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Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (d. 1908) March 22 – Chico Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1961) March 23 Juan Gris, Spanish-born painter, graphic artist (d. 1927) Prince Felix Yusupov, Russian assassin of Rasputin (d. 1967) March 24 – Roscoe Arbuckle, American actor, comedian, film director, and screenwriter (d. 1933) March 25 – Chūichi Nagumo, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) March 25 – Padre Pio, Italian Franciscan Capuchin, mystic and Catholic saint (d. 1968) April 2 – Louise Schroeder, German politician (d. 1957) April 3 – Nishizō Tsukahara, Japanese admiral (d. 1966) April 10 – Bernardo Houssay, Argentine physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) April 12 – Harold Lockwood, American film actor (d.1918) April 15 Mike Brady, American golfer (d. 1972) Felix Pipes, Austrian tennis player (d. 1983) April 22 – Harald Bohr, Danish mathematician and footballer (d. 1951) April 26 – Kojo Tovalou Houénou, prominent African critic of the French colonial empire in Africa (d. 1936) May– June May 2 Vernon Castle, British dancer (d. 1918) Eddie Collins, American baseball player (d. 1951) May 5 – Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1972) May 11 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (d. 1951) May 15 – John H. Hoover, American admiral (d. 1970) May 22 – Jim Thorpe, American athlete (d. 1953) May 25 – Pio of Pietrelcina, Italian saint (d. 1968) May 26 – Paul Lukas, Hungarian-born actor (d. 1971) May 31 – Saint-John Perse, French diplomat, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975) June 3 – Carlo Michelstaedter, Italian philosopher (d. 1910) June 4 – Tom Longboat, Canadian distance runner (d. 1949) June 5 – Ruth Benedict, American anthropologist (d. 1948) June 9 – Emilio Mola, Spanish Nationalist commander (d. 1937) June 13 – André François-Poncet, French politician, diplomat (d. 1978) June 22 Julian Huxley, British biologist (d. 1975) Santiago Amat, Spanish sailor (d. 1982) June 26 – Ganna Walska, Polish opera singer (d. 1984) July– August July 1 Maria Isidia da Conceição, Brazilian supercentenarian Morton Deyo, American admiral (d. 1973) July 3 – Elith Pio, Danish actor (d. 1983) July 6 – Annette Kellermann, Australian professional swimmer, vaudeville star, film actress, writer and business owner (d. 1975) July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-born painter (d. 1985) July 9 – Samuel Eliot Morison, American historian (d. 1976) July 11 – Nicolae Păiș, Romanian admiral (d. 1952) July 14 – Curtis Shake, American jurist (d. 1978) July 16 – Shoeless Joe Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1951) July 18 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian politician, traitor (d. 1945) July 21 – Luis A. Eguiguren, Peruvian historian and politician (d. 1967) July 22 – Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975) July 28 – Marcel Duchamp, French-born artist (d. 1968) July 29 Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born composer (d. 1951) Mamoru Shigemitsu, Japanese diplomat and politician (d. 1957) July 31 – Mitsuru Ushijima, Japanese general (d. 1945) August 3 Rupert Brooke, British war poet (d. 1915) August Wesley, Finnish journalist, trade unionist, and revolutionary (d. ?) August 4 – Peter Bocage, American jazz musician (d. 1967) August 6 – Oliver Wallace, English-born film composer (d. 1963) August 12 – Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961) August 13 – Julius Freed, American inventor, banker (d. 1952) August 17 Emperor Charles I of Austria (d. 1922) Marcus Garvey, African American publisher, entrepreneur and Pan Africanist (d. 1940) August 22 – Walter Citrine, 1st Baron Citrine, British trade unionist (d. 1983) August 24 – Harry Hooper, American baseball player (d. 1974) August 27 – Julia Sanderson, American actress (d. 1975) September–October September 1 – Blaise Cendrars, Swiss writer (d. 1961) September 3 – Frank Christian, American jazz musician (d. 1973) September 5 – Irene Fenwick, American actress (d. 1936) September 8 – Jacob L. Devers, American general (d. 1979) September 9 – Alf Landon, American Republican politician, presidential candidate (d. 1987) September 10 – Giovanni Gronchi, 3rd President of Italy (d. 1978) September 12 – Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, Azerbaijani statesman, writer and claimed "core author" of novel Ali and Nino (d. in Gulag 1943) September 13 Lancelot Holland, British admiral (d. 1941) Leopold Ružička, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) Frank Gray (researcher), Physicist and researcher, known for the Gray code (d. 1969) September 16 – Nadia Boulanger, French composer and composition teacher (d. 1979) September 26 – William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse, British aviator, first airman to receive the Victoria Cross (d. 1915) September 28 – Avery Brundage, American sports official (d. 1975) October 2 – Violet Jessop, Argentine-born British RMS Titanic survivor (d. 1971) October 4 – Charles Alan Pownall, American admiral, 3rd Military Governor of Guam (d. 1975) October 5 – René Cassin, French judge, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1976) October 6 – Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (d. 1965) October 8 – Huntley Gordon, Canadian-born actor (d. 1956) October 13 – Jozef Tiso, Prime Minister of Slovakia (d. 1947) October 14 – Ernest Pingoud, Finnish composer (d. 1942) October 18 – Takashi Sakai, Japanese general (d. 1946) October 20 – Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, Japanese prince (d. 1981) October 22 – John Reed, American journalist (d. 1920) October 23 – Lothar Rendulic, Austrian-born German general (d. 1971) October 24 – Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, Queen Consort of Spain (d. 1969) October 28 – Herb Byrne, Australian rules footballer (d. 1959) October 31 – Chiang Kai-shek, 1st President of the Republic of China (d. 1975) November - December November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter (d. 1976) November 6 – Walter Johnson, American baseball player (d. 1946) November 10 – Arnold Zweig, German writer (d. 1968) November 11 Walther Wever, German general, pre-World War II Luftwaffe commander (d. 1936) Roland Young, English actor (d. 1953) November 14 – Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, Portuguese painter (d. 1918) November 15 – Georgia O'Keeffe, American painter (d. 1986) November 17 – Bernard Montgomery, British World War II commander (d. 1976) November 19 – James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955) November 23 Boris Karloff, British horror film actor (d. 1969) Henry Moseley, English physicist (d. 1915) November 24 – Erich von Manstein, German field marshal (d. 1973) November 25 – Nikolai Vavilov, Russian and Soviet agronomist, botanist and geneticist (d. 1943) November 27 – Masaharu Homma, Japanese general (d. 1946) November 28 Jacobo Palm, Curaçao-born composer (d. 1982) Ernst Röhm, German Nazi SA leader (d. 1934) November 30 – Beatrice Kerr, Australian swimmer, diver, and aquatic performer (d. 1971) December 3 – Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, former Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1990) December 6 – Lynn Fontanne, British-born actress (d. 1983) December 12 – Kurt Atterberg, Swedish composer (d. 1974) December 13 – Alvin Cullum York, American World War I hero (d. 1964) December 16 – Adone Zoli, Italian politician, 35th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1960) December 22 – Srinivasa Aaiyangar Ramanujan, Indian mathematician (d. 1920) December 25 – Conrad Hilton, American hotelier (d. 1979) December 26 – Arthur Percival, British general (d. 1966) Deaths January–June January 12 – Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh, British politician (b. 1818) February 19 – Eduard Douwes Dekker, Dutch writer (b. 1820) February 26 – Anandi Gopal Joshi, first Indian woman doctor (b. 1865) February 27 – | Malmö, Sweden. American financial services company A. G. Edwards is founded by General Albert Gallatin Edwards in St. Louis, Missouri. Heyl & Patterson Inc., a pioneer in coal unloading equipment, is founded by Edmund W. Heyl and William J. Patterson in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The first battery rail car is used on the Royal Bavarian State Railways. Births January–February January 1 Wilhelm Canaris, head of German military intelligence in World War II (d. 1945) Max Ritter von Müller, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) January 3 – August Macke, German painter (d. 1914) January 10 – Robinson Jeffers, American poet (d. 1962) January 13 – Jorge Chávez, pioneer Peruvian aviator (d. 1910) January 17 – Ola Raknes, Norwegian psychoanalyst, philologist (d. 1975) January 19 – Alexander Woollcott, American intellectual (d. 1943) January 21 – Maude Davis, oldest person in the world (d. 2002) January 22 – Elmer Fowler Stone, American aviator, first United States Coast Guard aviator (d. 1936) January 23 Miklós Kállay, 34th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1967) Dorothy Payne Whitney, American-born philanthropist, social activist (d. 1968) January 28 – Arthur Rubinstein, Polish-born pianist and conductor (d. 1982) February 3 – Georg Trakl, Austrian poet (d. 1914) February 5 – Corneliu Dragalina, Romanian general (d. 1949) February 6 – Josef Frings, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1978) February 10 – John Franklin Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) February 11 – Ernst Hanfstaengl, German-born pianist, U.S. politician (d. 1975) February 12 – Edelmiro Julián Farrell, Argentine general, 28th President of Argentina (d. 1980) February 17 Joseph Bech, Luxembourgish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1975) Leevi Madetoja, Finnish composer (d. 1947) February 20 – Vincent Massey, Governor General of Canada (d. 1967) February 21 – Korechika Anami, Japanese general (d. 1945) March–April March 4 – Violet MacMillan, American Broadway theatre actress (d. 1953) March 5 Harry Turner, American professional football player (d. 1914) Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (d. 1959) March 11 – Raoul Walsh, American film director (d. 1980) March 13 – Alexander Vandegrift, American general (d. 1973) March 14 Sylvia Beach, American publisher in Paris (d. 1952) Charles Reisner, American silent actor, film director (d. 1962) March 18 – Aurel Aldea, Romanian general and politician (d. 1949) March 21 – Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (d. 1908) March 22 – Chico Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1961) March 23 Juan Gris, Spanish-born painter, graphic artist (d. 1927) Prince Felix Yusupov, Russian assassin of Rasputin (d. 1967) March 24 – Roscoe Arbuckle, American actor, comedian, film director, and screenwriter (d. 1933) March 25 – Chūichi Nagumo, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) March 25 – Padre Pio, Italian Franciscan Capuchin, mystic and Catholic saint (d. 1968) April 2 – Louise Schroeder, German politician (d. 1957) April 3 – Nishizō Tsukahara, Japanese admiral (d. 1966) April 10 – Bernardo Houssay, Argentine physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) April 12 – Harold Lockwood, American film actor (d.1918) April 15 Mike Brady, American golfer (d. 1972) Felix Pipes, Austrian tennis player (d. 1983) April 22 – Harald Bohr, Danish mathematician and footballer (d. 1951) April 26 – Kojo Tovalou Houénou, prominent African critic of the French colonial empire in Africa (d. 1936) May– June May 2 Vernon Castle, British dancer (d. 1918) Eddie Collins, American baseball player (d. 1951) May 5 – Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1972) May 11 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (d. 1951) May 15 – John H. Hoover, American admiral (d. 1970) May 22 – Jim Thorpe, American athlete (d. 1953) May 25 – Pio of Pietrelcina, Italian saint (d. 1968) May 26 – Paul Lukas, Hungarian-born actor (d. 1971) May 31 – Saint-John Perse, French diplomat, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975) June 3 – Carlo Michelstaedter, Italian philosopher (d. 1910) June 4 – Tom Longboat, Canadian distance runner (d. 1949) June 5 – Ruth Benedict, American anthropologist (d. 1948) June 9 – Emilio Mola, Spanish Nationalist commander (d. 1937) June 13 – André François-Poncet, French politician, diplomat (d. 1978) June 22 Julian Huxley, British biologist (d. 1975) Santiago Amat, Spanish sailor (d. 1982) June 26 – Ganna Walska, Polish opera singer (d. 1984) July– August July 1 Maria Isidia da Conceição, Brazilian supercentenarian Morton Deyo, American admiral (d. 1973) July 3 – Elith Pio, Danish actor (d. 1983) July 6 – Annette Kellermann, Australian professional swimmer, vaudeville star, film actress, writer and business owner (d. 1975) July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-born painter (d. 1985) July 9 – Samuel Eliot Morison, American historian (d. 1976) July 11 – Nicolae Păiș, Romanian admiral (d. 1952) July 14 – Curtis Shake, American jurist (d. 1978) July 16 – Shoeless Joe Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1951) July 18 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian politician, traitor (d. 1945) July 21 – Luis A. Eguiguren, Peruvian historian and politician (d. 1967) July 22 – Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975) July 28 – Marcel Duchamp, French-born artist (d. 1968) July 29 Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born composer (d. 1951) Mamoru Shigemitsu, Japanese diplomat and politician (d. 1957) July 31 – Mitsuru Ushijima, Japanese general (d. 1945) August 3 Rupert Brooke, British war poet (d. 1915) August Wesley, Finnish journalist, trade unionist, and revolutionary (d. ?) August 4 – Peter Bocage, American jazz musician (d. 1967) August 6 – Oliver Wallace, English-born film composer (d. 1963) August 12 – Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961) August 13 – Julius Freed, American inventor, banker (d. 1952) August 17 Emperor Charles I of Austria (d. 1922) Marcus Garvey, African American publisher, entrepreneur and Pan Africanist (d. 1940) August 22 – Walter Citrine, 1st Baron Citrine, British trade unionist (d. 1983) August 24 – Harry Hooper, American baseball player (d. 1974) August 27 – Julia Sanderson, American actress (d. 1975) September–October September 1 – Blaise Cendrars, Swiss writer (d. 1961) September 3 – Frank Christian, American jazz musician (d. 1973) September 5 – Irene Fenwick, American actress (d. 1936) September 8 – Jacob L. Devers, American general (d. 1979) September 9 – Alf Landon, American Republican politician, presidential candidate (d. 1987) September 10 – Giovanni Gronchi, 3rd President of Italy (d. 1978) September 12 – Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, Azerbaijani statesman, writer and claimed "core author" of novel Ali and Nino (d. in Gulag 1943) September 13 Lancelot Holland, British admiral (d. 1941) Leopold Ružička, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) Frank Gray (researcher), Physicist and researcher, known for the Gray code (d. 1969) September 16 – Nadia Boulanger, French composer and composition teacher (d. 1979) September 26 – William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse, British aviator, first airman to receive the Victoria Cross (d. 1915) September 28 – Avery Brundage, American sports official (d. 1975) October 2 – Violet Jessop, Argentine-born British RMS Titanic survivor (d. 1971) October 4 – Charles Alan Pownall, American admiral, 3rd Military Governor of Guam (d. 1975) October 5 – René Cassin, French judge, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1976) October 6 – Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (d. 1965) October 8 – Huntley Gordon, Canadian-born actor (d. 1956) October 13 – Jozef Tiso, Prime Minister of Slovakia (d. 1947) October 14 – Ernest Pingoud, Finnish composer (d. 1942) October 18 – Takashi Sakai, Japanese general (d. 1946) October 20 – Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, Japanese prince (d. 1981) October 22 – John Reed, American journalist (d. 1920) October 23 – Lothar Rendulic, Austrian-born German general (d. 1971) October 24 – Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, Queen Consort of Spain (d. 1969) October 28 – Herb Byrne, Australian rules footballer (d. 1959) October 31 – Chiang Kai-shek, 1st President of the Republic of China (d. 1975) November - December November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter (d. 1976) November 6 – Walter Johnson, American baseball player (d. 1946) November 10 – Arnold Zweig, German writer (d. 1968) November 11 Walther Wever, German general, pre-World War II Luftwaffe commander (d. 1936) Roland |
May 4 – Following the murderer of Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, while on his way to Stockholm for negotiations. Charles Knutsson temporarily holds the position of leader of Sweden alone. The probable first meeting of the Riksdag of the Estates takes place afterwards, in Uppsala, Sweden. June 25 Scottish princess Margaret Stewart marries the future Louis XI of France in Tours. The Incorporated Guild of Smiths in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) is founded. July 5 – The Hussite Wars effectively end in Bohemia. Sigismund is accepted as King. July 29 – French forces abandon their Siege of Calais. August 30 – Brunelleschi's Dome at Florence Cathedral is dedicated. September 1 – Eric of Pomerania is once again reinstated as king of Sweden. Charles Knutsson, at the same time, resigns the post of rikshövitsman. September 10 – Battle of Piperdean: The Scottish defeat the English. Date unknown Vlad II Dracul seizes the recently vacated throne of Wallachia, with Hungarian support. The Bosnian language is first mentioned in a document. Date of the Visokom papers, the last direct sources on the old town of Visoki. In Ming dynasty China, the inauguration of the Zhengtong Emperor takes place. In Ming dynasty China, a significant portion of the southern grain tax is commuted to payments in silver, known as the Gold Floral Silver (). This comes about due to officials' and military generals' increasing demands to be paid in silver instead of grain, as commercial transactions draw more silver into nationwide circulation. Some counties have trouble transporting all the required grain to meet their tax quotas, so it makes sense to pay the government in silver, a | of Visoki. In Ming dynasty China, the inauguration of the Zhengtong Emperor takes place. In Ming dynasty China, a significant portion of the southern grain tax is commuted to payments in silver, known as the Gold Floral Silver (). This comes about due to officials' and military generals' increasing demands to be paid in silver instead of grain, as commercial transactions draw more silver into nationwide circulation. Some counties have trouble transporting all the required grain to meet their tax quotas, so it makes sense to pay the government in silver, a medium of exchange that is already abundant amongst landowners, through their own private commercial affairs. The Florentine polymath Leon Battista Alberti begins writing the treatise On Painting, in which he argues for the importance of mathematical perspective, in the creation of three-dimensional vision on a two-dimensional plane. This follows the ideas of Masaccio, and his concepts of linear perspective and vanishing point in artwork. Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia becomes the first European to explore the western coast of Africa, past the Tropic of Cancer. Johannes Gutenberg begins work on the printing press. Births January 20 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Japanese shōgun (d. 1490) January 26 – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, Lancastrian military commander during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1464) February 26 – Imagawa Yoshitada, 9th head of the Imagawa clan in Japan (d. 1476) April 4 – Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501) June 6 – Regiomontanus, German astronomer (d. 1476) November 5 – Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Tankerville, English nobleman, attainted as a Yorkist supporter during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1466) November 16 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (d. 1521) November 26 |
the historical record for two years. Axayacatl, sixth Tlatoani of Tenochtitlán, is defeated by the Tarascans of Michoacán. Goyghor Mosque is built by Musa ibn Haji Amir and his son, Majlis Alam. Births January 14 – Anne St Leger, Baroness de Ros, English baroness (d. 1526) March 12 – Anna Jagiellon, Duchess of Pomerania, Polish princess (d. 1503) May 2 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (d. 1536) May 19 – Helena of Moscow, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania and Queen consort of Poland (d. 1513) June 28 – Pope Paul IV (d. 1559) July 17 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1539) July 21 Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (d. 1534) Anna Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1497) July 22 – Zhu Youyuan, Ming Dynasty politician (d. 1519) August 28 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (d. 1559) | unknown Leonardo da Vinci is acquitted on charges of sodomy, after which he disappears from the historical record for two years. Axayacatl, sixth Tlatoani of Tenochtitlán, is defeated by the Tarascans of Michoacán. Goyghor Mosque is built by Musa ibn Haji Amir and his son, Majlis Alam. Births January 14 – Anne St Leger, Baroness de Ros, English baroness (d. 1526) March 12 – Anna Jagiellon, Duchess of Pomerania, Polish princess (d. 1503) May 2 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (d. 1536) May 19 – Helena of Moscow, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania and Queen consort of Poland (d. 1513) June 28 – Pope Paul IV (d. 1559) July 17 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1539) July 21 Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (d. 1534) Anna Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1497) July 22 – Zhu Youyuan, Ming Dynasty politician (d. 1519) August 28 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (d. 1559) September 11 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (d. 1531) October 1 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (d. 1531) October 26 – Yi Gi, Korean philosopher (d. 1552) November 23 – Yeonsangun of Joseon, King of Korean Joseon Dynasty (d. 1506) December 13 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (d. 1544) date unknown – Juan Sebastián Elcano, Spanish explorer (d. 1526) Deaths January 14 John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (b. 1444) Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Duchess of York, second child |
are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes. Flavius Aetius is sent as a child hostage at the court of Alaric I, king of the Visigoths. Asia The Khitan are first mentioned in Chinese chronicles. They wander along the boundaries of Kara-muren, and form part of the Donghu (Tong-hou) confederation. Jeonji becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. By topic Arts and Sciences The Armenian alphabet is devised by Mesrop Mashtots. The Japanese court officially adopts the Chinese writing system (approximate date). Theon of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, dies at age 70 (approximate), having been helped in his work by his daughter Hypatia. Religion Jerome's Vulgate | 405 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Honorius closes the Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum), in an austerity move that abolishes amusements. Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), orders the Sibylline Books to be burned, according to the Roman poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus. Stilicho crushes a coalition of Asding Vandals, Ostrogoths and Quadi with an army raised from forces of the Rhine frontier, leaving this sector dangerously weakened. King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses |
480 on board; she is lost without trace. German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg. The Plan de Ayutla calls for liberal reforms and the ouster of President Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico. March 3 – Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, Victoria, opens. March 11 – A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain, under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier. March 20 – In the United States: The Boston Public Library opens to the public. The Republican Party is formed by anti-slavery opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Ripon, Wisconsin. March 24 – Slavery is abolished in Venezuela. March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia. March 28 – Crimean War: France declares war on Russia. March 31 – United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade. April–June April 1 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words. April 16 – The United States packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the New Jersey shore, with more than 200 victims. May 18 – The Catholic University of Ireland (forerunner of University College Dublin) is founded. May 27 – Taiping Rebellion: United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the American warship . May 30 – The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law (replacing the Missouri Compromise of 1820), creating the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory, west of the State of Missouri and the State of Iowa. The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will decide either to allow or disallow slavery, depending on balloting by their residents (these areas would have been strictly "free territory" under the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri but disallowed it in any other new state north of latitude 36° 30', which forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean). June – The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinois by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to Saint Paul, Minnesota by steamboat. June 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland. June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in Åland off the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles Davis Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857. July–September July 4 – James Ambrose Cutting takes out the first of his three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process (Ambrotype photography). July 6 In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held. Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas, as the Pasha of Egypt. July 7 – The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company is established as the first cotton mill in India by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar and associates. July 17 – The Bienio progresista revolutionary coup occurs in Spain. July 19 – Wood's despatch is sent by Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax to Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of India, proposing radical improvements to the Indian educational system. August 9 – Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony, on the death of his brother. August 16 – Battle of Bomarsund: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in Åland, surrender to French–British troops. August 19 – John Lawrence Grattan leads 29 United States troops and a civilian interpreter in attack on Lakota village over dispute involving emigrant cow. Grattan's command was annihilated. August 27 – English lawyer Alfred Wills and party set out for the first ascent of the Wetterhorn in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the "golden age of alpinism". August 31–September 8 – An epidemic of cholera in London kills over 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology. September 9 – British Inman Line's is wrecked off Cape Race (Newfoundland) on her maiden voyage without loss of life. September 20 – Crimean War: Battle of Alma – The French–British alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war. September 27 – SS Arctic disaster: The American paddle steamer sinks after a collision with the much smaller French ship , 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of Newfoundland, with approximately 320 deaths. October–December October 1 – The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury, Massachusetts, by Aaron Lufkin Dennison, relocates to Waltham, to become the Waltham Watch Company, pioneer in the American system of watch manufacturing. October 9–11 – United States diplomats in Europe meet and draft the Ostend Manifesto, setting out a rationale for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain. October 6 – The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England is ignited by a spectacular explosion. October 17 – The Age newspaper is founded in Melbourne, Australia. October 25 – Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava – The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive. November Florence Nightingale and her team of | in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops invalided from the Crimean War. The Mute Rebellion breaks out in Sweden. November 5 – Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman – The Russians are defeated. November 14 – Great Storm of 1854 in the Black Sea: 19 British transport and other ships (plus 2 French) supporting the Crimean War are wrecked with the loss of at least 287 men. November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal Company is formed. December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria (Australia). December 8 – Pope Pius IX in the apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus defines ex Cathedra the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin December 10th – Sa'id Pasha officially abolishes slavery in Egypt. Undated Ignacy Łukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near Krosno County. Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components, by distillation. The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants other than Danes. A Russian fort is established at the modern-day site of Almaty. The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded. The future Waterbury Clock Company (Incorporated on March 27, 1857) is founded as a department within the Benedict And Burnham Manufacturing Company in Waterbury, Connecticut, the predecessor of Timex Group USA in timepiece manufacturing. Births January–June January 1 – James George Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941) January 8 – Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (d. 1918) January 9 – Lady Randolph Churchill, born Jennie Jerome, American-born British socialite and mother of Winston Churchill (d. 1921) January 12 Kataoka Shichirō, Japanese admiral (d. 1920) David Macpherson, Canadian-born American civil engineer (d. 1927) January 14 – Nikolai Pavlovich Bobyr, Russian general (d. 1920) February 9 Edward Carson, Irish Unionist MP and barrister (d. 1935) Aletta Jacobs, Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist (d. 1929) February 16 – Charles Webster Leadbeater, British theosophist (d. 1934) February 17 – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902) February 26 – Mary M. Cohen, American social economist (d. 1911) March 4 – Tomás António Garcia Rosado, Portuguese general (d. 1937) March 10 Florence Carpenter Ives, American journalist and editor (d. 1900) Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (d. 1917) March 11 – Jane Meade Welch, American historian (d. 1931) March 14 Paul Ehrlich, German physician and scientist, recipient of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1915) Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President of the United States (d. 1925) March 15 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist, winner of the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917) March 18 – Nikolai Ruzsky, Russian general (d. 1918) March 30 – Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1924) April 18 – Ludwig Levy, German architect (d. 1907) April 22 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer, author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943) April 28 – Hertha Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor (d. 1923) April 29 Henri Poincaré, French mathematician, physicist (d. 1912) Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian nobleman, statesman, and general (d. 1918) May 5 – Orrin Dubbs Bleakley, member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (d. 1927) May 11 – Albion Woodbury Small, American sociologist (d. 1926) May 24 – John Riley Banister, American law officer, Texas Ranger (d. 1918) May 25 – Clara Louise Burnham, American novelist (d. 1927) June 2 – Adolf von Brudermann, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1945) June 8 – Douglas Cameron, Canadian politician. Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (d. 1921) June 14 – Dave Rudabaugh, American outlaw, gunfighter (d. 1886) June 17 – Robert Kekewich, British general (d. 1914) June 21 – Andrew Jackson Houston, American politician (d. 1941) June 26 – Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Canada, leader in World War I (d. 1937) July–December July 2 – Sophia Braeunlich, American business manager (d. 1898) July 3 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (d. 1928) July 4 – Alexandru Marghiloman, 25th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1925) July 12 – George Eastman, American photographic inventor (Kodak) (suicide) (d. 1932) July 27 – Takahashi Korekiyo, 11th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936) July 31 – José Canalejas y Méndez, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1912) August 2 – Milan I of Serbia (d. 1901) August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925) September 1 – Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921) September 3 – Anna Sandström, Swedish social reformer (d. 1931) September 6 – Georges Picquart, French general, Minister of War (d. 1914) September 18 – Viktor Dankl von Krasnik, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1941) October 3 – William C. Gorgas, American physician, Surgeon General (d. 1920) October 7 – Christiaan de Wet, Boer general, rebel leader, and politician (d. 1922) October 16 Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900) Karl Kautsky, Czech Marxist theoretician (d. 1938) October 17 – Queenie Newall, British Olympic archer (d. 1929) October 20 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891) October 26 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (d. 1914) October 28 – Mary G. Charlton Edholm, American social purity and temperance reformer (d. 1935) October 30 – Franz Rohr von Denta, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1927) November 3 – Carlo Fornasini, micropalaeontologist (d. 1931) November 5 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941) November 6 – John Philip Sousa, American composer, conductor (Stars and Stripes |
now San Diego Bay, and names it "San Miguel"; it will later become the city of San Diego. October 7 – Cabrillo becomes the first European to set foot on Santa Catalina Island, California. November 24 – Battle of Solway Moss: An English army invades Scotland, and defeats a Scottish army. December 14 – Mary, Queen of Scots, aged six days, becomes queen regnant on the death of her father, James V of Scotland. Date unknown The first contact of Japan with the West occurs when a Portuguese ship, blown off its course to China, lands Fernão Mendes Pinto, Francisco Zeimoto and António Mota in Japan. (some sources say 1543). Pope Paul III establishes the Holy Office, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition. Bartolomé de las Casas completes A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, which will be published in 1552. Births February 1 – John Scudamore, English politician (d. 1623) February 22 – Santino Garsi da Parma, Italian musician (d. 1604) March 19 – Jan Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1605) April 29 – Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (d. 1587) May 5 – Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, English politician (d. 1623) May 11 – Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, Swiss Catholic bishop (d. 1608) May 16 – Anna Sibylle of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German noblewoman, daughter of Count Philip IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1580) June 15 – Richard Grenville, English politician (d. 1591) June 24 – John of the Cross, Spanish Carmelite mystic, theologian, poet (d. 1591) July 25 – Magnus, Duke of Östergötland, Swedish prince (d. 1595) August 18 – Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland (d. 1601) August 27 – John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania and Protestant Bishop of Cammin (d. 1600) August 31 – Isabella de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1576) September 25 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Dillenburg, sister of William the Silent (d. 1603) October 1 – Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, Spanish explorer (d. 1595) October 4 – Robert Bellarmine, Italian saint (d. 1621) October 14 – Philip IV, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1602) October 15 – Akbar, Mughal Emperor (d. 1605) October 31 – Henriette of Cleves, Duchess of Nevers, Countess of Rethel (d. 1601) November 1 – Tarquinia Molza, Italian singer (d. 1617) November 9 – Anders Sørensen Vedel, Danish historian (d. 1616) November 11 – Scipione Gonzaga, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1593) December 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots (d. 1587) December 21 – Thomas Allen, English mathematician and astrologer (d. 1632) date unknown Joris Hoefnagel, Dutch painter and engraver (d. 1601) Toda Kazuaki, Japanese samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1604) Douglas Sheffield, Baroness Sheffield, lover of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1608) John Speed, English historian (d. 1629) Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1611) Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (d. 1600) Deaths January 21 – Azai Sukemasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1491) February – Nikolaus Federmann, German adventurer in Venezuela and Colombia (b. 1501) February 1 – | of Östergötland, Swedish prince (d. 1595) August 18 – Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland (d. 1601) August 27 – John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania and Protestant Bishop of Cammin (d. 1600) August 31 – Isabella de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1576) September 25 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Dillenburg, sister of William the Silent (d. 1603) October 1 – Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, Spanish explorer (d. 1595) October 4 – Robert Bellarmine, Italian saint (d. 1621) October 14 – Philip IV, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1602) October 15 – Akbar, Mughal Emperor (d. 1605) October 31 – Henriette of Cleves, Duchess of Nevers, Countess of Rethel (d. 1601) November 1 – Tarquinia Molza, Italian singer (d. 1617) November 9 – Anders Sørensen Vedel, Danish historian (d. 1616) November 11 – Scipione Gonzaga, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1593) December 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots (d. 1587) December 21 – Thomas Allen, English mathematician and astrologer (d. 1632) date unknown Joris Hoefnagel, Dutch painter and engraver (d. 1601) Toda Kazuaki, Japanese samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1604) Douglas Sheffield, Baroness Sheffield, lover of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1608) John Speed, English historian (d. 1629) Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1611) Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (d. 1600) Deaths January 21 – Azai Sukemasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1491) February – Nikolaus Federmann, German adventurer in Venezuela and Colombia (b. 1501) February 1 – Girolamo Aleandro, Italian cardinal (b. 1480) February 13 Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (born c. 1522) Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford, English noblewoman (executed) (born c. 1505) March 3 – Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, illegitimate son of King Edward IV of England May 21 – Hernando de Soto, Spanish explorer, navigator and conquistador (b. c. 1500) June 14 – Christoph von Scheurl, German writer (b. 1481) June 19 – Leo Jud, Swiss reformer (b. 1482) July 15 – Lisa del Giocondo, Florentine noblewoman, believed to be the subject of the Mona Lisa (b. 1479) August 24 – Gasparo Contarini, Italian diplomat and cardinal (b. 1483) August 29 – Cristóvão da Gama, Portuguese soldier (b. c. 1516) September 21 – Juan Boscán Almogáver, Spanish poet (b. c. 1490) October 11 – Thomas Wyatt, English poet and diplomat (b. 1503) October 18 – Giovanni Gaddi, Italian priest (b. 1493) December 14 – King James V of Scotland |
31 December 1549. References | 31 December 1549. References |
Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California, with riders carrying a small Bible. April 4 – A new uprising erupts in Palermo. April 9 – French typesetter Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville sings the French folk song Au clair de la lune to his phonautograph, producing the world's earliest known sound recording (however, it is not rediscovered until 2008). May 1 – A Chondrite-type meteorite falls to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio, near the town of New Concord. May 6 – Expedition of the Thousand: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Quarto. May 8 – In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) the southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers; Magdalena and Bolívar join it; civil war erupts. May 9 – The U.S. Constitutional Union Party holds its convention, and nominates John Bell for President of the United States. May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily. May 17 – The German association football club TSV 1860 München is founded. May 18 – Abraham Lincoln is selected as the U.S. presidential candidate for the Republican Party, in Chicago, Illinois. May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily. May 28 – One of the worst storms ever experienced in the region hits the east coast of England, sinking more than 100 ships and killing at least 40 people. – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established. June 30 – A historic debate about evolution is held, at the Oxford University Museum. July–September July 2 – Vladivostok is founded in Russia. July 9 – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London. July 11 – Mutsuhito (the future Emperor Meiji) becomes Crown Prince of Japan. July 20 – Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control. August 13 – José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim President of Mexico, replacing Miguel Miramón. Two days later Miramón becomes president again. August 22 – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland. September 3–5 – The First International Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden. September 7 The is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan; hundreds drown. Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples. September 10 – Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples. September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome. September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces. October–December October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar, to search for the source of the Nile River. October 1 – Battle of Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year. October 6 – Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted in British India. October 17 – The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. The event is won by Willie Park Sr October 18 – The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War. October 18–21 – Beijing's Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin, | at Oxford University. December 20 – American Civil War: South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the United States. December 24 – Mexico's interim president Miguel Miramón flees the country after being defeated in battle. December 26 – First Rules derby is held between Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C., the oldest football fixture in the world. December 29 – The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) HMS Warrior, is launched. Date unknown Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria. In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores. China agrees, in an unequal treaty (the Convention of Peking) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country. Discovery of the chemical elements: Robert Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium. German chemist Albert Niemann makes a detailed analysis of the coca leaf, isolating and purifying the alkaloid, which he calls cocaine. Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, and Empress Eugénie visit Algiers and stay at the Casbah of Algiers. Augustana College is founded in Chicago, Illinois by Scandinavian immigrants. TAG Heuer watchmaker founded in Bern Canton, Switzerland. Britain produces 20% of the entire world's output of industrial goods. The Russian Empire has c. of railroads. The American South has c. 4 million slaves. 1860–1900 – 14 million immigrants come to the United States. Approximate date – First recorded fish and chip shops in the United Kingdom, Joseph Malin's in London and John Lees' in Mossley near Oldham, Lancashire. Births January–March January 3 – Kato Takaaki, 24th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1926) January 8 – Emma Booth, fourth child of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1903) January 17 – Douglas Hyde, 1st President of Ireland (d. 1949) January 21 – Karl Staaff, Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1915) January 25 – Charles Curtis, 31st Vice President of the United States (d. 1936) January 28 – W. G. Read Mullan, American Jesuit, academic (d. 1910) January 29 William Jacob Baer, American painter (d. 1941) Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904) February 11 – Rachilde, French author (d. 1953) February 14 – Eugen Schiffer, German politician (d. 1954) February 18 – Anders Zorn, Swedish artist (d. 1920) February 25 – Sir William Ashley, English economic historian (d. 1927) February 28 – Carl Georg Barth, American mathematician, mechanical engineer (d. 1939) February 29 – Herman Hollerith, American businessman, inventor (d. 1929) March 2 – Susanna M. Salter, first woman mayor in the United States (d. 1961) March 5 – Sam Thompson, American baseball player (d. 1922) March 13 – Hugo Wolf, Austrian composer (d. 1903) March 19 – William Jennings Bryan, American politician (d. 1925) April–June April 2 – Zheng Xiaoxu, Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, first Prime Minister of Manchukuo (d. 1938) April 7 – Will Keith Kellogg, American industrialist, founder of the Kellogg Company (d. 1951) May 2 – Theodor Herzl, Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d. 1904) May 7 – Tom Norman, English freak showman (d. 1930) May 9 – J. M. Barrie, Scottish author (d. 1937) May 15 – Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the United States (d. 1914) May 20 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917) May 21 – Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927) May 25 – James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (d. 1944) May 27 – Manuel Teixeira Gomes, 7th President of Portugal (d. 1941) May 29 – Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909) June 20 – Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. 1937) June 25 – Gustave Charpentier, French composer (d. 1956) July–September July 3 – Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American feminist (d. 1935) July 7 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911) July 16 – Otto Jespersen, Danish linguist, creator of Ido and Novial languages |
the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1942) March 28 – Aristide Briand, French politician, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1932) March 29 – Adolfo Müller-Ury, Swiss-born American painter (d. 1947) April–June April 2 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American president of Columbia University, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1947) April 6 – Georges Darien, French writer (d. 1921) April 11 Charles Evans Hughes, American jurist, politician, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1948) Lurana W. Sheldon, American author and editor (d. 1945) April 26 – Edmund C. Tarbell, American Impressionist painter (d. 1938) April 27 – Rudolph Schildkraut, Ottoman-born Austrian actor (d. 1930) May 15 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian dramatist, narrator (d. 1931) May 27 – John Kendrick Bangs, American author, satirist (d. 1922) June 5 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930) June 7 – Philipp Lenard, Hungarian–German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1947) June 10 – John de Robeck, British admiral (d. 1928) June 21 – Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince, historian (d. 1943) June 27 – May Irwin, Canadian actress, singer (d. 1938) July–September July 2 William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942) Christopher Cradock, British admiral (d. 1914) July 8 – Josephine White Bates, Canadian-born American author (d. 1934) July 14 Florence Bascom, American geologist and educator (d. 1945) Gustav Klimt, Austrian artist (d. 1918) July 15 – Ernest Troubridge, British admiral (d. 1926) July 16 – Ida B. Wells, American journalist, suffragist, and anti-lynching crusader (d. 1931) July 24 – Percy FitzPatrick, South African author, politician and mining financier (d. 1931) August 5 – Joseph Merrick (the Elephant Man), English sufferer from deformities (d. 1890) August 16 – Amos Alonzo Stagg, American football player, coach (d. 1965) August 21 – Emilio Salgari, Italian writer (d. 1911) August 22 – Claude Debussy, French composer (d. 1918) August 24 – Zonia Baber, American geographer and geologist (d. 1956) August 26 – Herbert Booth, English-born Salvationist, third son of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1926) August 29 Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928) Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (d. 1949) September 7 – Edgar Speyer, American-born international financier and philanthropist (d. 1932) September 11 Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, British general, 12th Governor General of Canada (d. 1935) Hawley Harvey Crippen, American-born medical practitioner, uxoricide (hanged 1910) O. Henry, born William Sydney Porter, American short-story writer (d. 1910) September 12 – Carl Eytel, German-American artist working in Palm Springs, California (d. 1925) September 19 – Arvid Lindman, Swedish admiral, industrialist, and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1936) September 22 – Anastasios Charalambis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1949) September 23 – Denis Auguste Duchêne, French general (d. 1950) September 25 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952) September 27 – Louis Botha, Boer general, first Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1919) October–December October 3 – Johnny Briggs, English cricketer (d. 1902) October 12 – Theodor Boveri, German biologist (d. 1915) October 13 – Mary Kingsley, English explorer (d. 1900) October 18 – Mehmet Esat Bülkat, Ottoman general (d. 1952) October 19 – Auguste Lumière, French inventor (d. 1954) October 26 – Hilma af Klint, Swedish abstract painter (d. 1944) October 27 – Hugh Evan-Thomas, British admiral (d. 1928) October 28 – Nicholas Timothy Clerk, Gold Coast theologian, missionary and Presbyterian minister (d. 1961) November 5 – Annie Laurie Wilson James, American journalist focused on horses (unknown year of death) November 14 – George Washington Vanderbilt II, American businessman (d. 1914) November 15 – Gerhart Hauptmann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1946) November 16 – Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (d. 1944) November 19 – Billy Sunday, American baseball player, evangelist and prohibitionist (d. 1935) November 23 – Ernest Guglielminetti, Swiss physician (d. 1943) November 24 – Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen, Bavarian general (d. 1953) December 5 William Walker Atkinson, American spiritual writer (d. 1932) John Henry Leech, English entomologist (d. 1900) December 8 – Georges Feydeau, French playwright (d. 1921) December 12 – J. Bruce Ismay, English shipping magnate, White Star Line (d. 1937) December 15 – Adrien Loir, French biologist, bacteriologist (d. 1941) December 25 – Wilhelm Weinberg, German physician (d. 1937) Date unknown Al Herpin (The Man Who Never Slept), notable French-born American insomniac (d. 1947) Jessie King, Scottish author (unknown year of death) Antoinette Kinney, American state senator (d. 1945) Sufi Azizur Rahman, Bengali Muslim theologian and teacher (d. 1922) Deaths January–June January 10 – Samuel Colt, American firearms inventor (b. 1814) January 18 – John Tyler, 10th President of the United States (b. 1790) January 20 – Harriet Auber, English poet (b. 1773) February 3 – Jean-Baptiste Biot, French physicist, astronomer and mathematician (b. 1774) February 7 Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1787) Prosper Ménière, French scientist (b. 1799) February 20 Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet (b. 1788) William Wallace "Willie" Lincoln, third son of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln (b. 1850) February 21 – Justinus Kerner, German physician (b. 1786) February 24 – Bernhard Severin Ingemann, Danish novelist, poet (b. 1789) March 22 – Manuel Robles Pezuela, former President of Mexico (executed) (b. 1817) April 6 – Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (b. 1803) April 10 – W. H. L. Wallace, American Civil War Union general (b. 1821) April 19 – Louis P. Harvey, Governor of Wisconsin (b. 1820) May 6 – Henry David Thoreau, American author, philosopher (b. 1817) May 16 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield, English theorist of colonization (b. 1796) May 21 – John Drew Sr., Irish-American actor, manager (b. 1827) May 25 – Juana Azurduy de Padilla, South American guerrilla military leader (b. c. 1781) May 29 – Franciszek Mirecki, Polish composer, music conductor, and music teacher (b. 1791) June 17 – Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, English Viceroy of India (b. 1812) June 20 – Barbu Catargiu, 1st Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1807) July–December July 23 – José María Bocanegra, 3rd President of Mexico (b. 1787) July 24 – Martin Van Buren, 79, 8th President of the United States (b. 1782) | March 26–28 – American Civil War: Battle of Glorieta Pass – In New Mexico, Union forces succeed in stopping the Confederate invasion of New Mexico Territory. March 31 – Victor Hugo's epic French historical novel Les Misérables begins publication in Brussels. April–June April 1 – Second French intervention in Mexico: The Spanish and the British end their alliance with France. April 5 – American Civil War: Battle of Yorktown – The battle begins when Union Army forces under General George B. McClellan close in on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. April 6–7– American Civil War: Battle of Shiloh – The Union Army, under General Ulysses S. Grant, defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee. April 12 – American Civil War: Great Locomotive Chase (Andrews' Raid) – Union volunteers steal Confederate steam railroad locomotive The General (which will still exist in the 21st century) in an attempt to sabotage the rail network. April 13 – The government of Vietnam is forced to cede the territories of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường to France. April 22 – Global financial group UBS is founded in Switzerland as the Bank in Winterthur. April 25 – American Civil War: Capture of New Orleans – Forces under Union Admiral David Farragut occupy the Confederate city of New Orleans, securing access to the Mississippi River. April 26 – American Civil War: Siege of Fort Macon – The besieged Confederate garrison at Fort Macon, North Carolina surrenders. May 1–November 1 – The 1862 International Exhibition is held at South Kensington in London; it is particularly noteworthy for an exhibit from Japan, influential in the development of Anglo-Japanese style. May 2 – The California State Normal School (later San Jose State University) is created by an Act of the California Legislature. May 5 – Second French intervention in Mexico: Battle of Puebla – Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army; commemorated each year as Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for Fifth of May). May 11 – American Civil War: Ironclad is scuttled in the James River northwest of Norfolk, Virginia. May 15 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the U.S. Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed U.S. Department of Agriculture). May 20 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law. May 24 – Westminster Bridge is opened across the Thames in London. This new bridge, designed by Thomas Page, replaces the old bridge. June 1 – American Civil War: Battle of Fair Oaks – Both sides claim victory. June 4 – American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for U.S. Army troops to capture Memphis, Tennessee. June 5 – Treaty of Saigon: Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam cedes Saigon, Côn Sơn Island and three southern provinces of what is to become known as Cochinchina (Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường) to become part of the French colonial empire. Guerilla leader Trương Định refuses to recognise the treaty. June 6 – American Civil War: First Battle of Memphis – U.S. Army troops capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederate States. June 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Cross Keys – Confederate troops under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a U.S. Army attack on the James Peninsula that is led by General George B. McClellan. June 12 – John Winter Robinson, the Secretary of State of Kansas, is convicted and removed from office as the result of a bond scandal, becoming the first state executive official to be impeached and removed from office in American history. June 26 – American Civil War: Battle of Mechanicsville – Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats the troops of General George B. McClellan in the first of the Seven Days Battles. July–September July 1 The Bureau of Internal Revenue, the forerunner of the Internal Revenue Service, is established in the United States. Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railroad Acts, authorizing construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad. The Russian State Library is founded, as The Library of the Moscow Public Museum. July 2 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land-Grant Act into law, creating a system of land-grant colleges, to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the United States. July 4 – Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll) extemporises the story that becomes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, for ten-year-old Alice Liddell and her sisters, on a rowboat trip on The Isis from Oxford to Godstow. July 16 – American Civil War: David Farragut becomes the first rear admiral in the U.S. Navy. July 18 – Dent Blanche, one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended. July 23 – American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army. August 5 – American Civil War: Battle of Baton Rouge – Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city. August 6 – American Civil War: Confederate ironclad is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with , near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. August 9 – American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain – At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope. August 14 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln meets with a group of prominent African-Americans, the first time an American President has done so. He suggests that Black people should migrate to Africa or to Central America, but this advice is rejected. August 17 – The Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota, as Dakota Sioux attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They are overwhelmed by the U.S. Army six weeks later. August 19 – Dakota War of 1862: During an uprising in Minnesota, Dakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way. August 21 – The Vienna Stadtpark opens its gates. August 28–30 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces inflict a crushing defeat on Union General John Pope. August 29–30 – American Civil War: Battle of Richmond, Kentucky – Confederate forces, led by General Edmund Kirby Smith, inflict a crushing defeat on Union General William "Bull" Nelson. September 1 – American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly – Confederate General Robert E. Lee leads his forces in an attack on retreating Union troops in Chantilly, Virginia, driving them away. September 2 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command, after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run. September 5 – American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia, into Maryland. September 10 – Francisco Solano López is appointed second President of Paraguay. September 17 – American Civil War Battle of Antietam: Union forces strategically defeat Confederate troops at Sharpsburg, Maryland, in the bloodiest day in U.S. history, with over 22,000 casualties. The Allegheny Arsenal explosion results in the single largest civilian disaster during the war. September 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Iuka – Union troops under Major General William Rosecrans defeat a Confederate force commanded by Major General Sterling Price at Iuka, Mississippi. September 22 Otto von Bismarck becomes Minister President of Prussia, following refusal by the country's Landtag to accept the military budget. American Civil War: The preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation is made by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. September 29 – New Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck delivers his Blood and Iron (Blut und Eisen) speech to the Prussian Landtag. October–December October 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Perryville – Union Army forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky, by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky. October 9 – The Transvaal Civil War breaks out, following Stephanus Schoeman’s unconstitutional ousting of the acting President of the Executive Council of the South African Republic. October 11 – American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the North. October 23 – Otto is deposed as King of Greece. October 24 – Ramón Castilla loses the Presidency of Peru for a second time. October 25 – In the Granadine Confederation (modern-day Colombia), rebel troops of the southern states defeat government forces. November 4 – Richard Jordan Gatling patents the Gatling gun in the United States. November 5 American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln removes George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army. American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers, and are sentenced to hang. November 14 – American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln approves the plan by General Ambrose Burnside to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. This plan leads to a disastrous Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13. November 28 American Civil War: Battle of Cane Hill – Union Army troops, led by General John Blunt, push back Confederate troops, commanded by General John Marmaduke, into the northwestern Boston Mountains of Arkansas. Notts County F.C. is founded in Nottingham, England, making it (by the 21st century) the world's oldest professional Association football team. December – Peruvian slave raiders land on Easter Island, beginning a decade of the destruction of the society and population on the island. December 1 – In his State of the Union address, President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery, as he ordered ten weeks earlier in his Emancipation Proclamation. December 2 – The first United States Navy hospital ships enter service. December 12 – American Civil War: Yazoo Pass Expedition – Union ironclad gunboat is sunk by a remotely-detonated "torpedo" (naval mine) while clearing mines from the Yazoo River, the first armored ship sunk by mine. December 13 – American Civil |
15 – Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many men in cities for the first time, and adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales. September 2 – Emperor Meiji of Japan marries Empress Shōken (née Masako Ichijō). The Empress consort is thereafter known as Lady Haruko. September 4 – The Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is founded, at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield. September 14 – The first volume of Das Kapital (later translated into English as Capital) is published by Karl Marx. September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island. October–December October 12 – End of penal transportation from Britain as the last convict ship, the Hougoumont, departs from Portsmouth on an 89-day passage to Western Australia. 62 Fenians are among the transportees. October 18 – Alaska is transferred from Russia to the US, becoming the Department of Alaska. October 21 – 'Manifest destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders, requiring Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma. October 27 – Italian unification: Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops march into Rome. November 2 – the first issue of the women's fashion magazine, Harper's Bazaar is published. It was published weekly, but later monthly. November 9 – The last shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, tenders his resignation to Emperor Meiji. November 21 – American temperance crusader Carrie Nation marries Dr. Charles Gloyd. November 23 – The three 'Manchester Martyrs' are hanged in England for the murder of a policeman whilst attempting to rescue two Irish Republican Brotherhood members from imprisonment on 18 September. December 2 – In a New York City theater, English author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States. December 18 – Angola Horror (Buffalo, New York-area train wreck): The fiery death of 49 people leads John D. Rockefeller to develop and sell his Mineral Seal 300 °F Fire-Tested Burning Oil, and George Westinghouse to invent the railway air brake, which is mandated in the United States in 1893. Date unknown Pierre Michaux invents the front wheel-driven velocipede, the first mass-produced bicycle. South African diamond fields are discovered. The Prohibition National Committee is formed in the United States. Clarke School for the Deaf in Western Massachusetts opens its doors for the first time, becoming the first school for the deaf in the United States to teach its children how to communicate using the oral method. At Fountain Point, Michigan, an artesian water spring begins to gush continuously. The modern rose is born, with the introduction of Rosa 'La France' by Jean-Baptiste André Guillot. Gorse is naturalised in New Zealand, where it soon becomes the worst invasive weed. The Swedish famine of 1867-1869 begins. Yellow fever kills 3,093 in New Orleans. The Wasps Rugby Football Club is formed in Middlesex, England. Margarine Unie, as predecessor of Unilever, toiletries, beauty care, beverage brand on worldwide, founded in Netherlands. Delhaize, as predecessor for Ahold Delhaize, as major retail group of Europe, founded in Belgium. The game Parcheesy is introduced. Ongoing Paraguayan War. 1867–1873 – Chinese, Scandinavian and Irish immigrants lay of railroad tracks in the USA. Births January–March January 5 – Dimitrios Gounaris, 94th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1922) January 6 – Takejirō Tokonami, Japanese politician, Home Minister, Railway Minister and Minister of Communication (d. 1935) January 8 Emily Greene Balch, American writer, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1961) Thomas Coward, English ornithologist (d. 1933) January 17 – Carl Laemmle, German-born film executive (d. 1939) January 18 – Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan poet (d. 1916) January 20 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer, actress (d. 1944) January 21 James Marcus, American actor (d. 1937) Maxime Weygand, French general (d. 1965) January 29 – Carl L. Boeckmann, Norwegian-American artist (d. 1923) February 4 – Alexander Godley, British general (d. 1957) February 7 – Laura Elizabeth Wilder, née Ingalls, American children's author (d. 1957) February 8 – William Michael Crose, United States Navy Commander and the seventh Naval Governor of American Samoa (d. 1929) February 10 – Charles W. Bryan, American politician (d. 1945) February 21 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born American millionaire, philanthropist (d. 1934) February 27 – Irving Fisher, American economist (d. 1947) March 4 – Charles Pelot Summerall, American general (d. 1955) March 6 – Samuel Franklin Cody, American aviation pioneer (d. 1913) March 19 – Sakichi Toyoda, Japanese inventor, industrialist (d. 1930) March 21 – Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., American theatrical producer (d. 1932) March 25 Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (d. 1957) Gutzon Borglum, American artist and sculptor (Mount Rushmore) (d. 1941) March 26 – Arnold Theiler, founder of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in South Africa (d. 1936) March 29 – Cy Young, American baseball player (d. 1955) April–June April 2 – Eugen Sandow, German-born body builder, circus performer (d. 1925) April 7 – Holger Pedersen, Danish linguist (d. 1953) April 9 – Chris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941) April 10 – George William Russell, Irish nationalist, poet and artist (d. 1935) April 13 – Sammy Woods, English cricketer (d. 1931) April 16 – Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer, co-inventor of the airplane with brother Orville (d. 1912) April 23 – Johannes Fibiger, Danish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1928) May 3 – J. T. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1944) May 7 – Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925) May 14 – Kurt Eisner, German politician, publicist (d. 1919) May 26 – Queen Mary, wife of George V of Great Britain (d. 1953) June 2 – William Goodenough, British admiral (d. 1945) June 4 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, 6th President of Finland (d. 1951) June 8 – Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect (d. 1959) June 9 – Clarence Geldart, Canadian-American actor (d. 1935) June 17 – Flora Finch, British-American silent film comedian (d. 1940) June 20 – Leon Wachholz, Polish scientist and medical examiner (d. 1942) June 24 – J. Gordon Edwards, American film director (d. 1925) June 28 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936) June 30 – Edward L. Beach, Sr., American naval officer, author (d. 1943) July–September July 8 – Käthe Kollwitz, German artist (d. 1945) July 10 – Prince Maximilian of Baden, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1929) July 24 – E. F. Benson, English writer (d. 1940) July 27 – Enrique Granados, Spanish composer (d. 1916) July 28 – Charles Dillon Perrine, | the Netherlands. Cox and Box, by Francis Burnand and Arthur Sullivan, is first publicly performed, at the Adelphi Theatre, London. May 24 – Robert William Keate becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal. May 29 The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (called Ausgleich in German or kiegyezés in Hungarian (The Compromise)) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire; on June 8 Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria is crowned King of Hungary. Canadian Confederation: Queen Victoria signs the British North America Act, creating the Dominion of Canada, effective July 1. June 15 – The Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode gold mine is named in Montana. June 19 – A firing squad executes Emperor Maximilian of Mexico and two of his lieutenants. July–September July – The Reverend Thomas Baker, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary (b. in Playden, East Sussex, England) is cooked and eaten by Navatusila tribespeople at Nabutautau, Fiji, together with eight of his local followers, the last missionary in that country to suffer cannibalism. July 1 Canadian Confederation: The British North America Act of 29 March comes into force, creating the Dominion of Canada, the first independent dominion in the British Empire. The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes into effect, creating a confederation of states, under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck. July 9 – Queen's Park F.C., the oldest association football league team in Scotland, is founded. July 15 – France declares Cambodia's independence from Siam; Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France and Britain. July 17 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States. July 18 – The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune: The Serer people defeat the Muslim Marabouts of Senegambia. August 7–September 20 – The first Canadian election sees John A. Macdonald's Conservatives elected to government. August 15 – Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many men in cities for the first time, and adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales. September 2 – Emperor Meiji of Japan marries Empress Shōken (née Masako Ichijō). The Empress consort is thereafter known as Lady Haruko. September 4 – The Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is founded, at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield. September 14 – The first volume of Das Kapital (later translated into English as Capital) is published by Karl Marx. September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island. October–December October 12 – End of penal transportation from Britain as the last convict ship, the Hougoumont, departs from Portsmouth on an 89-day passage to Western Australia. 62 Fenians are among the transportees. October 18 – Alaska is transferred from Russia to the US, becoming the Department of Alaska. October 21 – 'Manifest destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders, requiring Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma. October 27 – Italian unification: Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops march into Rome. November 2 – the first issue of the women's fashion magazine, Harper's Bazaar is published. It was published weekly, but later monthly. November 9 – The last shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, tenders his resignation to Emperor Meiji. November 21 – American temperance crusader Carrie Nation marries Dr. Charles Gloyd. November 23 – The three 'Manchester Martyrs' are hanged in England for the murder of a policeman whilst attempting to rescue two Irish Republican Brotherhood members from imprisonment on 18 September. December 2 – In a New York City theater, English author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States. December 18 – Angola Horror (Buffalo, New York-area train wreck): The fiery death of 49 people leads John D. Rockefeller to develop and sell his Mineral Seal 300 °F Fire-Tested Burning Oil, and George Westinghouse to invent the railway air brake, which is mandated in the United States in 1893. Date unknown Pierre Michaux invents the front wheel-driven velocipede, the first mass-produced bicycle. South African diamond fields are discovered. The Prohibition National Committee is formed in the United States. Clarke School for the Deaf in Western Massachusetts opens its doors for the first time, becoming the first school for the deaf in the United States to teach its children how to communicate using the oral method. At Fountain Point, Michigan, an artesian water spring begins to gush continuously. The modern rose is born, with the introduction of Rosa 'La France' by Jean-Baptiste André Guillot. Gorse is naturalised in New Zealand, where it soon becomes the worst invasive weed. The Swedish famine of 1867-1869 begins. Yellow fever kills 3,093 in New Orleans. The Wasps Rugby Football Club is formed in Middlesex, England. Margarine Unie, as predecessor of Unilever, toiletries, beauty care, beverage brand on worldwide, founded in Netherlands. Delhaize, as predecessor for Ahold Delhaize, as major retail group of Europe, founded in Belgium. The game Parcheesy is introduced. Ongoing Paraguayan War. 1867–1873 – Chinese, Scandinavian and Irish immigrants lay of railroad tracks in the USA. Births January–March January 5 – Dimitrios Gounaris, 94th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1922) January 6 – Takejirō Tokonami, Japanese politician, Home Minister, Railway Minister and Minister of Communication (d. 1935) January 8 Emily Greene Balch, American writer, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1961) Thomas Coward, English ornithologist (d. 1933) January 17 – Carl Laemmle, German-born film executive (d. 1939) January 18 – Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan poet (d. 1916) January 20 – Yvette Guilbert, |
be impeached by the full House. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate. The first parade to have floats takes place at Mardi Gras in New Orleans. March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. March 12 Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, at a fundraising event for the Sydney Sailors Home, by Irishman Henry James O'Farrell. The prince survives and quickly recovers; O'Farrell is executed on April 21, despite attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him. Basutoland is proclaimed a British Protectorate, becoming independent in 1966 as Lesotho. March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California, when the Organic Act is signed into California law. March 24 – The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed, in New York City. March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York. March – The first transnational women's organization, Association internationale des femmes, is founded. April–June April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia. April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism. April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala. These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water. April 9–13 – Battle of Magdala: A British-Indian task force under Robert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom die subsequently. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia. April 11 – July – Fall of Edo: The Japanese city surrenders to Emperor Meiji. Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor. April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie, between the federal government of the United States and the Plains Indians. May 10–14 – Boshin War – Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, Japan: Forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the retreating troops of the Tokugawa shogunate. May 16, May 26 – President Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate. May 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom. May 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging. May 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan). May 31 Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitobah in Canada; he soon alienates the locals. The first popular bicycle race is held at Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris. June – Tītokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government. June 1 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico. June 2 – The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England. June 10 – Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia is assassinated in Košutnjak, Belgrade. June 20 – Fort Fred Steele is established to protect what is at this time the western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, near modern-day Sinclair, Wyoming. July–September July 1 – The cable-operated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in Manhattan becomes the first elevated railway in the United States. July 4 – Battle of Ueno: Imperial Japanese troops defeat the Shōgitai (elite forces remaining loyal to the shōgun). July 5 – Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of The Salvation Army, in the East End of London. July 9 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. July 18 – The Navajo people begin their long march home. July 25 – Wyoming becomes a United States territory. July 25 – Paraguayan War: The Allies, in an amphibious operation, capture the fortress of Humaitá. July 27 – The United States Expatriation Act ("An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States") is adopted. July 28 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, including the Citizenship Clause and the Equal Protection Clause, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States due process of law. August 13 – The 8.5–9.0 Arica earthquake strikes southern Peru, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing 25,000+ deaths and a destructive basin-wide tsunami, that affects Hawaii and New Zealand. August 18 – The element later named as helium is first detected in the spectrum of the Sun's chromosphere, by French astronomer Jules Janssen, during a total eclipse in Guntur, British India, but is assumed to be sodium. August 20 – Abergele rail disaster in Wales: An Irish Mail passenger train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin oil (more akin to modern kerosine); 33 are killed (the first major train disaster in Britain). August 22 – The Yangzhou riot in China targets a station of the China Inland Mission, and nearly leads to war between Britain and China. September – Glorious Revolution: Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she formally abdicates on June 25, 1870. September 3 – Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to Tokyo. September 7 – Tītokowaru's War: Māori leader Titokowaru defeats a New Zealand military force at Te Ngutu o Te Manu, North Island. September 18 – The University of the South holds its first convocation in Sewanee, Tennessee. September 23 – Grito de Lares: Rebels (some 400–600 led by Ramón Emeterio Betances) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent; the local militia easily defeats them a week later. September 24 – Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (, , ) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. October–December October 1 – Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam. October 6 – The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00. October 10 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba, in an event known as El Grito de Yara, initiating a war that lasts ten years (Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and widespread destruction). October 20 English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D3 Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum, and concludes that it | Edwards, Hungarian-born actor (d. 1937) January 6 – Vittorio Monti, Italian composer (d. 1922) January 9 – S. P. L. Sørensen, Danish chemist (d. 1939) January 11 – Cai Yuanpei, Chinese educator (d. 1940) January 15 – Otto von Lossow, Bavarian and German general (d. 1938) January 18 – Kantarō Suzuki, 29th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948) January 21 – Felix Hoffmann, German chemist (d. 1946) January 31 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928) February 4 – Constance Markievicz, Irish politician (d. 1927) February 5 – Maxine Elliott, American actress (d. 1940) February 12 – William Faversham, English actor (d. 1940) February 16 – Edward S. Curtis, American photographer, ethnologist, and film director (d. 1952) February 23 – W. E. B. Du Bois, African American civil rights leader (d. 1963) February 25 – Constantin Dumitrescu, Romanian general (d. 1935) February 26 – Venceslau Brás, Brazilian president (d. 1966) March 1 – Adolf von Trotha, German admiral (d. 1940) March 14 – Emily Murphy, Canadian woman's rights activist (d. 1933) March 22 – Robert Andrews Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953) March 25 – Bill Lockwood, English cricketer (d. 1932) March 28 – Maxim Gorky, Russian author (d. 1936) March 29 – Joseph Cawthorn, American actor (d. 1949) April–June April 1 – Edmond Rostand, French poet and playwright (d. 1918) April 10 – George Arliss, English actor (d. 1946) April 12 – Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese admiral (d. 1918) April 17 – Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková, Moravian pioneer of female education (d. 1915) April 25 John Moisant, American aviator (d. 1910) Willie Maley, Scottish football player and manager (d. 1958) May 6 Gaston Leroux, French writer (d. 1927) Nicholas II of Russia (d. 1918) May 12 – Al Shean, German-born actor (d. 1949) May 21 – John L. Hines, American general, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (d. 1968) May 29 – Abdülmecid II, last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1944) June 5 – James Connolly, Irish-Scots socialist (d. 1916) June 6 – Robert Falcon Scott, English Antarctic explorer (d. 1912) June 7 Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (d. 1928) John Sealy Townsend, Irish mathematical physicist (d. 1957) June 14 Anna B. Eckstein, German peace campaigner (d. 1947) Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1943) July–September July 2 – Traian Moșoiu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1932) July 4 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer (d. 1921) July 12 – Stefan George, German poet (d. 1933) July 14 – Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator (d. 1926) July 15 – Nobuyoshi Mutō, Japanese field marshal and ambassador (d. 1933) July 17 – Mikhail Bakhirev, Russian admiral (d. 1920) July 19 – Florence Foster Jenkins, American socialite and amateur operatic soprano (d. 1944) July 20 – Patriarch Miron of Romania, 38th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1939) July 24 – Princess Srivilailaksana The Princess of Suphanburi daughter of King Chulalongkorn of Siam and Chao Chom Manda Pae Bunnag (d.1904) July 28 – Theodor Wulf, German physicist and Jesuit (d. 1946) August 5 – Oskar Merikanto, Finnish composer (d. 1924) August 6 – Paul Claudel, French poet, dramatist and diplomat (d. 1955) August 7 – Martin Wetzer, Finnish general (d. 1954) August 10 – Hugo Eckener, German dirigible engineer, Commander of Graf Zeppelin I (d. 1954) August 23 – Edgar Lee Masters, American poet, biographer and dramatist (d. 1950) August 26 – Charles Stewart, Premier of Alberta (d. 1946) September 1 – Henri Bourassa, Canadian politician and publisher (d. 1952) September 6 – Heinrich Häberlin, Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d. 1947) September 17 – James Alexander Calder, Canadian politician (d. 1956) September 22 – John T. Raulston, American state judge (Scopes Monkey Trial) (d. 1956) October–December October 4 – Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, President of Argentina (d. 1942) October 21 – Ernest Swinton, British Army general (d. 1951) October 24 – Alexandra David-Néel, French explorer (d. 1969) October 30 – António Cabreira, Portuguese polygraph (d. 1953) November 7 – Delfim Moreira, Brazilian president (d. 1920) November 8 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (d. 1942) November 9 – Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (d. 1934) November 17 – Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (d. 1918) November 22 – John Nance Garner, 32nd Vice President of the United States (d. 1967) November 23 – Mary Brewster Hazelton, American portrait painter (d. 1953) December 5 – Arnold Sommerfeld, German theoretical physicist (d. 1951) December 9 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1934) December 19 – Eleanor H. Porter, American novelist (d. 1920) December 20 – Arturo Alessandri, Chilean statesman, 3-Time President of Chile (d. 1950) December 21 – George W. Fuller, American sanitation engineer (d. 1934) December 22 – Jaan Tõnisson, 2nd Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1941?) December 25 – Eugenie Besserer, American silent film actress (d. 1934) probable – Scott Joplin, African American ragtime composer and pianist (d. 1917) Deaths January–June January 20 – Damien Marchesseault, 7th Mayor of Los Angeles (suicide) (b. 1818) January 23 – János Erdélyi, Hungarian poet and ethnographer (b. 1814) January 28 – Adalbert Stifter, Austrian writer (b. 1805) February 8 – Lai Wenguang, Chinese leader of the Taiping Rebellion and Nien Rebellion (b. 1827) February 10 – Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (b. 1781) February 11 – Léon Foucault, French physicist (b. 1819) February 19 – Venancio Flores, Uruguayan general and president of Uruguay (b. 1808) February 29 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786) March 4 – Jesse Chisholm, American pioneer (b. 1805) March 19 – Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen, Austrian field marshal (b. 1799) March 28 – James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, British military leader (b. 1797) April 3 – Franz Berwald, Swedish composer (b. 1796) April 7 – Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Canadian father of confederation (assassinated) (b. 1825) April 12 – James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, British politician and peer (b. 1791) April 13 – Emperor Theodore or Tewodros II of Ethiopia by suicide (b. 1818) April 21 – Henry O'Farrell, Irish-Australian criminal (executed) (b. 1833) May 7 – Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778) May 10 – Henry Bennett, American politician (b. 1808) May 11 – John Crawfurd, Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat and author, last British Resident of Singapore (b. 1783) May 17 – Isami Kondo, Commander of the Shinsengumi (b. 1834) May 22 – Julius Plücker, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1801) May 23 – Kit Carson, American trapper, scout, and Indian agent (b. 1809) June 1 – James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (b. 1791) June 10 – Princess Anka Obrenović, Serbian princess (b. 1821) June 22 – Heber C. Kimball, Latter Day Saint leader (b. 1801) June 29 – Sir John Lillie, British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (b. 1790) July–December July 6 – Harada Sanosuke, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1840) July 19 – Okita Sōji, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1842 or 1844) July 21 – William Bland, Australian politician (b. 1789) July 26 – Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth, English Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1791) July 29 – John Elliotson, English physician (b. 1791) August 3 – Edward Welch, Welsh architect (b. 1806) August 10 – Adah Isaacs Menken, American actress (b. 1835) August 11 – Thaddeus Stevens, American politician (b. 1792) August 25 – Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer, German actress, writer and theater director (b. 1799) August 29 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein, German chemist (b. 1799) September 1 – Ferenc Gyulay, Hungarian nobleman, general and governor (b. 1799) September 9 – Mzilikazi, first king of Mthwakazi (b. c.1790) September 11 – Maria James, Welsh-born American poet (b. 1793) September 19 – William Sprague, American minister and politician from Michigan (b. 1809) September 26 – August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790) October 1 – Mongkut (Rama IV), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1804) October 9 – Howell Cobb, American politician (b. 1815) October 17 – Laura Secord, Canadian patriot (b. |
(d. 1937) May 20 – John Stone Stone, American physicist, inventor (d. 1943) May 28 – Hugo Meurer, German admiral (d. 1960) May 30 – Giulio Douhet, Italian general, air power theorist (d. 1930) June 17 – Flora Finch, English-born comedian (d. 1940) June 24 – Prince George of Greece and Denmark, high commissioner of the Cretan State (d. 1957) June 27 – Hans Spemann, German embryologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941) July–September July 11 – Pío Valenzuela, Filipino doctor, patriot (d. 1956) July 19 – Xenophon Stratigos, Greek general (d. 1927) July 30 – Cristóbal Magallanes Jara, Mexican Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (d. 1927) August 11 – Hale Holden, president of Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (d. 1940) August 13 – Paul Behncke, German admiral (d. 1937) August 16 – Mignon Talbot, American paleontologist (d. 1950) September 3 – Fritz Pregl, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930) September 6 – Felix Salten, Austrian author and critic (d. 1945) September 17 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1938) September 19 – Ben Turpin, American actor and comedian (d. 1940) September 23 – Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary), first known (in the United States) asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever (d. 1938) September 26 – Winsor McCay, American cartoonist, animator (d. 1934) October–December October 2 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian political leader, Father of the Nation (d. 1948) October 18 – Johannes Linnankoski, Finnish author (d. 1913) October 21 – William Dodd, American historian, diplomat (d. 1940) October 25 – John Heisman, American football coach (d. 1936) October 26 – Washington Luís, 13th President of Brazil (d. 1957) October 31 – William A. Moffett, American admiral (d. 1933) November 10 – Wayne Wheeler, American temperance movement leader (d. 1927) November 11 – Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (d. 1947) November 20 – Herbert Tudor Buckland, British Arts and Crafts architect (d. 1951) November 22 – André Gide, French writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1951) November 24 – Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (d. 1951) November 25 – Herbert Greenfield, Premier of Alberta, Canada (d. 1949) November 30 – Gustaf Dalén, Swedish physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1937) December 5 – Ellis Parker Butler, American humorist (d. 1937) December 16 – Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgarian revolutionary, leader of the revolutionary movement in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace (d. 1952) December 20 – Charley Grapewin, American vaudeville performer, stage and film actor (d. 1956) December 22 – Edwin Arlington Robinson, American poet (d. 1935) December 24 – Henriette Roland Holst, Dutch poet, socialist (d. 1952) December 30 – Stephen Leacock, British-Canadian author, economist (d. 1944) December 31 – Henri Matisse, French painter (d. 1954) Deaths January–June January 1 Martin W. Bates, American senator (b. 1786) James B. Longacre, fourth Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint (b. 1794) January 18 – Bertalan Szemere, 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1812) January 19 – Carl Reichenbach, German chemist (b. 1788) January 30 Frances Catherine Barnard, English author (b. 1796) William Carleton, Irish novelist (b. 1794) February 15 – Ghalib, Indian poet (b. 1797) March 8 – Hector Berlioz, French composer (b. 1803) March 20 – John Pascoe Grenfell, British admiral of the Brazilian Navy (b. 1800) March 21 - Juan Almonte, Mexican general, diplomat and regent (b. 1803) March 24 – Antoine-Henri Jomini, French general (b. 1779) April 2 – Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer, German palaeontologist (b. 1801) April 20 – Carl Loewe, German composer (b. 1796) June 16 – Charles Sturt, Australian explorer (b. 1795) June 20 – Hijikata Toshizō, Japanese military commander (b. 1835) July–December July 18 – Laurent Clerc, French advocate for the American deaf (b. 1785) July 22 – John A. Roebling, American bridge engineer (b. 1806) July 28 – Carl Gustav Carus, German physiologist (b. 1789) August 21 – Casto Méndez Núñez, Spanish admiral (b. 1824) August 31 – Mary Ward, Irish scientist, first car crash victim (b. 1827) September 4 – John Pascoe Fawkner, Australian pioneer, settler and politician, (b. 1792) September 12 – Peter Mark Roget, British lexicographer (b. 1779) October 8 – Franklin Pierce, 64, 14th President of the United States | Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht found the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP). August 27 – The University of Oxford wins the first international boat race held on the River Thames, against Harvard University. August 31 – Irish scientist Mary Ward is killed by a steam car. September 5 – The foundation stone is laid for Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria (southern Germany). September 11 – Work on the Wallace Monument is completed in Stirling, Scotland. September 12–13 – The P&O's runs aground and sinks in the Red Sea; 31 drown. September 24 – Black Friday: The Fisk–Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States. October–December October – The 'Edinburgh Seven', led by Sophia Jex-Blake, start to attend lectures at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, the first women in the United Kingdom to do so (although they will not be allowed to take degrees). October 11 The Red River Rebellion breaks out against British forces in Canada. Gamma Sigma becomes the first high school fraternity in North America at Brockport Normal School, Brockport, New York. October 16 – England's first residential university-level women's college, the College for Women (predecessor of Girton College, Cambridge), is founded at Hitchin, by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon. November 4 – The first issue of the scientific journal Nature is published in London, edited by Norman Lockyer. November 6 – The first game of American football between two American colleges is played. Rutgers University defeats Princeton University 6–4, in a forerunner to American football and College football. November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony. November 19 – The Hudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim to Rupert's Land in Canada, under its letters patent, back to the British Crown. November 23 – In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper ship Cutty Sark is launched (it is one of the last clippers built, and the only one to survive in the United Kingdom). December – Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace is published in complete book form, in Russia. December 7 – American outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri. December 8 – The First Vatican Council opens in Rome. December 10 Women's suffrage: The Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, the first such law in the world. The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia. December 31 – Paraguayan War: Triple Alliance forces take Asunción. Date unknown The investment bank Goldman Sachs is founded in New York. The capital of the Isle of Man moves from Castletown to Douglas. Arabella Mansfield became the first woman in the United States awarded a license to practice law, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. David Livingstone. The Co-operative Central Board (later Co-operatives UK) is founded in Manchester, England. Friedrich Miescher purifies nuclein, which was then identified as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts is founded in Great Britain. French missionary and naturalist Père Armand David receives the skin of a giant panda from a hunter, the first time this species becomes known to a Westerner; he also first describes a specimen of the "pocket handkerchief tree", which will be named in his honor as Davidia involucrata. New Zealand's first university, the University of Otago, is founded. Campbell Soup Company is founded in New Jersey, United States. Heinz, as predecessor of Kraft Heinz, a food processing and cheese brand on worldwide, founded in Pennsylvania, United States. St. Ignatius College Prep in Chicago is founded, and construction on the school's main building began. It is one of only five buildings that survived the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The building was designed by the Canadian architect Toussaint Menard in the Second Empire architecture style. Births January–March January 6 – Edith Anne Stoney, Irish physicist (d. 1938) January 10 – Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (d. 1916) January 11 – Carl Theodore Vogelgesang, American admiral (d. 1927) January 13 – Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Italian general, Marshal of |
of this conjunction and Jupiter 15° behind. Accompanying the classical planets in this grand conjunction are Uranus (technically visible unaided in pollution-free skies), Ceres and Pallas. December 10 Four-month-old Sobhuza II begins his 82-year reign as King of Swaziland, on the death of his father, Ngwane V; his grandmother Labotsibeni Mdluli serves as queen regent. The college fraternity Delta Sigma Phi is founded at the City College of New York, by Charles A. Tonsor Jr. and Meyer Boskey. December 11 – Second Boer War – Battle of Magersfontein: Boers defeat British forces trying to relieve the Siege of Kimberley. December 15 – Glasgow School of Art opens its new building, the most notable work of Scottish architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh. December 16 The Association football club A.C. Milan is founded in Italy. Augusta High School in Augusta, Kentucky burns down, due to a heating plant failure. December 26 – Pinnacle Rock, a Balancing rock in Cumberland Gap, falls down. December 31 The last day of the 1890s. Date unknown Ferdinand Zeppelin builds the first successful airship. The significance of Chinese oracle bones is discovered. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Manteo, which was originally laid out as the Dare County seat in 1870. Riro, last of the Kings of Easter Island, on a visit to Valparaíso, Chile, dies either from alcohol poisoning, or an assassination plot by the Chilean government. Oxo beef stock cubes are introduced, by Liebig's Extract of Meat Company. Alfred R. Tucker becomes Bishop of Uganda. The German company Miele is founded. Torii Shoten, as predecessor of Suntory, as alcoholic drink and soft drink brand on worldwide, was founded in Osaka, Japan. Giros-Loucheur Group, as predecessor of Vinci, a construction and infrastructure industry on worldwide, founded in France. Timken Roller Bearing Company, as predecessor of parts brand on worldwide, Timken was founded in Missouri, United States. The 1899–1923 cholera pandemic occur in the Europe, Asia and Africa (Old World), right behind the 1846–1860 cholera pandemic in Russia Births January January 1 – Jack Beresford, British Olympic rower (d. 1977) January 3 – Karl Diebitsch, German fashion designer (1985) January 6 Alphonse Castex, French rugby union player (d. 1969) Heinrich Nordhoff, German automotive engineer (d. 1968) Elsie Steele, British supercentenarian (d. 2010) January 7 – Francis Poulenc, French composer (d. 1963) January 8 – S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, 4th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1959) January 11 – Eva Le Gallienne, English actress (d. 1991) January 12 – Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1965) January 14 Fritz Bayerlein, German general (d. 1970) Carlos Romulo, Filipino diplomat (d. 1985) January 15 – Goodman Ace, American actor, comedian and writer (d. 1982) January 17 Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947) Nevil Shute, English-born novelist (d. 1960) January 20 – Kenjiro Takayanagi, Japanese television development pioneer (d. 1990) January 21 Gyula Mándi, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1969) John Bodkin Adams, British physician acquitted of murder (d. 1983) January 23 – Alfred Denning, Baron Denning, English lawyer, judge and Master of the Rolls (d. 1999) January 25 – Paul-Henri Spaak, 31st Prime Minister of Belgium and international statesman (d. 1972) January 27 – Béla Guttmann, Hungarian-born Association football coach (d. 1981) January 29 – Antal Páger, Hungarian actor (d. 1986) January 30 – Max Theiler, South African virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972) February February 2 – Herbie Faye, American actor (d. 1980) February 3 Café Filho, 18th President of Brazil (d. 1970) Lao She, Chinese author (d. 1966) Doris Speed, British actress (d. 1994) Mildred Trotter, American forensic anthropologist (d. 1991) February 4 – Virginia M. Alexander, African-American physician (d. 1949) February 6 – Ramon Novarro, Mexican-born American actor (d. 1968) February 7 – Earl Whitehill, American baseball player (d. 1954) February 10 – Cevdet Sunay, 5th President of Turkey (d. 1982) February 15 Georges Auric, French composer (d. 1983) Lillian Disney, American artist (d. 1997) Gale Sondergaard, American actress (d. 1985) February 17 Jibanananda Das, Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist in Bengali (d. 1954) Leo Najo, American baseball player (d. 1978) February 18 – Sir Arthur Bryant, British historian (d. 1985) February 19 – Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, German scientist (d. 1961) February 22 Joseph Le Brix, French aviator, naval officer (d. 1931) Margarito Flores García, Mexican Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (d. 1927) George O'Hara, American actor (d. 1966) Ian Clunies Ross, Australian scientist (d. 1959) Dechko Uzunov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1986) February 23 – Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974) February 24 – Mikhail Gromov, Soviet aviator (d. 1985) February 26 Alec Campbell, Australian WWI soldier, last Australian Gallipoli veteran (d. 2002) Max Petitpierre, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1994) February 27 – Charles Best, Canadian medical scientist (d. 1978) March March 4 – Harry R. Wellman, University of California president (d. 1997) March 8 Eric Linklater, American author (d. 1974) Elmer Keith, American rancher, author, and firearms enthusiast (d. 1984) March 11 – King Frederick IX of Denmark (d. 1972) March 13 – John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980) March 18 – Jean Goldkette, French-born musician (d. 1962) March 21 – Panagiotis Pipinelis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1970) March 24 – Dorothy C. Stratton, American director of the SPARS during World War II (d. 2006) March 25 - Burt Munro, New Zealand motorcycle racer (d. 1978) March 27 – Gloria Swanson, American actress (d. 1983) March 28 August Anheuser Busch, Jr., American founder of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery Company (d. 1989) Harold B. Lee, 11th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1973) March 29 James V. Allred, American politician, 33rd Governor of Texas (d. 1959) Lavrentiy Beria, Soviet official (d. 1953) April April 1 – Gustavs Celmiņš, Latvian fascist leader (d. 1968) April 3 – Maria Redaelli-Granoli, Italian supercentenarian, oldest person in Europe (d. 2013) April 4 – Hillel Oppenheimer, German-born Israeli botanist (d. 1971) April 5 Nicolae Cambrea, Romanian general (d. 1976) Elsie Thompson, American supercentenarian (d. 2013) April 7 – Robert Casadesus, French pianist (d. 1972) April 9 – Hans Jeschonnek, German general (d. 1943) April 16 – Osman Achmatowicz, Polish chemist (d. 1988) April 19 – George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985) April 20 – Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian soldier (d. 1918) April 21 – Percy Lavon Julian, American scientist (d. 1975) April 22 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born American writer (d. 1977) April 23 – Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) April 24 – Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (d. 1986) April 26 – John Fearns Nicoll, British colonial governor (d. 1981) April 27 – Walter Lantz, American animator, creator of Woody Woodpecker (d. 1994) April 29 Duke Ellington, African-American jazz musician, bandleader (d. 1974) Mary Petty, American illustrator (d. 1976) May May 3 – Aline MacMahon, American actress (d. 1991) May 6 – Billy Cotton, British entertainer, bandleader (d. 1969) May 8 Arthur Q. Bryan, American actor, voice actor, comedian and radio personality (d. 1959) Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) May 10 Fred Astaire, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 1987) Dimitri Tiomkin, Ukrainian-born composer (d. 1979) May 12 – Indra Devi, Baltic-born yogi, and actress (d. 2002) May 15 – Jean-Étienne Valluy, French general (d. 1970) May 17 – Carmen de Icaza, Spanish writer (d. 1979) May 18 – Ronald Armstrong-Jones, Welsh barrister (d. 1966) May 20 – John Marshall Harlan II, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1971) May 23 – Jeralean Talley, American supercentenarian (d. 2015) May 24 Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (d. 1938) Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi national poet (d. 1976) May 26 – Ruth Bird, English historian and schoolteacher. (d. 1987) May 30 – Irving Thalberg, American film producer (d. 1936) June June 1 – Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (d. 1963) June 2 – Lotte Reiniger, German-born silhouette animator (d. 1981) June 3 – Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972) June 4 – Arthur Barker, American criminal, son of Ma Barker (d. 1939) June 9 – Signe Amundsen, Norwegian operatic soprano (d. 1987) June 11 – Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1972) June 12 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986) June 13 – Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer (d. 1978) June 16 – Helen Traubel, American soprano (d. 1972) June 18 – John Warburton, British actor (d. 1981) June 24 – Bruce Marshall, Scottish writer (d. 1987) June 25 – Arthur Tracy, American singer (d. 1997) June 26 Odus Mitchell, American football player and coach (d. 1989) Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918) June 27 – Juan Trippe, American airline pioneer, entrepreneur (d. 1981) June 29 – Edward Twining, British diplomat, Governor of North Borneo and of Tanganyika (d. 1967) June 30 Madge Bellamy, American actress (d. 1990) Harry Shields, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1971) July July 1 Thomas A. Dorsey, American musician (d. 1993) Charles Laughton, English-American stage, film actor (d. 1962) Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (d. 1987) July 4 – Austin Warren, American literary critic, author, and professor of English (d. 1986) July 5 – Marcel Achard, French playwright, scriptwriter (d. 1974) July 6 – Susannah Mushatt Jones, American supercentenarian, Last remaining American born in the 1800s (d. 2016) July 7 George Cukor, American film director (d. 1983) Jesse Wallace, American naval officer, 29th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1961) July 10 – John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936) July 11 Frank R. Walker, American admiral (d. 1976) E. B. White, American writer (d. 1985) July 12 – E. D. Nixon, African-American civil rights leader and union organizer (d. 1987) July 15 – Seán Lemass, Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 1971) July 16 – Božidar Jakac, Slovene Expressionist, Realist and Symbolist painter, printmaker, art teacher, photographer and filmmaker (d. 1989) July 17 – James Cagney, American actor and dancer (d. 1986) July 18 – Floyd Stahl, American collegiate athletic coach (d. 1996) July 20 – Paul Christoph Mangelsdorf, American botanist and agronomist (d. 1989) July 21 Hart Crane, American poet (suicide 1932) Ernest Hemingway, American author, journalist (suicide 1961) July 22 – King Sobhuza II of Swaziland (d. 1982) July 23 – Gustav Heinemann, President of Germany (d. 1976) July 24 – Chief Dan George, Canadian actor, writer and tribal chief of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation (d. 1981) July 29 Walter Beall, American baseball player (d. 1959) Alice Terry, American film actress (d. 1987) August August 1 – Kamala Nehru, Spouse of Prime Minister of India (d. 1936) August 4 – Ezra Taft Benson, 13th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1994) August 9 Paul Kelly, American stage, film actor (d. 1956) P. L. Travers, Australian-born British actress, journalist and author (d. 1996) August 13 – Alfred Hitchcock, British-born American film director (d. 1980) August 14 – Alma Reville, English screenwriter and film editor, wife of director Alfred Hitchcock (d. 1982) August 16 – Glenn Strange, American actor (d. 1973) August 17 – Janet Lewis, American novelist and poet (d. 1998) August 19 – Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988) August 24 Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (d. 1986) Albert Claude, Belgian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1983) August 26 – Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (d. 1991) August 27 C. S. Forester, English novelist (d. 1966) Byron Foulger, American actor (d. 1970) August 28 Charles Boyer, French actor (d. 1978) Béla Guttmann, Hungarian footballer and coach (d. 1981) Vernon Huber, American rear admiral; 36th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1967) August 29 – Lyman Lemnitzer, American general (d. 1988) August 30 – Ray Arcel, American boxing trainer (d. 1994) August 31 – Boots Adams, American business magnate, president | in Augusta, Kentucky burns down, due to a heating plant failure. December 26 – Pinnacle Rock, a Balancing rock in Cumberland Gap, falls down. December 31 The last day of the 1890s. Date unknown Ferdinand Zeppelin builds the first successful airship. The significance of Chinese oracle bones is discovered. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Manteo, which was originally laid out as the Dare County seat in 1870. Riro, last of the Kings of Easter Island, on a visit to Valparaíso, Chile, dies either from alcohol poisoning, or an assassination plot by the Chilean government. Oxo beef stock cubes are introduced, by Liebig's Extract of Meat Company. Alfred R. Tucker becomes Bishop of Uganda. The German company Miele is founded. Torii Shoten, as predecessor of Suntory, as alcoholic drink and soft drink brand on worldwide, was founded in Osaka, Japan. Giros-Loucheur Group, as predecessor of Vinci, a construction and infrastructure industry on worldwide, founded in France. Timken Roller Bearing Company, as predecessor of parts brand on worldwide, Timken was founded in Missouri, United States. The 1899–1923 cholera pandemic occur in the Europe, Asia and Africa (Old World), right behind the 1846–1860 cholera pandemic in Russia Births January January 1 – Jack Beresford, British Olympic rower (d. 1977) January 3 – Karl Diebitsch, German fashion designer (1985) January 6 Alphonse Castex, French rugby union player (d. 1969) Heinrich Nordhoff, German automotive engineer (d. 1968) Elsie Steele, British supercentenarian (d. 2010) January 7 – Francis Poulenc, French composer (d. 1963) January 8 – S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, 4th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1959) January 11 – Eva Le Gallienne, English actress (d. 1991) January 12 – Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1965) January 14 Fritz Bayerlein, German general (d. 1970) Carlos Romulo, Filipino diplomat (d. 1985) January 15 – Goodman Ace, American actor, comedian and writer (d. 1982) January 17 Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947) Nevil Shute, English-born novelist (d. 1960) January 20 – Kenjiro Takayanagi, Japanese television development pioneer (d. 1990) January 21 Gyula Mándi, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1969) John Bodkin Adams, British physician acquitted of murder (d. 1983) January 23 – Alfred Denning, Baron Denning, English lawyer, judge and Master of the Rolls (d. 1999) January 25 – Paul-Henri Spaak, 31st Prime Minister of Belgium and international statesman (d. 1972) January 27 – Béla Guttmann, Hungarian-born Association football coach (d. 1981) January 29 – Antal Páger, Hungarian actor (d. 1986) January 30 – Max Theiler, South African virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972) February February 2 – Herbie Faye, American actor (d. 1980) February 3 Café Filho, 18th President of Brazil (d. 1970) Lao She, Chinese author (d. 1966) Doris Speed, British actress (d. 1994) Mildred Trotter, American forensic anthropologist (d. 1991) February 4 – Virginia M. Alexander, African-American physician (d. 1949) February 6 – Ramon Novarro, Mexican-born American actor (d. 1968) February 7 – Earl Whitehill, American baseball player (d. 1954) February 10 – Cevdet Sunay, 5th President of Turkey (d. 1982) February 15 Georges Auric, French composer (d. 1983) Lillian Disney, American artist (d. 1997) Gale Sondergaard, American actress (d. 1985) February 17 Jibanananda Das, Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist in Bengali (d. 1954) Leo Najo, American baseball player (d. 1978) February 18 – Sir Arthur Bryant, British historian (d. 1985) February 19 – Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, German scientist (d. 1961) February 22 Joseph Le Brix, French aviator, naval officer (d. 1931) Margarito Flores García, Mexican Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (d. 1927) George O'Hara, American actor (d. 1966) Ian Clunies Ross, Australian scientist (d. 1959) Dechko Uzunov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1986) February 23 – Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974) February 24 – Mikhail Gromov, Soviet aviator (d. 1985) February 26 Alec Campbell, Australian WWI soldier, last Australian Gallipoli veteran (d. 2002) Max Petitpierre, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1994) February 27 – Charles Best, Canadian medical scientist (d. 1978) March March 4 – Harry R. Wellman, University of California president (d. 1997) March 8 Eric Linklater, American author (d. 1974) Elmer Keith, American rancher, author, and firearms enthusiast (d. 1984) March 11 – King Frederick IX of Denmark (d. 1972) March 13 – John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980) March 18 – Jean Goldkette, French-born musician (d. 1962) March 21 – Panagiotis Pipinelis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1970) March 24 – Dorothy C. Stratton, American director of the SPARS during World War II (d. 2006) March 25 - Burt Munro, New Zealand motorcycle racer (d. 1978) March 27 – Gloria Swanson, American actress (d. 1983) March 28 August Anheuser Busch, Jr., American founder of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery Company (d. 1989) Harold B. Lee, 11th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1973) March 29 James V. Allred, American politician, 33rd Governor of Texas (d. 1959) Lavrentiy Beria, Soviet official (d. 1953) April April 1 – Gustavs Celmiņš, Latvian fascist leader (d. 1968) April 3 – Maria Redaelli-Granoli, Italian supercentenarian, oldest person in Europe (d. 2013) April 4 – Hillel Oppenheimer, German-born Israeli botanist (d. 1971) April 5 Nicolae Cambrea, Romanian general (d. 1976) Elsie Thompson, American supercentenarian (d. 2013) April 7 – Robert Casadesus, French pianist (d. 1972) April 9 – Hans Jeschonnek, German general (d. 1943) April 16 – Osman Achmatowicz, Polish chemist (d. 1988) April 19 – George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985) April 20 – Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian soldier (d. 1918) April 21 – Percy Lavon Julian, American scientist (d. 1975) April 22 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born American writer (d. 1977) April 23 – Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) April 24 – Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (d. 1986) April 26 – John Fearns Nicoll, British colonial governor (d. 1981) April 27 – Walter Lantz, American animator, creator of Woody Woodpecker (d. 1994) April 29 Duke Ellington, African-American jazz musician, bandleader (d. 1974) Mary Petty, American illustrator (d. 1976) May May 3 – Aline MacMahon, American actress (d. 1991) May 6 – Billy Cotton, British entertainer, bandleader (d. 1969) May 8 Arthur Q. Bryan, American actor, voice actor, comedian and radio personality (d. 1959) Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) May 10 Fred Astaire, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 1987) Dimitri Tiomkin, Ukrainian-born composer (d. 1979) May 12 – Indra Devi, Baltic-born yogi, and actress (d. 2002) May 15 – Jean-Étienne Valluy, French general (d. 1970) May 17 – Carmen de Icaza, Spanish writer (d. 1979) May 18 – Ronald Armstrong-Jones, Welsh barrister (d. 1966) May 20 – John Marshall Harlan II, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1971) May 23 – Jeralean Talley, American supercentenarian (d. 2015) May 24 Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (d. 1938) Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi national poet (d. 1976) May 26 – Ruth Bird, English historian and schoolteacher. (d. 1987) May 30 – Irving Thalberg, American film producer (d. 1936) June June 1 – Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (d. 1963) June 2 – Lotte Reiniger, German-born silhouette animator (d. 1981) June 3 – Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972) June 4 – Arthur Barker, American criminal, son of Ma Barker (d. 1939) June 9 – Signe Amundsen, Norwegian operatic soprano (d. 1987) June 11 – Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1972) June 12 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986) June 13 – Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer (d. 1978) June 16 – Helen Traubel, American soprano (d. 1972) June 18 – John Warburton, British actor (d. 1981) June 24 – Bruce Marshall, Scottish writer (d. 1987) June 25 – Arthur Tracy, American singer (d. 1997) June 26 Odus Mitchell, American football player and coach (d. 1989) Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918) June 27 – Juan Trippe, American airline pioneer, entrepreneur (d. 1981) June 29 – Edward Twining, British diplomat, Governor of North Borneo and of Tanganyika (d. 1967) June 30 Madge Bellamy, American actress (d. 1990) Harry Shields, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1971) July July 1 Thomas A. Dorsey, American musician (d. 1993) Charles Laughton, English-American stage, film actor (d. 1962) Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (d. 1987) July 4 – Austin Warren, American literary critic, author, and professor of English (d. 1986) July 5 – Marcel Achard, French playwright, scriptwriter (d. 1974) July 6 – Susannah Mushatt Jones, American supercentenarian, Last remaining American born in the 1800s (d. 2016) July 7 George Cukor, American film director (d. 1983) Jesse Wallace, American naval officer, 29th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1961) July 10 – John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936) July 11 Frank R. Walker, American admiral (d. 1976) E. B. White, American writer (d. 1985) July 12 – E. D. Nixon, African-American civil rights leader and union organizer (d. 1987) July 15 – Seán Lemass, Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 1971) July 16 – Božidar Jakac, Slovene Expressionist, Realist and Symbolist painter, printmaker, art teacher, photographer and filmmaker (d. 1989) July 17 – James Cagney, American actor and dancer (d. 1986) July 18 – Floyd Stahl, American collegiate athletic coach (d. 1996) July 20 – Paul Christoph Mangelsdorf, American botanist and agronomist (d. 1989) July 21 Hart Crane, American poet (suicide 1932) Ernest Hemingway, American author, journalist (suicide 1961) July 22 – King Sobhuza II of Swaziland (d. 1982) July 23 – Gustav Heinemann, President of Germany (d. 1976) July 24 – Chief Dan George, Canadian actor, writer and tribal chief of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation (d. 1981) July 29 Walter Beall, American baseball player (d. 1959) Alice Terry, American film actress (d. 1987) August August 1 – Kamala Nehru, Spouse of Prime Minister of India (d. 1936) August 4 – Ezra Taft Benson, 13th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1994) August 9 Paul Kelly, American stage, film actor (d. 1956) P. L. Travers, Australian-born British actress, journalist and author (d. 1996) August 13 – Alfred Hitchcock, British-born American film director (d. 1980) August 14 – Alma Reville, English screenwriter and film editor, wife of director Alfred Hitchcock (d. 1982) August 16 – Glenn Strange, American actor (d. 1973) August 17 – Janet Lewis, American novelist and poet (d. 1998) August 19 – Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988) August 24 Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (d. 1986) Albert Claude, Belgian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1983) August 26 – Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (d. 1991) August 27 C. S. Forester, English novelist (d. 1966) Byron Foulger, American actor (d. 1970) August 28 Charles Boyer, French actor (d. 1978) Béla Guttmann, Hungarian footballer and coach (d. 1981) Vernon Huber, American rear admiral; 36th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1967) August 29 – Lyman Lemnitzer, American general (d. 1988) August 30 – Ray Arcel, American boxing trainer (d. 1994) August 31 – Boots Adams, American business magnate, president of Phillips Petroleum Company (d. 1975) September September 1 Andrei Platonovich Klimentov, Russian-born Soviet writer (d. 1951) Takuma Nishimura, Japanese general (d. 1951) September 3 – Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) September 9 Brassaï, French photographer (d. 1984) Waite Hoyt, American baseball player (d. 1984) September 11 – Jimmie Davis, American politician and musician, Governor of Louisiana (d. 2000) September 13 – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Romanian fascist politician, leader of the Iron Guard (d. 1938) September 17 – Harold Bennett, British actor (d. 1981) September 18 – Ida Kamińska, Polish-Jewish actress, playwright, and translator (d. 1980) September 21 – Frederick Coutts, 8th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1986) September 23 – Tom C. Clark, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1977) October October 1 – Ernest Haycox, American writer (d. 1950) October 3 – Gertrude Berg, American actress (d. 1966) October 4 Franz Jonas, President of Austria (d. 1974) Trinidad Roxas, 5th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1995) October 5 – George, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1963) October 9 – Bruce Catton, American Civil War historian, Pulitzer Prize winner (1954) (d. 1978) October 19 – Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) October 20 – Evelyn Brent, American actress (d. 1975) October 22 – Nikolay Bogolyubov, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 1980) October 24 Burr Shafer, American |
1951) February 1 – Leila Denmark, American pediatrician, supercentenarian (d. 2012) February 2 – William "Billy" Costello, American voice actor, the original voice of Popeye (d. 1971) February 3 – Alvar Aalto, Finnish architect (d. 1976) February 5 Sidney Fields, American actor (d. 1975) Denjirō Ōkōchi, Japanese actor (d. 1962) February 10 Bertolt Brecht, German writer (d. 1956) Robert Keith, American actor (d. 1966) Joseph Kessel, French journalist, author (d. 1979) February 11 Henry de La Falaise, French film director, Croix de guerre recipient (d. 1972) Leó Szilárd, Hungarian-American physicist (d. 1964) February 12 Wallace Ford, British actor (d. 1966) Roy Harris, American composer (d. 1979) Audrey Jeffers, Trinidadian social worker, politician (d. 1968) Blue Washington, American actor, Negro league baseball player (d. 1970) February 14 Eva Novak, American actress (d. 1988) Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, Argentine writer, journalist, essayist and poet (d. 1959) Fritz Zwicky, Swiss physicist, astronomer (d. 1974) February 15 Bud Geary, American actor (d. 1946) Totò, Italian comedian, actor, poet, and songwriter (d. 1967) Allen Woodring, American runner (d. 1982) February 18 Enzo Ferrari, Italian race car driver, automobile manufacturer (d. 1988) Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rican poet, journalist and politician (d. 1980) February 20 – Semyon Davidovich Kirlian, Russian inventor (d. 1978) February 25 – William Astbury, English physicist, molecular biologist (d. 1961) February 24 – Kurt Tank, German aeronautical engineer (d. 1983) February 27 – Otto Hulett, American actor (d. 1983) February 28 Hugh O'Flaherty, Irish Catholic priest (d. 1963) Molly Picon, American actress, lyricist (d. 1992) March 3 – Emil Artin, Austrian mathematician (d. 1962) March 4 – Georges Dumézil, French philologist (d. 1986) March 5 Misao Okawa, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2015) Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 1976) Soong Mei-ling, First Lady of China (d. 2003) March 6 – Therese Giehse, German actress (d. 1975) March 8 – Eben Dönges, acting Prime Minister of South Africa and elected President of South Africa (d. 1968) March 10 – Cy Kendall, American actor (d. 1953) March 11 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968) March 13 – Henry Hathaway, American film director, producer (d. 1985) March 14 – Arnold Chikobava, Georgian linguist (d. 1985) March 15 – Gardner Dow, American college football player (d. 1919) March 21 – Paul Alfred Weiss, Austrian biologist (d. 1989) March 23 Erich Bey, German admiral (d. 1943) Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset, Duchess of Parma (d. 1984) March 25 – Marcelle Narbonne, French supercentenarian, oldest European living person (d. 2012) March 30 – Joyce Carey, English actress (d. 1993) March 31 – Hermann van Pels, German-Dutch father of Peter van Pels, housemate of Anne Frank (d. 1944) April–June April 1 – William James Sidis, American mathematician (d. 1944) April 2 – Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990) April 3 – George Jessel, American comedian (d. 1981) April 4 – Agnes Ayres, American actress (d. 1940) April 6 – Jeanne Hébuterne, French painter (d. 1920) April 9 – Paul Robeson, African-American actor, singer and political activist (d. 1976) April 12 – Lily Pons, French-American opera singer, actress (d. 1976) April 14 – Lee Tracy, American actor (d. 1968) April 15 – Marian Driscoll Jordan, American actress (d. 1961) April 19 – Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973) April 20 – Sidney Lanfield, American film director (d. 1972) April 21 – Walter Forde, British actor, screenwriter and film director (d. 1984) April 23 – Ernest Laszlo, Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. 1984) April 26 Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984) John Grierson, Scottish documentary filmmaker (d. 1972) Tomu Uchida, Japanese film director (d. 1970) May 2 – Henry Hall, British bandleader (d. 1989) May 3 Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1978) Septima Poinsette Clark, American educator and civil rights activist (d. 1987) May 5 Elsie Eaves, American civil engineer (d. 1983) Blind Willie McTell, American singer (d. 1959) Hans Heinrich von Twardowski, German actor (d. 1958) May 6 – Konrad Henlein, Sudeten German Nazi leader (d. 1945) May 13 Hisamuddin of Selangor, King of Malaysia (d. 1960) Justin Tuveri, Italian World War I veteran (d. 2007) May 14 Hastings Banda, 1st President of Malawi (d. 1997) Betty Farrington, American actress (d. 1989) May 15 – Arletty, French model, actress (d. 1992) May 16 Tamara de Lempicka, Polish Art Deco painter (d. 1980) Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese film director (d. 1956) May 17 Anagarika Govinda, German buddhist lama (d. 1985) Alfred Joseph Casson, Canadian painter (d. 1992) May 19 – Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (d. 1974) May 21 – Armand Hammer, American entrepreneur, art collector (d. 1990) May 23 Frank McHugh, American actor (d. 1981) Scott O'Dell, American author (d. 1989) May 24 – Helen B. Taussig, American cardiologist (d. 1986) May 25 – Bennett Cerf, American publisher (d. 1971) May 27 – Lee Garmes, American cinematographer (d. 1978) May 31 Ernest Haller, American cinematographer (d. 1974) Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, American clergyman (d. 1993) June 3 – Stuart H. Ingersoll, American admiral (d. 1983) June 4 – Harry Crosby, American publisher, poet (d. 1929) June 5 Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright (d. 1936) Guy La Chambre, French politician (d. 1975) June 6 Walter Abel, American actor (d. 1987) Ninette de Valois, Irish dancer, founder of The Royal Ballet, London (d. 2001) Jim Fouché, 5th President of South Africa (d. 1980) June 10 Michel Hollard, French Resistance hero (d. 1993) Virginia Valli, American film actress (d. 1968) June 11 – Lionel Penrose, English geneticist (d. 1972) June 12 – Charley Foy, American actor (d. 1984) June 17 M. C. Escher, Dutch artist (d. 1972) Harry Patch, British World War I soldier, the last Tommy (d. 2009) June 18 Carleton Hobbs, English actor who played Sherlock Holmes for two decades (d. 1978) Dink Trout, American actor (d. 1950) June 22 Weeratunge Edward Perera, Malaysian educator, businessman and social entrepreneur (d. 1982) Erich Maria Remarque, German writer (d. 1970) June 23 – Lillian Hall-Davis, English actress (d. 1933) June 25 – Buddy Roosevelt, American actor, stunt performer (d. 1973) June 26 Sa`id Al-Mufti, 3-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1989) Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft designer, manufacturer (d. 1978) June 28 – Louis King, American film director (d. 1962) June 30 George Chandler, American actor (d. 1985) Alfredo Duhalde, Chilean politician (d. 1985) July–September July 1 – Charles Hartmann, American jazz trombonist (d. 1982) July 2 George J. Folsey, American cinematographer (d. 1988) Anthony McAuliffe, American general (d. 1975) July 3 Donald Healey, English motor engineer, race car driver (d. 1988) Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1982) July 4 Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1898 (d. 2015) Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician, economist (d. 1998) Gertrude Lawrence, English actress, singer (d. 1952) Johnny Lee, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 1965) July 5 – Richard P. Condie, American conductor of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (d. 1985) July 6 Bill Amos, American college football player, coach (d. 1987) Hanns Eisler, German composer (d. 1962) July 7 Maria Nunes da Silva, Portuguese supercentenarian (d. 2011) Teresa Hsu Chih, Chinese-born Singaporean social worker, supercentenarian (d. 2011) Arnold Horween, American Harvard Crimson, NFL football player (d. 1985) Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside, Canadian university professor, diplomat, and civil servant (d. 1992) July 9 Gerard Walschap, Belgian writer (d. 1989) Al Bedner, American football player (d. 1988) July 10 – Theodore Miller Edison, American businessman, inventor, and environmentalist (d. 1992) July 13 – Ivan Triesault, Estonian-born American actor (d. 1980) July 14 David Horne, English actor (d. 1970) John Twist, American screenwriter (d. 1976) Happy Chandler, American politician (d. 1991) Youssef Wahbi, Egyptian actor, film director (d. 1982) July 15 Howard Graham, Canadian Army Officer (d. 1986) Erik Wilén, Finnish sprinter (d. 1982) July 17 Osmond Borradaile, Canadian cameraman, cinematographer and veteran of the First and Second World Wars (d. 1999) Berenice Abbott, American photographer (d. 1991) George Robert Vincent, American sound recording pioneer (d. 1985) Benito Díaz, Spanish football manager, player (d. 1990) July 18 – John Stuart, Scottish actor (d. 1979) July 19 – Gustavo Machado Morales, Venezuelan politician and journalist (d. 1983) July 21 – Sara Carter, American country music singer, musician, and songwriter (d. 1979) July 22 Stephen Vincent Benét, American writer (d. 1943) Alexander Calder, American artist (d. 1976) July 23 – Walter L. Morgan, American banker (d. 1998) July 25 – Arthur Lubin, American film director (d. 1995) July 28 – Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970) July 29 – Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) July 30 – Henry Moore, English sculptor (d. 1986) July 31 – Ken Harris, American animator (d. 1982) August 2 – Glenn Tryon, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (d. 1970) August 5 Lewis R. Foster, American film director, screenwriter (d. 1974) Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai, Indian Tamil Carnatic music violinist (d. 1970) August 11 – Peter Mohr Dam, 2-time Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1968) August 12 Kenneth Hawks, American film director (d. 1930) Maria Klenova, Russian marine geologist (d. 1976) Oskar Homolka, Austrian actor (d. 1978) August 13 Mohamad Noah Omar, Malaysian politician (d. 1991) Regis Toomey, American actor (d. 1991) August 15 – Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet (d. 1966) August 17 – Dewey Robinson, American actor (d. 1950) August 18 Lance Sharkey, Australian Communist Leader (d. 1967) Tsola Dragoycheva, Bulgarian politician (d. 1993) August 19 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (d. 1991) August 20 Leopold Infeld, Polish physicist (d. 1968) Vilhelm Moberg, Swedish novelist, historian (d. 1973) August 21 – Herbert Mundin, English actor (d. 1939) August 23 – W. E. Butler, British occultist (d. 1978) August 25 – Van Nest Polglase, American art director, design department head at RKO Pictures (d. 1968) August 26 – Peggy Guggenheim, American art collector (d. 1979) August 27 – John Hamilton, Canadian criminal, bank robber (d. 1934) August 29 – Preston Sturges, American director, writer (d. 1959) August 30 – Shirley Booth, American actress (d. 1992) September 1 Violet Carson, British actress (d. 1983) | 1980) February 20 – Semyon Davidovich Kirlian, Russian inventor (d. 1978) February 25 – William Astbury, English physicist, molecular biologist (d. 1961) February 24 – Kurt Tank, German aeronautical engineer (d. 1983) February 27 – Otto Hulett, American actor (d. 1983) February 28 Hugh O'Flaherty, Irish Catholic priest (d. 1963) Molly Picon, American actress, lyricist (d. 1992) March 3 – Emil Artin, Austrian mathematician (d. 1962) March 4 – Georges Dumézil, French philologist (d. 1986) March 5 Misao Okawa, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2015) Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 1976) Soong Mei-ling, First Lady of China (d. 2003) March 6 – Therese Giehse, German actress (d. 1975) March 8 – Eben Dönges, acting Prime Minister of South Africa and elected President of South Africa (d. 1968) March 10 – Cy Kendall, American actor (d. 1953) March 11 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968) March 13 – Henry Hathaway, American film director, producer (d. 1985) March 14 – Arnold Chikobava, Georgian linguist (d. 1985) March 15 – Gardner Dow, American college football player (d. 1919) March 21 – Paul Alfred Weiss, Austrian biologist (d. 1989) March 23 Erich Bey, German admiral (d. 1943) Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset, Duchess of Parma (d. 1984) March 25 – Marcelle Narbonne, French supercentenarian, oldest European living person (d. 2012) March 30 – Joyce Carey, English actress (d. 1993) March 31 – Hermann van Pels, German-Dutch father of Peter van Pels, housemate of Anne Frank (d. 1944) April–June April 1 – William James Sidis, American mathematician (d. 1944) April 2 – Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990) April 3 – George Jessel, American comedian (d. 1981) April 4 – Agnes Ayres, American actress (d. 1940) April 6 – Jeanne Hébuterne, French painter (d. 1920) April 9 – Paul Robeson, African-American actor, singer and political activist (d. 1976) April 12 – Lily Pons, French-American opera singer, actress (d. 1976) April 14 – Lee Tracy, American actor (d. 1968) April 15 – Marian Driscoll Jordan, American actress (d. 1961) April 19 – Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973) April 20 – Sidney Lanfield, American film director (d. 1972) April 21 – Walter Forde, British actor, screenwriter and film director (d. 1984) April 23 – Ernest Laszlo, Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. 1984) April 26 Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984) John Grierson, Scottish documentary filmmaker (d. 1972) Tomu Uchida, Japanese film director (d. 1970) May 2 – Henry Hall, British bandleader (d. 1989) May 3 Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1978) Septima Poinsette Clark, American educator and civil rights activist (d. 1987) May 5 Elsie Eaves, American civil engineer (d. 1983) Blind Willie McTell, American singer (d. 1959) Hans Heinrich von Twardowski, German actor (d. 1958) May 6 – Konrad Henlein, Sudeten German Nazi leader (d. 1945) May 13 Hisamuddin of Selangor, King of Malaysia (d. 1960) Justin Tuveri, Italian World War I veteran (d. 2007) May 14 Hastings Banda, 1st President of Malawi (d. 1997) Betty Farrington, American actress (d. 1989) May 15 – Arletty, French model, actress (d. 1992) May 16 Tamara de Lempicka, Polish Art Deco painter (d. 1980) Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese film director (d. 1956) May 17 Anagarika Govinda, German buddhist lama (d. 1985) Alfred Joseph Casson, Canadian painter (d. 1992) May 19 – Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (d. 1974) May 21 – Armand Hammer, American entrepreneur, art collector (d. 1990) May 23 Frank McHugh, American actor (d. 1981) Scott O'Dell, American author (d. 1989) May 24 – Helen B. Taussig, American cardiologist (d. 1986) May 25 – Bennett Cerf, American publisher (d. 1971) May 27 – Lee Garmes, American cinematographer (d. 1978) May 31 Ernest Haller, American cinematographer (d. 1974) Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, American clergyman (d. 1993) June 3 – Stuart H. Ingersoll, American admiral (d. 1983) June 4 – Harry Crosby, American publisher, poet (d. 1929) June 5 Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright (d. 1936) Guy La Chambre, French politician (d. 1975) June 6 Walter Abel, American actor (d. 1987) Ninette de Valois, Irish dancer, founder of The Royal Ballet, London (d. 2001) Jim Fouché, 5th President of South Africa (d. 1980) June 10 Michel Hollard, French Resistance hero (d. 1993) Virginia Valli, American film actress (d. 1968) June 11 – Lionel Penrose, English geneticist (d. 1972) June 12 – Charley Foy, American actor (d. 1984) June 17 M. C. Escher, Dutch artist (d. 1972) Harry Patch, British World War I soldier, the last Tommy (d. 2009) June 18 Carleton Hobbs, English actor who played Sherlock Holmes for two decades (d. 1978) Dink Trout, American actor (d. 1950) June 22 Weeratunge Edward Perera, Malaysian educator, businessman and social entrepreneur (d. 1982) Erich Maria Remarque, German writer (d. 1970) June 23 – Lillian Hall-Davis, English actress (d. 1933) June 25 – Buddy Roosevelt, American actor, stunt performer (d. 1973) June 26 Sa`id Al-Mufti, 3-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1989) Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft designer, manufacturer (d. 1978) June 28 – Louis King, American film director (d. 1962) June 30 George Chandler, American actor (d. 1985) Alfredo Duhalde, Chilean politician (d. 1985) July–September July 1 – Charles Hartmann, American jazz trombonist (d. 1982) July 2 George J. Folsey, American cinematographer (d. 1988) Anthony McAuliffe, American general (d. 1975) July 3 Donald Healey, English motor engineer, race car driver (d. 1988) Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1982) July 4 Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1898 (d. 2015) Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician, economist (d. 1998) Gertrude Lawrence, English actress, singer (d. 1952) Johnny Lee, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 1965) July 5 – Richard P. Condie, American conductor of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (d. 1985) July 6 Bill Amos, American college football player, coach (d. 1987) Hanns Eisler, German composer (d. 1962) July 7 Maria Nunes da Silva, Portuguese supercentenarian (d. 2011) Teresa Hsu Chih, Chinese-born Singaporean social worker, supercentenarian (d. 2011) Arnold Horween, American Harvard Crimson, NFL football player (d. 1985) Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside, Canadian university professor, diplomat, and civil servant (d. 1992) July 9 Gerard Walschap, Belgian writer (d. 1989) Al Bedner, American football player (d. 1988) July 10 – Theodore Miller Edison, American businessman, inventor, and environmentalist (d. 1992) July 13 – Ivan Triesault, Estonian-born American actor (d. 1980) July 14 David Horne, English actor (d. 1970) John Twist, American screenwriter (d. 1976) Happy Chandler, American politician (d. 1991) Youssef Wahbi, Egyptian actor, film director (d. 1982) July 15 Howard Graham, Canadian Army Officer (d. 1986) Erik Wilén, Finnish sprinter (d. 1982) July 17 Osmond Borradaile, Canadian cameraman, cinematographer and veteran of the First and Second World Wars (d. 1999) Berenice Abbott, American photographer (d. 1991) George Robert Vincent, American sound recording pioneer (d. 1985) Benito Díaz, Spanish football manager, player (d. 1990) July 18 – John Stuart, Scottish actor (d. 1979) July 19 – Gustavo Machado Morales, Venezuelan politician and journalist (d. 1983) July 21 – Sara Carter, American country music singer, musician, and songwriter (d. 1979) July 22 Stephen Vincent Benét, American writer (d. 1943) Alexander Calder, American artist (d. 1976) July 23 – Walter L. Morgan, American banker (d. 1998) July 25 – Arthur Lubin, American film director (d. 1995) July 28 – Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970) July 29 – Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) July 30 – Henry Moore, English sculptor (d. 1986) July 31 – Ken Harris, American animator (d. 1982) August 2 – Glenn Tryon, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (d. 1970) August 5 Lewis R. Foster, American film director, screenwriter (d. 1974) Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai, Indian Tamil Carnatic music violinist (d. 1970) August 11 – Peter Mohr Dam, 2-time Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1968) August 12 Kenneth Hawks, American film director (d. 1930) Maria Klenova, Russian marine geologist (d. 1976) Oskar Homolka, Austrian actor (d. 1978) August 13 Mohamad Noah Omar, Malaysian politician (d. 1991) Regis Toomey, American actor (d. 1991) August 15 – Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet (d. 1966) August 17 – Dewey Robinson, American actor (d. 1950) August 18 Lance Sharkey, Australian Communist Leader (d. 1967) Tsola Dragoycheva, Bulgarian politician (d. 1993) August 19 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (d. 1991) August 20 Leopold Infeld, Polish physicist (d. 1968) Vilhelm Moberg, Swedish novelist, historian (d. 1973) August 21 – Herbert Mundin, English actor (d. 1939) August 23 – W. E. Butler, British occultist (d. 1978) August 25 – Van Nest Polglase, American art director, design department head at RKO Pictures (d. 1968) August 26 – Peggy Guggenheim, American art collector (d. 1979) August 27 – John Hamilton, Canadian criminal, bank robber (d. 1934) August 29 – Preston Sturges, American director, writer (d. 1959) August 30 – Shirley Booth, American actress (d. 1992) September 1 Violet Carson, British actress (d. 1983) Marilyn Miller, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 1936) September 2 Alfons Gorbach, 15th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1972) Arthur Young, English actor (d. 1959) September 8 – Queenie Smith, American actress (d. 1978) September 10 George Eldredge, American actor (d. 1977) Bessie Love, American actress (d. 1986) September 13 Roger Désormière, French conductor (d. 1963) Emilio Núñez Portuondo, Cuban diplomat, lawyer and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Cuba (d. 1978) September 16 – Baruch Lumet, Polish-born American actor (d. 1992) September 19 – Giuseppe Saragat, President of Italy (d. 1988) September 22 – Katharine Alexander, American actress (d. 1981) September 24 – Howard Florey, Australian-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1968) September 25 – Robert Brackman, American artist (d. 1980) September 26 – George Gershwin, American composer (d. 1937) September 29 – Trofim Lysenko, Russian biologist (d. 1976) September 30 Renée Adorée, French actress (d. 1933) Princess Charlotte of Monaco (d. 1977) October–December October 3 – Morgan Farley, American actor (d. 1988) October 6 Arthur G. Jones-Williams, British aviator (d. 1929) Mitchell Leisen, American film director (d. 1972) Clarence Williams, American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1965) (some sources give his year of birth as 1893) October 7 – Joe Giard, American baseball player (d. 1956) October 10 Lilly Daché, French milliner (d. 1989) Marie-Pierre Kœnig, French general, politician (d. 1970) October 15 – Boughera El Ouafi, Algerian athlete (d. 1959) October 16 – William O. Douglas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1980) October 17 – Shinichi Suzuki, Japanese musician, educator (d. 1998) October 18 George Curzon, English actor (d. 1976) Lotte Lenya, Austrian actress, singer (d. 1981) October 20 – Sergi Jikia, Georgian historian and orientalist (d. 1993) October 22 – Dámaso Alonso, Spanish poet (d. 1990) October 28 – Abdul Khalek Hassouna, Egyptian diplomat, 2nd Secretary-General of the Arab League (d. 1992) November 1 – Philip Ray, British actor (d. 1978) November 4 – Joe Dougherty, first voice of Porky Pig (d. 1978) November 11 – René Clair, French filmmaker, novelist, and non-fiction writer (d. 1981) November 12 – Leon Štukelj, Slovene gymnast (d. 1999) November 14 – Benjamin Fondane (née Wechsler), Romanian-French Symbolist poet, critic and existentialist philosopher (d. 1944) November 17 Colleen Clifford, Australian actress (d. 1996) Maurice Journeau, French composer (d. 1999) November 18 Joris Ivens, Dutch director (d. 1989) Andrés Soler, Mexican actor (d. 1969) November 19 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (d. 2003) November 21 – René Magritte, Belgian artist (d. 1967) November 22 – Gabriel González Videla, Chilean politician (d. 1980) November 23 – Bess Flowers, American actress (d. 1984) November 24 – Liu Shaoqi, President of the People's Republic of China (d. 1969) November 25 – Debaki Bose, Indian actor, director and writer (d. 1971) November 26 – Karl Ziegler, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) November 29 Rod La Rocque, American actor (d. 1969) C. S. Lewis, British author (d. 1963) November 30 – Firpo Marberry, American baseball pitcher (d. 1976) December 2 – Indra Lal Roy, Indian World War I pilot (d. 1918) December 3 – Monte Collins, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1951) December 5 – Grace Moore, American opera singer, actress (d. 1947) December 6 Alfred Eisenstaedt, American photojournalist (d. 1995) Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish sociologist, economist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) December 9 Emmett Kelly, American circus clown (d. 1979) Clarine Seymour, American actress (d. 1920) December 11 Benno Mengele, Austrian electrical engineer (d. 1971) Taro Shoji, Japanese singer (d. 1972) December 14 – Lillian Randolph, American actress, singer (d. 1980) December 19 – Zheng Zhenduo, Chinese author, translator (d. 1958) December 20 – Irene Dunne, American actress (d. 1990) December 24 – Baby Dodds, American jazz drummer (d. 1959) December 27 Hilda Vaughn, American actress (d. 1957) Inejiro Asanuma, Japanese politician (d. 1960) December 28 – Shigematsu Sakaibara, Japanese admiral and war criminal (d. 1947) December 29 – Randi Anda, Norwegian politician (d. 1999) December 30 Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer and actress (d. 1975) Claire Huchet Bishop, author of The Five Chinese Brothers (with illustrator Kurt Wiese) and The Man Who Lost His Head (with illustrator Robert McCloskey) (d. 1993) December 31 – István Dobi, Hungarian leader (d. 1968) Date unknown I. K. Taimni, Indian chemist (d. 1978) Deaths January–June January 3 – Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate brigadier general, Texas governor, and president of Texas A&M University (b. 1838) January 14 – Lewis Carroll, British writer, mathematician (Alice in Wonderland) (b. 1832) January 16 – Charles Pelham Villiers, longest-serving MP in the British House of Commons (b. 1802) January 18 – Henry Liddell, English Dean of Christ Church, Oxford (b. 1811) January 26 – Cornelia Jane Matthews Jordan, American lyricist (b. 1830) February 1 – Tsuboi Kōzō, Japanese admiral (b. 1843) February 6 – Abdul Samad of Selangor, Malaysian ruler, 4th Sultan of Selangor (b. 1804) February 16 – Thomas Bracken, author of the official national anthem of New Zealand (God Defend New Zealand) (b. 1843) March 1 – George Bruce Malleson, Indian officer, author (b. 1825) March 6 – Andrei Alexandrovich Popov, Russian admiral (b. 1821) March 10 Marie-Eugénie de Jésus, French religious (b. 1817) George Müller, Prussian evangelist, founder of the Ashley Down orphanage (b. 1805) March 11 – William Rosecrans, California congressman, Register of the U.S. Treasury (b. 1819) March 15 – Sir Henry Bessemer, British engineer, inventor (b. 1813) March 16 – Aubrey Beardsley, British artist (b. 1872) March 18 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, American feminist (b. 1826) March 27 – Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Indian university founder (b. 1817) March 28 – Anton Seidl, Hungarian conductor (b. 1850) April 13 – Aurilla Furber, American author (b. |
rights leader (d. 1984) Kurt Wintgens, German fighter pilot, air ace in World War I (d. 1916) August 2 – Bertha Lutz, Brazilian zoologist, politician, diplomat and feminist (d. 1976) August 3 – Harry Heilmann, American baseball player (d. 1951) August 9 – Kathleen Lockhart, British-American actress (d. 1978) August 10 V. V. Giri, Indian politician, 4th President of India (d. 1980) Alan Crosland, American film director (d. 1936) August 16 – George Meany, American labor leader (d. 1980) August 26 – Maksim Purkayev, Soviet general (d. 1953) August 28 Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (d. 1981) Elisha Scott, Irish footballer (d. 1959) September–October September 2 – Joseph Roth, Austrian writer (d. 1939) September 3 – Benigno Aquino Sr., Filipino politician (d. 1947) September 6 – Howard Pease, American adventure novelist (d. 1974) September 7 – George Waggner, American film director, producer and actor (d. 1984) September 12 September 12 – Billy Gilbert, American comedian, actor (d. 1971) September 12 – Dorothy Maud Wrinch, British mathematician and biochemical theorist (d. 1976) September 13 J. B. Priestley, English novelist, playwright (d. 1984) Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (d. 1953) September 15 – Jean Renoir, French film director (d. 1979) September 19 – Raymond Duval, French general (d. 1955) September 21 – Anton Piëch, Austrian lawyer, son-in-law of Ferdinand Porsche (d. 1952) September 22 – Louis Bennett Jr., American World War I flying ace (d. 1918) September 24 Tommy Armour, Scottish golfer (d. 1968) Harry B. Liversedge, American general (d. 1951) September 27 – Lothar von Richthofen, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1922) October 2 – Thomas L. Sprague, American admiral (d. 1972) October 5 – Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (d. 1948) October 7 – Herman Dooyeweerd, Dutch philosopher and professor of law (d. 1977) October 7 – Del Lord, American film director (d. 1970) October 14 – E. E. Cummings, American poet (d. 1962) October 14 – Heinrich Lübke, German president (d. 1972) October 15 – Moshe Sharett, Israeli Prime Minister (d. 1965) October 18 – H. L. Davis, American fiction writer (d. 1960) October 24 – Platon Chirnoagă, Romanian general (d. 1974) October 25 Claude Cahun, French photographer, writer (d. 1954) Âşık Veysel Şatıroğlu, Turkish poet, songwriter and saz player (d. 1973) October 27 – Fritz Sauckel, German Nazi politician, war criminal (d. 1946) November–December November 2 – Alexander Lippisch, German aerodynamics engineer (d. 1976) November 3 – Sofoklis Venizelos, 3-time Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1964) November 4 – Chafik Charobim, Egyptian impressionist painter (d. 1975) November 5 Jan Garber, American jazz bandleader (d. 1977) Harold Innis, Canadian communications scholar (d. 1952) Beardsley Ruml, American economist, tax plan author (d. 1960) November 8 – Claude Beck, American cardiac surgeon (1971) November 9 – Mae Marsh, American film actress (d. 1968) November 13 – Nita Naldi, American film actress (d. 1961) November 14 – Rino Corso Fougier, Italian air force general (d. 1963) November 19 Wacław Stachiewicz, Polish writer, geologist, and general (d. 1973) Américo Tomás, 13th President of Portugal (d. 1987) November 21 Corinne Griffith, American actress, author (d. 1979) Cecil M. Harden, American politician (d. 1984) November 24 – Herbert Sutcliffe, English cricketer (d. 1978) November 26 – Norbert Wiener, American mathematician (d. 1964) November 27 – Konosuke Matsushita, Japanese industrialist (d. 1989) November 29 – Lucille Hegamin, American singer, entertainer (d. 1970) December 3 – Deiva Zivarattinam, Indian politician (d. 1975) December 5 Charles Robberts Swart, 1st State President of South Africa (d. 1982) Philip K. Wrigley, American business, sports executive (d. 1977) December 7 – Freddie Adkins, British cartoonist (d. c. 1986) December 8 E. C. Segar, American cartoonist, creator of Popeye (d. 1938) James Thurber, American cartoonist, writer (d. 1961) Florbela Espanca, Portuguese poet (d. 1930) December 10 William Sydney Marchant, British colonial official (d. 1953) Edward Milford, Australian general (d. 1972) December 15 – Felix Stump, American admiral (d. 1972) December 17 Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (d. 1979) Willem Schermerhorn, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977) December 20 – Sir Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1978) December 22 – Edwin Linkomies, Finnish Prime Minister (d. 1963) December 23 – Arthur Gilligan, English cricket captain (d. 1976) December 24 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) December 26 – Jean Toomer, American poet (d. 1967) Date unknown Tawfik Abu Al-Huda, 4-Time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1956) Constantin Constantiniu, Romanian general (d. 1971) Riad Al Solh, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1951) Deaths January–June January 1 – Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (b. 1857) January 13 – Nadezhda von Meck, Russian patron of Peter Tchaikovsky (b. 1831) January 20 – Robert Halpin, Irish mariner and transoceanic cable layer (b. 1836) January 28 – Elise Hwasser, Swedish actress (b. 1831) February 4 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker, inventor of the saxophone (b. 1814) February 5 – Auguste Vaillant, French anarchist (b. 1861) (executed) February 6 – Maria Deraismes, French feminist (b. 1828) February 8 – Robert Michael Ballantyne, Scottish novelist (b. 1825) February 11 – Margaret Henley, English inspiration for the name Wendy in Peter Pan (b. 1888) February 12 – Hans von Bülow, German conductor, pianist and composer (b. 1830) February 14 – Myra Bradwell, American lawyer, political activist, (b. 1831) John T. Ford, American theatre manager (b. 1829) February 15 – May Brookyn, American actress (b. 1854/1859) February 21 – Gustave Caillebotte, French painter (b. 1848) February 27 Hilarión Daza, President of Bolivia (assassinated) (b. 1840) Carl Schmidt, Baltic German chemist (b. 1822) March 2 Jubal Early, American Confederate general (b. 1816) William H. Osborn, American railroad executive (b. 1820) March 3 – Ned Williamson, American baseball player (b. 1857) March 20 – Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian politician (b. 1802) March 30 – Jane Goodwin Austin, American popular story writer (b. 1831) April 1 – Remigio Morales Bermúdez, 19th President of Peru (b. 1836) April 8 – Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Bengali poet (b. 1838) May 7 – Frances Elizabeth Barrow, American juvenile literature author (b. 1822) May 12 – Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia, granddaughter of Tsar Paul I (b. 1827) May 19 – Caroline Mehitable Fisher Sawyer, American biographier (b. 1812) June 3 – Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal, German jurist, expert on Byzantine law (b. 1812) June 7 – King Hassan I of Morocco (b. 1836) June 8 –William M. Dalton, American Old West outlaw (b. 1866) June 23 Marietta Alboni, Italian opera singer (b. 1826) Władysław Czartoryski, Polish political activist and art collector (b. 1828) July 24 – George Peter Alexander Healy, American portrait painter (b. 1813) June 25 Marie François Sadi Carnot, French statesman (assassinated) (b. 1837) Charles Romley Alder Wright, British chemist who synthesized heroin (b. 1844) June 27 – Giorgio Costantino Schinas, Maltese architect and civil engineer (b. 1834) July–December July 1 – Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1819) July 22 – Julius von Bose, Prussian general (b. 1809) July 30 – Walter Pater, English essayist, critic (b. 1839) August 1 - Joseph Holt, Union Army general (b. 1807) August 25 – Celia Laighton Thaxter, American author (b. 1835) September 1 – Nathaniel P. Banks, American politician, general (b. 1816) September 3 – Josiah Parsons Cooke, | (d. 1917) January 31 Isham Jones, American bandleader (d. 1956) Percy Helton, American film, television actor (d. 1971) February 1 John Ford, American film director (d. 1973) Dick Merrill, American aviation pioneer (d. 1982) February 3 – Norman Rockwell, American artist, illustrator (d. 1978) February 8 Billy Bishop, Canadian World War I fighter ace (d. 1956) Ludwig Marcuse, German philosopher (d. 1971) February 10 Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister (d. 1986) Mãe Menininha do Gantois, Brazilian spiritual leader (iyalorixá) (d. 1986) February 14 – Jack Benny, American actor, comedian (d. 1974) February 19 – Ilie Antonescu, Romanian general (d. 1974) February 22 – Enid Markey, American actress (d. 1981) February 25 – Meher Baba, Indian Avatar of the Age (d. 1969) February 26 Wilhelm Bittrich, German Waffen SS general (d. 1979) Ernest N. Harmon, American general (d. 1979) February 28 – Ben Hecht, American playwright, film writer (d. 1964) March–April March 7 – Marcel Déat, French politician (d. 1955) March 8 – Desiderio Alberto Arnaz II, Cuban politician (d. 1973) March 11 – Otto Grotewohl, East German Communist politician, 1st Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic (d. 1964) March 14 – Osa Johnson, American adventurer, documentary filmmaker (d. 1953) March 16 – Stuart Buchanan, American actor (d. 1974) March 17 – Paul Green, novelist, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright (d. 1981) March 19 – Moms Mabley, African-American comedian (d. 1975) March 20 Hans Langsdorff, German naval officer (d. 1939) Amalie Sara Colquhoun, Australian landscape and portrait painter (d. 1974 March 26 – May Farquharson, Jamaican social worker, birth control advocate, philanthropist, and reformer (d. 1992) March 27 – René Fonck, French World War I flying ace (d. 1953) March 30 – Nikolai P. Barabashov, Russian astronomer (d. 1971) April 5 – Chesney Allen, British entertainer, comedian (d. 1982) April 9 – Keiji Shibazaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) April 10 Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian industrialist, Gandhian and educationalist (d. 1983) Ben Nicholson, English abstract artist (d. 1982) Archibald Roosevelt, American conservative political activist, son of President Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1979) April 12 – Francisco Craveiro Lopes, 12th President of Portugal (d. 1964) April 13 – Sir Arthur Fadden, Australian Prime Minister (d. 1973) April 15 – Bessie Smith, African-American blues singer (d. 1937) April 17 – Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet politician (d. 1971) April 26 – Rudolf Hess, German Nazi official (d. 1987) April 27 – Nicolas Slonimsky, Russian/American musicologist (d. 1995) April 30 – H.V. Evatt, Australian politician, judge (d. 1965) May–June May 2 – Joseph Henry Woodger, British theoretical biologist (d. 1981) May 10 – Horia Macellariu, Romanian admiral (d. 1989) May 11 – Martha Graham, American dancer, choreographer (d. 1991) May 13 – Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, 2nd President of Iceland (d. 1972) May 15 – Eddie Stumpf, American baseball player, manager and executive (d. 1978) May 16 – Walter Yust, American encyclopædia editor (d. 1960) May 19 – Heinz Ziegler, German general (d. 1972) May 20 Estelle Taylor, American actress (d. 1958) Chandrashekarendra Saraswati, Indian religious scholar, saint (d. 1994) May 21 – Constantin Anton, Romanian general (d. 1993) May 26 – Paul Lukas, Hungarian actor (d. 1971) May 27 Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French writer (d. 1961) Dashiell Hammett, American detective fiction writer (d. 1961) May 29 – Josef von Sternberg, Austrian-American film director (d. 1969) May 30 – Hubertus van Mook, Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1942-1948) (d. 1965) May 31 – Fred Allen, American comedian (d. 1956) June 4 – Gabriel Pascal, Hungarian film producer (d. 1954) June 5 Mihail Corbuleanu, Romanian general (d. 1973) Roy Thomson, Canadian publisher (d. 1976) June 9 – Nedo Nadi, Italian fencer (d. 1940) June 14 Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (d. 1924) W. W. E. Ross, Canadian geophysicist, poet (d. 1966) June 23 King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (afterwards The Duke of Windsor) (d. 1972) Harold Barrowclough, New Zealand general, lawyer and chief justice (d. 1972) Alfred Kinsey, American sexologist (d. 1956) June 28 Arthur D. Struble, American admiral (d. 1983) Lois Wilson, American actress (d. 1988) Francis Hunter, American tennis player (d. 1981) July–August July 5 – Margarita Nelken, Spanish politician (d. 1968) July 8 Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, Italian film director (d. 1998) Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984) July 9 – Phelps Putnam, American poet (d. 1948) July 17 – Georges Lemaître, Belgian physicist, astronomer (d. 1966) July 18 Isaac Babel, Ukrainian writer (d. 1940) Mariano Rossell y Arellano, Guatemalan Roman Catholic clergyman (d. 1964) July 19 Jerzy Pajączkowski-Dydyński, British-based Polish veteran of World War I (d. 2005) Khawaja Nazimuddin, Pakistani Prime Minister (d. 1964) July 20 – Wiley Blount Rutledge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1949) July 22 – María Sabina, Mexican curandera (d. 1985) July 25 – Walter Brennan, American actor (d. 1974) July 26 – Aldous Huxley, English novelist (d. 1963) August 1 Benjamin Mays, American Baptist minister and civil rights leader (d. 1984) Kurt Wintgens, German fighter pilot, air ace in World War I (d. 1916) August 2 – Bertha Lutz, Brazilian zoologist, politician, diplomat and feminist (d. 1976) August 3 – Harry Heilmann, American baseball player (d. 1951) August 9 – Kathleen Lockhart, British-American actress (d. 1978) August 10 V. V. Giri, Indian politician, 4th President of India (d. 1980) Alan Crosland, American film director (d. 1936) August 16 – George Meany, American labor leader (d. 1980) August 26 – Maksim Purkayev, Soviet general (d. 1953) August 28 Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (d. 1981) Elisha Scott, Irish footballer (d. 1959) September–October September 2 – Joseph Roth, Austrian writer (d. 1939) September 3 – Benigno Aquino Sr., Filipino politician (d. 1947) September 6 – Howard Pease, American adventure novelist (d. 1974) September 7 – George Waggner, American film director, producer and actor (d. 1984) September 12 September 12 – Billy Gilbert, American comedian, actor (d. 1971) September 12 – Dorothy Maud Wrinch, British mathematician and biochemical theorist (d. 1976) September 13 J. B. Priestley, English novelist, playwright (d. 1984) Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (d. 1953) September 15 – Jean Renoir, French film director (d. 1979) September 19 – Raymond Duval, French general (d. 1955) September 21 – Anton Piëch, Austrian lawyer, son-in-law of Ferdinand Porsche (d. 1952) September 22 – Louis Bennett Jr., American World War I flying ace (d. 1918) September 24 Tommy Armour, Scottish golfer (d. 1968) Harry B. Liversedge, American general (d. 1951) September 27 – Lothar von Richthofen, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1922) October 2 – Thomas L. Sprague, American admiral (d. 1972) October 5 – Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (d. 1948) October 7 – Herman Dooyeweerd, Dutch philosopher and professor of law (d. 1977) October 7 – Del Lord, American film director (d. 1970) October 14 – E. E. Cummings, American poet (d. 1962) October |
odbor Slavia (A.C.O.S.), focusing on cycling. November 8 U.S. presidential election, 1892: Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver, to win the second of his non-consecutive terms. An anarchist bomb kills six in a police station in Avenue de l'Opéra, Paris. The four-day New Orleans General Strike begins. November 17 – French troops occupy Abomey, capital of the kingdom of Dahomey. November 24 – The Hotel Zinzendorf catches fire in the city of Winston-Salem, North Carolina; 45 people die. December 5 – John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister. December 17 – First issue of Vogue is published in the United States. December 18 – The Nutcracker ballet, with music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, is premiered at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. December 22 – The Newcastle East End F.C. is renamed Newcastle United F.C., following the demise of the Newcastle West End F.C. and East End's move to St James' Park, formerly West End's home, in the north east of England. Date unknown Andrew Carnegie combines all of his separate businesses into the Carnegie Steel Company, allowing him to gain a monopoly in the United States steel industry. Diplomat Henry Galway secures a treaty by which Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin, ostensibly accepts British protection for his kingdom. A cholera outbreak occurs in Hamburg, Germany. A 50-year-old tortoise called Timothy, previously serving as a naval mascot, is brought to the estate of Powderham Castle in England, where she lives until her death in 2004. Viruses are first described by Russian–Ukrainian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky. Births January January 1 Artur Rodziński, Polish conductor (d. 1958) Manuel Roxas, 5th President of the Philippines (d. 1948) January 3 – J. R. R. Tolkien, English professor, linguist, philologist, conlanger and author of The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit and The Silmarillion (d. 1973) January 12 – Mikhail Kirponos, Soviet general (d. 1941) January 14 Martin Niemöller, German prisoner in the Nazi Holocaust (d. 1984) Hal Roach, American film, television producer (d. 1992) January 15 – Rex Ingram, Irish film director (d. 1950) January 18 Oliver Hardy, American comedian, actor (d. 1957) Paul Rostock, German surgeon (d. 1956) January 19 – Ólafur Thors, Icelandic politician, 5-times prime minister (d. 1964) January 22 – Marcel Dassault, French aircraft industrialist (d. 1986) January 25 – Takeo Takagi, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) January 26 – Zara Cully, American actress (d. 1978) January 28 Luke Jordan, American blues singer, guitarist (d. 1952) Ernst Lubitsch, German-born film director (d. 1947) Fyodor Raskolnikov, Soviet revolutionary, writer, journalist, naval commander and diplomat (d. 1939) January 31 – Eddie Cantor, American actor, singer (d. 1964) February February 3 – Juan Negrín, Spanish physician, politician and 67th Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1956) February 4 – Yrjö Kilpinen, Finnish composer (d. 1959) February 5 – Shunji Isaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) February 6 Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet, English tank, vehicle designer (d. 1935) William P. Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1987) February 9 – Peggy Wood, American actress (d. 1978) February 10 – Alan Hale Sr., American actor (d. 1950) February 13 – Robert H. Jackson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (d. 1954) February 14 – Radola Gajda, Czech commander and politician (d. 1948) February 15 – James Forrestal, first United States Secretary of Defense (d. 1949) February 18 – Wendell Willkie, U.S. Republican presidential candidate (d. 1944) February 21 – Harry Stack Sullivan, American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst (d. 1949) February 22 Gheorghe Cosma, Romanian general (d. 1969) Edna St. Vincent Millay, American writer (d. 1950) February 23 Ioan Arbore, Romanian general (d. 1954) Kathleen Harrison, English actress (d. 1995) February 24 – Konstantin Fedin, Russian writer (d. 1977) February 27 – William Demarest, American actor (d. 1983) February 29 Ed Appleton, American baseball player (d. 1932) Augusta Savage, American sculptor (d. 1962) March March 1 – Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Japanese writer (d. 1927) March 3 – Mississippi John Hurt (some sources give his year of birth as 1893), American country blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966) March 8 – Constantin Brătescu, Romanian general (d. 1971) March 9 Arthur Caesar, American screenwriter (d. 1953) David Garnett, English novelist and writer (d. 1981) Mátyás Rákosi, 43rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1971) Vita Sackville-West, English writer and gardener (d. 1962) March 10 Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (d. 1955) Gregory La Cava, American director, producer and writer (d. 1952) Eva Turner, English operatic soprano (d. 1990) March 15 – Charles Nungesser, French aviator, World War I fighter ace (d. 1927) March 16 – César Vallejo, Peruvian poet (d. 1938) March 25 – Andy Clyde, Scottish-born screen actor (d. 1967) March 27 – Ferde Grofé, American pianist, composer (d. 1972) March 28 Corneille Heymans, Belgian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) Tom Maguire, Irish Republican (d. 1993) March 30 Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician (d. 1945) Erhard Milch, German field marshal, Luftwaffe officer (d. 1972) Sanzō Nosaka, Japanese Communist Party chairman and leader of JPEL (d. 1993) March 31 – Stanisław Maczek, Polish general (d. 1994) April April 4 – Italo Mus, Italian painter (d. 1967) April 6 Donald Wills Douglas, American industrialist (d. 1981) Lowell Thomas, American journalist (d. 1981) April 7 – Julius Hirsch, German footballer (d. 1945) April 8 – Mary Pickford, Canadian actress, studio founder (d. 1979) April 12 – Johnny Dodds, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1940) April 12 – Henry Darger, reclusive American outsider artist (d. 1973) April 13 Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet, British World War II Royal Air Force commander (d. 1984) Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, British (Scottish) inventor of radar (d. 1973) April 16 – Ferenc Kiss, Hungarian actor (d. 1978) April 19 – Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983) April 26 – Richard L. Conolly, American admiral (d. 1962) April 27 – Raizō Tanaka, Japanese admiral (d. 1969) April 28 – Joseph Dunninger, American mentalist (d. 1975) May May 2 – Manfred von Richthofen (the "Red Baron"), German World War I fighter pilot (d. 1918) May 3 George Paget Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975) Jacob Viner, Canadian economist (d. 1970) May 4 – Stanisława Paleolog, Polish official, military and political activist (d. 1968) May 5 – Rajarsi Janakananda, born James J. Lynn, American millionaire and disciple of Paramahansa Yogananda (d. 1955) May 7 Archibald MacLeish, American poet (d. 1982) Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (d. 1980) May 8 – Luigi Del Bianco, Italian-American sculptor (d. 1969) May 9 – Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria-Hungary (d. 1989) May 11 Shintarō Hashimoto, Japanese admiral (d. 1945) Margaret Rutherford, English actress (d. 1972) May 12 – Fritz Kortner, Austrian-born director (d. 1970) May 14 – Theodor Burchardi, German admiral (d. 1983) May 15 – Shigeyoshi Miwa, Japanese admiral (d. 1959) May 16 Manton S. Eddy, American general (d. 1962) Osgood Perkins, American actor (d. 1937) May 18 – Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (d. 1957) May 19 – Pops Foster, American jazz bass player (d. 1969) May 23 – Pichichi, Spanish footballer (d. 1922) May 26 – Maxwell Bodenheim, American poet and novelist (k. 1954) May 30 – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter (d. 1972) May 31 Michel Kikoine, Belarusian painter (d. 1968) Gregor Strasser, German Nazi politician (d. 1934) June June 1 – Amānullāh Khān, ruler of Afghanistan (d. 1960) June 8 – Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov, Soviet aeronautical engineer, aircraft designer (d. 1944) June 13 – Basil Rathbone, British actor (d. 1967) June 21 Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologian (d. 1971) Hilding Rosenberg, Swedish composer (d. 1985) June 22 – Robert Ritter von Greim, German field marshal (d. 1945) June 23 – Mieczysław Horszowski, Polish pianist (d. 1993) June 25 Katherine K. Davis, American composer (d. 1980) Shirō Ishii, Japanese microbiologist, lieutenant general of Unit 731 (d. 1959) June 26 – Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) June 27 – Alexandru Batcu, Romanian general (d. 1964) June 28 Clifford Campbell, Jamaican educator, politician (d. 1991) E. H. Carr, English historian, diplomat, journalist and international relations theorist (d. 1982) June 30 – Oswald Pohl, German S.S. officer (d. 1951) July July 1 James M. Cain, American author and journalist (d. 1977) Anders Engberg, Swedish supercentenarian (d. 2003) July 4 A. G. Gaston, American businessman (d. 1996) Henry M. Mullinnix, American admiral (d. 1943) July 6 – Willy Coppens, Belgian World War I flying ace (d. 1986) July 8 Richard Aldington, English poet (d. 1962) Dean O'Banion, American gangster (d. 1924) Victor Hubert Tait, Canadian soldier (d. 1988) July 9 – Cromwell Dixon, American pioneer aviator (d. 1911) July 11 Trafford Leigh-Mallory, British aviator and Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal (d. 1944) Thomas Mitchell, American actor (d. 1962) July 12 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (d. 1942) July 13 – Jonni Myyrä, Finnish-American athlete (d. 1955) July 15 Walter Benjamin, German philosopher and cultural critic (suicide 1940) Milena Rudnytska, Ukrainian educator, women's activist, politician and writer (d. 1979) July 16 Constantion Bădescu, Romanian general (d. 1962) Michel Coiffard, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) July 17 – Edwin Harris Dunning, British aviator (d. 1917) July 22 – Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Austrian Nazi politician (d. 1946) July 23 – Haile Selassie I, Ethiopian emperor (d. 1975) July 26 – Sad Sam Jones, American baseball player (d. 1966) July 28 – K. Kanagaratnam, Ceylon Tamil civil servant, politician (d. 1952) July 29 – William Powell, American actor (d. 1984) August August 1 Mihail Cămărașu, Romanian general (d. 1962) Kinsan Ginsan, Japanese twin centenarians (d. 2000) and (d. 2001) August 2 – Jack L. Warner, Canadian film producer (d. 1978) August 6 Edith Achilles, American psychologist (d. 1989) Hoot Gibson, American actor, film director (d. 1962) August 11 Władysław Anders, Polish general, politician (d. 1970) Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish poet (d. 1978) August 12 – Alfred Lunt, American actor, stage director (d. 1977) August 15 Louis de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) Walther Nehring, German general (d. 1983) August 16 – Otto Messmer, American cartoonist (d. 1983) August 17 – Tamon Yamaguchi, Japanese admiral (d. 1942) August 19 – Elizabeth Kozlova, Russian ornithologist (d. 1975) August 25 – Gabriel Guérin, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) August 26 – Elizebeth Smith Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1980) September September 4 – Darius Milhaud, French composer (d. 1974) September 5 Hugo Österman, Finnish general (d. 1975) Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist (d. 1973) September 6 | schools. October 30 – The Historical American Exposition opens in Madrid. October 31 – The first collection of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories from The Strand Magazine, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, is published in London. November 2 – The first football club in Bohemia, Slavia Praha is established, originally under name of Akademický cyklistický odbor Slavia (A.C.O.S.), focusing on cycling. November 8 U.S. presidential election, 1892: Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver, to win the second of his non-consecutive terms. An anarchist bomb kills six in a police station in Avenue de l'Opéra, Paris. The four-day New Orleans General Strike begins. November 17 – French troops occupy Abomey, capital of the kingdom of Dahomey. November 24 – The Hotel Zinzendorf catches fire in the city of Winston-Salem, North Carolina; 45 people die. December 5 – John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister. December 17 – First issue of Vogue is published in the United States. December 18 – The Nutcracker ballet, with music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, is premiered at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. December 22 – The Newcastle East End F.C. is renamed Newcastle United F.C., following the demise of the Newcastle West End F.C. and East End's move to St James' Park, formerly West End's home, in the north east of England. Date unknown Andrew Carnegie combines all of his separate businesses into the Carnegie Steel Company, allowing him to gain a monopoly in the United States steel industry. Diplomat Henry Galway secures a treaty by which Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin, ostensibly accepts British protection for his kingdom. A cholera outbreak occurs in Hamburg, Germany. A 50-year-old tortoise called Timothy, previously serving as a naval mascot, is brought to the estate of Powderham Castle in England, where she lives until her death in 2004. Viruses are first described by Russian–Ukrainian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky. Births January January 1 Artur Rodziński, Polish conductor (d. 1958) Manuel Roxas, 5th President of the Philippines (d. 1948) January 3 – J. R. R. Tolkien, English professor, linguist, philologist, conlanger and author of The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit and The Silmarillion (d. 1973) January 12 – Mikhail Kirponos, Soviet general (d. 1941) January 14 Martin Niemöller, German prisoner in the Nazi Holocaust (d. 1984) Hal Roach, American film, television producer (d. 1992) January 15 – Rex Ingram, Irish film director (d. 1950) January 18 Oliver Hardy, American comedian, actor (d. 1957) Paul Rostock, German surgeon (d. 1956) January 19 – Ólafur Thors, Icelandic politician, 5-times prime minister (d. 1964) January 22 – Marcel Dassault, French aircraft industrialist (d. 1986) January 25 – Takeo Takagi, Japanese admiral (d. 1944) January 26 – Zara Cully, American actress (d. 1978) January 28 Luke Jordan, American blues singer, guitarist (d. 1952) Ernst Lubitsch, German-born film director (d. 1947) Fyodor Raskolnikov, Soviet revolutionary, writer, journalist, naval commander and diplomat (d. 1939) January 31 – Eddie Cantor, American actor, singer (d. 1964) February February 3 – Juan Negrín, Spanish physician, politician and 67th Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1956) February 4 – Yrjö Kilpinen, Finnish composer (d. 1959) February 5 – Shunji Isaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) February 6 Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet, English tank, vehicle designer (d. 1935) William P. Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1987) February 9 – Peggy Wood, American actress (d. 1978) February 10 – Alan Hale Sr., American actor (d. 1950) February 13 – Robert H. Jackson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (d. 1954) February 14 – Radola Gajda, Czech commander and politician (d. 1948) February 15 – James Forrestal, first United States Secretary of Defense (d. 1949) February 18 – Wendell Willkie, U.S. Republican presidential candidate (d. 1944) February 21 – Harry Stack Sullivan, American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst (d. 1949) February 22 Gheorghe Cosma, Romanian general (d. 1969) Edna St. Vincent Millay, American writer (d. 1950) February 23 Ioan Arbore, Romanian general (d. 1954) Kathleen Harrison, English actress (d. 1995) February 24 – Konstantin Fedin, Russian writer (d. 1977) February 27 – William Demarest, American actor (d. 1983) February 29 Ed Appleton, American baseball player (d. 1932) Augusta Savage, American sculptor (d. 1962) March March 1 – Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Japanese writer (d. 1927) March 3 – Mississippi John Hurt (some sources give his year of birth as 1893), American country blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966) March 8 – Constantin Brătescu, Romanian general (d. 1971) March 9 Arthur Caesar, American screenwriter (d. 1953) David Garnett, English novelist and writer (d. 1981) Mátyás Rákosi, 43rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1971) Vita Sackville-West, English writer and gardener (d. 1962) March 10 Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (d. 1955) Gregory La Cava, American director, producer and writer (d. 1952) Eva Turner, English operatic soprano (d. 1990) March 15 – Charles Nungesser, French aviator, World War I fighter ace (d. 1927) March 16 – César Vallejo, Peruvian poet (d. 1938) March 25 – Andy Clyde, Scottish-born screen actor (d. 1967) March 27 – Ferde Grofé, American pianist, composer (d. 1972) March 28 Corneille Heymans, Belgian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) Tom Maguire, Irish Republican (d. 1993) March 30 Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician (d. 1945) Erhard Milch, German field marshal, Luftwaffe officer (d. 1972) Sanzō Nosaka, Japanese Communist Party chairman and leader of JPEL (d. 1993) March 31 – Stanisław Maczek, Polish general (d. 1994) April April 4 – Italo Mus, Italian painter (d. 1967) April 6 Donald Wills Douglas, American industrialist (d. 1981) Lowell Thomas, American journalist (d. 1981) April 7 – Julius Hirsch, German footballer (d. 1945) April 8 – Mary Pickford, Canadian actress, studio founder (d. 1979) April 12 – Johnny Dodds, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1940) April 12 – Henry Darger, reclusive American outsider artist (d. 1973) April 13 Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet, British World War II Royal Air Force commander (d. 1984) Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, British (Scottish) inventor of radar (d. 1973) April 16 – Ferenc Kiss, Hungarian actor (d. 1978) April 19 – Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983) April 26 – Richard L. Conolly, American admiral (d. 1962) April 27 – Raizō Tanaka, Japanese admiral (d. 1969) April 28 – Joseph Dunninger, American mentalist (d. 1975) May May 2 – Manfred von Richthofen (the "Red Baron"), German World War I fighter pilot (d. 1918) May 3 George Paget Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975) Jacob Viner, Canadian economist (d. 1970) May 4 – Stanisława Paleolog, Polish official, military and political activist (d. 1968) May 5 – Rajarsi Janakananda, born James J. Lynn, American millionaire and disciple of Paramahansa Yogananda (d. 1955) May 7 Archibald MacLeish, American poet (d. 1982) Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (d. 1980) May 8 – Luigi Del Bianco, Italian-American sculptor (d. 1969) May 9 – Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria-Hungary (d. 1989) May 11 Shintarō Hashimoto, Japanese admiral (d. 1945) Margaret Rutherford, English actress (d. 1972) May 12 – Fritz Kortner, Austrian-born director (d. 1970) May 14 – Theodor Burchardi, German admiral (d. 1983) May 15 – Shigeyoshi Miwa, Japanese admiral (d. 1959) May 16 Manton S. Eddy, American general (d. 1962) Osgood Perkins, American actor (d. 1937) May 18 – Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (d. 1957) May 19 – Pops Foster, American jazz bass player (d. 1969) May 23 – Pichichi, Spanish footballer (d. 1922) May 26 – Maxwell Bodenheim, American poet and novelist (k. 1954) May 30 – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter (d. 1972) May 31 Michel Kikoine, Belarusian painter (d. 1968) Gregor Strasser, German Nazi politician (d. 1934) June June 1 – Amānullāh Khān, ruler of Afghanistan (d. 1960) June 8 – Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov, Soviet aeronautical engineer, aircraft designer (d. 1944) June 13 – Basil Rathbone, British actor (d. 1967) June 21 Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologian (d. 1971) Hilding Rosenberg, Swedish composer (d. 1985) June 22 – Robert Ritter von Greim, German field marshal (d. 1945) June 23 – Mieczysław Horszowski, Polish pianist (d. 1993) June 25 Katherine K. Davis, American composer (d. 1980) Shirō Ishii, Japanese microbiologist, lieutenant general of Unit 731 (d. 1959) June 26 – Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) June 27 – Alexandru Batcu, Romanian general (d. 1964) June 28 Clifford Campbell, Jamaican educator, politician (d. 1991) E. H. Carr, English historian, diplomat, journalist and international relations theorist (d. 1982) June 30 – Oswald Pohl, German S.S. officer (d. 1951) July July 1 James M. Cain, American author and journalist (d. 1977) Anders Engberg, Swedish supercentenarian (d. 2003) July 4 A. G. Gaston, American businessman (d. 1996) Henry M. Mullinnix, American admiral (d. 1943) July 6 – Willy Coppens, Belgian World War I flying ace (d. 1986) July 8 Richard Aldington, English poet (d. 1962) Dean O'Banion, American gangster (d. 1924) Victor Hubert Tait, Canadian soldier (d. 1988) July 9 – Cromwell Dixon, American pioneer aviator (d. 1911) July 11 Trafford Leigh-Mallory, British aviator and Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal (d. 1944) Thomas Mitchell, American actor (d. 1962) July 12 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (d. 1942) July 13 – Jonni Myyrä, Finnish-American athlete (d. 1955) July 15 Walter Benjamin, German philosopher and cultural critic (suicide 1940) Milena Rudnytska, Ukrainian educator, women's activist, politician and writer (d. 1979) July 16 Constantion Bădescu, Romanian general (d. 1962) Michel Coiffard, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) July 17 – Edwin Harris Dunning, British aviator (d. 1917) July 22 – Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Austrian Nazi politician (d. 1946) July 23 – Haile Selassie I, Ethiopian emperor (d. 1975) July 26 – Sad Sam Jones, American baseball player (d. 1966) July 28 – K. Kanagaratnam, Ceylon Tamil civil servant, politician (d. 1952) July 29 – William Powell, American actor (d. 1984) August August 1 Mihail Cămărașu, Romanian general (d. 1962) Kinsan Ginsan, Japanese twin centenarians (d. 2000) and (d. 2001) August 2 – Jack L. Warner, Canadian film producer (d. 1978) August 6 Edith Achilles, American psychologist (d. 1989) Hoot Gibson, American actor, film director (d. 1962) August 11 Władysław Anders, Polish general, politician (d. 1970) Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish poet (d. 1978) August 12 – Alfred Lunt, American actor, stage director (d. 1977) August 15 Louis de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) Walther Nehring, German general (d. 1983) August 16 – Otto Messmer, American cartoonist (d. 1983) August 17 – Tamon Yamaguchi, Japanese admiral (d. 1942) August 19 |
promulgated. November 28 – The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers is organized in St. Louis, Missouri. December 17 – Drexel University is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia. December 22 – Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography. Date unknown Brahmin teacher and nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak begins agitation for Indian Home Rule. James Naismith invents basketball in the United States. Seattle University is established as the Immaculate Conception school. The Auckland University Students' Association is founded in New Zealand. Maria Skłodowska (later Marie Curie) enters the Sorbonne University. Nikola Tesla invents the Tesla coil. Michelin patents the removable pneumatic bicycle tire. Production of the Swiss Army Knife by Victorinox begins. Philips founded in Eindhoven, Netherlands, for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products. The 1891 census of India is conducted. New Mexico Military Institute is founded (as Goss Military Institute) in Roswell, New Mexico Territory. Births January–March January 1 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d. 1967) January 7 – Zora Neale Hurston, African-American writer, anthropologist, ethnographer (d. 1960) January 8 – Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1957) January 13 – Miguel Pro, Mexican Roman Catholic layman, martyr and blessed (d. 1927) January 22 Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communist writer, politician (d. 1937) Bruno Loerzer, German aviator, air force general (d. 1960) January 23 – Marjorie Maynard, British artist and farmer (died 1975) January 24 – Walter Model, German field marshal (d. 1945) January 27 – Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (d. 1967) January 30 – Walter Beech, American pioneering aviator, aircraft manufacturer (d. 1950) February 1 – Shigeru Fukudome, Japanese admiral (d. 1971) February 2 – Antonio Segni, Italian politician, 34th Prime Minister of Italy (1955–1957, 1959–1960), 4th President of the Italian Republic (d. 1972) February 5 – Renato Petronio, Italian rower (d. 1976) February 9 – Ronald Colman, English actor (d. 1958) February 11 – J. W. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1965) February 13 – Grant Wood, American painter (d. 1942) February 15 – Henry J. Knauf, American politician (d. 1950) February 17 – Abraham Fraenkel, German-born Israeli mathematician, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1965) February 21 – Seán Heuston, Irish rebel (d. 1916) February 27 – David Sarnoff, Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d. 1971) March 3 – Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) March 9 – José P. Laurel, 3rd President of the Philippines (d. 1959) March 10 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (d. 1984) March 16 - Patsy Gallacher, Irish footballer (d. 1953) March 19 – Earl Warren, American politician and Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1974) March 24 – Rudolf Berthold, German fighter pilot (d. 1920) March 26 – Will Wright, American actor (d. 1962) March 28 – May Mabel Adamson, Australian principal (d. 1966) March 29 – Yvan Goll, French lyricist, dramatist (d. 1950) April–June April 2 – Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976) April 5 – Laura Vicuña, Chilean Roman Catholic holy figure and blessed (d. 1904) April 7 Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish founder of The Lego Group (d. 1958) Minoru Ōta, Japanese admiral (d. 1945) April 13 – Nella Larsen, American novelist (d. 1964) April 14 – B. R. Ambedkar, a founding father of modern India and architect of its constitution (d. 1956) April 15 Väinö Raitio, Finnish composer (d. 1945) Wallace Reid, American actor (d. 1923) April 17 – George Adamski, Polish-born alleged UFO traveler (d. 1965) April 20 – Aldo Finzi, Italian politician (d. 1944) April 23 – Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer (d. 1953) April 29 – Bharathidasan, Tamil poet and rationalist (d. 1964) May 7 – Harry McShane, Scottish socialist (d. 1988) May 10 Anton Dostler, German general (d. 1945) Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (d. 1934) May 15 Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer (d. 1940) Fritz Feigl, Austrian-born chemist (d. 1971) Nipo T. Strongheart, Native American filmmaker (d. 1966) May 16 Richard Tauber, Austrian tenor (d. 1948) Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, German fighter ace (d. 1918) May 18 – Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970) May 19 – Oswald Boelcke, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1916) May 22 – Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (d. 1963) May 23 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) May 24 – William F. Albright, American archeologist, Biblical scholar (d. 1971) May 26 Paul Lukas, Hungarian-born American actor (d. 1971) Mamie Smith, American vaudeville singer (d. 1943) June 2 – Takijirō Ōnishi, Japanese admiral (d. 1945) June 3 – Jim Tully, American vagabond, pugilist and writer (d. 1947) June 9 – Cole Porter, American composer, songwriter (d. 1964) June 18 – Ahmad bin Yahya, King of Yemen (d. 1962) June 20 – John A. Costello, second President of Ireland (d. 1976) June 21 – Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (d. 1966) June 23 Ion Codreanu, Romanian general (d. 1960) Valērija Seile, Latvian politician (d. 1970) June 27 – Mina Wylie, Australian swimmer (d. 1984) June 28 Esther Forbes, American writer (d. 1967) Carl Andrew Spaatz, American general (d. 1974) June 30 – Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (d. 1953) July–September July 2 – Karin Kock-Lindberg, Swedish politician (d. 1976) July 5 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) July 7 – Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Imperial Japanese Army general (d. 1945) July 10 – Edith Quimby, American medical researcher, physicist (d. 1982) July 11 – Joseph Sadi-Lecointe, French aviator (d. 1944) July 12 – Jetta Goudal, Dutch-American actress (d. 1985) July 18 Billy Sullivan, American actor (d. 1946) Gene Lockhart, Canadian-American actor, singer, and playwright (d. 1957) July 21 – Elmer Ripley, American basketball coach (d. 1982) July 26 – William J. Connors, American politician (d. 1961) July 27 – Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist (d. 1968) July 28 – Joe E. Brown, American actor, comedian (d. 1973) July 29 – Bernhard Zondek German-born Israeli gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (d. 1966) July 30 – Roderic Dallas, Australian World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) August 1 Karl Kobelt, 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1968) Charles Ritz, French hotelier, fly fisherman (d. 1976) August 2 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist (d. 1971) August 11 – Stancho Belkovski, Bulgarian architect, lecturer (d. 1962) August 13 – Ethel Roosevelt Derby, youngest daughter of Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1977) August 14 – Ralph Barton, American artist (d. 1931) August 15 Marin Ceaușu, Romanian general (d. 1954) Chief Yowlachie, Native American actor (d. 1966) August 17 – Dulcie Mary Pillers, English medical illustrator (d. 1961) August 21 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican supercentenarian, oldest war veteran ever and last surviving person born in 1891 (d. 2007) August 23 – Minna Craucher, Finnish socialite and spy (d. 1932) August 29 – Michael Chekhov, Russian-American actor, theatre director (d. 1955) September 3 – Bessie Delany, African-American physician, author (d. 1995) September 5 – Edward Molyneux, English fashion designer (d. 1974) September 12 – Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965) September 14 – William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969) September 16 Teruo Akiyama, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) Karl Dönitz, German admiral, briefly President of Germany (d. 1980) Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. 1972) Julie Winnefred Bertrand, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 2007) September 18 – Rafael Pérez y Pérez, Spanish writer (d. 1984) September 22 – Hans Albers, German actor, singer (d. 1960) September 22 – Alma Thomas, African American painter (d. 1978) September 25 – Godfrey Ince, British civil servant (d. 1960) September 26 Charles Munch, French conductor, violinist (d. 1968) William McKell, 12th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1985) September 28 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American film, stage actress (d. 1918) October–December October 12 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945) October 13 – Irene Rich, American actress (d. 1988) October 15 – Tadashige Daigo, Japanese admiral (d. 1947) October 17 – Yasuyo Yamasaki, Imperial Japanese Army officer (d. 1943) October 18 – Joe Abbott , Australian politician (d. 1965) October 20 – James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) October 24 – Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961) October 25 Petre Antonescu, Romanian general (d. 1957) Charles Coughlin, American Catholic priest, anti-Semitic radio host (d. 1979) October 28 Ormer Locklear, American stunt pilot, film actor (d. 1920) Maria José de Castro Rebello Mendes, Brazilian diplomat November 2 – David Townsend, American art director (d. 1935) November 4 – Orlando Ward, American general (d. 1972) November 7 Miriam Cooper, American silent film actress (d. 1976) Genrikh Yagoda, Soviet police and intelligence official | 14 – In the FA Cup quarter final in English Association football, a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the goal line. An indirect free kick is awarded, since the penalty kick, proposed the previous year by William McCrum, has not yet been implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, seen previously as an Irishman's motion. February 15 – Allmänna Idrottsklubben (AIK) sports club is founded in Stockholm, Sweden. February 21 – Springhill, Nova Scotia suffers a serious mining disaster. March 3 – The International Copyright Act of 1891 is passed, by the 51st United States Congress. March 9–12 – The Great Blizzard of 1891 in the south and west of England leads to extensive snow drifts and powerful storms off the south coast, with 14 ships sunk, and approximately 220 deaths attributed to the weather conditions. March 12 – Djurgårdens IF (DIF) sports club is founded in Stockholm. March 14 – In New Orleans, a lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison, and lynches 11 Italians arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy. March 17 – The British steamship , carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of Gibraltar after collision with the battleship HMS Anson, killing 564. March 18 – The London–Paris telephone system officially opens. April–June April 1 The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago. The London–Paris telephone system is opened to the general public. April 5 – Census in the United Kingdom: 15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, and cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total English population. April 12 – The first official game in the Association football league of Argentina (1891 Argentine Primera División) is held in Caballito, Buenos Aires. April 23 – Chilean Civil War of 1891: The ironclad Blanco Encalada is sunk at Caldera Bay by torpedo boats. May – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claims to be the Promised Messiah (the second coming of Jesus) and the Mahdi awaited in Islam. May 1 Troops fire on a workers' May Day demonstration in support of the 8-hour workday in Fourmies, France, killing 9 and wounding 30. The first Fascio dei lavoratori (Workers League) is founded by Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida in Catania, Sicily. May 5 – The Music Hall in New York (later known as Carnegie Hall) has its grand opening and first public performance, with Peter Tchaikovsky as guest conductor. May 11 – Ōtsu incident: Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt, while visiting Japan. May 15 – Pope Leo XIII issues the encyclical Rerum novarum, on the rights and duties of capital and labor, resulting in the creation of many Christian Democrat parties throughout Europe. May 20 – Thomas Edison's prototype kinetoscope is first displayed at Edison's Laboratory, for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs. May 31 N.S. (May 19 O.S.) – In the Kuperovskaya district of Vladivostok, a grand ceremonial inauguration of construction work on the Trans-Siberian Railway is carried out by the Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich, and a religious service held. June 1 – The Johnstown Inclined Plane opens in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. June 16 – John Abbott becomes Canada's third prime minister. June 21 – The first long-distance transmission of alternating current is made, by the Ames power plant near Telluride, Colorado, by Lucien and Paul Nunn. June 25 – Arthur Conan Doyle's detective Sherlock Holmes appears in The Strand Magazine (London) for the first time, in the issue dated July. July–September July 10 – Erik Gustaf Boström becomes Prime Minister of Sweden. July 30 – The Springboks rugby union team of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles, and win by 4–0. July 30 – Serbian inventor, Nikola Tesla, becomes a naturalized American citizen at the age of 35. August 27 – France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance. September 14 – The first penalty kick is awarded in a football (soccer) match; John Heath scores it for the Wolverhampton Wanderers. September 18 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 ends. September 22 – The first hydropower plant of Finland was commissioned along the Tammerkoski rapids in Tampere, Pirkanmaa. September 28 – The C.A. Peñarol is founded in Montevideo, under the name of the CURCC (Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club). September 29 – Thyssen, as predecessor of Thyssen Krupp, a conglomerate in worldwide, founded in Duisburg, Germany. October–December October – Eugène Dubois finds the first fragmentary bones of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or "Java Man", at Trinil on the Solo River. October 1 – Stanford University in California opens its doors. Skansen is established as the world's first open-air museum by Artur Hazelius, on the island of Djurgården in Stockholm, Sweden. October 20 – By order of Emperor Alexander III of Russia, the Senate of Finland granted town rights to Iisalmi. October 28 – The 8.0 Mino–Owari earthquake strikes the Gifu region of Japan. This oblique-slip event kills over 7,200, injures more than 17,000, and creates fault scarps that still remain visible. October 30 – A personal care brand in Japan and Asia, Lion Corporation was founded, as predecessor name was Kobayashi Tomijirō Shōten (小林富次郎商店). November 11 – Jindandao Incident: The Chinese Juu Uda League in Inner Mongolia massacres tens of thousands of Mongols, before being suppressed by government troops in late December. November 15 – The constitution of the First Brazilian Republic is promulgated. November 28 – The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers is organized in St. Louis, Missouri. December 17 – Drexel University is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia. December 22 – Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography. Date unknown Brahmin teacher and nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak begins agitation for Indian Home Rule. James Naismith invents basketball in the United States. Seattle University is established as the Immaculate Conception school. The Auckland University Students' Association is founded in New Zealand. Maria Skłodowska (later Marie Curie) enters the Sorbonne University. Nikola Tesla invents the Tesla coil. Michelin patents the removable pneumatic bicycle tire. Production of the Swiss Army Knife by Victorinox begins. Philips founded in Eindhoven, Netherlands, for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products. The 1891 census of India is conducted. New Mexico Military Institute is founded (as Goss Military Institute) in Roswell, New Mexico Territory. Births January–March January 1 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d. 1967) January 7 – Zora Neale Hurston, African-American writer, anthropologist, ethnographer (d. 1960) January 8 – Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1957) January 13 – Miguel Pro, Mexican Roman Catholic layman, martyr and blessed (d. 1927) January 22 Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communist writer, politician (d. 1937) Bruno Loerzer, German aviator, air force general (d. 1960) January 23 – Marjorie Maynard, British artist and farmer (died 1975) January 24 – Walter Model, German field marshal (d. 1945) January 27 – Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (d. 1967) January 30 – Walter Beech, American pioneering aviator, aircraft manufacturer (d. 1950) February 1 – Shigeru Fukudome, Japanese admiral (d. 1971) February 2 – Antonio Segni, Italian politician, 34th Prime Minister of Italy (1955–1957, 1959–1960), 4th President of the Italian Republic (d. 1972) February 5 – Renato Petronio, Italian rower (d. 1976) February 9 – Ronald Colman, English actor (d. 1958) February 11 – J. W. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1965) February 13 – Grant Wood, American painter (d. 1942) February 15 – Henry J. Knauf, American politician (d. 1950) February 17 – Abraham Fraenkel, German-born Israeli mathematician, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1965) February 21 – Seán Heuston, Irish rebel (d. 1916) February 27 – David Sarnoff, Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d. 1971) March 3 – Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) March 9 – José P. Laurel, 3rd President of the Philippines (d. 1959) March 10 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (d. 1984) March 16 - Patsy Gallacher, Irish footballer (d. 1953) March 19 – Earl Warren, American politician and Chief Justice |
4, 1833 – Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States. May 6, 1833 – In Alexandria, Virginia, the first public physical attack on an American President, with Andrew Jackson struck by a disgruntled Robert B. Randolph, who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges. March 27, 1834 – Andrew Jackson is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837). January 30, 1835 – An assassination is attempted against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol (the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States). December 7, 1835 – Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the House December 4, 1836 – Whig Party holds its first national convention, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. December 7, 1836 – 1836 United States presidential election: Martin Van Buren defeats William Henry Harrison. March 4, 1837 – Martin Van Buren succeeds Andrew Jackson as President of the United States. Supreme Court January 12 – January 27, 1830 – Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in the United States Congress. March 12, 1830 – Craig vs. Missouri: The United States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. Other November 14, 1832 – Charles Carroll, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence dies at his home in Maryland at age 95. April 14, 1834 – The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay. August 11 – August 12, 1834 – Ursuline Convent Riots: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near Boston. January 8, 1835 – The United States public debt contracts to $0 for the only time in history 1835 – Edward Strutt Abdy publishes his Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834. May 10, 1837 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City. June 11, 1837 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees. 1839 – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in Jackson, Mississippi. Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution) October 2, 1835 – Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico, – Battle of Gonzales: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of Gonzales, Texas for protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish. December 9, 1835 – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of San Antonio de Bejar from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos. December 20, 1835 – A Texas Declaration of Independence is first signed at Goliad, Texas. January 5, 1836 – David Crockett arrives in Texas. February 23, 1836 – The Siege of the Alamo begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel Willam B. Travis and volunteers under Colonel James Bowie, hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under Santa Anna. March 1, 1836 – Convention of 1836: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate and vote on independence from Mexico. March 2 – Convention of 1836: The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates and the Republic of Texas is declared. Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army". March 6, 1836 – The Battle of the Alamo ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers. March 17, 1836 – Convention of 1836: Delegates adopt the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, modeled after the United States Constitution. It allows slavery, requires free blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States. March 27, 1836 – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the Goliad Massacre along with Texian Colonel James Walker Fannin by Mexican troops in Goliad near the Presidio La Bahia during the Texas Revolution. April 21, 1836 – Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican forces under General Santa Anna are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the San Jacinto River, Texas. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.) April 22, 1836 – Forces under Texian General Sam Houston capture Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico. Republic of Texas January 3, 1834 – The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City. August 30, 1836 – The city of Houston, Texas, is founded. September 5, 1836 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas. October 22, 1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the Republic of Texas. June 5, 1837 – The city of Houston, is incorporated by the Republic of Texas. Mexico The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the First Mexican Republic and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which declared independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836. During the 1840s, other provinces separated. The Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840, and the Republic of Yucatán declared independence in 1841. May 23, 1835 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed by decree of President Santa Anna. December 28, 1836 – Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico. May 1838 – An insurrection breaks out in Tizimín, beginning the campaign for the independence of Yucatan from Mexico. November 1838 – The Pastry War (also known as the First French intervention in Mexico) began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz by French forces sent by King Louis-Philippe. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France. March 1839 – The Pastry War ends with a British-brokered peace. Nicaragua April 30, 1838 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation (see Nicaragua's early history). Costa Rica May 5, 1835 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica. May 28, 1838 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica, thus beginning his second term in office. Puerto Rico May 7, 1836 – The settlement of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, is elevated to the royal status of villa by the government of Spain. Honduras November 5, 1838 – The Central American Civil War begins with Honduras' separation from the Central American Federation. The Caribbean Jamaica 27 December, 1831 - Sam Sharpe leads a major slave rebellion, also known as the Baptist War. The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population.The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the Jamaican Maroons to put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops. South America Brazil April 7, 1831 – Pedro I abdicates as emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years. November 7, 1831 – Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil. 1834 – In the Empire of Brazil, the Additional Act provides: Establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly Extinction of the State Council Replacement of the Regency Trina Introduction of a direct and secret ballot. January 24, 1835 - a major slave rebellion known as the Malê revolt takes place in Salvador da Bahia. Riograndense Republic September 20, 1835 – Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. September 11, 1836 – Rio-Grandense Republic is proclaimed in South America. Uruguay July 18, 1830 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution. 1835 – Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties. Argentina 1835 – Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina. Falkland Islands January 3, 1833 – Britain retakes the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. Peru January 20, 1839 – Battle of Yungay: Chile defeats the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru. Ecuador May 13, 1830 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia. February 12, 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galapagos Islands. Chile May 25, 1833 – The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated. Science and technology Astronomy Robert's Quartet, a group of galaxies, is discovered. March 14, 1834 – John Herschel discovers the open cluster of stars now known as NGC 3603, observing from the Cape of Good Hope. May 15, 1836 – Francis Baily, during an eclipse of the sun, observes the phenomenon named after him as Baily's beads. 1838 – Friedrich Bessel makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a star. 1839 – The first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri is published by Thomas Henderson. Mechanical Engineering July 17, 1830 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a patent (#7454) for a sewing machine in France; it chains stitches at 200/minute. August 31, 1830 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted a patent for the invention of the lawnmower. February 25, 1836 – Samuel Colt receives a United States patent for the Colt revolver, the first revolving barrel multishot firearm. February 24, 1839 – William Otis receives a patent for the steam shovel. Photography 1833 – Joseph Plateau invented an early stroboscopic device, the "phenakistoscope", which gives the illusion of a moving image. This invention was an important precursor to cinema. August 1835 – H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England. Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype. January 2, 1839 – First photo of the Moon taken by photographer Louis Daguerre January 9, 1839 – The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process. June 22, 1839 – Louis Daguerre receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs). August 19, 1839 – The French government gives Louis Daguerre a pension and gives the daguerreotype "for the whole world". Electricity Many key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s. Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field. This discovery was essential to the invention of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors, generators and solenoids. In 1834, Michael Faraday's published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known as Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Also in 1834, Jean C. A. Peltier discovered the Peltier "effect", which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. In 1836, John Daniell invented a primary cell in which hydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity. Telegraph May 6, 1833 – Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber obtain permission to build an electromagnetic telegraph in Göttingen. May 1837 – Samuel Morse patents the telegraph. April 9, 1839 – The world's first commercial electric telegraph line comes into operation alongside the Great Western Railway line, from Paddington Station to West Drayton. Computers June 5, 1833 – Ada Lovelace is introduced to Charles Babbage by Mary Somerville. 1834 – Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an "analytical engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime. Chemistry 1833 – The dawn of biochemistry: The first enzyme, diastase, is discovered by Anselme Payen. October 24, 1836 – The earliest United States patent for a phosphorus friction match is granted to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts. 1839 – Charles Goodyear vulcanizes rubber. Biology December 27, 1831 – Charles Darwin embarks on his historic voyage aboard . January 7, 1835 – anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on the voyage of 1831–1836 with Charles Darwin. September 7, 1835 – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galapagos Islands aboard . January 12, 1836 – with Charles Darwin reaches Sydney. July 20, 1836 – Charles Darwin climbs Green Hill on Ascension Island. October 2, 1836 – Charles Darwin returns to England aboard with biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution, having left South | on December 17. January 1, 1834 – Zollverein: Customs charges are abolished at borders within Germany. October 13, 1836 – Theodor Fliedner, a Lutheran minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the Deaconess Home and Hospital at Kaiserswerth, Germany, as an institute to train women in nursing. The 5th century BC Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany. Austria March 2, 1835 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria. Switzerland October – Start of the Regeneration in Switzerland: more liberal constitutions adopted in most cantons. August 3, 1833 – In Switzerland, troops of the city of Basel march on rebels in Liestal, but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz. August 26, 1833 – The Canton of Basel is partitioned by the Swiss Tagsatzung, to create the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country. Belgium August 25, 1830 – The Belgian Revolution begins. September 27, 1830 – The Belgian Revolution ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. October 4, 1830 – The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium, in revolt against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. December 20, 1830 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers. July 21, 1831 – Leopold I of Belgium is inaugurated as first king of the Belgians. August 2, 1831 – The Dutch ten-day campaign in Belgium is halted by a French army. December 4, 1832 – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch enforcement, the citadel, is under French attack. December 23, 1832 – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the Netherlands losing the city. 1839 – Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands (since 1839 there is a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg). April 19, 1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom. France French Revolution of 1830 The French Revolution of 1945 was also known as the June Revolution, Second French Revolution or in French. It saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his brother Louis, Duke of Orléans (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the Bourbon Restoration, shifting power to the July Monarchy (rule by the House of Orléans). Duc de Broglie briefly served as State Minister, with many successors over the course of 2 years. Canut revolts The first two Canut revolts occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. The word Canut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers. The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France. The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents. Other events June 5 – 6, 1832 – France: June Rebellion, anti-monarchist riots, chiefly by students, in Paris. 1835 – The French word for their language changes to français, from françois. Southern Europe Ottoman Empire (Balkans) March 29, 1831 – The Great Bosnian uprising against the Ottoman Empire breaks out. April – Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire dies. July 1, 1839 – Abd-ul-Mejid I (1839–1861) succeeds Mahmud II (1808–1839) as Ottoman Emperor. 1839 – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and it forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire. 1839 – Tanzimat starts in the Ottoman Empire. Greece February 3, 1830 – Greece is liberated from the Ottoman forces as the final result of the Greek War of Independence. July 20, 1830 – Greece grants citizenship to Jews. May 7, 1832 – The Treaty of London creates an independent Kingdom of Greece. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria, is chosen King. Thus begins the history of modern Greece. May 11, 1832 – Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July. 1833 – Greece recaptures the Acropolis. June 7, 1834 – Greek independence: General Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for treason for resisting the rule of Otto of Greece (he is released next year). 1834 – Athens becomes Greece's capital city. Italian Peninsula November 8, 1830 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies. February–March 1831 – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops. April 27, 1831 – Charles Albert becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King Charles Felix. 1834 – A pro-republic uprising fails in Piedmont; one of the activists is Giuseppe Garibaldi. October 3, 1839 – In the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a railway between Naples and Portici (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King Ferdinand II of Bourbon (the first railway in the Italian peninsula). Spain September 29, 1833 – Three-year-old Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War. July 15, 1834 – The Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree. September 1837 – Battle of Aranzueque: Liberal victory for the forces loyal to Queen Isabel II of Spain, end of the Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real – The First Carlist War. October 1, 1838 – Supporters of Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, are victorious in the Battle of Maella during the First Carlist War. August 31, 1839 – The First Carlist war (Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto. Portugal July 5, 1833 – Liberal Wars, 1833 – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: The forces of Queen Maria II of Portugal win decisively. July 24, 1834 – The Liberal Wars end in Portugal. January 26, 1835 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later. January 1, 1836 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Africa Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria. February 14, 1831 – Battle of Debre Abbay: Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis. 1831 – Rifa'a el-Tahtawi returns from study in Paris to Egypt. December 11, 1834 – The Sixth Xhosa War is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and Bantu peoples in Cape Colony; Dutch-speaking settlers colonize the area north of Orange River. February 1, 1835 – Slavery is abolished in Mauritius. October 10 – October 13, 1837 – The French army besieges and captures Constantine in French Algeria. December 16, 1838 – The Boers win a decisive victory over the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River. French conquest of Algeria In 1830, France invaded and quickly seized Ottoman Regency of Algiers, and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under Ahmed Bey at Constantine, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in Kabylie and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under 'Abd al-Qādir, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the 1840s, with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847). North America Canada May 30, 1832 – Canada: The Rideau Canal in eastern Ontario is opened. March 6, 1834 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto. November–December 1837 – In the Canadas, William Lyon Mackenzie leads the Upper Canada Rebellion and Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the Lower Canada Rebellion. May 1838 – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the Durham Report to Britain. United States Slavery January 1, 1831 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts. August 21, 1831 – USA: Nat Turner's slave rebellion breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia. September 19, 1835 – William Lloyd Garrison publishes Angelina Grimké's anti-slavery letter in The Liberator. November 7, 1837 – American abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois. July 1, 1839 – Slaves aboard the Amistad rebel and capture the ship off the coast of Cuba. Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to Long Island, New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the U.S. Navy. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in United States v. The Amistad. Settlement February 9, 1832 – The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida. July 10, 1832 – U.S. Survey of the Coast revived (with US Department of Treasury). August 12, 1833 – The city of Chicago is established at the estuary of the Chicago River by 350 settlers. March 11, 1834 – U.S. Survey of the Coast transferred to the Department of the Navy. March 27, 1836 – United States Survey of the Coast returned to U.S. Treasury Department; renamed U.S. Coastal Survey. April 20, 1836 – The Territory of Wisconsin is created. June 15, 1836 – Arkansas is the 25th state admitted into the United States. January 26, 1837 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. Native Americans May 28, 1830 – The United States Congress passes the Indian Removal Act. April 6, 1832 – The Black Hawk War begins. July 9, 1832 – Commissioner of Indian Affairs post created within the War Department. August 2, 1832 – Bad Axe Massacre ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S. 1832 – George Catlin starts to live among the Sioux in the Dakota Territory. 1832 – The federal government establishes a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832). July 29, 1834 – Office of Indian Affairs organized in the United States. December 28, 1835 – USA: The Second Seminole War breaks out. December 29, 1835 – The Treaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government and members of the Cherokee Nation. 1835 – Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 Trail of Tears. May 19, 1836 – Fort Parker massacre: Among those captured by Native Americans is nine-year-old Cynthia Ann Parker; she later gives birth to a son named Quanah, who becomes the last chief of the Comanche. 1836 – George Catlin ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the Dakota Territory. February 4, 1837 – Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida. May 26, 1838 – USA: The people of the Cherokee Nation are forcibly relocated during the Trail of Tears. Presidents December 3, 1832 – U.S. presidential election, 1832: Andrew Jackson is re-elected president. March 4, 1833 – Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States. May 6, 1833 – In Alexandria, Virginia, the first public physical attack on an American President, with Andrew Jackson struck by a disgruntled Robert B. Randolph, who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges. March 27, 1834 – Andrew Jackson is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837). January 30, 1835 – An assassination is attempted against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol (the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States). December 7, 1835 – Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the House December 4, 1836 – Whig Party holds its first national convention, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. December 7, 1836 – 1836 United States presidential election: Martin Van Buren defeats William Henry Harrison. March 4, 1837 – Martin Van Buren succeeds Andrew Jackson as President of the United States. Supreme Court January 12 – January 27, 1830 – Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in the United States Congress. March 12, 1830 – Craig vs. Missouri: The United States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. Other November 14, 1832 – Charles Carroll, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence dies at his home in Maryland at age 95. April 14, 1834 – The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay. August 11 – August 12, 1834 – Ursuline Convent Riots: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near Boston. January 8, 1835 – The United States public debt contracts to $0 for the only time in history 1835 – Edward Strutt Abdy publishes his Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834. May 10, 1837 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City. June 11, 1837 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees. 1839 – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in Jackson, Mississippi. Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution) October 2, 1835 – Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico, – Battle of Gonzales: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of Gonzales, Texas for protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish. December 9, 1835 – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of San Antonio de Bejar from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos. December 20, 1835 – A Texas Declaration of Independence is first signed at Goliad, Texas. January 5, 1836 – David Crockett arrives in Texas. February 23, 1836 – The Siege of the Alamo begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel Willam B. Travis and volunteers under Colonel James Bowie, hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under Santa Anna. March 1, 1836 – Convention of 1836: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate and vote on independence from Mexico. March 2 – Convention of 1836: The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates and the Republic of Texas is declared. Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army". March 6, 1836 – The Battle of the Alamo ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers. March 17, 1836 – Convention of 1836: Delegates adopt the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, modeled after the United States Constitution. It allows slavery, requires free blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States. March 27, 1836 – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the Goliad Massacre along with Texian Colonel James Walker Fannin by Mexican troops in Goliad near the Presidio La Bahia during the Texas Revolution. April 21, 1836 – Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican forces under General Santa Anna are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the San Jacinto River, Texas. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.) April 22, 1836 – Forces under Texian General Sam Houston capture Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico. Republic of Texas January 3, 1834 – The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City. August 30, 1836 – The city of Houston, Texas, is founded. September 5, 1836 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas. October 22, 1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the Republic of Texas. June 5, 1837 – The city of Houston, is incorporated by the Republic of Texas. Mexico The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the First Mexican Republic and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which declared independence in |
Spain in 1821, ceded Florida to the United States, and established a boundary between New Spain and the United States. Slavery was widespread throughout the southern United States. According to the 1820 U.S. Census, the slave population at that time was 1,538,000. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. By the 1830 U.S. Census, the slave population had risen to 2,009,043. With the coordination of the American Colonization Society, many freed African-Americans repatriated to Africa during this decade to the newly formed colony of Liberia. The political mood at the start of the 1820s was referred to as the Era of Good Feelings, following the collapse of the Federalist party. James Monroe, the sitting U.S president since 1817, was re-elected in 1820, virtually unopposed. In 1823, Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union Address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States. The feeling of unity during the Monroe administration was dispelled in the presidential election of 1824, which due to an Electoral College stalemate, was decided in the United States House of Representatives. John Quincy Adams was chosen as the sixth U.S. president, despite receiving only 30.9% of the popular vote to Andrew Jackson's 41.3%. This gave rise to Jacksonian Nationalism and the rise of the modern Democratic Party, with Andrew Jackson elected in the 1828 election. Mexico After ten years of civil war in Mexico (then called the "Viceroyalty of New Spain") and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the Mexican independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. However, the Army of the Three Guarantees was formed under the command of Colonel Agustín de Iturbide with the support of patriots and loyalists to secure independence for Mexico and the protection of Roman Catholicism. Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico, and quickly gained control of Mexico. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which recognized the Mexican Empire under the terms of the Plan of Iguala. On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire. The newly formed Mexican congress eventually declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico on May 19, 1822. Later that year, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta. However, on March 19, 1823 Iturbide abdicated. The First Federal Republic was established on October 4, 1824. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion. Guadalupe Victoria was the first President of Mexico from 1824 until 1829. After Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the election to succeed Victoria, Vicente Guerrero staged a coup d'état and took the presidency on April 1, 1829. Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-President Anastasio Bustamante in December 1829. Caribbean December 1, 1821 – The Dominican Republic declares independence from Spain only to be invaded by Haiti in 1822 (see History of the Dominican Republic). February 9, 1822 – The invading Haitian forces led by Jean-Pierre Boyer arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Republic. April 17, 1825 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment. Central America February 20, 1820 – A revolt begins in Santa María Chiquimula, Totonicapán department of Guatemala. The United Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823. September 15, 1821 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain (see History of Central America). November 28, 1821 – Panama declares independence from Spain (see History of Panama). July 1– The congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including North America and a Republican system of government is established. June 22, 1826 – The Pan-American Congress of Panama tries (unsuccessfully) to unify the American republics. South America Gran Colombia October 9, 1820 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain (see also History of Ecuador). June 24, 1821 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain (see Venezuela's independence). September 7, 1821 – The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president. May 24, 1822 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito. July 26, 1822 – José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar. July 27, 1822 – Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil. Bolívar later annexes Guayaquil (See Guayaquil Conference). June 3, 1828 – Gran Colombia – Peru War: President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru. August 27, 1828 – Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia. Bolivia August 6, 1825 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic with the instigation of Simón Bolívar. Peru July 28, 1821 – Peru declares independence from Spain (see Peru's Independence from Spain). September 10, 1823 – Simón Bolívar is named President of Peru. February 10, 1824 – Simón Bolívar is proclaimed dictator of Peru. December 9, 1824 – Battle of Ayacucho: Peruvian forces defeat the Spanish. February 10, 1825 – Simón Bolívar gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of Liberator. Brazil 1822: Brazil gains independence September 7, 1822 – Brazil declares its independence from Portugal (see Brazilian independence). October 12, 1822 – Peter I of Brazil is declared the constitutional emperor of the Brazilian Empire. December 1, 1822 – Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil (see The reign of Pedro I, 1822–31). April 26, 1828 – Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries. Argentina-Brazil War March 7, 1827 – Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina; they are defeated by the local citizens. April 7–April 8, 1827 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels in a major naval engagement. February 20, 1827 – Battle of Ituzaingo (Passo do Rosário): A force of the Brazilian Imperial Army meets Argentine–Uruguayan troops in combat. August 27, 1828 – South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay. Uruguay July 18, 1825 – Uruguay declares independence from Brazil (see Uruguay's independence). August 27, 1828 – South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay. Argentina 1820: The Argentine Confederation (Argentina) establishes a penal colony in the Malvinas. February 8, 1826 – Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of Argentina. Chile February 6, 1820 – Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile. September 4, 1821 – Chilean general José Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal in the city of Mendoza. Pacific Islands August 21, 1821 – Jarvis Island is discovered by the crew of the Eliza Frances. July 14, 1827 – Kingdom of Hawaii: The Diocese of Honolulu is founded. Economics and commerce 1821: High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt. 1822 – Ashley's Hundred leave from St. Louis, setting off a major increase in fur trade. 1822 – Coffee is no longer banned in Sweden. 1824 – The Fort Vancouver trading post is established on the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company. August 18, 1825 – Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company. His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash in London. Slavery, serfdom and labor March 3, 1820 and March 6, 1820 – Slavery in the United States: The Missouri Compromise becomes law. 1820: Robert Owen devises the labour voucher. 1820: 18,957 black slaves leave Luanda, Angola. 1828 – 32,000 Angolans are sold in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. June 5, 1829 – Slave trade: captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba. Science and technology January 28, 1820 – A Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev approaches the Antarctic coast (see History of Antarctica). January 30, 1820 – Edward Bransfield lands on the Antarctic mainland (see History of Antarctica). April 1820 – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism. May 11, 1820 – (the ship that later takes young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage) is launched. 1820: The 6th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica appears. June 14, 1822 – Charles Babbage proposes a Difference engine. 1822 – Hieroglyphs are deciphered by Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion, using the Rosetta Stone. 1822 – Galileo Galilei's Dialogue is taken off the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Roman Catholic Church's list of banned books. 1822 – The Graham Cracker is developed in Bound Brook, New Jersey by the Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham. 1823 – Olbers' paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers. January 8, 1824 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society with only one vote against him. October 21, 1824 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland Cement. 1824 – The Panoramagram is developed, creating the first volumetric display. 1825 – Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to make aluminium. June 1826 – Photography: Nicéphore Niépce makes a true photograph. 1826 – Aniline is first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo by Otto Unverdorben. May 25, 1827 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge. 1827 – Englishman John Walker invents the first friction match which he names Lucifer. 1828 – Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes Urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism. 1828 – Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor. 1828 – Casparus van Houten Sr. (father of Coenraad Johannes van Houten) patents an inexpensive method for pressing cocoa butter from roasted cocoa beans, leaving cocoa solids. This is an important step in modern solid chocolate production. May 6, 1829 – The patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by Cyrill Demian (Officially approved on May 23.) July 23, 1829 – In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter. Transportation 1825 – The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London. September 27, 1825 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England. October 26, 1825 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie. 1825: The Ohio and Erie Canal is dug to extend settlement access and commercial traffic to the Ohio River. January 30, 1826 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales. April 1, 1826 – Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine. October 1, 1826 – Opening of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway | Railway, opens with engineer George Stephenson driving the first public train pulled by the steam engine Locomotion No 1. September 4, 1827 – Finland: The Great Fire of Turku destroys 3/4 of the city, with many human casualties. Central Europe October 25, 1820 –November 20 – The Congress of Troppau (Opava) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. October–December, 1822 – Congress of Verona: Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain. July 6, 1825 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later becomes the royal house of Greece, Denmark and Norway. Southern Europe January 1, 1820 – A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7) (see Mid-nineteenth century Spain). March 9, 1820 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Liberal Triennium ("Trienio Liberal"). July 1820 – A Constitutionalist revolution occurs in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. August 24, 1820 – A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal. September 15, 1820 – A revolution breaks out in Lisbon (see Portugal's crises of the Nineteenth Century). September 22, 1822 – Portugal approves its first Constitution. January 4, 1825 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies. May 28, 1826 – Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal. June 23, 1828 – Portugal: King Miguel I overthrows his niece Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars. Greek War of Independence At the start of the decade, most of Greece was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, as it had been since 1453, despite frequent revolts. In early 1821, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria instigated several battles that, together with the blessing of a Greek flag and proclamation of uprising by Bishop Germanos of Patras on March 25, marked the beginning of the revolution. The uprising successfully established a foothold in the Peloponnese, seizing Tripolitsa in September 1821, and had some success in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece. Between 1821 and 1824, first and second national assemblies were held, and the constitutions of 1822 and of 1823 were established. However, revolutionary activity was fragmented, resulting in the civil wars of 1824–1825. The Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because, during this period, the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and uncoordinated. That changed when the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and secured most of the peninsula by the end of 1825. He then helped break the siege of Missolonghi. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken. Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, as stipulated in the Treaty of London. Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence. That year, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the First Hellenic Republic. With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832. Western Europe United Kingdom In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by King George IV, but in practice, was led by his prime ministers Lord Liverpool (1812–1827), George Canning (1827), Lord Goderich (1827–1828), and Duke of Wellington (1828–1830). This decade was largely peaceful for Britain, with some foreign intervention. The British supported the Portuguese liberals in the Liberal Wars, and supported Greek rebels in the war for independence. During this time, London became the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing. Domestic tensions ran high at the start of the decade, with the Peterloo Massacre (1819), the Cato Street Conspiracy (1820), and the Radical War (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many repressive laws were repealed. In 1822, Britain repealed the death penalty for over 100 crimes, and punishments such as drawing and quartering and flagellation fell out of use. Seditious Meetings prevention Act (barring large assemblies) and the Combination Act (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. The Catholic Relief Act by Parliament of the United Kingdom granted a substantial measure of Catholic Emancipation in Britain and Ireland. France May 5, 1821 – Emperor Napoléon I dies in exile on Saint Helena of stomach cancer. September 16, 1824 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France. January 4, 1828 – France: The Vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France. August 8, 1829 – France: The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France. Africa February 6, 1820: 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone. Americo-Liberians begin to settle in the Colony of Liberia with the support of the American Colonization Society June 14, 1821 – King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom. 1822 – The first group of freed slaves from the United States arrive in modern-day Liberia and found Monrovia (see History of Liberia). January 22, 1824 – The Ashanti crush British forces in the Gold Coast, killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy (see also Wars between Britain and Ashanti in Ghana and Ashanti Confederacy). August 18, 1826 – Explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach Timbuktu. April 1827 – Ottoman Algeria: Husain Dei slaps the French consul Decalina on the face, eventually leading to war and French rule in Algeria. North America Canada July 8, 1822 – The Chippewas turn over huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom. November 30, 1824 – The first sod is turned in Ontario, for the first of four Welland Canals (the canal opens for a trial run exactly 5 years later to the day). United States At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood. Two states were admitted to the union during this decade: Maine in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida to the United States, and established a boundary between New Spain and the United States. Slavery was widespread throughout the southern United States. According to the 1820 U.S. Census, the slave population at that time was 1,538,000. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. By the 1830 U.S. Census, the slave population had risen to 2,009,043. With the coordination of the American Colonization Society, many freed African-Americans repatriated to Africa during this decade to the newly formed colony of Liberia. The political mood at the start of the 1820s was referred to as the Era of Good Feelings, following the collapse of the Federalist party. James Monroe, the sitting U.S president since 1817, was re-elected in 1820, virtually unopposed. In 1823, Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union Address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States. The feeling of unity during the Monroe administration was dispelled in the presidential election of 1824, which due to an Electoral College stalemate, was decided in the United States House of Representatives. John Quincy Adams was chosen as the sixth U.S. president, despite receiving only 30.9% of the popular vote to Andrew Jackson's 41.3%. This gave rise to Jacksonian Nationalism and the rise of the modern Democratic Party, with Andrew Jackson elected in the 1828 election. Mexico After ten years of civil war in Mexico (then called the "Viceroyalty of New Spain") and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the Mexican independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. However, the Army of the Three Guarantees was formed under the command of Colonel Agustín de Iturbide with the support of patriots and loyalists to secure independence for Mexico and the protection of Roman Catholicism. Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico, and quickly gained control of Mexico. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which recognized the Mexican Empire under the terms of the Plan of Iguala. On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire. The newly formed Mexican congress eventually declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico on May 19, 1822. Later that year, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta. However, on March 19, 1823 Iturbide abdicated. The First Federal Republic was established on October 4, 1824. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion. Guadalupe Victoria was the first President of Mexico from 1824 until 1829. After Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the election to succeed Victoria, Vicente Guerrero staged a coup d'état and took the presidency on April 1, 1829. Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-President Anastasio Bustamante in December 1829. Caribbean December 1, 1821 – The Dominican Republic declares independence from Spain only to be invaded by Haiti in 1822 (see History of the Dominican Republic). February 9, 1822 – The invading Haitian forces led by Jean-Pierre Boyer arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Republic. April 17, 1825 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment. Central America February 20, 1820 – A revolt begins in Santa María Chiquimula, Totonicapán department of Guatemala. The United Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823. September 15, 1821 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain (see History of Central America). November 28, 1821 – Panama declares independence from Spain (see History of Panama). July 1– The congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including North America and a Republican system of government is established. June 22, 1826 – The Pan-American Congress of Panama tries (unsuccessfully) to unify the American republics. South America Gran Colombia October 9, 1820 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain (see also History of Ecuador). June 24, 1821 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain (see Venezuela's independence). September 7, 1821 – The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president. May 24, 1822 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito. July 26, 1822 – José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar. July 27, 1822 – Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil. Bolívar later annexes Guayaquil (See Guayaquil Conference). June 3, 1828 – Gran Colombia – Peru War: President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru. August 27, 1828 – Simón Bolívar |
Shih and Chang Pao surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government. 1810: Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with the Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia. Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) May 28, 1812 – Russian Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War, 1806–1812 and making Bessarabia a part of Imperial Russia. October 31, 1817 – Emperor Ninkō accedes to the throne of Japan. 1818: The Third Anglo-Maratha War is fought between the Marathas and the British East India Company troops resulting in the defeat of the Peshwa, the breakup of the Maratha Empire, and the loss of Maratha independence to the British as they annexed Central India. The last Peshwa is exiled to Bithur near Kanpur. His adopted son and heir Nana Saheb was one of the principal revolutionary commanders in the Indian Mutiny. Europe August 21, 1810 – Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates. September 26, 1810 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne. October 12, 1810 – First Oktoberfest: The Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria to Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. February 5, 1811 – British Regency: George, Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent because of the perceived insanity of his father, King George III of the United Kingdom. September, 1811 – Nathan of Breslov leads the first annual Rosh Hashana kibbutz (pilgrimage) of Breslov Hasidim to the grave of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov in Uman, Ukraine. January 1, 1812 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire. May 11, 1812 – John Bellingham assassinates British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the British House of Commons. July 18, 1812 – Russia's Patriotic War, 1812 – Battle of Klyastitsy: Kulnev defeats Oudinot but sustains a mortal wound. October 18–October 20, 1812 – Second Battle of Polotsk – Russia December 30, 1812 – Convention of Tauroggen was signed. 1812 – The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki. November 10, 1813 – A general election in the United Kingdom sees victory for the Tory Party under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool. 1813 – George Hamilton-Gordon serves as ambassador extraordinaire in Vienna. Norway in 1814 January 14, 1814 – Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in exchange for west Pomerania, as part of the Treaty of Kiel. February 11, 1814 – Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union. April 12, 1814 – The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established. May 17, 1814 – The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly. May 3, 1814 – The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII of France, returns to Paris. May 17, 1814 – The occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands. May 30, 1814 – The First Treaty of Paris is signed returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon I of France is exiled to Elba on the same day. August 12, 1814 – In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (even the judge petitioned for reprieve). August 13, 1814 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed. January 3, 1815 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. March 15, 1815 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War. March 16, 1815 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands. April 23, 1815 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved. May 3, 1815 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica and is later executed. 1815: In Britain, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury. January 1, 1816 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order for the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Russian Empire. March 25, 1816 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies and is succeeded by the later Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, his son and founder of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. 1816: The Senate of Finland is established. 1816: The Ottomans grant Serbia local autonomy. April 3, 1817 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England. May 11, 1818 – Charles XIV of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden. September 7, 1818 – Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim. September 23, 1818 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet. September 20, 1819 – The Carlsbad Decree is issued throughout the German Confederation. Africa 1810: Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad in present-day Mali. 1810: The Battle of Vieux Grand Port (Great Old Port) in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the Island of Mauritius, was the only naval victory won by Napoleon. This battle has very often been ignored by scholars, but was of great importance for the control of the Indian Ocean as a trade route between Europe and the East. March 1, 1811 – Citadel Massacre: Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders. 1813: Following the death of his father Wossen Seged, Sahle Selassie arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Méridazmach of Shewa. 1816: Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post, and named Bathurst. August 27, 1816 – Bombardment of Algiers: Various European Allie ships force the Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves. 1818: Shaka starts to rule. Mtetwa Empire Expansion North America May 1, 1810 – Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law. June 4, 1810 – The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is founded in Dedham, Massachusetts. 1811: The Red River Colony is founded in Manitoba, Canada. March 22, 1811 – The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 for Manhattan is presented. November 6, 1811 – Battle of Tippecanoe: American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American chief Tecumseh. February 11, 1812 – Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry invents gerrymandering. April 4, 1812 – U.S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom. April 30, 1812 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state. June 4, 1812 – Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the territory by that name is renamed the Missouri Territory. October 1812 – The capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg. November 5, 1812 – James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton in the U.S. presidential election. March 27, 1814 – Creek War – Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians. December 15, 1814 – The Hartford Convention is convened by members of the American Federalist Party. February – The Hartford Convention arrives in Washington, D.C.. August 24, 1816 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri. November 6, 1816 – James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U.S. presidential election. December 11, 1816 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state. 1816: The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter. The Era of Good Feelings (1816–1823/1824) in the U.S. March 3 President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill. U.S. Congress passes law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory effective in August. March 4, 1817 – James Monroe succeeds James Madison as President of the United States of America. April 29, 1817 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed. August 15, 1817 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, 4 months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state. November 20, 1817 – The First Seminole War begins in Florida. December 10, 1817 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory. April 4, 1818 – The U.S. Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 stars) with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union. August 1, 1818 – Separate Topographical Bureau of the War Department. October 20, 1818 – The Treaty of 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom establishes the northern boundary as the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle. December 3, 1818 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state. February 2, 1819 – The Supreme Court under John Marshall rules in favor of Dartmouth College in the famous Dartmouth College v. Woodward case, allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution. March 6, 1819 – McCulloch v. Maryland: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional. 1819: The ʻAi Noa movement takes power in Hawaii. The city of Fernandina of Jagua (later Cienfuegos City) is founded in Cuba. December 14, 1819 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state. South America 1814: Guyana is transferred from the Netherlands to Britain; it is renamed British Guiana. August 22, 1817 – The city of Araraquara, Brazil is founded. The Spanish colony of New Granada declares independence as the Republic of Gran Colombia under President Simón Bolívar (1800–1900)* Stars the period of Latin American revolutions. Several states declare their independence from Spain. 1817: The Pernambucan Revolt breaks out in Brazil. Commerce Trading companies June 23, 1810 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company. September 8, 1810 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men establish the fur-trading town of Astoria. 1810: Palm oil sales from West Africa to Britain reach 1,000 tons. February 2, 1812 – Russia establishes a fur trading colony at Fort Ross, California. June 19, 1816 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Fur-Trading Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 1818: Lord Hastings, governor-general of India, gives approval to Sir Stamford Raffles to establish trading station at the southern tip of | Expansion North America May 1, 1810 – Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law. June 4, 1810 – The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is founded in Dedham, Massachusetts. 1811: The Red River Colony is founded in Manitoba, Canada. March 22, 1811 – The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 for Manhattan is presented. November 6, 1811 – Battle of Tippecanoe: American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American chief Tecumseh. February 11, 1812 – Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry invents gerrymandering. April 4, 1812 – U.S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom. April 30, 1812 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state. June 4, 1812 – Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the territory by that name is renamed the Missouri Territory. October 1812 – The capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg. November 5, 1812 – James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton in the U.S. presidential election. March 27, 1814 – Creek War – Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians. December 15, 1814 – The Hartford Convention is convened by members of the American Federalist Party. February – The Hartford Convention arrives in Washington, D.C.. August 24, 1816 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri. November 6, 1816 – James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U.S. presidential election. December 11, 1816 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state. 1816: The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter. The Era of Good Feelings (1816–1823/1824) in the U.S. March 3 President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill. U.S. Congress passes law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory effective in August. March 4, 1817 – James Monroe succeeds James Madison as President of the United States of America. April 29, 1817 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed. August 15, 1817 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, 4 months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state. November 20, 1817 – The First Seminole War begins in Florida. December 10, 1817 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory. April 4, 1818 – The U.S. Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 stars) with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union. August 1, 1818 – Separate Topographical Bureau of the War Department. October 20, 1818 – The Treaty of 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom establishes the northern boundary as the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle. December 3, 1818 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state. February 2, 1819 – The Supreme Court under John Marshall rules in favor of Dartmouth College in the famous Dartmouth College v. Woodward case, allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution. March 6, 1819 – McCulloch v. Maryland: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional. 1819: The ʻAi Noa movement takes power in Hawaii. The city of Fernandina of Jagua (later Cienfuegos City) is founded in Cuba. December 14, 1819 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state. South America 1814: Guyana is transferred from the Netherlands to Britain; it is renamed British Guiana. August 22, 1817 – The city of Araraquara, Brazil is founded. The Spanish colony of New Granada declares independence as the Republic of Gran Colombia under President Simón Bolívar (1800–1900)* Stars the period of Latin American revolutions. Several states declare their independence from Spain. 1817: The Pernambucan Revolt breaks out in Brazil. Commerce Trading companies June 23, 1810 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company. September 8, 1810 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men establish the fur-trading town of Astoria. 1810: Palm oil sales from West Africa to Britain reach 1,000 tons. February 2, 1812 – Russia establishes a fur trading colony at Fort Ross, California. June 19, 1816 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Fur-Trading Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 1818: Lord Hastings, governor-general of India, gives approval to Sir Stamford Raffles to establish trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore). 1818: The British East India Company controls territory occupied by 180 million Indians. January 29, 1819 – Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore. February 6, 1819 – A formal treaty between Hussein Shah of Johor and the British Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles establishes a trading settlement in Singapore. Establishments 1812: The Old Oscar Pepper Distillery (now the Woodford Reserve Distillery), the oldest Kentucky Bourbon distillery, is established along Glenn's Creek in Woodford County, Kentucky. February 3, 1815 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland. 1816: E. Remington and Sons (the famous firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company) is founded. April 7, 1818 – Brooks Brothers, the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the South Street Seaport now stands. March 20, 1819 – Burlington Arcade opens in London. Slavery, Serfdom and Labor 1810: Adult cotton spinners stage a general strike in Manchester. 1810: 18,000 Angolans are sold at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. January 8, 1811 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslandes in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana. March 23, 1816 – Estonia emancipates its peasants from serfdom. February 15, 1819 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise). August 16, 1819 – Peterloo Massacre: The cavalry charges into a crowd of protesters in Manchester, UK, resulting in 11 deaths and over 400 injuries. 1819: Serfdom is abolished in Livonia. Luddites The Luddites (1811–1816) in Britain were machine-wreckers, protesting against machines perceived as taking their jobs. November, 1811 – Luddite uprisings begin in northern England and the Midlands. February 27, 1812 – Poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against Industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire. March 15, 1812 – Luddites attack the wool processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire. Economics February 21, 1814 – Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814. January 2, 1819 – The Panic of 1819 (the first major financial crisis in the United States) begins. Science and technology Gas lighting becomes a practical technology and is implemented in cities in Europe and the United States. June – Nicolas Appert publishes L'art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les substances animales ou végétales, the first description of modern food preservation using airtight containers 1810: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe publishes his Theory of Colours. July 11, 1811 – Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoire about the molecular content of gases. February 12, 1812 – Napoleon authorizes the usage of "Mesures usuelles", a system of measurement introduced as compromise between the metric system and traditional French measurements. The system was restricted to use in the retail industry and continued in use until 1840, when the laws of measurement from the 1795 and 1799 were reinstituted. (see also: Units of measurement in France) 1813: Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Traité des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology. October 21, 1815 – Humphry Davy patents the miner's safety lamp for use in coal mining. January 9, 1816 – Sir Humphry Davy tests the Davy lamp for Miners at Hebburn Colliery. 1816 – René Laennec invents the stethoscope. 1816 – Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, then known as Stirling's air engine. John Kidd extracts naphthalene from coal tar. Astronomy March 25, 1811 – The Great Comet of 1811 is discovered by Honoré Flaugergues. July 1, 1819 – Johann Georg Tralles discovers the Great Comet of 1819, (C/1819 N1). It was the first comet analyzed using polarimetry, by François Arago. Steamboats The 1810s continued a trend of increasing commercial viability of steamboats in North America, following the early success of Robert Fulton and others in the preceding years. In 1811 the first in a continuously operating line of river steamboats left the dock at Pittsburgh to steam down the Ohio River to the Mississippi and on to New Orleans. Inventor John Stevens' boat, the Juliana, began operation as the first steam-powered ferry October 11, 1811, with service between New York, and Hoboken, New Jersey. John Molson's PS Accommodation was the first steamboat on the St. Lawrence and in Canada. Unlike Fulton, Molson did not show a profit. Molson had also two paddle steamboats "Swiftsure" of 1811 and "Malsham" of 1813 with engines by B&W. The experience of these vessels, especially that they could now offer a regular service, being independent of wind and weather, helped make the new system of propulsion commercially viable, and as a result its application to the more open waters of the Great Lakes was next considered. That idea went on hiatus due to the War of 1812. In a 25-day trip in 1815, the Enterprise further demonstrated the commercial potential of the steamboat with a 2,200-mile voyage from New Orleans to Pittsburgh.American Telegraph [Brownsville, Pa.], 5 July 1815: "Arrived at this port on Monday last, the Steam Boat Enterprize, Shreve, of Bridgeport, from New Orleans, in ballast, having discharged her cargo at Pittsburgh. She is the first steam boat that ever made the voyage to the Mouth of the Mississippi and back. She made the voyage from New Orleans to this port, in fifty four days, twenty days on which were employed in loading and unloading freight at different towns on the Mississippi and Ohio, so that she was only thirty four days in active service, in making her voyage, which our readers will remember must be performed against powerful currents, and is upwards of two thousand two hundred miles in length." In 1817, a consortium in Sackets Harbor, New York, funded the construction of the first US steamboat, Ontario, to run on Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes, beginning the growth of lake commercial and passenger traffic. The first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, Henry Bell's Comet of 1812, started a rapid expansion of steam services on the Firth of Clyde, and within four years a steamer service was in operation on the inland Loch Lomond, a forerunner of the lake steamers still gracing Swiss lakes. On the Clyde itself, within ten years of Comet's start in 1812 there were nearly fifty steamers, and services had started across the Irish Sea to Belfast and on many British estuaries. P.S."Thames", ex "Argyle" was the first seagoing steamer in Europe, having steamed from Glasgow to London in May 1815. P.S."Tug", the first tugboat, was launched by the Woods Brothers, Port Glasgow, on November 5, 1817; in the summer of 1817 she was the first steamboat to travel round the North of Scotland to the East Coast. The first steamship credited with crossing the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe was the American ship SS Savannah, though she was actually a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship. The SS Savannah left the port of Savannah, Georgia, on May 22, 1819, arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819; her steam engine having been in use for part of the time on 18 days (estimates vary from 8 to 80 hours). Locomotives July 25, 1814 –George Stephenson tests his locomotive Blucher successfully. February 6, 1815 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to a John Stevens. 1816: A rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive is developed. Other transportation July 4, 1817 – At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins. 1818 - Baron Karl Drais patents the laufmaschine, a forerunner to the bicycle Natural events December 16, 1811 – The New Madrid earthquake in Mississippi Valley near New Madrid reverses the course of the river for a while. Other earthquakes along the fault occur on January 23, 1812, and February 7, 1812. February 7, 1812 – The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8; March 26, 1812 – An earthquake destroys Caracas, Venezuela. April, 1817 – An earthquake strikes Palermo, Italy. August 23, 1817 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths. Year Without a Summer April 5–April 12, 1815 – Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during an eruption, killing upwards of 92,000 and propelling thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). The following year (1816) becomes known as "Year Without a Summer", as the high level gases reflect sunlight and cause the widespread cooling (known as a volcanic winter) and heavy rains, snows in June and July in the northern hemisphere, and widespread crop failures. Culture Literature Lord Byron, regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential, wrote his most well-known work during this decade. Amongst Byron's works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. Other events in literature: December 20, 1812 - The first volume of Grimm's Fairy Tales is published. January 28, 1813 – Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is published. September, 1813 – Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate of Britain. 1813: The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is founded (the oldest continuously existing literary society in the United States). 1814: Missionaries attempt to write down the Māori language. 1814: Sir Walter Scott writes Waverley. 1816: Jane Austen's Emma is published. 1817: Samuel Taylor Coleridge publishes Biographia Literaria. January 1, 1818 – Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is published. Fashion Theatre 1818: Old Vic founded (as Royal Coburg Hall). Music April 27, 1810 – Beethoven composes his famous piano piece, Für Elise. January 24, 1813 – The Philharmonic Society founded in London (later the Royal Philharmonic Society). December 8, 1813 – Beethoven's seventh symphony is performed for the first time in Vienna. February 27, 1814 – Beethoven's eighth symphony is performed for the first time in Vienna, less than three months after his seventh symphony was first performed. Beethoven reportedly told one of his pupils that the seventh symphony was more popular because his eighth symphony was better. It would be over ten years before the first performance of his next symphony in Vienna. February 20, 1816 – Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville debuts at Teatro Argentina, with a fiasco. December 24, 1818 – Silent Night composed by Franz Xaver Gruber and Josef Mohr. Other 1815: First-class cricket begins. 1817: Elgin Marbles are displayed in the British Museum. 1818: The first edition of the Farmer's Almanac is published. People Authors Mary Shelley (Frankenstein) Disasters June 9, 1811 – The Great fire of the Podil breaks out in Kiev, Ukraine. May 25, 1812 – Felling mine disaster: A mine explosion at the Felling colliery near Jarrow, England, leaves 96 dead. February 12, 1814 – A fire destroys the Custom House in London. October – A large vat full of porter (beer) owned by Meux's Brewery of London bursts, demolishing houses and killing 9 people. See London Beer Flood. May 30, 1815 – The Arniston, an East Indiaman repatriating wounded troops to England from Ceylon, is wrecked near Waenhuiskrans, South Africa with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board. September 23, 1815 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years. October 3, 1815 – The Chassigny Mars meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France. February 12, 1816 – Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland. July 17, 1816 – The French passenger ship Medusa'' runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government. June 25, 1817 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison; |
350s BC 356 BC: Shang Yang implemented his first set of reforms in Qin. 340s BC 344 BC: Duke Hui of Wei is the first to claim the royal title of king (Chinese: 王) for himself, proclaiming themselves fully independent kingdoms. 344 BC: The rulers of Qi and Wei mutually recognized each other as "kings": King Wei of Qi and King Hui of Wei, in effect declaring their independence from the Zhou court. 343 BC: State of Qi wins the Battle of Maling over Wei that takes place in Maling, currently Dazhangjia Town, Shen County, Henan Province, during the Warring States period. After the death of Pang Juan, Prince Shen was captured by Qi. The power of the state of Wei decreased considerably after this battle. 330s BC 338 BC: King Huiwen becomes ruler of Qin. 331 BC: Alexander the Great Wins the Battle of Gaugamela, effectively ending Persian hegemony. He would spend much of the 330s conquering the remnants of the Achaemenid Empire. 331 BC: Chu rises to its peak in 334 BC, when it conquers Yue to its east on the Pacific coast. 320s BC 323 BC: In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies, ten days after being taken ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout. 323 BC: The Partition of Babylon sets out the division of the territories conquered by Alexander the Great between his generals. The partition is a result of a compromise, essentially brokered by Eumenes, following a conflict of opinion between the party of Meleager, who wishes to give full power to Philip III, and the party of Perdiccas, who wishes to wait for the birth of the heir of Alexander and his wife, Roxana to give him the throne under the control of a regent. 310s BC 316 BC: Qin conquers Shu and Ba. 314 BC: Upon the ascension of King Nan, East Zhou becomes an independent state. The king comes to reside in what becomes known as West Zhou. 311 BC: King Hui of Qin dies, follows by prime minister Zhang Yi one year later. The new monarch, King Wu, reigns only four years before dying without legitimate heirs. 300s BC 309 BC: Ptolemy personally commands a fleet that captures the coastal regions of Lycia and Caria from Antigonus. 309 BC: Cassander, who has held Roxana, widow of Alexander the Great, in prison for a number of years, has her put to death along with her young son Alexander, the nominal King Alexander IV of Macedon. 309 BC: Soon after the State of Qin has conquered the State of Shu (in modern-day Sichuan province), they employ the Shu engineer Bi Ling to create the Guanxian irrigation system, which will eventually provide for over five million people in an area of 40 to , still in use today. 308 BC: Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara. 308 BC: Ptolemy makes peace with Cassander 308 BC: Cleopatra of Macedon is assassinated by the order of Antigonus 307 BC: Ptolemy founds the Museum and Library of Alexandria with the help of Demetrius Phalereus. Like Alexander the Great, Ptolemy has studied under Aristotle and staffs the museum with some 100 professors paid by the state. 307 BC: The city of Segesta in Sicily is destroyed by Agathocles. 307 BC: The Chinese King Wuling of Zhao reforms the military of the State of Zhao by putting more emphasis on cavalry over charioteers. 304 BC: The tyrant Agathocles takes on the title of King of Sicily. He extends his influence into southern Italy and the Adriatic. 304 BC: The Mauryan emperor Chandragupta defeats Seleucos I as he tries to invade India.</onlyinclude> 301 BC: The southern part of Syria is occupied by Ptolemy. Significant people Politics Alexander the Great, king of Macedon Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Macedonian diadoch Antipater, Macedonian statesman Appius Claudius Caecus, Roman statesman Atropates, Persian nobleman that founded an independent kingdom Bessus, Persian satrap of Bactria Cassander, King of Macedon Chandragupta Maurya, Founder of the "Mauryan Dynasty" Craterus, Macedonian diadoch Darius III, king of the Achaemenid Empire Demetrius Poliocretes, King of Macedon Demosthenes, Athenian statesman and orator Dhana Nanda, last emperor of the Nanda dynasty Duke Xiao of Qin, ruler of Qin Epaminondas, Theban statesman King Wuling of Zhao, ruler of Zhao Lysimachus, Macedonian diadoch and king of Thrace Mahapadma Nanda, founding emperor of the Nanda dynasty Manius Curius Dentatus, Roman statesman Nakhthorheb, last native Pharaoh of Egypt Pelopidas, Theban statesman Perdiccas, Macedonian diadoch Philip II, King of Macedon Ptolemy I Soter, Macedonian diadoch and king of Egypt Porus, | Wins the Battle of Gaugamela, effectively ending Persian hegemony. He would spend much of the 330s conquering the remnants of the Achaemenid Empire. 331 BC: Chu rises to its peak in 334 BC, when it conquers Yue to its east on the Pacific coast. 320s BC 323 BC: In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies, ten days after being taken ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout. 323 BC: The Partition of Babylon sets out the division of the territories conquered by Alexander the Great between his generals. The partition is a result of a compromise, essentially brokered by Eumenes, following a conflict of opinion between the party of Meleager, who wishes to give full power to Philip III, and the party of Perdiccas, who wishes to wait for the birth of the heir of Alexander and his wife, Roxana to give him the throne under the control of a regent. 310s BC 316 BC: Qin conquers Shu and Ba. 314 BC: Upon the ascension of King Nan, East Zhou becomes an independent state. The king comes to reside in what becomes known as West Zhou. 311 BC: King Hui of Qin dies, follows by prime minister Zhang Yi one year later. The new monarch, King Wu, reigns only four years before dying without legitimate heirs. 300s BC 309 BC: Ptolemy personally commands a fleet that captures the coastal regions of Lycia and Caria from Antigonus. 309 BC: Cassander, who has held Roxana, widow of Alexander the Great, in prison for a number of years, has her put to death along with her young son Alexander, the nominal King Alexander IV of Macedon. 309 BC: Soon after the State of Qin has conquered the State of Shu (in modern-day Sichuan province), they employ the Shu engineer Bi Ling to create the Guanxian irrigation system, which will eventually provide for over five million people in an area of 40 to , still in use today. 308 BC: Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara. 308 BC: Ptolemy makes peace with Cassander 308 BC: Cleopatra of Macedon is assassinated by the order of Antigonus 307 BC: Ptolemy founds the Museum and Library of Alexandria with the help of Demetrius Phalereus. Like Alexander the Great, Ptolemy has studied under Aristotle and staffs the museum with some 100 professors paid by the state. 307 BC: The city of Segesta in Sicily is destroyed by Agathocles. 307 BC: The Chinese King Wuling of Zhao reforms the military of the State of Zhao by putting more emphasis on cavalry over charioteers. 304 BC: The tyrant Agathocles takes on the title of King of Sicily. He extends his influence into southern Italy and the Adriatic. 304 BC: The Mauryan emperor Chandragupta defeats Seleucos I as he tries to invade India.</onlyinclude> 301 BC: The southern part of Syria is occupied by Ptolemy. Significant people Politics Alexander the Great, king of Macedon Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Macedonian diadoch Antipater, Macedonian statesman Appius Claudius Caecus, Roman statesman Atropates, Persian nobleman that founded an independent kingdom Bessus, Persian satrap of Bactria Cassander, King of Macedon Chandragupta Maurya, Founder of the "Mauryan Dynasty" Craterus, Macedonian diadoch Darius III, king of the Achaemenid Empire Demetrius Poliocretes, King of Macedon Demosthenes, Athenian statesman and orator Dhana Nanda, last emperor of the Nanda dynasty Duke Xiao of Qin, ruler of Qin Epaminondas, Theban statesman King Wuling of Zhao, ruler of Zhao Lysimachus, Macedonian diadoch and king of Thrace Mahapadma Nanda, founding emperor of the Nanda dynasty Manius Curius Dentatus, Roman statesman Nakhthorheb, last native Pharaoh of Egypt Pelopidas, Theban statesman Perdiccas, Macedonian diadoch Philip II, King of Macedon Ptolemy I Soter, Macedonian diadoch and king of Egypt Porus, King of the Pauravas, in the Indian Subcontinent Seleucus I Nicator, Macedonian diadoh and founder of the Seleucid Empire Shang Yang, Chinese statesman Su Qin, Chinese politician and strategist Military leaders Hephaestion, Macedonian general Pang Juan, Chinese general Parmenion, Macedonian general Tian Ji, Chinese general Zhang Yi, Chinese strategist Visual arts Apelles, Greek painter Cephisodotus the Elder, Greek sculptor Leochares, Greek sculptor Lysippos, Greek sculptor Praxiteles, Greek sculptor Scopas, Greek sculptor and architect Literature Demetrius of Phalerum, Greek rhetorician Isocrates, Greek rhetorician and writer Menander, Greek playwright Onesicritus, Greek historical writer Qu Yuan, Chinese poet Simonides of Ceos, Greek lyric poet Xenophon, Greek historian and writer Science and philosophy Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Greek rhetorician and historian. Antisthenes, Greek philosopher Archytas, Greek philosopher Aristippus, Greek philosopher Aristotle, Greek philosopher Callisthenes, Greek historian Chanakya, Indian economist and political advisor Crates of Thebes, Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinope, Greek philosopher Epicurus, Greek philosopher Mencius, Chinese philosopher Panini, Indian philosopher and writer Plato, Greek philosopher Pyrrho, Greek philosopher Socrates, Greek Philosopher Speusippus, Greek philosopher Sun Bin, Chinese author and military strategist Theophrastus, Greek philosopher Wu Qi, Chinese military strategist and philosopher Xenocrates, Greek philosopher Xenophon, Greek philosopher, writer and historian Zeno of Citium, Greek philosopher Zhuangzi, Chinese philosopher Health professionals Agnodice, female Athenian physician and midwife Inventions, discoveries, introductions Oldest Brāhmī script dates from this period. Brāhmī is the ancestor of Brahmic scripts, used in much of India and Southeast Asia. Romans build their first aqueduct. Chinese use the handheld trigger crossbow for the first time. The first crossbow, the gastraphetes, is invented at Syracuse. (pre-421 BC) Burnt brick 'or fired bricks' were first used in Mediterranean civilizations. Donkey-powered mills or 'Pompeiian Mills' were first used in Greece and Italy. In Greece, Aristotle proposes the division of the known sciences. Torque with lion's-head terminals, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) was made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris. Daric, a coin first minted under Darius I of Persia is made. It is now kept in Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Second half of the 4th century BC – Tomb II, so |
becomes supreme commander (magister militum) of the Western Roman army. Empress Galla Placidia gives him considerable influence over imperial policy. Europa The Huns are united by King Rugila (also called Rua) on the Hungarian Plain. He exacts annual peace payments from the Eastern Roman Empire. By topic Art The Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine (Rome) is finished by Priest Petrus of Illyria. Assembly begins on The Parting of Lot and Abraham, a mosaic in the nave arcade of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Religion July 27 – | Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine (Rome) is finished by Priest Petrus of Illyria. Assembly begins on The Parting of Lot and Abraham, a mosaic in the nave arcade of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Religion July 27 – Pope Celestine I dies after a 10-year reign in which he led a vigorous policy against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Sixtus III as the 44th pope. Saint Patrick, Roman Britain-born missionary, is consecrated a bishop and converts the Irish to Christianity until |
the first London performance of his concert overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, and his trip to Fingal's Cave. April 1 – Vicente Guerrero becomes president of Mexico. April 4 – The Mexican city of Cuautla, Morelos is founded. April 13 – The Catholic Relief Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, granting a substantial measure of Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland. May 6 – The patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by Cyrill Demian (officially approved on May 23). May 15 – Joseph Smith claims to have received the Aaronic Priesthood from John the Baptist. June 1 – The Philadelphia Inquirer is founded, as The Pennsylvania Inquirer. June 3 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western third of the Australian landmass for the British. June 5 – Slave trade: captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba. June 10 – The Oxford University Boat Club wins the first inter-university Boat Race, rowed at Henley-on-Thames. June 19 – Robert Peel establishes the Metropolitan Police Service in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nickname "bobbies", go on patrol on September 29. July–September July 2 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Trans-Balkan Offensive, which brings the Russian army within of Istanbul. July 4 – George Shillibeer begins operating the first bus service in London. July 23 – In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter, the typographer. August 3 – Gioacchino Rossini's opera William Tell (Guillaume Tell) is first performed, in Paris. August 8 – France: The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France. August 10 – Finsteraarhorn, the highest summit of the Bernese Alps, is first ascended. August 12 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship Sulphur, cuts down a tree to mark the founding day of the town of Perth, Western Australia. August 14 – King's College London is founded by Royal Charter, under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister, The Duke of Wellington. September 14 – The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, thus ending the Russo-Turkish War. September 28 – African-American abolitionist David Walker publishes his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, in Boston, Massachusetts. October–December October 1 – South African College is inaugurated in Cape Town. October 6-14 – Rail transport: Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials. October 16 – The first modern hotel in the United States opens, Tremont House (Boston). October 17 – Kaspar Hauser is found wounded. November 5 Technical University of Denmark (DTU) opens. The Chalmers University of Technology is founded in Gothenburg, Sweden. November 30 – The original Welland Canal opens for a trial run, with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie, Upper Canada. December 4 – India: In the face of fierce opposition, British Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation, declaring that all who abet suttee (the self-immolation of a widow on a bonfire at her husband's funeral) in India are guilty of culpable homicide. Births January–June January 1 – Tommaso Salvini, Italian actor (d. 1915) January 3 – Konrad Duden, German philologist (d. 1911) January 10 – Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1879) January 17 – Catherine Booth, English Mother of The Salvation Army (d. 1890) January 21 – King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907) January 27 – Isaac Roberts, Welsh astronomer (d. 1904) February 2 Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884) William Stanley, British inventor, engineer (d. 1909) February 22 – Princess Sumiko, Japanese princess (d. 1881) February 26 – Levi Strauss, American clothing designer (d. 1902) March 2 – Carl Schurz, German revolutionary, American statesman (d. 1906) March 14 – Pierre-Hector Coullié, Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyon (d. 1912) March 16 – George M. Robeson, American politician (d. 1897) March 19 – | police force. The first officers, known by the nickname "bobbies", go on patrol on September 29. July–September July 2 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Trans-Balkan Offensive, which brings the Russian army within of Istanbul. July 4 – George Shillibeer begins operating the first bus service in London. July 23 – In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter, the typographer. August 3 – Gioacchino Rossini's opera William Tell (Guillaume Tell) is first performed, in Paris. August 8 – France: The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France. August 10 – Finsteraarhorn, the highest summit of the Bernese Alps, is first ascended. August 12 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship Sulphur, cuts down a tree to mark the founding day of the town of Perth, Western Australia. August 14 – King's College London is founded by Royal Charter, under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister, The Duke of Wellington. September 14 – The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, thus ending the Russo-Turkish War. September 28 – African-American abolitionist David Walker publishes his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, in Boston, Massachusetts. October–December October 1 – South African College is inaugurated in Cape Town. October 6-14 – Rail transport: Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials. October 16 – The first modern hotel in the United States opens, Tremont House (Boston). October 17 – Kaspar Hauser is found wounded. November 5 Technical University of Denmark (DTU) opens. The Chalmers University of Technology is founded in Gothenburg, Sweden. November 30 – The original Welland Canal opens for a trial run, with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie, Upper Canada. December 4 – India: In the face of fierce opposition, British Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation, declaring that all who abet suttee (the self-immolation of a widow on a bonfire at her husband's funeral) in India are guilty of culpable homicide. Births January–June January 1 – Tommaso Salvini, Italian actor (d. 1915) January 3 – Konrad Duden, German philologist (d. 1911) January 10 – Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1879) January 17 – Catherine Booth, English Mother of The Salvation Army (d. 1890) January 21 – King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907) January 27 – Isaac Roberts, Welsh astronomer (d. 1904) February 2 Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884) William Stanley, British inventor, engineer (d. 1909) February 22 – Princess Sumiko, Japanese princess (d. 1881) February 26 – Levi Strauss, American clothing designer (d. 1902) March 2 – Carl Schurz, German revolutionary, American statesman (d. 1906) March 14 – Pierre-Hector Coullié, Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyon (d. 1912) March 16 – George M. Robeson, American politician (d. 1897) March 19 – Carl Frederik Tietgen, Danish financier, industrialist (d. 1901) April 10 – William Booth, British founder of The Salvation Army (d. 1912) May 8 – Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American composer, pianist (d. 1869) June 4 – Allan Octavian Hume, British civil servant (d. 1912) June 5 – George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, Scottish-Canadian businessman, philanthropist (d. 1921) June 6 – Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (d. 1862) June 8 – Sir John Everett Millais, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1896) June 14 – Bernard Petitjean, French Catholic missionary to Japan (d. 1884) June 16 – Geronimo, indigenous American (Apache) leader (d. 1909) July–December July 2 – Martis Karin Ersdotter, Swedish businesswoman (died 1902) July 14 – Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1896) July 26 – Auguste Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912) August 24 – Emanuella Carlbeck, Swedish social reformer (d. 1901) September 3 – Adolf Eugen Fick, German-born physician, physiologist (d. 1901) September 7 – August Kekulé, German chemist (d. 1896) September 12 – Anselm Feuerbach, German painter (d. 1880) October 1 – Sidney Hill, English philanthropist (d. 1908) October 5 – Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (d. 1886) October 13 – Jules Pellechet, French architect (d. 1903) October 15 – Asaph Hall, American astronomer (d. 1907) November 9 – Sir Peter Lumsden, British general in the Indian army (d. 1918) November 10 - Newton Knight, American farmer, soldier and Southern Unionist in Mississippi and Civil War guerrilla (d. 1922) November 28 – Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist, composer (d. 1894) date unknown – Anna Haslam, Irish women's rights activist, suffragist (d. 1922) Deaths |
Byzantine–Sassanid War: King Khosrau II captures Ancyra, an important Byzantine military base in central Anatolia. After the conquest of Egypt and Palestine, he restores the Persian Empire as it existed in 490 BC under Darius I. The Slavs invade the area around Thessaloniki, which is unsuccessfully besieged. The city becomes a Byzantine enclave surrounded by Slavic territory. Urban life disappears and many towns in the Balkan Peninsula become villages. Britain The Angles under King Edwin of Northumbria invade Rheged ("Old North") in Northern England, and expel King Llywarch Hen. He flees to Powys, and becomes a famous bard. Edwin's armies fight against Gododdin and Strathclyde. Asia King Pulakeshin II defeats the Harsha army on the banks of the Narmada River. Harsha loses a major part of his elephant force and retreats. A truce establishes Narmada as the northern boundary of the Chalukya Kingdom (India). America The town of Cholula is founded in central Mexico | Thessaloniki, which is unsuccessfully besieged. The city becomes a Byzantine enclave surrounded by Slavic territory. Urban life disappears and many towns in the Balkan Peninsula become villages. Britain The Angles under King Edwin of Northumbria invade Rheged ("Old North") in Northern England, and expel King Llywarch Hen. He flees to Powys, and becomes a famous bard. Edwin's armies fight against Gododdin and Strathclyde. Asia King Pulakeshin II defeats the Harsha army on the banks of the Narmada River. Harsha loses a major part of his elephant force and retreats. A truce establishes Narmada as the northern boundary of the Chalukya Kingdom (India). America The town of Cholula is founded in central Mexico (later said to be the oldest continuously occupied town in all of North America). By topic Religion Weltenburg Abbey in Bavaria (Germany) is founded by Benedictine monks. Isra and Mi'raj (Muhammad's ascension to heaven to meet God). Births Cedd, bishop of London |
starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 621 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Heraclius concludes a peace agreement (in exchange for an annual tribute) with the Avars on the Balkan Peninsula, giving him a free hand to assemble Byzantine forces in Asia Minor, for non-military expenditure against the Persian Empire. The city of Málaga, in southern Spain in the province | at Luoyang following Dou Jiande's defeat. Gaozu spares his life, but he is later assassinated. By topic Religion According to tradition, Muhammad, Islamic prophet, is said to have visited heaven aboard the steed/unicorn with wings or Buraq, in the Isra wal-Miraj, (the Night Journey), from Mecca to Jerusalem and then to heaven from Jerusalem's Temple Mount, then back to Mecca. Technology The Chinese establish an imperial bureau for the manufacture of porcelain. Their technology will advance further under the Tang Dynasty (approximate date). Births Ardashir III, king of the Persian Empire (d. 629) Gertrude of Nivelles, Frankish abbess (d. 659) Suraqah al-Bariqi, Arab poet (d. 698) Deaths November 15 – Malo, Welsh bishop Dou Jiande, general of the Sui Dynasty (b. 573) Dou Kang, general of the Sui Dynasty Reccared II, king of the Visigoths Sisebut, king of the Visigoths Wang Shichong, general of the Sui Dynasty Xiao Xian, prince of the |
invasion of Gansu: Tang forces under Chai Shao defeat the Tuyuhun, and prevent further incursions into Gansu (China). By topic Art Tori Busshi makes "Shaka Triad", in the kon-dō of Hōryū-ji, during the Asuka period (approximate date). Religion The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Ka'ba. Muhammad abandons Saturday as the Sabbath. Births March 28 – Marwan I, Muslim Caliph (d. 685) Deaths Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 549) Liu Heita, rebel leader during the Tang Dynasty Lupus of Sens, French bishop (approximate date) Pingyang, princess of the Tang Dynasty (b. 598) Su Wei, high official of the Sui Dynasty (b. 542) Xu Yuanlang, rebel leader during the Sui | secures the throne to establish his own kingdom, which stretches from the upper Elbe to the Danube. Asia Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu: Tang forces under Chai Shao defeat the Tuyuhun, and prevent further incursions into Gansu (China). By topic Art Tori Busshi makes "Shaka Triad", in the kon-dō of Hōryū-ji, during the Asuka period (approximate date). Religion The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Ka'ba. Muhammad abandons Saturday as the Sabbath. Births March 28 – Marwan |
Tarquinian conspiracy is formed yet discovered, and the conspirators are executed. Forces of Veii and Tarquinii, led by the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, are defeated in the Battle of Silva Arsia by the Roman army. Consul Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first republican triumph on March 1. September 13—The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September. Carthage signs a treaty with Rome, delineating their respective spheres. Deaths Lucius Junius Brutus, Roman consul and founder of the Roman republic (traditional date) Titus Junius Brutus and Tiberius Junius Brutus, brothers (and sons of the consul Lucius Junius Brutus) together with their two uncles the Vitellii and three | (traditional date) The first pair of Roman consuls are elected. The Tarquinian conspiracy is formed yet discovered, and the conspirators are executed. Forces of Veii and Tarquinii, led by the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, are defeated in the Battle of Silva Arsia by the Roman army. Consul Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first republican triumph on March 1. September 13—The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September. Carthage signs a treaty with Rome, delineating their respective spheres. Deaths Lucius Junius Brutus, Roman consul and founder of the Roman republic (traditional date) Titus Junius Brutus and Tiberius Junius Brutus, |
and lands with an army (15 legions) at Panormus in Dalmatia. He marches to Toryne in the south, and establishes a bridgehead at the Gulf of Ambracia. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa sails with 300 war galleys to the western Peloponnese, and occupies strategic positions around the Gulf of Corinth to cut off Antony's line of communication. Antony, alerted by Octavian's presence, sets up camp on the southern shore, at the promontory of Actium. He dispatches a force to isolate the camp of Octavian in the valley of Louros. Agrippa storms Leucas, giving Octavian an anchorage and a second depot for his land supplies. He seizes the garrison at Patrae, and takes Antony's headquarters. Amyntas, king of Galatia, deserts with 2,000 cavalry to Octavian. One-third of Antony's oarsmen are lost to malnutrition, disease and desertion. September 2 – Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats naval forces under Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. The Egyptian fleet (60 warships), including Cleopatra's treasure ship, retreats to Taenarus. Antony transfers his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line. Winter – Octavian (32 years old) takes court at Samos. After his | south, and establishes a bridgehead at the Gulf of Ambracia. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa sails with 300 war galleys to the western Peloponnese, and occupies strategic positions around the Gulf of Corinth to cut off Antony's line of communication. Antony, alerted by Octavian's presence, sets up camp on the southern shore, at the promontory of Actium. He dispatches a force to isolate the camp of Octavian in the valley of Louros. Agrippa storms Leucas, giving Octavian an anchorage and a second depot for his land supplies. He seizes the garrison at Patrae, and takes Antony's headquarters. Amyntas, king of Galatia, deserts with 2,000 cavalry to Octavian. One-third of Antony's oarsmen are lost to malnutrition, disease and desertion. September 2 – Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats naval forces under Mark |
Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Republic/Empire Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time. January 16 – Octavian formally returns full power to the Senate; they give him the titles of Princeps and Augustus. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of Romulus, thus becoming first Roman emperor. Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduces the number of legions to 26 and creates the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men). Augustus forms the Classis Misenensis, based in the harbor of Portus Julius at Misenum. Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior into Baetica and Lusitania, and enlarges Hispania Citerior. Northern statue of | 27 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Second Consulship of Octavian and Agrippa (or, less frequently, year 727 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 27 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Republic/Empire Gaius Julius Caesar |
the title imperium pro consule. Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus) falls ill from a fever shortly after his uncle recovers and dies at the age of nineteen while serving as an aedile. The Nubians, led by queen Kandake Amanirenas, take the initiative against the Roman Empire, and attack the Roman province of Egypt moving towards Elephantine. In response to Meroë's incursions into Upper Egypt, the Roman legions move south and raze Napata. (History of Sudan). Herod the Great builds a palace in Jerusalem and the fortress Herodian in Judaea. He also marries his third wife, named Mariamne, the daughter of high priest Simon. Following coinage reform, the as is struck in reddish pure copper, instead of bronze. The denominations of sestertius and dupondius are introduced as large bronze coins. Osroene Ma'nu III Saphul becomes ruler of Osroene. By topic Architecture The Roman writer, architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio finishes writing De Architectura (known today as The Ten | Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Caesar Augustus becomes Roman consul for the eleventh time. His co-consul is Aulus Terentius Varro Murena. Augustus relinquishes the position of consul, retains that of tribune of Rome, and assumes that of Princeps, or "First Citizen." (see Roman Empire). Augustus gets seriously ill: he gives Agrippa his signet ring and grants him the title imperium pro consule. Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus) falls ill from a fever shortly after his uncle recovers and dies at the age of nineteen while serving as an aedile. The Nubians, led by queen Kandake Amanirenas, take the |
The denomination 12 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus and Publius Sulpicius Quirinius are Roman consuls. Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmataeians. Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the | Roman Empire Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus and Publius Sulpicius Quirinius are Roman consuls. Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmataeians. Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine. First official mention of Argentoratum, the city known in modern times as Strasbourg. Emperor Augustus is given the title Pontifex Maximus. Approximate date – Pyramid of Cestius erected in Rome. India King Azes II dies. The rule of the Indo-Scythians crumbles as the Kushans, one of the five tribes |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Appuleius (or, less frequently, year 767 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 14 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Augustus' third (and final) 20-year census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,973,000 citizens. August 19 – Augustus, the first Roman emperor, dies and is declared to be a god. September 18 – Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Roman emperor. Legions on the Rhine mutiny after the death of | Roman Empire Augustus' third (and final) 20-year census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,973,000 citizens. August 19 – Augustus, the first Roman emperor, dies and is declared to be a god. September 18 – Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Roman emperor. Legions on the Rhine mutiny after the death of Augustus; Germanicus restores discipline amongst the legions. Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany, beginning a campaign that will end in |
calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ends the threat to the Romans from Germanic tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection. Germanicus Julius Caesar, commander in chief of the Roman legions in the East and beloved by the legionaries, falls ill and dies. On his deathbed he accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him. Emperor Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily. Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso of having assassinated her husband Germanicus Julius | its protection. Germanicus Julius Caesar, commander in chief of the Roman legions in the East and beloved by the legionaries, falls ill and dies. On his deathbed he accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him. Emperor Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily. Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso of having assassinated her husband Germanicus Julius Caesar in Antioch. However, there is no credible evidence and the charge is never proven. (In ancient times, when medical science was not advanced, poison was usually suspected whenever a young, healthy person died suddenly. There was no way to pinpoint and trace the substance after death; therefore, it was considered a quick, easy and non-traceable form of homicide.) A triumphal arch is built for Germanicus Julius Caesar in Saintes. Parthia King Vonones I is removed to Cilicia and |
year 790 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 37 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire March 18 – The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius's will, and proclaims Caligula as Roman Emperor, nullifying the joint claim of Tiberius Gemellus. Caligula's attempt to have himself deified creates friction between himself and the | He recovers from his illness, but Caligula turns toward the diabolical: he starts to kill off those who are close to him, whom he sees as a serious threat. By topic Earthquake April 9 – An earthquake destroys Antioch. Religion Abilene is granted to King Agrippa I. Peter the Apostle founds the Church of Antioch (approximate date). The Pharisee Saul of Tarsus is converted to Christianity, after a vision. After the year 39, he is recognised as Saint Paul. Births December 15 – Nero, Roman emperor (d. 68 AD) Josephus, Romano-Jewish historian (d. c. 100 AD) Deaths March 16 – Tiberius, Roman emperor (b. 42 BC) May 1 – Antonia |
Servius Sulpicius Galba, as Roman Emperor. Legio I Macriana liberatrix and Legio I Adiutrix are created. Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, father of Trajan, becomes consul. Trajan moves to Scythopolis and crosses the Jordan River with Legio X Fretensis. He lays siege to Jericho and destroys the monastery of Qumran, where the Dead Sea Scrolls are originated. Winter – Titus sets up camp at Jericho and the Romans cut off escape routes toward Jerusalem. Venutius successfully deposes his wife Cartimandua and becomes the ruler of the Brigantes. Asia An iron chain suspension bridge is constructed in China. Kingdom of Funan is established in the Mekong Delta, the first known civilization in Southeast Asia. The capital city is Vyadhapura or modern-day Ba Phnum District in Cambodia. By topic Religion Buddhism officially arrives in China with the building of the White Horse Temple. Ignatius of Antioch becomes the third bishop of Antioch. The Gospel of Mark is written; and latest date for Second Epistle of Peter if of Petrine composition (approximate date). The Essenes place the Dead | now used throughout the world. Events By place Roman Empire Final year that Tacitus records Annals, a written history of the Roman Empire. Lucius Clodius Macer revolts against the reign of Nero. The Senate declare Nero as persona non grata June 9 – Emperor Nero commits suicide four miles outside Rome. He is deserted by the Praetorian Guard, and then stabs himself in the throat. June 9 – The Roman Senate accepts Servius Sulpicius Galba, as Roman Emperor. Legio I Macriana liberatrix and Legio I Adiutrix are created. Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, father of Trajan, becomes consul. Trajan moves to Scythopolis and crosses the Jordan River with Legio X Fretensis. He lays siege to Jericho and destroys the monastery of Qumran, where the Dead Sea Scrolls are originated. Winter – |
Flavians under Antonius Primus defeat the Vitellians. December 22 – Vitellius is captured and murdered by the Gemonian stairs. Vespasian becomes emperor. Judea: The Jewish Revolt – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem; the city is captured the following year by his son Titus. Josephus, Jewish rebel leader, is dragged before Vespasian and becomes his historian (he "prophesied" him his elevation to the purple). Legio I Macriana liberatrix is disbanded. The Flavian dynasty starts. </onlyinclude> Births Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Roman historian (approximate date) Polycarpus, bishop and martyr of Smyrna (d. AD 155) Deaths January 15 Cornelius Laco, Roman praetorian prefect (murdered) Sempronius Densus, Roman bodyguard (killed) Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, Roman deputy emperor (b. AD 38) Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman emperor (b. 3 BC) April 16 – Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman emperor (b. AD 32) December 20 – Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul (murdered) December 22 – Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, Roman emperor (b. AD 15) Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes (approximate date) Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus, Roman praetorian prefect (suicide) Locusta, Roman female poison expert to Nero (executed) Lucius Vitellius (the Younger), Roman politician (executed) Marcus Hordeonius Flaccus, Roman politician (murdered) Sextilia, mother of Aulus Vitellius | after a mutiny of Legio XX Valeria Victrix at Deva Victrix (Chester). April 14 – First Battle of Bedriacum: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions; Otho commits suicide. April 17 – After the Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes emperor. Marcus Vettius Bolanus becomes the new governor of Britain and faces a second insurrection of Venutius, king of the Brigantes. July 1 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as emperor. August 1 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under the leadership of Gaius Julius Civilis. German warbands cross over to join the revolt and attack the fortress at Mainz. The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier; Fectio and Traiectum (modern Utrecht) are destroyed. In Gallia Belgica, cohors II Tungrorum, raised from the inhabitants of Atuatuca Tungrorum in the north-west of the Ardennes Forest, revolt against the Romans. The Danubian legions of Raetia and Moesia proclaim Vespasian as emperor. October 24 – Second Battle of Bedriacum: Flavians under Antonius Primus defeat the Vitellians. December 22 – Vitellius is captured and murdered by the Gemonian stairs. Vespasian becomes emperor. Judea: The Jewish Revolt – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem; the city is captured the following year by his son Titus. Josephus, Jewish rebel leader, is dragged before Vespasian and becomes his historian (he "prophesied" him his elevation to the purple). Legio I Macriana liberatrix is disbanded. The Flavian dynasty starts. </onlyinclude> Births Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Roman historian (approximate date) Polycarpus, bishop and martyr of Smyrna (d. AD 155) Deaths January 15 Cornelius Laco, |
dies soon after. Plautius halts at the Thames and sends for the Emperor. September – Emperor Claudius, who arrives with reinforcements including war elephants, leads the march on Camulodunum (modern Colchester). Eleven British kings, probably including those of the Iceni and Brigantes, submit without a fight. Plautius becomes first Governor of Roman Britain. Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west. The Romans begin to construct forts, such as at Peterborough, and a road that later becomes Ermine Street. The Romans capture a Brythonic settlement at Kent and rename it Durovernum Cantiacorum (modern Canterbury); and establish a Roman fort to guard the crossing of the Kentish River Stour. Roman London (Londinium) is established on the Thames. Roman Empire Julia Livia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar, is executed at the instigation of Claudius' wife Messalina. Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia | of Roman Britain. Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west. The Romans begin to construct forts, such as at Peterborough, and a road that later becomes Ermine Street. The Romans capture a Brythonic settlement at Kent and rename it Durovernum Cantiacorum (modern Canterbury); and establish a Roman fort to guard the crossing of the Kentish River Stour. Roman London (Londinium) is established on the Thames. Roman Empire Julia Livia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar, is executed at the instigation of Claudius' wife Messalina. Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province. The Romans now have complete control of the Mediterranean Sea. Central Asia Warfare begins between the northern and southern Huns. Vietnam The warrior Trung Sisters commit suicide after their resistance is defeated at Nam Viet. Vietnam is designated a province of China. Parthia King Vardanes I of Parthia forces the city of Seleucia on the Tigris to surrender. By topic Religion In Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Mark the Evangelist becomes |
emperor by the Senate. Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea. Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla. Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire, but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising. An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans. China Emperor Guang Wu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shengtong, as empress, and makes his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place. By topic Births February 12 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, son of Claudius (d. AD 55) Deaths January 24 Caligula, Roman emperor (assassinated) (b. 12 AD) Julia Drusilla, daughter of Caligula (assassinated) (b. 39 AD) Milonia Caesonia, wife of Caligula (assassinated) (b. 6 AD) Asprenas Calpurnius | by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. Claudius succeeds his nephew, Caligula, as emperor. January 25 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as emperor by the Senate. Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea. Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla. Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire, but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising. An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans. China Emperor Guang Wu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shengtong, as empress, and makes his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place. By topic Births |
takes the side of the pagans. The Jews, armed with clubs and swords, meet in the marketplace. The governor of Judea, Antonius Felix, orders his troops to charge. The violence continues and Felix asks Nero to arbitrate. Nero sides with the pagans, and relegates the Jews to second-class citizens. This decision does nothing but increase the Jews' anger. In Britain, Venutius leads a revolt against his ex-wife Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes and a Roman ally. Governor Aulus Didius Gallus sends her military aid, and after some indecisive fighting a legion commanded by Caesius Nasica defeats the rebels (approximate date – some time between 52 and 57). Winter – Domitius Corbulo marches his legions (Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X) into the mountains of Cappadocia and makes camp. He gives the men a harsh training, twenty-five-mile marches and weapons drills. Judea Judea is returned piecemeal to Herod Agrippa's son Marcus Julius Agrippa between 48 and 54. By topic Religion Patriarch Onesimus succeeds Stachys the Apostle as Patriarch of Constantinople. Paul of Tarsus begins his third mission. Apollos, a later assistant of Paul, is converted to Christianity in Ephesus. Deaths October 13 – Claudius, Roman emperor, possibly poisoned by his wife Agrippina (b. 10 BC) Ban Biao, Chinese historian and official (b. AD 3) Domitia Lepida the Younger, widow of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus, mother of Valeria Messalina and former mother-in-law of Claudius (b. 10 BC) Gaius | (or, less frequently, year 807 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 54 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire October 13 – Emperor Claudius dies, possibly after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece, and is succeeded by Nero. Nero attempts to prohibit the gladiatorial games. Under Nero, Rome annexes Aden to protect the maritime route between Alexandria and Asia. Two centurions are sent to the south of Egypt to find the source of the Nile, and possible new provinces. They report that while there are many cities in the desert, the area seems too poor to be worthy of conquest. Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo arrives in the East and takes up an assignment as governor of Asia, with a secret brief from Nero and his chief ministers, Seneca and Burrus, to return Armenia to the Roman Empire. Corbulo inspects, in Syria, a base of Legio X Fretensis at Cyrrhus; the Roman legionaries are demoralized by a "long peace". Many soldiers have sold their helmets and shields. Corbulo recruits Syrian auxiliary units in the region and stations them in border forts, with orders from Nero not to provoke the Parthians. Violence erupts in Caesarea regarding a local ordinance restricting the civil rights of Jews, creating clashes between Jews and pagans. The Roman garrison, made up of Syrians, takes the side of the pagans. The Jews, armed with clubs |
fortress is built by Legio II Adiutrix and contains barracks, granaries, military baths and headquarters. Mamucium (the first Manchester) is founded as a frontier fort and settlement in the North West of England, a distance to the north of Chester. Agricola enters Caledonia (modern-day Scotland) but is resisted by the natives. China A commission of scholars canonizes the text of works of Confucius and his school. </onlyinclude> Births He of Han, Chinese emperor (d. 106) Ma Rong, Chinese poet and politician (d. 166) Deaths June 23 – Vespasian, Roman emperor (b. AD 9) August 16 – Ma, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (b. AD 40) August 25 – Caesius Bassus, Roman poet (died in the eruption | Eruption of Mount Vesuvius: Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Oplontis. The Roman navy (based at Misenum), commanded by Pliny the Elder, evacuates refugees. Pliny dies after inhaling volcanic fumes. Roman conquest of Britain: Gnaeus Julius Agricola campaigns in Britain: Chester is founded as a castrum or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix. The fortress is built by Legio II Adiutrix and contains barracks, granaries, military baths and headquarters. Mamucium (the first Manchester) is founded as a frontier fort and settlement in the North West of England, a distance to the north of Chester. Agricola enters Caledonia (modern-day Scotland) but is resisted by the natives. China A commission of scholars |
provinces, and life in the cities is greatly improved. Many provincials – Spanish, Gallic, and African – become Senators. The Arch of Titus is constructed. Pliny the Younger is flamen Divi Augusti (priest in the cult of the Emperor). By topic Commerce The silver content of the Roman denarius rises to 92% under emperor Domitian, up from 81% in the reign of Vitellius. Religion Possible date of the First Epistle of Peter. </onlyinclude> Births Deng Sui, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. 121) Deaths September 13 – Titus, Roman emperor (b. AD 39) Artabanus III, king of the Parthian Empire References 0081 | year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire September 14 – Domitian succeeds his brother Titus as emperor. Domitian is not a soldier like his two predecessors, and his administration is directed towards the reinforcement of a monarchy. By taking the title of Dominus ("lord"), he scandalizes the senatorial aristocracy. Romanisation progresses in the provinces, and life in the cities is greatly improved. Many |
years of the Anno Domini era, which began on January 1, AD 1 and ended on December 31st, AD 9, almost aligned with the 1st decade (1-10). | 1, AD 1 and ended on December 31st, AD 9, almost aligned with the 1st decade (1-10). 0s may also refer to: Tens (the second column of magnitude in the decimal system) The plural of 0 The period from 1–99, almost |
Dongbuyeo, led his armies into Goguryeo once again. This time, Muhyul, a prince of Goguryeo, led the armies of Goguryeo in a well-planned ambush and slaughtered all of Daeso's army. Only he and a few of his men escaped home. Literary works from the 10s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, while Nicolaus of Damascus wrote a biography of Emperor Augustus (Bios Kaisaros). In the Roman Empire, an edict was issued effecting an empire-wide ban on divinatory practices especially astrology. The | Rebellion erupted against Wang Mang, emperor of the Xin dynasty. In Korea, Daeso, the ruler of the kingdom of Dongbuyeo, led his armies into Goguryeo once again. This time, Muhyul, a prince of Goguryeo, led the armies of Goguryeo in a well-planned ambush and slaughtered all of Daeso's army. Only he and a few of his men escaped home. Literary works from the 10s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, while Nicolaus of Damascus wrote a biography of Emperor Augustus (Bios Kaisaros). In |
tribesmen, and the Frisians against the Roman Empire. In North Africa, Tacfarinas, a Numidian Berber deserter, led the Musulamii tribe and a loose and changing coalition of other Berber tribes in revolt, before being defeated in AD 24. In China, the Xin dynasty collapsed and the Eastern Han dynasty was established. In Korea, Daemusin of Goguryeo annexed Dongbuyeo and killed its king Daeso. In science, the 20s saw the manufacture of pens and metal writing tools in Rome. Major disasters of this | decade include a fire in Rome, and the collapse of a poorly built amphitheatre in Fidenae, which killed 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators. In 27, Christianity was born as a Jewish sect in Jerusalem. Geographica, an encyclopedia of geographical knowledge created by Strabo, was |
tribe of Iazyges, who had enslaved them, and a Samaritan uprising. In west Asia, Artabanus II of Parthia fought a war with Rome over Armenia. The Han Dynasty saw the outbreak of the Rebellion of Gongsun Shu. Roman emperor Tiberius died in 37 AD, being succeeded by Caligula. An earthquake that shook Antioch in AD 37 caused the emperor Caligula to send two senators to report on the condition of the city. In China, an epidemic broke out in K'aui-chi, causing many deaths, and Imperial official Ch'ung-li I provided medicine that saved many lives. Valerius Maximus wrote Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX: It is a collection of approximately a thousand short stories that Valerius wrote during the reign of Tiberius (42 BC – AD 37). Other literary works from the 30s include a popular collection of fables written by Phaedrus, a symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament (Allegory) written by Philo, and a general history of the countries known in Antiquity written by Velleius Paterculus. Significant people Guangwu, Emperor of China (25-57) Pharasmanes I, King of Caucasian Iberia (1-58) Feradach Finnfechtnach, Legendary High King of Ireland (14-36) Fíatach Finn, Legendary High | literary works from the 30s include a popular collection of fables written by Phaedrus, a symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament (Allegory) written by Philo, and a general history of the countries known in Antiquity written by Velleius Paterculus. Significant people Guangwu, Emperor of China (25-57) Pharasmanes I, King of Caucasian Iberia (1-58) Feradach Finnfechtnach, Legendary High King of Ireland (14-36) Fíatach Finn, Legendary High King of Ireland (36-39) Fíachu Finnolach, Legendary High King of Ireland (39-56) Suinin, Legendary Emperor of Japan (29 BC–AD 70) Heraios, Yuezhi Tribal leader of the Kushans (c.1-30) Kujula Kadphises, King (and founder) of the Kushan Empire (30-80) Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene (4 BC–AD 7, 13–50) Artabanus III, King of the Parthian Empire (10-35, 36-40) Tiridates III, King of the Parthian Empire (35-36) Tiberius, Roman Emperor (AD 14–37) Gaius Caesar Germanicus/Caligula, Roman Emperor (AD 37–41) Claudius, statesman, Consul, and future Roman Emperor, in office (as Consul) 37 Jesus Christ, founding figure of Christianity, (ca. 4 BC–ca. AD 33) Andrew the Apostle, Apostle and first Bishop of Byzantium (c.38) Mark the Evangelist, Apostle and first Coptic Pope of Alexandria (c.43-68) Paul the Apostle, Apostle and Theologian (c.5-64) Saint Peter, Apostle and first Bishop |
The maximal time window for the expulsion of Jews from Rome is from January AD 41 until January AD 53.) Significant people Gaius Caesar Germanicus/Caligula (AD 37–41). Claudius, Roman Emperor (AD 41–54). Agrippina the Younger, Empress Roman and Real Power behind the throne (AD | expelled the Jews from Rome. (The exact date is uncertain. The maximal time window for the expulsion of Jews from Rome is from January AD 41 until January AD 53.) Significant people Gaius Caesar Germanicus/Caligula (AD 37–41). Claudius, Roman Emperor (AD 41–54). Agrippina the Younger, Empress Roman and Real Power behind the |
9 AD is considered as a "decade". Significant people Claudius, Roman Emperor (AD 41–54) Nero, Roman Emperor (AD 54–68) Kujula Kadphises, Kushan emperor Paul of Tarsus, Christian evangelist Emperor Ming of | if the nine-year period from 1 AD to 9 AD is considered as a "decade". Significant people Claudius, Roman |
British queen Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, | general Julius Civilis, leader of the Batavian rebellion |
69–79) Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Roman | people Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Roman Emperor (Vespasian, |
people Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Roman | Flavius Vespasianus, Roman Emperor (AD |
to 99 AD. Significant people Titus Flavius Domitianus, Roman Emperor (AD | The 90s ran from 90 AD to 99 AD. Significant |
The 100s decade ran from January 1, 100, to | 31, 109. Significant people Trajan, Roman Emperor (AD |
31, 209. Significant people | ran from January 1, 200, to |
that there was an eastern land in Honshū "whose people disobeyed the imperial court", against whom Yamato Takeru was sent to fight. That rivalling country may have been located rather close to the Yamato nucleus area itself, or relatively far away. The today Kai province is mentioned as one of the locations where prince Yamato Takeru sojourned in his said military expedition. Northern frontier of this age was also explained in Kojiki as the legend of Shido Shōgun's (四道将軍: Shōguns to four ways) expedition. Out of four shōguns, Ōbiko set northward to Koshi and his son Take Nunakawawake set to eastern states. The father moved east from northern Koshi while the son moved north on his way, and they finally met | away. The today Kai province is mentioned as one of the locations where prince Yamato Takeru sojourned in his said military expedition. Northern frontier of this age was also explained in Kojiki as the legend of Shido Shōgun's (四道将軍: Shōguns to four ways) expedition. Out of four shōguns, Ōbiko set northward to Koshi and his son Take Nunakawawake set to eastern states. The father moved east from northern Koshi while the son moved north on his way, and they finally met at Aizu (current western Fukushima). Although the legend itself is not likely to be a historical fact, Aizu is rather close to southern Tōhoku, where the north end of keyhole kofun culture as of late 4th century is |
to December 31, 119. Significant people Trajan, | 119. Significant people Trajan, Roman Emperor References |
ran from January 1, 120, | January 1, 120, to December 31, 129. Significant people |
Han Shundi. Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He now controls central India from coast to coast. Zhang Heng of Han Dynasty China invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere. The epoch of the Javanese calendar begins. By topic Arts and sciences The Satires of Juvenal intimate that bread and circuses (panem et circenses) keep the Roman people happy. Religion Pope Telesphorus succeeds Pope Sixtus I as the eighth pope. Births Aulus Gellius, Roman author and grammarian (approximate date) Lucian, Syrian satirist and rhetorician | invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned. Asia Last (4th) year of the Yanguang era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. Change of emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from Han Andi to Marquis of Beixiang, then to Han Shundi. Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He now controls central India from coast to coast. Zhang Heng of Han Dynasty China invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere. The epoch of the Javanese calendar begins. By topic Arts and sciences The Satires of Juvenal intimate that bread and circuses (panem et circenses) keep the Roman people happy. |
were steadily brought under Roman control, being ruled either directly under governors or through puppet kings appointed by Rome. The Roman state itself was plunged into civil war several times, finally resulting in the marginalization of its 500-year-old Roman Republic, and the embodiment of total state power in a single man—the Roman emperor. The internal turbulence that plagued Rome at this time can be seen as the death throes of the Roman Republic, as it finally gave way to the autocratic ambitions of powerful men like Sulla, Julius Caesar, Mark Antony and Octavian. Octavian's ascension to total power as the emperor Augustus is considered to mark the point in history where the Roman Republic ends and the Roman Empire begins. Some scholars refer to this event as the Roman Revolution. The birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, took place around the close of this century. In the eastern mainland, the Han Dynasty began to decline and the court of China was in chaos in the latter half of this century. Trapped in a difficult situation, the Xiongnu had to begin emigration to the west or attach themselves to the Han. Events 90s BC 97 BC: Ariarathes VIII is forced out of Cappadocia by Mithridates VI of Pontus, and dies soon afterwards. 96 BC: Cyrene is left to the people of Rome by its ruler Ptolemy Apion. 96 BC: King Alexander Jannaeus of Judea wins the Siege of Gaza. 95 BC: Tigranes the Great becomes king of Armenia 93 BC: Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios becomes king of Cappadocia with Roman backing. 91 BC: The assassination of Marcus Livius Drusus leads to the Social War (91–87 BC) in Italy 91 BC: Crown Prince Ju Revolt in China. 80s BC 89 BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus's invasion of Cappadocia leads to the First Mithridatic War with the Roman Republic. 89 BC: Valagamba of Anuradhapura gains control of all of Sri Lanka 88 BC: 80,000 Roman civilians killed in the Asiatic Vespers in Asia Minor 87 BC: Emperor Wu of Han dies and is succeeded by his eight-year-old son Zhao, with Jin Midi, Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang as regents. 88 BC: Sulla becomes the first Roman general in history to march on Rome 87 BC: Civil war between the Roman consuls Cornelius Cinna and Octavius 86 BC: Siege of Athens ends with Roman conquest of Athens. 86 BC: The death of the regent of China Jin Midi unleashes the rivalry of his co-regents Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang. 85 BC: Sulla defeats the forces of Mithridates VI in Greece at the Battle of Orchomenus 85 BC: Aretas III of the Nabataeans conquers Damascus. 83 BC: Sulla makes peace with Mithridates VI and marches on Rome. 83-81 BC: Lucius Licinius Murena wages the Second Mithridatic War. 82 BC: Sertorius flees from Sulla to North Africa via Hispania c.83 BC: Tigranes of Armenia takes control of Syria after the implosion of the Seleucid dynasty. 81 BC: Sulla is appointed dictator of the Roman state, and brings about major reforms. 80 BC: Sertorius invades Hispania and sets up his own regime, beginning the Sertorian War (80-72). 80 BC: Conflict between the regents Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang results in the destruction of the Shangguang clan and Huo Guang becoming the de facto ruler of China. c.80 BC: Maues, King of the Sakas, conquers Gandhara and Taxila. 70s BC 77 BC: Fu Jiezi assassinated the king of Loulan on behalf of the Han dynasty. c.75 BC: Kanva dynasty replaces the Shunga dynasty in Magadha. 74 BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus disputes Nicomedes IV of Bithynia's bequest of his kingdom to the Roman Republic, beginning the Third Mithridatic War. 74 BC: Emperor Zhao of Han dies and is succeeded by the unsuitable Prince He of Changyi and then by Xuan. Huo Guang continues to be de facto ruler of China. 73 BC: A slave rebellion led by the escaped gladiator Spartacus leads to the Third Servile War. 73-72 BC: Lucullus defeats Mithridates at Tenedos, Cyzicus, and the Rhyndacus and he flees east to Armenia 71 BC: Pompey the Great ends the Sertorian War (restoring Roman control of Hispania) and the Third Servile War (restoring Roman control of southern Italy). 71 BC: Wusun and China attack the Xiongnu. 60s BC 69 BC: Lucullus invades Armenia (Battle of Tigranocerta) and reestablishes the Seleucids in Syria. 68 BC: Pompey replaces Lucullus as leader of the Roman forces in the Third Mithridatic War. 68 BC: Huo Guang dies and Emperor Xuan of Han assumes full power. The Huo clan is eliminated over | rebels against his distant cousin Woyanqudi Chanyu of the Xiongyu, beginning the Xiongnu civil war. 57 BC: Julius Caesar invades and defeats the Belgae at the Battle of the Sabis. 57 BC: Cicero recalled from exile through the machinations of Milo and his mob. 57 BC: Silla is founded in southeastern Korea (traditional date according to Samguk Sagi, a 12th-century historical document). 56 BC: Vikramaditya defeats the Sakas at Ujjain and founds the Vikram Samvat calendar era. 55-54 BC: Caesar's invasions of Britain. 54-53 BC: Ambiorix's revolt against Julius Caesar in Gaul. 53 BC: The Parthians defeat the Romans under Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae, ending the First Triumvirate. 53 BC: Clodius dies during mob violence in Rome. His followers burn down the Senate house. 53 BC: Huhanye Chanyu of the Xiongnu become a Chinese vassal. 52 BC: Pompey joins the Optimates and becomes sole Consul in Rome. 52 BC: Vercingetorix's revolt in Gaul (Battle of Gergovia, Battle of Alesia). 51 BC: Siege of Uxellodunum marks the end of the Gallic Wars and the final Roman conquest of Gaul. Mid 1st century BC – East torana of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, is made. Early Andhra period. According to an inscription, it is sculpted by ivory carvers from the nearby town of Vidisha. 40s BC 49 BC: Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon river and takes the city of Rome, beginning Caesar's Civil War. 48 BC: Ptolemy XIII deposes his co-regent Cleopatra, beginning the Ptolemaic civil war in Egypt 48 BC: Emperor Xuan of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Yuan. Wang Zhengjun is made Empress, as a result of which her clan would eventually topple the Han dynasty. 48 BC: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus. 47 BC: Cleopatra restored to the Ptolemaic throne after the Battle of the Nile (47 BC) 47 BC: Year of six kings in Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka 46 BC: Julius Caesar takes control of Africa at the Battle of Thapsus. 46 BC: China abandons control of Hainan as a cost-cutting measure. 45 BC: Julius Caesar wins the Battle of Munda, regaining control of Hispania and ending the Roman Civil War. 44 BC: Julius Caesar named Dictator perpetuo 44 BC: Julius Caesar re-founds Carthage and Corinth as Roman colonies. 44 BC: Assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March. 43 BC: Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus form the Second Triumvirate and take control of Rome. 42 BC: Second Triumvirate defeats Julius Caesar's assassins at the Battle of Philippi 41-40 BC: Lucius Antonius and Octavian fight the Perusine War 40 BC: Pacorus I conquers Roman Syria. 30s BC 38 BC: Ventidius defeats the Parthians at the Battle of Mount Gindarus, reclaiming Roman Syria. 37 BC: Herod the Great becomes king of Judea. 37 BC: Mark Antony invades Parthia. 37 BC: Goguryeo is founded in southern Manchuria (traditional date according to Samguk Sagi). 36 BC: Battle of Naulochus: Second Triumvirate gains control of Sicily from the rebel Sextus Pompey. 36 BC: Battle of Zhizhi: Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang launch an unauthorised expedition which prevents the Xiongnu from extending their power into Central Asia. 34 BC: Cleopatra and Mark Antony perform the Donations of Alexandria. 33 BC: Emperor Yuan of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Cheng. Empress Wang Zhengjun becomes Empress Dowager and her brother is placed in command of the armed forces and administration. 32 BC: Disagreements between Octavian and Mark Antony cause the outbreak of the Final War of the Roman Republic. 31 BC: Battle of Actium: Octavian defeats troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra, becoming de facto ruler of the Roman empire. 30 BC: Octavian annexes Egypt. c.30 BC: Satavahana dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty in Magadha. 20s BC 27 BC: The Roman Senate votes Octavian the title of Augustus. Augustus eventually assumes all authority formerly held by the Roman senate becoming the first emperor. This is traditionally taken as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Principate (27 BC-AD 235). 25 BC: Galatia annexed by Rome after the death of Amyntas of Galatia. Second half of 1st century BC – Chaitya hall at Karli, India, Maharashtra, is made. Early Andhra period. 10s BC 19 BC: Conclusion of major fighting in the Cantabrian Wars marks the end of the Roman conquest of Hispania 18 BC: Baekje is founded in mid-western Korea (traditional date according to Samguk Sagi). 16-13 BC: Augustus establishes the Rhine limes. Maison Carrée and Pont du Gard built. 0s BC 9 BC: Pannonia annexed to the Roman empire by the future emperor Tiberius 8 BC: Wang Mang becomes head of the Chinese armed forces and administration. 7 BC: Emperor Cheng of Han dies and is succeeded by his nephew Ai. Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun becomes Grand Empress Dowager and the Emperor's grandmother Consort Fu becomes Empress Dowager. Wang Mang resigns as head of the armed forces and administration. The reign is dominated by the destabilising intrigues of the Wang and Fu clans. c. 6 BC – 4 BC: Birth of Jesus of Nazareth (see Chronology of Jesus' birth and death, Anno Domini, and Common Era for further details). 4 BC: Judea annexed to the Roman province of Syria after the death of King Herod. 2 BC: Emperor Ai of Han appoints his unpopular homosexual lover Dong Xian as head of armed forces and administration. 1 BC: Emperor Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by his eight year old cousin Ping. Wang Mang is appointed regent and begins wide-ranging reforms. Significant people Politics (and relatives of political figures) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman politician Agrippa, Roman statesman and general Ambiorix, prince of the Eburones, Gallic tribal chief Mark Antony, Roman general and politician Ariovistus, leader of the Suebi, Germanic tribal chief Augustus, Roman Emperor Brutus, Roman politician Burebista, king of Dacia Cassivellaunus, Celtic Briton tribal chief Catiline, attempted to overthrow Roman Republic Cato the Younger, Roman politician Cleopatra VII of Egypt, Ruler of Egypt Publius Clodius Pulcher, Roman politician, demagogue Crassus, Roman general and politician Herod the Great, king of Judea Huo Guang, Chinese politician Juba II, last king of Numidia Julia the Elder, Roman noblewoman, wife of Agrippa and Tiberius Julius Caesar, Roman general and statesman Livia, Empress of Rome, mother of Tiberius Lucullus, Roman general and politician Maecenas, Roman politician and famous philanthropist Gaius Marius, Roman general and statesman Nalankilli, king of the early Chola dynasty in South India Octavia the Younger, |
167 BC: Mithradates I of Parthia takes Margiana and Aria from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. 164 BC 25 Kislev: Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, restores the Temple in Jerusalem (Hanukkah, Maccabean Revolt). Ptolemy VIII drives his brother Ptolemy VI out of Alexandria. He flees to Rome. Antiochus IV dies on campaign, leaving the Seleucid empire to his nine-year-old son, Antiochus V. 163 BC: (May 20) Chinese mathematicians observe and record the passage of the Halley's Comet. Ptolemy VI regains Alexandria. Ptolemy VIII takes Cyrenaica. Timarchus rebels against the Seleucid empire and seizes control of Media and Babylonia. 161 BC: Battle of Vijithapura: Dutthagamani defeats the Tamil King Ellalan. Demetrius I Soter seizes the Seleucid throne, beginning a succession war that would consume the Seleucid realm for almost a century. 160 BC: The Wusun drive the Yuezhi out of the Ili valley. 150s BC 158 BC: The Xiongnu attack northern China. 157 BC: (July 6) Emperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Prince Liu Qi who takes the regnal name of the Emperor Jing. 155 BC: The Lusitanians begin the Lusitanian War against Rome. 154 BC The Celtiberians of Numantia begin the Numantine War against Rome. Liu Pi leads the Rebellion of the Seven States against Emperor Jing of Han China and is defeated. 152 BC: Alexander Balas starts a revolt against Demetrius I Soter with the support of Jonathan Maccabaeus 140s BC 148 BC: Mithradates I of Parthia takes Ecbatana from the Seleucids. Rome conquers Macedonia (Fourth Macedonian War). 147 BC: Hasmonean victories restore autonomy to Judea. 146 BC: Rome destroys and razes the city of Carthage (Third Punic War) and destroys the Achaean League and razes Corinth (Achaean War). 145 BC: Battle of Antioch: Alexander Balas of the Seleucid empire loses his throne and Ptolemy VI of Egypt loses his life. Ptolemy VIII takes control of Alexandria. Ai-Khanoum is sacked (possibly by the Yuezhi). 141 BC (March 9): Emperor Jing of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Prince Liu Che, who is enthroned as the Emperor Wu and begins a 54-year reign. The new emperor's attempts at reform are immediately stymied by his grandmother. 130s BC 139 BC: The assassination of Viriathus marks the end of the Lusitanian War. Mithradates I of Parthia defeats the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator and captures Babylonia. 138 BC: Minyue's invasion of Eastern Ou sparks off the Han campaigns against Minyue 135 BC Minyue's invasion of Nanyue leads to conquest of its western half by China. The eastern half survives as Dongyue. Eunus begins the First Servile War. 133 BC: Attalus III of Pergamon dies, bequeathing his kingdom to the Roman Republic. Emperor Wu sets an ambush for the Xiongnu, beginning the Han–Xiongnu War Assassination of Tiberius Gracchus. Scipio Aemilianus wins the Siege of Numantia and conquers the Celtiberians. 132 BC: Rioting on the streets of Alexandria leads to civil war between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II. 130 BC: Greek astronomer Hipparchus continues lifelong studies, becoming the first to calculate the precession of moon and sun and to create a sizable catalog of stars. 120s BC 129 BC: Battle of Ecbatana: Antiochus VII Sidetes of the Seleucid empire attempt to reclaim the Iranian Plateau from Parthia ends in failure. 127 BC: Hyspaosines of Characene takes control of Babylonia. 126 BC: Ptolemy VIII regains control of Alexandria. 125 BC: Zhang Qian returns to China after a protracted journey through the west. 124 BC: Artabanus II of Parthia is killed in battle with the Yuezhi and succeeded by his son Mithridates II 122 BC: Mithradates II of Parthia regains control of Babylonia and Characene 121 BC: Assassination of Gaius Gracchus 110s BC 116 BC: (June 28) Ptolemy VIII of Egypt dies and is succeeded by his wife Cleopatra III and son Ptolemy IX Soter. 113 BC: The Cimbri and Teutones arrive on the banks of the Danube in Noricum, clashing with Roman allies, beginning the Cimbrian War. 112 BC: Jugurtha of Numidia's elimination of his co-regents sparks the Jugurthine War with Rome. 111 BC: A power struggle in Nam Viet leads to its conquest by China, ending the Triệu dynasty and beginning the First Chinese domination of Vietnam. 100s BC 109 BC China conquers Dian. King Ugeo of Gojoseon kills a Chinese envoy, sparking the Gojoseon–Han War. 108 BC: Chinese troops destroy Wanggeom seong, capital of Wiman Joseon, establishing the Four Commanderies of Han to govern the northern part of Korea. 107 BC: Roman consul Gaius Marius passes the Marian Reforms, which remove all ownership restrictions for joining the Roman Army. 106 BC: Gaius Marius and Sulla bring an end to the Jugurthine War. 105 BC: Battle of Arausio: Cimbri and Teutones annihilate a Roman army. 104 – 101 BC: War of the Heavenly Horses, China defeats Dayuan at great cost. 104 BC: A mass-manumission leads to the Second Servile War in Sicily 102 BC: Gaius Marius defeats the Teutones at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae 101 BC: Gaius Marius defeats the Cimbri at the Battle of Vercellae, ending the Cimbrian War. Significant people Politics Andriscus, last independent ruler of Macedon Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the last effective ruler of the Seleucid Empire Antiochus VII Sidetes, last King of a United Seleucid Empire Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 143 BC), Roman consul and censor Boiorix, king of the Cimbri Cato the Elder, Roman politician, writer and historian Gaius Gracchus, Roman politician Gaius Marius, Roman general and politician Jonathan Maccabaeus, leader of the Hasmonean rebellion and first autonomous ruler of Judea Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Roman general and politician Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman general and politician Lucius Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of Corinth Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 166 BC), Roman politician Perseus of Macedon, last King of the Antigonid dynasty Publius Mucius Scaevola (triumphator), Roman politician Publius Mucius Scaevola (pontifex maximus), Roman politician Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Roman general and politician Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Roman general and politician Teutobod, King of the Teutons | the Egyptian month of Pharmouthi, is written in the Egyptian language in both hieroglyphics and in demotic script, as well as in Greek on the Rosetta Stone, providing the key to deciphering the hieroglyphics almost 20 centuries later. Lampsacus and Smyrna appeal to Rome for protection against Antiochus III's expansion into western Asia Minor and Thrace. Empress Lü's execution of Han Xin leads to the Ying Bu rebellion. 195 BC: (June 1) In China, Emperor Gaozu of Han dies and is succeeded by his 15-year-old son Prince Liu Ying. As the second Han dynasty ruler, Liu Ying is given the regnal name of Emperor Hui and reigns until his death in 188 BC at the age of 22. However, the true resides with his mother, the Empress Lü Zhi, who serves as the Regent as widow of Gaozu. The War against Nabis marks the end of Spartan power in Greece. 194 BC: (April 4) — The first Games of Megalesia and a festival are held in Rome after games were promised in honor of Cybele following Rome's triumph over Carthage in the Punic Wars. The festival and games last seven full days, closing on April 10. Wiman of Gojoseon establishes Wiman Joseon in Korea. 192 BC: The Yue Kingdom of Eastern Ou established in Zhejiang with Chinese support. (February)— Antiochus, the son of Antiochus III and co-regent for the Seleucid throne since 209 BC, dies; according to cuneiform tablets, news reaches Babylon sometime during the month of Addara after April 8. (November) — Antiochus III leads an army into Greece to challenge Roman control, at the invitation of the Aetolians, starting the Roman-Syrian War. 191 BC: (April 24) Battle of Thermopylae: Manius Acilius Glabrio drives Antiochus III out of Greece. 190 BC: (December or January 189 BC) Battle of Magnesia: Rome and Pergamon drive Antiochus III out of Asia Minor. 180s BC 189 BC: Galatian War: Gnaeus Manlius Vulso and Pergamon defeat the Galatians. 188 BC: (September 26) Prince Liu Gong, the 5-year old younger brother of Emperor Hui becomes the third Han dynasty Emperor of China upon his brother's death, taking the regnal name of Emperor Qianshao. Because of his minority, his grandmother, Empress Lü continues as the actual ruler and serves as the regent. 187 BC: (July 3) Seleucid king Antiochus III dies at the age of 53 and is succeeded by his son Seleucus IV Philopator. 186 BC: Ptolemy V defeats Ankhwennefer and regains control of Upper Egypt. 185 BC: Pushyamitra Shunga assassinates the last Maurya emperor, founding the Shunga dynasty. 184 BC: (June 15) Emperor Qianshao of Han, the 11-year old nominal ruler of China, is removed, imprisoned and then put to death on order of his grandmother, Empress Lü. Prince Liu Hong, the brother of Qianshao, is installed by the regent as the new Emperor, under the name of Emperor Houshao. 183 BC: Zhao Tuo of Nanyue declares himself Emperor and attacks China. 180 BC: (November 14) Lü Clan Disturbance: with the death of Empress Lü of China, the nominal Houshao is killed along with the rest of the Lü Clan. Another son of Gaozu, the first Han emperor, Prince Liu Heng, becomes the fifth Han emperor and takes the name of Emperor Wen. 170s BC 179 BC: Zhao Tuo of Nanyue makes peace with Han China. Upon the death of Philip V, Perseus becomes king of Antigonid Macedon. 178 BC: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus ends the First Celtiberian War. 176 BC: The Xiongnu defeat the Yuezhi, who subsequently emigrate from Gansu to the Qilian Mountains and the Ili valley. 175 BC: (September 3) Upon the assassination of Seleucus IV Philopator, his brother Antiochus IV Epiphanes takes possession of the Seleucid throne. 171 BC: At the prompting of the Attalid king Eumenes II, the Romans declare war on Perseus, beginning the Third Macedonian War. 160s BC 168 BC: Third Macedonian War: Roman victory in the Battle of Pydna leads to the dissolution of the Antigonid Kingdom of Macedon. Sixth Syrian War: Antiochus IV of the Seleucid empire invades Ptolemaic Egypt, but is forced to turn back by Gaius Popillius Laenas at the Day of Eleusis. 167 BC: Mithradates I of Parthia takes Margiana and Aria from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. 164 BC 25 Kislev: Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, restores the Temple in Jerusalem (Hanukkah, Maccabean Revolt). Ptolemy VIII drives his brother Ptolemy VI out of Alexandria. He flees to Rome. Antiochus IV dies on campaign, leaving the Seleucid empire to his nine-year-old son, Antiochus V. 163 BC: (May 20) Chinese mathematicians observe and record the passage of the Halley's Comet. Ptolemy VI regains Alexandria. Ptolemy VIII takes Cyrenaica. Timarchus rebels against the Seleucid empire and seizes control of Media and Babylonia. 161 BC: Battle of Vijithapura: Dutthagamani defeats the Tamil King Ellalan. Demetrius I Soter seizes the Seleucid throne, beginning a succession war that would consume the Seleucid realm for almost a century. 160 BC: The Wusun drive the Yuezhi out of the Ili valley. 150s BC 158 BC: The Xiongnu attack northern China. 157 BC: (July 6) Emperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Prince Liu Qi who takes the regnal name of the Emperor Jing. 155 BC: The Lusitanians begin the Lusitanian War against Rome. 154 BC The Celtiberians of Numantia begin the Numantine War against Rome. Liu Pi leads the Rebellion of the Seven States against Emperor Jing of Han China and is defeated. 152 BC: Alexander Balas starts a revolt against Demetrius I Soter with the support of Jonathan Maccabaeus 140s BC 148 BC: Mithradates I of Parthia takes Ecbatana from the Seleucids. Rome conquers Macedonia (Fourth Macedonian War). 147 BC: Hasmonean victories restore autonomy to Judea. 146 BC: Rome destroys and razes the city of Carthage (Third Punic War) and destroys the Achaean League and razes Corinth (Achaean War). 145 BC: Battle of Antioch: Alexander Balas of the Seleucid empire loses his throne and Ptolemy VI of Egypt loses his life. Ptolemy VIII takes control of Alexandria. Ai-Khanoum is sacked (possibly by the Yuezhi). 141 BC (March 9): Emperor Jing of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Prince Liu Che, who is enthroned as the Emperor Wu and begins a 54-year reign. The new emperor's attempts at reform are immediately stymied by his grandmother. 130s BC 139 BC: The assassination of Viriathus marks the end of the Lusitanian War. Mithradates I of Parthia defeats the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator and captures Babylonia. 138 BC: Minyue's invasion of Eastern Ou sparks off the Han campaigns against Minyue 135 BC Minyue's invasion of Nanyue leads to conquest of its western half by China. The eastern half survives as Dongyue. Eunus begins the First Servile War. 133 |
Nam. 257 BC: Thục Dynasty takes over Vietnam. 240s BC 246 BC: The death of Antiochus II sparks the Third Syrian War; Ptolemy III conquers Syria and Babylon from the Seleucids, but loses the Nesiotic League to Antigonus II 243 BC: Surprise attack on the Macedonian garrison at Corinth. Expansion of the Achaean League. 241 BC: First Punic War ends in Carthaginian defeat. Rome demands large reparations, and annexes Sicily and Corsica. 240 BC: On May 15, Chinese mathematicians observed and recorded the passage of the Halley's Comet. 230s BC 230 BC: The Chinese Qin State conquers Han. 230 BC: Simuka declares independence from Mauryan rule and establishes the Satavahana Empire. 220s BC 229 BC: The First Illyrian War ends with a Roman victory. 229 BC: Last tyrants on the Peloponnese abdicate, Argos joins the Achaean League, Athens liberated from Macedonian garrison. 227 BC: The attempted assassination of Ying Zheng (嬴政), king of Qin State, by Jing Ke (荊軻) from Yan failed. 225 BC: A large Gallic army is defeated by the Romans at the Battle of Telamon. 225 BC: The Chinese Qin State conquers Wei. 223 BC: The Chinese Qin State conquers Chu. 222 BC: The Chinese Qin State conquers Yan and Zhao. 222 BC: Spartan defeat in the Battle of Sellasia ends the Cleomenean War. 221 BC: With the conquest of the State of Qi, Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) unifies the whole of China into one empire that also included northern Vietnam, forming the Qin Dynasty. 220 BC: the Social War (220–217 BC) of Greece begins, pitting Macedonia and the Achaean League against Sparta and the Aetolian League, ultimately resulting in a Macedonian-Achaean victory with territorial gains for each. 210s BC 218 BC: Second Punic War begins. Hannibal makes his famous Alpine crossing to invade Italy, the Roman heartland. 217 BC: Antiochus III invades the Levant in the Third Syrian War, but is defeated by Ptolemy IV at the Battle of Raphia. 216 BC: Hannibal famously crushed the Roman legions at the Battle of Cannae. 214 BC: Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) of the Chinese Qin Dynasty ordered construction of the Great Wall of China. 214 BC: In the Mediterranean, the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedon begins, with Rome encouraging its Greek allies, such as Attalus I of Pergamon, to attack the forces of Philip V of Macedon. 210 BC: Qin Shi Huang dies while on a trip to the far eastern reaches of his empire in an attempt to procure an elixir of immortality from Taoist magicians. 200s BC 208 BC: Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) defeats the Vietnamese king An Dương Vương. 207 BC: Triệu Dynasty of Viet Nam is inaugurated. 206 BC: Qin dynasty falls after men from all over China revolts, attacking officials, raising armies, and declaring themselves kings of seized territories. 206 BC – 202 BC: Civil war of the Chu-Han contention in China. 205 BC: the Cretan War (205–200 BC) begins between Macedonia and its allies against the Greek polis of Rhodes and its allies, resulting in a Rhodian victory. 202 BC: Romans defeat Carthage, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage's territories are reduced to some of its North African holdings, and crippling reparations are demanded by Rome. 202 BC: In East Asia, the Chu-Han contention comes to a close, Xiang Yu commits suicide, and the Han Dynasty of China is founded (202 BC–220 AD) by Liu Bang. 200 BC: The Second Macedonian War between Rome and Macedon begins. Indian traders regularly visit Arabia. Scythians occupy Sogdiana, in modern-day Uzbekistan. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Eratosthenes accurately calculates Earth's circumference and introduces the sieve of Eratosthenes, an algorithm for identifying prime numbers. Weiqi well-established in China, and may date back to the 2nd millennium BC. Crucible steel was first produced in Southern India. Canopus stele of Ptolemy III implements the leap year in Egypt. Leap year not formally recognized until Caesar in 55 BC. First Roman sundial (293 BC). Toe stirrup | and the Roman Republic. In the following decades, the Carthaginian Republic was first humbled and then destroyed by the Romans in the First and Second Punic Wars. Following the Second Punic War, Rome became the most important power in the western Mediterranean. In the eastern Mediterranean, the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Kingdom, successor states to the empire of Alexander the Great, fought a series of Syrian Wars for control over the Levant. In mainland Greece, the short-lived Antipatrid dynasty of Macedon was overthrown and replaced by the Antigonid dynasty in 294 BC, a royal house that would dominate the affairs of Hellenistic Greece for roughly a century until the stalemate of the First Macedonian War against Rome. Macedon would also lose the Cretan War against the Greek city-state of Rhodes and its allies. In India, Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire. The Pandya, Chola and Chera dynasties of the classical age flourished in the ancient Tamil country. The Warring States period in China drew to a close, with Qin Shi Huang conquering the six other nation-states and establishing the short-lived Qin dynasty, the first empire of China, which was followed in the same century by the long-lasting Han dynasty. However, a brief interregnum and civil war existed between the Qin and Han periods known as the Chu-Han contention, lasting until 202 BC with the ultimate victory of Liu Bang over Xiang Yu. The Protohistoric Period began in Korea. In the following century the Chinese Han dynasty would conquer the Gojoseon kingdom of northern Korea. The Xiongnu were at the height of their power in Mongolia. They defeated the Han Chinese at the Battle of Baideng in 200 BC, marking the beginning of the forced Heqin tributary agreement and marriage alliance that would last several decades. The world in the 3rd century BC Events 290s BC 299 BC: The Samnites, seizing their chance when Rome is engaged on the Lombard plain, start the Third Samnite War with a collection of mercenaries from Gaul and Sabine and Etruscan allies to help them. 298 BC: The Samnites defeat the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus in the Battle of Camerinum, the first battle of the Third Samnite War. 294 BC: Antipater II of Macedon is killed by Lysimachus, allowing Demetrius I to become king of Macedonia, thus ending the Antipatrid dynasty's control over Hellenistic Greece and ushering in a period of rule by the Antigonid dynasty. 293 BC: The Chinese State of Qin reduced the threat of the State of Wei and the State of Han with the Qin victory in the Battle of Yique. Roman armies penetrate into the heart of the Samnite territory and then capture the Samnite cities of Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena. Agathocles, king of Syracuse, Sicily, assists the Italian Greeks against the Bruttians. Bindusara succeeds his father Chandragupta Maurya as emperor of the Mauryan Empire. The Epi-Olmec culture forms as a successor civilization to the Olmecs in Mesoamerica. 280s BC 285 BC: The Pharos of Alexandria is completed. 281 BC: Antiochus I Soter, on the assassination of his father Seleucus becomes emperor of the Seleucid empire. 281 BC: Achaean League founded in Greece. 280 BC: King Pyrrhus of Epirus invades Italy in an attempt to subjugate the Romans and bring Italy under a new empire ruled by himself. 280 BC: Construction of the Colossus of Rhodes is completed. 270s BC 279 BC: Singidunum and Taurunum, today's Belgrade and Zemun, are founded by Scordisci Celts. After failing to decisively defeat the Romans, Pyrrhus of Epirus withdraws from Italy. Gallic migration to Macedon, Thrace and Galatia. During the Gallic invasion of Greece, the Macedonian king Ptolemy Keraunos is killed in battle by the forces of the Celtic ruler Bolgios. However, both he and Brennus are driven out of Macedonian territory by Sosthenes of Macedon. 277 BC: in the Battle of Lysimachia, the invasion by Gauls is finally defeated by Antigonus II of Macedon. 274 BC: the First Syrian War erupts between Antiochus I Soter of the Seleucid dynasty and Ptolemy II Philadelphus of the Ptolemaic dynasty over control of Syria and southern Anatolia. 273 BC – 232 BC: Ashoka the Great ruled the Maurya Empire. 260s BC 265 BC: Kalinga War takes place between Ashoka the Great and the kingdom of Kalinga. 264 BC: First Punic War breaks out between the Carthaginian Empire and the Roman Republic. 261 BC: Antiochus II Theos, 2nd son, at the death of his father becomes emperor of the Seleucid empire. 260 BC: Battle of Changping between the State of Qin and the State of Zhao in China; a decisive Qin victory. 260 BC: Ashoka inscribes the Edicts of Ashoka. 250s BC 258 BC: An Dương Vương overthrows the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Viet Nam. 257 BC: Thục Dynasty takes over Vietnam. 240s BC 246 BC: The death of Antiochus II sparks the Third Syrian War; Ptolemy III conquers Syria and Babylon from the Seleucids, but loses the Nesiotic League to Antigonus II 243 BC: Surprise attack on the Macedonian garrison at Corinth. Expansion of the Achaean League. 241 BC: First Punic War ends in Carthaginian defeat. Rome demands large reparations, and annexes Sicily and Corsica. 240 BC: On May 15, Chinese mathematicians observed and recorded the passage of the Halley's Comet. 230s BC 230 BC: The Chinese Qin State conquers Han. 230 BC: Simuka |
Anaxagoras tries to square the circle with straightedge and compass. 433 BC: Battle of Sybota between Kerkyra and Corinth. 433 BC (or later): Burial of Marquis Yi of Zeng in China. 432 BC: Athens adopts a 19-year cycle of synchronizing solar and lunar calendars. 432 BC: Athens defeats Corinth in the battle of Potidaea. 432 BC: The Greek colony of Heraclea is founded by Tarentum and Thurii. 431 BC: The Peloponnesian War begins between Sparta and Athens and their allies. 431 BC: Defeat of the Aequi by the Romans under the dictator Aulus Postumius Tubertus. 431 BC: The Greek physician and philosopher Empedocles articulates the notion that the human body has four humors: blood, bile, black bile, and phlegm, a belief that dominates medical thinking for centuries. 430 BC: Athens suffers a major pestilence, believed to be caused by epidemic typhus. 430 BC: The philosopher Xenophon is born. c. 430 BC: First performance of Sophocles's Oedipus Rex. 420s BC 429 BC: Battle of Chalcis—Chalcidians and their allies are defeated by Athens. 429 BC: Battle of Naupactus—Phormio defeats the Peloponnesian fleet. 429 BC: An outbreak of a plague kills over one-third of the population of Athens. 429 BC: King Sitalkes of Thrace invades Macedonia. 428 BC: Mytilene rebels against Athens but is crushed. 428 BC: Sparta attempts to crush a rebellion on Corcyra, but cancels the effort when the Athenians try to intercept them. 428 BC: The Greek colony of Cumae in Italy falls to the Samnites. 427 BC: The leaders of the Mytilenian revolt are executed. 427 BC: Platea surrenders to the Spartans, who execute over 200 prisoners and destroy the city. 427 BC: The Athenians intervene in Sicily to blockade Sparta from the island. 428 BC: The philosopher Plato is born. 426 BC: Demosthenes unsuccessfully besieges the Corinthian colony of Leukas. 426 BC: When Ambracia invades Acarnania, they seek help from the Spartans and Athenians respectively. The Athenians then defeat the Spartans in the Battle of Olpae. 425 BC: Demosthenes captures the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus. 425 BC: The Athenians invade Sphacteria and defeat the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos. 424 BC: Sicily withdraws from the war and expels every foreign power. Thus, Athens is forced to withdraw from the island. 424 BC: The Athenians try to capture Megara, but are defeated by the Spartans. 424 BC: The Spartan general Brasidas captures Amphipolis, which is a setback for Athens. Thucydides is held responsible for the Athenian failure and is ostracised. This gives him time to start writing his history book. 423 BC: The Athenians propose a cease-fire, which the Spartan general Brasidas ignores. 422 BC: The Spartans defeat the Athenians in the Battle of Amphipolis, where the Athenian Cleon and the Spartan Brasidas are both killed. 421 BC: The Peace of Nicias puts a temporary end to the hostilities between Athens and Sparta. 420 BC: Alcibiades is elected strategos of Athens and begins dominating Athenian politics. 410s BC 419 BC: The Peace of Nicias is broken when Sparta defeats Argos. 418 BC: The Spartans win a major victory over the Athenians in the Battle of Mantinea, the biggest land battle of the Peloponnesian War. 416 BC: The Athenians capture the island of Melos and treat the inhabitants with great cruelty. 416 BC: The Athenians adhere to a plea of help from Sicily and start planning an invasion of the island. 415 BC: The sacred Hermae busts in Athens are mutilated just before the expedition to Sicily is sent away. One of the culprits, Andocides, is captured and is forced to turn informer. He names the other mutilators, among them Alcibiades, who are sentenced to death in their absence. 415 BC: Alcibiades defects from Athens to Sparta after having learned about his death sentence. 414 BC: The Athenians try to make a breakthrough in their siege of Syracuse but are defeated by the Spartans. 413 BC: Demosthenes suggests the Athenians leave Syracuse in order to return to Athens, where help is needed. However, Nicias refuses and they are again defeated in battle by the Spartans. Both Demosthenes and Nicias are killed. 413 BC: Caria allies itself with Sparta. 412 BC: The Persian Empire starts preparing an invasion of Ionia and signs a treaty with Sparta about it. 411 BC: The democracy in Athens is overthrown and replaced by the oligarchic Council of Four Hundred. This council is itself soon defeated and order is almost restored, when the Five Thousand start ruling. Early next year, they are also overthrown and the old democracy is restored. 410 BC: Athens regains control over its vital grain route from the Black Sea by defeating Sparta in the Battle of Cyzicus. 400s BC 409 BC: Athens recaptures Byzantium, thereby putting an end to its revolt against Athens and taking control of the whole Bosporus. 409 BC: The city of Rhodes is founded. 409 BC: The Carthaginians invade Sicily. 408 BC: The Persian king, Darius II, decides to aid Sparta in the war and makes his son Cyrus a satrap. However, Cyrus starts collecting an army to benefit his own interests, rather than his father's. 408 BC: Alcibiades returns to Athens in triumph after an absence of seven years. 407 BC: The Athenian fleet is routed by the Spartan one in the Battle of Notium, which gives Alcibiades' opponents a reason to strip him of command. He never returns to Athens again. 406 BC: Athens defeats Sparta in the Battle of Arginusae and the blockade of Conon is lifted. 406 BC: Sparta sues for peace, but Athens rejects this. 406 BC: The Carthaginians once again invade Sicily and return to Carthage with spoils of war, but also with the plague. 405 BC: The Spartan king Pausanias lays siege to Athens, which makes the city start starving. 405 BC: Dionysius the Elder rises to power in Syracuse. He signs a peace with Carthage and starts consolidating and expanding his influence. April 25, 404 BC: Athens surrenders to Sparta, ending the Peloponnesian War. Sparta introduces an oligarchic system, the Thirty Tyrants, in Athens. 404 BC: Egypt rebels against Persian rule. 403 BC: The Chinese state of Jin is divided into three smaller nations. 403 BC: The first hydraulic engineering in China for a large irrigation canal system is designed by Ximen Bao. 403 BC: Some exiled Athenians return to fight the Thirty Tyrants and restore democracy in Athens. They are, however, narrowly defeated by the Spartans in the Battle of Piraeus. After this, the Spartan king Pausanias allows democracy to | Algidus, he resigns and returns to his farm. 457 BC: Athenian statesman Pericles' greatest reform, allowing common people to serve in any state office, inaugurates Golden Age of Ancient Athens. 457 BC: Battle of Tanagra—The Spartans defeat the Athenians, near Thebes. 457 BC: Battle of Oenophyta—The Athenians defeat the Thebans and take control of Boeotia. 457 BC: Decree of Artaxerxes I to re-establish the city government of Jerusalem. See Ezra 7, Daniel 9 and Nehemiah 1 in Old Testament. 455 BC: A thirty years' truce concluded between Athens and Lacedaemon. 455 BC: Euripides presents his first known tragedy, Peliades, in the Athenian festival of Dionysia. 454 BC: Athens loses a fleet and possibly as many as 50 000 men in a failed attempt to aid an Egyptian revolt against Persia. 454 BC: The treasury of the Delian League is moved from Delos to Athens. 454 BC: Hostilities between Segesta and Selinunte, two Greek cities on Sicily. 453 BC: Taiyuan, a city in China, gets flooded. 451 BC: Athens makes peace with Sparta and wages a war against Persia. 451 BC: The decemviri come to power in the Roman Republic. They enact the twelve tables, the foundation of Roman Law. 450 BC: Battle of Salamis: Athenians under Cimon defeat the Persian fleet. 450 BC: Perdiccas II succeeds Alexander I as king of Macedonia (approximate date). 450 BC to 325 BC: Olmecs leave La Venta, and it becomes depopulated by 325 BC. 440s BC 449 BC: The Peace of Callias between the Delian League and Persia ends the Persian Wars. 449 BC: Construction begins on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. 449 BC: The Twelve Tables are promulgated to the people of Rome—the first public laws of the Roman Republic. 449 BC: Romans revolt against the decemvirate. The decemvirs resign and the tribunate is re-established. 449 BC: Herodotus completes his History, which records the events concerning the Persian War. 448 BC: Phidias finishes a 9 meter high statue of Athena on the Acropolis. 447 BC: Athens begins construction of the Parthenon, at the initiative of Pericles. 447 BC: Battle of Coronea—The Athenians are driven out of Boeotia. 447 BC: Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek playwright, shows his first play. 445 BC: Pericles declares Thirty Years' Peace between Athens and Sparta. 445 BC: Artaxerxes I gives Nehemiah permission to rebuild Jerusalem. 445 BC: The Lacus Curtius is created by a lightning strike in Rome. It is consecrated by Gaius, Mettius or Marcus Curtius. 443 BC: The Roman Republic creates the office of censor, initially exclusive to patricians. 443 BC: Foundation of the Greek colony of Thurii in Italy. Its colonists include Herodotus and Lysias. 442 BC: Sophocles writes Antigone. 441 BC: King Ai of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the year's end. 440 BC: Famine in Rome. 440 BC: King Kao of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 440 BC: Democritus proposes the existence of indivisible particles, which he calls atoms. 430s BC 439 BC: Cincinnatus again becomes dictator of the Roman Republic; during his term he defeats the Volsci. 439 BC: According to legend, Gaius Servilius Ahala saves Rome from Spurius Maelius. 438 BC: Ictinus and Callicrates finish construction of the Parthenon, located on Athens' Acropolis. 435 BC: The Statue of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias, one of the seven wonders of the world, is completed. 434 BC: Conflict occurs between the Greek island of Kerkyra and its mother-city Corinth. 434 BC: Anaxagoras tries to square the circle with straightedge and compass. 433 BC: Battle of Sybota between Kerkyra and Corinth. 433 BC (or later): Burial of Marquis Yi of Zeng in China. 432 BC: Athens adopts a 19-year cycle of synchronizing solar and lunar calendars. 432 BC: Athens defeats Corinth in the battle of Potidaea. 432 BC: The Greek colony of Heraclea is founded by Tarentum and Thurii. 431 BC: The Peloponnesian War begins between Sparta and Athens and their allies. 431 BC: Defeat of the Aequi by the Romans under the dictator Aulus Postumius Tubertus. 431 BC: The Greek physician and philosopher Empedocles articulates the notion that the human body has four humors: blood, bile, black bile, and phlegm, a belief that dominates medical thinking for centuries. 430 BC: Athens suffers a major pestilence, believed to be caused by epidemic typhus. 430 BC: The philosopher Xenophon is born. c. 430 BC: First performance of Sophocles's Oedipus Rex. 420s BC 429 BC: Battle of Chalcis—Chalcidians and their allies are defeated by Athens. 429 BC: Battle of Naupactus—Phormio defeats the Peloponnesian fleet. 429 BC: An outbreak of a plague kills over one-third of the population of Athens. 429 BC: King Sitalkes of Thrace invades Macedonia. 428 BC: Mytilene rebels against Athens but is crushed. 428 BC: Sparta attempts to crush a rebellion on Corcyra, but cancels the effort when the Athenians try to intercept them. 428 BC: The Greek colony of Cumae in Italy falls to the Samnites. 427 BC: The leaders of the Mytilenian revolt are executed. 427 BC: Platea surrenders to the Spartans, who execute over 200 prisoners and destroy the city. 427 BC: The Athenians intervene in Sicily to blockade Sparta from the island. 428 BC: The philosopher Plato is born. 426 BC: Demosthenes unsuccessfully besieges the Corinthian colony of Leukas. 426 BC: When Ambracia invades Acarnania, they seek help from the Spartans and Athenians respectively. The Athenians then defeat the Spartans in the Battle of Olpae. 425 BC: Demosthenes captures the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus. 425 BC: The Athenians invade Sphacteria and defeat the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos. 424 BC: Sicily withdraws from the war and expels every foreign power. Thus, Athens is forced to withdraw from the island. 424 BC: The Athenians try to capture Megara, but are defeated by the Spartans. 424 BC: The Spartan general Brasidas captures Amphipolis, which is a setback for Athens. Thucydides is held responsible for the Athenian failure and is ostracised. This gives him time to start writing his history book. 423 BC: The Athenians propose a cease-fire, which the Spartan general Brasidas ignores. 422 BC: The Spartans defeat the Athenians in the Battle of Amphipolis, where the Athenian Cleon and the Spartan Brasidas are both killed. 421 BC: The Peace of Nicias puts a temporary end to the hostilities between Athens and Sparta. 420 BC: Alcibiades is elected strategos of Athens and begins dominating Athenian politics. 410s BC 419 BC: The Peace of Nicias is broken when Sparta defeats Argos. 418 BC: The Spartans win a major victory over the Athenians in the Battle of Mantinea, the biggest land battle of the Peloponnesian War. 416 BC: The Athenians capture the island of Melos and treat the inhabitants with great cruelty. 416 BC: The Athenians adhere to a plea of help from Sicily and start planning an invasion of the island. 415 BC: The sacred Hermae busts in Athens are mutilated just before the expedition to Sicily is sent away. One of the culprits, Andocides, is captured and is forced to turn informer. He names the other mutilators, among them Alcibiades, who are sentenced to death in their absence. 415 BC: Alcibiades defects from Athens to Sparta after having learned about his death sentence. 414 BC: The Athenians try to make a breakthrough in their siege of Syracuse but are defeated by the Spartans. 413 BC: Demosthenes suggests the Athenians leave Syracuse in order to return to Athens, where help is needed. However, Nicias refuses and they are again defeated in battle by the Spartans. Both Demosthenes and Nicias are killed. 413 BC: Caria allies itself with Sparta. 412 BC: The Persian Empire starts preparing an invasion of Ionia and signs a treaty with Sparta about |
removed as Archon of Athens. 558 BC: The Chinese state of Jin defeats its rival Qin in battle. 556 BC: Pisistratus is exiled from Athens to Euboea. 556 BC: Labashi-Marduk succeeds Neriglissar as King of Babylon. 556 BC/555 BC: Nabonidus succeeds Labashi-Marduk as King of Babylon. 550 BC: Abdera is destroyed by the Thracians. 550 BC: Cyrus II the Great overthrows Astyages of the Medes, establishing the Persian Empire. 550 BC: The Late Mumun Period begins in the Korean peninsula. 540s BC 547 BC: Croesus, Lydian King, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys. 546 BC: Cyrus of Persia completes his conquest of Lydia, and makes Pasargadae his capital. 544 BC: People of Teos migrate to Abdera, Thrace to escape the yoke of Persia. 544 BC: King Jing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 543 BC: Prince Vijaya establishes a Sinhalese dynasty of Sri Lanka. 543 BC: Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos (approximate date). 540 BC: Greek city of Elea of southern Italy founded (approximate date). 540 BC: Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos, now in southern Turkey (approximate date). 530s BC 539 BC: Babylon is conquered by Cyrus the Great, defeating Nabonidus. 538 BC: Return of some Jews from Babylonian exile who build the Second Temple about fifty years after the destruction of the First Temple, from 520 BC–516 BC. 537 BC: Jews transported to Babylon are allowed to return to Jerusalem, bringing to a close the Babylonian captivity. 536 BC: According to tradition, the Biblical prophet Daniel receives an angelic visitor. 534 BC: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus becomes King of Rome. 534 BC: Competitions for tragedy are instituted at the City Dionysia festival in Athens. 530 BC: Cambyses II succeeds Cyrus as King of Persia. 520s BC 528 BC: Gautama Buddha attains Enlightenment, and begins his ministry. He founds Buddhism in India. It becomes a major world religion. 526 BC: Psammetichus III succeeds Amasis II as King of Egypt. 525 BC: Cambyses II, ruler of Persia, conquers Egypt, defeating Psammetichus III. This is considered the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, and the start of the Twenty-seventh Dynasty. 522 BC: Smerdis succeeds Cambyses II as ruler of Persia. 522 BC: Babylon rebels against Persian rule. 521 BC: Darius I succeeds Smerdis as ruler of Persia. 521 BC: The Babylonian rebellion against Persian rule is suppressed 520 BC: King Dao of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the end of the year 520 BC: Cleomenes I succeeds Anaxandridas II as King of Sparta (approximate date) 510s BC 519 BC: King Jing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 516 BC: Indian subcontinent—Occupation of Punjab is completed by the Achaemenid King Darius I. 12 March 515 BC: Construction is completed on the Temple in Jerusalem. 514 BC: King Helü of Wu establishes the "Great City of Helü", the ancient name for Wuxi, as his capital in China. 513 BC: Darius the Great subdues the Getae and east Thrace in his war against the Scythians. 512 BC: The Kingdom of Macedonia, under King Amyntas I, becomes a vassal state to the Achaemenid Empire. 510 BC: Hippias, son of Pisistratus and tyrant of Athens, is expelled by a popular revolt supported by Cleomenes I, King of Sparta and his forces. 510 BC: End of reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, last King of the traditional seven Kings of Rome. 510 BC: Establishment of the Roman Republic. 510 BC: Demaratus succeeds Ariston as King of Sparta (approximate date). 500s BC 13 September 509 BC: The Temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on | King Jian of Zhou, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 571 BC: King Ling of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 570 BC: Amasis II succeeds Apries as King of Egypt. 570 BC: Pythagoras of Samos is born (approximate date). 570 BC: End of the Babylonian siege against the city of Tyre with a partial victory by the Babylonians. It was the longest siege of the city in history, lasting 13 years. 560s BC 568 BC: Amtalqa succeeds his brother Aspelta as King of Kush. 562 BC: Amel-Marduk succeeds Nebuchadnezzar as King of Babylon. 560 BC: Neriglissar succeeds Amel-Marduk as King of Babylon. 561 BC/560 BC: Croesus becomes King of Lydia. 560 BC: Pisistratus seizes the Acropolis of Athens and declares himself tyrant. He is deposed in the same year. 550s BC 550s BC: Carthage conquers Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. 559 BC: King Cambyses I of Anshan dies and is succeeded by his son Cyrus II the Great. 558 BC: Hegesias removed as Archon of Athens. 558 BC: The Chinese state of Jin defeats its rival Qin in battle. 556 BC: Pisistratus is exiled from Athens to Euboea. 556 BC: Labashi-Marduk succeeds Neriglissar as King of Babylon. 556 BC/555 BC: Nabonidus succeeds Labashi-Marduk as King of Babylon. 550 BC: Abdera is destroyed by the Thracians. 550 BC: Cyrus II the Great overthrows Astyages of the Medes, establishing the Persian Empire. 550 BC: The Late Mumun Period begins in the Korean peninsula. 540s BC 547 BC: Croesus, Lydian King, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys. 546 BC: Cyrus of Persia completes his conquest of Lydia, and makes Pasargadae his capital. 544 BC: People of Teos migrate to Abdera, Thrace to escape the yoke of Persia. 544 BC: King Jing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 543 BC: Prince Vijaya establishes a Sinhalese dynasty of Sri Lanka. 543 BC: Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos (approximate date). 540 BC: Greek city of Elea of southern Italy founded (approximate date). 540 BC: Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos, now in southern Turkey (approximate date). 530s BC 539 BC: Babylon is conquered by Cyrus the Great, defeating Nabonidus. 538 BC: Return of some Jews from Babylonian exile who build the Second Temple about fifty years after the destruction of the First Temple, from 520 BC–516 BC. 537 BC: Jews transported to Babylon are allowed to return to Jerusalem, bringing to a close the Babylonian captivity. 536 BC: According to tradition, the Biblical prophet Daniel receives an angelic visitor. 534 BC: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus becomes King of Rome. 534 BC: Competitions for tragedy are instituted at the City Dionysia festival in Athens. 530 BC: Cambyses II succeeds Cyrus as King of Persia. 520s BC 528 BC: Gautama Buddha attains Enlightenment, and begins his ministry. He founds Buddhism in India. It becomes a major world religion. 526 BC: Psammetichus III succeeds Amasis II as King of Egypt. 525 BC: Cambyses II, ruler of Persia, conquers Egypt, defeating Psammetichus III. This is considered the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, and the start of the Twenty-seventh Dynasty. 522 BC: Smerdis succeeds Cambyses II as ruler of Persia. 522 BC: Babylon rebels against Persian rule. 521 BC: Darius I succeeds Smerdis as ruler of Persia. 521 BC: The Babylonian rebellion against Persian rule is suppressed 520 BC: King Dao of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the end of the year 520 BC: Cleomenes I succeeds Anaxandridas II as King of Sparta (approximate date) 510s BC 519 BC: King Jing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 516 BC: Indian subcontinent—Occupation of Punjab is completed by the Achaemenid King Darius I. 12 March 515 BC: Construction is completed on the Temple in Jerusalem. 514 BC: King Helü of Wu establishes the "Great City of Helü", the ancient name for Wuxi, as his capital in China. 513 BC: Darius the Great subdues the Getae and east Thrace in his war against the Scythians. 512 BC: The Kingdom of Macedonia, under King Amyntas I, becomes a vassal state to the Achaemenid Empire. 510 BC: Hippias, son of Pisistratus and tyrant of Athens, is expelled by a popular revolt supported by Cleomenes I, King of Sparta and his forces. 510 BC: End of reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, last King of the traditional seven Kings of Rome. 510 BC: Establishment of the Roman Republic. 510 BC: Demaratus succeeds Ariston as King of Sparta (approximate date). 500s BC 13 September 509 BC: The Temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the Ides of September. 508 BC: Office of pontifex maximus created in Rome. 507 BC: Cleisthenes, Greek reformer, takes power and increases democracy. 506 BC: Battle of Boju: Forces of the Kingdom of |
to December 31, 409. Significant people | 409. Significant people References |
1, 1430, to December | The 1430s decade ran |
Dictionary on historical principles, part 1 (edited by James A. H. Murray), the first fascicle of what will become The Oxford English Dictionary, is published in England. February 5 – Derby County Football Club is founded in England. March 13 – The siege of Khartoum, Sudan begins (ends on January 26, 1885). March – John Joseph Montgomery conducts the first manned glider flights in the United States near Otay, California. April–June April 20 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Humanum genus, denouncing Freemasonry and certain liberal beliefs which he considers to be associated with it. April 22 A German protectorate is established over South-West Africa. The Colchester earthquake, England, the UK's most destructive, occurs. May 1 – The eight-hour workday is first proclaimed by the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in the United States. This date, called May Day or Labour Day, becomes a holiday recognized in almost every industrialized country. May 16 Angelo Moriondo of Turin is granted a patent for an espresso machine. Sweden's Finance Minister Robert Themptander becomes his country's Prime Minister (1884–88). June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The future flag of Estonia is consecrated, as the flag of the Estonian Students' Society. June 13 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson opens the "Gravity Pleasure Switchback Railway" at Coney Island, New York City. June 28 – The Norwegian Association for Women's Rights is founded. July–September July 1 – First International Forestry Exhibition opens in Edinburgh, Scotland. July 3 – The Dow Jones Transportation Average, consisting of eleven transportation-related companies (nine railroads and two non-rail companies, Western Union and Pacific Mail), is created. The index is the oldest stock index still in use. July 5 – Germany takes possession of Togoland. July 7 – Nagasaki Shipyard, as predecessor of an aircraft and shipbuilding manufacturing brand in Japan, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was founded in Kyushu Island. July 14 – German administration is established in Cameroon. July 23 – Today's Courier records the first tennis tournaments held on the grounds of Shrubland Hall, Leamington Spa, England. August 5 – The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid on Bedloe's Island, in New York Harbor. August 10 – An earthquake measuring 5.5 affects a very large portion of the eastern United States. The shock has a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). Chimneys are toppled in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Property damage is severe in Jamaica, Queens and Amityville, New York. August 22 – The Sino-French War (for control of Tonkin) breaks out (continues to April 1885). August 23 – Sino-French War – Battle of Fuzhou: French Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron virtually destroys China's Fujian Fleet. September 5 – Staten Island Academy is founded. September 15 – The invention of local anesthesia by Karl Koller is made public, at a medical congress in Heidelberg, Germany. September 23–24 – On the night of 23 to 24 September steamship Arctique runs aground near Cape Virgenes leading to the discovery of nearby placer gold and beginning the Tierra del Fuego gold rush. October–December October 6 – The United States Naval War College is established in Newport, Rhode Island. October 18 – The University of Wales, Bangor (UK) is founded. October 22 The International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian. Letitia Alice Walkington becomes the first woman to receive a degree from the Royal University of Ireland. November 1 The Irish Gaelic Athletic Association is founded in Thurles, Ireland. Leicester City F.C. play their first match, as Leicester Fosse Football Club, in England. November 2 – Timișoara, Romania is the first town in Europe with streets illuminated by electric light. November 4 – 1884 United States presidential election: Democratic Governor of New York Grover Cleveland defeats Republican James G. Blaine in a very close contest, to win the first of his non-consecutive terms. November 15 – The Berlin Conference, which regulates European colonisation and trade in Africa, begins (ends February 26, 1885). December 1 American Old West: Near Frisco, New Mexico, deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys, who want to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarthy (the cowboys have been terrorizing the area's Hispanos, and Baca is working against them). Porfirio Díaz (1830–1915) returns as President of Mexico, an office he will hold until 1911. December 4 – Reformers in Korea who admire the Meiji Restoration in Japan stage the Gapsin Coup, with Japan's help. China intervenes to rescue the king, and help suppress the rebels. December 6 – The Washington Monument is completed in Washington, D.C., becoming the tallest structure in the world at this date. December 10 The Third Reform Act widens the adult male electorate in the United Kingdom to around 60%. Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is first published, in London. December 16 – The World Cotton Centennial world's fair opens in New Orleans. Date unknown The first Christian missionary arrives in Korea. Police training schools are established in every prefecture in Japan. The Yellow Crane Tower last burns in Wuhan. Parliamentarism is introduced in Norway. Scottish Plymouth Brethren missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot identifies the source of the Zambezi River, near Kalene Hill. The first ascent is made of Castle Mountain in the Canadian Rockies, by geologist Arthur Philemon Coleman. The Stefan–Boltzmann law is reformulated by Ludwig Boltzmann. Mexican General Manuel Mondragón creates the Mondragón rifle, the world's first automatic rifle. The water hyacinth is introduced in the United States, and quickly becomes an invasive species. An economic depression hits the United States. The Fredrika Bremer Association is founded in Sweden. Thomas Parker built a practical production electric car in Wolverhampton using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries. Births January January 1 Papa Celestin, American jazz bandleader, singer, cornetist, and trumpeter (d. 1954) Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese naval officer, engineer, and politician, founder of the Nakajima Aircraft Company (d. 1949) Konstantinos Tsaldaris, Greek politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1970) January 2 – Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-born Israeli educator, historian and politician (d. 1973) January 4 – Gyosaku Morozumi, Japanese general (d. 1963) January 12 Texas Guinan, American vaudeville performer (d. 1933) Charles Armijo Woodruff, 11th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1945) January 13 – Sophie Tucker, Russian-born singer, comedian (d. 1966) January 20 – Charles Whittlesey, United States Army officer, commander of the Lost Battalion in World War I (d. 1921) January 21 – Roger Nash Baldwin, American social activist (d. 1981) January 23 – Ralph DePalma, Italian-born race car driver (d. 1956) January 24 – Thomas Blamey, Australian field marshal (d. 1951) January 26 Gheorghe Avramescu, Romanian general (d. 1945) Roy Chapman Andrews, American explorer, adventurer, and naturalist (d. 1960) January 28 – Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist, balloonist, and inventor (d. 1962) January 29 – Rickard Sandler, 20th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1964) January 30 Sōjin Kamiyama, Japanese actor in American silent films,(d. 1954) Pedro Pablo Ramírez, 26th President of Argentina, leader of World War II (d. 1962) January 31 – Theodor Heuss, German politician, publicist (d. 1963) February February 1 – Bradbury Robinson, American football player, who threw the first forward pass in American football history in 1906 (d. 1949) February 8 – Burt Mustin, American actor (d. 1977) February 10 – Frederick Hawksworth, GWR chief mechanical engineer (d. 1976) February 12 Max Beckmann, German painter, graphic artist (d. 1950) Marie Vassilieff, Russian artist (d. 1957) Johan Laidoner, seminal figure of Estonian history between the World Wars (d.1953) February 13 – Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American athlete, inventor (d. 1961) February 15 – Mieczysław Norwid-Neugebauer, Polish general and politician (d. 1954) February 16 – Robert J. Flaherty, American filmmaker (d. 1951) February 17 – María Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo, Filipino Roman Catholic nun and servant of God (d. 1957) February 18 – Andrew Watson Myles, Canadian politician (d. 1970) February 19 – Maciej Rataj, Polish Politician & Writer (d. 1940) February 20 – Constantin Constantinescu-Claps, Romanian general (d. 1961) February 22 – Lew Cody, American actor (d. 1934) February 26 – John Cyril Porte, Irish-born British flying boat pioneer (d. 1919) February 28 – Ants Piip, Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942) March March 6 – R. Williams Parry, Welsh poet (d. 1956) March 13 – Sir Hugh Walpole, English novelist (d. 1941) March 17 – Alcide Nunez, American jazz musician (d. 1934) March 21 – George David Birkhoff, American mathematician (d. 1944) March 24 Peter Debye, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966) Chika Kuroda, Japanese chemist (d. 1968) March 25 – Georges Imbert, Alsatian chemist (d. 1950) March 26 Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (d. 1969) Isaac C. Kidd, American admiral (d. 1941) Paul Legentilhomme, French general (d. 1975) March 27 – James Cruze, American motion picture director (d. 1942) April April 4 – Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) April 5 – Ion Inculeț, President of Moldova (d. 1940) April 7 – Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist (d. 1942) April 12 – Otto Fritz Meyerhof, German-born physician, biochemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1951) April 20 – Oliver Kirk, American Olympic boxer (b. 1960) April 22 Tenby Davies, Welsh half-mile world champion runner (d. 1932) Armas Launis, Finnish composer, ethnomusicologist (d. 1959) April 24 – Otto Froitzheim, German tennis player (d. 1962) May May 1 – Henry Norwest, Canadian World War I sniper (d. 1918) May 5 – Jean Decoux, French admiral, Governor-General of French Indochina (1940-1945) (d. 1963) May 8 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972) May 10 – | tournaments held on the grounds of Shrubland Hall, Leamington Spa, England. August 5 – The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid on Bedloe's Island, in New York Harbor. August 10 – An earthquake measuring 5.5 affects a very large portion of the eastern United States. The shock has a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). Chimneys are toppled in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Property damage is severe in Jamaica, Queens and Amityville, New York. August 22 – The Sino-French War (for control of Tonkin) breaks out (continues to April 1885). August 23 – Sino-French War – Battle of Fuzhou: French Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron virtually destroys China's Fujian Fleet. September 5 – Staten Island Academy is founded. September 15 – The invention of local anesthesia by Karl Koller is made public, at a medical congress in Heidelberg, Germany. September 23–24 – On the night of 23 to 24 September steamship Arctique runs aground near Cape Virgenes leading to the discovery of nearby placer gold and beginning the Tierra del Fuego gold rush. October–December October 6 – The United States Naval War College is established in Newport, Rhode Island. October 18 – The University of Wales, Bangor (UK) is founded. October 22 The International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian. Letitia Alice Walkington becomes the first woman to receive a degree from the Royal University of Ireland. November 1 The Irish Gaelic Athletic Association is founded in Thurles, Ireland. Leicester City F.C. play their first match, as Leicester Fosse Football Club, in England. November 2 – Timișoara, Romania is the first town in Europe with streets illuminated by electric light. November 4 – 1884 United States presidential election: Democratic Governor of New York Grover Cleveland defeats Republican James G. Blaine in a very close contest, to win the first of his non-consecutive terms. November 15 – The Berlin Conference, which regulates European colonisation and trade in Africa, begins (ends February 26, 1885). December 1 American Old West: Near Frisco, New Mexico, deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys, who want to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarthy (the cowboys have been terrorizing the area's Hispanos, and Baca is working against them). Porfirio Díaz (1830–1915) returns as President of Mexico, an office he will hold until 1911. December 4 – Reformers in Korea who admire the Meiji Restoration in Japan stage the Gapsin Coup, with Japan's help. China intervenes to rescue the king, and help suppress the rebels. December 6 – The Washington Monument is completed in Washington, D.C., becoming the tallest structure in the world at this date. December 10 The Third Reform Act widens the adult male electorate in the United Kingdom to around 60%. Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is first published, in London. December 16 – The World Cotton Centennial world's fair opens in New Orleans. Date unknown The first Christian missionary arrives in Korea. Police training schools are established in every prefecture in Japan. The Yellow Crane Tower last burns in Wuhan. Parliamentarism is introduced in Norway. Scottish Plymouth Brethren missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot identifies the source of the Zambezi River, near Kalene Hill. The first ascent is made of Castle Mountain in the Canadian Rockies, by geologist Arthur Philemon Coleman. The Stefan–Boltzmann law is reformulated by Ludwig Boltzmann. Mexican General Manuel Mondragón creates the Mondragón rifle, the world's first automatic rifle. The water hyacinth is introduced in the United States, and quickly becomes an invasive species. An economic depression hits the United States. The Fredrika Bremer Association is founded in Sweden. Thomas Parker built a practical production electric car in Wolverhampton using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries. Births January January 1 Papa Celestin, American jazz bandleader, singer, cornetist, and trumpeter (d. 1954) Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese naval officer, engineer, and politician, founder of the Nakajima Aircraft Company (d. 1949) Konstantinos Tsaldaris, Greek politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1970) January 2 – Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-born Israeli educator, historian and politician (d. 1973) January 4 – Gyosaku Morozumi, Japanese general (d. 1963) January 12 Texas Guinan, American vaudeville performer (d. 1933) Charles Armijo Woodruff, 11th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1945) January 13 – Sophie Tucker, Russian-born singer, comedian (d. 1966) January 20 – Charles Whittlesey, United States Army officer, commander of the Lost Battalion in World War I (d. 1921) January 21 – Roger Nash Baldwin, American social activist (d. 1981) January 23 – Ralph DePalma, Italian-born race car driver (d. 1956) January 24 – Thomas Blamey, Australian field marshal (d. 1951) January 26 Gheorghe Avramescu, Romanian general (d. 1945) Roy Chapman Andrews, American explorer, adventurer, and naturalist (d. 1960) January 28 – Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist, balloonist, and inventor (d. 1962) January 29 – Rickard Sandler, 20th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1964) January 30 Sōjin Kamiyama, Japanese actor in American silent films,(d. 1954) Pedro Pablo Ramírez, 26th President of Argentina, leader of World War II (d. 1962) January 31 – Theodor Heuss, German politician, publicist (d. 1963) February February 1 – Bradbury Robinson, American football player, who threw the first forward pass in American football history in 1906 (d. 1949) February 8 – Burt Mustin, American actor (d. 1977) February 10 – Frederick Hawksworth, GWR chief mechanical engineer (d. 1976) February 12 Max Beckmann, German painter, graphic artist (d. 1950) Marie Vassilieff, Russian artist (d. 1957) Johan Laidoner, seminal figure of Estonian history between the World Wars (d.1953) February 13 – Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American athlete, inventor (d. 1961) February 15 – Mieczysław Norwid-Neugebauer, Polish general and politician (d. 1954) February 16 – Robert J. Flaherty, American filmmaker (d. 1951) February 17 – María Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo, Filipino Roman Catholic nun and servant of God (d. 1957) February 18 – Andrew Watson Myles, Canadian politician (d. 1970) February 19 – Maciej Rataj, Polish Politician & Writer (d. 1940) February 20 – Constantin Constantinescu-Claps, Romanian general (d. 1961) February 22 – Lew Cody, American actor (d. 1934) February 26 – John Cyril Porte, Irish-born British flying boat pioneer (d. 1919) February 28 – Ants Piip, Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942) March March 6 – R. Williams Parry, Welsh poet (d. 1956) March 13 – Sir Hugh Walpole, English novelist (d. 1941) March 17 – Alcide Nunez, American jazz musician (d. 1934) March 21 – George David Birkhoff, American mathematician (d. 1944) March 24 Peter Debye, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966) Chika Kuroda, Japanese chemist (d. 1968) March 25 – Georges Imbert, Alsatian chemist (d. 1950) March 26 Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (d. 1969) Isaac C. Kidd, American admiral (d. 1941) Paul Legentilhomme, French general (d. 1975) March 27 – James Cruze, American motion picture director (d. 1942) April April 4 – Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) April 5 – Ion Inculeț, President of Moldova (d. 1940) April 7 – Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist (d. 1942) April 12 – Otto Fritz Meyerhof, German-born physician, biochemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1951) April 20 – Oliver Kirk, American Olympic boxer (b. 1960) April 22 Tenby Davies, Welsh half-mile world champion runner (d. 1932) Armas Launis, Finnish composer, ethnomusicologist (d. 1959) April 24 – Otto Froitzheim, German tennis player (d. 1962) May May 1 – Henry Norwest, Canadian World War I sniper (d. 1918) May 5 – Jean Decoux, French admiral, Governor-General of French Indochina (1940-1945) (d. 1963) May 8 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972) May 10 – Olga Petrova, English-born actress (d. 1977) May 14 – Claude Dornier, German aircraft designer (d. 1969) May 20 – Leon Schlesinger, American producer, filmmaker (d. 1949) May 21 – Manuel Pérez y Curis, Uruguayan poet (d. 1920) May 23 – Corrado Gini, Italian statistician, demographer and sociologist (d. 1965) May 27 – Max Brod, Austrian author (d. 1968) May 28 – Edvard Beneš, Czechoslovak politician (d. 1948) May 30 Siegmund Glücksmann, German-Jewish politician (d. 1942) Robert "Fuzzy" Theobald, American admiral (d. 1957) June June 5 – Doris 'Dodo' Große, German artists' model, lover of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (year of death unknown) June 7 – Birger |
Pink and White Terraces. June 12 – King Ludwig II of Bavaria is detained as part of a deposition, drowning the following day under mysterious circumstances. Six weeks later his unfinished Neuschwanstein Castle is opened to the public. June 13 – The Great Vancouver Fire devastates much of Vancouver, British Columbia. June 25 – Arturo Toscanini makes his conducting debut, with an Italian opera company visiting Rio de Janeiro. June 30 – The Royal Holloway College for women is opened by Queen Victoria, near London, England. July–September July 3 – Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent Motorwagen. July 9 – American inventor Charles M. Hall files a patent for his inexpensive method of refining aluminium (discovered on February 23); independently and near-simultaneously discovered in France by Paul Héroult it becomes known as the Hall–Héroult process. July 23 – Steve Brodie is reported to have made a jump from the Brooklyn Bridge, a claim subsequently disputed. July 25 – Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative Party (UK)) becomes Great Britain's 30th Prime Minister. July 31 - Franz Liszt is dead August 13 – Nagasaki Incident: Chinese troops riot during shore leave in Nagasaki, Japan. August 19 – The Christian Union (Church of God) is established. August 20 – A massive hurricane demolishes the town of Indianola, Texas. August 31 – The 7.0 Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 60 people are killed, and damage is estimated at $5–6 million. September 1 – Grasshopper Club Zürich is founded as the first football club in the Swiss city of Zürich by English students. September 4 – American Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders, with his last band of warriors, to General Nelson Miles, at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona. September 9 – The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is signed. September 21 – American physicist William Stanley, Jr. patents the first practical alternating current transformer device, the induction coil. October–December October 7 – Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba. October 24 – The British merchant vessel Normanton sinks off the coast of Japan, triggering the Normanton incident. October 28 – In New York Harbor, U.S. President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France. The ensuing spontaneous celebration in New York City leads to the first ticker tape parade. November – The extremely harsh winter of 1886–87 in the United States begins, killing tens of thousands of cattle on the Great Plains of North America. November 1 – The biggest Buddhist boys' school in Sri Lanka, Ananda College, is founded in Colombo. November 3 – In the British Raj, what will become one of the biggest boys' schools in Pakistan, Aitchison College, Lahore, is founded under the auspices of Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison. November 11 – Heinrich Hertz verifies the existence of electromagnetic waves, at the University of Karlsruhe. November 14 – German inventor Friedrich Soennecken first develops the hole puncher, a type of office tool capable of punching small holes in paper. November 15 – A worldwide home appliance and power tool brand, Robert Bosch GmbH was founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. November 30 – The Folies Bergère stages its first revue in Paris. December 11 – London Association football club Arsenal, founded as Dial Square by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, play their first match (on the Isle of Dogs). The club is renamed Royal Arsenal soon afterwards, supposedly on December 25. December 17 – English adventurer Thomas Stevens concludes the first circumnavigation by bicycle in Yokohama, having set out on his penny-farthing from San Francisco in 1884. Date unknown Addis Ababa is founded in the Ethiopian Empire. The village of Skorenovac is founded, mostly by Székely Hungarians. Scotch whisky distiller William Grant & Sons is founded. Yorkshire Tea is established in Harrogate, England. Johnson & Johnson, which becomes a multinational brand, begins manufacturing healthcare products in New Jersey, United States. Emily Ruete publishes her landmark memoir, Memoirs of an Arabian Princess: An Autobiography. Bedford Rugby Club is formed in England. Horse-drawn streetcars in Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Great Britain are carrying c. 900 million riders per year. Avon Products, a cosmetics and household brand on worldwide, founded in New York City, United States. Food product and processing brand, Del Monte Foods was founded in California, United States. Births January–February January 2 –Florence Lawrence, Canadian-born actress (d. 1938) January 5 –Markus Reiner, Israeli scientist (d. 1976) January 7 –Amedeo Maiuri, Neapolitan archaeologist (d. 1963) January 11 George Zucco, English–born character actor (d. 1960) Chester Conklin, American actor (d. 1971) January 14 –Hugh Lofting, English-born author (d. 1947) January 17 –Joe Masseria, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1931) January 18 –Clara Nordström, German writer, translator (d. 1962) January 25 – Wilhelm Furtwängler, German conductor (d. 1954) January 27 – Frank Nitti, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1943) January 28 Hidetsugu Yagi, Japanese electrical engineer (d. 1976) Sam McDaniel, African-American actor (d. 1962) January 31 – Alfonso López Pumarejo, 14th and 16th President of Colombia (d. 1959) February 2 – Frank Lloyd, English-born film director, scriptwriter and producer (d. 1960) February 4 – Edward Sheldon, American playwright (d. 1946) February 7 – Yehezkel Abramsky, eminent Russian-born rabbi, head of the London Beth Din for 17 years (d. 1976) February 8 – Charles Ruggles, American actor (d. 1970) February 9 – Edwin Maxwell, Irish actor (d. 1948) February 12 – Margarita Fischer, American silent film actress (d. 1975) February 17 – Aeneas Francon Williams, English-born missionary, Church of Scotland minister, writer and poet (d. 1971) February 19 – José Abad Santos, Filipino jurist, lawyer (d. 1942) February 22 – Oskar Kokoschka, Austrian artist and poet (d. 1980) February 27 – Hugo Black, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1971) March–April March 2 Willis H. O'Brien, American stop motion animator (d. 1962) Vittorio Pozzo, Italian football player and manager (d. 1968) Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, German general (d. 1974) March 3 – Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (d. 1968) March 4 – Kazimierz Świtalski, Polish diplomat, politician, soldier and military officer, 18th Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1962) March 6 Saburō Kurusu, Japanese diplomat (d. 1954) Ola Solberg, Norwegian newspaper editor, politician (d. 1977) Nella Walker, American actress, vaudevillian (d. 1971) March 7 Virginia Pearson, American silent film actress (d. 1958) Jacques Majorelle, French painter (d. 1962) March 8 – Edward Calvin Kendall, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972) March 9 – Robert L. Eichelberger, American general (d. 1961) March 11 – Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Polish politician, Marshal of Poland (d. 1941) March 15 – Sergey Kirov, Soviet revolutionary (d. 1934) March 18 Edward Everett Horton, American actor (d. 1970) Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, German U-boat ace (d. 1941) March 19 – Giuseppe Bellanca, Italian-born American airplane designer, manufacturer (d. 1960) March 20 – Grace Brown, American murder victim whose story became a famous court case (d. 1906) March 22 – Kálmán Darányi, 31st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1939) March 24 – Edward Weston, American photographer (d. 1958) March 25 – Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (d. 1972) March 27 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, German architect (d. 1969) Wladimir Burliuk, Ukrainian artist (d. 1917) April 2 – Reginald Barker, American film director (d. 1945) April 4 – William R. Munroe, American admiral (d. 1966) April | Haymarket affair in Chicago, and eventually wins the eight-hour day for workers. May 4 – Emile Berliner starts work that leads to the invention of the gramophone. May 8 – American pharmacist Dr. John Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage that will be named 'Coca-Cola'. May 15 – Portugal and France agree to regulate the borders of their colonies in Guinea. May 17 Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that corporations have the same rights as living persons. Motherwell Football Club is founded in Scotland. May 29 – John Pemberton begins to advertise Coca-Cola (in The Atlanta Journal). June 2 – U.S. President Grover Cleveland marries Frances Folsom in the White House (Washington, D.C.), becoming the only President of the United States to wed in the executive mansion. She is 27 years his junior. June 3 – Uganda Martyrs: Charles Lwanga, 12 other Catholic boys and men, and 9 Anglicans, are burned (and another Catholic speared) to death, at the orders of Kabaka Mwanga II of Buganda in Namugongo. June 10 – The Mount Tarawera volcano erupts in New Zealand, resulting in the deaths of over 150 people and the destruction of the famous Pink and White Terraces. June 12 – King Ludwig II of Bavaria is detained as part of a deposition, drowning the following day under mysterious circumstances. Six weeks later his unfinished Neuschwanstein Castle is opened to the public. June 13 – The Great Vancouver Fire devastates much of Vancouver, British Columbia. June 25 – Arturo Toscanini makes his conducting debut, with an Italian opera company visiting Rio de Janeiro. June 30 – The Royal Holloway College for women is opened by Queen Victoria, near London, England. July–September July 3 – Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent Motorwagen. July 9 – American inventor Charles M. Hall files a patent for his inexpensive method of refining aluminium (discovered on February 23); independently and near-simultaneously discovered in France by Paul Héroult it becomes known as the Hall–Héroult process. July 23 – Steve Brodie is reported to have made a jump from the Brooklyn Bridge, a claim subsequently disputed. July 25 – Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative Party (UK)) becomes Great Britain's 30th Prime Minister. July 31 - Franz Liszt is dead August 13 – Nagasaki Incident: Chinese troops riot during shore leave in Nagasaki, Japan. August 19 – The Christian Union (Church of God) is established. August 20 – A massive hurricane demolishes the town of Indianola, Texas. August 31 – The 7.0 Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 60 people are killed, and damage is estimated at $5–6 million. September 1 – Grasshopper Club Zürich is founded as the first football club in the Swiss city of Zürich by English students. September 4 – American Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders, with his last band of warriors, to General Nelson Miles, at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona. September 9 – The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is signed. September 21 – American physicist William Stanley, Jr. patents the first practical alternating current transformer device, the induction coil. October–December October 7 – Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba. October 24 – The British merchant vessel Normanton sinks off the coast of Japan, triggering the Normanton incident. October 28 – In New York Harbor, U.S. President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France. The ensuing spontaneous celebration in New York City leads to the first ticker tape parade. November – The extremely harsh winter of 1886–87 in the United States begins, killing tens of thousands of cattle on the Great Plains of North America. November 1 – The biggest Buddhist boys' school in Sri Lanka, Ananda College, is founded in Colombo. November 3 – In the British Raj, what will become one of the biggest boys' schools in Pakistan, Aitchison College, Lahore, is founded under the auspices of Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison. November 11 – Heinrich Hertz verifies the existence of electromagnetic waves, at the University of Karlsruhe. November 14 – German inventor Friedrich Soennecken first develops the hole puncher, a type of office tool capable of punching small holes in paper. November 15 – A worldwide home appliance and power tool brand, Robert Bosch GmbH was founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. November 30 – The Folies Bergère stages its first revue in Paris. December 11 – London Association football club Arsenal, founded as Dial Square by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, play their first match (on the Isle of Dogs). The club is renamed Royal Arsenal soon afterwards, supposedly on December 25. December 17 – English adventurer Thomas Stevens concludes the first circumnavigation by bicycle in Yokohama, having set out on his penny-farthing from San Francisco in 1884. Date unknown Addis Ababa is founded in the Ethiopian Empire. The village of Skorenovac is founded, mostly by Székely Hungarians. Scotch whisky distiller William Grant & Sons is founded. Yorkshire Tea is established in Harrogate, England. Johnson & Johnson, which becomes a multinational brand, begins manufacturing healthcare products in New Jersey, United States. Emily Ruete publishes her landmark memoir, Memoirs of an Arabian Princess: An Autobiography. Bedford Rugby Club is formed in England. Horse-drawn streetcars in Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Great Britain are carrying c. 900 million riders per year. Avon Products, a cosmetics and household brand on worldwide, founded in New York City, United States. Food product and processing brand, Del Monte Foods was founded in California, United States. Births January–February January 2 –Florence Lawrence, Canadian-born actress (d. 1938) January 5 –Markus Reiner, Israeli scientist (d. 1976) January 7 –Amedeo Maiuri, Neapolitan archaeologist (d. 1963) January 11 George Zucco, English–born character actor (d. 1960) Chester Conklin, American actor (d. 1971) January 14 –Hugh Lofting, English-born author (d. 1947) January 17 –Joe Masseria, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1931) January 18 –Clara Nordström, German writer, translator (d. 1962) January 25 – Wilhelm Furtwängler, German conductor (d. 1954) January 27 – Frank Nitti, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1943) January 28 Hidetsugu Yagi, Japanese electrical engineer (d. 1976) Sam McDaniel, African-American actor (d. 1962) January 31 – Alfonso López Pumarejo, 14th and 16th President of Colombia (d. 1959) February 2 – Frank Lloyd, English-born film director, scriptwriter and producer (d. 1960) February 4 – Edward Sheldon, American playwright (d. 1946) February 7 – Yehezkel Abramsky, eminent Russian-born rabbi, head of the London Beth Din for 17 years (d. 1976) February 8 – Charles Ruggles, American actor (d. 1970) February 9 – Edwin Maxwell, Irish actor (d. 1948) February 12 – Margarita Fischer, American silent film actress (d. 1975) February 17 – Aeneas Francon Williams, English-born missionary, Church of Scotland minister, writer and poet (d. 1971) February 19 – José Abad Santos, Filipino jurist, lawyer (d. 1942) February 22 – Oskar Kokoschka, Austrian artist and poet (d. 1980) February 27 – Hugo Black, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1971) March–April March 2 Willis H. O'Brien, American stop motion animator (d. 1962) Vittorio Pozzo, Italian football player and manager (d. 1968) Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, German general (d. 1974) March 3 – Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (d. 1968) March 4 – Kazimierz Świtalski, Polish diplomat, politician, soldier and military officer, 18th Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1962) March 6 Saburō Kurusu, Japanese diplomat (d. 1954) Ola Solberg, Norwegian newspaper editor, politician (d. 1977) Nella Walker, American actress, vaudevillian (d. 1971) March 7 Virginia Pearson, American silent film actress (d. 1958) Jacques Majorelle, French painter (d. 1962) March 8 – Edward Calvin Kendall, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972) March 9 – Robert L. Eichelberger, American general (d. 1961) March 11 – Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Polish politician, Marshal of Poland (d. 1941) March 15 – Sergey Kirov, Soviet revolutionary (d. 1934) March 18 Edward Everett Horton, American actor (d. 1970) Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, German U-boat ace (d. 1941) March 19 – Giuseppe Bellanca, Italian-born American airplane designer, manufacturer (d. 1960) March 20 – Grace Brown, American murder victim whose story became a famous court case (d. 1906) March 22 – Kálmán Darányi, 31st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. |
minor injuries and 2 serious injuries, no one is killed. The first episode of British soap opera EastEnders is broadcast on BBC One television; it continues to run 35 years later. February 20 – Minolta releases the Maxxum 7000, the world's first autofocus single-lens reflex camera. February 28 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army carries out a mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary police station at Newry in Northern Ireland. With nine officers dead, it is the highest loss of life for the RUC on a single day. March March – The GNU Manifesto, written by Richard Stallman, is first published. March 1 – After a 12-year-long dictatorship, Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Uruguay. March 2 – The U.S. FDA approves a blood test for AIDS, used hereafter to screen U.S. blood donations. March 3 – The 8.0 Algarrobo earthquake hits Santiago and Valparaíso, Chile, leaving 177 dead, 2,575 injured, 142,489 houses destroyed, and approximately a million people homeless. March 8 – A Beirut car bomb, planted in an attempt to assassinate Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, kills more than 80 people and injures 200 more. March 11 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and de facto leader of the Soviet Union. Mohamed Al-Fayed buys the London-based department store company Harrods. March 15 – Vice-President José Sarney, upon becoming vice president, assumes the duties of president of Brazil, as the new president Tancredo Neves had become severely ill the day before. Sarney would later become Brazil's first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves' death on April 21. March 16 – Lebanon hostage crisis: US journalist Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut; he remains a prisoner until December 4, 1991. March 17 – Expo '85, an international exhibition, opens in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, running until September 16. March 18 – Australia's longest-running soap opera, Neighbours, debuts on Seven Network. March 21 – Canadian paraplegic athlete and activist Rick Hansen sets out on his , 26-month Man in Motion tour which raises US$26 million for spinal cord research and quality of life initiatives. March 25 The 57th Academy Awards are held in Los Angeles, with Amadeus winning Best Picture. The Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache is officially dissolved. March 31 – The inaugural WrestleMania and inaugural professional wrestling PPV takes place in Madison Square Garden with Hulk Hogan teaming with Mr. T in the main event against Paul Orndorff and Roddy Piper in a tag team match. April Soviet–Afghan War: The Soviet Union begins to transfer the burden of fighting the mujahideen to the armed forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, a cause of the Revolutions of 1989. Cincinnati, OH-based Procter & Gamble ditches the moon & stars symbol from its packaging. April 1 Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, and Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation, are privatized and change their names to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, and Japan Tobacco. Eighth seeded Villanova Wildcats men's basketball defeats national powerhouse Georgetown 66–64 to win the first 64 team field NCAA Tournament in Lexington, Kentucky. April 11 The USS Coral Sea collides with the Ecuadorian tanker ship Napo off the coast of Cuba. First Secretary Enver Hoxha, leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, dies at age 76. April 12 – El Descanso bombing: A terrorist bombing attributed to the Islamic Jihad Organization in the El Descanso restaurant near Madrid, Spain, mostly attended by U.S. personnel from the Torrejón Air Base, causes 18 deaths (all Spaniards) and 82 injuries. April 15 – South Africa ends its ban on interracial marriages. April 19 - The Soviet Union performs a nuclear weapon test in eastern Kazakhstan. April 23 – Coca-Cola changes its formula and releases New Coke. The response is overwhelmingly negative and the original formula is back on the market in less than three months. April 28 – The Australian Nuclear Disarmament Party (NDP) splits. May May 4 – The 30th Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Gothenburg, Sweden and is won by the Bobbysocks! song La det swinge for Norway. May 5 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan joins West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl for a controversial funeral service at a cemetery in Bitburg, West Germany, which includes the graves of 59 elite S.S. troops from World War II. May 9 – The 3rd total Victory Day Parade (the first being in 1945 and the next in 1965) is held on Red Square in Moscow in the Soviet Union. It features T-34-85 tanks, veterans of World War II from Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, and is the first parade to be held during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev. May 11 The FBI brings charges against the suspected heads of the five Mafia families in New York City. Bradford City stadium fire: A fire engulfs a wooden stand at the Valley Parade stadium in Bradford, England, during an Association football match, killing 56 people. May 13 Philadelphia Mayor Wilson Goode orders police to storm the radical group MOVE's headquarters to end a stand-off. The police drop an explosive device into the headquarters, killing 11 MOVE members and destroying the homes of 61 city residents. May 15 An explosive device sent by the Unabomber injures John Hauser at University of California, Berkeley. In a later incident that occurs on June 13, the police of Auburn, Washington defuse another Unabomber bomb sent to Boeing. Argentinian President Raúl Alfonsín terminates Argentinian administration of the Falkland Islands but does not relinquish Argentina's claim to the islands. May 16 – Scientists of the British Antarctic Survey announce the discovery of the ozone hole. May 25 – Approximately 10,000 people are killed when Bangladesh is affected by the storm surge from Tropical Storm One (1B). May 26 – Young driver Danny Sullivan beats veteran Mario Andretti to win the 1985 Indianapolis 500. May 29 – Heysel Stadium disaster: Thirty-nine spectators are killed in rioting on the terraces during the European Cup final between Liverpool F.C. and Juventus (0-1) at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium. May 31 – Forty-four tornadoes hit Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario, including a rare powerful F5. In total, the event killed 90 people. June June 6 – The remains of Josef Mengele, the physician notorious for Nazi human experimentation on inmates of Auschwitz concentration camp, buried in 1979 under the name of Wolfgang Gerhard, are exhumed in Embu das Artes, Brazil. June 14 TWA Flight 847, carrying 153 passengers from Athens to Rome, is hijacked by a Hezbollah fringe group. One passenger, U.S. Navy Petty Officer Robert Stethem, is killed. Greek police arrest a 65-year-old Lebanese suspect on September 21, 2019. The Schengen Agreement is signed between certain member states of the European Economic Community, creating the Schengen Area, a bloc of (at this time) 5 states with no internal border controls. June 15 – Studio Ghibli, an animation studio, is founded in Tokyo. June 17 – John Hendricks launches the Discovery Channel in the United States. June 20 – 1985 Nepal bombings: A series of bomb blasts occurs in Kathmandu and other cities of Nepal. June 22 – British and Irish police foil a "mainland bombing campaign" sponsored by the Provisional Irish Republican Army which targets luxury vacation resorts. June 23 – Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747, is blown up by a terrorist bomb 31,000 feet (9,500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland, on a Montreal–London–Delhi flight, killing all 329 aboard. June 24 – STS-51-G: Space Shuttle Discovery completes its mission, best remembered for having Sultan bin Salman Al Saud, the first Arab and first Muslim in space, as a payload specialist. June 27 – The iconic U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned. July July 1 – The Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons enters into force. July 3 – Back to the Future opens in American movie theatres and ends up being the highest-grossing film of 1985 in the US and the first film in the successful franchise. July 4 – Ruth Lawrence, at the age of 13, achieves a first in mathematics at the University of Oxford by becoming the youngest British person ever to earn a first-class degree and the youngest graduate of the University. July 10 – The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland Harbour by French DGSE agents. July 13 Live Aid benefit concerts in London and Philadelphia raise over £50 million for famine relief in Ethiopia. U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush serves as acting president for eight hours, while President Ronald Reagan undergoes colon cancer surgery at Bethesda Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. July 19 New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe is selected as the first person to go into space under the Teacher in Space Project, and designated to ride aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. The Val di Stava dam collapses in Italy, killing 268 people, destroying 63 buildings, and demolishing eight bridges. July 20 – State President of South Africa, P. W. Botha, declares a state of emergency in 36 magisterial districts of South Africa amid growing civil unrest in black townships. July 23 – Commodore launches the Amiga personal computer at the Lincoln Center in New York. July 27 – The 63 Building officially opens as the tallest skyscraper outside of North America in Yeouido, Seoul, South Korea. August ATI Technologies is founded (originally as Array Technology) in North America by Lee Ka Lau, Francis Lau, Benny Lau and Kwok Yuen Ho. August 2 – Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashes near Dallas, Texas, killing 137 people. August 7 – Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai are chosen to be Japan's first astronauts. August 12 – Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashes in Japan, killing 520 people (the worst single-aircraft disaster in history). August 14 – The Accomarca massacre takes place in Ayacucho, Peru. August 20 – Iran–Contra affair: The first arms, 96 BGM-71 TOWs, are sent to Iran in exchange for hostages in Lebanon and profits for the Nicaraguan Contras without public knowledge. August 22 – British Airtours Flight 28M: The 737's left engine catches fire while on its takeoff roll at Manchester Airport in England and 55 people are killed while trying to evacuate the aircraft. August 25 – Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 crashes in the United States killing all 8 on board including thirteen-year-old American celebrity schoolgirl Samantha Smith. August 28 – The first smoking ban for restaurants in the United States is passed in Aspen, Colorado. August 31 – Richard Ramirez, the serial killer known as the Night Stalker, is captured in Los Angeles. September September 1 – The wreck of the RMS Titanic is located by a joint American-French expedition led by Dr. Robert Ballard (WHOI) and Jean-Louis Michel (IFREMER) using side-scan sonar from RV Knorr. September 2 – Hurricane Elena makes landfall on the U.S. Gulf Coast after reaching a Category 3 status. September 4 – Catcher Gary Carter of the New York Mets ties a record with five home runs in two games. September 6 – Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105, a Douglas DC-9, crashes just after takeoff from Milwaukee, killing all 31 on board. September 11 – Pete Rose becomes the all-time hit leader in Major League Baseball, with his 4,192nd hit at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. September 13 Super Mario Bros. is released for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Steve Jobs resigns from Apple Computer in order to found NeXT. September 19 – An 8.0 earthquake strikes Mexico City, killing between 5,000 and 45,000 people and injuring 30,000 more. September 20 – The capital gains tax is introduced to Australia. September 22 – The Plaza Accord is signed by five nations. September 23 – Italian crime reporter Giancarlo Siani is killed by the Camorra. September 26 – Kalina, the first captive orca born at SeaWorld as well as the first to survive past infancy, is born at SeaWorld Orlando. September 28 – Brixton riot in South London is sparked with the shooting of Dorothy "Cherry" Groce by the Metropolitan Police. October October 1 – Operation Wooden Leg: The Israeli air force bombs Palestine Liberation Organization Headquarters near Tunis. October 3 – The Space Shuttle Atlantis makes its maiden flight. October 4 – The Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts. October 7 – The cruise ship Achille Lauro is hijacked in the Mediterranean Sea by four heavily armed Palestinian terrorists. One passenger, American Leon Klinghoffer, is killed. October 16 – The Finnish dry cargo ship MS Hanna-Marjut, on its way from Mariehamn to Naantali, sank in hard sea on the open water of Kihti between the Kökar and Sottunga islands of Åland, leading to the drowning of four people. October 18 – The first Nintendo home video game console in the United States is released as the Nintendo Entertainment System. October 25 – Emirates Airlines is established in Dubai and performs its first flight to Karachi. November November 3 - The Footsteps of Scott expedition, lead by Robert Swan set off from Ross Island, retracing Robert Falcon Scott's ill-fated route to the South Pole. November 5 – In an all English match, Mark Kaylor defeats Errol Christie to become the middleweight boxing champion, after the two brawl in front of the cameras at the weigh-in. November 6 Palace of Justice siege: Members of the 19th of April Movement (M-19) Marxist guerrilla group take over the Palace of Justice of Colombia in Bogotá and hold the Supreme Court hostage. Hours later, after a military raid, the incident leaves almost half of the 25 Supreme Court Justices dead. The Argentine tourist village of Villa Epecuén is permanently flooded through the collapse of a dam and dyke. November 9 – In an all-Soviet match, 22-year-old Garry Kasparov defeats Anatoly Karpov to become the youngest-ever undisputed winner of the World Chess Championship. November 12 – A total solar eclipse occurs over Antarctica at 14:11:22 UTC. November 13 Armero tragedy: The Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupts, killing an estimated 23,000 people, including 21,000 killed by lahars, in the town of Armero, Colombia. Xavier Suárez is sworn in as Miami's first Cuban-born mayor. November 18 - The comic strip | September 14 Aya Ueto, Japanese actress Dilshad Vadsaria, American television actress September 15 – Iselin Steiro, Norwegian model September 16 Madeline Zima, American actress Max Minghella, English actor Danny Fernandes, Canadian singer September 17 – Alexander Ovechkin, Russian hockey player September 19 Alun Wyn Jones, Welsh rugby union player September 20 – Tessanne Chin, Jamaican singer, winner of The Voice season 5 September 22 – Tatiana Maslany, Canadian actress September 23 – Maki Goto, Japanese singer and actress September 24 – Jessica Lucas, Canadian actress September 26 – Marcin Mroziński, Polish actor, singer and television presenter September 27 – Grace Helbig, American Youtube personalty, podcast host and comedian September 28 – Shindong, Korean singer September 29 Calvin Johnson, retired American football player and contestant on Dancing with the Stars season 23 Michelle Payne, Australian jockey Dani Pedrosa, Spanish motorcycle racer September 30 – T-Pain, American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer and actor October October 5 Nicola Roberts, British singer Brooke Valentine, American singer October 7 – Evan Longoria, American professional baseball player October 8 – Bruno Mars, American singer-songwriter and music producer October 9 – Sam Oji, English footballer (d. 2021) October 10 Marina Diamandis, Welsh singer-songwriter Kyle Switzer, Canadian actor October 11 Lee Min-hye, South Korean racing cyclist (d. 2018) Margaret Berger, Norwegian electropop singer-songwriter Michelle Trachtenberg, American actress October 14 – Sherlyn, Mexican actress October 16 – Casey Stoner, Australian motorcycle racer October 20 – Jennifer Freeman, American actress October 23 Chris Neal, English footballer Masiela Lusha, Albanian-American actress, poet, and humanitarian October 24 – Wayne Rooney, English footballer October 25 – Ciara, African-American singer October 26 – Andrea Bargnani, Italian professional basketball player October 27 – Briana Lane, American actress and musician October 28 – Troian Bellisario, American actress October 29 – Ximena Sariñana, Mexican singer and actress October 31 – Kerron Clement, American hurdler and sprinter November November 2 – Diana Penty, Indian model and actress November 3 Tyler Hansbrough, American basketball player Philipp Tschauner, German footballer November 5 – Elizabeth Rice, American actress November 8 Mohamed Mouloud Harim, Algerian professional footballer Jack Osbourne, English television personality November 10 Johana Clavel, Venezuelan cook and entrepreneur Ricki-Lee Coulter, former Australian Idol contestant and singer November 11 Raquel Guerra, Portuguese singer and actress Robin Uthappa, Indian cricketer November 13 Rahul Kohli, English actor Asdrúbal Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player Simo-Pekka Olli, Finnish volleyball player November 14 – Thomas Vermaelen, Belgian footballer November 15 Lily Aldridge, American model Jeffree Star, American YouTuber, entrepreneur, makeup artist, and former singer-songwriter November 16 Aditya Roy Kapur, Indian actor Sanna Marin, Finnish politician, 46th Prime Minister of Finland November 17 – Rafael Cardoso, Brazilian actor November 18 – Allyson Felix, American sprinter November 20 Aaron Yan, Taiwanese actor and singer Dan Byrd, American actor November 21 – Carly Rae Jepsen, Canadian singer-songwriter November 22 – Asamoah Gyan, Ghanaian football player November 23 Katie Crown, Canadian voice actress and writer Ahn Hyun-Soo, South Korean short track skater November 25 – Marcus Hellner, Swedish cross-country skier November 27 – Alison Pill, Canadian actress November 28 – Magdolna Rúzsa, Hungarian singer November 30 Gia Crovatin, American actress and producer Kaley Cuoco, American actress and producer Chrissy Teigen, American model December December 1 – Janelle Monáe, African-American R&B/soul musician December 2 – Amaury Leveaux, French swimmer December 3 – Amanda Seyfried, American actress, model and singer-songwriter December 4 – Krista Siegfrids, Finnish singer December 5 – Frankie Muniz, American actor, musician, writer, producer, and race car driver December 6 – Dulce María, Mexican singer and actress December 7 – Jon Moxley, American professional wrestler December 8 – Dwight Howard, American basketball player December 9 – Wil Besseling, Dutch golfer December 10 – Raven-Symoné, African-American actress, singer, songwriter, executive producer, and director December 12 – Juan Camilo Zúñiga, Colombian footballer December 16 – Amanda Setton, American actress December 19 – Gary Cahill, English footballer December 22 – Edurne, Spanish singer, actress, and TV presenter December 23 – Harry Judd, English drummer December 26 Yu Shirota, Japanese actor and singer Beth Behrs, American actress December 27 Jérôme d'Ambrosio, Belgian racing driver Jessica Harmon, Canadian actress Paul Stastny, Canadian-American professional ice hockey player Deaths January January 2 – Gabriel Elorde, Filipino professional boxer (b. 1935) January 4 – Sir Brian Horrocks, British general (b. 1895) January 5 – Robert L. Surtees, American cinematographer (b. 1906) January 11 – Sir William McKell, 12th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1891) January 14 Jetta Goudal, Dutch actress (b. 1891) Anagarika Govinda, German buddhist lama (b. 1898) January 18 – Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, Sudanese religious thinker (b. 1909) January 19 – Eric Voegelin, German-American philosopher (b. 1901) January 22 – Mikhail Gromov, Soviet aviator (b. 1899) January 26 – Kenny Clarke, American jazz drummer and bandleader (b. 1914) February February 4 – Jesse Hibbs, American film director (b. 1906) February 6 – Neil McCarthy, English actor (b. 1932) February 8 William Lyons, British automobile engineer and designer (b. 1901) Marvin Miller, American actor (b. 1913) February 11 – Henry Hathaway, American film director (b. 1898) February 12 – Nicholas Colasanto, American actor (b. 1924) February 20 – Clarence Nash, American actor (b. 1904) February 21 Ina Claire, American actress (b. 1893) Louis Hayward, British actor (b. 1909) John G. Trump, American electrical engineer, inventor, and physicist (b. 1907) February 22 Efrem Zimbalist, Russian-American violinist (b. 1889) Alexander Scourby, American film, television, and voice actor (b. 1913) February 26 – Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910) February 27 Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., American politician (b. 1902) J. Pat O'Malley, English actor (b. 1904) February 28 - David Byron, English musician (b. 1947) March March 3 – Iosif Shklovsky, Soviet astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1916) March 7 – George Schick, Czechoslovakian conductor and music educator (b. 1908) March 8 – Edward Andrews, American actor (b. 1914) March 10 Konstantin Chernenko, Soviet politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1911) Bob Nieman, American baseball player (b. 1927) March 11 Tom Adams, Barbadosian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (b. 1931) Nazem Akkari, Lebanese politician, 19th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1902) March 12 – Eugene Ormandy, Hungarian-American conductor (b. 1899) March 13 – Mabel Alvarez, American painter (b. 1891) March 15 – Radha Krishna Choudhary, Indian historian (b. 1921) March 16 – Roger Sessions, American composer (b. 1896) March 21 – Sir Michael Redgrave, British actor (b. 1908) March 23 Doctor Richard Beeching, Chairman of British Rail (b. 1913) Zoot Sims, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1925) March 28 – Marc Chagall, Russian-born painter (b. 1887) March 29 The Singing Nun (Jeannine Deckers), Belgian nun and singer (b. 1933) Gerhard Stock, German Olympic athlete (b. 1911) March 30 – Shizuko Kasagi, Japanese singer (b. 1914) March 31 Michel Georges-Michel, French painter, journalist, novelist (b. 1883) Richard McKeon, American philosopher (b. 1900) April April 4 – Kate Roberts, Welsh-language author (b. 1891) April 5 – Paul Hugh Emmett, American chemical engineer (b. 1900) April 6 – Terence Sanders, British Olympic rower – coxless fours (b. 1901) April 7 – Carl Schmitt, German jurist, political theorist and professor of law (b. 1888) April 10 – Alfredo Duhalde, Chilean statesman (b. 1898) April 11 – Enver Hoxha, Albanian Communist politician, leader of the Party of Labour 22nd Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1908) April 14 – Noele Gordon, British actress (b. 1919) April 15 – Jack Medica, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1914) April 16 – Scott Brady, American actor (b. 1924) April 17 – Evadne Price, Australian-British writer, actress and astrologer (b. 1888) April 18 – Gertrude Caton–Thompson, English archaeologist (b. 1888) April 19 – Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev, Russian ethnologist (b. 1899) April 21 John Welsh, Irish actor (b. 1914) Tancredo Neves, Brazilian elected president and former Prime Minister (b. 1910) April 26 – Albert Maltz, American screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten (b. 1908) May May 1 – Denise Robins, (akas: Francesca Wright, Ashley French, Harriet Gray, Julia Kane) British romance novelist (b. 1897) May 4 – Clarence Wiseman, the 10th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1907) May 5 – Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (b. 1901) May 6 Pete Desjardins, American Olympic diver (b. 1907) Julie Vega, Filipino child actress and singer (b. 1968) May 7 – Dawn Addams, British actress (b. 1930) May 8 Karl Marx, German composer and music teacher (b. 1897) Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (b. 1918) Dolph Sweet, American actor (b. 1920) May 9 – Edmond O'Brien, American actor (b. 1915) May 10 Tahar Ben Ammar, Tunisian politician, 8th Prime Minister of Tunisia (b. 1889) Florizel von Reuter, American violinist and composer (b. 1890) May 12 – Jean Dubuffet, French artist (b. 1901) May 13 – Leatrice Joy, American actress (b. 1893) May 14 – Barbara Yung, Hong Kong actress (b. 1959) May 15 – Rama Devi, Indian nationalist leader (b. 1889) May 16 – Margaret Hamilton, American actress (b. 1902) May 18 – Penn Nouth, Cambodian politician, 7-time Prime Minister of Cambodia (b. 1906) May 22 Charles Murphy, American architect. (b. 1890) Wolfgang Reitherman, German animator, director and producer (b. 1909) June June 5 – Lord George-Brown, British politician (b. 1914) June 6 Norman W. Walker, British businessman (b. 1886) Vladimir Jankélévitch, French philosopher and musicologist (b. 1903) June 7 Georgia Hale, American actress (b. 1905) June 9 – Clifford Evans, British actor (b. 1912) Matsutarō Kawaguchi, Japanese novelist (b. 1899) June 10 – George Chandler, American actor (b. 1898) June 11 – Karen Ann Quinlan, American right-to-die cause célèbre (b. 1954) June 12 – Helmuth Plessner, German philosopher and sociologist (b. 1892) June 15 Percy Fender, English cricketer (b. 1892) Andy Stanfield, American Olympic athlete (b. 1927) June 17 George Jackson, English footballer (b. 1893) John Boulting, English filmmaker (b. 1913) Kirill Moskalenko, Soviet military commander (b. 1902) Either June 18 or June 19 - Bonnie Nettles, American religious leader (b. 1927) June 21 – Tage Erlander, Swedish politician, 25th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1901) June 27 – Elias Sarkis, Lebanese lawyer, 27th President of Lebanon (b. 1924) June 28 – James Craig, American actor (b. 1912) June 30 – Haruo Remeliik, Palauan politician, 1st President of Palau (b. 1933) July July 1 – Pauli Murray, American civil rights activist, lawyer, author and priest (b. 1910) July 3 – Erik Ågren, Swedish boxer (b. 1916) July 4 – Jan de Quay, Dutch politician and psychologist, 31st Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1901) July 5 – Roy Fransen, British high diver and stuntman, killed in diving accident (b. 1916) July 8 Phil Foster, American actor (b. 1913) Simon Kuznets, American economist (b. 1901) July 9 Jimmy Kinnon, Scottish founder of Narcotics Anonymous (b. 1911) Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1896) July 14 – Lluís Solé, Spanish geographer and academic (b. 1908) July 16 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917) July 17 – Margo, Mexican-born American actress (b. 1917) July 19 Janusz Zajdel, Polish writer (b. 1938) Louisa Ghijs, Belgian stage actress and wife of Johannes Heesters (b. 1902) July 21 – Alvah Cecil Bessie, American screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten (b. 1904) July 22 – Matti Järvinen, Finnish Olympic athlete (b. 1909) July 23 Kay Kyser, American bandleader (b. 1905) Mickey Shaughnessy, American actor (b. 1920) July 25 – Grant Williams, American actor (b. 1931) July 26 – Grace Albee, American printmaker and wood engraver. (b. 1890) July 27 – John Scarne, American magician and card expert (b. 1903) August August 1 – D. H. Turner, British art historian and museum curator (b. 1931) August 2 – Frank Faylen, American actor (b. 1905) August 5 – Arnold Horween, Harvard Crimson and NFL football player (b. 1898) August 6 Forbes Burnham, Guyanese political leader, 1st Prime Minister of Guyana and 2nd President of Guyana (b. 1923) John Harmon, American actor (b. 1905) August 8 – Louise Brooks, American actress (b. 1906) August 9 – Clive Churchill, Australian rugby league player and coach (b. 1927) August 10 – Kenny Baker, American actor and singer (b. 1912) August 11 – Hector Grey, Scottish street trader and company director (b. 1904) August 12 Kyu Sakamoto, Japanese singer (b. 1941) Manfred Winkelhock, German racing driver (b. 1951) August 14 – Gale Sondergaard, American actress (b. 1899) August 15 – Lester Cole, American screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten (b. 1904) August 20 – Donald O. Hebb, Canadian neuropsychologist (b. 1904) August 22 – Paul Peter Ewald, German-born American crystallographer and physicist (b. 1888) August 24 – Morrie Ryskind, American dramatist (b. 1895) August 25 Paul Harris, American actor (b. 1917) Samantha Smith, American schoolgirl activist (b. 1972) August 28 Ruth Gordon, American actress, screenwriter, and playwright (b. 1896) Miguel Otero Silva, Venezuelan writer (b. 1908) August 29 Evelyn Ankers, British actress (b. 1918) Patrick Barr, British actor (b. 1908) August 30 – Taylor Caldwell, Anglo-American writer (b. 1900) August 31 – Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899) September September 1 Stefan Bellof, German racing driver and 1984 World SportsCars (Group C) Champion (b. 1957). Saunders Lewis, Welsh writer and founder of the Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru) (born 1893) September 4 Isabel Jeans, British actress (b. 1891) George O'Brien, American actor (b. 1899) September 6 – Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1917) September 7 Bruiser Kinard, American football player (Brooklyn Dodgers) and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1914) José Zabala-Santos, Filipino cartoonist (b. 1911) George Pólya, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1887) September 8 – John Franklin Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1897) September 9 – Paul Flory, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910) September 10 Ernst Öpik, Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1893) Jock Stein, Scottish football player and manager (b. 1922) September 11 William Alwyn, English composer (b. 1905) Henrietta Barnett, British Women's Royal Air Force officer (b. 1905) Masako Natsume, Japanese actress (b. 1957) September 13 – Augusto Rademaker, Brazilian admiral and former military junta member (b. 1905) September 14 Julian Beck, American actor (b. 1925) John Holt, American writer and educator (b. 1923) September 17 – Laura Ashley, Welsh designer (b. 1925) September 19 – Italo Calvino, Italian writer (b. 1923) September 22 – Axel Springer, German journalist and the founder and owner of the Axel Springer AG (b. 1912) September 27 – Lloyd Nolan, American actor (b. 1902) September 30 Floyd Crosby, American cinematographer (b. 1899) Charles Francis Richter, American seismologist and physicist, creator of the Richter magnitude scale (b. 1900) Simone Signoret, French actress (b. 1921) October October 1 – E. B. White, American writer (b. 1899) October 2 Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925) George Savalas, American actor (b. 1924) October 5 – Abdus Sattar, Bangladeshi statesman, 8th President of Bangladesh (b. 1906) October 6 – Nelson Riddle, American bandleader (b. 1921) October 9 – Emílio Garrastazu Médici, Brazilian general and statesman, 28th President of Brazil (b. 1905) October 10 Yul Brynner, Russian-American actor and performer (b. 1920) Orson Welles, American actor and director (b. 1915) October 12 – Ricky Wilson, American guitarist (b. |
four games to two to win the franchise's first Stanley Cup in ice hockey. May 29 Amid food riots and looting set off by inflation, the Government of Argentina declares a nationwide state of siege. 1989 Tiananmen Square protests: The high Goddess of Democracy statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators. NATO agrees to talks with the Soviet Union on reducing the number of short-range nuclear weapons in Europe. An attempted assassination of Miguel Maza Marquez, director of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) in Bogotá, Colombia is committed by members of the Medellín Cartel, who kill four and injure 37. May 31 – Six members of the guerrilla group Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru (MRTA) of Peru, shoot dead eight gay and transgender people in the city of Tarapoto. June June 1–10 – Pope John Paul II visits Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden. June 2 – Sōsuke Uno succeeds Noboru Takeshita as Prime Minister of Japan. June 3 – The world's first high-definition television (test) broadcasts commence in Japan, in analogue. June 4 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre: A violent military crackdown takes place on pro-democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. 1989 Polish legislative election: Solidarity's victory in the first round is the first of many anti-communist revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe. Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia kills 575 as two trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline. June 5 1989 Tiananmen Square protests: An unknown Chinese protester, "Tank Man", stands in front of a column of military tanks on Chang'an Avenue in Beijing, temporarily halting them, an incident which achieves iconic status internationally through images taken by Western photographers. State funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini: Eight people are killed and hundreds injured in a human crush during the viewing of the body of Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini at the Musalla in Tehran, two days after his death at the age of 89 in Tehran. June 6 – State funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini: The Ayatollah Khomeini's first funeral in Tehran is aborted by officials after a large crowd storms the funeral procession, nearly destroying Khomeini's wooden casket in order to get a last glimpse of his body. At one point, his body almost falls to the ground, as the crowd attempt to grab pieces of the death shroud. The Ayatollah's body has to be returned for the burial preparations to be repeated, before being brought back to the cemetery a few hours later. June 7 – Surinam Airways Flight 764 crashes in Paramaribo, Suriname, killing 176. June 8 – The wreck of German battleship Bismarck, which was sunk in 1941, is located about west of Brest, France. June 12 – The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. cancels Robert Mapplethorpe's photography exhibition, "Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment", due to its sexually explicit content. June 15 – At the 1989 Irish general election, Fianna Fáil, led by Taoiseach Charles Haughey, fails to win a majority. June 16 – A crowd of 250,000 gathers at Heroes Square in Budapest for the historic reburial of Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian Prime Minister who had been executed in 1958. June 18 – In the first Greek legislative election of the year, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou, loses control of the Hellenic Parliament. June 22 British police arrest 260 people celebrating the summer solstice at Stonehenge. The University of Limerick and Dublin City University are raised to the status of universities, the first established in Ireland since independence in 1922. June 24 – Jiang Zemin becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China. June 30 – 1989 Sudanese coup d'état A military coup led by Omar al-Bashir ousts the civilian government of Prime Minister of Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi. July July 2 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns; a new government is formed under Tzannis Tzannetakis. July 5 State President of South Africa P. W. Botha meets the imprisoned 70-year-old Nelson Mandela face-to-face for the first time. The television sitcom Seinfeld premieres in the United States. July 6 – The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack, the first Palestinian suicide attack on Israel, takes place. July 9–12 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush travels to Poland and Hungary, pushing for U.S. economic aid and investment. July 10 – Approximately 300,000 Siberian coal miners go on strike, demanding better living conditions and less bureaucracy; it is the largest Soviet labour strike since the 1920s. July 12 In the Republic of Ireland, the Taoiseach Charles Haughey returns to power after Fianna Fáil forms a coalition with the Progressive Democrats. Lotte World, a major recreation complex in Seoul, South Korea, is opened to the public, containing the world's largest indoor amusement park. July 14 – France celebrated the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, notably with a monumental show on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, directed by French designer Jean-Paul Goude. President François Mitterrand acted as host for invited world leaders. July 14–16 – At the 15th G7 summit, leaders call for restrictions on gas emissions. July 17 The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bomber makes its first flight, in the United States. Holy See–Poland relations: Poland and the Vatican re-establish diplomatic relations after approximately fifty years. July 18 – Actress Rebecca Schaeffer is murdered by an obsessed fan, leading to stricter stalking laws in California. July 19 1989 Polish presidential election: The National Assembly of the Republic of Poland elects General Wojciech Jaruzelski to the restored and powerful post of President of Poland. United Airlines Flight 232 (Douglas DC-10) crashes in Sioux City, Iowa, killing 112; 184 on board survive. The first national park in the Netherlands is established on Schiermonnikoog. July 20 – Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is placed under house arrest. She is released in 2010. July 23 1989 Japanese House of Councillors election: Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party loses control of the House of Councillors, the LDP's worst electoral showing in 34 years, leading to Prime Minister Uno announcing he will resign to take responsibility for the result. Giulio Andreotti takes office as Prime Minister of Italy. July 26 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert Tappan Morris for releasing a computer virus, making him the first person to be prosecuted under the United States' 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. July 27 – In the largest prison sentence to date, Thai financial scammer Mae Chamoy Thipyaso and her accomplices are each sentenced to 141,078 years in prison. July 28 – At the Iranian presidential election, electors overwhelmingly elect Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as President of Iran and endorse changes to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, increasing the powers of the president. July 31 In Lebanon, Hezbollah announces that it has hanged U.S. Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins in retaliation for Israel's July 28 kidnapping of Hezbollah leader Abdel Karim Obeid. The same day, the United Nations Security Council passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 638, condemning the taking of hostages by both sides in the conflict. Nintendo releases the Game Boy portable video game system in North America. August August – Gazprom, an energy production and sales organization in Russia, becomes state-run enterprise, changing from the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry. August 2 – Pakistan is readmitted to the Commonwealth of Nations after leaving it in 1972. August 5 – Jaime Paz Zamora is elected President of Bolivia, taking office the next day. August 7 U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and fifteen others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia. The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed contras fighting the government of Nicaragua should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in Honduras by December 5. August 8 Prime Minister of New Zealand David Lange resigns for health reasons and is replaced by Geoffrey Palmer. STS-28: Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on a secret five-day military mission. August 9 Toshiki Kaifu becomes Prime Minister of Japan. The asteroid 4769 Castalia is the first directly imaged by radar from Arecibo Observatory. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989, a measure to rescue the United States savings and loan industry is signed into law by President Bush, launching the largest federal rescue to date. August 10 – United States Army General Colin Powell became the first Black Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff after being nominated by President Bush. August 13 – 1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash: An accident near Alice Springs, Australia kills thirteen people. August 15 – P. W. Botha resigns as State President of South Africa and F. W. de Klerk becomes the seventh and final holder of this office under this style. August 18 – Leading Colombian presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Galán is assassinated near Bogotá. August 19 Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be Prime Minister, the first non-Communist in power in 42 years. The Pan-European Picnic, a peace demonstration, is held at the Austro-Hungarian border. August 19–21 – In response to the murder of a judge, a provincial police chief, and presidential candidate Galán, the authorities of Colombia arrest 11,000 suspected Colombian drug traffickers. August 20 In Beverly Hills, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their wealthy parents to death in the family's den. Marchioness disaster: Fifty-one people die when a pleasure boat collides with a dredger on the River Thames adjacent to Southwark Bridge in London. August 21 – The 21st anniversary of the crushing of the Prague Spring is commemorated by a demonstration in the city. August 23 Singing Revolution: Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania join hands to demand freedom and independence from Soviet occupation, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way. Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria. 1989 Australian pilots' dispute: All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to dismiss and sue them over a wage dispute. Murder of Yusef Hawkins in a shooting in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans. August 24 Colombia's cocaine traffickers declare "total and absolute war" against the government and begin a series of bombings and arson attacks. Tadeusz Mazowiecki of Solidarity is elected Prime Minister of Poland. August 25 – Voyager 2 makes its closest approach to Neptune and its largest moon Triton. August 31 – In the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict of 1978–87, representatives of Libya and Chad agree to let the International Court of Justice determine ownership of the Aouzou Strip, which has been occupied by Libya since 1973. September September 6 1989 South African general election, the last held under the apartheid system, returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority. In the 1989 Dutch general election, the Christian Democratic Appeal, led by Ruud Lubbers wins 54 seats, and is ultimately able to form a government on November 7 after entering into coalition with the Labour Party. September 7 – Representatives of the government of Ethiopia and Eritrean separatists meet in Atlanta, with former U.S. President Jimmy Carter attempting to broker a peace settlement. September 8 – Partnair Flight 394 flies past an F-16 Fighting Falcon on its way home, then the Convair 580 rolls upside down and falls in the North Sea. September 10 – The Hungarian government opens the country's western border (with Austria) to refugees from East Germany. September 10–11 – Norway's ruling Labour Party loses eight seats in the parliamentary elections, its worst showing since 1945. September 14 An agreement of co-operation between Leningrad Oblast (Russia) and Nordland County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by Chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and Sigbjørn Eriksen. Standard Gravure shooting: Joseph T. Wesbecker, a pressman on disability for mental illness, enters his former workplace in Louisville, Kentucky, kills eight people and injures twelve before committing suicide after a history of suicidal ideation. September 17–22 – Hurricane Hugo devastates the Caribbean and the southeastern United States, causing at least 71 deaths and $8,000,000,000 in damages. September 18 – Alleged coup attempt in Burkina Faso by military officials foiled. September 19 The Catholic Church calls for removal of the Carmelite convent located near the former Auschwitz concentration camp, whose presence has offended some Jewish leaders. UTA Flight 772 explodes over Niger, killing all 171 people on board (the Islamic Jihad Organization claims responsibility). Burkinabé ministers Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani and Henri Zongo executed following their arrest the previous day. September 20 – F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of South Africa. Soon afterwards he determines to suspend the South African nuclear weapons program. September 22 1989 Deal barracks bombing: An IRA bomb explodes at the Royal Marine School of Music in Deal, Kent, United Kingdom, leaving 11 people dead and 22 injured. Doe v. University of Michigan: A Michigan court rules against the hate speech law at the University of Michigan, claiming it unconstitutional. September 23 A cease-fire in the Lebanese Civil War stops the violence that had killed 900 people since March. Nintendo Company Ltd. celebrates its 100th anniversary. September 26 – Vietnam announces that it has withdrawn the last of its troops from the State of Cambodia, ending an eleven-year occupation. September 30 Nearly 7,000 East Germans who had come to Prague on special refugee trains are allowed to leave for the West. The Senegambia Confederation is dissolved over border disagreements. October October – Cold War: Perestroika – Nathan's Famous opens a hot dog stand in Moscow. October 1 – Civil union between partners in a same-sex relationship becomes legal in Denmark under a law enacted on June 7, the world's first such legislation. October 3 A coup attempt is foiled by Manuel Noriega, military leader of Panama. The government of East Germany closes the country's border with Czechoslovakia to prevent further emigration to the West. October 5 – The Dalai Lama wins the Nobel Peace Prize. October 7 The communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party votes to reorganise itself as a socialist party, to be named the Hungarian Socialist Party. The first mass demonstration against the Communist regime in the GDR begins in Plauen, East Germany, the beginning of a series of mass demonstrations in the whole GDR which ultimately leads to the reunification of Germany in 1990. October 9 An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh. In Leipzig, East Germany, protesters demand the legalisation of opposition groups and democratic reforms. October 13 Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bond market collapses. Gro Harlem Brundtland, leader of the Labour Party, resigns as Prime Minister of Norway. She is succeeded by Jan P. Syse, Leader of the Conservative Party, on October 16. October 15 – Walter Sisulu is released from prison in South Africa. October 17 – The 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake shakes the San Francisco Bay Area and the Central Coast with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Sixty-three people are killed and the 1989 World Series in baseball is postponed for ten days as a result of the earthquake. October 18 The Communist leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems, and is succeeded by Egon Krenz. The National Assembly of Hungary votes to restore multi-party democracy. NASA launches the unmanned Galileo orbiter on a mission to study the planet Jupiter, via Atlantis mission STS-34. October 19 – The Guildford Four are freed after fourteen years' imprisonment in Britain. October 21 – The Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, making environmental sustainability one of the Commonwealth of Nations's main priorities. October 23 The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by President Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic), exactly 33 years after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The Phillips disaster, a chemical plant explosion, in Pasadena, Texas, kills 23 and injures 314 others. October 24 – The 1989 Bhagalpur violence, a major incident of religious violence, breaks out in Bhagalpur, Bihar, India; it will kill nearly 1,000 people. October 28 – The United States Flag Protection Act takes effect. There are mass protests in Seattle and New York City. October 30 – Shawn Eichman, Dave Blalock, Dread Scott and Joey Johnson burn American flags on the steps of U.S. Capitol Building to protest against the Flag Protection Act. October 31 The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Turgut Özal as the eighth President of Turkey. Half a million people demonstrate in the East German city of Leipzig. November November – The first commercial dial-up Internet connection in North America is made, by The World STD. November 1 The President of Nicaragua ends a ceasefire with U.S.-backed contras that has been in effect since April 1988. The border between East Germany and Czechoslovakia is reopened. November 3 – East German refugees arrive at the West German town of Hof after being allowed through Czechoslovakia. November 4 Alexanderplatz demonstration in East Berlin. Half a million people protest against communist rule in East Germany. Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province. November 6 – The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is established. November 7 Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains as head of state. Lieutenant Governor Douglas Wilder wins the Virginia gubernatorial race, becoming the first African-American elected Governor in the United States. David Dinkins becomes the first African-American mayor of New York City. November 9 Cold War and Fall of the Berlin Wall: Günter Schabowski accidentally states in a live broadcast press conference that new rules for traveling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect "immediately". Late this evening, East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades. In the first week, travel visas will be issued to around 25% of the East German population. (November 17 celebrates Germans tearing the wall down). Yıldırım Akbulut of Motherland Party (Turkey) (ANAP) forms the new government of Turkey (47th government). November 10 After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party. Gaby Kennard becomes the first Australian woman to fly solo around the world. November 12 – Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. November 13 – Hans-Adam II becomes Prince of Liechtenstein on the death of his father, Prince Franz Joseph II. November 14 – Elections are held in Namibia, leading to a victory for the South West Africa People's Organisation. November 15 Lech Wałęsa, leader of Poland's Solidarity movement, addresses a Joint session of the United States Congress. Brazil holds the first round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva advance to the second round, to be held the following month. November 16 Six Jesuit priests are murdered by U.S. trained Salvadoran soldiers. The first American cosmetics shop in the Soviet Union, an Estée Lauder outlet, opens in Moscow. UNESCO adopts the Seville Statement on Violence at the 25th session of its General Conference. November 17 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia, is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29). November 20 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million. November 21 – The Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia begin to draft the Constitution of Namibia, which will be the constitution of the newly independent Namibia. November 22 – In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President René Moawad, killing him. November 24 – Following a week of demonstrations demanding free elections and other reforms, General Secretary Miloš Jakeš and other leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia resign. Jakeš is replaced by Karel Urbánek. November 26 – 1989 Uruguayan general election: Luis Alberto Lacalle is elected President of Uruguay. November 27 – Colombian domestic passenger flight Avianca Flight 203 is bombed by the Medellín drug cartel in an (unsuccessful) attempt to kill presidential candidate for the 1990 elections César Gaviria Trujillo. November 28 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-Communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than forty years). November 29 – Rajiv Gandhi resigns as Prime Minister of India after his party, the Indian National Congress, loses about half of its seats at the 1989 Indian general election. November 30 – Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a bomb in Bad Homburg (the Red Army Faction claims responsibility for the murder). December December 1 In a meeting with Pope John Paul II, General Secretary of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev pledges greater religious freedom for citizens of the Soviet Union. Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign two days later. A military coup attempt begins in the Philippines against the government of Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino. It is crushed by United States intervention ending by December 9. December 2 The Solar Maximum Mission scientific research satellite, launched in 1980, crashes back to earth. V. P. Singh takes office as Prime Minister of India. In the Republic of China legislative election, the Kuomintang suffers its worst election setback in forty years, winning only 53% of the popular vote. The Second Malayan Emergency concludes with a peace agreement. The Malayan Communist Party disbands and Chin Peng remains in exile in Thailand until his death in 2013. December 3 The entire leadership of the ruling Socialist Unity Party in East Germany, including Egon Krenz, resigns. Hans Modrow becomes de facto the country's last leader. Cold War: Malta Summit – Concluding a 2-day meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end. Gorbachev implies criticism of the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. December 4 – Prime Minister of Jordan Zaid ibn Shaker resigns and is replaced by Mudar Badran. December 6 The DAS Building bombing occurs in Bogotá, killing 52 people and injuring about 1,000. Egon Krenz resigns as Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic, and is replaced by Manfred Gerlach, the first non-Communist to hold that post. École Polytechnique massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders fourteen young women at the École Polytechnique de Montréal. December 7 Ladislav Adamec resigns as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia. He is succeeded by Marián Čalfa on December 10. Singing Revolution: The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic becomes the first of the republics of the Soviet Union to abolish the Communist Party's monopoly on power. December 9 – The Socialist Unity Party of Germany elects the reformist Gregor Gysi as party leader. December 10 President of Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák swears in a new cabinet with a non-Communist and then immediately resigns as president. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second-oldest Communist country into a democracy. December 11 – The International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, a group of six explorers from six nations, reaches the South Pole. December 12 – Hong Kong begins the forcible repatriation of Vietnamese boat people, starting with a group of 59 who were flown to Hanoi. December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in sixteen years, electing Patricio Aylwin as president. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, except Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously. December 15 – Drug baron José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha is killed by Colombian police. December 16 – The Romanian Revolution begins in Timișoara, initiated by the Hungarian minority. December 17 The Romanian Revolution continues in Timișoara when rioters break into the building housing the District Committee of the Romanian Communist Party and cause extensive damage. The military is called in but fails fully to control the situation. Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello is elected to serve as president from 1990. December 19 – Romanian Revolution: Workers in the cities go on strike in protest against the Communist regime. On December 20 about 100,000 occupy Timișoara. December 20 – The United States invasion of Panama ("Operation Just Cause") is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega. December 21 – Nicolae Ceaușescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest. Unprecedentedly, most of the crowd turns against him. December 22 After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as President of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter after the palace is invaded by rioters. Most of the army has joined with the rioters in Bucharest. The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin is reopened. Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia, killing 35 people. December 23 – Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu are captured in Târgoviște. December 25 Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu: Deposed Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife are summarily tried and executed outside Bucharest. Bank of Japan governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the economic bubble. December 28 A magnitude earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people. Alexander Dubček is elected Chairman of Czechoslovakia's Federal Assembly (Parliament). December 29 Czech playwright, philosopher and dissident Václav Havel is elected the first post-Communist President of Czechoslovakia. Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees. Nikkei 225 for Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87. December 31 – Poland's president signs the Balcerowicz Plan, ending the Communist system in Poland in favor of a capitalist system, leading to abandonment of the Warsaw Pact. Date unknown The first Al-Qaeda-related cell in the United States begins operation in New York City. Kamchatka opens to Russian civilian visitors. Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of industrial civilization. The global concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere reaches 350 parts per million by volume. Walmart posts revenues and profits triple its 1986 figures and rivals Kmart and Sears in importance in the American market. The Breguet Alizé propeller-driven anti-submarine planes are retired from active carrier service in the French Navy. N.W.A are the first gangsta rap group to sell 1,000,000 copies of an album with their controversial 1988 debut album Straight Outta Compton. Births January January 1 Adèle Haenel, French actress Edita Vilkevičiūtė, Lithuanian model January 3 – Kōhei Uchimura, Japanese gymnast January 4 Kariem Hussein, Swiss 400 metres hurdler Labrinth, British urban and hip-hop musician Julius Yego, Kenyan javelin thrower January 6 – Nicky Romero, Dutch DJ January 7 Emiliano Insúa, Argentine footballer Khairul Fahmi Che Mat, Malaysian footballer January 8 – Steven Christopher Parker, American actor January 9 Michael Beasley, American basketball player Nina Dobrev, Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Yana Maksimava, Lithuanian-Belarusian heptathlete January 10 Emily Meade, American actress Heo Sol-ji, South Korean singer Zuria Vega, Mexican actress and singer January 11 – Naif Hazazi, Saudi footballer January 12 – Arci Muñoz, Filipina actress and model January 14 – Frankie Bridge, English singer January 15 Alexei Cherepanov, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2008) Ryan Corr, Australian actor Nicole Ross, American Olympic foil fencer Keiffer Hubbell, American ice dancer January 16 Paul Sweeney, Scottish politician Yvonne Zima, American actress January 19 Yani Tseng, Taiwanese golfer Kelly Marie Tran, American actress January 20 Kim Bui, German artistic gymnast Nadia Di Cello, Argentine actress January 21 Murilo de Almeida, Brazilian-East Timorese footballer Doğuş Balbay, Turkish basketball player Sergey Fesikov, Russian swimmer Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Armenian footballer January 24 – Gong Lijiao, Chinese shot putter January 27 – Ricky van Wolfswinkel, Dutch footballer January 28 – Bruno Massot, French-born German pair skater January 30 – Lee Gun-woo, South Korean singer February February 4 Nkosi Johnson, South African AIDS awareness campaigner (d. 2001) Larissa Ramos, Brazilian beauty pageant winner February 5 – Jeremy Sumpter, American actor February 7 Neil Taylor, Welsh footballer Isaiah Thomas, American basketball player February 9 Maxime Dufour-Lapointe, Canadian freestyle skier Wu Chia-ching, Taiwanese pool player February 11 – Lovi Poe, Filipina actress and singer February 15 Sinethemba Jantjie, South African footballer (d. 2019) Ayaka Nishiwaki, Japanese singer and dancer February 16 Elizabeth Olsen, American actress Zivanna Letisha Siregar, Indonesian model February 17 Rebecca Adlington, British swimmer Chord Overstreet, American actor, singer and musician February 20 Jack Falahee, American actor Mayu Kuroda, Japanese artistic gymnast February 21 Corbin Bleu, American actor, model, dancer, film producer and singer-songwriter Jung Joon-young, Korean actor and singer February 24 Trace Cyrus, American musician Daniel Kaluuya, English actor Kosta Koufos, Greek-born American basketball player February 25 Kana Hanazawa, Japanese voice actress and singer Lee Sang-hwa, South Korean speed skater February 27 – Stephen Kiprotich, Ugandan marathon runner February 28 – Zhang Liyin, Chinese singer March March 1 Emma, Australian professional wrestler Daniella Monet, American actress and singer Carlos Vela, Mexican footballer March 2 Jean-Frédéric Chapuis, French Olympic freestyle skier Nathalie Emmanuel, English actress Toby Alderweireld, Belgian football player March 5 – Sterling Knight, American actor March 6 – Agnieszka Radwańska, Polish tennis player March 7 – Gerald Anderson, Filipino actor March 9 – Taeyeon, South Korean singer March 10 – Đỗ Thị Ngân Thương, Vietnamese artistic gymnast March 11 Daniella Kertesz, Israeli actress Anton Yelchin, Russian-born American actor (d. 2016) March 12 – Tyler Clary, American Olympic swimmer March 13 Peaches Geldof, British columnist and model (d. 2014) Pierre Niney, French actor March 14 – Colby O'Donis, American singer March 15 Gil Roberts, American sprinter Caitlin Wachs, American actress Jordan Feliz, Christian singer/songwriter March 16 Blake Griffin, American basketball player Theo Walcott, English footballer March 17 Shinji Kagawa, Japanese football player Mason Musso, American musician, singer and songwriter March 18 Francesco Checcucci, Italian footballer Lily Collins, British-born American actress Kana Nishino, Japanese singer-songwriter March 19 – Craig Lamar Traylor, American actor and artist March 20 – Fei Fei Sun, Chinese model March 21 Jordi Alba, Spanish professional footballer Takeru Satoh, Japanese actor March 22 Eva Pereira, Cape Verdean middle-distance runner Karen Rodriguez, American singer J. J. Watt, American football player Aline Weber, Brazilian model March 25 – Aly Michalka, American actress and singer March 27 – Vivian Wong Shir Yee, Malaysian politician March 29 – Arnold Peralta, Honduran footballer (d. 2015) March 31 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer April April 2 – Liis Lass, Estonian actress April 3 – Ankit Narang, Indian actor April 4 – Chris Herd, Australian footballer April 5 – Lily James, British actress April 8 Nicholas Megalis, American singer-songwriter Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese singer Gabriella Wilde, English actress and model April 9 – Danielle Kahle, American figure skater April 12 – Lim Heem Wei, Singaporean artistic gymnast April 13 – Vladislav Yegin, Russian ice hockey player April 17 – Beau Knapp, American actor April 18 Jessica Jung, American-born Korean singer Alia Shawkat, American actress April 19 Kim Nam-chun, South Korean footballer (d. 2020) Ashley Everett, American dancer and actress Simu Liu, Canadian actor, writer and stuntman April 20 Alex Black, American actor Nina Davuluri, American public speaker and advocate Carlos Valdes, Colombian actor and singer April 21 – Tatyana McFadden, Russian-born American paralympian athlete April 22 – Louis Smith, British gymnast April 23 Anastasia Baranova, Russian-born American actress Nicole Vaidišová, Czech tennis player April 24 – Ian Matos, Brazilian diver April 25 Syed Hussain Abbas, Pakistani footballer Emanuela de Paula, Brazilian model Michael van Gerwen, Dutch darts player Aysel Teymurzadeh, Azerbaijani pop singer April 26 Luke Bracey, Australian actor Daesung, South Korean singer April 28 – Kim Sung-kyu, South Korean singer and dancer April 29 – Foxes, British singer-songwriter May May 3 – Katinka Hosszú, Hungarian swimmer May 4 Dániel Gyurta, Hungarian swimmer Rory McIlroy, Northern Irish golfer James van Riemsdyk, American ice hockey player May 5 – Chris Brown, American singer and actor May 6 Dominika Cibulková, Slovak tennis player Otto Knows, Swedish DJ and producer May 7 Arlenis Sosa, Dominican model Earl Thomas, American football player May 8 Katy B, British singer Nyle DiMarco, American model and activist Reckful, American Twitch Streamer (d. 2020) May 9 Shane van Gisbergen, New Zealander race car driver Daniel Rosenfeld, German musician, producer and sound engineer, best known as the composer and sound designer for the sandbox video game Minecraft May 10 – Lindsey Shaw, American actress May 11 Cam Newton, American football player Prince Royce, American singer and songwriter Giovani dos Santos, Mexican footballer May 12 – Eleftheria Eleftheriou, Greek-Cypriot singer and actress May 14 Melinda Bam, South African beauty pageant contestant and model Rob Gronkowski, American football player Alina Talay, Belarusian 100 metres hurdler May 15 – Sunny Lee, American-born Korean singer May 16 – Pääru Oja, Estonian actor May 17 Olivia Luccardi, American actress and producer Tessa Virtue, Canadian ice dancer May 18 Fatima Ali, Pakistani-born American chef (d. 2019) Shreevats Goswami, Indian cricketer May 19 – Gaelan Connell, American actor and musician May 21 Emily Robins, New Zealand actress and singer Hal Robson-Kanu, Welsh footballer May 23 Patrick Hougaard, Danish motorcycle speedway rider Ezequiel Schelotto, Italian football player Jeffery Taylor, Swedish basketball player May 24 Kalin Lucas, American basketball player G-Eazy, American hip-hop rapper and producer May 25 Guillaume Boivin, Canadian racing cyclist Aliona Moon, Moldovan pop singer May 26 – Park Yeeun, Korean Singer May 27 Peakboy, South Korean rapper, record producer, and singer-songwriter Afgan Syahreza, Indonesian pop singer and actor May 28 – Alexey Negodaylo, Russian Olympic bobsledder May 29 | collides with a dredger on the River Thames adjacent to Southwark Bridge in London. August 21 – The 21st anniversary of the crushing of the Prague Spring is commemorated by a demonstration in the city. August 23 Singing Revolution: Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania join hands to demand freedom and independence from Soviet occupation, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way. Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria. 1989 Australian pilots' dispute: All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to dismiss and sue them over a wage dispute. Murder of Yusef Hawkins in a shooting in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans. August 24 Colombia's cocaine traffickers declare "total and absolute war" against the government and begin a series of bombings and arson attacks. Tadeusz Mazowiecki of Solidarity is elected Prime Minister of Poland. August 25 – Voyager 2 makes its closest approach to Neptune and its largest moon Triton. August 31 – In the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict of 1978–87, representatives of Libya and Chad agree to let the International Court of Justice determine ownership of the Aouzou Strip, which has been occupied by Libya since 1973. September September 6 1989 South African general election, the last held under the apartheid system, returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority. In the 1989 Dutch general election, the Christian Democratic Appeal, led by Ruud Lubbers wins 54 seats, and is ultimately able to form a government on November 7 after entering into coalition with the Labour Party. September 7 – Representatives of the government of Ethiopia and Eritrean separatists meet in Atlanta, with former U.S. President Jimmy Carter attempting to broker a peace settlement. September 8 – Partnair Flight 394 flies past an F-16 Fighting Falcon on its way home, then the Convair 580 rolls upside down and falls in the North Sea. September 10 – The Hungarian government opens the country's western border (with Austria) to refugees from East Germany. September 10–11 – Norway's ruling Labour Party loses eight seats in the parliamentary elections, its worst showing since 1945. September 14 An agreement of co-operation between Leningrad Oblast (Russia) and Nordland County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by Chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and Sigbjørn Eriksen. Standard Gravure shooting: Joseph T. Wesbecker, a pressman on disability for mental illness, enters his former workplace in Louisville, Kentucky, kills eight people and injures twelve before committing suicide after a history of suicidal ideation. September 17–22 – Hurricane Hugo devastates the Caribbean and the southeastern United States, causing at least 71 deaths and $8,000,000,000 in damages. September 18 – Alleged coup attempt in Burkina Faso by military officials foiled. September 19 The Catholic Church calls for removal of the Carmelite convent located near the former Auschwitz concentration camp, whose presence has offended some Jewish leaders. UTA Flight 772 explodes over Niger, killing all 171 people on board (the Islamic Jihad Organization claims responsibility). Burkinabé ministers Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani and Henri Zongo executed following their arrest the previous day. September 20 – F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of South Africa. Soon afterwards he determines to suspend the South African nuclear weapons program. September 22 1989 Deal barracks bombing: An IRA bomb explodes at the Royal Marine School of Music in Deal, Kent, United Kingdom, leaving 11 people dead and 22 injured. Doe v. University of Michigan: A Michigan court rules against the hate speech law at the University of Michigan, claiming it unconstitutional. September 23 A cease-fire in the Lebanese Civil War stops the violence that had killed 900 people since March. Nintendo Company Ltd. celebrates its 100th anniversary. September 26 – Vietnam announces that it has withdrawn the last of its troops from the State of Cambodia, ending an eleven-year occupation. September 30 Nearly 7,000 East Germans who had come to Prague on special refugee trains are allowed to leave for the West. The Senegambia Confederation is dissolved over border disagreements. October October – Cold War: Perestroika – Nathan's Famous opens a hot dog stand in Moscow. October 1 – Civil union between partners in a same-sex relationship becomes legal in Denmark under a law enacted on June 7, the world's first such legislation. October 3 A coup attempt is foiled by Manuel Noriega, military leader of Panama. The government of East Germany closes the country's border with Czechoslovakia to prevent further emigration to the West. October 5 – The Dalai Lama wins the Nobel Peace Prize. October 7 The communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party votes to reorganise itself as a socialist party, to be named the Hungarian Socialist Party. The first mass demonstration against the Communist regime in the GDR begins in Plauen, East Germany, the beginning of a series of mass demonstrations in the whole GDR which ultimately leads to the reunification of Germany in 1990. October 9 An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh. In Leipzig, East Germany, protesters demand the legalisation of opposition groups and democratic reforms. October 13 Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bond market collapses. Gro Harlem Brundtland, leader of the Labour Party, resigns as Prime Minister of Norway. She is succeeded by Jan P. Syse, Leader of the Conservative Party, on October 16. October 15 – Walter Sisulu is released from prison in South Africa. October 17 – The 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake shakes the San Francisco Bay Area and the Central Coast with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Sixty-three people are killed and the 1989 World Series in baseball is postponed for ten days as a result of the earthquake. October 18 The Communist leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems, and is succeeded by Egon Krenz. The National Assembly of Hungary votes to restore multi-party democracy. NASA launches the unmanned Galileo orbiter on a mission to study the planet Jupiter, via Atlantis mission STS-34. October 19 – The Guildford Four are freed after fourteen years' imprisonment in Britain. October 21 – The Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, making environmental sustainability one of the Commonwealth of Nations's main priorities. October 23 The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by President Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic), exactly 33 years after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The Phillips disaster, a chemical plant explosion, in Pasadena, Texas, kills 23 and injures 314 others. October 24 – The 1989 Bhagalpur violence, a major incident of religious violence, breaks out in Bhagalpur, Bihar, India; it will kill nearly 1,000 people. October 28 – The United States Flag Protection Act takes effect. There are mass protests in Seattle and New York City. October 30 – Shawn Eichman, Dave Blalock, Dread Scott and Joey Johnson burn American flags on the steps of U.S. Capitol Building to protest against the Flag Protection Act. October 31 The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Turgut Özal as the eighth President of Turkey. Half a million people demonstrate in the East German city of Leipzig. November November – The first commercial dial-up Internet connection in North America is made, by The World STD. November 1 The President of Nicaragua ends a ceasefire with U.S.-backed contras that has been in effect since April 1988. The border between East Germany and Czechoslovakia is reopened. November 3 – East German refugees arrive at the West German town of Hof after being allowed through Czechoslovakia. November 4 Alexanderplatz demonstration in East Berlin. Half a million people protest against communist rule in East Germany. Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province. November 6 – The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is established. November 7 Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains as head of state. Lieutenant Governor Douglas Wilder wins the Virginia gubernatorial race, becoming the first African-American elected Governor in the United States. David Dinkins becomes the first African-American mayor of New York City. November 9 Cold War and Fall of the Berlin Wall: Günter Schabowski accidentally states in a live broadcast press conference that new rules for traveling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect "immediately". Late this evening, East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades. In the first week, travel visas will be issued to around 25% of the East German population. (November 17 celebrates Germans tearing the wall down). Yıldırım Akbulut of Motherland Party (Turkey) (ANAP) forms the new government of Turkey (47th government). November 10 After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party. Gaby Kennard becomes the first Australian woman to fly solo around the world. November 12 – Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. November 13 – Hans-Adam II becomes Prince of Liechtenstein on the death of his father, Prince Franz Joseph II. November 14 – Elections are held in Namibia, leading to a victory for the South West Africa People's Organisation. November 15 Lech Wałęsa, leader of Poland's Solidarity movement, addresses a Joint session of the United States Congress. Brazil holds the first round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva advance to the second round, to be held the following month. November 16 Six Jesuit priests are murdered by U.S. trained Salvadoran soldiers. The first American cosmetics shop in the Soviet Union, an Estée Lauder outlet, opens in Moscow. UNESCO adopts the Seville Statement on Violence at the 25th session of its General Conference. November 17 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia, is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29). November 20 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million. November 21 – The Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia begin to draft the Constitution of Namibia, which will be the constitution of the newly independent Namibia. November 22 – In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President René Moawad, killing him. November 24 – Following a week of demonstrations demanding free elections and other reforms, General Secretary Miloš Jakeš and other leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia resign. Jakeš is replaced by Karel Urbánek. November 26 – 1989 Uruguayan general election: Luis Alberto Lacalle is elected President of Uruguay. November 27 – Colombian domestic passenger flight Avianca Flight 203 is bombed by the Medellín drug cartel in an (unsuccessful) attempt to kill presidential candidate for the 1990 elections César Gaviria Trujillo. November 28 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-Communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than forty years). November 29 – Rajiv Gandhi resigns as Prime Minister of India after his party, the Indian National Congress, loses about half of its seats at the 1989 Indian general election. November 30 – Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a bomb in Bad Homburg (the Red Army Faction claims responsibility for the murder). December December 1 In a meeting with Pope John Paul II, General Secretary of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev pledges greater religious freedom for citizens of the Soviet Union. Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign two days later. A military coup attempt begins in the Philippines against the government of Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino. It is crushed by United States intervention ending by December 9. December 2 The Solar Maximum Mission scientific research satellite, launched in 1980, crashes back to earth. V. P. Singh takes office as Prime Minister of India. In the Republic of China legislative election, the Kuomintang suffers its worst election setback in forty years, winning only 53% of the popular vote. The Second Malayan Emergency concludes with a peace agreement. The Malayan Communist Party disbands and Chin Peng remains in exile in Thailand until his death in 2013. December 3 The entire leadership of the ruling Socialist Unity Party in East Germany, including Egon Krenz, resigns. Hans Modrow becomes de facto the country's last leader. Cold War: Malta Summit – Concluding a 2-day meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end. Gorbachev implies criticism of the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. December 4 – Prime Minister of Jordan Zaid ibn Shaker resigns and is replaced by Mudar Badran. December 6 The DAS Building bombing occurs in Bogotá, killing 52 people and injuring about 1,000. Egon Krenz resigns as Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic, and is replaced by Manfred Gerlach, the first non-Communist to hold that post. École Polytechnique massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders fourteen young women at the École Polytechnique de Montréal. December 7 Ladislav Adamec resigns as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia. He is succeeded by Marián Čalfa on December 10. Singing Revolution: The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic becomes the first of the republics of the Soviet Union to abolish the Communist Party's monopoly on power. December 9 – The Socialist Unity Party of Germany elects the reformist Gregor Gysi as party leader. December 10 President of Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák swears in a new cabinet with a non-Communist and then immediately resigns as president. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second-oldest Communist country into a democracy. December 11 – The International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, a group of six explorers from six nations, reaches the South Pole. December 12 – Hong Kong begins the forcible repatriation of Vietnamese boat people, starting with a group of 59 who were flown to Hanoi. December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in sixteen years, electing Patricio Aylwin as president. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, except Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously. December 15 – Drug baron José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha is killed by Colombian police. December 16 – The Romanian Revolution begins in Timișoara, initiated by the Hungarian minority. December 17 The Romanian Revolution continues in Timișoara when rioters break into the building housing the District Committee of the Romanian Communist Party and cause extensive damage. The military is called in but fails fully to control the situation. Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello is elected to serve as president from 1990. December 19 – Romanian Revolution: Workers in the cities go on strike in protest against the Communist regime. On December 20 about 100,000 occupy Timișoara. December 20 – The United States invasion of Panama ("Operation Just Cause") is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega. December 21 – Nicolae Ceaușescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest. Unprecedentedly, most of the crowd turns against him. December 22 After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as President of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter after the palace is invaded by rioters. Most of the army has joined with the rioters in Bucharest. The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin is reopened. Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia, killing 35 people. December 23 – Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu are captured in Târgoviște. December 25 Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu: Deposed Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife are summarily tried and executed outside Bucharest. Bank of Japan governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the economic bubble. December 28 A magnitude earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people. Alexander Dubček is elected Chairman of Czechoslovakia's Federal Assembly (Parliament). December 29 Czech playwright, philosopher and dissident Václav Havel is elected the first post-Communist President of Czechoslovakia. Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees. Nikkei 225 for Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87. December 31 – Poland's president signs the Balcerowicz Plan, ending the Communist system in Poland in favor of a capitalist system, leading to abandonment of the Warsaw Pact. Date unknown The first Al-Qaeda-related cell in the United States begins operation in New York City. Kamchatka opens to Russian civilian visitors. Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of industrial civilization. The global concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere reaches 350 parts per million by volume. Walmart posts revenues and profits triple its 1986 figures and rivals Kmart and Sears in importance in the American market. The Breguet Alizé propeller-driven anti-submarine planes are retired from active carrier service in the French Navy. N.W.A are the first gangsta rap group to sell 1,000,000 copies of an album with their controversial 1988 debut album Straight Outta Compton. Births January January 1 Adèle Haenel, French actress Edita Vilkevičiūtė, Lithuanian model January 3 – Kōhei Uchimura, Japanese gymnast January 4 Kariem Hussein, Swiss 400 metres hurdler Labrinth, British urban and hip-hop musician Julius Yego, Kenyan javelin thrower January 6 – Nicky Romero, Dutch DJ January 7 Emiliano Insúa, Argentine footballer Khairul Fahmi Che Mat, Malaysian footballer January 8 – Steven Christopher Parker, American actor January 9 Michael Beasley, American basketball player Nina Dobrev, Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Yana Maksimava, Lithuanian-Belarusian heptathlete January 10 Emily Meade, American actress Heo Sol-ji, South Korean singer Zuria Vega, Mexican actress and singer January 11 – Naif Hazazi, Saudi footballer January 12 – Arci Muñoz, Filipina actress and model January 14 – Frankie Bridge, English singer January 15 Alexei Cherepanov, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2008) Ryan Corr, Australian actor Nicole Ross, American Olympic foil fencer Keiffer Hubbell, American ice dancer January 16 Paul Sweeney, Scottish politician Yvonne Zima, American actress January 19 Yani Tseng, Taiwanese golfer Kelly Marie Tran, American actress January 20 Kim Bui, German artistic gymnast Nadia Di Cello, Argentine actress January 21 Murilo de Almeida, Brazilian-East Timorese footballer Doğuş Balbay, Turkish basketball player Sergey Fesikov, Russian swimmer Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Armenian footballer January 24 – Gong Lijiao, Chinese shot putter January 27 – Ricky van Wolfswinkel, Dutch footballer January 28 – Bruno Massot, French-born German pair skater January 30 – Lee Gun-woo, South Korean singer February February 4 Nkosi Johnson, South African AIDS awareness campaigner (d. 2001) Larissa Ramos, Brazilian beauty pageant winner February 5 – Jeremy Sumpter, American actor February 7 Neil Taylor, Welsh footballer Isaiah Thomas, American basketball player February 9 Maxime Dufour-Lapointe, Canadian freestyle skier Wu Chia-ching, Taiwanese pool player February 11 – Lovi Poe, Filipina actress and singer February 15 Sinethemba Jantjie, South African footballer (d. 2019) Ayaka Nishiwaki, Japanese singer and dancer February 16 Elizabeth Olsen, American actress Zivanna Letisha Siregar, Indonesian model February 17 Rebecca Adlington, British swimmer Chord Overstreet, American actor, singer and musician February 20 Jack Falahee, American actor Mayu Kuroda, Japanese artistic gymnast February 21 Corbin Bleu, American actor, model, dancer, film producer and singer-songwriter Jung Joon-young, Korean actor and singer February 24 Trace Cyrus, American musician Daniel Kaluuya, English actor Kosta Koufos, Greek-born American basketball player February 25 Kana Hanazawa, Japanese voice actress and singer Lee Sang-hwa, South Korean speed skater February 27 – Stephen Kiprotich, Ugandan marathon runner February 28 – Zhang Liyin, Chinese singer March March 1 Emma, Australian professional wrestler Daniella Monet, American actress and singer Carlos Vela, Mexican footballer March 2 Jean-Frédéric Chapuis, French Olympic freestyle skier Nathalie Emmanuel, English actress Toby Alderweireld, Belgian football player March 5 – Sterling Knight, American actor March 6 – Agnieszka Radwańska, Polish tennis player March 7 – Gerald Anderson, Filipino actor March 9 – Taeyeon, South Korean singer March 10 – Đỗ Thị Ngân Thương, Vietnamese artistic gymnast March 11 Daniella Kertesz, Israeli actress Anton Yelchin, Russian-born American actor (d. 2016) March 12 – Tyler Clary, American Olympic swimmer March 13 Peaches Geldof, British columnist and model (d. 2014) Pierre Niney, French actor March 14 – Colby O'Donis, American singer March 15 Gil Roberts, American sprinter Caitlin Wachs, American actress Jordan Feliz, Christian singer/songwriter March 16 Blake Griffin, American basketball player Theo Walcott, English footballer March 17 Shinji Kagawa, Japanese football player Mason Musso, American musician, singer and songwriter March 18 Francesco Checcucci, Italian footballer Lily Collins, British-born American actress Kana Nishino, Japanese singer-songwriter March 19 – Craig Lamar Traylor, American actor and artist March 20 – Fei Fei Sun, Chinese model March 21 Jordi Alba, Spanish professional footballer Takeru Satoh, Japanese actor March 22 Eva Pereira, Cape Verdean middle-distance runner Karen Rodriguez, American singer J. J. Watt, American football player Aline Weber, Brazilian model March 25 – Aly Michalka, American actress and singer March 27 – Vivian Wong Shir Yee, Malaysian politician March 29 – Arnold Peralta, Honduran footballer (d. 2015) March 31 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer April April 2 – Liis Lass, Estonian actress April 3 – Ankit Narang, Indian actor April 4 – Chris Herd, Australian footballer April 5 – Lily James, British actress April 8 Nicholas Megalis, American singer-songwriter Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese singer Gabriella Wilde, English actress and model April 9 – Danielle Kahle, American figure skater April 12 – Lim Heem Wei, Singaporean artistic gymnast April 13 – Vladislav Yegin, Russian ice hockey player April 17 – Beau Knapp, American actor April 18 Jessica Jung, American-born Korean singer Alia Shawkat, American actress April 19 Kim Nam-chun, South Korean footballer (d. 2020) Ashley Everett, American dancer and actress Simu Liu, Canadian actor, writer and stuntman April 20 Alex Black, American actor Nina Davuluri, American public speaker and advocate Carlos Valdes, Colombian actor and singer April 21 – Tatyana McFadden, Russian-born American paralympian athlete April 22 – Louis Smith, British gymnast April 23 Anastasia Baranova, Russian-born American actress Nicole Vaidišová, Czech tennis player April 24 – Ian Matos, Brazilian diver April 25 Syed Hussain Abbas, Pakistani footballer Emanuela de Paula, Brazilian model Michael van Gerwen, Dutch darts player Aysel Teymurzadeh, Azerbaijani pop singer April 26 Luke Bracey, Australian actor Daesung, South Korean singer April 28 – Kim Sung-kyu, South Korean singer and dancer April 29 – Foxes, British singer-songwriter May May 3 – Katinka Hosszú, Hungarian swimmer May 4 Dániel Gyurta, Hungarian swimmer Rory McIlroy, Northern Irish golfer James van Riemsdyk, American ice hockey player May 5 – Chris Brown, American singer and actor May 6 Dominika Cibulková, Slovak tennis player Otto Knows, Swedish DJ and producer May 7 Arlenis Sosa, Dominican model Earl Thomas, American football player May 8 Katy B, British singer Nyle DiMarco, American model and activist Reckful, American Twitch Streamer (d. 2020) May 9 Shane van Gisbergen, New Zealander race car driver Daniel Rosenfeld, German musician, producer and sound engineer, best known as the composer and sound designer for the sandbox video game Minecraft May 10 – Lindsey Shaw, American actress May 11 Cam Newton, American football player Prince Royce, American singer and songwriter Giovani dos Santos, Mexican footballer May 12 – Eleftheria Eleftheriou, Greek-Cypriot singer and actress May 14 Melinda Bam, South African beauty pageant contestant and model Rob Gronkowski, American football player Alina Talay, Belarusian 100 metres hurdler May 15 – Sunny Lee, American-born Korean singer May 16 – Pääru Oja, Estonian actor May 17 Olivia Luccardi, American actress and producer Tessa Virtue, Canadian ice dancer May 18 Fatima Ali, Pakistani-born American chef (d. 2019) Shreevats Goswami, Indian cricketer May 19 – Gaelan Connell, American actor and musician May 21 Emily Robins, New Zealand actress and singer Hal Robson-Kanu, Welsh footballer May 23 Patrick Hougaard, Danish motorcycle speedway rider Ezequiel Schelotto, Italian football player Jeffery Taylor, Swedish basketball player May 24 Kalin Lucas, American basketball player G-Eazy, American hip-hop rapper and producer May 25 Guillaume Boivin, Canadian racing cyclist Aliona Moon, Moldovan pop singer May 26 – Park Yeeun, Korean Singer May 27 Peakboy, South Korean rapper, record producer, and singer-songwriter Afgan Syahreza, Indonesian pop singer and actor May 28 – Alexey Negodaylo, Russian Olympic bobsledder May 29 Eyþór Ingi Gunnlaugsson, Icelandic singer Riley Keough, American model Brandon Mychal Smith, American actor May 30 Ailee, Korean-American singer and songwriter Park Hyomin, South Korean singer May 31 Pablo Alborán, Spanish singer Bas Dost, Dutch football player Sean Johnson, American soccer player Daul Kim, South Korean model (d. 2009) Marco Reus, German football player June June 2 Steve Smith, Australian cricketer Shane Yarran, Australian rules footballer (d. 2018) June 3 – Imogen Poots, British actress June 4 Pawel Fajdek, Polish hammer thrower Eldar Gasimov, Azerbaijani singer June 5 – Monica Castaño, Colombian beauty queen and model June 6 – Bryn McAuley, Canadian actress June 8 Timea Bacsinszky, Swiss tennis player Minami Tsuda, Japanese voice actress Amaury Vassili, French operatic tenor June 9 – Chloë Agnew, Irish singer June 14 Lucy Hale, American actress and singer Jubin Nautiyal, Indian playback singer June 18 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang, French-born Gabonese footballer Anna Fenninger, Austrian alpine ski racer Renee Olstead, American actress and singer June 19 – Giacomo Gianniotti, Italian-Canadian actor June 22 Jeffrey Earnhardt, American race car driver Jung Yong Hwa, South Korean musician, singer-songwriter, record producer and actor June 27 Matthew Lewis, British actor Bruna Tenório, Brazilian supermodel June 28 Andrew Fifita, Tongan rugby league footballer David Fifita, Tongan rugby league footballer Mark Fischbach, American YouTube personality Joe Kovacs, American shot putter June 29 – Maciej Cieśla, Polish graphics designer June 30 Asbel Kiprop, Kenyan middle-distance runner Ginta Lapiņa, Latvian model July July 1 Daniel Ricciardo, Australian Formula 1 driver Farouk Ben Mustapha, Tunisian footballer July 2 Dev, American singer Alex Morgan, American soccer player July 4 – Yoon Doo-joon, Korean singer July 7 Jamie Johnston, Canadian actor and singer-songwriter Kim Bum, South Korean actor July 8 Dmitry Abakumov, Russian football player Yarden Gerbi, Israeli world champion judoka Ahmad Fakri Saarani, Malaysian footballer July 10 Fazrul Hazli, Malaysian footballer Carlos Zambrano, Peruvian footballer July 11 Shareeka Epps, American actress David Henrie, American actor and director Martin Klizan, Slovak tennis player July 12 Phoebe Tonkin, Australian actress and model Rakep Patel, Kenyan cricketer July 13 – Sayumi Michishige, Japanese singer July 14 – Cyril Rioli, Australian rules footballer July 15 – Tristan Wilds, American actor and singer July 16 Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer Kim Woo-bin, South Korean model and actor July 18 – Jamie Benn, Canadian ice hockey player July 21 Chris Gunter, Welsh footballer Marco Fabián, Mexican footballer Rory Culkin, American actor July 22 Trent Boult, New Zealand cricketer Kamal G, Indian film director, film editor and film producer July 23 Daniel Radcliffe, English actor Zhong An Qi, Taiwanese singer July 25 – Noel Callahan, Canadian actor July 27 – Charlotte Arnold, Canadian actress July 28 Adrien Broner, African-American professional boxer Felipe Kitadai, Brazilian Olympic medalist judoka Amy Yang, South Korean golfer July 30 – Aleix Espargaró, Spanish Grand prix motorcycle racer July 31 Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player Alexis Knapp, American actress and singer Marshall Williams, Canadian actor and musician Zelda Williams, American actress August August 1 Tiffany Young, American-born Korean singer Tomoka Kurokawa, Japanese actress August 2 Nacer Chadli, Belgian footballer Vanes-Mari Du Toit, South African netball player August 3 – Sam Hutchinson, English footballer August 4 Jessica Mauboy, Australian actress and singer-songwriter (Young Divas) Wang Hao, Chinese chess player August 5 Shanshan Feng, Chinese golfer Mathieu Manset, French footballer Nina Radojičić, Serbian singer August 7 – DeMar DeRozan, American basketball player August 10 Sam Gagner, Canadian ice hockey player Ben Sahar, Israeli footballer Brenton Thwaites, Australian actor August 11 Junior Heffernan, Irish cyclist and triathlete (d. 2013) Sebastian Huke, German footballer Emma Wu, Taiwanese singer and actress August 14 Ander Herrera, Spanish professional footballer Kyle Turris, Canadian ice hockey player August 15 Belinda, Mexican singer and actress Joe Jonas, American musician, actor and singer Carlos PenaVega, American actor, dancer and singer August 19 – Romeo Miller, American rapper, actor, entrepreneur and model August 20 – Judd Trump, English snooker player August 21 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress and singer August 24 – Andrés Mercado, Colombian actor and singer August 26 – James Harden, American basketball player August 27 Juliana Cannarozzo, American figure skater Daniel Tovar, Mexican actor August 28 – Valtteri Bottas, Finnish Formula One driver August 29 – Su Bingtian, Chinese sprinter August 30 – Bebe Rexha, American singer-songwriter September September 1 Bill Kaulitz, German singer Jefferson Montero, Ecuadorian footballer Daniel Sturridge, English footballer September 2 Alexandre Pato, Brazilian footballer Zedd, record producer, DJ, musician, multi-instrumentalist and songwriter September 5 – Kat Graham, Swiss-born American actress, model, singer and dancer September 8 Avicii, Swedish DJ, remixer and record producer (d. 2018) Sebastián Francini, Argentine actor September 9 – Sean Malto, American professional skateboarder September 12 Freddie Freeman, American baseball player Elyse Hopfner-Hibbs, Canadian artistic gymnast Andrew Luck, American football player September 13 Jon Mannah, Australian rugby league player (d. 2013) Thomas Müller, German football player September 14 Kazumi Evans, Canadian voice actress and singer Tony Finau, American golfer Logan Henderson, American actor, dancer and singer Jonathon Simmons, American basketball player September 15 – Steliana Nistor, Romanian artistic gymnast September 19 – Tyreke Evans, American basketball player, 2010 NBA Rookie of the Year September 20 – Andrej Martin, Slovak tennis player September 21 – Jason Derulo, American urban singer and actor September 22 Hyoyeon Kim, Korean singer Sabine Lisicki, German tennis player September 23 Sui He, Chinese model Mara Scherzinger, German actress September 24 – Pia Wurtzbach, German-Filipina actress and model September 25 – Jordan Gavaris, Canadian actor September 27 Rumi Okubo, Japanese voice actress Park Tae-hwan, South Korean swimmer September 29 – Theo Adams, British performance artist October October 1 – Brie Larson, American actress October 4 Dakota Johnson, American actress Kimmie Meissner, American figure skater Viktoria Rebensburg, German alpine skier October 10 – Aimee Teegarden, American actress October 11 Tomoyuki Sugano, Japanese baseball pitcher Michelle Wie, American golfer October 12 – Paulo Henrique Ganso, Brazilian football player October 13 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, American politician and activist Skyler Page, American animator and voice actor October 15 – Anthony Joshua, British professional boxer October 16 – Dan Biggar, Welsh rugby union player October 17 – Sophie Luck, Australian actress October 18 – Matthew Centrowitz Jr., American middle-distance runner October 19 – Nikolija Jovanović, Serbian singer and dancer October 20 – Jess Glynne, British singer October 23 – Jonita Gandhi, Indo-Canadian singer October 24 Armin Bačinović, Slovenian football midfielder T'erea Brown, American track and field athlete Cristian Gamboa, Costa Rican footballer Shenae Grimes, Canadian actress Eric Hosmer, American professional baseball player PewDiePie, Swedish and former most subscribed YouTuber, comedian, commentator, and philanthropist Eliza Taylor, Australian actress October 25 – Mia Wasikowska, Australian actress October 28 – Camille Muffat, French swimmer (d. 2015) October 29 – Primož Roglič, Slovenian cyclist October 30 – Nastia Liukin, American artistic gymnast and Olympic gold medalist November November 2 – Katelyn Tarver, American singer, songwriter and actress November 3 Paula DeAnda, Mexican-born American singer Joyce Jonathan, French singer Kim Taek-yong, South Korean professional gamer November 6 – Jozy Altidore, American soccer player November 9 – Gianluca Bezzina, Maltese doctor and singer November 10 Taron Egerton, British actor Adeele Sepp, Estonian actress November 11 Nick Blackman, English-Israeli footballer Thiago de Los Reyes, Brazilian actor Adam Rippon, |
- 317) Yuan, Emperor of China (317 - 322) Fíacha Sroiptine, High King of Ireland (285-322) Ōjin, Emperor of Japan, 270-310 Nintoku, Emperor of Japan, 313-399 Shapur II, Sassanid dynasty King of Persia (309-379) Galerius, Roman Emperor (305-311) Constantine, Roman Emperor (306-337) Maxentius, Roman Emperor (306-312) Licinius, Roman Emperor (308-324) Maximinus II, Roman Emperor (311-313) Alexander of Byzantium, Bishop of Byzantium (314-337) Pope Eusebius, Pope of the | - 317) Yuan, Emperor of China (317 - 322) Fíacha Sroiptine, High King of Ireland (285-322) Ōjin, Emperor of Japan, 270-310 Nintoku, Emperor of Japan, 313-399 Shapur II, Sassanid dynasty King of Persia (309-379) Galerius, Roman Emperor (305-311) Constantine, Roman Emperor (306-337) Maxentius, Roman Emperor (306-312) Licinius, Roman Emperor (308-324) Maximinus II, Roman Emperor (311-313) Alexander of Byzantium, Bishop of Byzantium (314-337) Pope Eusebius, Pope |
to December 31, 329. Significant people Constantine | 329. Significant people Constantine I |
The denomination 321 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By topic Roman Empire Emperor Constantine I expels the Goths from the Danube frontier and repairs Trajan's Bridge. He leads an expedition into the old province Dacia (modern Romania) and makes peace with the barbarians. March 7 - Constantine I signs legislation directing urban residents to refrain from work, and businesses to be closed, on the "venerable day of the Sun". | was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crispus and Constantinus (or, less frequently, year 1074 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 321 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By topic Roman Empire Emperor Constantine I expels the Goths from the Danube frontier and repairs Trajan's Bridge. He leads an expedition into the old province Dacia (modern Romania) and makes peace with the barbarians. March 7 - Constantine I signs legislation directing urban residents to refrain |
Kroc opens his first McDonald's, in Des Plaines, Illinois. April 16 – The Burma-Japan Peace Treaty, signed in Rangoon on November 5, 1954, comes into effect, formally ending a state of war between the two countries. April 17 – Imre Nagy, the communist Premier of Hungary, is ousted for being too moderate. April 18–24 – The Asian-African Conference is held in Bandung, Indonesia. May May 5 – West Germany becomes a sovereign country, recognized by important Western countries such as France, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. May 6 – The Western European Union Charter becomes effective. May 7 – Newcastle United F.C. in England win their fourth (and, final) Football League First Division title. May 9 West Germany joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). A young Jim Henson introduces the earliest version of Kermit the Frog (made in March), in the premiere of his puppet show Sam and Friends, on WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. May 11 – Japanese National Railways' ferry Shiun Maru sinks after a collision with sister ship Uko Maru, in thick fog off Takamatsu, Shikoku, in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan; 166 passengers (many children) and 2 crew members are killed. This event is influential in plans to construct the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge (built 1986–98). May 12 – New York's Third Avenue Elevated runs its last train between Chatham Square in Manhattan and East 149th Street in the Bronx, thus ending elevated train service in Manhattan. May 14 Eight Communist Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union, sign a mutual defence treaty in Warsaw, Poland, that is called the Warsaw Pact (it will be dissolved in 1991). Warrington win the British Rugby League Championship title for the third time; they will not win it again within the following 60 years. May 15 The Austrian State Treaty, which restores Austria's national sovereignty, is concluded between the 4 occupying powers following World War II (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France) and Austria, setting it up as a neutral country. Lionel Terray and Jean Couzy become the first people to reach the summit of Makalu, the fifth-highest mountain in the world, on the 1955 French Makalu expedition. The entire team of climbers reaches the summit over the next two days. May 25 – Joe Brown and George Band are the first to reach the summit of Kangchenjunga in the Himalayas, as part of the British Kangchenjunga expedition led by Charles Evans. June June 7 – The television quiz program The $64,000 Question premieres on CBS-TV in the United States, with Hal March as the host. June 11 – Le Mans disaster: Eighty-three people are killed and at least 100 are injured, after two race cars collide in the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans. June 13 – Mir Mine, the first diamond mine in the Soviet Union, is discovered. June 16 – Lady and the Tramp, the Walt Disney company's 15th animated film, premieres in Chicago. June 26 – The Freedom Charter of the anti-apartheid South African Congress Alliance is adopted, at a Congress of the People in Kliptown. July July 1 – Transformation from the Imperial Bank of India to the State Bank of India is given legal recognition through an Act of the Parliament of India. July 7 – The New Zealand Special Air Service is formed. July 13 – Ruth Ellis is hanged for murder in London, becoming the last woman ever to be executed in the United Kingdom. July 17 The Disneyland theme park opens in Anaheim, California, an event broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company television network. The first atomic-generated electrical power is sold commercially, partially powering Arco, Idaho, from the U.S. National Reactor Testing Station; on July 18, Schenectady, New York, receives power from a prototype nuclear submarine reactor at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. July 18 – Illinois Governor William Stratton signs the Loyalty Oath Act, that mandates all public employees take a loyalty oath to the State of Illinois and the United States or lose their jobs. July 18–23 – Geneva Summit between the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and France. July 22 – In Long Beach, California (United States), Hillevi Rombin of Sweden is crowned Miss Universe. July 27 – El Al Flight 402 from Vienna (Austria) to Tel Aviv, via Istanbul, is shot down over Bulgaria. All 58 passengers and crewmen aboard the Lockheed Constellation are killed. July 28 – The first Interlingua Congress is held in Tours, France, leading to the foundation of the Union Mundial pro Interlingua. August August 1 – The prototype Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft first flies, in Nevada. August 18 The First Sudanese Civil War begins. The first meeting of the Organization of Central American States (, ODECA) is held, in Antigua Guatemala. August 19 – Hurricane Diane hits the northeastern United States, killing over 200 people and causing over $1 billion in damage. August 20 – Hundreds of people are killed in anti-French rioting in Morocco and Algeria. August 22 – Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight train in Spring City, Tennessee. August 25 – The last Soviet Army forces leave Austria. August 26 – Satyajit Ray's film Pather Panchali is released in India. August 27 – The first edition of the Guinness Book of Records is published, in London. August 28 – Black 14-year-old Emmett Till is lynched and shot in the head for allegedly grabbing and threatening a white woman in Money, Mississippi; his white murderers, Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam, are acquitted by an all-white jury. September September 2 – Under the guidance of Dr. Humphry Osmond, Christopher Mayhew ingests 400 mg of mescaline hydrochloride and allows himself to be filmed as part of a Panorama special for BBC TV in the U.K. that is never broadcast. September 3 – Little Richard records "Tutti Frutti" in New Orleans; it is released in October. September 6 – Istanbul pogrom: Istanbul's Greek minority is the target of a government-sponsored pogrom. September 10 – The long-running Western television series Gunsmoke debuts, on the CBS network in the United States. September 14 – Pope Pius XII elevates many of the Apostolic vicariates in Africa to Metropolitan Archdioceses. September 15 – Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel Lolita is published in Paris, by Olympia Press. September 16 The military coup to unseat President Juan Perón of Argentina is launched at midnight. A Soviet Navy Zulu-class submarine becomes the first to launch a ballistic missile. September 18 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the uninhabited Atlantic island of Rockall. September 19–21 – President of Argentina Juan Perón is ousted in a military coup. September 19 – Hurricane Hilda kills about 200 people in Mexico. September 21–30 – Hurricane Janet, one of the strongest North Atlantic tropical cyclones on record, sweeps the Lesser Antilles and Mexico, causing more than 1,020 deaths. September 22 – Commercial television starts in the United Kingdom with the Independent Television Authority's first ITV franchises beginning broadcasting in London, ending the BBC monopoly. September 24 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States, suffers a coronary thrombosis while on vacation in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Nixon serves as Acting President while Eisenhower recovers. September 30 – Actor James Dean is killed when his automobile collides with another car at a highway junction, near Cholame, California. October October 2 – Alfred Hitchcock Presents debuts on the CBS TV network in the United States. October 3 – The Mickey Mouse Club debuts on the ABC-TV network in the United States. October 4 – The Reverend Sun Myung Moon is released from prison in Seoul, South Korea. October 5 – Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. October 11 – 70-mm film for projection is introduced, with the theatrical release of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical film, Oklahoma!. October 14 – The Organization of Central American States secretariat is inaugurated. October 20 – Disc jockey Bill Randle of WERE (Cleveland) is the key presenter of a concert at Brooklyn High School (Ohio), featuring Pat Boone and Bill Haley & His Comets, and opening with Elvis Presley (Elvis's first filmed performance), for a documentary on Randle titled The Pied Piper of Cleveland. October 26 After the last Allied troops have left Austria, and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, the country declares its permanent neutrality. Ngô Đình Diệm proclaims Vietnam to be a republic, with himself as its President (following the State of Vietnam referendum on October 23), and forms the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. October 27 – The film Rebel Without a Cause, starring James Dean, is released in the United States. October 29 – Soviet battleship Novorossiysk explodes at moorings in Sevastopol Bay, killing 608 (the Soviet Union's worst naval disaster to date). November November 1 Official start date of the Vietnam War between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam; the north is allied with the Viet Cong. A time bomb explodes in the cargo hold of United Airlines Flight 629, a Douglas DC-6B, over Longmont, Colorado, killing all 39 passengers and 5 crew members on board. November 3 – The Rimutaka Tunnel opens on the New Zealand Railways, at 5.46 mi (8.79 km), the longest in the Southern Hemisphere at this time. November 15 – The Democratic Party of Japan and Japan Liberal Party merge to form the Japan Liberal Democratic Party, beginning the "1955 System". November 19 – C. Northcote Parkinson first propounds 'Parkinson's law', in The Economist. November 20 – Bo Diddley makes his television debut on Ed Sullivan's Toast Of The Town show for the CBS-TV network in the United States. November 23 – The Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean are transferred from British to Australian control. November 26 – The British Governor of Cyprus declares a state of emergency on the island. November 27 – The Westboro Baptist Church holds its first service in Topeka, Kansas. December December 1 – In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refuses to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger, and is arrested, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott. December 4 – The International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations is founded in Luxembourg. December 5 The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge, to become the AFL–CIO. The Montgomery Improvement Association is formed in Montgomery, Alabama, by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and other Black ministers to coordinate the Montgomery bus boycott by Black people. December 9 – Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (22nd government). December 10 – 1955 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H. V. Evatt. This election comes in the immediate aftermath of the devastating split in the Labor Party, which leads to the formation of the Democratic Labor Party. The DLP will preference against Labor, and keep the Coalition in office until 1972. December 14 The Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River, in New York State, opens to traffic. Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and Sri Lanka join the United Nations simultaneously, after several years of moratorium on admitting new members that began during the Korean War. December 20 – Cardiff is declared by the British Government as the capital of Wales. December 22 – American cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio discovers the correct number of human chromosomes, forty-six. December 31 General Motors becomes the first American corporation to make a profit of over 1 billion dollars in 1 year. Austria becomes independent, under terms of the May 15 Austrian State Treaty. World population World population: 2,755,823,000 Africa: 246,746,000 Asia: 1,541,947,000 Europe: 575,184,000 South America: 190,797,000 North America: 186,884,000 Oceania: 14,265,000 Births January January 1 Mario Andreacchio, Australian film director Mary Beard, English classicist Precious, Canadian professional wrestling valet Mulatu Teshome, Ethiopian politician and 8th President of Ethiopia Bonnie Arnold, American film producer January 4 – Mark Hollis, English musician (d. 2019) January 5 – Mamata Banerjee, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal January 6 – Rowan Atkinson, English comedian and actor January 7 – Belinda Meuldijk, Dutch actress January 8 – Mike Reno, Canadian musician January 9 Michiko Kakutani, American literary critic J. K. Simmons, American actor January 10 Michael Schenker, German guitarist (Scorpions, UFO, Michael Schenker Group) Jimmy Vivino, American guitarist January 12 – Kerry-Lynne Findlay, Canadian politician January 13 Paul Kelly, Australian musician Jay McInerney, American writer January 15 Andreas Gursky, German photographer Enrico Mentana, Italian journalist January 16 – Mary Karr, American poet January 17 – Steve Earle, American musician January 18 Kevin Costner, American actor, producer and director Frankie Knuckles, American disk jockey and record producer (d. 2014) Marilyn Mazur, Danish percussionist January 19 – Sir Simon Rattle, English orchestral conductor Paul Rodriguez, Mexican American actor and comedian January 20 – Wyatt Knight, American actor (d. 2011) January 21 – Jeff Koons, American artist January 22 – Sonja Morgenstern, German figure skater January 25 – Olivier Assayas, French film director January 26 Björn Andrésen, Swedish actor Eddie Van Halen, Dutch-American rock musician (Van Halen) (d. 2020) Lucía Méndez, Mexican film actress January 27 John Roberts, Chief Justice of the United States Ratnottama Sengupta, Indian journalist January 28 Vinod Khosla, Indian-born American venture capitalist Nicolas Sarkozy, 23rd President of France January 29 Rachid Mouffouk, Algerian sculptor Femi Pedro, Deputy Governor of Lagos State, Nigeria January 30 – Mychal Thompson, Bahamian basketball player February February 1 – Hans Werner Olm, German television and film comedian February 2 – Leszek Engelking, Polish poet, writer and translator February 3 Mike Horner, American pornographic film actor Kirsty Wark, Scottish television presenter February 4 – Joseph D. Kernan, American military officer, Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence February 6 Michael Pollan, American journalist Irinej Dobrijević, American-born Serbian Bishop of Australia and New Zealand February 7 – Miguel Ferrer, American actor (d. 2017) February 8 Janusz Cisek, Polish historian (d. 2020) Jim Neidhart, American professional wrestler (d. 2018) John Grisham, American novelist Ethan Phillips, American actor Xu Bing, Chinese artist February 9 – Charles Shaughnessy, English actor February 10 Chris Adams, English wrestler and judoka (d. 2001) Pablo Borges Delgado, Cuban artist Jim Cramer, American television personality Greg Norman, Australian golfer February 12 David Owen Brooks, American convicted murderer (d. 2020) Bill Laswell, American bass guitarist February 13 – Hank Risan, American scientist February 14 Guillermo Francella, Argentine actor Mitsuhisa Taguchi, Japanese footballer (d. 2019) February 15 Janice Dickinson, American model, photographer, author and talent agent Christopher McDonald, American actor February 16 – Bradley Byrne, American business attorney and politician, Alabama February 17 – Mo Yan, Chinese writer February 18 – Cheetah Chrome, American musician February 19 Jeff Daniels, American actor Siri Hustvedt, American novelist February 20 – Mack Wilberg, American composer February 21 – Kelsey Grammer, American actor and comedian February 22 – David Axelrod, American political analyst February 23 – Flip Saunders, American basketball coach (d. 2015) February 24 Deborah Coyne, Canadian constitutional lawyer Steve Jobs, American businessman and founder of Apple Inc. (d. 2011) Alain Prost, French four-time Formula 1 world champion February 25 – Leann Hunley, American television actress February 27 – Grady Booch, American software engineer February 28 – Gilbert Gottfried, American actor and comedian March March 1 Sir Timothy Laurence, English vice admiral and second husband of Anne, Princess Royal Denis Mukwege, Congolese gynecologist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate March 2 – Shoko Asahara, Japanese cult leader (Aum Shinrikyo) (d. 2018) March 3 – Kent Derricott, Canadian TV personality in Japan March 4 – Dominique Pinon, French actor March 5 Julien Dray, French politician Penn Jillette, American magician and comedian (Penn & Teller) Deddy Mizwar, indonesian politician, actor, movie Director March 6 Wendy Boglioli, American Olympic gold medallist swimmer (1976) Jay Ilagan, Filipino actor (d. 1992) Cyprien Ntaryamira, Burundian politician, 5th President of Burundi (d. 1994) Alberta Watson, Canadian actress (d. 2015) March 7 Michael Jan Friedman, American novelist and comic book writer Tommy Kramer, American football player March 8 – Don Ashby, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1981) March 9 Ornella Muti, Italian actress Franco Uncini, Italian motorcycle racer March 10 Yousra, Egyptian actress and singer Marianne Rosenberg, German singer March 11 – Nina Hagen, German pop singer March 12 – Richard Martini, American film director March 13 Bruno Conti, Italian football player Gail Grandchamp, American female boxer Glenne Headly, American actress of film, stage and television (d. 2017) March 14 – Stephen R. Bissette, American comics artist March 15 Robert Kabbas, Egyptian-born Australian Olympic silver medallist weightlifter Dee Snider, American rock singer (Twisted Sister) March 16 Bruno Barreto, Brazilian film director Jiro Watanabe, Japanese former world super flyweight champion boxer March 17 Cynthia McKinney, American politician, activist Gary Sinise, American actor, producer and director March 18 Carlos Enrique Trinidad Gómez, Guatemalan Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2018) Guillermo Dávila, Venezuelan actor and singer Dwayne Murphy, American baseball player March 19 Pino Daniele, Italian music artist (d. 2015) Bruce Willis, American actor Simon Yam, Hong Kong actor March 20 Eric Schiller, American chess player and author (d. 2018) Mariya Takeuchi, Japanese singer-songwriter March 21 Jair Bolsonaro, Brazilian congressman and politician, 38th President of Brazil Philippe Troussier, French football coach Bärbel Wöckel, East German sprinter March 22 Lena Olin, Swedish actress Pete Sessions, American politician Valdis Zatlers, 7th President of Latvia March 23 Moses Malone, American basketball player (d. 2015) Susan Schwab, American politician, who served under President George W. Bush as United States Trade Representative March 24 Celâl Şengör, Turkish geologist Kim Johnston Ulrich, American actress March 25 – Wendy Larry, American head coach of the Old Dominion University Lady Monarchs women's basketball team March 26 – Danny Arndt, Canadian ice hockey player March 27 – Mariano Rajoy, Prime Minister of Spain March 28 – Reba McEntire, American country singer and actress March 29 Earl Campbell, American football player Margaret I. Cuomo, American radiologist Brendan Gleeson, Irish actor Christopher Lawford, American author, actor and activist (d. 2018) Marina Sirtis, English actress March 30 Marilou Diaz-Abaya, Filipina film director (d. 2012) Randy VanWarmer, American singer-songwriter (d. 2004) Humberto Vélez, Mexican voice actor March 31 Philip Dimitrov, Bulgarian politician Angus Young, lead guitarist of Australian rock group AC/DC April April 1 – Ockie Oosthuizen, South African rugby union player (d. 2019) April 2 Sirindhorn, Princess Royal of Thailand Chellie Pingree, Democratic politician, Maine's 1st congressional district April 3 – Mick Mars, American rock guitarist (Mötley Crüe) April 5 – Akira Toriyama, Japanese | Algeria. August 22 – Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight train in Spring City, Tennessee. August 25 – The last Soviet Army forces leave Austria. August 26 – Satyajit Ray's film Pather Panchali is released in India. August 27 – The first edition of the Guinness Book of Records is published, in London. August 28 – Black 14-year-old Emmett Till is lynched and shot in the head for allegedly grabbing and threatening a white woman in Money, Mississippi; his white murderers, Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam, are acquitted by an all-white jury. September September 2 – Under the guidance of Dr. Humphry Osmond, Christopher Mayhew ingests 400 mg of mescaline hydrochloride and allows himself to be filmed as part of a Panorama special for BBC TV in the U.K. that is never broadcast. September 3 – Little Richard records "Tutti Frutti" in New Orleans; it is released in October. September 6 – Istanbul pogrom: Istanbul's Greek minority is the target of a government-sponsored pogrom. September 10 – The long-running Western television series Gunsmoke debuts, on the CBS network in the United States. September 14 – Pope Pius XII elevates many of the Apostolic vicariates in Africa to Metropolitan Archdioceses. September 15 – Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel Lolita is published in Paris, by Olympia Press. September 16 The military coup to unseat President Juan Perón of Argentina is launched at midnight. A Soviet Navy Zulu-class submarine becomes the first to launch a ballistic missile. September 18 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the uninhabited Atlantic island of Rockall. September 19–21 – President of Argentina Juan Perón is ousted in a military coup. September 19 – Hurricane Hilda kills about 200 people in Mexico. September 21–30 – Hurricane Janet, one of the strongest North Atlantic tropical cyclones on record, sweeps the Lesser Antilles and Mexico, causing more than 1,020 deaths. September 22 – Commercial television starts in the United Kingdom with the Independent Television Authority's first ITV franchises beginning broadcasting in London, ending the BBC monopoly. September 24 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States, suffers a coronary thrombosis while on vacation in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Nixon serves as Acting President while Eisenhower recovers. September 30 – Actor James Dean is killed when his automobile collides with another car at a highway junction, near Cholame, California. October October 2 – Alfred Hitchcock Presents debuts on the CBS TV network in the United States. October 3 – The Mickey Mouse Club debuts on the ABC-TV network in the United States. October 4 – The Reverend Sun Myung Moon is released from prison in Seoul, South Korea. October 5 – Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. October 11 – 70-mm film for projection is introduced, with the theatrical release of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical film, Oklahoma!. October 14 – The Organization of Central American States secretariat is inaugurated. October 20 – Disc jockey Bill Randle of WERE (Cleveland) is the key presenter of a concert at Brooklyn High School (Ohio), featuring Pat Boone and Bill Haley & His Comets, and opening with Elvis Presley (Elvis's first filmed performance), for a documentary on Randle titled The Pied Piper of Cleveland. October 26 After the last Allied troops have left Austria, and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, the country declares its permanent neutrality. Ngô Đình Diệm proclaims Vietnam to be a republic, with himself as its President (following the State of Vietnam referendum on October 23), and forms the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. October 27 – The film Rebel Without a Cause, starring James Dean, is released in the United States. October 29 – Soviet battleship Novorossiysk explodes at moorings in Sevastopol Bay, killing 608 (the Soviet Union's worst naval disaster to date). November November 1 Official start date of the Vietnam War between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam; the north is allied with the Viet Cong. A time bomb explodes in the cargo hold of United Airlines Flight 629, a Douglas DC-6B, over Longmont, Colorado, killing all 39 passengers and 5 crew members on board. November 3 – The Rimutaka Tunnel opens on the New Zealand Railways, at 5.46 mi (8.79 km), the longest in the Southern Hemisphere at this time. November 15 – The Democratic Party of Japan and Japan Liberal Party merge to form the Japan Liberal Democratic Party, beginning the "1955 System". November 19 – C. Northcote Parkinson first propounds 'Parkinson's law', in The Economist. November 20 – Bo Diddley makes his television debut on Ed Sullivan's Toast Of The Town show for the CBS-TV network in the United States. November 23 – The Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean are transferred from British to Australian control. November 26 – The British Governor of Cyprus declares a state of emergency on the island. November 27 – The Westboro Baptist Church holds its first service in Topeka, Kansas. December December 1 – In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refuses to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger, and is arrested, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott. December 4 – The International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations is founded in Luxembourg. December 5 The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge, to become the AFL–CIO. The Montgomery Improvement Association is formed in Montgomery, Alabama, by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and other Black ministers to coordinate the Montgomery bus boycott by Black people. December 9 – Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (22nd government). December 10 – 1955 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H. V. Evatt. This election comes in the immediate aftermath of the devastating split in the Labor Party, which leads to the formation of the Democratic Labor Party. The DLP will preference against Labor, and keep the Coalition in office until 1972. December 14 The Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River, in New York State, opens to traffic. Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and Sri Lanka join the United Nations simultaneously, after several years of moratorium on admitting new members that began during the Korean War. December 20 – Cardiff is declared by the British Government as the capital of Wales. December 22 – American cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio discovers the correct number of human chromosomes, forty-six. December 31 General Motors becomes the first American corporation to make a profit of over 1 billion dollars in 1 year. Austria becomes independent, under terms of the May 15 Austrian State Treaty. World population World population: 2,755,823,000 Africa: 246,746,000 Asia: 1,541,947,000 Europe: 575,184,000 South America: 190,797,000 North America: 186,884,000 Oceania: 14,265,000 Births January January 1 Mario Andreacchio, Australian film director Mary Beard, English classicist Precious, Canadian professional wrestling valet Mulatu Teshome, Ethiopian politician and 8th President of Ethiopia Bonnie Arnold, American film producer January 4 – Mark Hollis, English musician (d. 2019) January 5 – Mamata Banerjee, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal January 6 – Rowan Atkinson, English comedian and actor January 7 – Belinda Meuldijk, Dutch actress January 8 – Mike Reno, Canadian musician January 9 Michiko Kakutani, American literary critic J. K. Simmons, American actor January 10 Michael Schenker, German guitarist (Scorpions, UFO, Michael Schenker Group) Jimmy Vivino, American guitarist January 12 – Kerry-Lynne Findlay, Canadian politician January 13 Paul Kelly, Australian musician Jay McInerney, American writer January 15 Andreas Gursky, German photographer Enrico Mentana, Italian journalist January 16 – Mary Karr, American poet January 17 – Steve Earle, American musician January 18 Kevin Costner, American actor, producer and director Frankie Knuckles, American disk jockey and record producer (d. 2014) Marilyn Mazur, Danish percussionist January 19 – Sir Simon Rattle, English orchestral conductor Paul Rodriguez, Mexican American actor and comedian January 20 – Wyatt Knight, American actor (d. 2011) January 21 – Jeff Koons, American artist January 22 – Sonja Morgenstern, German figure skater January 25 – Olivier Assayas, French film director January 26 Björn Andrésen, Swedish actor Eddie Van Halen, Dutch-American rock musician (Van Halen) (d. 2020) Lucía Méndez, Mexican film actress January 27 John Roberts, Chief Justice of the United States Ratnottama Sengupta, Indian journalist January 28 Vinod Khosla, Indian-born American venture capitalist Nicolas Sarkozy, 23rd President of France January 29 Rachid Mouffouk, Algerian sculptor Femi Pedro, Deputy Governor of Lagos State, Nigeria January 30 – Mychal Thompson, Bahamian basketball player February February 1 – Hans Werner Olm, German television and film comedian February 2 – Leszek Engelking, Polish poet, writer and translator February 3 Mike Horner, American pornographic film actor Kirsty Wark, Scottish television presenter February 4 – Joseph D. Kernan, American military officer, Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence February 6 Michael Pollan, American journalist Irinej Dobrijević, American-born Serbian Bishop of Australia and New Zealand February 7 – Miguel Ferrer, American actor (d. 2017) February 8 Janusz Cisek, Polish historian (d. 2020) Jim Neidhart, American professional wrestler (d. 2018) John Grisham, American novelist Ethan Phillips, American actor Xu Bing, Chinese artist February 9 – Charles Shaughnessy, English actor February 10 Chris Adams, English wrestler and judoka (d. 2001) Pablo Borges Delgado, Cuban artist Jim Cramer, American television personality Greg Norman, Australian golfer February 12 David Owen Brooks, American convicted murderer (d. 2020) Bill Laswell, American bass guitarist February 13 – Hank Risan, American scientist February 14 Guillermo Francella, Argentine actor Mitsuhisa Taguchi, Japanese footballer (d. 2019) February 15 Janice Dickinson, American model, photographer, author and talent agent Christopher McDonald, American actor February 16 – Bradley Byrne, American business attorney and politician, Alabama February 17 – Mo Yan, Chinese writer February 18 – Cheetah Chrome, American musician February 19 Jeff Daniels, American actor Siri Hustvedt, American novelist February 20 – Mack Wilberg, American composer February 21 – Kelsey Grammer, American actor and comedian February 22 – David Axelrod, American political analyst February 23 – Flip Saunders, American basketball coach (d. 2015) February 24 Deborah Coyne, Canadian constitutional lawyer Steve Jobs, American businessman and founder of Apple Inc. (d. 2011) Alain Prost, French four-time Formula 1 world champion February 25 – Leann Hunley, American television actress February 27 – Grady Booch, American software engineer February 28 – Gilbert Gottfried, American actor and comedian March March 1 Sir Timothy Laurence, English vice admiral and second husband of Anne, Princess Royal Denis Mukwege, Congolese gynecologist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate March 2 – Shoko Asahara, Japanese cult leader (Aum Shinrikyo) (d. 2018) March 3 – Kent Derricott, Canadian TV personality in Japan March 4 – Dominique Pinon, French actor March 5 Julien Dray, French politician Penn Jillette, American magician and comedian (Penn & Teller) Deddy Mizwar, indonesian politician, actor, movie Director March 6 Wendy Boglioli, American Olympic gold medallist swimmer (1976) Jay Ilagan, Filipino actor (d. 1992) Cyprien Ntaryamira, Burundian politician, 5th President of Burundi (d. 1994) Alberta Watson, Canadian actress (d. 2015) March 7 Michael Jan Friedman, American novelist and comic book writer Tommy Kramer, American football player March 8 – Don Ashby, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1981) March 9 Ornella Muti, Italian actress Franco Uncini, Italian motorcycle racer March 10 Yousra, Egyptian actress and singer Marianne Rosenberg, German singer March 11 – Nina Hagen, German pop singer March 12 – Richard Martini, American film director March 13 Bruno Conti, Italian football player Gail Grandchamp, American female boxer Glenne Headly, American actress of film, stage and television (d. 2017) March 14 – Stephen R. Bissette, American comics artist March 15 Robert Kabbas, Egyptian-born Australian Olympic silver medallist weightlifter Dee Snider, American rock singer (Twisted Sister) March 16 Bruno Barreto, Brazilian film director Jiro Watanabe, Japanese former world super flyweight champion boxer March 17 Cynthia McKinney, American politician, activist Gary Sinise, American actor, producer and director March 18 Carlos Enrique Trinidad Gómez, Guatemalan Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2018) Guillermo Dávila, Venezuelan actor and singer Dwayne Murphy, American baseball player March 19 Pino Daniele, Italian music artist (d. 2015) Bruce Willis, American actor Simon Yam, Hong Kong actor March 20 Eric Schiller, American chess player and author (d. 2018) Mariya Takeuchi, Japanese singer-songwriter March 21 Jair Bolsonaro, Brazilian congressman and politician, 38th President of Brazil Philippe Troussier, French football coach Bärbel Wöckel, East German sprinter March 22 Lena Olin, Swedish actress Pete Sessions, American politician Valdis Zatlers, 7th President of Latvia March 23 Moses Malone, American basketball player (d. 2015) Susan Schwab, American politician, who served under President George W. Bush as United States Trade Representative March 24 Celâl Şengör, Turkish geologist Kim Johnston Ulrich, American actress March 25 – Wendy Larry, American head coach of the Old Dominion University Lady Monarchs women's basketball team March 26 – Danny Arndt, Canadian ice hockey player March 27 – Mariano Rajoy, Prime Minister of Spain March 28 – Reba McEntire, American country singer and actress March 29 Earl Campbell, American football player Margaret I. Cuomo, American radiologist Brendan Gleeson, Irish actor Christopher Lawford, American author, actor and activist (d. 2018) Marina Sirtis, English actress March 30 Marilou Diaz-Abaya, Filipina film director (d. 2012) Randy VanWarmer, American singer-songwriter (d. 2004) Humberto Vélez, Mexican voice actor March 31 Philip Dimitrov, Bulgarian politician Angus Young, lead guitarist of Australian rock group AC/DC April April 1 – Ockie Oosthuizen, South African rugby union player (d. 2019) April 2 Sirindhorn, Princess Royal of Thailand Chellie Pingree, Democratic politician, Maine's 1st congressional district April 3 – Mick Mars, American rock guitarist (Mötley Crüe) April 5 – Akira Toriyama, Japanese manga artist April 6 – Michael Rooker, American actor April 7 Bruno Zaremba, French footballer (d. 2018) Grace Hightower, American philanthropist, actress and singer Gregg Jarrett, American lawyer turned journalist Akira Nishino, Japanese soccer player and manager Werner Stocker, German actor (d. 1993) April 8 Kane Hodder, American actor Barbara Kingsolver, American fiction writer April 9 – Kate Heyhoe, American food writer April 10 – Philip J. Hanlon, American mathematician and computer science, 18th President of Dartmouth College April 11 – Kevin Brady, American politician, Texas's 8th congressional district April 12 – Fred Ryan, chief executive officer of The Washington Post April 13 Steve Camp, American Christian musician Hideki Saijo, Japanese singer and actor (d. 2018) April 14 – Don Roos, American screenwriter April 15 Tommy Castro, American blues guitarist Dodi Fayed, Egyptian businessman (d. 1997) Jeff Golub, American jazz guitarist (d. 2015) April 16 Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg DJ Kool Herc, Jamaican American DJ April 17 Rob Bolland, Dutch musician, songwriter and music producer (Bolland & Bolland) Pete Shelley, English singer-songwriter, musician (Buzzcocks) (d. 2018) Dave VanDam, American voice actor and impressionist (d. 2018) April 18 – Bobby Castillo, American baseball player (d. 2014) April 20 – Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Nigerian-born British photographer (d. 1989) April 21 Ebiet G. Ade, Indonesian singer and songwriter Toninho Cerezo, Brazilian footballer and coach April 23 Judy Davis, Australian actress Ludovikus Simanullang, Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2018) Fumi Hirano, Japanese voice actress and essayist Tony Miles, English chess player (d. 2001) April 24 – John de Mol, Dutch media tycoon April 25 Karon O. Bowdre, United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. John Nunn, English chess player and mathematician Parviz Parastui, Iranian actor April 26 – Chen Daoming, Chinese actor April 27 James Risen, American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter and author Eric Schmidt, American software engineer and businessman, CEO of Google (2001-2011) Jing Yidan, Chinese former television host April 28 Saeb Erekat, Palestinian diplomat (d. 2020) Eddie Jobson, English musician April 29 Richard Epcar, American voice actor Kate Mulgrew, American actress Yūko Tanaka, Japanese actress April 30 – Zlatko Topčić, Bosnian writer and screenwriter May May 2 Willie Miller, Scottish footballer Donatella Versace, Italian designer Dave Winer, American software pioneer May 4 Avram Grant, Israeli football manager Robert Ellis Orrall, American singer May 6 – Tom Bergeron, American television host May 7 – Peter Reckell, American actor May 8 Betsy Baker, American actress Meles Zenawi, 10th Prime Minister of Ethiopia and 3rd President of Ethiopia (d. 2012) May 9 Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (d. 1991) Anne Sofie von Otter, Swedish mezzo-soprano May 10 Chris Berman, American sports broadcaster Mark David Chapman, American murderer of musician John Lennon May 14 Big Van Vader, American professional wrestler and football player (d. 2018) Dave Hoover, American comic book artist and animator (d. 2011) Robert Tapert, American television producer May 15 Mohamed Brahmi, Tunisian politician (assassinated 2013) Lee Horsley, American film, television and theater actor Hege Skjeie, Norwegian political scientist and feminist (d. 2018) May 16 Olga Korbut, Soviet gymnast Olli Kortekangas, Finnish composer Jack Morris, American baseball player Richard Phillips, American merchant mariner and captain of the MV Maersk Alabama Debra Winger, American actress May 17 – Bill Paxton, American actor (d. 2017) May 18 – Chow Yun-fat, Hong Kong actor May 19 Mark Staff Brandl, American and Swiss artist and art historian James Gosling, Canadian software engineer Th. Emil Homerin, American theologian May 20 Diego Abatantuono, Italian actor Steve George, American keyboardist and singer Zbigniew Preisner, Polish |
not attest to the existence of private property, but rather a state organization of agricultural production, an image perhaps distorted because the texts come from the state's administrative management and not from private archives. This documentation hardly ever concerns the gardens and palm groves but only the cereal fields, exploited in the form of large production units, even if small tenures are granted as a salary. A whole manufacturing activity was grafted onto the domain. c. 2100 – 2000 BC: Epic poetry is written in the Sumerian language, including the Epic of Gilgamesh. In Chalcolithic Europe, the two circles of bluestones that form the inner part of Stonehenge are erected. Shahr-e Sukhteh, "The Burnt City", is abandoned. c. 2100 – 1900 BC: The beginning of the Middle Minoan civilization in Crete. Bronze metallurgy and the potter's wheel are introduced, as are Cretan hieroglyphs. c. 2100 – 1800 BC – The Sintashta culture emerges in the northern Eurasian Steppe. c. 2070 BC – Yu the Great established the Xia | and multiple competing reconstructed chronologies, for this time period. c. 2150 – 2040 BC – The First Intermediate Period of Egypt, a period of decline in Egyptian central power. c. 2112 – 2004 BC – The Third Dynasty of Ur. Administrative power in Ur is pushed far, with an Ensi, an appointed civil servant, at the head of the constituencies. A meticulous and finicky bureaucracy manages, counts and controls the whole administration, which is as much concerned with the economy as with war or the service of the gods. The weight of such an administration arguably contributed to the collapse of the empire. The documentation of the Third Dynasty of Ur does not attest to the existence of private property, but rather a state organization of agricultural production, an image perhaps distorted because the texts come from the state's administrative management and not from private archives. This documentation hardly ever concerns the gardens and palm groves but only the cereal fields, exploited in the form of large production units, even if small tenures are granted as a salary. A whole manufacturing activity was grafted onto the domain. c. |
Psusennes I and Neferkare Amenemnisu. 1042 BC: King Cheng of Zhou succeeds King Wu as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China. 1040 BC: David, King of Israel, is born. 1039 BC: Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies. 1026 BC: Saul becomes the first king of the Israelites, according to the Books of Samuel. 1020 BC: Destruction of Troy VIIb2. 1020 BC: King Kang of Zhou succeeds King Cheng as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China. 1012 BC: Acastus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years and is succeeded by his son Archippus. 1000s BC: Earliest evidence of farming in the Kenya highlands. 1000s BC: Phoenician alphabet invented. 1010 BC: David succeeds Ish-bosheth. 1000 BC: Latins arrive in Italy. Sovereign states | Dorian invaders after a reign of 21 years. Athenian tradition considers him the last king to have held absolute power. Modern historians consider him the last king whose life account is part of Greek mythology. He is succeeded by his son Medon. 1050 BC: Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Israel in battle. (Approximate date) 1048 BC: Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years and is succeeded by his son Acastus. 1046 BC: King Wu of Zhou overthrows the last Shang Dynasty King Di Xin and becomes first king of the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC—256 BC) founded by his father King Wen of Zhou. 1044 BC: On the death of Smendes I, king of Egypt, he is succeeded by two co-regents, Psusennes I and Neferkare Amenemnisu. 1042 BC: King Cheng of Zhou succeeds King Wu as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China. 1040 BC: David, King of Israel, is born. 1039 BC: Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies. 1026 BC: Saul becomes the first king |
the army and its equipment, and warships for their protection. Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. Following the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, the Romans land an army near Carthage and begin ravaging the Carthaginian countryside. The Roman army soon forces the capitulation of Clupea, a town 40 miles (64 kilometres) east of Carthage. After setting up Roman | Africa to force the enemy to accept terms. A major fleet is built, including transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for their protection. Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. Following the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, the Romans land an army near Carthage and begin ravaging the Carthaginian countryside. The Roman army soon forces the capitulation of Clupea, a town 40 miles (64 kilometres) east of Carthage. After |
period 229 BC – | BC. References |
(d. 1711) Celestino Sfondrati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1696) January 11 – Hayashi Hōkō, Japanese philosopher (d. 1732) January 14 – Thomas Britton, English concert promoter (d. 1714) January 18 – John Partridge, English astrologer (d. 1708) January 23 – Jonas Budde, Norwegian army officer (d. 1710) January 25 – Antoine Thomas, Jesuit priest, missionary, astronomer (d. 1709) January 26 – Thomas Boylston, American colonial doctor (d. 1695) February 2 Isaac Chayyim Cantarini, Italian rabbi (d. 1723) Johannes Hancke, German writer (d. 1713) February 7 – Nils Bielke, member of the High Council of Sweden (d. 1716) February 8 – Pierre de La Broue, American bishop (d. 1720) February 12 – Jakob Ammann, Swiss founder of the Amish sect (d. 1712) February 24 – Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt, German mother of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1694) March 1 – Simon Foucher, French polemicist (d. 1696) March 15 – Veit Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld, German iron and cobalt magnate (d. 1715) March 21 – Sir Walter Bagot, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1704) March 22 Otto Mencke, German philosopher and scientist (d. 1707) Sir James Rushout, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1698) March 25 – Heinrich von Cocceji, German jurist from Bremen (d. 1719) March 31 – Henry Winstanley, English engineer (d. 1703) April–June April 6 – António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas, Portuguese general, governor-general of Brazil (d. 1721) April 7 Nathaniel Johnson, American politician (d. 1713) François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, French soldier (d. 1730) April 11 – Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1724) April 17 – Abraham Storck, Dutch painter (d. 1708) April 21 – Conrad von Reventlow, Danish statesman and the first Grand Chancellor of Denmark (d. 1708) May 2 – Robert Cotton, English politician (d. 1717) May 4 – Juan Caballero y Ocio, Spanish priest remarkable for lavish gifts to the Catholic Church and charity (d. 1707) May 5 – Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, English landowner (d. 1710) May 26 – Michael Ettmüller, German physician (d. 1683) June 2 – William Salmon, English medical writer (d. 1713) June 7 – Johann Christoph Volkamer, German botanist (d. 1720) June 16 – Henrietta Anne Stuart, Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland (d. 1670) June 17 – Johann Wolfgang Franck, German baroque composer (d. 1710) July–September July 2 – Abraham a Sancta Clara, German Augustinian monk (d. 1709) July 4 – Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (d. 1670) July 7 – Joan Geelvinck, Dutch politician (d. 1707) July 10 – Miguel Bayot, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cebu (1697–1700) (d. 1700) July 22 – Peter Drelincourt, Irish chaplain (d. 1722) August 6 Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1655–1712) (d. 1712) Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1710) August 12 – Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Bohemian composer and violinist (d. 1704) August 29 – Anne Bourdon, nun in New France (d. 1711) August 30 – Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, British politician (d. 1729) September 3 – Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford, English politician (d. 1723) September 6 – Juan Bautista Cabanilles, Spanish composer (d. 1712) September 11 – Jacob Rotius, Dutch painter (d. 1681) September 22 – Jacques Échard, French Dominican, historian of the Order (d. 1724) September 25 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (d. 1710) October–December October 1 – Jean Rousseau, French viol player (d. 1699) October 2 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French author (d. 1724) October 3 – Adriaen Frans Boudewijns, Landscape painter (d. 1719) October 12 – Christopher Sandius, Dutch Arian writer (d. 1680) October 13 – Sipihr Shikoh, Mughal Emperor (d. 1708) October 14 – William Penn, English Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania (d. 1718) October 26 – Mathias Steuchius, Swedish archbishop (d. 1730) November 23 (bapt.) – Cornelia van der Gon, Dutch art collector (d. 1701) December 8 – Maria d'Este, Italian noble (d. 1684) December 9 – Robert Kirk, Scottish folklorist, Bible translator, Gaelic scholar (d. 1692) December 23 – Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco, Spanish composer, musician and organist (d. 1728) December 25 – Walter Scott, Earl of Tarras, | Lämmerhirt, German mother of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1694) March 1 – Simon Foucher, French polemicist (d. 1696) March 15 – Veit Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld, German iron and cobalt magnate (d. 1715) March 21 – Sir Walter Bagot, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1704) March 22 Otto Mencke, German philosopher and scientist (d. 1707) Sir James Rushout, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1698) March 25 – Heinrich von Cocceji, German jurist from Bremen (d. 1719) March 31 – Henry Winstanley, English engineer (d. 1703) April–June April 6 – António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas, Portuguese general, governor-general of Brazil (d. 1721) April 7 Nathaniel Johnson, American politician (d. 1713) François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, French soldier (d. 1730) April 11 – Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1724) April 17 – Abraham Storck, Dutch painter (d. 1708) April 21 – Conrad von Reventlow, Danish statesman and the first Grand Chancellor of Denmark (d. 1708) May 2 – Robert Cotton, English politician (d. 1717) May 4 – Juan Caballero y Ocio, Spanish priest remarkable for lavish gifts to the Catholic Church and charity (d. 1707) May 5 – Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, English landowner (d. 1710) May 26 – Michael Ettmüller, German physician (d. 1683) June 2 – William Salmon, English medical writer (d. 1713) June 7 – Johann Christoph Volkamer, German botanist (d. 1720) June 16 – Henrietta Anne Stuart, Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland (d. 1670) June 17 – Johann Wolfgang Franck, German baroque composer (d. 1710) July–September July 2 – Abraham a Sancta Clara, German Augustinian monk (d. 1709) July 4 – Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (d. 1670) July 7 – Joan Geelvinck, Dutch politician (d. 1707) July 10 – Miguel Bayot, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cebu (1697–1700) (d. 1700) July 22 – Peter Drelincourt, Irish chaplain (d. 1722) August 6 Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1655–1712) (d. 1712) Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1710) August 12 – Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Bohemian composer and violinist (d. 1704) August 29 – Anne Bourdon, nun in New France (d. 1711) August 30 – Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, British politician (d. 1729) September 3 – Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford, English politician (d. 1723) September 6 – Juan Bautista Cabanilles, Spanish composer (d. 1712) September 11 – Jacob Rotius, Dutch painter (d. 1681) September 22 – Jacques Échard, French Dominican, historian of the Order (d. 1724) September 25 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (d. 1710) October–December October 1 – Jean Rousseau, French viol player (d. 1699) October 2 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French author (d. 1724) October 3 – Adriaen Frans Boudewijns, Landscape painter (d. 1719) October 12 – Christopher Sandius, Dutch Arian writer (d. 1680) October 13 – Sipihr Shikoh, Mughal Emperor (d. 1708) October 14 – William Penn, English Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania (d. 1718) October 26 – Mathias Steuchius, Swedish archbishop (d. 1730) November 23 (bapt.) – Cornelia van der Gon, Dutch art collector (d. 1701) December 8 – Maria d'Este, Italian noble (d. 1684) December 9 – Robert Kirk, Scottish folklorist, Bible translator, Gaelic scholar (d. 1692) December 23 – Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco, Spanish composer, musician and organist (d. 1728) December 25 – Walter Scott, Earl of Tarras, Scottish nobleman (d. 1693) December 29 – Philips van Almonde, Dutch Lieutenant Admiral (d. 1711) Date unknown Matsuo Bashō, Japanese poet (d. 1694) Pietro Erardi, Maltese chaplain and painter (d. 1727) Gilles Schey, Dutch admiral (d. 1703) Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker (d. 1737) Deaths January 20 – Stefano Amadei, Italian painter (b. 1580) January 30 – William Chillingworth, controversial English churchman (b. 1602) January 31 – Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, German nobleman (b. 1588) February 28 – Guru Har Gobind, the Sixth Sikh Guru (b. 1595) March 15 – Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, Regent of Bohemia (b. 1576) March 24 – Cecilia Renata of Austria, Queen of Poland (b. 1611) March 29 – Lord John Stewart, Scottish aristocrat, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (b. 1621) April 2 – Diego Salcedo, Spanish bishop (b. 1575) April 10 – Reverend William Brewster, English Pilgrim leader (b. 1567) April 25 – Chongzhen, last Ming Emperor of China (suicide) (b. 1611) April 28 – Zsófia Bosnyák, Hungarian noblewoman (b. 1609) May 26 – Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena, Italian noble (b. 1591) June 17 Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, French countess (b. 1577) John of St. Thomas, Portuguese philosopher (b. 1589) July 4 – Brian Twyne, English archivist (b. 1581) July 7 – Hedwig of Hesse-Kassel, countess consort of Schaumburg (b. 1569) July 16 – Giovanni Biliverti, Italian painter (b. 1585) July 25 – Amar Singh Rathore, Rajput nobleman affiliated with the royal house of Marwar (b. 1613) July 29 |
Victrix, and XIII Gemina move to Germany to replace the lost legions. Suppression of the Bellum Batonianum (Great Illyrian Revolt) in Dalmatia. First record of the subdivision of the province of Illyricum into lower (Pannonia) and upper (Dalmatia) regions. In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the Lex Papia Poppaea is adopted in Italy. This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships. Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, resulting in the levying of two new taxes: five percent on inheritances, and one percent on sales. Cunobeline is first recorded to be king of the Catuvellauni at Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester) in Britain. By topic Literature Ovid completes the curse poem Ibis. Births November 17 – Vespasian, Roman emperor (d. AD 79) Deaths September | for this year has been used since the late medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place China January 10 – Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until AD 25). Wang Mang names his wife, Wang, empress and his son, Wang Lin Crown Prince, heir to the throne. Empress Wang is given the title of Duchess Dowager of Ding'an, while Ruzi Ying, the former Emperor of Han, becomes the Duke of Ding'an. Ruzi Ying is placed under house arrest. Roman Empire c. September 9 – Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Legio XVII, XVIII and XIX are lured by Arminius into an ambush and defeated by his tribe, the Cherusci, and their Germanic allies. The Roman aquilae are lost and the Roman general and governor Publius Quinctilius Varus commits suicide. Legio II Augusta, XX Valeria Victrix, and XIII Gemina move to Germany to replace the |
AD 25 (XXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Agrippa (or, less frequently, year 778 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 25 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Tiberius settles a dispute between Messenia and Sparta over the Ager Dentheliales | Han, starting the Jianwu era (until AD 56). November 27 – Luoyang becomes the capital of the Houhan or Eastern Han Dynasty. Births Gaius Julius Civilis, Batavian military leader Quintus Volusius Saturninus, Roman consul Deaths Aulus Cremutius Cordus, Roman historian and writer Gengshi, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Roman consul (b. 54 BC) Lucius Antonius, grandson |
American basketball player (d. 2011) Gaye Stewart, Canadian ice hockey forward (d. 2010) June 29 Sérgio Britto, Brazilian actor (d. 2011) Alfred Goodwin, senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Olav Thon, Norwegian real estate magnate Chou Wen-chung, Chinese-American composer, educator (d. 2019) June 30 Gad Beck, Israeli-German educator, author, activist and Holocaust survivor (d. 2012) Andy Jack, English footballer Ivo Orlandi, Venezuelan sports shooter July July 1 Scotty Bowers, American marine, author (d. 2019) Herman Chernoff, American applied mathematician, statistician and physicist July 2 Constantin Dăscălescu, 52nd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2003) Wisława Szymborska, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) July 3 Hugo Machado, Uruguayan cyclist Felipe Zetter, Mexican football defender (d. 2013) July 4 Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 2013) George Mostow, American mathematician, renowned for his contributions to Lie theory (d. 2017) July 5 Hermann Gummel, German semiconductor industry pioneer Naomi Long Madgett, American poet (d. 2020) Mitsuye Yamada, Japanese-American activist, feminist, essayist, poet, story writer, editor, and former English professor July 6 – Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish Communist politician, 8th Prime Minister of Poland and President of Poland (d. 2014) July 7 Leonardo Ferrel, Bolivian football player (d. 2013) Whitney North Seymour Jr., American administrator (d. 2019) Kitty White, American jazz singer (d. 2009) July 8 Val Bettin, American actor (d. 2021) Harrison Dillard, African-American track and field athlete (d. 2019) Ivor Germain, Barbadian professional light/welterweight boxer Eric Hill, English cricketer (d. 2010) July 9 – Jill Knight, British politician July 10 John Bradley, U.S. Navy flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1994) Stanton Forbes, American writer (d. 2013) Rudolf Kehrer, Soviet and Russian classical pianist (d. 2013) Mátyás Tímár, Hungarian politician and economist (d. 2020) July 11 Olavo Rodrigues Barbosa, Brazilian football player (d. 2010) Gilbert Morand, French non-commissioned officer, skier (d. 2008) Roy Neighbors, American politician (d. 2017) Richard Pipes, Polish-American academic who specialized in Russian history (d. 2018) Bernard Punsly, American actor (d. 2004) July 12 Francisco Castro, Puerto Rican long jumper, triple jumper (d. 2008) Freddie Fields, American theatrical agent, film producer (d. 2007) James E. Gunn, American science fiction writer, editor, scholar, and anthologist (d. 2020) July 13 Alexandre Astruc, French film critic, director (d. 2016) Ashley Bryan, American writer and illustrator (d. 2022) Shmuel Laviv-Lubin, Israeli sports shooter Erich Lessing, Austrian photographer (d. 2018) Norma Zimmer, American singer (d. 2011) July 14 María Martín, Spanish actress Dale Robertson, American actor (d. 2013) July 15 – Francisco de Andrade, Portuguese competitive sailor, Olympic medalist July 16 Chris Argyris, American business theorist (d. 2013) Mari Evans, African-American poet (d. 2017) Giuseppe Madini, Italian professional football player (d. 1998) Len Okrie, American catcher (d. 2018) July 18 Jerome H. Lemelson, American inventor (d. 1997) Michael Medwin, English actor (d. 2020) July 19 Alex Hannum, American basketball player (d. 2002) Soini Nikkinen, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 2012) July 20 Stanisław Albinowski, Polish economist, journalist (d. 2005) Elisabeth Becker, German Nazi war criminal (d. 1946) James Bree, British actor (d. 2008) July 21 Walter Brenner, American professor (d. 2017) Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate July 22 Anthony Enahoro, Nigerian politician (d. 2010) Mukesh, Indian singer (d. 1976) The Fabulous Moolah, American professional wrestler (d. 2007) July 23 Witto Aloma, Cuban Major League Baseball player (d. 1997) Morris Halle, Latvian-American linguist (d. 2018) July 24 – Albert Vanhoye, French cardinal (d. 2021) July 25 Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008) Leonardo Villar, Brazilian actor (d. 2020) July 28 – Ian McDonald, Australian cricketer (d. 2019) July 29 Edgar Cortright, American scientist, engineer (d. 2014) Jim Marshall, British founder of Marshall Amplification (d. 2012) July 31 Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist noted for inventing Kevlar (d. 2014) Jean-Jacques Moreau, French mathematician, mechanician (d. 2014) William Joseph Nealon Jr., American judge (d. 2018) Kent Rogers, American actor (d. 1944) August August 2 Shimon Peres, 8th Prime Minister of Israel, 9th President of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2016) Charlie Wells, American crime novelist (d. 2004) Ike Williams, American boxer (d. 1994) August 3 Jean Hagen, American actress (d. 1977) Anne Klein, American fashion designer (d. 1974) Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (d. 2012) August 4 Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy, American judge (d. 2014) Santiago Riveros, Argentine general August 5 Sir Michael Kerry, QC, British civil servant, Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor (d. 2012) Devan Nair, third President of Singapore (d. 2005) August 6 Paul Hellyer, Canadian engineer, politician (d. 2021) Moira Lister, Anglo-South African film, stage and television actress (d. 2007) Jack Parnell, English producer, bandleader and musician (d. 2010) August 8 Eve Miller, American actress (d. 1973) Latifa al-Zayyat, Egyptian activist, writer (d. 1996) August 9 – John Stephenson, American actor and voice actor (d. 2015) August 10 Iosif Fabian, Romanian football striker, coach (d. 2008) Rhonda Fleming, American actress (d. 2020) Fred Ridgway, English cricketer (d. 2015) David H. Rodgers, American politician (d. 2017) August 11 – Roy Roper, New Zealand rugby player August 12 – Carlo Smuraglia, Italian politician and partisan August 14 – Kuldip Nayar, Indian journalist, human rights activist and politician (d. 2018) August 15 – Rose Marie, American actress, comedian, and singer (d. 2017) August 16 – Millôr Fernandes, Brazilian cartoonist, playwright (d. 2012) August 17 – Carlos Cruz-Diez, Venezuelan artist (d. 2019) August 19 Esmeralda Agoglia, Argentinian ballerina (d. 2014) August 20 – Jim Reeves, American country singer (d. 1964) August 21 – Larry Grayson, English comedian, game show host (d. 1995) August 22 Guenter Lewy, German-born American author and political scientist Carolina Slim, American Piedmont blues singer, guitarist (d. 1953) August 23 Siti Hartinah, 2nd First Lady of Indonesia, wife of Suharto (d. 1996) Artturi Niemelä, Finnish homesteader and politician (d. 2021) Henry F. Warner, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1944) August 24 Eddie Deerfield, American government official Arthur Jensen, American educational psychologist (d. 2012) August 25 – Luis Abanto Morales, Peruvian singer, composer (d. 2017) August 26 – Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor, pianist (d. 2013) August 27 Inge Egger, Austrian actress (d. 1976) Hun Neang, father of Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen (d. 2013) August 28 – Andrea Veggio, Italian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020) August 29 Sir Richard Attenborough, English actor, film director (d. 2014) Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North Bradley, chairman of the BBC (d. 2006) August 30 Joseph Lawson Howze, American Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2019) Giacomo Rondinella, Italian singer, actor (d. 2015) Vic Seixas, American tennis player September September 1 Rocky Marciano, American boxer (d. 1969) Kenneth Thomson, Canadian businessman, art collector (d. 2006) September 2 – Ramón Valdés, Mexican actor, comedian, songwriter and entrepreneur (d. 1988) September 3 Glen Bell, American entrepreneur, founder of Taco Bell (d. 2010) Mort Walker, American cartoonist, creator of Beetle Bailey (d. 2018) September 4 Mirko Ellis, Swiss-Italian actor (d. 2014) Ram Kishore Shukla, Indian politician (d. 2003) Mushtaq Ahmad Yusufi, Pakistani banker, writer and humorist (d. 2018) September 6 Eloy Tato Losada, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2022) King Peter II of Yugoslavia (d. 1970) September 7 Madeleine Dring, British composer, actress (d. 1977) Peter Lawford, English actor (d. 1984) Bill Nankivell, Australian politician September 8 – Joy Laville, English-Mexican sculptor, potter and painter (d. 2018) September 9 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008) Cliff Robertson, American actor (d. 2011) Charles Grier Sellers, American historian (d. 2021) September 10 Uri Avnery, Israeli writer (d. 2018) Joe Wallach, American businessman September 11 – Vasilije Mokranjac, Serbian composer (d. 1984) September 12 – Joe Shulman, American jazz bassist (d. 1957) September 13 Natália Correia, Portuguese writer, poet and social activist (d. 1993) U. L. Gooch, American politician (d. 2021) Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Soviet partisan (d. 1941) September 14 – Carl-Erik Asplund, Swedish speed skater September 16 – Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2015) September 17 David Oreck, American entrepreneur Hank Williams, American country musician (d. 1953) September 18 Queen Anne of Romania, born Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, French-born queen consort (d. 2016) Al Quie, American politician September 20 – Geraldine Clinton Little, Northern Ireland-born poet (d. 1997) September 21 Linwood Holton, American politician (d. 2021) Luba Skořepová, Czech actress (d. 2016) September 22 – Dannie Abse, Welsh poet (d. 2014) September 23 Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman, English politician (d. 2019) Jimmy Weldon, American voice actor and ventriloquist Samuel V. Wilson, American army general (d. 2017) September 24 Mervyn Brown, English diplomat and historian Fats Navarro, American jazz trumpet player (d. 1950) Li Yuan-tsu, Taiwanese politician (d. 2017) September 26 Aleksandr Alov, Soviet film director, screenwriter (d. 1983) Dev Anand, Indian actor, film producer, writer and director (d. 2011) James Hennessy, English businessman and diplomat September 27 James Condon, Australian actor (d. 2014) George Dickson, American football player (d. 2020) September 28 – Giuseppe Casale, Italian Roman Catholic bishop September 29 – Nicholas Amer, English actor (d. 2019) September 30 – Donald Swann, Welsh musician and composer (d. 1994) October October 1 – Babe McCarthy, American professional and collegiate basketball coach (d. 1975) October 2 Abdullah CD, Malaysian politician Shih Chun-jen, Taiwanese neurosurgeon (d. 2017) Absalón Castellanos Domínguez, Mexican politician (d. 2017) Eugenio Cruz Vargas, Chilean poet, painter (d. 2014) Hershel W. Williams, American Medal of Honour recipient October 3 Edward Oliver LeBlanc, Dominican politician (d. 2004) Stanisław Skrowaczewski, Polish-born orchestral conductor (d. 2017) October 4 – Charlton Heston, American actor (The Ten Commandments) (d. 2008) October 5 Albert Guðmundsson, Icelandic football player, politician (d. 1994) Glynis Johns, South African-born Welsh actress Ricardo Lavié, Argentine actor (d. 2010) October 6 Yasar Kemal, Turkish writer (d. 2015) Robert Kuok, Malaysian-Chinese business magnate, investor Yakov Neishtadt, Russian-born Israeli chess player Emmett Hulcy Tidd, American military officer (d. 2018) October 7 – Irma Grese, German Nazi concentration camp guard, war criminal (executed 1945) October 9 – Haim Gouri, Israeli poet (d. 2018) October 10 James "Jabby" Jabara, American aviator, first American jet fighter ace (d. 1966) Asri Muda, Malaysian politician (d. 1992) Nicholas Parsons, English television and radio presenter (d. 2020) Murray Walker, British motor racing commentator (d. 2021) October 13 Harry Pregerson, American federal judge (d. 2017) Faas Wilkes, Dutch football (soccer) player (d. 2006) October 15 – Italo Calvino, Italian writer (d. 1985) October 16 – Linda Darnell, American actress (d. 1965) October 17 Henryk Gulbinowicz, Polish cardinal (d. 2020) Charles McClendon, American Hall of Fame college football coach (d. 2001) October 19 – Beatrix Hamburg, American psychiatrist (d. 2018) October 20 Marc Clark, English-born Australian sculptor (d. 2021) Otfried Preußler, German children's books author (d. 2013) October 23 Ned Rorem, American composer and author Frank Sutton, American actor (d. 1974) October 24 Sir Robin Day, British political broadcaster (d. 2000) Denise Levertov, British-born American poet (d. 1997) October 25 J. Esmonde Barry, Canadian healthcare activist, political commentator (d. 2007) Achille Silvestrini, Italian cardinal (d. 2019) October 27 – Roy Lichtenstein, American pop artist (d. 1997) October 29 Vincent Cyril Richard Arthur Charles Crabbe, Ghanaian judge (d. 2018) Carl Djerassi, American chemist (d. 2015) Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs, Dutch athlete (d. 2015) November November 1 Victoria de los Ángeles, Catalan soprano (d. 2005) Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian author (d. 2001) James Ramsden, English politician (d. 2020) Imre Varga, Hungarian sculptor (d. 2019) November 2 Henry Moore, English bishop Cesare Rubini, Italian basketball player, coach (d. 2011) November 3 Garnett Thomas Eisele, American district court judge (d. 2017) Violetta Elvin, née Prokhorova, Russian-born ballerina (d. 2021) Charles Nolte, American actor, director, playwright and educator (d. 2010) Tomás Cardinal Ó Fiaich, Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1990) Giovanni Battista Urbani, Italian politician (d. 2018) November 4 John Herbers, American journalist, author, editor, World War II veteran and Pulitzer Prize finalist (d. 2017) Howie Meeker, Canadian ice hockey player and politician (d. 2020) November 5 Rudolf Augstein, German journalist, founder and part-owner of magazine Der Spiegel (d. 2002) Kay Lionikas, Greek-American female baseball player (d. 1978) November 8 Yisrael Friedman, Romanian-born Israeli rabbi (d. 2017) Józef Hen, Polish writer Jack Kilby, American electrical engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2005) Jaroslav Šír, Czechoslovak soldier and skier November 9 – Elizabeth Hawley, American journalist (d. 2018) November 11 Victor Brombert, American professor P. K. van der Byl, Rhodesian politician (d. 1999) William P. Murphy Jr., American medical doctor and inventor November 12 – Loriot, German actor (d. 2011) November 13 – Linda Christian, Mexican film actress (d. 2011) November 14 Misael Pastrana Borrero, 23rd President of Colombia (d. 1997) Cleyde Yáconis, Brazilian actress (d. 2013) November 15 Michael Lapage, English rower (d. 2018) Fred Richmond, American politician (d. 2019) November 17 Louis Danziger, American graphic designer and educator Aristides Pereira, President of Cape Verde (d. 2011) November 18 Alan Shepard, first American astronaut, fifth person to walk on the moon (d. 1998) Ted Stevens, American politician (d. 2010) November 19 – Robert Harlow, Canadian writer and academic November 20 – Nadine Gordimer, South African fiction writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014) November 22 Tu An, Chinese poet, translator (d. 2017) Arthur Hiller, Canadian film director (d. 2016) November 23 Betty Brewer, American actress (d. 2006) Billy Haughton, American harness driver, trainer (d. 1986) Eric Heath, New Zealand artist and illustrator Keiju Kobayashi, Japanese actor (d. 2010) Julien J. LeBourgeois, American vice admiral (d. 2012) Gloria Whelan, American poet, short story writer and novelist November 24 – Octavio Lepage, Venezuelan politician, Acting President of Venezuela (d. 2017) November 25 – Mauno Koivisto, 2-Time Prime Minister of Finland and 9th President of Finland (d. 2017) November 26 Tom Hughes, Australian politician and barrister Pat Phoenix, English actress (d. 1986) November 28 Gloria Grahame, American actress (d. 1981) James Karen, American actor (d. 2018) December December 1 Maurice De Bevere, beter known as Morris, Belgian cartoonist, comics artist and illustrator (d. 2001) William F. House, American otologist, inventor of the Cochlear implant (d. 2012) Dick Shawn, American actor (d. 1987) Stansfield Turner, American admiral, Director of Central Intelligence (d. 2018) December 2 – Maria Callas, Greek soprano (d. 1977) December 3 Dede Allen, American film editor (Bonnie and Clyde) (d. 2010) Stjepan Bobek, Yugoslav football player (d. 2010) Moyra Fraser, British actress (d. 2009) Abe Pollin, American sports owner (d. 2009) December 4 Vincent Ball, Australian actor Simon Bland, English soldier and courtier December 5 Eleanor Dapkus, American female professional baseball player (d. 2011) Johnny Pate, American jazz musician Philip Slier, Dutch Jewish typesetter (d. 1943) December 6 Emile Hemmen, Luxembourg poet and writer (d. 2021) Maury Laws, American composer (d. 2019) Bryan Thwaites, English mathematician, educationalist and administrator December 7 – Ted Knight, American actor (d. 1986) December 8 Dewey Martin, American actor (d. 2018) Rudolph Pariser, American physicist and polymer chemist December 10 – Harold Gould, American character actor (d. 2010) December 11 Betsy Blair, American film actress (d. 2009) Denis Brian, Welsh journalist and author Farhang Mehr, Iranian-born American Zoroastrian scholar, writer (d. 2018) December 12 Bob Barker, American game show host (The Price Is Right) Bob Dorough, American pianist and composer (d. 2018) Ken Kavanagh, Australian motorcycle racer (d. 2019) December 13 Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) Larry Doby, African-American baseball player (d. 2003) Alfonso Osorio, Spanish politician (d. 2018) Antoni Tàpies, Catalan painter (d. 2012) December 14 Sully Boyar, American actor (d. 2001) Gerard Reve, Dutch writer (d. 2006) December 15 Freeman Dyson, English-born physicist (d. 2020) Aishah Ghani, Malaysian politician (d. 2013) Viktor Shuvalov, Soviet ice hockey player (d. 2021) December 16 Jo-Carroll Dennison, American actress, Miss America (d. 2021) Menahem Pressler, German-American pianist December 17 Robert William Bradford, Canadian artist Jaroslav Pelikan, American historian (d. 2006) December 18 Edwin Bramall, senior British Army officer (d. 2019) Émile Knecht, Swiss Olympic rower (d. 2019) December 19 – Gordon Jackson, Scottish actor (d. 1990) December 20 – Ambalavaner Sivanandan, Sri Lankan novelist (d. 2018) December 21 – Wataru Misaka, American baseball player (d. 2019) December 22 – Peregrine Worsthorne, English journalist, writer and broadcaster (d. 2020) December 23 Dave Bolen, American athlete and ambassador José Serra Gil, Spanish racing cyclist (d. 2002) Ivan Martynushkin, Soviet liberator of Auschwitz concentration camp TL Osborn, American televangelist, singer and author (d. 2013) James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral, vice presidential candidate (d. 2005) Earl P. Yates, American admiral (d. 2021) December 24 George Patton IV, American general (d. 2004) Simon Perchik, American poet December 25 Luis Álamos, Chilean football manager (d. 1983) René Girard, French-American historian (d. 2015) Sonya Olschanezky, World War II heroine (d. 1944) Satyananda Saraswati, Indian founder of Satyananda Yoga and Bihar Yoga (d. 2009) Billy Watson, American child actor Jack Zunz, South African-English engineer (d. 2018) December 26 Richard Artschwager, American painter, illustrator and sculptor (d. 2013) Dick Teague, American industrial designer (d. 1991) December 27 – Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana Bantustan (d. 2018) December 28 – Louis Lansana Beavogui, Guinean politician (d. 1984) December 29 Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat, French mathematician and physicist Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegalese historian, anthropologist, physicist and politician (d. 1986) Lily Ebert, Hungarian-born English Holocaust survivor Dina Merrill, American actress, heiress, socialite and philanthropist (d. 2017) Mike Nussbaum, American actor and director December 31 – Balbir Singh Sr., Indian hockey player (d. 2020) Deaths January January 1 – Willie Keeler, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1872) January 2 Thomas Bavister, British-born Australian (b. 1850) Girolamo Caruso, Italian agronomist, teacher (b. 1842) January 3 – Jaroslav Hašek, Czech writer (b. 1883) January 8 – Shimamura Hayao, Japanese admiral (b. 1858) January 9 Katherine Mansfield, British novelist (b. 1888) Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters, British couple hanged for murder (Thompson b. 1893, Bywaters b. 1902) January 11 – Constantine I, former king of Greece (b. 1868) January 12 – Herbert Silberer, Austrian psychoanalyst (b. 1882) January 13 – Alexandre Ribot, French statesman, 46th Prime Minister of France (b. 1842) January 16 – Abdul Kerim Pasha, Ottoman general (b. 1872) January 18 – Wallace Reid, American actor (b. 1891) January 19 – Amalia Eriksson, Swedish businesswoman (b. 1824) January 23 – Max Nordau, Hungarian author, philosopher and Zionist leader (b. 1849) January 27 – Carolina Santocanale, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1852) January 30 – Columba Marmion, Irish Benedictine and Roman Catholic monk and blessed (b. 1858) January 31 – Eligiusz Niewiadomski, Polish artist, political activist and assassin (executed) (b. 1869) February February 1 Ernst Troeltsch, German theologian (b. 1865) Luigi Variara, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1875) February 3 – Count Kuroki Tamemoto, Japanese general (b. 1844) February 4 Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1833) Prince Fushimi Sadanaru of Japan (b. 1858) February 5 – Count Erich Kielmansegg, former Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1847) February 6 Edward Emerson Barnard, American astronomer (b. 1857) Gerdt von Bassewitz, Prussian general, playwright and actor (b. 1878) February 8 – Bernard Bosanquet, English philosopher and political theorist (b. 1848) February 10 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845) February 14 – Bartolomeo Bacilieri, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1842) February 19 – Gerónimo Giménez, Spanish conductor, composer (b. 1854) February 21 – Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu (b. 1878) February 22 Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (b. 1852) Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1853) February 24 – Edward W. Morley, American physicist, chemist (b. 1838) February 26 – Walter B. Barrows, American naturalist (b. 1855) March March 1 – Rui Barbosa, Brazilian polymath, diplomat, writer, jurist and politician (b. 1849) William Bourke Cockran, Irish-American congressman and politician (b. 1854) March 3 – Melancthon J. Briggs, American lawyer, politician (b. 1846) March 6 – Joseph McDermott, American actor (b. 1878) March 8 Pascual Álvarez, Filipino general (b. 1861) Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1837) March 11 – Júlia da Silva Bruhns, Brazilian merchant (b. 1851) March 15 – Goat Anderson, American baseball player (b. 1880) March 16 – George Bean, English cricketer (b. 1864) March 20 – Józef Bilczewski, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, saint (b. 1860) March 25 – Inokuchi Ariya, Japanese technologist, professor (b. 1856) March 26 – Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (b. 1844) March 27 – Sir James Dewar, British chemist (b. 1842) March 28 – Michel-Joseph Maunoury, French general (b. 1847) March 31 – Konstantin Budkevich, Soviet Roman Catholic priest and servant of God (executed) (b. 1867) April April 1 – Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa of Japan (b. 1887) April 4 Julius Martov, Russian Menshevik leader (b. 1873) John Venn, British mathematician (b. 1834) April 5 – George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, British financier of Egyptian excavations (b. 1866) April 6 – Alice Cunningham Fletcher, American ethnologist and anthropologist (b. 1838) April 15 – Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra, 17th President of Costa Rica (b. 1844) April 16 – Isidore Jacques Eggermont, Belgian diplomat (b. 1844) April 17 – Madre Teresa Nuzzo, Maltese Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1851) April 18 – Savina Petrilli, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1851) April 22 – Frank Baldwin, American general (b. 1842) April 23 Mary Cynthia Dickerson, American herpetologist (b. 1866) Princess Louise of Prussia (b. 1838) April 24 – William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1876) May May 2 – Alfred Harding, American Episcopal bishop (b. 1852) May 5 – Rosario de Acuña, Spanish author (b. 1850) May 9 – Constantin Cristescu, Romanian general (b. 1866) May 10 – Charles de Freycinet, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1828) May 17 Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar, Spanish nobleman, politician, and Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1856) Thomas Scott Baldwin, American balloonist, general (b. 1854) Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (b. 1852) May 21 Hans Goldschmidt, German chemist (b. 1861) Charles Kent, British actor (b. 1852) May 23 – Nicola Barbato, Italian doctor, socialist and politician (b. 1856) May 29 – Albert Deullin, French flying ace of World War I (b. 1890) June June 4 Alexander Milne Calder, Scottish-born American sculptor (b. 1846) Filippo Smaldone, Italian Roman Catholic priest, saint (b. 1848) June 5 – Carl von Horn, German general (b. 1847) June 9 Takeo Arishima, Japanese novelist, writer and essayist (b. 1878) Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, third daughter of Queen Victoria (b. 1846) June 10 – Pierre Loti, French writer, naval officer (b. 1850) June 12 – Kate Bishop, English actress (b. 1848) June 14 Isabelle Bogelot, French philanthropist (b. 1838) Aleksandar Stamboliyski, 20th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (assassinated) (b. 1879) June 17 – Alexis-Xyste Bernard, Canadian Catholic bishop (b. 1847) June 18 – Hristo Smirnenski, Bulgarian poet (b. 1898) June 20 – Princess Marie of Battenberg (b. 1852) June 23 – Keiichi Aichi, Japanese physicist (b. 1880) June 24 – Edith Södergran, Finnish author (b. 1892) July July 9 – William R. Day, American lawyer and diplomat, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1849) July 10 – Albert Chevalier, British music hall comedian (b. 1861) July 12 – Ernst Otto Beckmann, German pharmacist, chemist (b. 1853) July 15 – Janey Sevilla Callander, British producer (b. 1846) July 17 – Theodor Rosetti, 16th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1837) July 19 – Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, French historian (b. 1842) July 20 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (assassinated) (b. 1878) July 23 – Charles Dupuy, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1851) July 30 – Sir Charles Hawtrey, British actor (b. 1858) August August 1 – Pierre Brizon, French teacher, deputy and pacifist (b. 1878) August 2 – Warren G. Harding, American politician, 29th President of the United States (b. 1865) August 5 – Vatroslav Jagić, Croatian scholar (b. 1838) August 9 – Victor II, Duke of Ratibor (b. 1847) August 10 – Joaquín Sorolla, Spanish painter (b. 1863) August 19 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (b. 1848) August 21 – Sir William Meredith, Canadian politician and judge (b. 1840) August 23 Ernest Francis Bashford, British oncologist (b. 1873) Henry C. Mustin, American naval aviation pioneer (b. 1874) August 24 Katō Tomosaburō, Imperial Japanese Navy officer, 12th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1861) Kate Douglas Wiggin, American author (b. 1856) August 26 – Hertha Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor (b. 1854) August 27 – Edward Hill, American painter (b. 1843) August 29 – Princess Anastasia of Greece and Denmark (b. 1878) September September 6 – Pedro José Escalón, Salvadorian military officer, 21st President of El Salvador (b. 1847) September 9 – Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca, Brazilian soldier and politician, 8th President of Brazil (b. 1855) September 14 – Nemesio Canales, Puerto Rican essayist, novelist, playwright, journalist, activist and politician (b. 1878) September 17 – Stefanos Dragoumis, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1842) September 19 – Sophus Andersen, Danish composer (b. 1859) September 23 Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares, Indian Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1836) Carl L. Boeckmann, Norwegian-born American artist (b. 1867) John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, British politician, editor (b. 1838) September 25 – Elbazduko Britayev, Russian playwright, author (b. 1881) September 26 – Luigi Tezza, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1841) October October 3 - Kadambini Ganguly, doctor (b. 1861) October 6 – Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire October 10 Herman Gottfried Breijer, Dutch-born South African naturalist, museologist (b. 1864) Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Peruvian general, 3-time President of Peru (b. 1836) October 12 – Diego Manuel Chamorro, 14th President of Nicaragua (b. 1861) October 23 Hannah Johnston Bailey, American temperance advocate, suffragist (b. 1839) Félix Fourdrain, French organist, composer (b. 1880) October 26 – Charles Proteus Steinmetz, German-American engineer and electrician (b. 1865) October 28 Stojan Protić, Yugoslav statesman and writer, 1st Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1857) Theodor Reuss, German occultist (b. 1855) October 30 – Bonar Law, British politician, 52nd Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1858) November November 9 (among those killed in Munich Beer Hall Putsch): Oskar Körner, German businessman (b. 1875) Karl Laforce, German student (b. 1904) Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, German diplomat, revolutionary (b. 1884) November 10 – Ricciotto Canudo, Italian theoretician (b. 1877) November 14 – Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (b. 1845) November 15 – Mohammad Yaqub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1849) November 21 – Lars Emil Bruun, Danish grocer, numismatist (b. 1852) November 26 – Otani Kikuzo, Japanese general (b. 1856) November 30 – Martha Mansfield, American actress (b. 1899) December December 2 – Tomás Bretón, Spanish composer (b. 1850) December 4 – Maurice Barres, French novelist, journalist and politician (b. 1862) December 9 – Meggie Albanesi, British actress (b. 1899) December 10 – | the Reich government. October 28 – In Qajar dynasty Persia, Reza Khan becomes Ahmad Shah Qajar's prime minister. October 29 – Turkey becomes a republic, following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; Kemal Atatürk is elected as first president. October 30 – İsmet İnönü is appointed as the first prime minister of Turkey. November November 1 The Finnish flag carrier airline Finnair is started, as Aero oy. The 1923 Victorian Police strike begins in Australia, with half of the Victoria Police force standing down over the use of labor spies. Rioting and looting take place in Melbourne city centre. November 8 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the attempt the next day. 20 people die as a result of associated violence. November 11 – Adolf Hitler is arrested for his leading role in the Beer Hall Putsch. November 12 – Her Highness Princess Maud of Fife marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie, in Wellington Barracks, London. November 15 – Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic: Hyperinflation in Germany reaches its height. One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 Papiermark (4.2 trillion on the short scale). Gustav Stresemann abolishes the old currency and replaces it with the Rentenmark, at an exchange rate of one Rentenmark to 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale) Papiermark (effective November 20). November 23 Gustav Stresemann's coalition government collapses in Germany. Association football club Persis Solo is founded as Vorstenlandsche Voetbal Bond in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). December December 1 – In Italy, the Gleno Dam on the Gleno River, in the Valle di Scalve in the northern province of Bergamo bursts, killing at least 356 people. December 6 – 1923 United Kingdom general election: The governing Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin are reduced to a minority status, with the Labour party gaining second party status. Calvin Coolidge addresses Congress in the first radio broadcast from a U.S. President. December 10 – Sigma Alpha Kappa (the first social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is founded as a fraternal organization, until the ban on social fraternities is lifted. December 20 – BEGGARS Fraternity (the second social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is founded by nine men, who have secured permission to do so from the Pope. December 21 – The Nepal–Britain Treaty is the first to define the international status of Nepal as an independent sovereign country. December 27 – The crown prince of Japan survives an assassination attempt in Tokyo. December 29 – Vladimir K. Zworykin files his first patent (in the United States) for "television systems". Date unknown Struggling for a foothold in southern China, Sun Yat-sen decides to ally his Nationalist Kuomintang party with the Comintern, and the Communist Party of China. The Moderation League of New York becomes part of the movement for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. Pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk is founded in Denmark. Marcel Duchamp's artwork The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même or The Large Glass) is completed in the United States. Rainbow trout is introduced into the upper Firehole River, in Yellowstone National Park, United States. The Iraqi women's movement starts with the foundation of the Women's Awakening Club. Births January January 1 Wahiduddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi academic (d. 2018) Valentina Cortese, Italian actress (d. 2019) Vulo Radev, Bulgarian film director (d. 2001) Roméo Sabourin, Canadian World War II spy (d. 1944) January 2 Abdel Aziz Mohamed Hegazy, 38th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2014) Rachel Waterhouse, English historian and author (d. 2020) January 3 Renato Guatelli, Italian partisan (d. 1944) Hank Stram, American football coach, broadcaster (d. 2005) January 4 Ricardo C. Puno, Filipino lawyer and politician (d. 2018) Wilfred Waters, English Olympic cyclist (d. 2006) January 5 Nat Neujean, Belgian sculptor (d. 2018) Sam Phillips, American record producer (d. 2003) January 6 Leah Chase, African-American chef, author and television personality (d. 2019) Robert A. Chase, American surgeon and educator Norman Kirk, 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1974) Jacobo Timerman, Argentine writer (d. 1999) January 7 Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (d. 2003) Jean Lucienbonnet, French racing driver (d. 1962) January 8 Larry Storch, American actor Johnny Wardle, English cricketer (d. 1985) January 11 Wright King, American actor (d. 2018) Paavo Lonkila, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2017) Ernst Nolte, German historian (d. 2016) January 12 Ira Hayes, U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1955) Sune Wehlin, Swedish pentathlete (d. 2020) January 15 – Lee Teng-hui, Taiwanese politician, 4th President of the Republic of China (d. 2020) January 16 Anthony Hecht, American poet (d. 2004) Antonio Riboldi, Italian Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) Walther Wever, German fighter ace (d. 1945) January 18 – Jan Ruff O'Herne, Dutch-Australian human rights activist (d. 2019) January 19 – Jean Stapleton, American actress (All In the Family) (d. 2013) January 20 Nora Brockstedt, Norwegian singer (d. 2015) Slim Whitman, American country western musician (d. 2013) January 21 – Prince Andrew Romanov, Russian-American artist and author (d. 2021) January 22 – Diana Douglas, British-born American actress, mother of actor/producer Michael Douglas (d. 2015) January 23 Horace Ashenfelter, American athlete (d. 2018) Silvano Campeggi, Italian film poster designer (d. 2018) Cot Deal, American major league baseball player, coach (d. 2013) January 24 – Geneviève Asse, French painter (d. 2021) January 25 Arvid Carlsson, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2018) Rusty Draper, American singer (d. 2003) Dirk Bernard Joseph Schouten, Dutch economist (d. 2018) January 26 – Anne Jeffreys, American actress, singer (d. 2017) January 27 – Enrico Braggiotti, Monegasque banker (d. 2019) January 28 Erling Lorentzen, Norwegian shipowner and industrialist (d. 2021) Sante Spessotto, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (d. 1980) January 29 Jack Burke Jr., American golfer Paddy Chayefsky, American writer (d. 1981) Khir Johari, Malaysian politician (d. 2006) January 31 – Norman Mailer, American writer, journalist (d. 2007) February February 1 Stig Mårtensson, Swedish racing cyclist (d. 2010) Gena Turgel, Polish author, Holocaust survivor and educator (d. 2018) Edwin Wilson, American professor February 2 James Dickey, American poet, author (Deliverance) (d. 1997) Virgil Orr, American politician and academic (d. 2021) Red Schoendienst, American baseball player (d. 2018) Liz Smith, American gossip columnist (d. 2017) Clem Windsor, Australian rugby union player, surgeon (d. 2007) February 3 Edith Barney, American female professional baseball player (d. 2010) Barbara Hall, English crossword puzzle editor February 4 Bonar Bain, Canadian actor (d. 2005) Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013) Belisario Betancur, Colombian politician, 26th President of Colombia (d. 2018) February 5 Dora Bryan, English actress (d. 2014) Fatmawati, 1st First Lady of Indonesia (d. 1980) Claude King, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2013) February 6 Gyula Lóránt, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1981) Georges Pouliot, Canadian fencer (d. 2019) February 7 – George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, first grandchild of King George V (d. 2011) February 8 – Urpo Korhonen, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2009) February 9 – Brendan Behan, Irish author (d. 1964) February 10 Allie Sherman, American professional football coach (d. 2015) Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer (d. 2010) February 11 Rosita Fornés, Cuban-American actress (d. 2020) Pamela Sharples, Baroness Sharples, English politician February 12 Knox Martin, American artist Franco Zeffirelli, Italian film, opera director (d. 2019) February 13 Yfrah Neaman, Lebanese-born violinist (d. 2003) Chuck Yeager, American test pilot, NASA official (d. 2020) February 15 Marcel Denis, Belgian comics artist (d. 2002) Ken Hofmann, American businessman (d. 2018) February 16 – Samuel Willenberg, Polish-born Israeli sculptor, painter and last surviving member of the Treblinka extermination camp revolt (d. 2016) February 17 – Jun Fukuda, Japanese film director (d. 2000) February 18 – Allan Melvin, American actor (d. 2008) February 20 Victor Atiyeh, American politician (d. 2014) Forbes Burnham, Guyanese politician, 1st Prime Minister of Guyana and 2nd President of Guyana (d. 1985) Robert Lucy, Swiss gymnast (d. 2009) February 21 Wilbur R. Ingalls, Jr., American architect (d. 1997) William Winter, American politician (d. 2020) February 22 – Norman Smith, English singer, record producer (d. 2008) February 23 Ioannis Grivas, Greek judge, politician and 176th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2016) John van Hengel, American "Father of Food Banking" (d. 2005) Mary Francis Shura, American writer (d. 1991) February 24 – David Soyer, American cellist (d. 2010) February 25 – Harry Leslie Smith, English writer and political commentator (d. 2018) February 27 – Dexter Gordon, American jazz saxophone player, actor (d. 1990) February 28 Jean Carson, American actress (d. 2005) Charles Durning, American actor (d. 2012) March March 2 Bob Chinn, American restaurateur Harriet Frank Jr., American film writer and producer (d. 2020) Orrin Keepnews, American record producer (d. 2015) Robert H. Michel, American Republican Party politician (d. 2017) Graham Winteringham, English architect March 3 – Doc Watson, American folk guitarist, songwriter (d. 2012) March 4 Russell Freeburg, American journalist and author Piero D'Inzeo, Italian Olympic show jumping rider (d. 2014) Sir Patrick Moore, British astronomer, broadcaster (d. 2012) March 6 Ed McMahon, American television personality (d. 2009) Wes Montgomery, African-American jazz musician (d. 1968) March 7 Mahlon Clark, American musician (d. 2007) Thomas Keating, American monk (d. 2018) March 8 – Louk Hulsman, Dutch criminologist (d. 2009) March 9 James L. Buckley, American politician, United States Senator (1971–77) Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2016) William Lyon, American major general (d. 2020) Frank D. Padgett, American judge (d. 2021) March 10 – Val Logsdon Fitch, American nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015) March 11 Agatha Barbara, Maltese politician (d. 2002) Paul Muller, Swiss actor March 12 Hjalmar Andersen, Norwegian speed-skater (d. 2013) Wally Schirra, American astronaut (d. 2007) Mae Young, American wrestler (d. 2014) March 14 Diane Arbus, American photographer (d. 1971) Ernest L. Daman, American mechanical engineer, inventor and businessman Joe M. Jackson, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2019) Celeste Rodrigues, Portuguese singer (d. 2018) March 15 Lou Richards, Australian footballer (d. 2017) Willy Semmelrogge, German actor (d. 1984) March 19 Oskar Fischer, East German politician (d. 2020) Giuseppe Rotunno, Italian cinematographer (d. 2021) March 21 Louis-Edmond Hamelin, Canadian geographer, author and academic (d. 2020) Merle Keagle, American female professional baseball player (d. 1960) Olive Nicol, Baroness Nicol, British politician, life peer (d. 2018) Rezső Nyers, Hungarian politician (d. 2018) Jan Reehorst, Dutch politician Shri Mataji Nirmala Srivastava, Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. 2011) March 22 – Marcel Marceau, world-renowned French mime (d. 2007) March 24 Murray Hamilton, American actor (d. 1986) Michael Legat, English writer (d. 2011) March 25 Lewis Elton, German-English physicist and researcher (d. 2018) Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (d. 2003) Stefano Vetrano, Italian politician (d. 2018) March 26 Romolo Catasta, Italian Olympic rower (d. 1985) Baba Hari Dass, Indian yoga master, silent monk, and commentator (d. 2018) Bob Elliott, American comedian (d. 2016) March 27 Ulla Sallert, Swedish actress, singer (d. 2018) Louis Simpson, Jamaican-born poet (d. 2012) March 28 Thad Jones, American jazz musician (d. 1986) Ine Schäffer, Austrian athlete (d. 2009) March 29 – Geoff Duke, British motorcycle racer (d. 2015) March 30 Milton Acorn, Canadian writer (d. 1986) Frank Field, American meteorologist March 31 Don Barksdale, American basketball player (d. 1993) Shoshana Damari, Yemenite-Israeli singer (d. 2006) April April 2 Alice Haylett, American professional baseball player (d. 2004) Gloria Henry, American actress (d. 2021) Johnny Paton, Scottish football player, coach and manager (d. 2015) G. Spencer-Brown, British mathematician (d. 2016) April 3 – Jozef Lenárt, Slovak politician (d. 2004) April 4 Maximiano Tuazon Cruz, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2013) Gene Reynolds, American actor (d. 2020) Peter Vaughan, English actor (d. 2016) April 5 Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, President of South Vietnam (d. 2001) Stan Waterman, American cinematographer April 8 George Fisher, American political cartoonist (d. 2003) Edward Mulhare, Irish-born American actor (d. 1997) April 10 – John Watkins, South African cricketer (d. 2021) April 11 – David H. Murdock, American billionaire, businessman and philanthropist April 12 Ann Miller, American actress and dancer (d. 2004) Krastyu Trichkov, Bulgarian politician April 13 – Don Adams, American actor, comedian (Get Smart) (d. 2005) April 14 Lydia Clarke, American actress, photographer (d. 2018) Roberto De Vicenzo, Argentine professional golfer, winner of the 1967 Open Championship (d. 2017) April 15 – Douglas Wass, British civil servant (d. 2017) April 17 – Étienne Bally, French sprinter (d. 2018) April 18 – Gershon Edelstein, Israeli rabbi and spiritual leader April 19 Sen Sōshitsu XV, Japanese hereditary master Stuart H. Walker, American Olympic yachtsman and writer (d. 2018) April 20 Mother Angelica, American nun, founder of the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) (d. 2016) Irene Lieblich, Polish-born painter (d. 2008) Bill Spence, English writer April 22 Paula Fox, American writer (d. 2017) Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith, English/Canadian geologist and glaciologist (d. 2012) Bettie Page, American model (d. 2008) Aaron Spelling, American television producer, writer (d. 2006) April 23 – Dolph Briscoe, Governor of Texas (d. 2010) April 24 – Bülent Ulusu, 18th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2015) April 25 Francis Graham-Smith, English astronomer, academic Albert King, American musician (d. 1992) Grant Munro, Canadian animator, filmmaker and actor (d. 2017) April 27 – Lloyd F. Wheat, American lawyer and politician April 30 Al Lewis, American actor (The Munsters) (d. 2006) Francis Tucker, South African rally driver (d. 2008) May May 1 Frank Brian, American basketball player (d. 2017) Fernando Cabrita, Portuguese football forward, manager (d. 2014) Joseph Heller, American novelist (Catch-22) (d. 1999) Ralph Senensky, American television director and writer Billy Steel, Scottish footballer (d. 1982) May 2 – Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (d. 2008) May 3 Francesco Paolo Bonifacio, Italian politician and jurist (d. 1989) Alexander Harvey II, American judge (d. 2017) May 4 Carlo Giustini, Italian actor Gillis William Long, American politician (d. 1985) Assi Rahbani, Lebanese composer, musician, conductor, poet and author (d. 1986) Eric Sykes, English actor (d. 2012) May 5 Sergey Akhromeyev, Soviet marshall, former Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (d. 1991) Edit Perényi-Weckinger, Hungarian gymnast (d. 2019) Konrad Repgen, German historian (d. 2017) Richard Wollheim, English philosopher (d. 2003) May 6 – Josep Seguer, Spanish football defender, manager (d. 2014) May 7 Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985) Jim Lowe, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016) J. Mack Robinson, American businessman (d. 2014) May 8 – Yusof Rawa, Malaysian politician (d. 2000) May 10 – Heydar Aliyev, 3rd President of Azerbaijan (1993–2003) (d. 2003) May 11 Louise Arnold, American baseball player (d. 2010) Fred McLafferty, American chemist May 12 – Mila del Sol, Filipino actress, entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. 2020) May 13 – Ruth Adler Schnee, German-American textile, interior designer May 14 Willis Blair, Canadian politician (d. 2014) Alberto Ortiz, Uruguayan pentathlete Adnan Pachachi, Iraqi Foreign Minister (d. 2019) Mrinal Sen, Indian filmmaker (d. 2018) May 15 Doris Dowling, American actress (d. 2004) John Lanchbery, English composer (d. 2003) Gholamreza Pahlavi, Persian prince (d. 2017) May 16 – Merton Miller, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000) May 17 Anthony Eyton, English painter and educator Peter Mennin, American composer, teacher and administrator (d. 1983) David Wasawo, Kenyan zoologist, conservationist, and university administrator (d. 2014) May 18 – Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2004) May 19 – Peter Lo Sui Yin, Malaysian politician (d. 2020) May 20 – Israel Gutman, Israeli historian (d. 2013) May 21 Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (d. 2003) Dorothy Hewett, Australian writer (d. 2002) Ara Parseghian, American football coach (d. 2017) Evelyn Ward, American actress (d. 2012) May 22 – Aline Griffith, Dowager Countess of Romanones, Spanish-American cipher clerk, aristocrat, socialite and writer (d. 2017) May 23 – Kalidas Shrestha, Nepalese artist (d. 2016) May 24 Knut Ahnlund, Swedish literary historian, writer (d. 2012) Seijun Suzuki, Japanese filmmaker, actor and screenwriter (d. 2017) May 25 – Bernard Koura, French painter (d. 2018) May 26 James Arness, American actor (Gunsmoke) (d. 2011) Roy Dotrice, English actor (d. 2017) Horst Tappert, German television actor (d. 2008) May 27 Henry Kissinger, German-born United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Sumner Redstone, American businessman (d. 2020) Alfonso Wong, Hong Kong cartoonist (d. 2017) May 28 György Ligeti, Hungarian composer (d. 2006) N. T. Rama Rao, Indian (Telugu) film actor, politician (d. 1996) T. M. Thiagarajan, Carnatic musicologist from Tamil Nadu in Southern India (d. 2007) May 29 Edward H. Sims, American author Eugene Wright, American jazz bassist (d. 2020) May 30 Jimmy Lydon, American actor, producer Dennis V. Razis, Greek oncologist May 31 Robert O. Becker, American orthopedic surgeon (d. 2008) Ellsworth Kelly, American artist (d. 2015) Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (d. 2005) June June 2 Ted Leehane, Australian rules footballer (d. 2014) Lloyd Shapley, American mathematician, economist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) June 3 – Peter Thorne, British Royal Air Force pilot (d. 2014) June 4 Elizabeth Jolley, Australian writer (d. 2007) Yuriko, Princess Mikasa, Japanese princess June 5 – Peggy Stewart, American actress (d. 2019) June 6 V. C. Andrews, American novelist (d. 1996) Jeff Dwire, American small businessman (d. 1974) June 7 Jean Baratte, French international footballer, striker and manager (d. 1986) Giorgio Belladonna, Italian bridge player, one of the greatest of all time (d. 1995) Harold Garde, American artist June 8 – Tang Hsiang Chien, Hong Kong industrialist (d. 2018) June 9 Stanley Michael Gartler, American molecular biologist and geneticist Gerald Götting, German politician (d. 2015) René Henry Gracida, American bishop I. H. Latif, Indian military officer (d. 2018) June 10 Madeleine Lebeau, French actress (d. 2016) Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (d. 1991) Françoise Sullivan, Canadian painter, sculptor, dancer and choreographer. June 11 – Bernard F. Grabowski, American politician (d. 2019) June 12 Juan Arza, Spanish football forward, manager (d. 2011) Herta Elviste, Estonian actress (d. 2015) June 13 – Lloyd Conover, American scientist (d. 2017) June 14 Jack Hayward, English businessman (d. 2014) Judith Kerr, English writer, illustrator (d. 2019) Donald Smith, English cricketer (d. 2021) June 15 Herbert Chitepo, Zimbabwe African National Union leader (d. 1975) Johnny Most, American basketball radio announcer (d. 1993) Ninian Stephen, 20th Governor-General of Australia (d. 2017) June 17 William G. Adams, 9th mayor of St. John's, member of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (d. 2005) Enrique Angelelli, Argentine bishop (d. 1976) Anthony Bevilacqua, American Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2012) W. M. Gorman, Irish economist, academic (d. 2003) Arnold S. Relman, American internist (d. 2014) Jan Veselý, Czech cyclist (d. 2003) June 18 Clinton Ballou, American biochemist and professor (d. 2021) Szymon Szurmiej, Polish-Jewish actor, director, and general manager (d. 2014) June 19 – Andrés Rodríguez, 47th President of Paraguay (d. 1997) June 20 Bjørn Watt-Boolsen, Danish actor (d. 1998) Franklin B. Zimmerman, American musicologist and conductor June 21 – Johann Eyfells, Icelandic artist (d. 2019) June 22 John Oldham, American college player, athletic director and basketball coach (d. 2020) Felo Ramírez, Cuban-American Spanish-language radio voice of the Miami Marlins (d. 2017) June 23 André Antunes, Portuguese sports shooter (d. 2002) Makhmut Gareev, Russian general (d. 2019) Doris Johnson, American politician Mario Milita, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2017) Silkirtis Nichols, Native American Indian actor Ranasinghe Premadasa, Sri Lanka statesman, 3rd President of Sri Lanka (d. 1993) Jerry Rullo, American professional basketball player (d. 2016) John E. Sarno, American medical writer (d. 2017) Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian Resistance fighter (d. 1945) June 24 Yves Bonnefoy, French poet, art historian (d. 2016) Cesare Romiti, Italian economist (d. 2020) T-Model Ford, African-American blues musician (d. 2013) June 25 Jamshid Amouzegar, 43rd Prime Minister of Iran (d. 2016) Stan Clements, English footballer (d. 2018) Doug Everingham, Australian politician, minister (d. 2017) Sam Francis, American painter (d. 1994) Vatroslav Mimica, Croatian film director, screenwriter (d. 2020) June 26 Ed Bearss, American military historian and author (d. 2020) Barbara Graham, American criminal (d. 1955) Musa'id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince (d. 2013) June 27 Beth Chatto, British plantswoman, garden designer and author (d. 2018) Mitchell Flint, American lawyer, veteran aviator (d. 2017) Gus Zernial, American baseball player, sports commentator (d. 2011) June 28 Daniil Khrabrovitsky, Soviet film director (d. 1980) Giff Roux, American basketball player (d. 2011) Gaye Stewart, Canadian ice hockey forward (d. 2010) June 29 Sérgio Britto, Brazilian actor (d. 2011) Alfred Goodwin, senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Olav Thon, Norwegian real estate magnate Chou Wen-chung, Chinese-American composer, educator (d. 2019) June 30 Gad Beck, Israeli-German educator, author, activist and Holocaust survivor (d. 2012) Andy Jack, English footballer Ivo Orlandi, Venezuelan sports shooter July July 1 Scotty Bowers, American marine, author (d. 2019) Herman Chernoff, American applied mathematician, statistician and physicist July 2 Constantin Dăscălescu, 52nd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2003) Wisława Szymborska, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) July 3 Hugo Machado, Uruguayan cyclist Felipe Zetter, Mexican football defender (d. 2013) July 4 Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 2013) George Mostow, American mathematician, renowned for his contributions to Lie theory (d. 2017) July 5 Hermann Gummel, German semiconductor industry pioneer Naomi Long Madgett, American poet (d. 2020) Mitsuye Yamada, Japanese-American activist, feminist, essayist, poet, story writer, editor, and former English professor July 6 – Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish Communist politician, 8th Prime Minister of Poland and President of Poland (d. 2014) July 7 Leonardo Ferrel, Bolivian football player (d. 2013) Whitney North Seymour Jr., American administrator (d. 2019) Kitty White, American jazz singer (d. 2009) July 8 Val Bettin, American actor (d. 2021) Harrison Dillard, African-American track and field athlete (d. 2019) Ivor Germain, Barbadian professional light/welterweight boxer Eric Hill, English cricketer (d. 2010) July 9 – Jill Knight, British politician July 10 John Bradley, U.S. Navy flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1994) Stanton Forbes, American writer (d. 2013) Rudolf Kehrer, Soviet and Russian classical pianist (d. 2013) Mátyás Tímár, Hungarian politician and economist (d. 2020) July 11 Olavo Rodrigues Barbosa, Brazilian football player (d. 2010) Gilbert Morand, French non-commissioned officer, skier (d. 2008) Roy Neighbors, American politician (d. 2017) Richard Pipes, Polish-American academic who specialized in Russian history (d. 2018) Bernard Punsly, American actor (d. 2004) July 12 Francisco Castro, Puerto Rican long jumper, triple jumper (d. 2008) Freddie Fields, American theatrical agent, film producer (d. 2007) James E. Gunn, American science fiction writer, editor, scholar, and anthologist (d. 2020) July 13 Alexandre Astruc, French film critic, director (d. 2016) Ashley Bryan, American writer and illustrator (d. 2022) Shmuel Laviv-Lubin, Israeli sports shooter Erich Lessing, Austrian photographer (d. 2018) Norma Zimmer, American singer (d. 2011) July 14 María Martín, Spanish actress Dale Robertson, American actor (d. 2013) July 15 – Francisco de Andrade, Portuguese competitive sailor, Olympic medalist July 16 Chris Argyris, American business theorist (d. 2013) Mari Evans, African-American poet (d. 2017) Giuseppe Madini, Italian professional football player (d. 1998) Len Okrie, American catcher (d. 2018) July 18 Jerome H. Lemelson, American inventor (d. 1997) Michael Medwin, English actor (d. 2020) July 19 Alex Hannum, American basketball player (d. 2002) Soini Nikkinen, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 2012) July 20 Stanisław Albinowski, Polish economist, journalist (d. 2005) Elisabeth Becker, German Nazi war criminal (d. 1946) James Bree, British actor (d. 2008) July 21 Walter Brenner, American professor (d. 2017) Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate July 22 Anthony Enahoro, Nigerian politician (d. 2010) Mukesh, Indian singer (d. 1976) The Fabulous Moolah, American professional wrestler (d. 2007) July 23 Witto Aloma, Cuban Major League Baseball player (d. 1997) Morris Halle, Latvian-American linguist (d. 2018) July 24 – Albert Vanhoye, French cardinal (d. 2021) July 25 Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008) Leonardo Villar, Brazilian actor (d. 2020) July 28 – Ian McDonald, Australian cricketer (d. 2019) July 29 Edgar Cortright, American scientist, engineer (d. 2014) Jim Marshall, British founder of Marshall Amplification (d. 2012) July 31 Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist noted for inventing Kevlar (d. 2014) Jean-Jacques Moreau, French mathematician, mechanician (d. 2014) William Joseph Nealon Jr., American judge (d. 2018) Kent Rogers, American actor (d. 1944) August August 2 Shimon Peres, 8th Prime Minister of Israel, 9th President of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2016) Charlie Wells, American crime novelist (d. 2004) Ike Williams, American boxer (d. 1994) August 3 Jean Hagen, American actress (d. 1977) Anne Klein, American fashion designer (d. 1974) Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (d. 2012) August 4 Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy, American judge (d. 2014) Santiago Riveros, Argentine general August 5 Sir Michael Kerry, QC, British civil servant, Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor (d. 2012) Devan Nair, third President of Singapore (d. 2005) August 6 Paul Hellyer, Canadian engineer, politician (d. 2021) Moira Lister, Anglo-South African film, stage and television actress (d. 2007) Jack Parnell, English producer, bandleader and musician (d. 2010) August 8 Eve Miller, American actress (d. 1973) Latifa al-Zayyat, Egyptian activist, writer (d. 1996) August 9 – John Stephenson, American actor and voice actor (d. 2015) August 10 Iosif Fabian, Romanian football striker, coach (d. 2008) Rhonda Fleming, American actress (d. 2020) Fred Ridgway, English cricketer (d. 2015) David H. Rodgers, American politician (d. 2017) August 11 – Roy Roper, New Zealand rugby player August 12 – Carlo Smuraglia, Italian politician and partisan August 14 – Kuldip Nayar, Indian journalist, human rights activist and politician (d. 2018) August 15 – Rose Marie, American actress, comedian, and singer (d. 2017) August 16 – Millôr Fernandes, Brazilian cartoonist, playwright (d. 2012) August 17 – Carlos Cruz-Diez, Venezuelan artist (d. 2019) August 19 Esmeralda Agoglia, Argentinian ballerina (d. 2014) August 20 – Jim Reeves, American country singer (d. 1964) August 21 – Larry Grayson, English comedian, game show host (d. 1995) August 22 Guenter Lewy, German-born American author and political scientist Carolina Slim, American Piedmont blues singer, guitarist (d. 1953) August 23 Siti Hartinah, 2nd First Lady of Indonesia, wife of Suharto (d. 1996) Artturi Niemelä, Finnish homesteader and politician (d. 2021) Henry F. Warner, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1944) August 24 Eddie Deerfield, American government official Arthur Jensen, American educational psychologist (d. 2012) August 25 – Luis Abanto Morales, Peruvian singer, composer (d. 2017) August 26 – Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor, pianist (d. 2013) August 27 Inge Egger, Austrian actress (d. 1976) Hun Neang, father of Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen (d. 2013) August 28 – Andrea Veggio, Italian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020) August 29 Sir Richard Attenborough, English actor, film director (d. 2014) Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North Bradley, chairman of the BBC (d. 2006) August 30 Joseph Lawson Howze, American Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2019) Giacomo Rondinella, Italian singer, actor (d. 2015) Vic Seixas, American tennis player September September 1 Rocky Marciano, American boxer (d. 1969) Kenneth Thomson, Canadian businessman, art collector (d. 2006) September 2 – Ramón Valdés, Mexican actor, comedian, songwriter and entrepreneur (d. 1988) September 3 Glen Bell, American entrepreneur, founder of Taco Bell (d. 2010) Mort Walker, American cartoonist, creator of Beetle Bailey (d. 2018) September 4 Mirko Ellis, Swiss-Italian actor (d. 2014) Ram Kishore Shukla, Indian politician (d. 2003) Mushtaq Ahmad Yusufi, Pakistani banker, writer and humorist (d. 2018) September 6 Eloy Tato Losada, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2022) King Peter II of Yugoslavia (d. 1970) September 7 Madeleine Dring, British composer, actress (d. 1977) Peter Lawford, English actor (d. 1984) Bill Nankivell, Australian politician September 8 – Joy Laville, English-Mexican sculptor, potter and painter (d. 2018) September 9 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008) Cliff Robertson, American actor (d. 2011) Charles Grier Sellers, American historian (d. 2021) September 10 Uri Avnery, Israeli writer (d. 2018) Joe Wallach, American businessman September 11 – Vasilije Mokranjac, Serbian composer (d. 1984) September 12 – Joe Shulman, American jazz bassist (d. 1957) September 13 Natália Correia, Portuguese writer, poet and social activist (d. 1993) U. L. Gooch, American politician (d. 2021) Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Soviet partisan (d. 1941) September 14 – Carl-Erik Asplund, Swedish speed skater September 16 – Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2015) September 17 David Oreck, American entrepreneur Hank Williams, American country musician (d. 1953) September 18 Queen Anne of Romania, born Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, French-born queen consort (d. 2016) Al Quie, American politician September 20 – Geraldine Clinton Little, Northern Ireland-born poet (d. 1997) September 21 Linwood Holton, American politician (d. 2021) Luba Skořepová, Czech actress (d. 2016) September 22 – Dannie Abse, Welsh poet (d. 2014) September 23 Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman, English politician (d. 2019) Jimmy Weldon, American voice actor and ventriloquist Samuel V. Wilson, American army general (d. 2017) September 24 Mervyn Brown, English diplomat and historian Fats Navarro, American jazz trumpet player (d. 1950) Li Yuan-tsu, Taiwanese politician (d. 2017) September 26 Aleksandr Alov, Soviet film director, screenwriter (d. 1983) Dev Anand, Indian actor, |
the payments in Paris (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt in less than twenty years). The first dated Inter-School Christian Fellowship group is started in Australia at North Sydney Boys High School, with the group continuing into the 21st century. The Adélaïde Concerto, a spurious work attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is published as "edited" (actually composed) by Marius Casadesus. Births January January 1 Joe Orton, English playwright (k. 1967) Alicia Nash, Latin-American physicist, mental health-care advocate (d. 2015) January 2 – On Kawara, Japanese conceptual artist (d. 2014) January 6 – Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2003) January 7 – Diane Leather, English athlete (d. 2018) January 8 – Supriya Devi, Indian Bengali actress (d. 2018) January 12 – Liliana Cavani, Italian film director and screenwriter January 13 – Tom Gola, American basketball player (d. 2014) January 14 – Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (d. 2003) January 15 – Ernest J. Gaines, American author (d. 2019) January 16 – Susan Sontag, American author (d. 2004) January 17 Dalida, French singer (d. 1987) Shari Lewis, American ventriloquist (d. 1998) Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003) January 18 David Bellamy, English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist (d. 2019) John Boorman, English film director January 21 – Habib Thiam, Senegal politician (d. 2017) January 23 Bill Hayden, Australian politician, 21st Governor-General of Australia Chita Rivera, American actress, dancer January 25 – Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009) January 27 Nikolai Fadeyechev, Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and teacher (d. 2020) Ary Fontoura, Brazilian actor February February 2 – Tony Jay, English-American actor and voice artist (d. 2006) February 5 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, Nicaraguan diplomat, politician and priest (d. 2017) Jörn Donner, Finnish writer, film director and politician (d. 2020) February 8 Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria, Austro-Hungarian royal (d. 2017) Elly Ameling, Dutch soprano February 12 – Costa-Gavras, Greek-born director, writer February 13 Paul Biya, 2nd President of Cameroon Kim Novak, American actress Emanuel Ungaro, French fashion designer (d. 2019) February 14 – Madhubala, Indian actress (d. 1969) February 16 – Tom Hickey, Canadian politician (d. 2020) February 17 Craig L. Thomas, American Senator (d. 2007) Syed Sajjad Ali Shah, 13th Chief Justice of Pakistan (d. 2017) February 18 Yoko Ono, Japanese-born singer, artist and widow of John Lennon Sir Bobby Robson, English soccer player, manager (d. 2009) Frank Moores, second Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador (d. 2005) February 21 – Nina Simone, African-American singer (d. 2003) February 22 Katharine, Duchess of Kent, British royal, musician and patron of the arts Christopher Ondaatje, Ceylonese-born travel writer, biographer and philanthropist February 23 – Lee Calhoun, American athlete (d. 1989) February 26 Godfrey Cambridge, American actor and comedian (d. 1976) Lubomyr Husar, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2017) María Victoria, Mexican actress, singer and comedian February 28 – Charles Vinci, American weightlifter (d. 2018) March March 1 – P. J. Sheehan, Irish politician (d. 2020) March 3 Alfredo Landa, Spanish actor (d. 2013) Tomas Milian, Cuban-American-Italian actor (d. 2017) Lee Radziwiłł, American socialite, sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (d. 2019) March 5 – Evgeni Vasiukov, Russian chess grandmaster (d. 2018) March 6 – Augusto Odone, Italian creator of Lorenzo's Oil (d. 2013) March 7 – Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1998) March 9 – Lloyd Price, African-American R&B singer (d. 2021) March 10 – Abdul Hay Mosallam Zarara, Palestinian artist (d. 2020) March 12 Barbara Feldon, American actress, model (Get Smart) Jesús Gil, Spanish right-wing politician, construction businessman and football team owner (d. 2004) March 13 – Mike Stoller, American songwriter March 14 Princess Lalla Malika of Morocco, Moroccan royal (d. 2021) Sir Michael Caine, English actor and author René Felber, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 2020) Quincy Jones, African-American music producer, composer March 15 Philippe de Broca, French film director (d. 2004) Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2020) March 17 – Penelope Lively, English writer March 18 – Unita Blackwell, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2019) March 19 Philip Roth, American author (d. 2018) Edward G. Robinson Jr., American actor (d. 1974) Michel Sabbah, Israeli patriarch Renée Taylor, American actress, screenwriter, playwright, producer and director Richard Williams, Canadian-British animator (d. 2019) March 22 Abolhassan Banisadr, 1st President of Iran (d. 2021) May Britt, Swedish actress Buddy MacKay, American politician, diplomat, 42nd Governor of Florida March 23 – Philip Zimbardo, American psychologist, professor emeritus at Stanford University March 24 – William Smith, American actor (d. 2021) March 28 Tete Montoliu, Catalonian jazz pianist (d. 1997) Frank Murkowski, American politician March 30 – Jean-Claude Brialy, French actor and director (d. 2007) March 31 – Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet and essayist (d. 1983) April April 1 Dan Flavin, American artist (d. 1996) Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist and Nobel laureate April 4 Frits Bolkestein, Dutch politician Brian Hewson, English athlete April 5 – Frank Gorshin, American actor (Batman) (d. 2005) April 6 – Henryk Niedźwiedzki, Polish boxer (d. 2018) April 7 Wayne Rogers, American actor (M*A*S*H) (d. 2015) Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Persian-American Islamic scholar April 9 Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor (d. 2021) Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor (d. 1994) April 11 – Denis Goldberg, South African social campaigner (d. 2020) April 12 Montserrat Caballé, Catalan operatic soprano (d. 2018) Ben Nighthorse Campbell, American politician April 14 Yuri Oganessian, Russian nuclear physicist Boris Strugatsky, Soviet-Russian science fiction author (d. 2012) April 15 Roy Clark, American country musician (d. 2018) Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (Bewitched) (d. 1995) April 16 – Marcos Alonso, Spanish footballer (d. 2012) April 19 – Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967) April 21 – Ian Carr, Scottish jazz musician, composer, writer and educator (d. 2009) April 23 – Frederic Pryor, American economist (d. 2019) April 25 – Jerry Leiber, American composer (d. 2011) April 26 Carol Burnett, American actress, singer and comedian Arno Allan Penzias, German-born physicist and Nobel laureate Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Puerto Rican activist (d. 2005) April 29 Mark Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium Rod McKuen, American singer, songwriter and poet (d. 2015) Willie Nelson, American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, producer, author, poet and activist April 30 – Vittorio Merloni, Italian entrepreneur (d. 2016) May May 3 James Brown, African-American soul musician (I Got You (I Feel Good)) (d. 2006) Steven Weinberg, American physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2021) May 5 – Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, 2-time Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 2016) May 7 Johnny Unitas, American football player (d. 2002) Nexhmije Pagarusha, Albanian singer and actress (d. 2020) May 10 – Barbara Taylor Bradford, English writer May 11 – Louis Farrakhan, African-American Muslim leader May 14 – Siân Phillips, Welsh actress May 18 H. D. Deve Gowda, Indian politician, 11th Prime Minister of India Carroll Hardy, American baseball player (d. 2020) May 21 – Maurice André, French trumpeter (d. 2012) May 22 – Chen Jingrun, Chinese mathematician (d. 1996) May 23 – Joan Collins, English actress (Dynasty) May 27 – Edward S. Rogers Jr., Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2008) May 29 – Helmuth Rilling, German conductor June June 1 Charlie Wilson, American politician (d. 2010) Haruo Remeliik, 1st President of Palau (d. 1985) June 3 – Celso Torrelio , 58th President of Bolivia (d. 1999) June 4 – Godfried Danneels, Belgian cardinal (d. 2019) June 6 – Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) June 7 Juan R. Torruella, Puerto Rican Olympic sailor and jurist (d. 2020) Beverly Wills, American actress (d. 1963) Raul Gardini, Italian agri-business (d. 1993) June 8 – Joan Rivers, American actress, comedian, television host (d. 2014) June 10 – F. Lee Bailey, American lawyer (d. 2021) June 11 – Gene Wilder, American actor (d. 2016) June 12 – Eddie Adams, American photographer and photojournalist (d. 2004) June 13 – Sven-Olov Sjödelius, Swedish sprint canoeist (d. 2018) June 14 Svetlin Rusev, Bulgarian artist (d. 2018) Henri, Count of Paris, French noble (d. 2019) June 15 – Mohammad-Ali Rajai, 2nd President of Iran, 47th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1981) June 17 – Maurice Stokes, American basketball player (d. 1970) June 19 – Viktor Patsayev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1971) June 20 Danny Aiello, American actor (d. 2019) Peter T. Kirstein, British computer scientist (d. 2020) June 21 – Bernie Kopell, American actor and comedian June 22 Dianne Feinstein, American politician, Senator and mayor of San Francisco Libor Pešek, Czech conductor June 23 – Abel Alier, South Sudanese politician and judge June 24 Sam Jones, American basketball player (d. 2021) Ngina Kenyatta, First Lady of Kenya June 25 Hong Sook-ja, South Korean politician, feminist Álvaro Siza, Portuguese architect June 26 – Claudio Abbado, Italian conductor (d. 2014) June 27 Louise Bishop, American politician L. James Sullivan, American firearms inventor June 28 – V. Sasisekharan, Indian molecular biologist June 29 – Hayes Alan Jenkins, American figure skater June 30 – Lea Massari, Italian actress July July 3 Carmen Barbará, Spanish comics artist, illustrator Maximilian, Margrave of Baden, German prince Lidy Stoppelman, Dutch figure skater July 6 Reza Davari Ardakani, Iranian philosopher June Kenney, American actress July 7 J. J. Barrie, Canadian songwriter and singer Richard Ravitch, American politician and businessman Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner David McCullough, American historian and author July 9 – Oliver Sacks, English-born neurologist (d. 2015) July 10 – Bernard P. Randolph, United States Air Force General (d. 2021) July 11 Joyce Piliso-Seroke, South-African educator, activist, feminist and community organizer György Czakó, Hungarian figure skater Robert Spence, British engineer July 14 Franz, Duke of Bavaria, German royal Dumaagiin Sodnom, 13th Prime Minister of Mongolia July 15 Julian Bream, English guitarist and lutenist (d. 2020) Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (d. 2003) M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Indian writer July 16 Julian Klymkiw, Canadian retired ice hockey player Julian A. Brodsky, American businessman Gheorghe Cozorici, Romanian actor (d. 1993) July 17 – Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, 9th Prime Minister of Malta July 18 Gaston Orellana, Spanish painter Syd Mead, American industrial and conceptual designer (d. 2019) Jean Yanne, French humorist and film actor and director (d. 2003) Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Russian poet (d. 2017) July 19 – Michel Lévêque, French diplomat and politician July 20 – Cormac McCarthy, American Pulitzer Prize-winning author July 21 – Herman Timme, Dutch decathlete July 23 – Richard Rogers, Italian-born British architect (d. 2021) July 24 – John Aniston, American actor July 25 – Jukka Virtanen, Finnish entertainer and author (d. 2019) July 26 – Kathryn Hays, American television, soap opera actress July 29 – Lou Albano, Italian-American professional wrestler, manager and actor (d. 2009) August August 1 – Dom DeLuise, American actor, comedian (d. 2009) August 2 – Tom Bell, English actor (d. 2006) August 4 Sheldon Adelson, American businessman and casino magnate (d. 2021) Anthony Anenih, Nigerian politician (d. 2018) August 6 – Suchinda Kraprayoon, 19th Prime Minister of Thailand August 7 Elinor Ostrom, American economist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) Jerry Pournelle, American science fiction writer (d. 2017) August 9 - Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, Japanese actress, Goodwill Ambassdor for UNICEF August 10 Silvia Caos, Cuban-Mexican actress (d. 2006) Doyle Brunson, American poker player Lynn Cohen, American actress (d. 2020) August 11 – Jerry Falwell, American evangelist, conservative political activist (d. 2007) August 14 Robert Harold Porter, Canadian businessman, farmer and politician (d. 2018) Richard R. Ernst, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021) August 15 – Lori Nelson, American actress and model (d. 2020) August 16 Julie Newmar, American actress (Batman) Stuart Roosa, American astronaut (d. 1994) Ricardo Blume, Peruvian-Mexican actor and theater director (d. 2020) August 17 – Gene Kranz, American NASA Flight Director August 18 Roman Polanski, Polish film director Fiachra Ó Ceallaigh, Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2018) August 20 – George J. Mitchell, American lawyer, businessman, author and politician August 21 – Dame Janet Baker, English mezzo-soprano August 23 – Robert Curl, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate August 24 Guillermo Bredeston, Argentine actor (d. 2018) Ham Richardson, American tennis player (d. 2006) August 25 Wayne Shorter, American jazz saxophonist and composer Tom Skerritt, American actor August 26 – Robert Chartoff, American film producer (d. 2015) August 27 – Kerstin Ekman, Swedish novelist August 28 – Jean Weaver, American female professional baseball player (d. 2008) August 29 Dickie Hemric, American basketball player (d. 2017) Arnold Koller, Swiss Federal Councilor Jehan Sadat, First Lady of Egypt (d. 2021) August 31 – Claudio Rodríguez, Spanish voice actor (d. 2019) September September 1 T. Thirunavukarasu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1982) Conway Twitty, American country music artist (d. 1993) September 2 Ed Conlin, American basketball player (d. 2012) Mathieu Kérékou, 5th President of Benin (d. 2015) September 3 – Tompall Glaser, American singer (d. 2013) September 8 – Asha Bhosle, Indian musician September 9 – Michael Novak, American philosopher, author (d. 2017) September 10 Yevgeny Khrunov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2000) Karl Lagerfeld, German fashion designer, artist (d. 2019) September 11 – William Luther Pierce, American author, activist (d. 2002) September 13 Eileen Fulton, American stage, soap opera actress Mahant Swami Maharaj (b. Vinu Patel), Indian Hindu guru September 14 – Hillevi Rombin, Swedish athlete, model and Miss Universe 1955 (d. 1996) September 15 Henry Darrow, Puerto-Rican American actor (d. 2021) Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor (d. 2014) September 17 Arsenio Corsellas, Spanish actor (d. 2019) Evelyn Kawamoto, American competition swimmer (d. 2017) Dorothy Loudon, American actress, singer (d. 2003) September 18 Scotty Bowman, Canadian ice hockey coach Robert Blake, American actor Fred Willard, American actor and comedian (d. 2020) September 19 – David McCallum, Scottish actor September 21 – Anatoly Krutikov, Russian footballer and manager (d. 2019) September 24 – Raffaele Farina, Italian cardinal, archivist of the Holy Roman Church September 25 Hubie Brown, American basketball coach, broadcaster Arthur Duncan, American dancer September 27 Greg Morris, American actor (d. 1996) Kathleen Nolan, American actress Will Sampson, American actor (d. 1987) September 29 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (d. 1986) September 30 Ajitesh Bandopadhyay, Indian actor, playwright and director (d. 1983) Cissy Houston, American singer Dirce Migliaccio, Brazilian actress (d. 2009) October October 2 John Gurdon, British developmental biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Dave Somerville, Canadian singer (The Diamonds) (d. 2015) Waldo Von Erich, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2009) October 3 – Abdon Pamich, Italian Olympic athlete October 9 – Peter Mansfield, British physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2017) October 10 – Jay Sebring, American hair stylist (d. 1969) October 11 – Thomas Atcitty, American politician (d. 2020) October 13 – Mark Zakharov, Soviet and Russian film and theater director (d. 2019) October 17 William Anders, American astronaut Jeanine Deckers, Belgian nun, known as "The Singing Nun" (d. 1985) October 18 – Firuz Mustafayev, Azerbaijani politician (d. 2018) October 19 – Dom Geraldo Majella, Brazilian Roman Catholic Cardinal October 24 Draga Olteanu Matei, Romanian actress (d. 2020) Reginald Kray, British gangster (d. 2000) Ronald Kray, British gangster (d. 1995) October 27 – Jan Hettema, Springbok cyclist and five times South African National Rally Champion (d. 2016) October 28 – Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (d. 1983) November November 3 John Barry, British film score composer (d. 2011) Ken Berry, American actor, dancer and singer (d. 2018) Jeremy Brett, British actor (d. 1995) Aneta Corsaut, American actress (d. 1995) Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Prize laureate C. K. Jaffer Sharief, Indian politician (d. 2018) November 4 – Charles K. Kao, Chinese electrical engineer, physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2018) November 6 Else Ackermann, German physician, pharmacologist and politician (d. 2019) Knut Johannesen, Norwegian speed-skater November 9 – Lucian Pintilie, Romanian film director, screenwriter (d. 2018) November 10 Don Clarke, New Zealand rugby football player (d. 2002) Seymour Nurse, Barbadian cricketer (d. 2019) November 11 – Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda, Japanese artistic gymnast November 14 – Fred Haise, American astronaut in Apollo 13 November 21 – T. Rasalingam, Sri Lankan Tamil politician November 23 – Krzysztof Penderecki, Polish composer and conductor (d. 2020) November 25 Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysian aristocrat (d. 1988) Kathryn Crosby, American actress November 26 – Robert Goulet, American entertainer (d. 2007) November 28 – Hope Lange, American actress (d. 2003) November 29 Francisco Cuoco, Brazilian actor John Mayall, English blues musician December December 1 – Lou Rawls, American singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor and record producer (d. 2006) December 2 – Mike Larrabee, American Olympic athlete (d. 2003) December 3 – Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021) December 4 Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1988) Horst Buchholz, German actor (d. 2003) Wink Martindale, American game show host and disc jockey December 6 – Henryk Górecki, Polish composer (d. 2010) December 8 – Johnny Green, American basketball player December 9 – Irma Serrano, Mexican singer, actress, vedette, politician, businesswoman and author December 10 – Mako, Japanese-born actor (d. 2006) December 11 – Aquilino Pimentel Jr., Filipino politician (d. 2019) December 12 – Manu Dibango, Cameroonian saxophonist (d. 2020) December 13 – Lou Adler, American film and record producer December 14 Justin Rakotoniaina, 3rd Prime Minister of Madagascar (d. 2001) Eva Wilma, Brazilian actress (d. 2021) December 15 Tim Conway, American actor and comedian (d. 2019) Ralph T. O'Neal, 4th and 6th Premier of the Virgin Islands (d. 2019) December 17 – Shirley Abrahamson, American jurist, Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court (d. 2020) December 18 – Lonnie Brooks, American blues singer and guitarist (d. 2017) December 19 – Galina Volchek, Soviet and Russian actress (d. 2019) December 20 – Jean Carnahan, American politician December 22 – Abel Pacheco, 44th President of Costa Rica December 23 – Akihito, 125th Emperor of Japan December 25 – Phan Văn Khải, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2018) December 26 Emmanuel Dabbaghian, Syrian Armenian Catholic patriarch (d. 2018) Caroll Spinney, American puppeteer (d. 2019) December 30 – Andy Stewart, Scottish singer, entertainer (d. 1993) Date unknown Jalal Talabani, Kurdish President of Iraq (d. 2017) Deaths January January 3 Wilhelm Cuno, German businessman, politician and 15th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876) Jack Pickford, Canadian-born actor, film director and producer (b. 1896) January 5 Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872) J. M. Robertson, British Liberal Party politician, writer and journalist, Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (b. 1856) January 7 – Bert Hinkler, Australian pioneer aviator (b. 1892) January 9 Kate Gleason, American engineer (b. 1865) Daphne Akhurst, Australian tennis champion (b. 1903) January 10 – Roberto Mantovani, Italian geologist (b. 1854) January 17 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American stained glass artist, jewelry designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany January 25 – Lewis J. Selznick, American film producer (b. 1870) January 29 Thomas Coward, British ornithologist (b. 1867) Sara Teasdale, American lyrical poet (b. 1884) January 31 – John Galsworthy, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867) February February 5 James Banning, American aviation pioneer (b. 1900) Josiah Thomas, Australian politician (b. 1863) February 12 Henri Duparc, French composer (b. 1848) Sir William Robertson, British field marshall (b. 1860) February 14 – Carl Correns, German botanist, geneticist (b. 1864) February 15 – Pat Sullivan, Australian-born director, producer of animated films (b. 1885) February 18 – James J. Corbett, American boxer (b. 1866) February 23 – David Horsley, English-born film executive (b. 1873) February 26 Spottiswoode Aitken, British-American actor (b. 1868) Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia (b. 1866) February 27 – Walter Hiers, American actor (b. 1893) March March 1 – Uładzimir Žyłka, Belarusian poet (b. 1900) March 2 - Thomas J. Walsh, American politician (b. 1859) March 6 Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (assassinated) (b. 1873) Cyril R. Jandus, American lawyer and politician (b. 1867) March 10 – Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, Chief of the Senussi order in Libya (b. 1873) March 13 Andon Dimitrov, Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. 1867) Robert T. A. Innes, South African astronomer (b. 1861) March 14 Balto, American sled dog (b. 1919) Antonio Garbasso, Italian physicist, politician (b. 1871) March 15 - Gustavo Jiménez, Interim President of Peru (b. 1886) March 18 – Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Italian mountaineer, explorer and | February 17 Newsweek magazine is published for the first time in the United States. The Blaine Act passes the United States Senate, submitting the proposed Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending prohibition in the United States. February 27 – Reichstag fire: Germany's parliament building in Berlin, the Reichstag building, is set on fire under controversial circumstances. February 28 The Reichstag Fire Decree is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many German civil liberties. English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33: The England cricket team wins The Ashes using the controversial bodyline tactic. March March 2 – The original film version of King Kong, starring Fay Wray, premieres at Radio City Music Hall and the RKO Roxy Theatre in New York City. March 3 Ching Yun University is established in Taiwan. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is dedicated in South Dakota. 1933 Sanriku earthquake: A powerful earthquake and tsunami hit Honshū, Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people. March 4 Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) is sworn in as the 32nd President of the United States, beginning his "first 100 days". In reference to the Great Depression, he proclaims "The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself" in his inauguration speech. It is the last time Inauguration Day in the United States occurs on March 4. Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor and first female member of the United States Cabinet. The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure; Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree, an origin of Austrofascism. March 5 The Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "Bank holiday", closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ends on March 13). March 1933 German federal election: National Socialists gain 43.9% of the votes. March 6 – Mayor Anton Cermak of Chicago dies of the wound he received on February 15. March 7 – The real-estate trading board game Monopoly is invented in the United States. March 9 – Great Depression: The United States Congress begins its first 100 days of enacting New Deal legislation. March 10 – The 6.4 Long Beach earthquake shakes Southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 115 people. March 12 – Great Depression: Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States, in the first of his "Fireside chats". March 14 – Indonesian Association football club Persib Bandung is founded as Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond. March 15 The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day's gain of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index. Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss keeps members of the National Council from convening, starting the Austrofascist dictatorship. March 20 Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed in Germany (it opens March 22 to hold political prisoners). First of a series of meetings in the United States called by Jewish organizations calling for an international anti-Nazi boycott in response to the persecution of German Jews. Giuseppe Zangara, the attempted assassin of Franklin D. Roosevelt, is executed by the electric chair. March 22 – President Franklin Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act known as the Cullen–Harrison Act, allowing the manufacture and sale of "3.2 beer" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines. March 23 – The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany, curbing its own power. March 27 – Japan announces it will leave the League of Nations (due to a cancellation period of exactly two years, the egression becomes effective March 27, 1935). March 29 – Welsh journalist Gareth Jones makes the first report in the West of the Holodomor famine-genocide in Ukraine. March 31 – The Civilian Conservation Corps is established, with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States. April April 1 – The recently elected Nazis (under Julius Streicher) organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany. April 2 – As a member of the English cricket team touring New Zealand, 1933, batsman Wally Hammond scores a record 336 runs in a test match at Eden Park, Auckland. April 3 An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam (Thailand). The first flight over Mount Everest is made by the British Houston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition, led by the Marquis of Clydesdale, and funded by Lucy, Lady Houston. April 4 – American airship Akron crashes off the coast of New Jersey, killing 73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this date (and until 1950). April 5 The International Court of Justice in The Hague decides that Greenland belongs to Denmark, and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision. President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a national emergency and issues Executive Order 6102, making it illegal for U.S. citizens to own substantial amounts of monetary gold or bullion. April 7 Sale of some beer is legalized in the United States under the Cullen-Harrison Act of March 22, eight months before the full repeal of Prohibition in December. The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service is passed in Germany, the first law of the new regime directed against Jews (as well as political opponents). April 11 – Aviator Bill Lancaster takes off from Lympne in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to the Cape of Good Hope, but vanishes (his body is not found in the Sahara Desert until 1962). April 13 – The Children and Young Persons Act is passed in the United Kingdom. April 19 – The United States officially goes off the gold standard. April 21 – Nazi Germany outlaws the kosher ritual shechita. April 24 Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany begins with seizure of the Bible Students' office in Magdeburg. Jewish physicians in Nazi Germany are excluded from official insurance schemes, forcing many to give up their practices. April 26 The Gestapo secret police is established in Nazi Germany by Hermann Göring. Editors of the Harvard Lampoon steal the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts from the State House (it is returned two days later). April 27 – The Stahlhelm veterans' organization joins the Nazi party in Germany. May May 2 Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler prohibits trade unions. The first alleged modern sighting of the Loch Ness Monster occurs. May 3 In the Irish Free State, Dáil Éireann abolishes the oath of allegiance to the British Crown. Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman to be named director of the United States Mint. May 5 – The detection by Karl Jansky of radio waves from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is reported in The New York Times. The discovery leads to the birth of radio astronomy. May 8 – Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-week hunger strike, because of the mistreatment of the lower castes. May 10 Nazi book burnings are staged publicly throughout Germany. Paraguay declares war on Bolivia. May 12 – The Agricultural Adjustment Act is enacted in the United States. May 17 – Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form the Nasjonal Samling (the National-Socialist Party) of Norway. May 18 – New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority. May 19 – Finnish Cavalry General C. G. E. Mannerheim is appointed field marshal. May 26 – The Nazi Party in Germany introduces a law to legalize eugenic sterilization. May 27 New Deal in the United States: The Federal Securities Act is signed into law, requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission. The Century of Progress World's Fair opens in Chicago. Walt Disney's classic Silly Symphony cartoon The Three Little Pigs is first released by United Artists. June June – The Holodomor famine-genocide in Ukraine reaches its peak, with 30,000 deaths from man-made starvation each day. The average life expectancy for a Ukrainian male born this year is 7.3 years. June 1 – The Federal University of São Paulo is founded in São Paulo, Brazil. June 2 – Nazi Germany forms the 'Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy' under Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick. June 5 – The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard, by enacting a joint resolution nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold. June 6 – The first drive-in movie theater opens in Pennsauken Township, near Camden, New Jersey. June 12 – The London Economic Conference is held. June 17 – Union Station massacre: In Kansas City, Missouri, Pretty Boy Floyd kills an FBI agent, 3 local police, and the person they intended to rescue, captured bank robber Frank Nash. June 21 – All non-Nazi political parties are forbidden in Germany. June 25 – Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany. June 26 – The American Totalisator Company unveils its first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine, at the Arlington Park race track near Chicago and the founding of 20th Century Pictures. July July 1 The London Passenger Transport Board begins operation. Business Plot: Smedley Butler becomes involved in a coup attempt led by Gerald MacGuire against President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt which fails (according to his own testimony in 1934). July 4 – Gandhi is sentenced to prison in India. July 6 – The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago. July 8 – The first rugby union test match is played between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa, at Newlands in Cape Town. July 14 – In Nazi Germany: Formation of new political parties is forbidden. The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring is enacted, allowing compulsory sterilization of citizens suffering from a list of alleged genetic disorders. July 15 The Four-Power Pact is signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy. The International Left Opposition (ILO) is renamed the International Communist League (ICL). July 20 – Reichskonkordat: Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) signs an accord with Germany. July 22 Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, after traveling eastabout in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes. "Machine Gun Kelly" and Albert Bates kidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom. July 24 – Several members of the Barrow Gang are injured or captured during a running battle with local police near Dexter, Iowa. August August 1 – The Blue Eagle emblem of the National Recovery Administration in the United States is displayed publicly for the first time. August 2 – The Stalin White Sea–Baltic Canal, a 227 km ship canal constructed using forced labour in the Soviet Union, opens, connecting the White Sea with Lake Onega and the Baltic. August 7 – Simele massacre: More than 3,000 Assyrian Iraqis are killed by Iraqi government troops. August 12 – Winston Churchill makes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German rearmament. August 14 – Loggers cause a forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon, later known as the first forest fire of the Tillamook Burn. It is extinguished on September 5, after destroying . August 25 – The Diexi earthquake shakes Mao County, Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people. August 30 – German-Jewish philosopher Theodor Lessing is shot in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně), Czechoslovakia, dying the following day. September September 12 Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain. Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction. September 26 – A hurricane destroys the town of Tampico, Mexico. October October 1 – A failed assassination attempt against Engelbert Dollfuss, leader of the Fatherland's Front in Austria, seriously injures him. October 7 Air France is formed by the merger of five French airline companies, beginning operations with 250 planes. Release of Twentieth Century Pictures' first film, The Bowery, in the United States. October 10 – 1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid-air explosion: A bomb destroys a United Airlines Boeing 247 on a transcontinental flight in mid-air near Chesterton, Indiana, killing all 7 on board, in the first proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified. October 12 – The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz is acquired by the United States Department of Justice, which plans to incorporate the island into its Federal Bureau of Prisons as a penitentiary. October 13 – The British Interplanetary Society is founded. October 14 – Germany announces its withdrawal from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference, after the U.S., the U.K. and France deny its request to increase its defense armaments under the Versailles Treaty. October 14–16 – The new constitution of Estonia is approved only on the third consecutive referendum. October 16 – Parricides committed in the United States by Victor Licata lead to calls for the legal prohibition of cannabis. October 17 – Scientist Albert Einstein arrives in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee from Nazi Germany, and takes up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. November November 5 – Spanish Basque people vote for autonomy. November 8 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed. November 11 – Dust Bowl: In South Dakota, a very strong dust storm ("the great black blizzard") strips topsoil from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous dust storms this year). November 12 – Japan Precision Optical Industry, predecessor of the global Canon camera and photocopier brand is founded in Japan. November 16 The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations. American aviator Jimmie Angel becomes the first foreigner to see the Angel Falls in Venezuela (they are named after him). November 17 – The Marx Brothers' anarchic comedy film Duck Soup is released in the U.S. November 19 – Second Spanish Republic: General elections result in victory by the right-wing parties. November 22 – The Fujian People's Government is declared in Fujian Province, China. December December 5 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, repealing Prohibition. December 6 – U.S. federal judge John M. Woolsey rules that James Joyce's novel Ulysses is not obscene. December 15 – The 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, making alcohol legal in the United States. December 17 - The first NFL Championship game in American football is played. The Chicago Bears defeat the New York Giants 23-21. December 21 Newfoundland returns to Crown colony status, following financial collapse. The British Plastics Federation (the oldest in the world) is founded. December 23 – Lagny-Pomponne rail accident: A train crash in Lagny, France kills over 200. December 26 The Nissan Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan. FM radio is patented. December 29 – Members of the Iron Guard assassinate Ion Gheorghe Duca, prime minister of Romania. Date unknown U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt rejects socialism and government ownership of industry. The first doughnut store under the Krispy Kreme name opens in Nashville, Tennessee. 15 million are unemployed in the United States. Turkey concludes a treaty with the creditors of the former Ottoman Empire to schedule the payments in Paris (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt in less than twenty years). The first dated Inter-School Christian Fellowship group is started in Australia at North Sydney Boys High School, with the group continuing into the 21st century. The Adélaïde Concerto, a spurious work attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is published as "edited" (actually composed) by Marius Casadesus. Births January January 1 Joe Orton, English playwright (k. 1967) Alicia Nash, Latin-American physicist, mental health-care advocate (d. 2015) January 2 – On Kawara, Japanese conceptual artist (d. 2014) January 6 – Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2003) January 7 – Diane Leather, English athlete (d. 2018) January 8 – Supriya Devi, Indian Bengali actress (d. 2018) January 12 – Liliana Cavani, Italian film director and screenwriter January 13 – Tom Gola, American basketball player (d. 2014) January 14 – Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (d. 2003) January 15 – Ernest J. Gaines, American author (d. 2019) January 16 – Susan Sontag, American author (d. 2004) January 17 Dalida, French singer (d. 1987) Shari Lewis, American ventriloquist (d. 1998) Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003) January 18 David Bellamy, English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist (d. 2019) John Boorman, English film director January 21 – Habib Thiam, Senegal politician (d. 2017) January 23 Bill Hayden, Australian politician, 21st Governor-General of Australia Chita Rivera, American actress, dancer January 25 – Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009) January 27 Nikolai Fadeyechev, Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and teacher (d. 2020) Ary Fontoura, Brazilian actor February February 2 – Tony Jay, English-American actor and voice artist (d. 2006) February 5 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, Nicaraguan diplomat, politician and priest (d. 2017) Jörn Donner, Finnish writer, film director and politician (d. 2020) February 8 Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria, Austro-Hungarian royal (d. 2017) Elly Ameling, Dutch soprano February 12 – Costa-Gavras, Greek-born director, writer February 13 Paul Biya, 2nd President of Cameroon Kim Novak, American actress Emanuel Ungaro, French fashion designer (d. 2019) February 14 – Madhubala, Indian actress (d. 1969) February 16 – Tom Hickey, Canadian politician (d. 2020) February 17 Craig L. Thomas, American Senator (d. 2007) Syed Sajjad Ali Shah, 13th Chief Justice of Pakistan (d. 2017) February 18 Yoko Ono, Japanese-born singer, artist and widow of John Lennon Sir Bobby Robson, English soccer player, manager (d. 2009) Frank Moores, second Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador (d. 2005) February 21 – Nina Simone, African-American singer (d. 2003) February 22 Katharine, Duchess of Kent, British royal, musician and patron of the arts Christopher Ondaatje, Ceylonese-born travel writer, biographer and philanthropist February 23 – Lee Calhoun, American athlete (d. 1989) February 26 Godfrey Cambridge, American actor and comedian (d. 1976) Lubomyr Husar, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2017) María Victoria, Mexican actress, singer and comedian February 28 – Charles Vinci, American weightlifter (d. 2018) March March 1 – P. J. Sheehan, Irish politician (d. 2020) March 3 Alfredo Landa, Spanish actor (d. 2013) Tomas Milian, Cuban-American-Italian actor (d. 2017) Lee Radziwiłł, American socialite, sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (d. 2019) March 5 – Evgeni Vasiukov, Russian chess grandmaster (d. 2018) March 6 – Augusto Odone, Italian creator of Lorenzo's Oil (d. 2013) March 7 – Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1998) March 9 – Lloyd Price, African-American R&B singer (d. 2021) March 10 – Abdul Hay Mosallam Zarara, Palestinian artist (d. 2020) March 12 Barbara Feldon, American actress, model (Get Smart) Jesús Gil, Spanish right-wing politician, construction businessman and football team owner (d. 2004) March 13 – Mike Stoller, American songwriter March 14 Princess Lalla Malika of Morocco, Moroccan royal (d. 2021) Sir Michael Caine, English actor and author René Felber, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 2020) Quincy Jones, African-American music producer, composer March 15 Philippe de Broca, French film director (d. 2004) Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2020) March 17 – Penelope Lively, English writer March 18 – Unita Blackwell, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2019) March 19 Philip Roth, American author (d. 2018) Edward G. Robinson Jr., American actor (d. 1974) Michel Sabbah, Israeli patriarch Renée Taylor, American actress, screenwriter, playwright, producer and director Richard Williams, Canadian-British animator (d. 2019) March 22 Abolhassan Banisadr, 1st President of Iran (d. 2021) May Britt, Swedish actress Buddy MacKay, American politician, diplomat, 42nd Governor of Florida March 23 – Philip Zimbardo, American psychologist, professor emeritus at Stanford University March 24 – William Smith, American actor (d. 2021) March 28 Tete Montoliu, Catalonian jazz pianist (d. 1997) Frank Murkowski, American politician March 30 – Jean-Claude Brialy, French actor and director (d. 2007) March 31 – Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet and essayist (d. 1983) April April 1 Dan Flavin, American artist (d. 1996) Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist and Nobel laureate April 4 Frits Bolkestein, Dutch politician Brian Hewson, English athlete April 5 – Frank Gorshin, American actor (Batman) (d. 2005) April 6 – Henryk Niedźwiedzki, Polish boxer (d. 2018) April 7 Wayne Rogers, American actor (M*A*S*H) (d. 2015) Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Persian-American Islamic scholar April 9 Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor (d. 2021) Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor (d. 1994) April 11 – Denis Goldberg, South African social campaigner (d. 2020) April 12 Montserrat Caballé, Catalan operatic soprano (d. 2018) Ben Nighthorse Campbell, American politician April 14 Yuri Oganessian, Russian nuclear physicist Boris Strugatsky, Soviet-Russian science fiction author (d. 2012) April 15 Roy Clark, American country musician (d. 2018) Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (Bewitched) (d. 1995) April 16 – Marcos Alonso, Spanish footballer (d. 2012) April 19 – Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967) April 21 – Ian Carr, Scottish jazz musician, composer, writer and educator (d. 2009) April 23 – Frederic Pryor, American economist (d. 2019) April 25 – Jerry Leiber, American composer (d. 2011) April 26 Carol Burnett, American actress, singer and comedian Arno Allan Penzias, German-born physicist and Nobel laureate Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Puerto Rican activist (d. 2005) April 29 Mark Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium Rod McKuen, American singer, songwriter and poet (d. 2015) Willie Nelson, American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, producer, author, poet and activist April 30 – Vittorio Merloni, Italian entrepreneur (d. 2016) May May 3 James Brown, African-American soul musician (I Got You (I |
of all television sets in the United States are tuned into I Love Lucy, to watch Lucy give birth to Little Ricky, which is more people than those who tuned into Dwight Eisenhower's inauguration the next day. This record has yet to be broken. January 20 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is sworn in as the 34th President of the United States. January 22 – The Crucible, a historical drama by Arthur Miller written as an allegory of McCarthyism in the United States, opens on Broadway. January 24 Mau Mau Uprising: Rebels in Kenya kill the Ruck family (father, mother, and six-year-old son). Leader of East Germany Walter Ulbricht announces that agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany. January 28 – Derek Bentley is executed at Wandsworth Prison in London for his part in the murder of a policeman. January 31–February 1 – The North Sea flood of 1953 kills 1,836 people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially Zeeland), 307 in the United Kingdom, and several hundred at sea, including 133 on the ferry in the Irish Sea. February February 1 – The surge of the North Sea flood continues from the previous day. February 3 – Batepá massacre: Hundreds of native creoles, known as forros, are massacred in São Tomé, by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners. February 5 – Walt Disney's feature film Peter Pan premieres. February 10 – Continental western European common market for coal established under the auspices of the European Coal and Steel Community. February 11 United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel, after a bomb explosion at the Soviet Embassy, in reaction to the 'Doctors' plot'. February 12 – The Nordic Council is inaugurated. February 13 – Transsexual Christine Jorgensen returns to New York after successful sex reassignment surgery in Denmark. February 16 – The Pakistan Academy of Sciences is established in Pakistan. February 19 – Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States. February 25 – Jacques Tati's film, Les Vacances de M. Hulot, is released in France, introducing the gauche character of Monsieur Hulot. February 28 James Watson and Francis Crick of the University of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule. Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact. March March 5 Joseph Stalin suffers a stroke, after an all-night dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrentiy Beria and future premiers Georgy Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin, and Nikita Khrushchev. The stroke paralyzes the right side of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on March 5. Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg is made deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle. March 6 – Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin, as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. March 8 – The Thieves World, which has been transformed into the Russian mafia, are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime, ending the Bitch Wars. March 9 – Draft Treaty establishing the European Political Community, never brought into effect. March 13 – The United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld from Sweden as United Nations Secretary General. March 14 – Nikita Khrushchev is selected General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. March 17 – The first nuclear test of Operation Upshot–Knothole is conducted in Nevada, with 1,620 spectators at . March 18 – The Yenice–Gönen earthquake affects western Turkey, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (violent), causing at least 1,070 deaths, and $3.57 million in damage. March 19 – The 25th Academy Awards Ceremony is held (the first one broadcast on television). March 25–26 – Lari Massacre in Kenya: Mau Mau rebels kill up to 150 Kikuyu natives. March 26 – Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine. March 29 – A fire at the Littlefield Nursing Home in Largo, Florida, kills 33 persons, including singer-songwriter Arthur Fields. April April 7 – Dag Hammarskjöld is elected Secretary-General of the United Nations. April 8 – Jomo Kenyatta is sentenced to 7 years in prison for the alleged organization of the Mau Mau Uprising in the British Kenya Colony. April 10 – Melbourne Knights FC is founded as Croatia SC, in Melbourne, Australia. April 13 Ian Fleming publishes his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, in the United Kingdom. German football team SG Dynamo Dresden is founded. April 16 President Eisenhower delivers his "Chance for Peace" speech, to the National Association of Newspaper Editors. A four-story building in Chicago belonging to the Habar Corporation catches fire, killing 35 employees. April 17 – Mickey Mantle hits a home run at Griffith Stadium, in Washington, D.C., a candidate for the longest home run in baseball history. April 20 – Frank Sinatra and arranger Nelson Riddle began their first recording sessions together at Capitol Records, which results in some of the defining recordings of Sinatra's career. April 25 – Francis Crick and James Watson publish "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid", their description of the double helix structure of DNA. May May 2 – Hussein is crowned King of Jordan. May 5 – Aldous Huxley first tries the psychedelic hallucinogen mescaline, inspiring his book The Doors of Perception. May 9 France agrees to the provisional independence of Cambodia, with King Norodom Sihanouk. Australian Senate election, 1953: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies, holds their Senate majority, despite gains made by the Labor Party, led by H. V. Evatt. This is the first occasion where a Senate election is held without an accompanying House Of Representatives election. May 10 – The town of Chemnitz, East Germany becomes Karl Marx Stadt. May 11 – Waco tornado outbreak: An F5 tornado hits in the downtown section of Waco, Texas, killing 114. May 15 – The Standards And Recommended Practices (SARPS) for Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) are adopted by the ICAO Council. These SARPS are in Annex 15 to the Chicago Convention, and 15 May is celebrated by the AIS community as "World AIS Day". May 18 – At Rogers Dry Lake, Californian Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to exceed Mach 1, in a North American F-86 Sabre at . May 25 – Nuclear testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its only nuclear artillery test: Upshot-Knothole Grable. May 29 – 1953 British Mount Everest expedition: Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal become the first men to reach the summit of Mount Everest. June June 1 – Uprising in Plzeň: Currency reform causes riots in Czechoslovakia. June 2 – Elizabeth II is crowned Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon, at Westminster Abbey. June 7 – Italian general election: the Christian Democracy party wins a plurality in both legislative houses. June 7-9 – Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence: A single storm-system spawns 46 tornadoes of various sizes, in 10 states from Colorado to Massachusetts, over 3 days, killing 246. June 8 On the second day of the Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence, a tornado kills 115 in Flint, Michigan; it will be the last to claim more than 100 lives, until the 2011 Joplin tornado. Austria and the Soviet Union open diplomatic relations. June 9 On the third day of the Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence, a tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado the day before hits in Worcester, Massachusetts, killing 94. CIA Technical Services Staff head Sidney Gottlieb approves of the use of LSD in an MKUltra subproject. June 13 – Hungarian Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi is replaced by Imre Nagy. June 15 Xi Jinping was born June 17 – Workers' Uprising in East Germany: The Soviet Union orders a Division of troops into East Berlin to quell a rebellion. June 18 Egypt declares itself a republic. Tachikawa air disaster: A United States Air Force Douglas C-124 Globemaster II crashes just after takeoff from Tachikawa Airfield near Tokyo, Japan, killing all 129 people on board in the worst air crash in history up to this time, and the first with a confirmed death toll exceeding 100. June 19 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed at Sing Sing Prison in New York for conspiracy to commit espionage. The Baton Rouge bus boycott begins in the Southern United States. June 30 The first Chevrolet Corvette is built at Flint, Michigan. The first roll-on/roll-off ferry crossing of the English Channel, Dover–Boulogne, takes place. July July 3 – The first ascent of Nanga Parbat in the Pakistan Himalayas, the world's ninth highest mountain, is made by Austrian climber Hermann Buhl alone on the German–Austrian expedition. July 4 – Strikes and riots hit coal mining regions in Poland. July 9 – The U.S. Treasury formally renames the Bureau of Internal Revenue; the new name (which had previously been used informally) is the Internal Revenue Service. July 10 – The Soviet official newspaper Pravda announces that Lavrentiy Beria has been deposed as head of the NKVD. July 17 – The greatest recorded loss of United States midshipmen in a single event results from an aircraft crash near NAS Whiting Field. July 23 – Howard Hawks's musical film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, starring Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell, is released by 20th Century Fox in the United States. July 26 Fidel Castro and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the Moncada Barracks, preliminary to the Cuban Revolution. The Short Creek raid is carried out on a polygynous Mormon sect in Arizona. July 27 – The Korean War ends, with the Korean Armistice Agreement: The United Nations Command (Korea) (United States), People's Republic of China and North Korea sign an armistice agreement at Panmunjom, and the north remains communist, while the south remains capitalist. August August 5 – Operation Big Switch: Prisoners of war are repatriated to the United States after the Korean War. August 8 Soviet prime minister Georgi Malenkov announces that the Soviet Union has a hydrogen bomb. The London Agreement on German External Debts is concluded, cancelling 50% of repayable war debt by the Federal Republic of Germany to its creditors. August 12 The 1953 Ionian earthquake of magnitude 7.2 totally devastates Cephalonia and most of the other Ionian Islands, in Greece's worst natural disaster in centuries. Soviet atomic bomb project: "Joe 4", the first Soviet thermonuclear weapon, is detonated at Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakh SSR. August 13 – Four million workers go on strike in France to protest against austerity measures. August 15–19 – Cold War: 1953 Iranian coup d'état – Overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran, Mohammad Mosaddegh, by Iranian military in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, with the support of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (as "Operation Ajax") and the United Kingdom. August 17 – The first planning session of Narcotics Anonymous is held in Southern California (see October 5). August 18 – The second of the Kinsey Reports, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, is published in the United States. August 20 The French government ousts King Mohammed V of Morocco, and exiles him to Corsica. The United States returns to West Germany 382 ships it had captured during World War II. August 25 – The French general strike ends. September September 4 – The discovery of REM sleep is first published, by researchers Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman. September 5 – The United Nations rejects the Soviet Union's suggestion to accept the People's Republic of China as a member. September 7 – Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of the Soviet Central Committee. September 12 – U.S. Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy marries Jacqueline Lee Bouvier at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island. September 17 – Ernie Banks was introduced as the first black player for the Chicago Cubs September 23 – The Pact of Madrid is signed by Francoist Spain and the United States of America, ending a period of virtual isolation for Spain. September 25 – The first German prisoners of war return from the Soviet Union to West Germany. September 26 – Rationing of sugar ends in the UK. October October – The UNIVAC 1103 is the first commercial computer to use random-access memory. October 5 Earl Warren is appointed Chief Justice of the United States, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The first meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held (the first planning session was held August 17). October 6 – UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, is made a permanent specialized agency of the United Nations. October 9 West German federal election, 1953: Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as German chancellor. Fearing communist influence in British Guiana, the British Government suspends the constitution, declares a state of emergency, and militarily occupies the colony. October 10 Roland (Monty) Burton wins the 1953 London to Christchurch air race, in under 23 hours flying time. The Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea is concluded in Washington, D.C. October 12 – The play The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial opens at Plymouth Theatre, New York. October 22 – Laos becomes independent from France. October 23 – Alto Broadcasting System in the Philippines makes the first television broadcast in southeast Asia, through DZAQ-TV. Alto Broadcasting System is the predecessor of what will later become ABS-CBN Corporation. October 30 – Cold War: U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document of the United States National Security Council NSC 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat. November November 5 – David Ben-Gurion resigns as prime minister of Israel. November 9 Cambodia becomes independent from France. The Laotian Civil War begins between the Kingdom of Laos and the Pathet Lao, all the while resuming the First Indochina War against the French Army in a Two-front war. Saudi King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud dies. November 20 The Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket, piloted by Scott Crossfield, becomes the first manned aircraft to reach Mach 2. Authorities at the Natural History Museum, London announce that the skull of Piltdown Man (allegedly an early human discovered in 1912) is a hoax. November 20–22 – First Indochina War: Operation Castor – In a massive airborne operation in Vietnam, French forces establish a base at Điện Biên Phủ. November 21 – Puerto Williams is founded in Chile, as the southernmost settlement of the world. November 25 – Match of the Century (1953 England v Hungary football match): The England national football team loses 6–3 to Hungary at Wembley Stadium, their first ever loss to a continental team at home. November 29 – First Indochina War: Battle of Dien Bien Phu – French paratroopers consolidate their position at Điện Biên Phủ. November 30 – Kabaka crisis: Edward Mutesa II, the kabaka (king) of Buganda, is deposed and exiled to London by Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen, Governor of Uganda. December December – Hugh Hefner publishes the first issue of Playboy magazine in the United States, featuring a centerfold nude photograph of Marilyn Monroe; it sells 54,175 copies at $.50 each. December 2 – The United Kingdom and Iran reform diplomatic relations. December 6 – With the NBC Symphony Orchestra, conductor Arturo Toscanini performs what he claims is his favorite Beethoven symphony, Eroica, for the last time. The live performance is broadcast across the United States on radio, and later released on records and CD. December 7 – A visit to Iran by American Vice President Richard Nixon sparks several days of riots, as a reaction to the August 19 overthrow of the government of Mohammed Mossadegh by the U.S.-backed Shah. Three students are shot dead by police in Tehran. This event becomes an annual commemoration. December 8 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace address, to the United Nations General Assembly. December 17 – The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approves color television (using the NTSC standard). December 23 – The Soviet Union announces officially that Lavrentiy Beria has been executed. December 24 – Tangiwai disaster: A railway bridge collapses at Tangiwai, New Zealand, sending a fully loaded passenger train into the Whangaehu River; 151 are killed. December 25 – The Amami Islands are returned to Japan, after 8 years of United States military occupation. December 30 – Ramon Magsaysay becomes the 7th President of the Philippines. Date unknown The Japanese 10 yen coin is issued with serrated edges for a 5-year period, beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have had smooth edges. Heavy massive rain, landslides, and flooding in western and southwestern Japan kill an estimated 2,566, and injure 9,433, mainly at Kizugawa, Wakayama, Kumamoto, and Kitakyushu (June–August). Global meat packing industry JBS is founded in Anapolis, Goias, Brazil. China First Building Corporation, as predecessor part of China State Construction Engineering, founded in Beijing. Births January January 1 Afonso Dhlakama, Mozambican politician (d. 2018) Gary Johnson, American businessman, politician and 29th Governor of New Mexico January 2 – Vincent Racaniello, American virologist January 4 – George Tenet, American Central Intelligence Agency director January 5 Pamela Sue Martin, American actress Mike Rann, Australian politician January 6 Danny Pearson, American singer (d. 2018) Malcolm Young, Australian musician (d. 2017) January 8 – Bruce Sutter, American baseball player January 10 Pat Benatar, American rock singer Bobby Rahal, American race car driver January 13 – John Wake, English cricketer January 15 Kent Hovind, American creation science evangelist Randy White, American football player January 16 – Robert Jay Mathews, American neo-Nazi, founder of the terrorist group The Order (d. 1984) January 18 – B. K. Misra, Indian neurosurgeon January 19 Desi Arnaz Jr., American actor and musician Richard Legendre, Canadian tennis player, politician January 20 – Jeffrey Epstein, American financier and sex offender (d. 2019) January 21 Paul Allen, American entrepreneur, co-founder of Microsoft (d. 2018) Glenn Kaiser, American Christian blues-rock, heavy metal, R&B singer-songwriter and guitarist January 22 Myung-whun Chung, South Korean conductor, pianist Jim Jarmusch, American director January 23 Dušan Nikolić, Yugoslav footballer (d. 2018) Robin Zander, American singer and guitarist January 24 Moon Jae-in, 19th President of South Korea January 26 Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark, Secretary General of NATO Lucinda Williams, American singer-songwriter January 28 – Colin Campbell, Canadian ice hockey player, executive January 29 Peter Baumann, German keyboard player, songwriter (Tangerine Dream) Paulin Bordeleau, Canadian ice hockey player Lynne McGranger, Australian actress Juan Paredes, Mexican boxer Pierre Jacob, Canadian politician (d. 2018) Louie Pérez, American singer-songwriter and guitarist Fred Riebeling, Australian politician Grażyna Szmacińska, Polish chess player Teresa Teng, Taiwanese singer (d. 1995) Yorie Terauchi, Japanese actress Hwang Woo-suk, South Korean veterinarian, academic January 31 – Sergei Ivanov, Russian first deputy prime minister and minister of defense February February 2 – Duane Chapman, American bounty hunter February 4 – Kitarō, Japanese New Age musician February 5 – Valerie Carter, American singer-songwriter (d. 2017) February 7 – Dan Quisenberry, American baseball player (d. 1998) February 8 – Mary Steenburgen, American actress February 9 Ciarán Hinds, Irish actor Rick Wagoner, American automotive executive February 10 – June Jones, American quarterback, current NCAA Football head coach at Southern Methodist University February 11 – Jeb Bush, American politician, 43rd Governor of Florida February 12 – Nabil Shaban, Jordanian-British actor and writer February 14 – Sergey Mironov, Russian | American professional wrestler Osmo Vänskä, Finnish orchestral conductor March March 1 – Richard Bruton, Irish politician, economist March 2 Russell Feingold, U.S. Senator March 3 Arthur Antunes Coimbra, Brazilian footballer, manager Robyn Hitchcock, British singer-songwriter Agustí Villaronga, Spanish filmmaker Zico, Brazilian footballer and coach March 4 Emilio Estefan, Cuban percussionist Rose Laurens, French singer-songwriter (d. 2018) Kay Lenz, American actress Ray Price, Australian rugby player March 5 – Tokyo Sexwale, South African businessman, politician, anti-apartheid activist and political prisoner March 6 Jan Kjærstad, Norwegian author Jacklyn Zeman, American actress March 10 – Debbie Brill, Canadian high jumper March 11 László Bölöni, Romanian footballer Bernie LaBarge, Canadian guitarist/vocalist March 12 Carl Hiaasen, American author Ron Jeremy, American pornographic and straight actor, filmmaker and stand-up comedian Madhav Kumar Nepal, Nepalese politician March 14 – Johan Ullman, Swedish medical doctor, physicist and inventor March 15 – Kumba Iala, Guinea-Bissauan politician, 3rd President of Guinea-Bissau (d. 2014) March 16 Bryan Duncan, American Christian musician Isabelle Huppert, French actress Richard Stallman, American free software proponent March 17 – Filemon Lagman, Filipino revolutionary (d. 2001) March 18 – Takashi Yoshimatsu, Japanese composer March 19 – Lenín Moreno, Ecuadorian politician, 44th President of Ecuador March 20 – Sándor Csányi, Hungarian business executive, banker March 23 – Chaka Khan, African-American soul singer (I Feel For You) March 24 – Mathias Richling, German comedian March 26 Lincoln Chafee, American politician Elaine Chao, American politician, wife of Senator Mitch McConnell March 28 – Melchior Ndadaye, 4th President of Burundi (d. 1993) April April 2 Jim Allister, Irish politician Rosemary Bryant Mariner, American naval aviator (d. 2019) April 3 Sandra Boynton, American author, songwriter and illustrator Russ Francis, American football player James Smith, American boxer April 4 – Robert Bertrand, Canadian politician April 6 – Andy Hertzfeld, American computer programmer April 9 John Howard, English singer-songwriter Stephen Paddock, American mass murderer (d. 2017) April 10 Sheila Andrews, American country music singer (d. 1984) Heiner Lauterbach, German actor April 11 Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium Andrew Wiles, British-born mathematician April 13 – Stephen Byers, English Labour Party politician, Secretary of State for Transport April 14 – Eric Tsang, Hong Kong actor April 16 Geoffrey Oryema, Ugandan musician (d. 2018) Peter Garrett, Australian musician, politician J. Neil Schulman, American writer, activist April 17 – Linda Martin, Irish singer, television presenter and Eurovision Song Contest 1992 winner April 18 – Rick Moranis, Canadian actor (Second City Television) April 19 – Ruby Wax, American-born British-based performer April 20 – Sebastian Faulks, British novelist April 22 – Juhani Komulainen, Finnish composer April 24 Eric Bogosian, American actor, playwright, monologist and novelist Tim Woodward, English actor April 25 – Ron Clements, American animation director, producer April 28 Roberto Bolaño, Chilean author (d. 2003) Kim Gordon, American rock musician April 29 Nikolai Budarin, Russian cosmonaut Bill Drummond, South African-born British artist and musician (The KLF, K Foundation etc.) April 30 – Merrill Osmond, American pop singer May May 2 Valery Gergiev, Russian-Ossetian conductor Jamaal Wilkes, American basketball player May 3 Gary Young, American musician (Pavement, Gary Young's Hospital) Ibrahim Zakzaky, Nigerian Shia-Islam cleric May 4 – Salman Hashimikov, Soviet heavyweight wrestler May 5 – Dieter Zetsche, German auto executive May 6 Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Graeme Souness, Scottish footballer, manager Lynn Whitfield, African-American actress Aleksandr Akimov, Soviet engineer who was the shift supervisor during the events of the Chernobyl disaster (d. 1986) May 7 – Ian McKay, British soldier, (VC recipient) (d. 1982) May 8 Billy Burnette, American musician Alex Van Halen, Dutch-born American rock musician May 11 – David Gest, American entertainer, producer and television personality (d. 2016) May 14 Michael Hebranko, American exemplar of morbid/mortal obesity (d. 2013) Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia May 15 George Brett, American Major League Baseball player Mike Oldfield, English composer (Tubular Bells) May 16 Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor Richard Page, American musician May 17 – Luca Prodan, Italian–Scottish musician and singer (d. 1987) May 18 –Jan Paweł II papież,Polish pope May 19 – Victoria Wood, English comic performer (d. 2016) May 20 – Robert Doyle, Australian politician May 21 – Jim Devine, British politician May 23 – Agathe Uwilingiyimana, 4th Prime Minister of Rwanda (d. 1994) May 24 – Alfred Molina, English actor May 26 Kay Hagan, American lawyer, banking executive and politician (d. 2019) Michael Portillo, English politician May 29 Aleksandr Abdulov, Russian actor (d. 2008) Danny Elfman, American composer May 30 – Colm Meaney, Irish actor May 31 – Kathie Sullivan, American singer June June 1 David Berkowitz, American serial killer Diana Canova, American actress, adjunct professor June 2 Keith Allen, British actor Cornel West, African-American philosopher, political activist, social critic, author June 3 – Erland Van Lidth De Jeude, Dutch-born wrestler, opera singer and actor (d. 1987) June 4 Paul De Meo, American screenwriter, producer (d. 2018) Susumu Ojima, Japanese entrepreneur June 5 – Kathleen Kennedy, American film producer June 7 Johnny Clegg, South African Zulu musician and anthropologist (d. 2019) Dougie Donnelly, Scottish television broadcaster June 8 – Ivo Sanader, 8th Prime Minister of Croatia June 10 – John Edwards, American politician June 11 Peter Bergman, American actor Barbara Minty, American model June 12 – Michael Donovan, Canadian voice actor June 13 Tim Allen, American actor, comedian (Home Improvement) Atso Almila, Finnish conductor, composer June 14 – Hana Laszlo, Israeli actress and comedian June 15 Antonia Rados, Austrian television journalist Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People's Republic of China June 19 – Ken Davitian, Armenian–American actor, comedian and restaurateur June 20 – Ulrich Mühe, German actor (d. 2007) June 21 – Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2007) June 22 Wim Eijk, Dutch archbishop Cyndi Lauper, American singer (Girls Just Wanna Have Fun) June 23 Armen Sarkissian, 4th President of Armenia Steven Scarborough, American gay pornographic film director Pake McEntire, American country music artist June 24 Ivo Lill, Estonian artist June 26 James Wong, Malaysian footballer Kristján L. Möller, Icelandic politician Wee Choo Keong, Malaysian politician Neil Record, British businessman, author and economist June 27 Hartmut Flöckner, German swimmer Efraín Morales Sánchez, Mexican politician Kem Sokha, Cambodian politician, activist June 29 Dorin Dănilă, Romanian admiral Don Dokken, American rock singer, musician Colin Hay, Scottish-born Australian singer-songwriter (Men at Work) Lonnie Nielsen, American professional golfer Ivan Malakhov, Russian politician June 30 – Joan Lin, Taiwanese actress July July 1 Pat Donovan, American football offensive lineman Lawrence Gonzi, 11th Prime Minister of Malta David Gulpilil, Australian traditional dancer and actor Mike Haynes, American football player Jadranka Kosor, Croatian politician Nasir Ali Mamun, Bengali portrait photographer Sangay Ngedup, Prime Minister of Bhutan Mohammad Tofiq Rahim, Iraqi Kurdish politician Alan Sunderland, English footballer July 2 – Nacer Sandjak, Algerian footballer and manager July 3 Lotta Sollander, Swedish alpine skier Les Strong, English association footballer July 4 Wong Siu-yee, Hong Kong politician Santiago Formoso, Spanish-American soccer defender July 5 - Harish Patel, Indian actor July 6 Nanci Griffith, American country folk singer-songwriter (d. 2021) Mike Riley, American football head coach Marcela Váchová, Czech artistic gymnast July 7 – Eleri Rees, Welsh judge July 9 François Diederich, Luxembourgish chemist Peter Land, New Zealand actor, singer July 10 Rik Emmett, Canadian singer-songwriter and lead guitarist (Triumph) Édouard Guillaud, French admiral July 11 Angélica Aragón, Mexican actress Leon Spinks, African-American boxer (d. 2021) Mindy Sterling, American actress Wu Shu-chen, Taiwanese politician Piyasvasti Amranand, Thailand's Energy Minister July 12 – Alessi Brothers, American pop rock singer-songwriter duo July 13 Gil Birmingham, Native American actor David Thompson, American basketball player July 14 Bebe Buell, American model and singer Katsuya Okada, Japanese politician July 15 Sultanah Haminah, Malaysian royal consort Mohamad Shahrum Osman, Malaysian politician Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President of Haiti Raisul Islam Asad, Bangladeshi actor Mila Pivnicki, wife of Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney Neda Arnerić, Serbian film actress (d. 2020) July 16 – Ahmad Fuad Ismail, Malaysian politician; 9th mayor of Kuala Lumpur July 17 – Nuria Bages, Mexican actress July 19 Paula Saldanha, Brazilian journalist, presenter, writer, illustrator and environmentalist Pasquale Valentini, Sammarinese politician Shōichi Nakagawa, Japanese politician (d. 2009) July 21 Jeff Fatt, Australian musician, former member of The Wiggles Sylvia Chang, Taiwanese actress July 23 – Najib Abdul Razak, 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia July 24 Tadashi Kawamata, Japanese contemporary artist Claire McCaskill, U.S. Senator July 25 Tim Gunn, American fashion expert Robert Zoellick, American public official and lawyer July 26 – Robert Phillips (guitarist), American classical guitarist July 27 – Yahoo Serious, Australian filmmaker July 29 Ken Burns, American documentary filmmaker Geddy Lee, Canadian rock musician (Rush) July 31 Tōru Furuya, Japanese voice actor James Read, American actor August August 1 Robert Cray, American musician Steven Krasner, American sportswriter August 2 – Butch Patrick, American child actor and musician August 3 – Randy Scruggs, American music producer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 2018) August 4 Antonio Tajani, Italian politician, President of the European Parliament Elisabetta Viviani, Italian singer, actress and television presenter August 5 András Ligeti, Hungarian villonist and conductor (d. 2021) Rick Mahler, American baseball player (d. 2005) David J. Sugarbaker, American physician (d. 2018) August 7 – Lesley Nicol, English actress August 8 Lloyd Austin, 28th United States Secretary of Defense Nigel Mansell, English 1992 Formula 1 world champion August 9 – Jean Tirole, French Nobel Prize-winning economist August 10 – Richard Cansino, American voice actor August 11 – Hulk Hogan, American professional wrestler August 12 Carlos Mesa, President of Bolivia Teddi Siddall, American actress (d. 2018) August 14 Cliff Johnson, American game designer James Horner, American film composer (d. 2015) August 15 Wolfgang Hohlbein, German writer of science fiction, fantasy and horror fiction Carol Thatcher, English television personality Sir Mark Thatcher, English businessman August 16 – Kathie Lee Gifford, American singer and actress August 17 Noni Hazlehurst, Australian actress and presenter Herta Müller, German Nobel Prize-winning writer August 18 – Louie Gohmert, American politician August 19 – Benoît Régent, French actor (d. 1994) August 20 Peter Horton, American actor and director Mike Jackson, member of the Texas Senate August 21 – Géza Szőcs, Hungarian poet and politician August 24 – Ron Holloway, American tenor saxophonist August 26 Edward Lowassa, 8th Prime Minister of Tanzania Pat Sharkey, Irish footballer August 27 Alex Lifeson, Canadian rock musician (Rush) Peter Stormare, Swedish actor August 29 – James Quesada, Nicaraguan-born anthropologist August 30 Robin Harris, American comedian and actor (d. 1990) Robert Parish, American basketball player August 31 György Károly, Hungarian author (d. 2018) Marcia Clark, American prosecutor, author, television correspondent and television producer September September 2 – John Zorn, American musician September 4 Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, African-American actor Fatih Terim, Turkish footballer and manager September 6 – Anne Lockhart, American actress September 7 – Mammootty, Indian actor September 8 – Stu Ungar, American poker player (d. 1998) September 10 – Amy Irving, American actress September 11 Renée Geyer, Australian singer Tommy Shaw, American guitarist and singer Lesley Visser, American sportscaster and journalist September 12 Nan Goldin, American photographer Stephen Sprouse, American fashion designer, artist and photographer (d. 2004) September 13 Ann Dusenberry, American film actress Doug Worgul, American novelist September 14 – Harold Covington, American political activist (d. 2018) September 17 – Altaf Hussain, Pakistani politician September 18 – Betsy Boze, American dean and CEO, Kent State University at Stark September 19 – Probal Dasgupta, Indian linguist and Esperantist September 21 Andrew Heermans, American musician, recording engineer, music producer Kevin Tamati, New Zealand rugby league player September 22 Ségolène Royal, French politician David Wohl, American television and film actor September 23 – Alexey Maslov, commander-in-chief of the Russian Ground Forces September 27 – Greg Ham, Australian rock musician (Men at Work) September 29 Denis Potvin, Canadian Hall of Fame hockey player Randy West, American radio personality and game show announcer September 30 – Deborah Allen, American singer October October 1 Grete Waitz, Norwegian athlete (d. 2011) Klaus Wowereit, German politician October 2 – Brandon Wilson, American author and explorer October 4 – Kerry Sherman, American actress October 7 – Tico Torres, American Drummer (Bon Jovi) October 9 – Tony Shalhoub, American actor October 10 – Midge Ure, Scottish musician, singer-songwriter and producer October 12 Les Dennis, British comedian and television presenter Serge Lepeltier, French politician October 14 Greg Evigan, American actor Shelley Ackerman, American astrologer, actress, writer October 15 Tito Jackson, African-American singer and guitarist (The Jackson 5) Larry Miller, American actor and comedian October 16 Paulo Roberto Falcão, Brazilian footballer and manager Martha Smith, American model and actress October 20 – Bill Nunn, African-American actor (d. 2016) October 21 Charlotte Caffey, American guitarist and songwriter Keith Green, American-born Christian piano player (d. 1982) Peter Mandelson, British politician and member of the Labour Party Hugh Wolff, American orchestral conductor October 22 – Loyiso Nongxa, South African mathematician October 24 Christoph Daum, German footballer and manager Steven Hatfill, American physician, virologist and bio-weapons expert David Wright, British composer and producer, co-founder of AD Music October 26 – Keith Strickland, American musician (The B-52's) October 27 Paul Alcock, English football referee (d. 2018) Peter Firth, British actor Robert Picardo, American actor October 29 Lorelei King, American-born actress Batton Lash, American comic book writer and artist (d. 2019) October 31 – Michael J. Anderson, American actor November November 1 Darrell Issa, American businessman and Congressman Susan Tse, Hong Kong actress and opera singer Bruce Poliquin, American politician November 2 – Tom Lyle, American comics artist (d. 2019) November 3 Koji Horaguchi, Japanese rugby union player (d. 1999) Dennis Miller, American comedian and radio host Kate Capshaw, American actress November 4 Carlos Gutierrez, American politician Peter Lord, British film producer and director Van Stephenson, American singer-songwriter (d. 2001) November 5 – Florentino V. Floro, Filipino dwarf judge November 7 – Ottfried Fischer, German actor and Kabarett artist November 8 – John Musker, American animation director November 11 Andy Partridge, British musician and frontman of the band XTC November 13 Andrés Manuel López Obrador, President of Mexico (2018—present) Waswo X. Waswo, American photographer Diana Weston, Canadian-born English screen actress Mokhtar Dahari, Malaysian footballer (d. 1991) November 14 – Dominique de Villepin, Prime Minister of France November 15 – Alexander O'Neal, American singer November 16 – Griff Rhys Jones, Welsh comedian, writer, actor and television presenter November 18 Jan Kuehnemund, American guitarist (Vixen) (d. 2013) Alan Moore, English writer and magician Kevin Nealon, American actor and comedian Kath Soucie, American actress and voice actress November 19 Robert Beltran, American actor Tom Villard, American actor (d. 1994) November 23 – Francis Cabrel, French singer November 24 Glenn Withrow, American actress Tod Machover, American composer November 25 – Graham Eadie, Australian rugby league player November 27 Steve Bannon, American political figure Richard Stone, American composer (d. 2001) Boris Grebenshchikov, Soviet and Russian rock musician Curtis Armstrong, American actor Lyle Mays, American jazz pianist and composer (d. 2020) November 28 – Pamela Hayden, American voice actress November 29 Alex Grey, American artist Vlado Kreslin, Slovenian singer Christine Pascal, French actress, director and screenwriter (d. 1996) Rosemary West, British serial killer Moshe Ivgy, Moroccan-born Israeli actor November 30 – June Pointer, American singer (The Pointer Sisters) (d. 2006) December December 2 – Joel Fuhrman, American certified family physician December 6 Geoff Hoon, British Labour Party politician Tom Hulce, American actor and theater producer Gary Ward, American baseball player December 8 Kim Basinger, American actress and fashion model Norman G. Finkelstein, American political scientist Sam Kinison, American comedian (d. 1992) December 9 John Malkovich, American actor and film director Hiromitsu Ochiai, Japanese baseball player and manager December 11 Richard Carter, Australian actor (d. 2019) Thampi Kannanthanam, Indian film director, screenwriter, producer and actor (d. 2018) December 13 Ben Bernanke, American economist, Federal Reserve System chairman Bob Gainey, Canadian hockey player Pat Torpey, American drummer (Mr. Big) (d. 2018) December 14 Gail Matthius, American actress, voice actress and comedian Vangelis Meimarakis, Greek lawyer and politician, 4th Greek Minister for National Defence December 16 – Héctor Timerman, Argentine journalist and politician (d. 2018) December 17 Ikue Mori, Japanese drummer, composer and graphic designer Bill Pullman, American actor Mykola Melnyk, Soviet-Ukrainian pilot and liquidator hero (d. 2013) December 18 Kevin Beattie, English footballer (d. 2018) Khas-Magomed Hadjimuradov, Chechen bard December 21 – András Schiff, Hungarian concert pianist and conductor December 22 David Leisner, American guitarist and composer Bern Nadette Stanis, African-American actress December 23 Nuria Bages, Mexican stage and television actress Marián Geišberg, Slovak actor (d. 2018) Martha Wash, American singer-songwriter, actress and producer December 24 – Timothy Carhart, American actor December 26 Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic Toomas Hendrik Ilves, Estonian politician, 4th President of Estonia December 27 – Gina Lopez, Filipino environmentalist and philanthropist (d. 2019) December 28 Richard Clayderman, French pianist Tatsumi Fujinami, Japanese professional wrestler December 29 Thomas Bach, 9th President of the International Olympic Committee Stanley Williams, American gang member (d. 2005) December 30 Dana Key, American Christian musician, guitarist and preacher (DeGarmo and Key) (d. |
Thompson and Frederick Bywaters ends at the Old Bailey in London, for the murder of Thompson's husband; both are found guilty and sentenced to hang. December 16 – Gabriel Narutowicz, sworn on December 11 as first president of the Second Polish Republic, is assassinated by a right-wing sympathizer in Warsaw. December 20 – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on stage in Paris, with settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger and costumes by Coco Chanel. December 27 – Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō becomes the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be commissioned. December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. December – The year ends with hyperinflation showing no sign of slowing down in Germany, with 7,000 marks now needed to buy a single American dollar. Date unknown Wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations, and motivated by hostility and arrogance as well, the Weimar Republic announces its inability to pay more, and proposes a moratorium on reparations for 3 years. Kurd Istigdul Djemijetin, the Kurdish Independence Committee, is founded. The Inter-Parliamentary Union is established. Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Vegemite is invented by Australian entrepreneur Fred Walker. The Molly Pitcher Club is formed to promote the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. Thompson Webb founds the Webb School of California for boys in Claremont. The Barbary lion becomes extinct in the wild, with the last killed in Morocco, in the area of the Zelan and Beni Mguild Forests. The Amur tiger becomes extinct in South Korea. Bronisław Malinowski's influential ethnological text, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, is published. Births January January 1 Fritz Hollings, American politician (d. 2019) José de Jesús Sahagún de la Parra, Mexican Roman Catholic bishop January 2 Blaga Dimitrova, Bulgarian poet and politician (d. 2003) María Fux, Argentine dancer and choreographer January 3 – John R. Schmidhauser, American politician (d. 2018) January 4 – Karl-Erik Nilsson, Swedish wrestler (d. 2017) January 5 – Helen Smith, American female baseball player (d. 2019) January 6 – Hugo Broch, German lieutenant and pilot January 8 Jan Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter (d. 1986) Rolf Stoltenberg, German field hockey player January 9 Anton Kinzel, Austrian chess player Har Gobind Khorana, Indian biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2011) Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinean politician, President of Guinea (1958–1984) (d. 1984) January 10 – Terence Kilmartin, Irish journalist, translator (d. 1991) January 12 – Tadeusz Żychiewicz, Polish journalist, art historian and publicist (d. 1994) January 13 Bud Anderson, American fighter pilot Albert Lamorisse, French film director (d. 1970) January 14 Manmohan Tudu, Indian politician Guy Stern, German literary scholar January 15 – Lucio De Caro, Italian screenwriter and film director January 16 – Ernesto Bonino, Italian singer (d. 2008) January 17 Miodrag Jovanović, Serbian footballer (d. 2009) Luis Echeverría, 50th President of Mexico Nicholas Katzenbach, United States Attorney General (d. 2012) Betty White, American actress, television personality and animal welfare activist (d. 2021) January 18 – Agathe Poschmann, German actress January 19 Lila Cockrell, former Mayor of San Antonio (d. 2019) Guy Madison, American actor (d. 1996) January 20 Ray Anthony, American trumpet player, composer, bandleader and actor Bhisadej Rajani, Thai prince Ed Westcott, American photographer (d. 2019) January 21 Lincoln Alexander, Canadian politician (d. 2012) Sam Mele, American baseball player, manager (d. 2017) Telly Savalas, American actor, singer (d. 1994) Paul Scofield, English actor (d. 2008) Predrag Vranicki, Yugoslav and Croatian philosopher (d. 2002) Rhoda Wurtele, Canadian skier Rhona Wurtele, Canadian skier (d. 2020) January 22 Leonel Brizola, Brazilian politician (d. 2004) Annabelle Lee, American female professional baseball player (d. 2008) Howard Moss, American poet, dramatist, and critic (d. 1987) Bill Waterhouse, Australian bookmaker, businessman and barrister (d. 2019) January 24 – Charles Socarides, American psychiatrist (d. 2005) January 26 Morton Mintz, American investigative journalist Bob Thomas, American Hollywood biographer, reporter (d. 2014) Ellen Vogel, Dutch film, television actress (d. 2015) January 28 – Robert W. Holley, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1993) January 29 – Gerda Steinhoff, German Nazi war criminal (d. 1946) January 30 Rosemary Kuhlmann, American soprano and actress (d. 2019) Dick Martin, American comedian (d. 2008) January 31 Joanne Dru, American actress (d. 1996) Qin Yi, Chinese actress February February 1 – Renata Tebaldi, Italian soprano (d. 2004) February 2 Shmuel Agmon, Israeli mathematician Robert Chef d'Hôtel, French athlete (d. 2019) Juan Marichal, Spanish-Canarian historian, literary critic and essayist (d. 2010) Stoyanka Mutafova, Bulgarian actress (d. 2019) Induratana Paribatra, Thai royal James L. Usry, American politician, first African-American mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey (d. 2002) February 4 Bernard Kalb, American journalist William Edward Phipps, American actor, producer (d. 2018) February 5 – Hanna Newcombe, Czech-born Canadian peace researcher (d. 2011) February 6 Witold Kieżun, Polish economist (d. 2021) Patrick Macnee, British actor (d. 2015) Jean-Baptiste Maquet, Belgian fencer Denis Norden, British television, radio scriptwriter and personality (d. 2018) Haskell Wexler, American cinematographer (d. 2015) February 7 Hattie Jacques, English actress (d. 1980) Antonio Nardini, Italian historian and author (d. 2020) February 8 Yuri Averbakh, Russian chess player and author Audrey Meadows, American actress (d. 1996) February 9 Kathryn Grayson, American actress (d. 2010) Jim Laker, British cricketer (d. 1986) February 10 – Árpád Göncz, President of Hungary (d. 2015) February 12 – Hussein Onn, third Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1990) February 13 David O. Moberg, American sociologist Hal Moore, American Lieutenant general, non-fiction writer (d. 2017) Fred E. Soucy, Canadian politician Gordon Tullock, American economist (d. 2014) February 15 John Bayard Anderson, American Congressman, presidential candidate (d. 2017) Poul Thomsen, Danish actor (d. 1988) February 16 – Frédéric Rossif, French film, television director (d. 1991) February 17 Enrico Banducci, American nightclub owner (d. 2007) Tommy Edwards, American singer, songwriter (d. 1969) February 18 Helen Gurley Brown, American editor, publisher (d. 2012) J. Keith Fraser, Canadian physical geographer Eric Gairy, 1st Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1997) Connie Wisniewski, American professional baseball player (d. 1995) February 19 – Margherita Marchione, American Roman Catholic sister, writer, teacher and apologist (d. 2021) February 22 Gesner Abelard, Haitian painter and sculptor Nessim Gaon, Swiss financier Esperanza Magaz, Cuban-born Venezuelan actress (d. 2013) Mohd Hamdan Abdullah, Malaysian politician (d. 1977) February 23 – James L. Holloway III, American naval officer (d. 2019) February 24 Ruth Godfrey, American film actress (d. 1985) Richard Hamilton, British painter (d. 2011) Steven Hill, American actor (d. 2016) February 25 – Molly Reilly, Canadian aviator (d. 1980) February 26 William Baumol, American economist (d. 2017) Margaret Leighton, British actress (d. 1976) Paatje Phefferkorn, Dutch martial artist (d. 2021) Karl Aage Præst, Danish football player (d. 2011) March March 1 Naftali Blumenthal, Israeli politician Michael Flanders, English actor, songwriter (d. 1975) William Gaines, American magazine publisher (MAD) (d. 1992) William R. Lucas, American space flight director Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1995) March 2 Hilarion Capucci, Syrian Catholic bishop (d. 2017) Arnold Hano, American writer (d. 2021) Rafael Lledó, Argentine basketball player March 3 – Nándor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer (d. 2002) March 4 Richard E. Cunha, American cinematographer, film director (d. 2005) Martha O'Driscoll, American film actress (d. 1998) Dina Pathak, Gujarati theatre, film actress (d. 2002) March 5 – Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italian film director (d. 1975) March 6 – Wanda Klaff, German Nazi war criminal (d. 1946) March 7 – Andy Phillip, American basketball player and coach (d. 2001) March 8 Ralph H. Baer, German-born American inventor (d. 2014) Cyd Charisse, American actress, dancer (d. 2008) Yevgeny Matveyev, Soviet and Russian actor and film director (d. 2003) Mizuki Shigeru, Japanese author (d. 2015) March 9 Bill Bainbridge, English footballer (d. 1966) Herb Douglas, American athlete Flemming Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg (d. 2002) Floyd McKissick, American lawyer and civil rights activist (d. 1991) March 11 – Abdul Razak Hussein, second Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1976) March 12 Jack Kerouac, American author (d. 1969) Lane Kirkland, American union leader (d. 1999) March 13 – Jim Wiggins, English actor (d. 1999) March 14 Arch Johnson, American actor (d. 1997) China Zorrilla, Uruguayan actress, director and producer (d. 2014) March 15 – Karl-Otto Apel, German philosopher (d. 2017) March 16 – Harding Lemay, American television scriptwriter, playwright (d. 2018) March 17 – Patrick Suppes, American philosopher (d. 2014) March 18 Fred Shuttlesworth, American civil rights leader (d. 2011) Egon Bahr, German politician (d. 2015) Karl Kordesch, Austrian-American inventor (d. 2011) Thomas Rew, American Air Force major general March 19 – Hiroo Onoda, Japanese officer, WWII holdout (d. 2014) March 20 Arnold Burgen, English physicist, pharmacologist, academic and administrator Carl Reiner, American film director, producer, actor, and comedian (d. 2020) March 21 – Russ Meyer, American film director, producer (d. 2004) March 22 Robert L. Backman, American lawyer and politician Choomphol Chaiyanitr, Thai sports shooter Ghazali Shafie, Malaysian politician (d. 2010) Alex Xydias, American racing driver March 23 Marty Allen, American actor, comedian (d. 2018) Robert Simons, English cricketer, cricket administrator (d. 2011) March 26 – William Milliken, American politician (d. 2019) March 27 Joan M. Clark, American diplomat Marcel Conche, French philosopher and professor (d. 2022) Murray Olderman, American sports cartoonist and writer (d. 2020) Josephine Kabick, American professional baseball player (AAGPBL) (d. 1978) Stefan Wul, French writer (d. 2003) March 28 Felice Chiusano, Italian singer (Quartetto Cetra) (d. 1990) Joey Maxim, American boxer (d. 2001) B. Neminathan, Sri Lankan politician (d. unknown) Prince Heinrich of Bavaria (d. 1958) March 29 March Fong Eu, American politician (d. 2017) Bill Wynne, American author, photographer and dog trainer (d. 2021) March 31 Richard Kiley, American actor, singer (d. 1999) Art Shay, American photographer, writer (d. 2018) April April 1 William Manchester, American writer (d. 2004) Saad el-Shazly, Egyptian military commander (d. 2011) April 3 Doris Day, American actress and singer (d. 2019) Maurice Riel, Canadian senator (d. 2007) April 4 Dionísio Azevedo, Brazilian television, theatre, and film actor, director, and writer (d. 1994) Elmer Bernstein, American composer (d. 2004) Irwin Belk, American businessman, politician (d. 2018) Banamali Patnaik, Indian politician April 5 Tom Finney, English footballer (d. 2014) Gale Storm, American singer, actress (d. 2009) April 6 – Nancy Mackay, Canadian athlete (d. 2016) April 7 Dircinha Batista, Brazilian actress and singer (d. 1999) Margia Dean, American actress Mongo Santamaría, Cuban jazz musician (d. 2003) Lothar Sieber, German test pilot (d. 1945) April 8 – Carmen McRae, American jazz singer (d. 1994) April 9 Kazui Nihonmatsu, Japanese film director Johnny Thomson, American racecar driver (d. 1960) April 13 – Julius Nyerere, 1st President of Tanzania (d. 1999) April 14 – Ali Akbar Khan, Indian musician (d. 2009) April 15 – Michael Ansara, Syrian-born American actor (d. 2013) April 16 Kingsley Amis, English novelist (d. 1995) Leo Tindemans, 43rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014) April 18 Barbara Hale, American actress (d. 2017) Paulo Nogueira Neto, Brazilian environmentalist (d. 2019) April 19 Luigi Barbarito, Italian prelate (d. 2017) Erich Hartmann, German World War II fighter pilot, highest-scoring ace in world history (d. 1993) Rose Marie McCoy, African-American songwriter (d. 2015) April 20 – Gunvor Björhäll, Swedish curler April 21 Valérie André, French general, neurosurgeon and aviator Alistair MacLean, Scottish writer (d. 1987) April 22 Roy Harrisville, American theologian Charles Mingus, African-American musician (d. 1979) Ingeborg Schmitz, German swimmer April 23 – Marjorie Cameron, American writer, painter, actress and occultist (d. 1995) April 24 Susanna Agnelli, Italian politician (d. 2009) Antun Bogetić, Croatian Catholic prelate (d. 2017) April 26 Keith McKenzie, Australian rules footballer, coach (d. 2018) Jeanne Sauvé, Canadian journalist and politician, Governor General of Canada (d. 1993) Margaret Scott, South African ballerina, choreographer (d. 2019) April 27 Mosese Bogisa, Fijian cricketer Martin Gray, Polish writer (d. 2016) Jack Klugman, American actor (d. 2012) April 28 William Broomfield, American politician (d. 2019) Joseph Wilson Morris, American lawyer and federal judge (d. 2021) April 29 – Toots Thielemans, Belgian jazz musician (d. 2016) May May 1 Alastair Gillespie, Canadian scholar, politician (d. 2018) Vitaly Popkov, Russian fighter ace (d. 2010) May 2 Fred Aftalion, French chemical engineer Roscoe Lee Browne, African-American actor (d. 2007) May 3 Felix Kolmer, Czech physicist Deborah Szekely, American activist, philanthropist and writer May 4 – Eugenie Clark, American marine biologist (d. 2015) May 6 Anna Elizabeth Botha, first wife of South African State President P. W. Botha (d. 1997) Vladimir Etush, Russian actor (d. 2019) Hazem Nuseibeh, Jordanian politician and diplomat May 7 Darren McGavin, American actor (d. 2006) Joe O'Donnell, American documentary photographer, photojournalist (d. 2007) May 8 – Yusof Rawa, Malaysian politician (d. 2000) May 9 – Rolands Kalniņš, Latvian film director May 10 – Nancy Walker, American actress, singer and director (d. 1992) May 11 Bhabani Charan Pattanayak, Indian politician and independence activist (d. 2020) Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera, Filipino Supreme Court jurist (d. 2020) May 12 Paul Milstein, American real estate developer (d. 2010) Gordon Mydland, American politician and lawyer Wilburn K. Ross, American WWII veteran (d. 2017) Murray Gershenz, American character actor, entrepreneur (d. 2013) May 13 Otl Aicher, German graphic artist (d. 1991) Michael Ainsworth, British cricketer (d. 1978) Billy Gabor, American basketball player (d. 2019) Bea Arthur, American actress, comedian (d. 2009) May 14 – Franjo Tuđman, first President of Croatia (d. 1999) Richard Deacon, American actor (d. 1984) May 15 Erich Gehmann, German sports shooter Jakucho Setouchi, Japanese writer, Buddhist nun (d. 2021) Selma Engel-Wijnberg, Dutch Holocaust survivor (d. 2018) May 18 Gerda Boyesen, Norwegian-born body psychotherapist (d. 2005) Bill Macy, American actor (Maude) (d. 2019) Kai Winding, Danish-born musician (d. 1983) May 19 Joe Gilmore, Irish barman (Savoy Hotel's American Bar) (d. 2015) Arthur Gorrie, Australian hobby shop proprietor (d. 1992) May 21 – James Lopez Watson, American judge (d. 2001) May 22 – Quinn Martin, American television producer (d. 1987) May 23 – Gerald Holton, American physicist, science historian and educator May 25 Enrico Berlinguer, Italian politician (d. 1984) William V. McBride, American general May 26 – Judith Lauand, Brazilian painter and printmaker May 27 Otto Carius, German tank commander (d. 2015) Sir Christopher Lee, English actor, singer (d. 2015) May 28 Lou Duva, American boxing trainer (d. 2017) Tuomas Gerdt, Finnish soldier, last living Knight of the Mannerheim Cross (d. 2020) Pompeyo Márquez, Venezuelan politician (d. 2017) May 29 Eleanor Coerr, American writer (d. 2010) Lee Sung-yang, Taiwanese entomologist Reginald Rodrigues, Indian field hockey player (d. 1995) Edith Roger, Norwegian dancer, choreographer and stage director Iannis Xenakis, Greek composer (d. 2001) May 30 – Hal Clement, American writer (d. 2003) May 31 Jean Cussac, French baritone and music director Denholm Elliott, English actor (d. 1992) June June 1 Joan Copeland, American actress (d. 2022) Bibi Ferreira, Brazilian actress (d. 2019) Povel Ramel, Swedish musician (d. 2007) June 2 Santo Pezzutti, Italian-born American artist Charlie Sifford, American golfer (d. 2015) June 3 – Alain Resnais, French film director (d. 2014) June 4 – Joe Vancisin, American basketball coach and executive (d. 2021) June 5 – Sheila Sim, English actress (d. 2016) June 7 C. Dass, Indian politician (d. 2001) Aleksander Krawczuk, Polish historian and academic Selma van de Perre, Dutch-born English resistance fighter P. Sabanayagam, Indian military officer June 9 – George Axelrod, American scriptwriter (d. 2003) June 10 Robert Alan Aurthur, American screenwriter (d. 1978) Judy Garland, American singer, actress (d. 1969) Chandra Gunasekera, Sri Lankan politician June 11 – Tibor Baranski, Hungarian-American educator (d. 2019) June 12 – Margherita Hack, Italian astrophysicist (d. 2013) June 13 – Edward Shames, American army officer (d. 2021) June 14 – Kevin Roche, Irish-American architect (d. 2019) June 16 – Wayne Mixson, American politician (d. 2020) June 18 Claude Helffer, French pianist (d. 2004) Donald Keene, American-born Japanese scholar, historian, teacher, writer and translator (d. 2019) June 19 Aage Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009) Marilyn P. Johnson, American educator and diplomat Fritz Schollmeyer, German football manager June 21 – Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Burkinabé historian, politician and writer (d. 2006) June 22 Mona Lisa, Filipino actress (d. 2019) William L. Stearman, American author and government official (d. 2021) Armando Tre Re, Italian football player (d. 2003) June 23 – Wu Yingyin, Chinese singer (d. 2009) June 24 Jack Carter, American comedian, actor and television presenter (d. 2015) Abou Rejaile Bechara, Lebanese wrestler Tata Giacobetti, Italian singer, lyricist (d. 1988) June 25 – Sita bint Fahd Al Damir, Saudi princess (d. 2012) June 26 Enzo Apicella, London-based artist, cartoonist, designer, and restaurateur (d. 2018) Eleanor Parker, American actress (d. 2013) June 27 – George Walker, African-American composer (d. 2018) June 28 Hans Frauenfelder, Swiss-born American physicist, biophysicist John Nicholson Black, English educator (d. 2018) June 29 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (d. 1991) June 30 – Mike Lude, American football and baseball player and coach July July 1 Mordechai Bibi, Israeli politician Derek Riley, Canadian rower (d. 2018) Warren Winkelstein, American epidemiologist (d. 2012) July 2 Pierre Cardin, Italian-born French fashion designer (d. 2020) Judy Hall, Australian pianist and musician Howard Wesley Johnson, American educator (d. 2009) Paula Valenska, Czech actress (d. 1994) July 3 Theo Brokmann Jr., Dutch football player (d. 2003) Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo (Corneille), Dutch painter (d. 2010) Viggo Rivad, Danish photographer (d. 2016) Howie Schultz, American baseball, basketball player (d. 2009) July 4 Charles Csuri, American artist Noble Frankland, English military historian (d. 2019) R. James Harvey, American politician, jurist (d. 2019) Albert Kresch, American painter July 5 Doris Margaret Anderson, Canadian nutritionist and senator Hélio Bicudo, Brazilian jurist, politician (d. 2018) July 6 William Schallert, American character actor (d. 2016) Toni Seven, American cover girl, actress (d. 1991) July 7 James D. Hughes, American Air Force lieutenant general Francis Jeanson, French philosopher (d. 2009) Vladimir Marchenko, Soviet-born Ukrainian mathematician P. Gopinathan Nair, Indian social worker Reidar Torp, Norwegian military officer (d. 2017) July 8 Bobby Hill, American motorcycle racer Eugenio Martínez, Cuban-born American Watergate burglar (d. 2021) July 9 – Jim Pollard, American basketball player and coach (d. 1993) July 10 Jack Arthurs, American politician (d. 2020) Fred Furniss, English footballer (d. 2017) Petar Kovachev, Bulgarian cross country skier Jake LaMotta, American boxer (d. 2017) Herb McKenley, Jamaican Olympic sprinter (d. 2007) July 11 John J. Maurer, American politician, airline pilot (d. 2019) Jerald terHorst, American journalist, White House press secretary (d. 2010) July 12 – Mark Hatfield, American politician, educator (d. 2011) July 13 Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar, Egyptian military commander (d. 2011) Leslie Brooks, American actress, dancer (d. 2011) Fred Fiedler, American psychologist (d. 2017) Louis R. Harlan, American academic historian (d. 2010) Fran Hopper, American comic book artist (d. 2017) Anker Jørgensen, Danish politician (d. 2016) Ken Mosdell, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006) July 14 Bernie Agrons, American politician (d. 2015) Julio Cozzi, Argentine football goalkeeper (d. 2011) Käbi Laretei, Estonian and Swedish concert pianist (d. 2014) Bill Millin, English personal piper (d. 2010) Gerald Myrden, American businessman (d. 2016) Robin Olds, American fighter pilot (d. 2007) Elfriede Rinkel, German SS officer (d. 2018) July 15 Henri Bangou, French politician Ghulam Nabi Firaq, Kashmiri poet, writer and educationist (d. 2016) B. Rajam Iyer, South Indian Carnatic singer (d. 2009) Leon M. Lederman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) Dottie Frazier, American scuba diver July 16 Samuel Conti, American politician (d. 2018) Anatoli Levitin, Soviet Russian painter, art educator (d. 2018) July 17 Jane Cronin Scanlon, American mathematician (d. 2018) Tetsurō Tamba, Japanese actor (d. 2006) July 18 Harry Kermode, Canadian basketball player (d. 2009) Thomas Kuhn, American philosopher of science (d. 1996) Ray Lambert, Welsh footballer (d. 2009) Hedy Stenuf, Austrian figure skater (d. 2010) July 19 George McGovern, American politician, historian and author (d. 2012) Rachel Robinson, American nurse, professor Stig Sundqvist, Swedish footballer (d. 2011) Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, King of Malaysia (d. 2008) July 20 Ruth Bidgood, Welsh poet and local historian Wolfgang Klausewitz, German zoologist, ichthyologist, marine biologist and biohistorian (d. 2018) Alan Stephenson Boyd, American attorney and 1st United States Secretary of Transportation (d. 2020) July 21 Demeter Bitenc, Slovenian film actor (d. 2018) Kay Starr, American jazz and pop singer (d. 2016) Mollie Sugden, English comedy actress (d. 2009) July 22 – Julia Farron, English ballerina (d. 2019) July 23 Paul Meyer, Swiss rower Jenny Pike, Canadian WWII servicewoman and photographer (d. 2004) July 25 John B. Goodenough, German-American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate Ursula Münzer-Linder, German violinist July 26 Gilberto Agustoni, Swiss prelate (d. 2017) Anna Berger, American actress (d. 2014) Blake Edwards, American film director (d. 2010) Wylie Gibbs, Australian surgeon and politician Jason Robards, American actor (d. 2000) Hoyt Wilhelm, American baseball pitcher (d. 2002) July 27 Joe D'Orazio, English professional wrestler and referee Norman Lear, American television writer and producer Adolfo Celi, Italian actor and director (d. 1986) July 29 Mac Wilson, Australian rules footballer (d. 1996) Balwant Moreshwar Purandare, Indian writer (d. 2021) July 31 Hank Bauer, American baseball right fielder, manager (d. 2007) Mario Boyé, Argentine footballer (d. 1992) Bill Kaysing, American writer, conspiracy theorist (d. 2005) Mildred T. Stahlman, American neonatologist and academic August August 1 – Paul Fitzgerald, Australian painter (d. 2017) August 2 Maria Helena Andrés, Brazilian artist Betsy Bloomingdale, American socialite and philanthropist (d. 2016) Enrico Bomba, Italian film producer, director and screenwriter (d. unknown) Paul Laxalt, American politician (d. 2018) Tupua Leupena, Tuvaluan politician (d. 1996) August 3 Robert Sumner, American | Banks, Scottish-born Australian rugby player André Baudry, French magazine editor (d. 2018) September September 1 Yvonne De Carlo, Canadian-born American actress, dancer (d. 2007) Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor, director (d. 2000) September 2 – Arthur Ashkin, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) September 3 Steffan Danielsen, Faroese painter (d. 1976) Salli Terri, Canadian mezzo-soprano (d. 1996) September 4 – Fred Moore, Australian miner and activist (d. 2022) September 5 – Humberto Posada, Colombian fencer September 7 Paulo Autran, Brazilian actor (d. 2007) David Croft, British writer, producer and actor (d. 2011) Necdet Calp, Turkish civil servant, politician (d. 1998) Werner Müller, Swiss canoer September 8 Sid Caesar, American actor, comedian (d. 2014) Annabel Maule, English actress September 9 Bernard Bailyn, American historian and author (d. 2020) Hans Georg Dehmelt, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) Hoyt Curtin, American composer and music producer (d. 2000) Manolis Glezos, Greek Resistance fighter (d. 2020) Warwick Kerr, Brazilian geneticist (d. 2018) September 10 – Edward B. Jelks, American archaeologist (d. 2021) September 11 Charles Evers, American politician and civil rights activist (d. 2020) Baksi Nayak, Indian politician September 12 Jackson Mac Low, American poet (d. 2004) Peter Sichel, German-born American wine merchant September 13 – Tony Sumpter, American football player (d. 2017) September 15 Jackie Cooper, American actor, director (d. 2011) Gaetano Cozzi, Italian historian (d. 2001) Phyllis Koehn, American female professional baseball player (d. 2007) Adriano Moreira, Portuguese lawyer, professor and politician Mary Soames, Baroness Soames of England (d. 2014) September 16 Guy Hamilton, French-English director, screenwriter (d. 2016) Janis Paige, American actress September 17 Agostinho Neto, 1st President of Angola (d. 1979) Vance Bourjaily, American writer, novelist, playwright, journalist, and essayist (d. 2010) Thomas Finlay, Irish judge, politician and barrister (d. 2017) September 18 – John S. Foster Jr., American physicist September 19 Emil Zatopek, Czechoslovakian athlete (d. 2000) Dana Zátopková, Czech Olympic javelin thrower (d. 2020) September 21 – Lee Hee-ho, First Lady of South Korea (d. 2019) September 22 – Rosa Nell Speer, American southern gospel singer (d. 2017) September 23 – Louise Latham, American actress (d. 2018) September 24 Meche Barba, American-Mexican film actress and dancer (d. 2000) Bert I. Gordon, American film director Floyd Levin, American-born musicologist (d. 2007) Asit Sen, Bengali Indian film director (d. 2001) September 25 Edward Arnett, American chemist Hammer DeRoburt, first President of Nauru (d. 1992) Roger Etchegaray, French cardinal (d. 2019) September 26 – Harold Zvi Schiffrin, American professor September 28 William Leuchtenburg, American professor and historian Jules Sedney, Prime Minister of Suriname (d. 2020) September 29 Noémi Ban, Hungarian-American lecturer, public speaker and Holocaust survivor (d. 2019) Karl-Heinz Köpcke, German television presenter, news speaker (d. 1991) Lizabeth Scott, American actress (d. 2015) October October 1 Burke Marshall, American lawyer, politician (d. 2003) Chen-Ning Yang, Chinese-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate October 3 – Raffaele La Capria, Italian novelist and screenwriter October 4 – Gianna Beretta Molla, Italian Roman Catholic pediatrician, saint (d. 1962) October 5 – José Froilán González, Argentine race car driver (d. 2013) October 6 – George R. Price, American population geneticist (d. 1975) October 7 – Martha Stewart, American actress (d. 2021) October 9 – Fyvush Finkel, American comedian (d. 2016) October 10 Edna Child, English diver Trond Eliassen, Norwegian architect October 11 – Wolfgang Zuckermann, German-American harpsichord maker and sustainability activist (d. 2018) October 12 – Pauline Clayden, English ballerina October 13 – Nathaniel Clifton, American basketball and baseball player (d. 1990) October 14 – Yumeji Tsukioka, Japanese actress (d. 2017) October 15 – Luigi Giussani, Italian Catholic priest (d. 2005) October 17 – Angel Wagenstein, Bulgarian film director and author October 19 Jack Anderson, American journalist (d. 2005) Ebrahim Golestan, Iranian filmmaker Ibrahim Ismail, Malaysian soldier (d. 2010) October 20 John Anderson, American actor (d. 1992) Gaositwe Chiepe, Botswana politician and diplomat Mary Fuller, American sculptor and art historian October 21 Liliane Bettencourt, French businesswoman, philanthropist (d. 2017) Peter Demetz, American literature scholar October 22 John Chafee, American politician (d. 1999) Lázaro Medina, Cuban baseball player October 23 Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington, English politician (d. 2018) Coleen Gray, American actress (d. 2015) October 24 – Vittorio Casaretti, Italian footballer October 26 Ágnes Bartha, Hungarian photographer and Holocaust survivor Juli Lynne Charlot, American singer, actress and fashion designer Madelyn Dunham, American maternal grandmother of Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States (d. 2008) Hans Peterson, Swedish writer Richard E. Rumble, American rear admiral October 27 Poul Bundgaard, Danish actor, singer (d. 1998) Ruby Dee, American actress, poet, activist, journalist and second wife of Ossie Davis (d. 2014) Carlos Andrés Pérez, 55th President of Venezuela (d. 2010) Michel Galabru, French actor (d. 2016) Ralph Kiner, American Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 2014) Del Rice, American professional baseball player, coach and manager (d. 1983) October 28 Gershon Kingsley, German-American composer (d. 2019) Butch van Breda Kolff, American basketball coach (d. 2007) October 30 – Iancu Țucărman, Romanian Holocaust survivor (d. 2021) October 31 Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress, children's book author (d. 2005) András Hegedüs, 45th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1999) Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia (d. 2012) November November 1 Ezio Barbieri, Italian criminal (d. 2018) Muriel Spurgeon Carder, Canadian baptist November 2 Michael Loewe, English sinologist, historian and writer Stan Perron, Australian businessman (d. 2018) November 3 – Townsend Cromwell, American oceanographer (d. 1958) November 4 – Eddie Basinski, American baseball player (d. 2022) November 5 Sydney Kentridge, South African lawyer María Isabel Rodríguez, Salvadorian physician, academic and government official Yitzchok Scheiner, American-born rabbi (d. 2021) November 6 Ronald Blythe, English author Vivian Kellogg, American professional baseball player (d. 2013) November 8 – Chris Barnard, South African cardiac surgeon, heart transplant pioneer (d. 2001) November 9 Dorothy Dandridge, African-American actress (d. 1965) Raymond Devos, French humorist (d. 2006) Maurice Racca, French sports shooter November 10 – Harry Dornbrand, American aerospace engineer November 11 George Blake, né Behar, Dutch-born British double agent (d. 2020) Abdullahi Issa, Somalian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 1988) Kurt Vonnegut, American novelist (d. 2007) November 12 Ichiro Abe, Japanese judoka (d. 2022) Kim Hunter, American actress (d. 2002) November 13 – Oskar Werner, Austrian actor (d. 1984) November 14 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egyptian Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 2016) Veronica Lake, American actress (d. 1973) November 15 – David Sidney Feingold, American biochemist (d. 2019) November 16 Royal Dano, American actor (d. 1994) Patricia Barry, American actress (d. 2016) Hoàng Minh Chính, Vietnamese politician, dissident (d. 2008) Sidney Mintz, American anthropologist (d. 2015) José Saramago, Portuguese author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) November 17 – Stanley Cohen, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2020) November 18 – Luis Somoza Debayle, 26th President of Nicaragua (d. 1967) November 19 Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist, epigrapher (d. 1999) Branislav Šoškić, Montenegrin politician November 21 Dieter Gruen, German-born American scientist James M. Houston, English-born Canadian theologian and academic November 22 Roberto Aballay, Argentine footballer Pietro Reggio, Italian sailor Francesco Rosi, Italian film director (d. 2015) November 23 Donald Tennant, American advertising agency executive (d. 2001) Võ Văn Kiệt, Vietnamese politician, statesman (d. 2008) November 24 Stanford R. Ovshinsky, American inventor and scientist (d. 2012) Song Sin-do, Korean former comfort woman (d. 2017) November 25 Shelagh Fraser, British actress (d. 2000) René Schérer, French philosopher and professor Henri Simon, French marxist militant November 26 – Charles M. Schulz, American cartoonist (d. 2000) November 27 Nicholas Magallanes, Mexican-American principal dancer, charter member of the New York City Ballet (d. 1977) Jacqueline White, American actress November 29 – Michael Howard, English historian, author and academic (d. 2019) December December 1 William James Lanyon Smith, New Zealand naval officer (d. 2018) Charles Gérard, French actor (d. 2019) S. H. Sarma, Indian admiral (d. 2022) December 2 Charles Diggs, American politician (d. 1998) Leo Gordon, American actor (d. 2000) Joan Langdon, Canadian swimmer December 3 – Edward Jackson, Indian cricketer December 4 Densey Clyne, Australian naturalist, photographer and writer (d. 2019) Gérard Philipe, French actor (d. 1959) December 5 William Davidson, American sports owner (d. 2009) Don Robertson, American songwriter and pianist (d. 2015) December 6 – Benjamin A. Gilman, American politician (d. 2016) December 8 Lucian Freud, German born painter (d. 2011) Jean Porter, American actress (d. 2018) Gerhard Löwenthal, German journalist (d. 2002) Sol Yaged, American jazz clarinetist (d. 2019) December 9 Redd Foxx, African-American comedian, actor (d. 1991) Gulabrao Jedhe, Indian politician December 10 – Edith Ballantyne, Czech-born Canadian peace activist December 11 Frank Blaichman, Polish author (d. 2018) Dilip Kumar, Indian actor (d. 2021) Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress, television personality (d. 2008) Noah Hutchings, American president of Southwest Radio Ministries (d. 2015) December 12 Vasily Borisov, Soviet Olympic rifle shooter Christian Dotremont, Belgian painter, writer (d. 1979) Edythe Perlick, American female baseball player (d. 2003) December 14 Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) Antonio Larreta, Uruguayan theatre actor, critic and writer (d. 2015) Gisela Litz, German contralto December 15 – Rusi Cooper, Indian cricketer December 16 – B. G. Hendrix, American politician (d. 2020) December 17 – Alan Voorhees, American engineer and urban planner (d. 2005) December 18 Ivor Broadis, English footballer (d. 2019) Carlos Altamirano, Chilean lawyer and socialist politician (d. 2019) Jack Brooks, American politician (d. 2012) December 19 – Niels Holst-Sørensen, Danish athlete and Air force officer December 20 Charita Bauer, American actress, soap opera star (d. 1985) Beverly Pepper, American sculptor and painter (d. 2020) Tony Vaccaro, American photographer December 21 Itubwa Amram, Nauruan pastor, politician (d. 1989) Paul Winchell, American actor (d. 2005) December 22 Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg, Princess of Luxembourg (d. 2011) Jean Malaurie, French anthropologist, explorer and writer December 23 Micheline Ostermeyer, French athlete and musician (d. 2001) Marcel Otto-Bruc, French sports shooter December 24 Ava Gardner, American actress (d. 1990) Jonas Mekas, Lithuanian-American filmmaker and poet (d. 2019) December 25 Rudolf Harmstorf, German sailor Heera Bhai, Indian politician Neal Watlington, American Major League Baseball player (d. 2019) Steve Wochy, Canadian ice hockey player December 26 Chuck Cecil, American radio broadcaster (d. 2019) Harry Choates, American fiddler (d. 1951) December 27 Miller Anderson, American diver (d. 1965) Derek Piggott, English aviator and flight instructor (d. 2019) December 28 Eli Bornstein, American-born Canadian artist and teacher Ivan Desny, Swiss actor (d. 2002) Stan Lee, American comics creator (d. 2018) Ramapada Chowdhury, Indian novelist and writer (d. 2018) December 29 – William Gaddis, American writer (d. 1998) December 30 Boes Boestami, Indonesian actor (d. 1970) Magín Díaz, Colombian musician, composer (d. 2017) Jane Langton, American author, illustrator (d. 2018) Unknown – Lu Yongfu, Chinese translator Unknown Hiroshi Abe, Japanese soldier and war criminal Deaths January January 1 – István Kühár, Prekmurje Slovene writer, politician (b. 1887) January 5 – Sir Ernest Shackleton, British explorer (b. 1874) January 10 Ōkuma Shigenobu, 2-time Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1838) Frank Tudor, Australian politician (b. 1866) January 15 – John Kirk, British explorer (b. 1832) January 21 – John Kendrick Bangs, American author and satirist (b. 1862) January 22 Pope Benedict XV (b. 1854) Fredrik Bajer, Danish politician, pacifist and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1837) James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, Irish-born politician, diplomat and historian (b. 1838) William Christie, British astronomer (b. 1845) January 23 – Arthur Nikisch, Hungarian conductor (b. 1855) January 27 Nellie Bly, American undercover journalist (b. 1864) Giovanni Verga, Italian writer (b. 1840) January 31 – Heinrich Reinhardt, Austrian composer (b. 1865) February February 1 Yamagata Aritomo, Japanese field marshal, 3rd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1838) William Desmond Taylor, Irish-born film director (b. 1872) February 3 Christiaan de Wet, Boer general, rebel leader, and politician (b. 1854) John Butler Yeats, Northern Irish artist (b. 1839) February 4 – Henry Jones, British philosopher (b. 1852) February 8 – Kabayama Sukenori, Japanese samurai, general and statesman (b. 1837) February 14 – Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish Minister of Interior (b. 1880) February 16 – Newton Knight, American farmer, soldier and Southern Unionist in Mississippi and Civil War guerrilla (b. 1829) February 23 – John Joseph Jolly Kyle, Argentine chemist (b. 1838). February 25 – Henri Désiré Landru, French serial killer (executed) (b. 1869) March March 1 – Pichichi, Spanish footballer (b. 1892) March 4 – Bert Williams, American entertainer (b. 1874) March 10 – Harry Kellar, American magician (b. 1849) March 19 – Max von Hausen, German general (b. 1846) March 21 – C. V. Raman Pillai, Indian novelist and playwright (b. 1858) March 31 – Andreas Gruber (b. 1859), Cäzila Gruber (b. 1850), Viktoria Gabriel (b. 1887), Cäzila Gabriel (b. 1915), Josef Gruber (b. 1920) and Maria Baumgartner (b. 1878). The Hinterkaifeck murders April April 1 – Emperor Charles I of Austria (b. 1887) April 2 – Hermann Rorschach, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1884) April 8 – Erich von Falkenhayn, German general (b. 1861) April 9 Hans Fruhstorfer, German lepidopterist (b. 1866) Patrick Manson, Scottish physician (b. 1844) April 14 – Cap Anson, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1852) April 28 – Paul Deschanel, President of France (b. 1855) May May 3 – Viktor Kingissepp, Estonian Communist politician (b. 1888) May 7 – Max Wagenknecht, German composer (b. 1857) May 12 – John Martin Poyer, United States Navy Commander, 12th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1861) May 15 – Leslie Ward, English portrait artist, caricaturist (b. 1851) May 16 – Rudolf Montecuccoli, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1843) May 18 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845) May 19 – Son Byong-hi, Korean activist (b. 1861) May 21 – Michael Mayr, Austrian politician, 2nd Chancellor of Austria (b. 1864) May 26 – Ernest Solvay, Belgian chemist, philanthropist and entrepreneur (b. 1838) June June 4 – W. H. R. Rivers, English |
14 – Winston Cenac, 3rd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. 2004) September 15 John Eden, Baron Eden of Winton, English politician (d. 2020) Helle Virkner, Danish actress (d. 2009) Peggy Webber, American actress September 16 Martha Firestone Ford, American businesswoman Eugene Garfield, American linguist and businessman (d. 2017) Charles Haughey, sixth Taoiseach (head of government of the Republic of Ireland) (d. 2006) B.B. King, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2015) Morgan Woodward, American actor (d. 2019) September 19 – Franklin Sousley, U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1945) September 20 Ananda Mahidol, King Rama VIII of Siam (d. 1946) Džemma Skulme, Latvian artist and painter (d. 2019) September 23 Angelo Acerbi, Italian Roman Catholic bishop Denis Twitchett, Cambridge scholar and Chinese historian (d. 2006) September 24 – Autar Singh Paintal, Indian medical scientist (d. 2004) September 25 Edwin N. Lightfoot, American chemical engineer (d. 2017) Paul B. MacCready, Jr., American aeronautical engineer (d. 2007) Pete Murray, English radio and television presenter Silvana Pampanini, Italian actress (d. 2016) September 26 – Marty Robbins, American singer-songwriter and racing driver (d. 1982) September 27 – Robert G. Edwards, British Nobel Prize-winning physiologist (d. 2013) September 28 Cromwell Everson, South African composer (d. 1991) Carolyn Morris, American female professional baseball player (d. 1996) September 29 – John Tower, American politician (d. 1991) September 30 Joseph Hitti, Lebanese Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2022) Arkady Ostashev, Russian scientist and rocket engineer (d. 1998) October October 1 Abraham Louis Schneiders, Dutch writer and diplomat (d. 2020) Yang Hyong-sop, North Korean politician October 2 Paul Goldsmith, American NASCAR driver José A. Martínez Suárez, Argentine film director and screenwriter (d. 2019) October 3 Simone Segouin (also known as Nicole Minet), French Resistance fighter and partisan Gore Vidal, American author (d. 2012) George Wein, American pianist and producer (d. 2021) October 4 Marlen Khutsiev, Georgian-born Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2019) Fyodor Terentyev, Soviet Olympic cross-country skier (d. 1963) October 5 Gail Davis, American actress (d. 1997) Antoine Gizenga, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 2019) Herbert Kretzmer, South African-English journalist and songwriter (d. 2020) Murray Riley, Australian rower (d. 2020) October 6 – Hiroshi H. Miyamura, American Medal of Honour recipient October 7 – Mildred Earp, American female professional baseball player (d. 2017) October 8 – Álvaro Magaña, 38th President of El Salvador (d. 2001) October 9 – Isyaku Rabiu, Nigerian businessman (d. 2018) October 11 – Elmore Leonard, American novelist (d. 2013) October 13 Lenny Bruce, American comic (d. 1966) Carlos Robles Piquer, Spanish diplomat and politician (d. 2018) Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 (d. 2013) October 14 – Phillip V. Tobias, South African palaeoanthropologist (d. 2012) October 15 – Bob Rowland Smith, Australian politician (d. 2012) October 16 Daniel J. Evans, American politician Dame Angela Lansbury, British-born American actress October 18 Ramiz Alia, 13th President of Albania (d. 2011) N. D. Tiwari, Indian politician (d. 2018) October 19 Emilio Eduardo Massera, Argentine Naval military officer (d. 2010) Raymond Impanis, Belgian cyclist (d. 2010) October 20 Art Buchwald, American humorist and columnist (d. 2007) Hiromu Nonaka, Japanese politician (d. 2018) Gene Wood, American game show announcer (d. 2004) October 21 Surjit Singh Barnala, Indian politician (d. 2017) Celia Cruz, Cuban-American singer (d. 2003) Virginia Zeani, Romanian soprano October 22 Slater Martin, American basketball player and coach (d. 2012) Edith Kawelohea McKinzie, Hawaiian genealogist, author and hula expert (d. 2014) Robert Rauschenberg, American painter and graphic artist (d. 2008) October 23 Johnny Carson, American comedian and television host (d. 2005) José Freire Falcão, Brazilian cardinal (d. 2021) October 24 Luciano Berio, Italian composer (d. 2003) Al Feldstein, American artist and comic book creator (d. 2014) Ieng Sary, Vietnamese-Cambodian politician (d. 2013) October 25 Aliya Moldagulova, Soviet soldier and sniper (d. 1944) John J. Snyder, American Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2019) October 27 Warren Christopher, American diplomat (d. 2011) Paul Fox, English television executive Jiro Ono, Japanese chef October 29 Dominick Dunne, American writer, investigative journalist and producer (d. 2009) Robert Hardy, English actor (d. 2017) Klaus Roth, German-born British mathematician (d. 2015) October 31 Ngaire Lane, New Zealand swimmer (d. 2021) John Pople, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) November November 1 – Arturo Lona Reyes, Mexican Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020) November 2 – Leif Hermansen, Danish rower (d. 2005) November 4 Kjerstin Dellert, Swedish opera singer (d. 2018) Doris Roberts, American actress (d. 2016) November 6 Michel Bouquet, French actor Fred B. Rooney, American politician (d. 2019) November 8 – Asunción Balaguer, Spanish actress (d. 2019) November 9 – Giovanni Coppa, Italian cardinal (d. 2016) November 10 – Richard Burton, Welsh actor, better known for his role in Cleopatra (d. 1984) November 11 – Jonathan Winters, American actor and comedian (d. 2013) November 12 – Heinz Schubert, German actor (d. 1999) November 14 Roy Medvedev, Russian political writer Zhores Medvedev, Russian agronomist, biologist and historian (d. 2018) November 17 Jean Faut, American baseball player Rock Hudson, American actor (d. 1985) November 19 – Zygmunt Bauman, Polish military officer, sociologist and philosopher (d. 2017) November 20 Kaye Ballard, American actress, comedian and singer (d. 2019) Lise Bourdin, French actress Robert F. Kennedy, American politician and Attorney General of the United States (d. 1968) Maya Plisetskaya, Russian-Lithuanian ballerina (d. 2015) November 22 Carla Balenda, American actress Miki Muster, Slovenian artist (d. 2018) Gunther Schuller, American musician (d. 2015) November 23 José Napoleón Duarte, Salvadoran politician, 39th President of El Salvador (d. 1990) Johnny Mandel, American composer and conductor (d. 2020) November 24 William F. Buckley, Jr., American journalist, author and commentator (d. 2008) Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011) November 26 Gregorio Conrado Álvarez, Uruguayan general and dictator (d. 2016) Eugene Istomin, American pianist (d. 2003) November 27 Claude Lanzmann, French filmmaker (d. 2018) Ernie Wise, English comedian (d. 1999) November 29 Minnie Miñoso, Cuban baseball player (d. 2015) Naomi Stevens, American character actress (d. 2018) November 30 Maryon Pittman Allen, American politician and journalist (d. 2018) Bill Gates Sr., American attorney, philanthropist and author (d. 2020) Hayashiya Sanpei I, Japanese comedian (d. 1980) December December 1 – Martin Rodbell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998) December 2 Julie Harris, American actress (d. 2013) Carla Del Poggio, Italian actress (d. 2010) December 3 – Erik Mørk, Danish actor (d. 1993) December 4 Albert Bandura, Canadian-American psychologist and academic (d. 2021) Lino Lacedelli, Italian mountaineer (d. 2009) Sauro Tomà, Italian footballer (d. 2018) December 5 Henri Oreiller, French Olympic alpine skier (d. 1962) Anastasio Somoza Debayle, President of Nicaragua (d. 1980) December 6 – Shigeko Higashikuni, Japanese princess (d. 1961) December 7 – Hermano da Silva Ramos, French-Brazilian racing driver December 8 Sammy Davis Jr., American singer, dancer, musician and actor (d. 1990) Arnaldo Forlani, 43rd Prime Minister of Italy December 11 Aaron Feuerstein, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2021) John R. Gorman, American Roman Catholic bishop Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2019) December 12 Anne V. Coates, British film editor (d. 2018) Vladimir Shainsky, Soviet and Russian composer (d. 2017) December 13 – Dick Van Dyke, American actor, singer and dancer December 15 Trần Thiện Khiêm, Vietnamese politician (d. 2021) Jacques Marinelli, French road cycling racer Hiroshi Motoyama, Japanese scientist (d. 2015) Kasey Rogers, American actress (d. 2006) December 16 – Bert Hellinger, German psychotherapist (d. 2019) December 19 Rabah Bitat, Algerian politician, interim President of Algeria (d. 2000) Tankred Dorst, German playwright (d. 2017) Robert B. Sherman, American songwriter (d. 2012) December 20 – Béla Goldoványi, Hungarian athlete (d. 1972) December 22 – Ekaterina Mikhailova-Demina, military doctor and war heroine (d. 2019) December 23 Pierre Bérégovoy, French politician, 111th Prime Minister of France (d. 1993) Harry Guardino, American actor (d. 1995) December 24 – Prosper Grech, Maltese cardinal (d. 2019) December 25 Geulah Cohen, Israeli politician (d. 2019) Carlos Castaneda, American author (d. 1998) December 27 Moshe Arens, Israeli diplomat and politician (d. 2019) Michel Piccoli, French actor, singer, director and producer (d. 2020) December 28 Willy Kemp, Luxembourgian road cycling racer (d. 2021) Hildegard Knef, German actress, singer and writer (d. 2002) Milton Obote, President of Uganda (d. 2005) December 29 Keshav Dutt, Indian field hockey player (d. 2021) Luis Alberto Monge, 39th President of Costa Rica (d. 2016) December 30 – Frank Meisler, Israeli architect and sculptor (d. 2018) Deaths January January 4 – Nellie Cashman, Irish-born prospector (b. 1845) January 6 – Rafaela Porras Ayllón, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1850) January 8 – George Bellows, American artist (b. 1882) January 14 Camille Decoppet, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1852) Harry Furniss, British cartoonist, illustrator and pioneer animator (b. 1854) January 16 – Aleksey Kuropatkin, Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War (b. 1848) January 18 Charles Lanrezac, French general (b. 1852) J. M. E. McTaggart, English philosopher (b. 1866) January 22 – Fanny Bullock Workman, American geographer, writer and mountain climber (b. 1859) January 25 – Alexander Kaulbars, Russian general and explorer (b. 1844) January 26 Caspar F. Goodrich, American admiral (b. 1847) Sir James Mackenzie, Scottish cardiologist (b. 1853) February February 2 – Jaap Eden, Dutch speed skater (b. 1873) February 3 – Oliver Heaviside, British mathematician (b. 1850) February 4 – Robert Koldewey, German architect and archaeologist (b. 1855) February 11 – Aristide Bruant, French singer and nightclub owner (b. 1851) February 17 – Ignacio Andrade, Venezuela military and politician, 23rd President of Venezuela (b. 1839) February 18 – James Lane Allen, American writer (b. 1849) February 21 – Fernando De Lucia, Italian tenor (b. 1860) February 23 Samuel Berger, American Olympic boxer (b. 1884) James H. Wilson, American Union Army major general (b. 1837) February 24 – Hjalmar Branting, 19th Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860) February 25 – Louis Feuillade, French silent film director (b. 1873) February 28 – Friedrich Ebert, 1st President of Germany (1919–1945) (b. 1871) March March 1 – Homer Plessy, American political activist (b. 1862 or 1863) March 2 William A. Clark, American entrepreneur and politician (b. 1839) Luigj Gurakuqi, Albanian writer and politician (b. 1879) March 4 Moritz Moszkowski, Polish composer (b. 1854) James Ward, British philosopher and psychologist (b. 1843) John Montgomery Ward, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1860) March 7 – Georgy Lvov, Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1861) March 8 Manuel Míguez González, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1831) Juliette Wytsman, Belgian painter (b. 1866) March 10 – Myer Prinstein, Polish-American track athlete (b. 1878) March 12 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese physician, politician and revolutionary (b. 1866) March 13 – Lucille Ricksen, American silent film actress (b. 1910) March 14 – Walter Camp, American football coach (b. 1859) March 19 – Nariman Narimanov, Azerbaijani politician (b. 1870) March 20 – George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India (b. 1859) March 28 – Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, British general (b. 1864) March 30 – Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher (b. 1861) April April 6 – Alexandra Kitchin, British model for Lewis Carroll (b. 1864) April 7 – Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1865) April 8 – Emma Curtis Hopkins, American spiritual writer (b. 1849) April 13 – Elwood Haynes, American inventor (b. 1857) April 14 – John Singer Sargent, American artist (b. 1856) April 15 August Endell, German architect (b. 1871) Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (executed) (b. 1879) April 16 – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg, German prince (b. 1852) April 17 – Wong Fei-hung, Chinese healer and revolutionary (b. 1847) April 19 – John Walter Smith, American politician (b. 1845) April 20 – Herbert Lawford, British tennis player (b. 1851) April 22 – André Caplet, French composer and conductor (b. 1878) May May 2 Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (b. 1848) Antun Branko Šimić, Croatian poet (b. 1898) May 3 – Clément Ader, French Army Captain and aviation pioneer (b. 1841) May 4 – Giovanni Battista Grassi, Italian physician and zoologist (b. 1854) May 5 – Catharine van Tussenbroek, Dutch physician (b. 1852) May 7 William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme, British industrialist, philanthropist and politician (b. 1851) Sir Doveton Sturdee, British admiral (b. 1859) May 10 Alexandru Marghiloman, 25th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1854) William Massey, 19th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1856) May 12 Amy Lowell, American poet (b. 1874) Charles Mangin, French general (b. 1866) May 13 – Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, British politician and colonial administrator (b. 1854) May 14 – H. Rider Haggard, British writer (b. 1856) May 15 – Nelson A. Miles, American general (b. 1839) May 20 Ramón Auñón y Villalón, Spanish admiral and politician (b. 1844) Elias M. Ammons, Governor of Colorado (b. 1860) Joseph Howard, 1st Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1862) May 21 – Hidesaburō Ueno, Japanese agricultural scientist and guardian of Hachikō (b. 1871) May 22 – John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British World War I field marshal (b. 1852) May 25 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (b. 1877) May 28 – João Pinheiro Chagas, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1863) May 29 – Percy Fawcett, British explorer, anthropologist and archaeologist (disappeared) (b. 1867) May 31 – John Palm, Curaçao born composer (b. 1885) June June 1 Lucien Guitry, French actor (b. 1860) Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President of the United States (b. 1854) June 2 – James Ellsworth, American mine owner and banker (b. 1849) June 3 – Camille Flammarion, French astronomer (b. 1842) June 9 – Antony MacDonnell, 1st Baron MacDonnell, Irish civil servant (b. 1844) June 12 – Mary Cole Walling, American patriot, lecturer (b. 1838) June 16 – Emmett Hardy, American jazz cornetist (b. | the minister of trade, Rickard Sandler. January 27–February 1 – The 1925 serum run to Nome (the "Great Race of Mercy") relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska, to combat an epidemic. February February 21 – The cover date of the very first issue of The New Yorker. February 25 – Art Gillham records (for Columbia Records) the first Western Electric masters to be commercially released. February 28 – The 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America. March March 4 İsmet İnönü is appointed prime minister in Turkey (Turkey's 4th and İnönü's 3rd government). Calvin Coolidge is sworn in for a full term as President of the United States, in the first inauguration to be broadcast on radio. March 6 – Pionerskaya Pravda, one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded in the Soviet Union. March 9–May 1 – Pink's War: The British Royal Air Force bombards mountain strongholds of Mahsud tribesmen in South Waziristan. March 15 – The Phi Lambda Chi fraternity (original name "The Aztecs") is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teacher's College in Conway, Arkansas (now the University of Central Arkansas). March 18 – The Tri-State Tornado, the deadliest in U.S. history, rampages through Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, killing 695 people and injuring 2,027. It hits the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois; West Frankfort, Illinois; Gorham, Illinois; Ellington, Missouri; and Griffin, Indiana. March 21 – Tennessee Governor Austin Peay signs the Butler Act, prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the state's public schools. March 31 The Bauhaus closes in Weimar and moves to a building in Dessau designed by Walter Gropius. Radio station WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting. April April–October – The is held in Paris, giving a name to the Art Deco style. April 1 Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen leaves Washington, D.C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states. The Patent and Trademark Office is transferred to the Department of Commerce. April 10 – F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby. April 15 – Fritz Haarmann, a serial killer convicted of the murder of 24 boys and young men, is beheaded in Germany. April 16 – The Communist assault on St Nedelya Church claims roughly 150 lives in Sofia, Bulgaria. April 19 – Colo-colo, a well-known football club of Chile, is founded in Macul, suburb of Santiago. April 20 – Iranian forces of Rezā Shāh occupies Ahvaz and arrests Sheikh Khaz'al. April 28 – Presenting the Stanley Baldwin government's budget, Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill announces Britain's return to the gold standard. May May 1 In the Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia, the al-Baqi' mausoleums are destroyed by King Ibn Saud. Barcelona S.C. founded in Ecuador. The All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the world's largest trade union organisation, is founded in Guangzhou, Republic of China. May 5 Scopes Trial: Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John T. Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. The General Election Law is passed in Japan. May 8 – African American Tom Lee rescues 32 people from the sinking steamboat M.E. Norman on the Mississippi River. May 17 – Thérèse of Lisieux is canonized in the Vatican City by Pope Pius XI May 25 Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution. The National Forensic League is founded. May 29 – British explorer Percy Fawcett sends a last telegram to his wife before he disappears in the Amazon. June June 1 – Percy and Florence Arrowsmith are married. June 6 – The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler. June 13 – Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines and a mechanical system in "the first public demonstration of radiovision". June 14 The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece is founded. The Turkish football club Göztepe is founded. June 29 – The 6.8 Santa Barbara earthquake affects the central coast of California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), destroying much of downtown Santa Barbara, California and leaving 13 people dead. July July 9 – In Dublin, Ireland, Oonagh Keogh becomes the first female member of a stock exchange in the world. July 10 Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law. Meher Baba begins his 44-year silence. July 18 – Adolf Hitler publishes Volume 1 of his personal manifesto Mein Kampf. July 21 Malcolm Campbell becomes the first man to exceed on land. At Pendine Sands in Wales, he drives Sunbeam 350HP built by Sunbeam at a two-way average speed of . Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100. July 25 – The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established. August August 1 – The New Cape Central Railway between Worcester and Voorbaai is incorporated into the South African Railways. August 8 – The Ku Klux Klan, the largest fraternal organization in the United States, demonstrates its popularity by holding a parade with an estimated 30,000-35,000 marchers in Washington DC. August 14 – The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse is completed and goes on line. August 25 – The French complete their evacuation of the Ruhr region of Germany. August 31 – Anthropologist Margaret Mead lands in American Samoa to begin nine-months of field work that will culminate in her 1928 book Coming of Age in Samoa. The bestselling book will become the first popular anthropological study and will change many attitudes towards tribal peoples. September September 3 – The U.S. Navy dirigible Shenandoah breaks up in a squall line near Caldwell, Ohio, killing 14 crewmen. September 27 – Feast of the Cross according to the Old Calendar; A celestial cross appears over Athens, Greece, while the Greek police pursues a group of Greek Old Calendarists. The phenomenon lasts for half an hour. October October – The major money forgery and fraud of Alves dos Reis is exposed in Portugal. October 1 – Mount Rushmore National Memorial is dedicated in South Dakota. October 2 – In London John Logie Baird successfully transmits the first television pictures with a greyscale image. The city's first enclosed double-decker buses are introduced. October 4 – S2, a Finnish Sokol class torpedo boat, was sunk during a fierce storm near the coast of Pori in the Gulf of Bothnia, taking with the whole crew of 53. October 5–16 – The Locarno Treaties are negotiated. October 6 — Xavier University of Louisiana, America's first and only historically-Black Catholic university is founded in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 2000, it became the only Catholic university founded by a saint. (Another university's founder was canonized in 2006.) October 8 – Cubana de Aviación is founded. November November 5 – Secret agent Sidney Reilly is executed by the OGPU, the secret police of the Soviet Union. November 9 – Formal foundation date of the Schutzstaffel (SS) as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in Germany. November 14 1925 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Matthew Charlton. The first Surrealist art exhibition opens in Paris. November 17 – The New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition, a world's fair, opens in Dunedin, New Zealand. November 24 – The silent film El Húsar de la Muerte is released in Santiago, Chile. November 26 – Prajadhipok (Rama VII) is crowned as King of Siam. November 28 – The weekly country music-variety radio program Grand Ole Opry is first broadcast on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee, as the "WSM Barn Dance". December December 1 – The Locarno Treaties are signed in London. December 11 – Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quas primas, on the Feast of Christ the King, is promulgated. December 16 Reza Shah becomes shah of Persia. Alpha Phi Omega, a National service fraternity, is founded at Lafayette College. Colombo Radio launches in Ceylon; the station subsequently becomes known as Radio Ceylon. December 25 – IG Farben is formed by the merger of six chemical companies in Germany. December 26 – Communist party of India was founded at Kanpur, India Date unknown Spring – Leica I 35 mm film still camera is introduced commercially in Germany. The Thompson submachine gun sells for $175 in the 1925 Sears, Roebuck and Company mail order catalog. The Australian state of Queensland introduces a 44-hour working week. The Brisbane City Council, (Australia), is created from the amalgamation of 20 smaller cities, towns and shires. New York City becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from London. Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Jud Süß (translated as Jew Süss or Power) is published in Germany. The Shueisha Publishing Company is founded in Tokyo. Wheel gymnastics is invented in Germany. The National Football League in American football adds 5 teams: the New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team and the Pottsville Maroons. Births January January 1 – Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and ambassador (d. 2005) January 4 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish cross-country skier (d. 2003) January 6 – John DeLorean, American car maker (d. 2005) January 7 Gerald Durrell, British naturalist, zookeeper, author and television presenter (d. 1995) Harry Stradling Jr., American cinematographer (d. 2017) January 8 – Bernardo Ruiz, Spanish road cycling racer January 9 – Lee Van Cleef, American actor (d. 1989) January 10 – Peter Colotka, Slovak academic, lawyer and politician, Prime Minister 1969-1988 (d. 2019) January 12 – Katherine MacGregor, American actress (d. 2018) January 13 Rosemary Murphy, American actress (d. 2014) Ron Tauranac, English-Australian engineer and businessman (d. 2020) Gwen Verdon, American actress and dancer (d. 2000) Elwyn Welch, New Zealand farmer, ornithologist, conservationist and Open Brethren missionary (d. 1961) January 14 – Yukio Mishima, Japanese writer (d. 1970) January 15 August Englas, Estonian wrestler (d. 2017) Ruth Slenczynska, American pianist Ignacio López Tarso, Mexican actor January 16 Peter Hirsch, German-English materials scientist Shafik Wazzan, 27th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1999) January 17 – Duane Hanson, American sculptor (d. 1996) January 19 – Anthony Eisley, American actor (d. 2003) January 20 – Ernesto Cardenal, Nicaraguan priest, poet and politician (d. 2020) January 21 – Charles Aidman, American actor (d. 1993) January 22 – Katherine MacLean, American science fiction author (d. 2019) January 24 – Maria Tallchief, American ballerina (d. 2013) January 25 Barbara Carroll, American jazz pianist (d. 2017) Gilles Deleuze, French philosopher (d. 1995) January 26 Joan Leslie, American actress (d. 2015) Paul Newman, American actor, film director, entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. 2008) January 27 – Sufi Abu Taleb, President of Egypt (d. 2008) January 29 Dub Garrett, American football guard (d. 1976) Robert W. McCollum, American epidemiologist (d. 2010) January 30 Bump Elliott, American football player (d. 2019) Douglas Engelbart, American inventor (d. 2013) January 31 Bernardino Rivera Álvarez, Bolivian bishop (d. 2010) Adele Kurzweil, Austrian Holocaust victim (d. 1942) Micheline Lannoy, Belgian figure skater February February 1 Lucille Eichengreen, German writer and Holocaust survivor (d. 2020) Mary Nesbitt, American female professional baseball player (d. 2013) February 2 – Elaine Stritch, American actress (d. 2014) February 3 Shelley Berman, American comedian and actor (d. 2017) Harry Byrd, American Major League Baseball player (d. 1985) John Fiedler, American actor (d. 2005) Leon Schlumpf, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 2012) February 4 Arne Åhman, Swedish athlete Jutta Hipp, German born American jazz pianist and composer (d. 2003) February 8 – Jack Lemmon, American actor and film director (d. 2001) February 9 – John B. Cobb, American theologian and philosopher February 10 Pierre Mondy, French film and theatre actor and director (d. 2012) Daisy Myers, African American educator (d. 2011) February 11 Virginia E. Johnson, American sexologist (d. 2013) Amparo Rivelles, Spanish actress (d. 2013) Kim Stanley, American actress (d. 2001) February 12 – Sir Anthony Berry, British Conservative politician murdered by IRA terrorists in the Brighton hotel bombing (d. 1984) February 15 John Burton, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2010) Angella D. Ferguson, American pediatrician February 16 – Romolo Bizzotto, Italian professional football player and coach (d. 2017) February 17 Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (d. 2003) Hal Holbrook, American actor (d. 2021) February 18 Ghafar Baba, Malaysian politician (d. 2006) George Kennedy, American actor (d. 2016) Halit Kıvanç, Turkish presenter, journalist and writer Krishna Sobti, Indian Hindi-language fiction writer and essayist (d. 2019) February 20 – Robert Altman, American film director (d. 2006) February 21 Aleksei Paramonov, Soviet football player and manager (d. 2018) Sam Peckinpah, American film director (d. 1984) Štefan Vrablec, Slovak Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) February 22 – Gerald Stern, American poet essayist and educator February 23 – Eric Prabhakar, Indian sprinter (d. 2011) February 24 – Etel Adnan, Lebanese-American poet and artist (d. 2021) February 25 Maddy English, American female baseball player (d. 2004) Lisa Kirk, American actress and singer (d. 1990) Eduardo Risso, Uruguayan rower Shehu Shagari, President of Nigeria (1979–83) (d. 2018) February 26 – Everton Weekes, West Indian cricketer (d. 2020) February 28 – Louis Nirenberg, Canadian-American mathematician (d. 2020) March March 1 Keith Harvey Miller, American politician (d. 2019) Alexandre do Nascimento, Angolan prelate March 4 Inezita Barroso, Brazilian singer, guitarist, actress, TV presenter (d. 2015) Alan R. Battersby, English organic chemist (d. 2018) Paul Mauriat, French musician (Love is Blue) (d. 2006) March 7 Josef Ertl, German politician (d. 2000) Willigis Jäger, German Benedictine friar, mystic and Zen master (d. 2020) March 8 John Harland Bryant, American physician (d. 2017) Dennis Lotis, South African-English singer and actor Marta Lynch, Argentinian writer (d. 1985) March 9 G. William Miller, American politician (d. 2018) Alejandro Orfila, Argentine diplomat March 11 – İlhan Selçuk, Turkish lawyer, journalist, author, novelist and editor (d. 2010) March 12 Leo Esaki, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate G. William Whitehurst, American journalist and politician March 13 Corrado Gaipa, Italian actor (d. 1989) Roy Haynes, American jazz drummer John Tate, American mathematician (d. 2019) March 15 – Art Murakowski, American football player (d. 1985) March 16 Mary Hinkson, African-American dancer and choreographer (d. 2014) Luis E. Miramontes, Mexican chemist (d. 2004) March 17 – Gabriele Ferzetti, Italian actor (d. 2015) March 18 – Alessandro Alessandroni, Italian musician and composer (d. 2017) March 19 – Brent Scowcroft, American general and diplomat (d. 2020) March 21 Beatriz Aguirre, Mexican actress (d. 2019) Peter Brook, English theatre director March 22 – Gerard Hoffnung, German-born English humorist (d. 1959) March 23 Robie Lester, American Grammy-nominated voice artist and singer (d. 2005) David Watkin, British cinematographer (d. 2008) March 25 Flannery O'Connor, American writer (d. 1964) Kishori Sinha, Indian politician (d. 2016) March 26 Pierre Boulez, French composer (d. 2016) Ted Graham, Baron Graham of Edmonton, English politician (d. 2020) James Moody, American jazz saxophone and flute player (d. 2010) March 27 – Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb, English farmer and politician March 28 – Raja Perempuan Budriah, Malaysian royal consort (d. 2008) March 29 – David Tsimakuridze, Georgian freestyle wrestler (d. 2006) April April 1 – Piero Livi, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 2015) April 3 Tony Benn, British politician (d. 2014) Jan Merlin, American actor, screenwriter and author (d. 2019) April 4 – Serge Dassault, French businessman and politician (d. 2018) April 7 – Chaturanan Mishra, Indian politician (d. 2011) April 9 – Virginia Gibson, American singer, dancer and actress (d. 2013) April 10 – Angelo Poffo, American professional wrestler (d. 2010) April 11 Viola Liuzzo, American Unitarian Universalist and civil rights activist (d. 1965) Erik Söderlund, Swedish race walker (d. 2009) Gordy Giovanelli, American Olympic rower Zha Quanxing, Chinese electrochemist (d. 2019) April 12 – Evelyn Berezin, American computer engineer (d. 2018) April 13 – Michael Halliday, English-Australian linguist (d. 2018) April 14 Gene Ammons, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1974) Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (d. 2010) Rod Steiger, American actor (d. 2002) April 15 Milton J. Rosenberg, American psychology professor (d. 2018) Zdeněk Růžička, Czech Olympic gymnast (d. 2021) Beryl Te Wiata, New Zealand actor, author and scriptwriter (d. 2017) April 17 – René Moawad, 13th President of Lebanon (d. 1989) April 18 – Bob Hastings, American actor (d. 2014) April 19 Hugh O'Brian, American soldier and actor (d. 2016) John Kraaijkamp Sr., Dutch actor and comedian (d. 2011) John Parlett, English athlete April 20 Elena Verdugo, American actress (d. 2017) Bob Will, American rower (d. 2019) April 21 Anthony Mason, Australian judge Sibghatullah Mojaddedi, acting President of Afghanistan (d. 2019) Solomon Perel, Israeli motivational speaker April 22 – George Cole, English actor (d. 2015) April 24 – Eugen Weber, Romanian-born historian (d. 2007) April 25 Tony Christopher, Baron Christopher, English businessman Janete Clair, Brazilian television, radio play and novel writer (d. 1983) Louis O'Neill, Canadian politician (d. 2018) April 26 Vladimir Boltyansky, Russian mathematician, educator and author (d. 2019) Michele Ferrero, Italian businessman (d. 2015) Jørgen Ingmann, Danish musician (d. 2015) April 27 – Brigitte Auber, French actress April 28 Chuck Heberling, American basketball and football referee and administrator (d. 2019) John Thorn, English headmaster, author and educational consultant April 29 John Compton, Saint Lucian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. 2007) Iwao Takamoto, Japanese-American animator (d. 2007) May May 1 Scott Carpenter, American astronaut (d. 2013) Anna May Hutchison, American professional baseball player (d. 1998) May 2 Maria Barroso, Portuguese politician and actress (d. 2015) Inga Gill, Swedish actress (d. 2000) John Neville, English actor (d. 2011) Mãe Stella de Oxóssi, Brazilian Ialorixá and writer (d. 2018) May 3 – Ngiratkel Etpison, 5th President of Palau (d. 1997) May 4 Syed Ahmad Syed Mahmud Shahabuddin, Malaysian politician (d. 2008) Jenő Buzánszky, Hungarian footballer (d. 2015) Maurice R. Greenberg, American business executive May 5 – Vladimir Vavilov, Russian guitarist, lutenist and composer (d. 1973) May 8 – Ali Hassan Mwinyi, 2nd President of Tanzania May 9 – Vladimir Tadej, Croatian production designer, screenwriter and film director (d. 2017) May 10 Pete Babando, American ice hockey player (d. 2020) Sugako Hashida, Japanese screenwriter (d. 2021) Ilie Verdeț, 51st Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2001) May 12 – Yogi Berra, American baseball player (d. 2015) May 14 Yuval Ne'eman, Israeli physicist, founder of the Israel Space Agency, science minister and President of Tel Aviv University (d. 2006) Oona O'Neill, American actress (d. 1991) May 15 – Andrei Eshpai, Russian pianist (d. 2015) May 16 Nancy Roman, American astronomer (d. 2018) Nílton Santos, Brazilian footballer (d. 2013) Bobbejaan Schoepen, Belgian singer-songwriter and entrepreneur (d. 2010) Ola Vincent, Nigerian economist and banker (d. 2012) May 17 – Veselin Đuranović, Yugoslav politician (d. 1997) May 18 – Gérard Corboud, |
as normal until Thursday, October 4. However, the next day became Friday, October 15 (like a common year starting on Friday), in those countries (France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20). Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion of the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923. Events January–June January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent. February 24 – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian Calendar, to come into effect later in the year. March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language. April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh. April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina. April – Hashiba Hideyoshi begins the Siege of Takamatsu Castle. May–August – Robert Browne and his Brownist congregationalist companions are obliged to leave England, and go to Middelburg in the Netherlands. June 21 – The Incident at Honnō-ji occurs in Kyoto, Japan. July–December July 2 – Battle of Yamazaki: Counterattacking forces led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi decisively defeat Akechi Mitsuhide's smaller army; Akechi is killed while retreating to his domain. July 26 – Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from France, England, supporters of the Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato, and the Dutch Republic, under Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland. August 22 – Raid of Ruthven in Scotland: A political conspiracy of Presbyterian nobles abduct King James VI. October 4 of Julian calendar (Thursday) – Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain, October 4 of this year is followed directly by October 15. November 29 – Future English playwright William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway. December 9 of Julian calendar (Sunday) – France makes the next day Monday, December 20 of the Gregorian Calendar. Date unknown Kumbum is founded in Tibet. In Ming Dynasty China: Jesuit Matteo Ricci is allowed to enter the country. The earliest reference is made to the publishing of private newspapers in Beijing. The sultanate of Morocco begins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade. The Cagayan battles in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between European regular soldiers and samurai warriors. University of Würzburg refounded. The Douai-Rheims Bible New Testament is published. Battle of Dewair Births January 6 Alonso de Contreras, Spanish privateer and writer (d. 1641) Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, Bohemian noble (d. 1649) January 7 – Magdalene of Brandenburg, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (d. 1616) January 26 – Giovanni Lanfranco, Italian | Courland (1609–1610) (d. 1610) April 8 – (bapt.) Phineas Fletcher, English poet (d. 1650) April 11 – Justus de Harduwijn, Dutch Catholic priest and poet (d. 1636) May 1 – Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer of the early Baroque era (d. 1643) May 5 – John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (1608–1628) (d. 1628) June 26 – Johannes Schultz, German composer (d. 1653) June 28 – William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, English nobleman and politician (d. 1662) July 27 – Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1651) August 11 – Sabina Catharina of East Frisia, Countess of Rietberg (1586–1618) (d. 1618) August 17 – John Matthew Rispoli, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (d. 1639) August 26 – Humilis of Bisignano, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d. 1637) August 27 – Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noble (d. 1635) August 28 Taichang Emperor, of the Ming Dynasty of China (d. 1620) Hans Meinhard von Schönberg, German military commander (d. 1616) September 25 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1620) September 26 – Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1625) October 2 – Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1614–1632) (d. 1632) October 17 – Johann Gerhard, Lutheran church leader (d. 1637) October 19 – Dmitri Ivanovich, Russian Tsarevich (d. 1591) October 21 – Johan Ernst van Nassau-Siegen, Dutch general (d. 1617) October 22 – Francesco Piccolomini, Italian Jesuit (d. 1651) November 2 – Elizabeth Jane Weston, English Czech poet (d. 1612) November 21 – François Maynard, French poet (d. 1646) November 27 – Pierre Dupuy, French historian (d. 1651) November 30 – Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt, Archbishop of Mainz (d. 1647) December 10 – William Chappell, Irish bishop (d. 1649) December 16 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English adventurer and soldier (d. 1642) December 23 – Severo Bonini, Italian composer (d. 1663) date unknown Giovanni Francesco Abela, Maltese writer (d. 1655) Giulio Alenio, Italian Jesuit missionary (d. 1649) Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (d. 1652) John Bainbridge, English astronomer (d. 1648) Richard Corbet, English poet and bishop (d. 1635) William Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1663) Thomas Moulson, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1638) David Teniers the Elder, Flemish painter (d. 1649) Francis Windebank, English politician (d. 1646) Jacomina de Witte, politically influential Dutch woman (d. 1661) Jakub Zadzik, Polish nobleman and diplomat (d. 1642) probable – Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (d. 1629) Deaths January 23 – Jean Bauhin, French physician (b. 1511) January 26 – Thomas Platter, Swiss humanist scholar (b. 1499) February 18 – Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (b. 1527) March 14 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (b. 1539) March 18 – Juan Jauregui, attempted assassin of William I of Orange (b. 1562) March 22 – Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1522) March 29 – Philip de' Medici, Italian noble, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b. 1577) April 3 – Takeda Katsuyori, Japanese daimyō of Takeda Clan (b. 1546) April 16 – Oyamada Nobushige, Japanese samurai (b. 1545) April 21 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish soldier and politician (b. 1515) May 3 – Giorgio Mainerio, Italian composer (b. 1530) May 5 – Charlotte of Bourbon, Princess consort of Orange, married to William I of Orange (b. 1547) June 13 – Matteo Tafuri, Italian alchemist (b. 1492) June 21 Oda Nobunaga, Japanese daimyō of the Oda Clan (b. 1534) (forced suicide) Oda Nobutada, Japanese samurai, oldest son of Nobunaga (b. 1557) (forced suicide) Anayama Nobukimi, Japanese military commander (b. 1541) June 23 – Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (b. 1537) July 2 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1528) July 3 – James Crichton, Scottish scholar (b. 1560) July 7 – Kawajiri Hidetaka, Japanese samurai (b. 1527) July 17 – Jacques Peletier du Mans, French mathematician (b. 1517) September 23 – Louis, Duke of Montpensier (b. 1513) September 28 – George Buchanan, Scottish humanist scholar (b. 1506) October 4 – Teresa of Ávila, Spanish Carmelite nun, poet and saint (b. 1515) October 21 – Laurent Joubert, French physician (b. 1529) November 21 – Diego, Prince of Asturias, Portuguese prince (b. 1575) December 11 – Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Spanish general (b. 1507) date unknown Wu Cheng'en, Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming dynasty Hans Hendrik van Paesschen, Flemish architect (b. 1510) Zhang Juzheng, Ming |
start a settlement on the nearby mainland and construct the Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola, which later forms the nucleus of the city of Pensacola, Florida. November 8 – British Governor Hopson of Nova Scotia and French Governor General of New France, the Marquis Duquesne, agree to a free exchange of deserters from each other's armies in Canada, with the understanding that neither side will execute a deserter once returned. November 22 – "Father Le Loutre's War", the war between the British Canadian colonists of Nova Scotia and the indigenous Mi'kmaq (Micmac) tribe halts temporarily when a peace treaty is signed between the warring parties at Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. Governor Hopson, accompanied by former Governor Cornwallis, signs on behalf of the British and Chief Kopit (Jean-Baptiste Cope), the Sakamaw of the Mi'kmaq, signs on behalf of his people. December 5 – The first presentation of a Shakespearean play in America is performed when a company of players stages The Merchant of Venice in Williamsburg, Virginia. Births January January 1 – Betsy Ross, American entrepreneur, creator of the American flag (d. 1836) January 2 Nicholas Owen, Welsh Anglican priest, antiquarian (d. 1811) Philip Morin Freneau, American poet (d. 1832) January 3 – Johannes von Müller, Swiss historian (d. 1809) January 4 David Hall, American judge (d. 1817) Harry Innes, United States federal judge (d. 1816) January 6 – Pierre Bouchet, French physician (d. 1794) January 10 – Laurent Jean François Truguet, French admiral (d. 1839) January 13 Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel, Italian poet and revolutionary (d. 1799) Sir Philip Anstruther-Paterson, 3rd Baronet, Scottish politician (d. 1808) January 16 John Davenport, American politician (d. 1830) Nicolas-François Guillard, French librettist (d. 1814) January 17 George Baylor, officer in the American Continental Army (d. 1784) William Stephens, United States federal judge (d. 1819) January 18 Alexander Kurakin, Russian diplomat (d. 1818) John Nash, English architect (d. 1835) Francesco Caracciolo, Neapolitan admiral, revolutionist (d. 1799) Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, British Army general (d. 1825) Louis Dufresne, French ornithologist, taxidermist (d. 1832) January 19 – James Morris III, Continental Army officer from Connecticut (d. 1820) January 20 – Jean-Baptiste Radet, French playwright (d. 1830) January 22 Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington (d. 1838) William Lewis, American politician (d. 1819) January 24 – Muzio Clementi, Italian composer, pianist (d. 1832) January 25 – Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1829) January 29 Pierre Martin, French Navy officer, admiral (d. 1820) John Macleod, British Army general (d. 1833) January 31 – Gouverneur Morris, American diplomat, politician (d. 1815) February February 4 – Gerrit Paape, Dutch politician, writer (d. 1803) February 5 Anton Walter, Austrian piano maker (d. 1826) Samuel Phillips, Jr., Massachusetts lieutenant governor (d. 1802) February 8 – Victurnien-Jean-Baptiste de Rochechouart de Mortemart, French general, politician (d. 1812) February 9 Ebenezer Sproat, Continental Army officer, pioneer to the Ohio Country (d. 1805) George Handley, American politician (d. 1793) February 12 John Smith, American politician (d. 1816) Josef Reicha (d. 1795) Dorothea Ackermann, German actress (d. 1821) February 13 Luise von Göchhausen, German lady in waiting (d. 1807) Giovanni Fabbroni, Italian scientist (d. 1822) February 16 – Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe, Austrian general (d. 1814) February 17 – Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, German writer (d. 1831) February 19 – Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri (d. 1829) February 19 – Simone Assemani, Italian orientalist (d. 1821) February 21 – Nathaniel Rochester, American politician (d. 1831) February 23 – Simon Knéfacz, Croatian writer (d. 1819) February 25 – John Graves Simcoe, first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1806) February 26 – James Winchester, American general and politician (d. 1826) February 27 – William Linn, American President of Queen's College) (d. 1808) February 28 – William Washington, United States soldier (d. 1810) March March 3 – Thomas Hardy (political reformer) (d. 1832) March 5 – Leendert Viervant the Younger, Dutch architect (d. 1801) March 8 – William Bingham, American Continental congressman, senator for Pennsylvania (d. 1804) March 8 Johann David Schoepff, German biologist (d. 1800) Robert Clifford, English cricketer (d. 1811) March 11 Sir Charles Hastings, 1st Baronet, British Army officer (d. 1823) Joseph Malboeuf, dit Beausoleil, Member of Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (d. 1823) March 14 Claude-Jean Martin, French Navy officer (d. 1827) Jean-François-Auguste Moulin, member of the French Directory (d. 1810) March 16 – Antoine Joseph Santerre, French general (d. 1809) March 19 – Giuseppe Colucci, Italian historian of the Marche, writer (d. 1809) March 20 – Robert Newman, American sexton at the Old North Church in Boston (d. 1804) March 21 Maurice d'Elbée, French Royalist military officer (d. 1794) Mary Dixon Kies, American inventor, first recipient of a U.S. patent (d. 1837) March 23 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, German pioneer in mining and metallurgy (d. 1815) March 24 – Antoine Joseph Gorsas, French publicist, politician (d. 1793) March 25 – Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Liria and Jérica, Spanish duke (d. 1787) April April 4 Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer (d. 1837) Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours, Swiss artist (d. 1809) April 5 – Sébastien Érard, German-born French instrument maker (d. 1831) April 6 – Meno Haas, German-born copperplate engraver (d. 1833) April 9 – Rudolph Zacharias Becker, German educator and author (d. 1822) April 13 – Joseph Drapeau, Canadian politician (d. 1810) April 17 – John Austin, Scottish inventor (d. 1830) April 18 – Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 9th Baronet (d. 1794) April 19 John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker, British politician (d. 1821) Friederike Brion, first great love of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (d. 1813) April 21 Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait, French engineer (d. 1807) Humphry Repton, English garden designer (d. 1818) April 23 – John Willett Payne, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1803) April 24 – Henry Latimer (senator), American politician (d. 1819) April 28 – Matsumura Goshun, Japanese artist (d. 1811) April 29 – Theodore Foster, American politician (d. 1828) May May 4 John Brooks (governor), Massachusetts doctor, military officer, governor (d. 1825) François Adriaan van der Kemp, Dutch politician (d. 1829) May 5 – Johann Tobias Mayer, German physicist (d. 1830) May 9 – Johann Anton Leisewitz, German lawyer and dramatic poet (d. 1806) May 9 – Antonio Scarpa, Italian anatomist (d. 1832) May 10 Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, First Queen of Saxony/Duchess of Warsaw (d. 1828) Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville, French general (d. 1821) May 11 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist (d. 1840) May 12 – Infante Gabriel of Spain (d. 1788) May 13 – Michael Hughes, Welsh industrialist (d. 1825) May 14 Albrecht Thaer, German agronomist (d. 1828) Timothy Dwight IV, American academic, educator (d. 1817) Juliane Reichardt, German-born Bohemian pianist, singer and composer (d. 1783) May 16 – Samuel Denny Street, Canadian politician (d. 1830) May 17 – Thomas Boude, American politician (d. 1822) May 20 William Wrightson, British politician (d. 1827) Charles-Louis Antiboul, French Girondist politician (d. 1793) May 22 – Louis Legendre, French politician of the Revolution period (d. 1797) May 24 Oliver Cromwell, African-American soldier (d. 1853) Thomson J. Skinner, American politician (d. 1809) May 26 Antoine Brice, Belgian painter (d. 1817) William Badger, master shipbuilder operating in Kittery, Maine (d. 1830) May 28 – Robert Carr Brackenbury, English Methodist preacher (d. 1818) May 29 – Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, British diplomat (d. 1825) May 31 – John Marsh, English music composer (d. 1828) June June 4 Charles Finch (MP), British politician (d. 1819) John Eager Howard, American politician (d. 1827) June 5 George Burder, English Nonconformist divine (d. 1832) Hardy Murfree, American soldier (d. 1809) June 6 – John Gabriel Jones, Kentucky pioneer and statesman (d. 1776) June 8 – Sir James Lamb, 1st Baronet of England (d. 1824) June 11 Christian Graf von Haugwitz, German statesman (d. 1832) Eliphalet Pearson, American educator (d. 1826) June 13 – Fanny Burney, English novelist, diarist (d. 1840) June 15 – Paul Cobb Methuen, British politician (d. 1816) June 19 – Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781), second son of William Cavendish (d. 1781) June 24 – Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford (d. 1822) June 27 – Hannah Mather Crocker, American essayist, advocate of women's rights in America (d. 1829) June 29 – Christopher Frederik Lowzow, Danish-Norwegian army officer (d. 1829) July July 1 – Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle, British Army general (d. 1795) July 3 – Heinrich Philipp Konrad Henke, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1809) July 4 – Ignace-Michel-Louis-Antoine d'Irumberry de Salaberry, Canadian politician (d. 1828) July 5 Peter Swart, American politician (d. 1829) Luke Hansard, English printer (d. 1828) July 7 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor (d. 1834) July 8 – Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley, British diplomat (d. 1830) July 10 David Humphreys, American diplomat (d. 1818) St. George Tucker, United States federal judge (d. 1827) July 14 – Andreas Joseph Hofmann, German philosopher and revolutionary (d. 1849) July 17 – Barnaba Oriani, Italian priest (d. 1832) July 20 – Guillaume-Jean-Noël de Lavillegris, French Navy officer (d. 1807) July 23 – Marc-Auguste Pictet, Swiss physicist (d. 1825) July 27 – Samuel Smith (Maryland politician), American politician (d. 1839) July 29 – John Manners-Sutton, British politician (d. 1826) July 30 – Valentine Quin, 1st Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Irish politician (d. 1824) August August 6 – Princess Louise of Saxe-Meiningen, Landgravine of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (d. 1805) August 13 – Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily (d. 1814) August 19 – Herman Bultos, Belgian wine merchant and theatre director (d. 1801) August 20 Peter Ochs, Swiss politician (d. 1821) Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1782) August 21 Antonio Cavallucci, Italian painter (d. 1795) Jacques Roux, French priest (d. 1794) Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit, French diplomat (d. 1829) August 22 – Alexander Tormasov, Russian general (d. 1819) August 23 – Ebenezer Elmer, American politician (d. 1843) August 25 Lodovico Gallina, Italian painter (d. 1787) Karl Mack von Leiberich, Austrian soldier (d. 1828) September September 8 – Carl Stenborg, Swedish opera singer (d. 1813) September 13 – Benedikte Naubert, German writer (d. 1819) September 18 – Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician (d. 1833) September 20 – Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, wife of Charles Edward Stuart (d. 1824) September 21 – Antoine de Bosc de la Calmette, Danish statesman, landscape architect (d. 1803) September 22 Elisha Clark, American politician (d. 1838) James Bowdoin III, American philanthropist and statesman (d. 1811) Ruler Jeongjo of Joseon (d. 1800) September 27 Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier, French diplomat (d. 1817) Nathaniel Curzon, 2nd Baron Scarsdale of Great Britain (d. 1837) September 28 – John the Painter, British criminal (d. 1777) September 30 Justin Heinrich Knecht, German composer, organist and music theorist (d. 1817) William Adams, British politician (d. 1811) October October 2 Samuel Story, Dutch admiral (d. 1811) Joseph Ritson, English antiquary (d. 1803) October 6 – Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, French educator, lady in waiting (d. 1822) October 10 – Lucy Jefferson Lewis, younger sister of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson (d. 1810) October 13 – William Grant, British lawyer, politician and judge (d. 1832) October 16 Adolph Freiherr Knigge, German writer, Freemason (d. 1796) Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (d. 1841) October 17 – Jacob Broom, American businessman, politician (d. 1810) October 20 – Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken, Baltic-German field marshal (d. 1837) October 22 – Ambrogio Minoja, Italian composer, professor of music (d. 1825) October 23 – Maria Anna Adamberger, Austrian stage actress (d. 1804) October 28 – Jean Henri Simon, Belgian engraver, soldier (d. 1834) November November 1 – Józef Zajączek, Polish general, politician (d. 1826) November 2 Andrey Razumovsky, Russian diplomat (d. 1836) Thomas Carpenter, American glassmaker (d. 1847) November 4 George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea, English cricketer (d. 1826) Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac (d. 1841) November 5 Jens Holmboe, Norwegian bailiff (d. 1804) Richard Richards (judge), British politician (d. 1823) November 8 – Claude-Augustin Tercier, French general (d. 1823) November 10 – Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria, Great-grandfather of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (d. 1837) November 11 John McMillan, Presbyterian minister, missionary in Pennsylvania (d. 1833) Thomas Cutler, Canadian politician (d. 1837) November 15 Jacques Defermon des Chapelieres, French politician (d. 1831) Nathaniel Chipman, United States federal judge (d. 1843) November 17 – Caspar Voght, German businessman (d. 1839) November 18 Joseph Hiester, American politician (d. 1832) P. H. Frimann, Norwegian-Danish poet (d. 1839) November 19 – George Rogers Clark, American soldier, officer and explorer (d. 1818) November 20 Robert Wright (politician), American politician (d. 1826) John Reeves, British judge (d. 1829) Thomas Chatterton, English poet (d. 1770) November 21 – George Pozer, German-born British merchant (d. 1848) November 23 – Maksimilijan Vrhovac, Croatian Catholic bishop (d. 1827) November 25 – Johann Friedrich Reichardt, German composer (d. 1814) November 26 – María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna (d. 1834) November 29 – Philippe-André Grandidier, French priest, historian (d. 1787) | at Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. Governor Hopson, accompanied by former Governor Cornwallis, signs on behalf of the British and Chief Kopit (Jean-Baptiste Cope), the Sakamaw of the Mi'kmaq, signs on behalf of his people. December 5 – The first presentation of a Shakespearean play in America is performed when a company of players stages The Merchant of Venice in Williamsburg, Virginia. Births January January 1 – Betsy Ross, American entrepreneur, creator of the American flag (d. 1836) January 2 Nicholas Owen, Welsh Anglican priest, antiquarian (d. 1811) Philip Morin Freneau, American poet (d. 1832) January 3 – Johannes von Müller, Swiss historian (d. 1809) January 4 David Hall, American judge (d. 1817) Harry Innes, United States federal judge (d. 1816) January 6 – Pierre Bouchet, French physician (d. 1794) January 10 – Laurent Jean François Truguet, French admiral (d. 1839) January 13 Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel, Italian poet and revolutionary (d. 1799) Sir Philip Anstruther-Paterson, 3rd Baronet, Scottish politician (d. 1808) January 16 John Davenport, American politician (d. 1830) Nicolas-François Guillard, French librettist (d. 1814) January 17 George Baylor, officer in the American Continental Army (d. 1784) William Stephens, United States federal judge (d. 1819) January 18 Alexander Kurakin, Russian diplomat (d. 1818) John Nash, English architect (d. 1835) Francesco Caracciolo, Neapolitan admiral, revolutionist (d. 1799) Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, British Army general (d. 1825) Louis Dufresne, French ornithologist, taxidermist (d. 1832) January 19 – James Morris III, Continental Army officer from Connecticut (d. 1820) January 20 – Jean-Baptiste Radet, French playwright (d. 1830) January 22 Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington (d. 1838) William Lewis, American politician (d. 1819) January 24 – Muzio Clementi, Italian composer, pianist (d. 1832) January 25 – Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1829) January 29 Pierre Martin, French Navy officer, admiral (d. 1820) John Macleod, British Army general (d. 1833) January 31 – Gouverneur Morris, American diplomat, politician (d. 1815) February February 4 – Gerrit Paape, Dutch politician, writer (d. 1803) February 5 Anton Walter, Austrian piano maker (d. 1826) Samuel Phillips, Jr., Massachusetts lieutenant governor (d. 1802) February 8 – Victurnien-Jean-Baptiste de Rochechouart de Mortemart, French general, politician (d. 1812) February 9 Ebenezer Sproat, Continental Army officer, pioneer to the Ohio Country (d. 1805) George Handley, American politician (d. 1793) February 12 John Smith, American politician (d. 1816) Josef Reicha (d. 1795) Dorothea Ackermann, German actress (d. 1821) February 13 Luise von Göchhausen, German lady in waiting (d. 1807) Giovanni Fabbroni, Italian scientist (d. 1822) February 16 – Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe, Austrian general (d. 1814) February 17 – Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, German writer (d. 1831) February 19 – Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri (d. 1829) February 19 – Simone Assemani, Italian orientalist (d. 1821) February 21 – Nathaniel Rochester, American politician (d. 1831) February 23 – Simon Knéfacz, Croatian writer (d. 1819) February 25 – John Graves Simcoe, first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1806) February 26 – James Winchester, American general and politician (d. 1826) February 27 – William Linn, American President of Queen's College) (d. 1808) February 28 – William Washington, United States soldier (d. 1810) March March 3 – Thomas Hardy (political reformer) (d. 1832) March 5 – Leendert Viervant the Younger, Dutch architect (d. 1801) March 8 – William Bingham, American Continental congressman, senator for Pennsylvania (d. 1804) March 8 Johann David Schoepff, German biologist (d. 1800) Robert Clifford, English cricketer (d. 1811) March 11 Sir Charles Hastings, 1st Baronet, British Army officer (d. 1823) Joseph Malboeuf, dit Beausoleil, Member of Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (d. 1823) March 14 Claude-Jean Martin, French Navy officer (d. 1827) Jean-François-Auguste Moulin, member of the French Directory (d. 1810) March 16 – Antoine Joseph Santerre, French general (d. 1809) March 19 – Giuseppe Colucci, Italian historian of the Marche, writer (d. 1809) March 20 – Robert Newman, American sexton at the Old North Church in Boston (d. 1804) March 21 Maurice d'Elbée, French Royalist military officer (d. 1794) Mary Dixon Kies, American inventor, first recipient of a U.S. patent (d. 1837) March 23 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, German pioneer in mining and metallurgy (d. 1815) March 24 – Antoine Joseph Gorsas, French publicist, politician (d. 1793) March 25 – Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Liria and Jérica, Spanish duke (d. 1787) April April 4 Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer (d. 1837) Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours, Swiss artist (d. 1809) April 5 – Sébastien Érard, German-born French instrument maker (d. 1831) April 6 – Meno Haas, German-born copperplate engraver (d. 1833) April 9 – Rudolph Zacharias Becker, German educator and author (d. 1822) April 13 – Joseph Drapeau, Canadian politician (d. 1810) April 17 – John Austin, Scottish inventor (d. 1830) April 18 – Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 9th Baronet (d. 1794) April 19 John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker, British politician (d. 1821) Friederike Brion, first great love of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (d. 1813) April 21 Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait, French engineer (d. 1807) Humphry Repton, English garden designer (d. 1818) April 23 – John Willett Payne, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1803) April 24 – Henry Latimer (senator), American politician (d. 1819) April 28 – Matsumura Goshun, Japanese artist (d. 1811) April 29 – Theodore Foster, American politician (d. 1828) May May 4 John Brooks (governor), Massachusetts doctor, military officer, governor (d. 1825) François Adriaan van der Kemp, Dutch politician (d. 1829) May 5 – Johann Tobias Mayer, German physicist (d. 1830) May 9 – Johann Anton Leisewitz, German lawyer and dramatic poet (d. 1806) May 9 – Antonio Scarpa, Italian anatomist (d. 1832) May 10 Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, First Queen of Saxony/Duchess of Warsaw (d. 1828) Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville, French general (d. 1821) May 11 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist (d. 1840) May 12 – Infante Gabriel of Spain (d. 1788) May 13 – Michael Hughes, Welsh industrialist (d. 1825) May 14 Albrecht Thaer, German agronomist (d. 1828) Timothy Dwight IV, American academic, educator (d. 1817) Juliane Reichardt, German-born Bohemian pianist, singer and composer (d. 1783) May 16 – Samuel Denny Street, Canadian politician (d. 1830) May 17 – Thomas Boude, American politician (d. 1822) May 20 William Wrightson, British politician (d. 1827) Charles-Louis Antiboul, French Girondist politician (d. 1793) May 22 – Louis Legendre, French politician of the Revolution period (d. 1797) May 24 Oliver Cromwell, African-American soldier (d. 1853) Thomson J. Skinner, American politician (d. 1809) May 26 Antoine Brice, Belgian painter (d. 1817) William Badger, master shipbuilder operating in Kittery, Maine (d. 1830) May 28 – Robert Carr Brackenbury, English Methodist preacher (d. 1818) May 29 – Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, British diplomat (d. 1825) May 31 – John Marsh, English music composer (d. 1828) June June 4 Charles Finch (MP), British politician (d. 1819) John Eager Howard, American politician (d. 1827) June 5 George Burder, English Nonconformist divine (d. 1832) Hardy Murfree, American soldier (d. 1809) June 6 – John Gabriel Jones, Kentucky pioneer and statesman (d. 1776) June 8 – Sir James Lamb, 1st Baronet of England (d. 1824) June 11 Christian Graf von Haugwitz, German statesman (d. 1832) Eliphalet Pearson, American educator (d. 1826) June 13 – Fanny Burney, English novelist, diarist (d. 1840) June 15 – Paul Cobb Methuen, British politician (d. 1816) June 19 – Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781), second son of William Cavendish (d. 1781) June 24 – Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford (d. 1822) June 27 – Hannah Mather Crocker, American essayist, advocate of women's rights in America (d. 1829) June 29 – Christopher Frederik Lowzow, Danish-Norwegian army officer (d. 1829) July July 1 – Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle, British Army general (d. 1795) July 3 – Heinrich Philipp Konrad Henke, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1809) July 4 – Ignace-Michel-Louis-Antoine d'Irumberry de Salaberry, Canadian politician (d. 1828) July 5 Peter Swart, American politician (d. 1829) Luke Hansard, English printer (d. 1828) July 7 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor (d. 1834) July 8 – Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley, British diplomat (d. 1830) July 10 David Humphreys, American diplomat (d. 1818) St. George Tucker, United States federal judge (d. 1827) July 14 – Andreas Joseph Hofmann, German philosopher and revolutionary (d. 1849) July 17 – Barnaba Oriani, Italian priest (d. 1832) July 20 – Guillaume-Jean-Noël de Lavillegris, French Navy officer (d. 1807) July 23 – Marc-Auguste Pictet, Swiss physicist (d. 1825) July 27 – Samuel Smith (Maryland politician), American politician (d. 1839) July 29 – John Manners-Sutton, British politician (d. 1826) July 30 – Valentine Quin, 1st Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Irish politician (d. 1824) August August 6 – Princess Louise of Saxe-Meiningen, Landgravine of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (d. 1805) August 13 – Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily (d. 1814) August 19 – Herman Bultos, Belgian wine merchant and theatre director (d. 1801) August 20 Peter Ochs, Swiss politician (d. 1821) Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1782) August 21 Antonio Cavallucci, Italian painter (d. 1795) Jacques Roux, French priest (d. 1794) Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit, French diplomat (d. 1829) August 22 – Alexander Tormasov, Russian general (d. 1819) August 23 – Ebenezer Elmer, American politician (d. 1843) August 25 Lodovico Gallina, Italian painter (d. 1787) Karl Mack von Leiberich, Austrian soldier (d. 1828) September September 8 – Carl Stenborg, Swedish opera singer (d. 1813) September 13 – Benedikte Naubert, German writer (d. 1819) September 18 – Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician (d. 1833) September 20 – Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, wife of Charles Edward Stuart (d. 1824) September 21 – Antoine de Bosc de la Calmette, Danish statesman, landscape architect (d. 1803) September 22 Elisha Clark, American politician (d. 1838) James Bowdoin III, American philanthropist and statesman (d. 1811) Ruler Jeongjo of Joseon (d. 1800) September 27 Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier, French diplomat (d. 1817) Nathaniel Curzon, 2nd Baron Scarsdale of Great Britain (d. 1837) September 28 – John the Painter, British criminal (d. 1777) September 30 Justin Heinrich Knecht, German composer, organist and music theorist (d. 1817) William Adams, British politician (d. 1811) October October 2 Samuel Story, Dutch admiral (d. 1811) Joseph Ritson, English antiquary (d. 1803) October 6 – Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, French educator, lady in waiting (d. 1822) October 10 – Lucy Jefferson Lewis, younger sister of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson (d. 1810) October 13 – William Grant, British lawyer, politician and judge (d. 1832) October 16 Adolph Freiherr Knigge, German writer, Freemason (d. 1796) Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (d. 1841) October 17 – Jacob Broom, American businessman, politician (d. 1810) October 20 – Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken, Baltic-German field marshal (d. 1837) October 22 – Ambrogio Minoja, Italian composer, professor of music (d. 1825) October 23 – Maria Anna Adamberger, Austrian stage actress (d. 1804) October 28 – Jean Henri Simon, Belgian engraver, soldier (d. 1834) November November 1 – Józef Zajączek, Polish general, politician (d. 1826) November 2 Andrey Razumovsky, Russian diplomat (d. 1836) Thomas Carpenter, American glassmaker (d. 1847) November 4 George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea, English cricketer (d. 1826) Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac (d. 1841) November 5 Jens Holmboe, Norwegian bailiff (d. 1804) Richard Richards (judge), British politician (d. 1823) November 8 – Claude-Augustin Tercier, French general (d. 1823) November 10 – Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria, Great-grandfather of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (d. 1837) November 11 John McMillan, Presbyterian minister, missionary in Pennsylvania (d. 1833) Thomas Cutler, Canadian politician (d. 1837) November 15 Jacques Defermon des Chapelieres, French politician (d. 1831) Nathaniel Chipman, United States federal judge (d. 1843) November 17 – Caspar Voght, German businessman (d. 1839) November 18 Joseph Hiester, American politician (d. 1832) P. H. Frimann, Norwegian-Danish poet (d. 1839) November 19 – George Rogers Clark, American soldier, officer and explorer (d. 1818) November 20 Robert Wright (politician), American politician (d. 1826) John Reeves, British judge (d. 1829) Thomas Chatterton, English poet (d. 1770) November 21 – George Pozer, German-born British merchant (d. 1848) November 23 – Maksimilijan Vrhovac, Croatian Catholic bishop (d. 1827) November 25 – Johann Friedrich Reichardt, German composer (d. 1814) November 26 – María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna (d. 1834) November 29 – Philippe-André Grandidier, French priest, historian (d. 1787) November 29 – Jemima Wilkinson, American preacher (d. 1819) November 30 – François Viger, Canadian politician (d. 1824) December December 2 – Angélique Victoire, Comtesse de Chastellux, French comtesse (d. 1816) December 3 George Cabot, American politician (d. 1823) Leonard Gyllenhaal, Swedish military officer, entomologist (d. 1840) December 5 – Francis Fane of Spettisbury, Member of the British Parliament (d. 1813) December 6 Robert de Lamanon, French botanist (d. 1787) Gabriel Duvall, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1844) December 8 Sir John Barrington, 9th Baronet of Great Britain (d. 1818) Placidus a Spescha, Swiss mountain climber (d. 1833) Vicesimus Knox, English essayist, minister (d. 1821) December 9 – Antoine Étienne de Tousard, French general, military engineer (d. 1813) December 10 – Sir Richard Sullivan, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1806) December 12 Thomas Bulkeley, 7th Viscount Bulkeley, English aristocrat |
21 – Having eliminated all of his rivals for leadership of Persia, Karim Khan Zand returns in triumph to his home in Shiraz and makes it his pee then begins construction of citadels, mosques, schools and other buildings. July 23 – Headed by Odawa Chief Pontiac and George Croghan, a party of Great Lakes tribesmen and British soldiers travel along the Wabash River and obtain the release of all white prisoners of war remaining in the Miami people and Odawa villages between Ouiatenon (near modern-day Granville, Indiana) and Detroit. July 30 – At Yale College, eight students attack the residence of Yale's President Thomas Clap because of his promotion of "New Light" Calvinist doctrine; and "with Evil Intent" and "with Strong hand burst and take off the gates of the yard of the mansion house and Carry away and with Screaming and Shouting... throw into said House Numbers of large stones with Cattles Horns into the windows of said House." The students plead guilty and pay nominal fines, and Clap resigns at the end of the 1765–66 school year. August 9 – Russian Empress Catherine II issues a decree authorizing the new way to produce vodka (by freezing). August 16 – The Treaty of Allahabad is signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of Company rule in India. August 14 – In protest at the Stamp Act, Bostonians attack the home of official Andrew Oliver. August 18 – Joseph II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. August 26 – In protest of the Stamp Act, Bostonians destroy the home of lieutenant governor Thomas Hutchinson. September 6 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau's house in Switzerland is stoned by a mob. September 21 – François Antoine announces he has killed the Beast of Gévaudan. October 17 – The Pennsylvania Gazette reports that a Mr. McCullough, the Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act. A Dr. Huston is appointed to the position. November 1 – The Stamp Act goes into effect in the thirteen American colonies. December 12 – The Pennsylvania Gazette reports that Dr. Huston, the recently instated Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act. Date unknown The first chocolate factory in the Thirteen Colonies is established by Dr. James Baker at Dorchester, Massachusetts. The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul. In Lisbon, the auto-da-fé parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished. Desai Atash Behram is established in Navsari, India. Catherine the Great establishes the first secondary education school for non-noble females in Russia: the Novodevichii Institute, for the daughters of commoners. Births January 11 – Antoine Alexandre Barbier, French librarian (d. 1825) January 23 – Thomas Todd, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1826) February 1 – Charles Hatchett, English chemist (d. 1847) February 8 – Joseph Leopold Eybler, Austrian composer (d. 1846) February 22 – Meta Forkel-Liebeskind, German writer, scholar (d. 1853) March 7 – Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (d. 1833) March | from 35 days of detention. At the same time, Pontiac authorizes a Shawnee Chief, Nanicksah, to sign a treaty with the British on behalf of the Great Lakes tribes, settling the French and Indian War. July 13 – Qianlong, the Emperor of China issues a decree that copper engravings be made to depict all of his victories in battle. In the interest of amity with the Chinese, King George III of Great Britain gives priority to the sale of British copper, and King Louis XV of France assents to the use of French artisans. July 21 – Having eliminated all of his rivals for leadership of Persia, Karim Khan Zand returns in triumph to his home in Shiraz and makes it his pee then begins construction of citadels, mosques, schools and other buildings. July 23 – Headed by Odawa Chief Pontiac and George Croghan, a party of Great Lakes tribesmen and British soldiers travel along the Wabash River and obtain the release of all white prisoners of war remaining in the Miami people and Odawa villages between Ouiatenon (near modern-day Granville, Indiana) and Detroit. July 30 – At Yale College, eight students attack the residence of Yale's President Thomas Clap because of his promotion of "New Light" Calvinist doctrine; and "with Evil Intent" and "with Strong hand burst and take off the gates of the yard of the mansion house and Carry away and with Screaming and Shouting... throw into said House Numbers of large stones with Cattles Horns into the windows of said House." The students plead guilty and pay nominal fines, and Clap resigns at the end of the 1765–66 school year. August 9 – Russian Empress Catherine II issues a decree authorizing the new way to produce vodka (by freezing). August 16 – The Treaty of Allahabad is signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of Company rule in India. August 14 – In protest at the Stamp Act, Bostonians attack the home of official Andrew Oliver. August 18 – Joseph II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. August 26 – In protest of the Stamp Act, Bostonians destroy the home of lieutenant governor Thomas Hutchinson. September 6 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau's house in Switzerland is stoned by a mob. September 21 – François Antoine announces he has killed the Beast of Gévaudan. October 17 – The Pennsylvania Gazette reports that a Mr. McCullough, the Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act. A Dr. Huston is appointed to the position. November 1 – The Stamp Act goes into effect in the thirteen American colonies. December 12 – The Pennsylvania Gazette reports that Dr. Huston, the recently instated Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act. Date unknown The first chocolate factory in the Thirteen Colonies is established by Dr. James Baker at Dorchester, Massachusetts. The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul. In Lisbon, the auto-da-fé parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished. Desai Atash Behram is established in Navsari, India. Catherine the Great establishes the first secondary education school for non-noble females in Russia: the Novodevichii Institute, for the daughters of commoners. Births January 11 – Antoine Alexandre Barbier, French librarian (d. 1825) January 23 – Thomas Todd, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1826) February 1 – Charles Hatchett, English chemist (d. 1847) February 8 – Joseph Leopold Eybler, Austrian composer (d. 1846) February 22 – Meta Forkel-Liebeskind, German writer, scholar (d. 1853) |
at Seville (approximate date). Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers the cities of Barcelona and Narbonne, where Visigothic nobles accept Umayyad overlordship, in return for autonomy in Septimania (Southern France). Muslims also raid Avignon and Lyon (approximate date). Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad are summoned back to Damascus by caliph Al-Walid I. They are ordered to deliver all the spoils of war. Musa complains and is stripped of his rank. Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa, becomes governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, governor of Mesopotamia, dies at Wasit (Iraq) after a 20-year administration. He is credited for improving agricultural production and introducing the diacritic points to the Arabic script. Al-Hajjaj convinces Al-Walid I to adopt an Arab currency. China Emperor Xuan Zong forbids all commercial vendors and shops in the Chinese capital city of Chang'an to copy and sell Buddhist sutras, so that the emperor can give the clergy of the Buddhist monasteries the sole right to distribute written sutras to the laity. Summer – Xuan Zong makes his general Xue Ne chancellor de facto, and commissions him with a Chinese army (60,000 men) to attack the Khitans (Mongolia). Xue falls into a Khitan trap and the Tang forces are crushed, at an 80-90% casualty rate. Fall – Xue Ne repels a Tibetan invasion of the Lan Prefecture (modern | complains and is stripped of his rank. Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa, becomes governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, governor of Mesopotamia, dies at Wasit (Iraq) after a 20-year administration. He is credited for improving agricultural production and introducing the diacritic points to the Arabic script. Al-Hajjaj convinces Al-Walid I to adopt an Arab currency. China Emperor Xuan Zong forbids all commercial vendors and shops in the Chinese capital city of Chang'an to copy and sell Buddhist sutras, so that the emperor can give the clergy of the Buddhist monasteries the sole right to distribute written sutras to the laity. Summer – Xuan Zong makes his general Xue Ne chancellor de facto, and commissions him with a Chinese army (60,000 men) to attack the Khitans (Mongolia). Xue falls into a Khitan trap and the Tang forces are crushed, at an 80-90% casualty rate. Fall – Xue Ne repels a Tibetan invasion of |
(DCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 768 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Frankish Kingdom September 24 – King Pepin III (the Short) dies at Saint-Denis, Neustria. The Frankish Kingdom is divided between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I. According to Salic law Charlemagne receives the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman is awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, Swabia, and the lands bordering Italy. Waiofar, duke of Aquitaine, and his family are captured and executed by the Franks in the forest of Périgord. Waiofar's kinsman Hunald II succeeds to his claims and continues to fight against Charlemagne. Iberian Peninsula Fruela I (the Cruel), the King of Asturias, is assassinated in Cangas, his capital, after he murders his brother Vimerano. Fruela is succeeded by his cousin Aurelius, who is chosen by the nobility. In al-Andalus, the Berber tribal chieftain Saqiya ibn Abd al Wahid al-Miknasi leads a rebellion against the Emirate of Córdoba, in the present-day Spanish province of Extremadura. Britain King | after he murders his brother Vimerano. Fruela is succeeded by his cousin Aurelius, who is chosen by the nobility. In al-Andalus, the Berber tribal chieftain Saqiya ibn Abd al Wahid al-Miknasi leads a rebellion against the Emirate of Córdoba, in the present-day Spanish province of Extremadura. Britain King Alhred of Northumbria marries Princess Osgifu, possibly daughter of the late king Oswulf (approximate date). Asia The Kasuga Shrine is erected at Nara (Japan), by the Fujiwara family. The interior is famous for its many bronze lanterns, as well as the stone lanterns that lead up to the Shinto shrine By topic Religion August 7 – Pope Stephen III succeeds Paul I as the 94th pope of the Catholic Church. The antipope Constantine II is overthrown at Rome, through intervention by King Desiderius of the Lombards, after a brief reign (see 767). Lebuinus, Anglo-Saxon missionary, founds the city of Deventer (modern-day Netherlands), and builds a wooden church on the bank of the River IJssel (approximate date). Archbishop Elfodd of Gwynedd persuades the Welsh Church to accept the Roman dating of Easter, as agreed by the British Church at the Synod of Whitby (see 664). Births Han Yu, Chinese philosopher and poet (d. 824) Konstanti Kakhi, Georgian nobleman (d. 853) Song Ruoxin, Chinese scholar, poet and lady-in-waiting (d. 820) Xue Tao, Chinese poet (d. 831) Deaths August 20 – Eadberht, king of Northumbria September 24 – |
Muslim mathematician and astronomer Ibn Yunus, Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) and Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi. The Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians. Bell foundry is founded in Italy. Gunpowder is invented in China. Significant people Abd al-Rahman Ibn Yunus Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi Abu Nasr Mansur Abu Rayhan al-Biruni Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham) Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Basil II Boleslaus I of Poland Brian Boru Bruno of Querfurt Robert II of France Robert Guiscard Roger I of Sicily Sancho III of Navarre Stephen I | this decade include Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)'s Book of Optics, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)'s 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif. Other significant contributions to scientific and mathematical understanding were made by Avicenna, who would later publish influential works on medicine, Persian Muslim polymath and scientist Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Arab Egyptian Muslim mathematician and astronomer Ibn Yunus, Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) and Persian |
what she did. Yasuko leaves the palace under the patronage of Empress Dowager Senshi and Michinaga (moved to his residence). Murasaki Shikibu starts to write The Tale of Genji. 10 January: Death of Empress Dowager Masako (empress consort of the late Emperor Reizei) 8 April: Fujiwara no Shoshi is promoted to Empress (Chugu), while there is an other empress, Fujiwara no Teishi (kogo) - this is the first time that there are two empresses Americas The Taíno have become the dominant culture of modern day Puerto Rico Christendom In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. The Holy Roman Emperor Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I Chrobry) was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew. In the Kingdom of France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first King of the Capetian royal dynasty. The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. In the year 1000, the Byzantine generals Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav, along with Little Preslav, extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state (Mysia and Scythia Minor). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and of other medieval confederations of Slavic states. In Great Britain, a unified Kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althingi of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000. On September 9, the King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason, was defeated by the Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden in the Battle of Svolder. Sweyn I established Danish control over part of Norway. The city of Oslo was founded in Norway (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000). It is known that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Erikson became the first European to land in the Americas, at L'Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland. The papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum ("Dark Age") or "pornocracy" ("rule of harlots"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy later in the 11th century. The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom. Sancho III of Navarre became King of Aragon and Navarre. The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian | Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji (al-Karkhi). Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics), Avicenna, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered to be among the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages altogether. The Turkic migration by this time had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars, Bulghars, Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized. Babylon abandoned Babylon was abandoned around this year. Largest cities Córdoba, Caliphate of Córdoba – 450,000 Kaifeng, Song Dynasty (China) – 400,000 Constantinople, Byzantine Empire – 300,000 Angkor, Khmer Empire (Cambodia) – 200,000 Kyoto, Heian Period (Japan) – 175,000 Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate – 135,000 Baghdad, Buyid Dynasty (Iraq) – 125,000 Nishapur, Ghaznavid Dynasty (Iran) – 125,000 Al-Hasa, Qarmatian State (Arabia) – 110,000 Patan, Chaulukya Dynasty (India) – 100,000 Births June 22 – Robert I, duke of Normandy (d. 1035) Adalbert, duke of Upper Lorraine (d. 1048) Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg (d. 1072) Argyrus, Byzantine general (approximate date) Berthold II, duke of Carinthia (approximate date) Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor (d. 1055) Dominic of Silos, Spanish abbot (d. 1073) Egbert, German Benedictine abbot (d. 1058) Duthac, patron saint of Tain (Scotland) (d. 1065) Gilbert, Norman nobleman (approximate date) Guigues I, French nobleman (approximate date) Irmgardis, German noblewoman and saint John Mauropous, Byzantine hymnographer Kyiso, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty (d. 1038) Liudolf, German nobleman (approximate date) Lý Thái Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1054) Michael I, Byzantine patriarch (approximate date) Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Fatimid scholar (d. 1078) Otto Bolesławowic, Polish prince (d. 1033) Qawam al-Dawla, Buyid governor (d. 1028) Robert de Turlande, French priest (d. 1067) Rotho, bishop of Paderborn (approximate date) Sylvester III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1063) Uta von Ballenstedt, margravine of Meissen William V, count of Auvergne (d. 1064) Yi Yuanji. Chinese painter (approximate date) Deaths May 17 – Ramwold, German Benedictine monk and abbot September 9 – Olaf Tryggvason (or Olaf I), king of Norway Abu'l Haret Ahmad, Farighunid ruler (approximate date) Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Persian astronomer and mathematician Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Persian physician, mathematician and astronomer Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi, Persian physician Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Arab traveller and writer (approximate date) Ælfthryth, English queen and wife of Edgar I (approximate date) Barjawan, vizier and regent of the |
the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1040, and ended on December 31, | King Macbeth of Scotland (d. 1057) Godwin, Earl of Wessex (d. 1053) El Cid (b. 1040) Yaroslav I the Wise References |
London. By topic Markets The city of Florence bans the use of Arabic numerals for commerce, allowing only Roman numerals. Births date unknown Alfonso IV of Aragon (d. 1366) Pierre Bertrand de Colombier, French cardinal and diplomat (d. 1361) Dmitri of Tver, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1326) Maria of Aragon, princess of Aragon (d. 1316) probable Ranulf Higdon, English chronicler (d. c. 1363) Malatesta II Malatesta, Italian condottiero (d. 1364) Nicholas of Autrecourt, French philosopher and theologian (d. 1369) Deaths May 10 Kyawswa of Pagan, deposed ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (born 1260) Theingapati, heir to the Pagan Kingdom May 17 – Daumantas of Pskov, Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1240) July 15 – King Eric II of Norway (b. c. 1268) August 1 – Conrad de Lichtenberg, Bishop of Strasbourg (b. 1240) November 10 – John I, Count of Holland (b. 1284) November 13 – Oliver Sutton, Bishop of Lincoln December 9 – Bohemond I, Archbishop of Trier December | to Genoa's enemies, in particular Sinucello della Rocca in Corsica. November 1 – Håkon V Magnusson becomes king of Norway. December 1 – Battle of Falconaria: Frederick II of Sicily defeats Philip I of Taranto. The House of Holland becomes extinct. The County of Holland becomes part of a personal union with the County of Hainaut. Early evidence is uncovered of the king of England borrowing from the Italian merchants. Edward I obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the Frescobaldi Firm in London. By topic Markets The city of Florence bans the use of Arabic numerals for commerce, allowing only Roman numerals. Births date unknown Alfonso IV of Aragon (d. 1366) Pierre Bertrand de Colombier, French cardinal and diplomat (d. 1361) Dmitri of Tver, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1326) Maria of Aragon, princess of Aragon (d. 1316) probable Ranulf Higdon, English chronicler (d. c. 1363) Malatesta II Malatesta, Italian condottiero (d. 1364) Nicholas of Autrecourt, French philosopher and theologian (d. |
(still surviving) college, is confirmed by royal charter. February 10–March 11 – Raid on Brandenburg: Allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland, led by Władysław I the Elbow-high, and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by the pagan Gediminas, raid Louis V of Germany's Margraviate of Brandenburg (within the Holy Roman Empire), with the sanction of Pope John XXII. April 19 – A peace treaty in the Flemish peasant revolt, 1323-1328, is ratified. June 3 – The Treaty of Novgorod delineates the border between Russia and Norway in Finnmark. August 27 – A marriage contract is drawn up between Prince Edward (the future Edward III of England) and Philippa of Hainault, guaranteeing that the wedding will take place within two years. September 24 – England is invaded by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer. October – Ibn Battuta reaches Mecca. Date unknown Orhan I succeeds Osman I, on the throne of the Ottoman Empire. Ingeborg of Norway is deposed from political power in Sweden. The use of the word "cannon" is first recorded in reference to a firearm. Clare College, the University of Cambridge's second oldest (still surviving) college, is founded. Births March 5 – King Louis I | Ningzong of Yuan (d. 1332) May 8 – Joanna I of Auvergne, queen consort of France (d. 1360) June 29 – Murad I, Ottoman sultan (d. 1389) date unknown Olivier de Clisson (The Butcher), French soldier (d. 1407) Robert of Durazzo, Neapolitan nobleman (d. 1356) Prince Narinaga, Japanese Shōgun (d. in either 1337 or 1344, the sources are contradictory) Imagawa Sadayo, Japanese poet and soldier (d. 1420) Isaac ben Sheshet, Spanish Talmudic authority (d. 1408) probable Manuel Kantakouzenos, despot of Morea (d. 1380) Seii, King of Chuzan (d. 1349) Simeon Uroš, self-proclaimed Emperor of Serbs and Greeks (d. 1370) Deaths January 18 – Robert FitzWalter, 1st Baron FitzWalter, English baron (b. 1247) February 28 – Leopold I, Duke of Austria (b. 1290) March 26 – Alessandra Giliani, Italian anatomist (b. c. 1307) April 29 – Blanche of Burgundy, former queen consort of France (b. c. 1296) May 31 – Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, English rebel baron (b. 1271) July 29 – Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (b. 1259) October 15 – Walter de Stapledon, English bishop (b. 1261) October 27 – Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (executed; b. 1262) November 17 – Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1285) November 25 – Prince Koreyasu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1264) November 24 – Hugh the younger Despenser, English knight (executed; b. 1286) December 20 – Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow December 28 – Sir David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, Constable of |
will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December May 25 – The French States-General repudiates the terms of the Second Treaty of London, signed earlier in the year between England and France. June 21 – Upon the death of Erik Magnusson, his claims to the Swedish throne die with him, and power is restored undivided to his father, King Magnus. July 4 – Francesco II Ordelaffi surrenders to the Papal commander, Gil de Albornoz. December 19 – The Courts of the Principality of Catalonia are held in Cervera, giving birth to the Deputation the General of Catalonia (Diputació del General de Catalunya), also called Generalitat of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya). Date unknown Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband, Louis of Bavaria, are absolved from excommunication. Abu Salim Ali II overthrows | terms of the Second Treaty of London, signed earlier in the year between England and France. June 21 – Upon the death of Erik Magnusson, his claims to the Swedish throne die with him, and power is restored undivided to his father, King Magnus. July 4 – Francesco II Ordelaffi surrenders to the Papal commander, Gil de Albornoz. December 19 – The Courts of the Principality of Catalonia are held in Cervera, giving birth to the Deputation the General of Catalonia (Diputació del General de Catalunya), also called Generalitat of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya). Date unknown Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband, Louis of Bavaria, are absolved from excommunication. Abu Salim Ali II overthrows Muhammad II as Said, |
and his predecessor, U, are both assassinated later in the year. Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Barquq. With the backing of Antipope John XXIII, supporters of Louis II overthrow the underage King Ladislaus as King of Naples. The new Pope Boniface IX recognises Ladislaus's claim to the throne. Wikramawardhana succeeds Hayam Wuruk, as ruler of the Majapahit Empire. The unpopular Sultan Tughluq Khan of Delhi is murdered and succeeded by his brother, Abu Bakr Shah. Biri II succeeds Kade Alunu as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now eastern Chad and Nigeria), and the Empire loses its land in present-day Chad to the Bilala. Sandaki overthrows Magha II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire. Abd ar-Rahmân II succeeds Musa II as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty, in present-day western Algeria. Abu Tashufin II succeeds his nephew, Abu Hammu II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid Dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria. Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon, Portugal. Births March 1 – Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop (d. 1459) June 20 – John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, regent of England (d. 1435) April 10 – Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1464) November 9 – Isabella of Valois, queen consort of England (d. 1409) December 5 – Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Polish cardinal and statesman (d. 1455) December 24 – John VI, Duke of Brittany (d. 1442) Deaths March 14 – Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II, Sultan of Delhi (murdered) May 19 – Dmitry Donskoy, Grand Prince of Muscovy (b. 1350) June 15 (in the Battle of Kosovo) Prince Lazar, Prince of Serbia (b. 1329) Murad I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1326) Miloš Obilić, | Goryeo is forced from power and replaced by King Gongyang. The ten-year-old Chang and his predecessor, U, are both assassinated later in the year. Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Barquq. With the backing of Antipope John XXIII, supporters of Louis II overthrow the underage King Ladislaus as King of Naples. The new Pope Boniface IX recognises Ladislaus's claim to the throne. Wikramawardhana succeeds Hayam Wuruk, as ruler of the Majapahit Empire. The unpopular Sultan Tughluq Khan of Delhi is murdered and succeeded by his brother, Abu Bakr Shah. Biri II succeeds Kade Alunu as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now eastern Chad and Nigeria), and the Empire loses its land in present-day Chad to the Bilala. Sandaki overthrows Magha II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire. Abd ar-Rahmân II succeeds Musa II as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty, in present-day western Algeria. Abu Tashufin II succeeds his nephew, Abu Hammu II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid Dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria. Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon, Portugal. Births March 1 – Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop (d. 1459) June 20 – John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, regent of England (d. 1435) April 10 – Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of |
entire population massacred. The Knights subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum, to defend against future attacks. Conquest of the Canary Islands: King Henry III of Castile sends French explorer Jean de Béthencourt to colonize the Canary Islands. Béthencourt receives the title King of the Canary Islands but recognizes Henry as his overlord. This marks the beginning of the Spanish Empire. The Republic of Genoa regains control of Monaco. The Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turkmen") tribal confederation, in modern-day northern Iraq and Iran, moves its capital from Amida to Diyarbakır. Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland in order to protect itself from an invasion by Hungary. Maria II Zaccaria succeeds her husband, Pedro de San Superano, as regent of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece). Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Maelsechlainn mac William Buidhe O Cellaigh, as King of Uí Maine in modern-day County Galway and County Roscommon in Ireland. The University of Würzburg is founded. The Gangnido map of the world is completed in Joseon dynasty Korea. A Great comet is sighted. A big fire in the city of Utrecht starts near the Jacobikerk. Births February 6 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (1413-1458) (d. 1458) April 28 – Nezahualcoyotl, Acolhuan philosopher, warrior, poet and tlatoani of Texcoco (d. 1472) May 2 – Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1445) June 7 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese court noble | ("White Sheep Turkmen") tribal confederation, in modern-day northern Iraq and Iran, moves its capital from Amida to Diyarbakır. Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland in order to protect itself from an invasion by Hungary. Maria II Zaccaria succeeds her husband, Pedro de San Superano, as regent of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece). Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Maelsechlainn mac William Buidhe O Cellaigh, as King of Uí Maine in modern-day County Galway and County Roscommon in Ireland. The University of Würzburg is founded. The Gangnido map of the world is completed in Joseon dynasty Korea. A Great comet is sighted. A big fire in the city of Utrecht starts near the Jacobikerk. Births February 6 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (1413-1458) (d. 1458) April 28 – Nezahualcoyotl, Acolhuan philosopher, warrior, poet and tlatoani of Texcoco (d. 1472) May 2 – Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1445) June 7 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese court noble (d. 1481) September 29 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (d. 1443) November 23 – Jean de Dunois, French nobleman and soldier, illegitimate son of Louis I (d. 1468) date unknown – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English nobleman (d. 1460) Deaths March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland (b. 1378) May 3 – João Anes, Archbishop of Lisbon June 26 – Giovanni I Bentivoglio, Ruler of Bologna (b. 1358) July |
the Byzantine Empire and other Christian powers, in the southern Balkans. February 7 – King Henry IV of England marries as his second wife Joan of Navarre, the daughter of King Charles II of Navarre and widow of John IV, Duke of Brittany, at Winchester Cathedral. March 12 – As King Martin I of Aragon helps to end the siege by the French of the papal palace in Avignon, Antipope Benedict XIII flees to Aragon. March 23 – Stříbrná Skalice in Central Bohemia is razed by Sigismund of Luxembourg. April – Balša III succeeds his father Đurađ II as ruler of the Principality of Zeta (now the Republic of Montenegro). May 21 – Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador from the king of Castile to Timur, leaves Cadiz; he arrives in Samarkand over a year later. Before July 21 – Henry 'Hotspur' Percy forms an alliance with Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr. July 21 – Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by "Hotspur" Percy, who is killed in the battle. October 7 – Battle of Modon: The Genoese fleet under Jean Le Maingre (Marshal Boucicaut) is defeated by the Republic of Venice, at Modon in the Peloponnese. October – An English fleet organised by John Hawley of Dartmouth and Thomas Norton of Bristol seizes seven French merchant vessels in the English Channel. November – An English revenge raid on Brittany by Sir William Wilford | the French of the papal palace in Avignon, Antipope Benedict XIII flees to Aragon. March 23 – Stříbrná Skalice in Central Bohemia is razed by Sigismund of Luxembourg. April – Balša III succeeds his father Đurađ II as ruler of the Principality of Zeta (now the Republic of Montenegro). May 21 – Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador from the king of Castile to Timur, leaves Cadiz; he arrives in Samarkand over a year later. Before July 21 – Henry 'Hotspur' Percy forms an alliance with Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr. July 21 – Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by "Hotspur" Percy, who is killed in the battle. October 7 – Battle of Modon: The Genoese fleet under Jean Le Maingre (Marshal Boucicaut) is defeated by the Republic of Venice, at Modon in the Peloponnese. October – An English fleet organised by John Hawley of Dartmouth and Thomas Norton of Bristol seizes seven French merchant vessels in the English Channel. November – An English revenge raid on Brittany by Sir William Wilford captures 40 ships and causes considerable damage ashore. December – Local English forces defeat an attempted French raid on the Isle of Wight under Waleran III, Count of Ligny. Date unknown Jan Hus begins preaching Wycliffite ideas in Bohemia. In China, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. commissions the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedias. orders his coastal provinces to build a vast fleet of ships, with construction centered at Longjiang near Nanjing; the inland provinces are to provide wood and float it down the Yangtze River. The Temple of a City God is constructed in Shanghai. The Gur-e Amir Mausoleum is built in Samarkand by Timur, after the death of his grandson Muhammad Sultan, and eventually becomes the family mausoleum of the Timurid Dynasty. Georgia makes peace with Timur, but has to recognise him as a suzerain and pay him tribute. The |
third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, shifts the Ming capital from Nanking to Peking. March 3 – Zheng He receives imperial order from Yongle Emperor to bring imperial letters, silk products, and other gifts to various rulers of countries around the Indian Ocean. March 21 – Battle of Baugé: A small French force surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son, Murad II. November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth's flood: The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands is flooded, due to the extremely high tide of the North Sea; 72 villages are drowned, killing about 10,000 people. Date unknown John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence. Portuguese sailors sent by Henry the Navigator cross Cape Non, going as far as Cape Bojador. Traditional date – Larabanga Mosque is | as Cape Bojador. Traditional date – Larabanga Mosque is founded, in modern-day northern Ghana. Births March 9 – Francesco Sassetti, Italian banker (d. 1490) May 29 – Charles, Prince of Viana (d. 1461) June 3 – Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1463) July 25 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461) August 1 – Thomas Dutton, English knight (d. 1459) October 10 – John Paston, English politician (d. 1466) December 6 – King Henry VI of England (d. 1471) date unknown – Sōgi, Japanese poet and Buddhist priest (d. 1502) Deaths January 10 – Niccolò I Trinci, lord of Foligno (assassinated) January 15 – Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (born 1353) March 22 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (born 1388) April 21 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (born 1385) May – Balša III, ruler of Zeta May 26 – Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1389) June 21 – |
Celje acquires market town status and town rights, by orders from Count Frederic II of Celje. April 19 – In the Delhi Sultanate, the Afghan Lodi Dynasty succeeds the Turkish Sayyid Dynasty. June 30 – French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne, and capture Bordeaux. August 20 – The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne. October – After assassinating Bogdan II of Moldavia, Petru Aron takes up the throne. October 28 – Revolt of Ghent: Ghent takes up arms against Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Date unknown The Great Peacemaker along with Jigonhsasee and Hiawatha, found the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy Births January 14 – Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer (d. 1522) January 29 – John, Prince of Portugal, Prince of Portugal (d. 1451) February 17 – Raffaello Maffei, Italian theologian (d. 1522) March 5 – William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English earl (d. 1491) March 9 – Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer (d. 1512) April 22 – Queen Isabella I of Castile, Castillian queen regnant and first | 7 Pope Nicholas V issues a Papal Bull to establish The University of Glasgow. February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded (on February 18) by his son, Mehmed II. February 14 – Louis XI of France marries Charlotte of Savoy. April 11 – Celje acquires market town status and town rights, by orders from Count Frederic II of Celje. April 19 – In the Delhi Sultanate, the Afghan Lodi Dynasty succeeds the Turkish Sayyid Dynasty. June 30 – French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne, and capture Bordeaux. August 20 – The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in |
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