Eto'o, Cameroonian footballer* March 12 Kenta Kobayashi, Japanese professional wrestler Katarina Srebotnik, Slovenian tennis player March 11 – Matthias Schweighöfer, German actor, director and producer March 15 – Young Buck, American rapper March 17 – Kyle Korver, American basketball player March 18 Iston Benjamin, Anguillan football player Fabian Cancellara, Swiss road bicycle racer March 19 – Kolo Touré, Ivorian football player March 26 – Luke Ford, Canadian-Australian actor March 28 Dan Petronijevic, Canadian actor Julia Stiles, American actress March 29 – Megan Hilty, American actress and singer March 31 – Maarten van der Weijden, Dutch Olympic swimmer April April 1 Aslı Bayram, Turkish German model and actress Aimee Chan, Chinese-Canadian actress Nolan Yonkman, Canadian hockey player April 6 Lucas Licht, Argentine footballer April 7 Óscar Alberto Pérez, Venezuelan rebel leader and detective (d. 2018) Suzann Pettersen, Norwegian golfer April 8 Frédérick Bousquet, French swimmer Taylor Kitsch, Canadian actor and model Ofer Shechter, Israeli actor April 9 – Milan Bartovič, Slovak hockey player April 11 Alessandra Ambrosio, Brazilian model Luis Flores, Dominican basketball player April 16 - Russell Harvard, deaf American actor April 18 Jang Na-ra, Korean actress and singer Audrey Tang, Taiwanese software programmer April 19 Hayden Christensen, Canadian-American actor Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian actress April 25 Felipe Massa, Brazilian racing driver Anja Pärson, Swedish alpine skier Krzysztof Tuduj, Polish politician April 26 – Matthieu Delpierre, French football player April 28 – Jessica Alba, American actress and businesswoman April 29 – Kunal Nayyar, British-Indian actor May May 1 – Alexander Hleb, Belarusian football player May 5 – Craig David, English singer May 8 – Stephen Amell, Canadian actor May 11 Lauren Jackson, Australian basketball player Daisuke Matsui, Japanese football player May 12 Rami Malek, American actor Kentaro Sato, Japanese composer May 13 – Rebecka Liljeberg, Swedish actress May 15 Patrice Evra, Senegalese-born French footballer Jamie-Lynn Sigler, American actress Zara Tindall, British elite equestrienne May 16 – Joseph Morgan, English actor May 17 – Shiri Maimon, Israeli pop/R&B singer, TV show host and actress May 19 Sani Bečirovič, Slovenian basketball player Bong Tae-gyu, South Korean actor Klaas-Erik Zwering, Dutch swimmer Georges St-Pierre, Canadian mixed martial arts fighter May 20 Iker Casillas, Spanish footballer Rachel Platten, American singer-songwriter Mark Winterbottom, Australian racing driver May 21 – Anna Rogowska, Polish pole vaulter May 22 Bryan Danielson, American professional wrestler Melissa Gregory, American figure skater May 24 – Andy Lee, Australian comedian and musician May 25 – Logan Tom, American volleyball player May 26 – Anthony Ervin, American swimmer May 27 – Alina Cojocaru, Romanian ballerina May 29 Justin Chon, American actor Andrey Arshavin, Russian football player June June 1 Brandi Carlile, American singer and songwriter Amy Schumer, American comedian, actress, and screenwriter June 3 – Mike Adam, Canadian curler June 4 T.J. Miller, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter Giourkas Seitaridis, Greek footballer Natalia Vodopyanova, Russian basketball player June 5 – Sébastien Lefebvre, Canadian musician (Simple Plan) June 7 Larisa Oleynik, American actress Anna Kournikova, Russian tennis player June 9 Celina Jaitly, Indian actress Natalie Portman, Israeli-American actress Anoushka Shankar, British musician and daughter of Ravi Shankar June 12 – Adriana Lima, Brazilian model June 13 – Chris Evans, American actor June 14 – Lonneke Engel, Dutch model June 15 – Veljo Reinik, Estonian actor June 17 – Amrita Rao, Indian actress June 18 – Ella Chen, Taiwanese singer June 21 Simon Delestre, French equestrian Brandon Flowers, American singer and keyboardist June 23 – Joe Taslim, Indonesian actor and martial artist June 24 – Júnior Assunção, Brazilian mixed martial artist June 25 Simon Ammann, Swiss ski jumper Carlo Prater, Brazilian mixed martial artist Sheridan Smith, English actress June 27 – Majida Issa, Colombian actress June 28 – Mara Santangelo, Italian tennis player June 29 Joe Johnson, American basketball player Maria Maya, Brazilian actress July July 1 Orlando Cruz, Puerto Rican boxer Tim Reddy, International Man of Mystery July 3 Evgeny Postny, Israeli chess grandmaster Tevita Leo-Latu, New Zealand rugby league footballer July 4 – Tahar Rahim, French actor July 5 Gianne Albertoni, Brazilian model Ryan Hansen, American actor July 6 Omar Naber, Slovenian singer, songwriter and guitar player Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Indian cricketer Synyster Gates, American guitarist July 8 – Anastasia Myskina, Russian tennis player July 11 – Susana Barreiros, Venezuelan judge July 12 – Bojana Novakovic, Serbian-Australian actress July 13 Hassan Al Kontar, Syrian refugee Ágnes Kovács, Hungarian swimmer July 15 – Norhafiz Zamani Misbah, Malaysian footballer July 17 – Mélanie Thierry, French actress July 18 – Michiel Huisman, Dutch actor, musician and singer-songwriter July 19 – Nikki Osborne, Australian actress July 21 Paloma Faith, English singer, songwriter and actress Joaquín, Spanish footballer July 22 Clive Standen, Northern Irish actor Josh Lawson, Australian actor July 23 – Jarkko Nieminen, Finnish tennis player Steve Jocz, Sum 41 ex-drummer July 24 Summer Glau, American actress Nayib Bukele, 46th President of El Salvador July 25 – Finn Bálor (aka Fergal Devitt), Irish professional wrestler July 26 – Maicon Douglas Sisenando, Brazilian footballer July 27 – Li Xiaopeng, Chinese gymnast July 29 – Fernando Alonso, Spanish double Formula 1 world champion July 30 – Nicky Hayden, American motorcycle racer (d. 2017) August August 3 – Fikirte Addis, Ethiopian fashion designer August 4 Abigail Spencer, American actress Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, American actress and member of the British royal family August 5 – Anna Rawson, Australian professional golfer August 6 - Leslie Odom Jr., American actor August 8 Roger Federer, Swiss tennis player Meagan Good, American actress Harel Skaat, Israeli singer August 9 – Li Jiawei, Singaporean Olympic table tennis player August 10 Natsumi Abe, Japanese singer and actress Taufik Hidayat, Indonesian badminton player August 12 Djibril Cissé, French footballer Steve Talley, American actor August 14 Scott Lipsky, American tennis player Kofi Kingston, Ghanaian professional wrestler August 15 Zaka Alao, French basketball player Tosyn Bucknor, Nigerian media personality (d. 2018) Song Ji-hyo, South Korean actress Oh Jin-hyek, South Korean archer August 18 – Jan Frodeno, German triathlete August 20 – Ben Barnes, English actor (Prince Caspian) August 21 – Jarrod Lyle, Australian golfer (d. 2018) August 24 – Chad Michael Murray, American actor August 25 – Rachel Bilson, American actress August 27 – Patrick J. Adams, Canadian actor and director August 29 Jay Ryan, New Zealand actor Karim Darwish, Egyptian squash player September September 1 – Park Hyo-shin, Korean singer September 4 – Beyoncé, American actress and R&B singer (Destiny's Child) September 8 – Jonathan Taylor Thomas, American actor September 9 Julie Gonzalo, Argentine-American actress and producer Nancy Wu, Hong Kong actress September 10 – Marco Chiudinelli, Swiss tennis player September 12 – Jennifer Hudson, American singer and actress September 14 Jordi Mestre, Spanish actor and model (d. 2020) Ashley Roberts, American singer (The Pussycat Dolls) Miyavi, Japanese musician September 15 – Ben Schwartz, American actor September 16 Alexis Bledel, American actress and model Fan Bingbing, Chinese actress September 18 – Jennifer Tisdale, American actress September 23 – Natalie Horler, German singer (Cascada) September 26 Christina Milian, American R&B singer and actress Serena Williams, American tennis player September 30 Cecelia Ahern, Irish author, daughter of Bertie Ahern Dominique Moceanu, Romanian-American gymnast October October 1 – Roxane Mesquida, French actress October 3 – Zlatan Ibrahimović, Swedish international October 5 – Enrico Fabris, Italian speed skater October 8 – Chris Killen, New Zealand footballer October 12 Engin Akyürek, Turkish actor Brian J. Smith, American actor Tom Guiry, American actor October 15 Elena Dementieva, Russian tennis player Guo Jingjing, Chinese diver October 16 – Caterina Scorsone, Canadian actress October 19 – Dmitri Shlyakhtin, former Russian professional football player October 20 – Stefan Nystrand, Swedish swimmer October 21 – Nemanja Vidić, Serbian football player October 23 – Huo Siyan, Chinese actress October 24 Tila Tequila, Vietnamese-American model Mallika Sherawat, Indian actress October 25 – Shaun Wright-Phillips, English footballer October 26 – Guy Sebastian, original Australian Idol 2003 singer October 28 Milan Baroš, Czech footballer October 29 – Amanda Beard, American swimmer October 30 Jun Ji-hyun, South Korean actress Ivanka Trump, American model and advisor October 31 – Frank Iero, American guitarist (My Chemical Romance) November November 2 Tatiana Totmianina, Russian figure skater Ai, Japanese-American singer-songwriter Katharine Isabelle, Canadian actress November 4 – Lakshmi Menon, Indian model November 8 – Joe Cole, English footballer November 11 Natalie Glebova, Russian-born Canadian beauty queen Raphael Gualazzi, Italian singer and pianist, Eurovision Song Contest 2011 runner-up The Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg November 14 – Russell Tovey, British actor November 15 – Lorena Ochoa, Mexican golfer November 16 - Kate Miller-Heidke, Australian singer, songwriter and actress November 18 Allison Tolman, American actress Nasim Pedrad, Iranian-American actress and comedian November 19 – Yfke Sturm, Dutch model November 20 Andrea Riseborough, English actress Kimberley Walsh, British singer (Girls Aloud) November 22 – Song Hye-kyo, South Korean actress November 25 – Xabi Alonso, Spanish footballer November 26 Natasha Bedingfield, British singer-songwriter Jon Ryan, Canadian National Football League football player from Regina, Saskatchewan November 27 – Bruno Alves, Portuguese footballer November 29 – Bakhyt Sarsekbayev, Kazakh Olympic boxer December December 2 – Britney Spears, American singer-songwriter, choreographer December 3 – David Villa, Spanish footballer December 6 – Lior Suchard, Israeli mentalist December 9 – Dia Mirza, Bollywood actress December 11 Kevin Phillips, American film actor Javier Saviola, Argentine soccer player December 13 – Amy Lee, American pianist/singer-songwriter (Evanescence) December 14 – Amber Chia, Malaysian model and actress December 15 Michelle Dockery, British actress Roman Pavlyuchenko, Russian football player Firman Utina, Indonesian football player December 16 – Krysten Ritter, American actress, musician, author, and model December 20 – Leo Bertos, New Zealand footballer December 24 – Dima Bilan, Russian pop-singer December 26 – Nikolai Nikolaeff, Australian actor December 27 Yuvraj Singh, Indian cricketer Emilie de Ravin, Australian actress December 28 Sienna Miller, American-born English actress Khalid |
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