sentence1 stringlengths 1 133k | sentence2 stringlengths 1 131k |
|---|---|
Petra, and marches to Armenia. The Persians, lacking sufficient supplies, secure the supply routes and plunder Lazica. Africa Spring – Battle of the Fields of Cato: The Byzantine army, under John Troglita, crushes the Moorish revolt in Byzacena (Tunisia). Asia April 13 – Emperor Lý Nam Đế of Vietnam is killed by Laotian tribesmen, while on retreat from the Hong River Plain. He is succeeded by his elder brother Lý Thiên Bảo. By topic Commerce Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian merchant, writes his work Christian Topography. He describes the importance of the spice trade (especially in cloves and sweet aloes) in Ceylon, and the harvesting of pepper in India (approximate date). Religion Saint Catherine's Monastery is established in the Sinai Peninsula. Births Xiao Zhuang, crown prince of the Southern Dynasties (approximate date) Deaths April 13 – Lý Nam Đế, emperor of Vietnam June 3 – Clotilde, Christian wife of Clovis I and ancestress of the succeeding Merovingian dynasty (b.474) June 28 – Theodora I, Byzantine Empress Carcasan, king of the Ifuraces (Algeria) Chen Daoten, | after King Theudis is assassinated. Persia Lazic War: King Gubazes II revolts against the Persians, and requests aid from Justinian I. He sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (8,000 men) to Lazica (modern Georgia). Gubazes II besieges the fortress of Petra, located on the Black Sea. The Persian army under Mermeroes defeats a small Byzantine force guarding the mountain passes, and relieves Petra. Mermeroes stations a garrison of 3,000 men in the stronghold of Petra, and marches to Armenia. The Persians, lacking sufficient supplies, secure the supply routes and plunder Lazica. Africa Spring – Battle of the Fields of Cato: The Byzantine army, under John Troglita, crushes the Moorish revolt in Byzacena (Tunisia). Asia April 13 – Emperor Lý Nam Đế of Vietnam is killed by Laotian tribesmen, while on retreat from the Hong River Plain. He is succeeded by his elder brother Lý Thiên Bảo. By topic Commerce Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian merchant, writes his work Christian Topography. He describes the importance of the spice trade (especially in cloves and sweet aloes) in Ceylon, and the harvesting of pepper in India (approximate date). Religion Saint Catherine's Monastery is established |
by a group of conspirators during a banquet in Seville. Persia Spring – Lazic War: The Byzantine army under Bessas combines forces with King Gubazes II, and defeats the Persians in Lazica (modern Georgia) in a surprise attack. The survivors retreat into Caucasian Iberia. The Romans unsuccessfully besiege Petra, Lazica. Asia Jianwen Di succeeds his father Wu Di as emperor of the Liang Dynasty (China). By topic Religion c. 549–564 – Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt, is made. Fifth Council of Orléans: Nine archbishops and forty-one bishops pronounce an anathema against the errors of Nestorius and Eutyches. Bishop Maximianus of Ravenna consecrates the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory (which still exists) is founded in Ireland. Births Abū Lahab, uncle | time, after Belisarius has returned to Constantinople. He offers a peace agreement, but this is rejected by Emperor Justinian I. Totila conquers the city of Perugia (Central Italy) and stations a Gothic garrison. He takes bishop Herculanus prisoner, and orders him to be completely flayed. The Ostrogoth soldier asked to perform this gruesome execution shows pity, and decapitates Herculanus before the skin on every part of his body is removed. In the Circus Maximus, first and largest circus in Rome, the last chariot races are held. Europe January - Battle of Ciiil Conaire, Ireland: Ailill Inbanda and his brother are defeated and killed. Agila I succeeds Theudigisel as king of the Visigoths, after he is murdered by a group of conspirators during a banquet in Seville. Persia Spring – Lazic War: The Byzantine army under Bessas combines forces with King Gubazes II, and defeats the Persians in Lazica (modern Georgia) in a surprise attack. The survivors retreat into Caucasian Iberia. The Romans unsuccessfully besiege Petra, Lazica. Asia Jianwen Di succeeds his father Wu Di as emperor of the Liang Dynasty (China). By topic Religion c. 549–564 – Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt, is |
Seville (Andalusia), and Agila is defeated. 12,000 Kutrigurs appear in Europe led by Chinialus and others to assist the Gepids. Persia Spring – Lazic War - Siege of Petra (550–551): The Byzantine army and their Sabir allies (some 6,000 men) under Bessas recapture the strategic Byzantine fortress of Petra, located on the coast of the Black Sea. He orders the city walls razed to the ground.Greatrex & Lieu (2002), p. 118-119 Asia Autumn – Xiao Dong, great-nephew of the rebellious general Hou Jing, succeeds Jianwen Di as emperor of the Liang Dynasty. Xiao Dong has no real power and Hou Jing controls the imperial government at the capital Jiankang. Bumin Qaghan, chieftain of the Göktürks, founds the Turkic Khaganate. He unites the local Turkic tribes and throws off the yoke of the Rouran domination. By topic Arts and sciences Jordanes, Roman bureaucrat, publishes "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths" (approximate date). Births Ashina, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 582) Babai the Great, church father and theologian (approximate date) Germanus, Byzantine pretender (approximate date) Umako Soga, leader of the Soga clan (d. 626) | avoid a direct confrontation, Narses skirts the lagoons along the Adriatic shore, by using vessels to leapfrog his army from point to point along the coast. In this way he arrives at the capital Ravenna without encountering any opposition. He attacks and crushes a small Gothic force at Ariminum (modern Rimini). Spring- 551 Malian Gulf earthquake. It took place in the vicinity of the Malian Gulf. It affected the cities of Echinus and Tarphe. July 9 – Beirut is destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami. Its epicenter has an estimated magnitude of about 7.2 or 7.6, and according to reports of Antoninus of Piacenza, Christian pilgrim, some 30,000 people are killed. Autumn – Battle of Sena Gallica: The Byzantine fleet (50 warships) destroys the Gothic naval force under Indulf near Sena Gallica (Senigallia), some 17 miles (27 km) north of Ancona. It marks the end of the Gothic supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea. Europe Athanagild revolts against the Visigothic king Agila. Their armies meet at Seville (Andalusia), and Agila is defeated. 12,000 Kutrigurs appear in Europe led by |
a hopeless last stand for two days (south of Naples), and Teia is killed in the fightings. Aligern escapes, but surrenders a few months later. The Ostrogothic Kingdom ends after 60 years of rule in Italy. The Goths are allowed to return to their homes in peace and (re)settle in modern-day Austria. Some 7,000 people retreat to Campsas (Southern Gaul), and resist with minimal help from the Franks against the Byzantines until 554. The Byzantines retreated from Telephis–Ollaria. Europe Gothic War: Frankish invasion — Two Frankish-Alemanni dukes, brothers Lothair and Buccelin, cross the Alps from Germany with a force of 75,000 men, mostly Frankish infantry. In the Po Valley, they win an easy victory | Byzantine force at Parma, and are joined by remnants of the Gothic armies, bringing the total strength of the invaders to about 90,000 men. Narses, gathering his forces as quickly as possible, marches north to harass the Franks, but is not strong enough to engage them in battle. In Samnium (Southern Italy) the brothers divide their forces: Lothaire goes down the east coast, then returns to the north, to winter in the Po Valley. Buccelin follows the west coast into Calabria, where he spends the winter — his army being seriously wasted by attrition and disease. Asia King Seong of Baekje attacks the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Silla. However, under a secret agreement, Silla troops attack the exhausted Baekje army, and take possession of the entire Han River valley. In the Turkic Khaganate Istemi is appointed governor (yabgu) in the west of the empire (modern Turkestan), and Muqan Qaghan succeeds his brother Issik Qaghan as emperor (khagan) of the Göktürks. By topic Religion May 5 – The Fifth Ecumenical Council is held in Constantinople. Emperor Justinian I condemns in an edict the |
the Byzantine military staff after accusing them of incompetence. Asia Chinese Liang Dynasty: Jing Di, age 12, succeeds his father Yuan Di and is declared emperor by general Chen Baxian. The Rouran Khaganate ends; it is defeated by the Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan, who expands his rule in Central Asia. By topic Arts and sciences Around this time, the historian Jordanes writes several books, among them De origine actibusque Getarum (The origin and deeds of the Goths). Taliesin, British poet, becomes court bard to King Brochwel of Powys (approximate date). Religion June 7 – Pope Vigilius dies at Syracuse on his journey back home. His body is brought to Rome and buried in the San Martino ai Monti. Cybi Felyn, abbot of Holyhead, dies at his monastery in Caer Gybi (approximate date). Births Basolus, French Benedictine and hermit (approximate date) Fatimah bint Asad, mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 626) Khadija, wife of Islamic prophet Muhammad (approximate date) Deaths January 27 – Yuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 508) June 7 – Pope Vigilius September/October - Gubazes II, king of Lazica (Georgia) exact | siege of a Persian-held fortress, and is murdered by the Byzantine military staff after accusing them of incompetence. Asia Chinese Liang Dynasty: Jing Di, age 12, succeeds his father Yuan Di and is declared emperor by general Chen Baxian. The Rouran Khaganate ends; it is defeated by the Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan, who expands his rule in Central Asia. By topic Arts and sciences Around this time, the historian Jordanes writes several books, among them De origine actibusque Getarum (The origin and deeds of the Goths). Taliesin, British poet, becomes court bard to King Brochwel of Powys (approximate date). Religion June 7 – Pope Vigilius dies at Syracuse on his journey back home. His body is brought to Rome and buried in the San Martino ai Monti. Cybi Felyn, abbot of Holyhead, dies at his monastery in Caer Gybi (approximate date). Births Basolus, French Benedictine and hermit (approximate date) Fatimah bint Asad, mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 626) Khadija, wife of Islamic prophet Muhammad (approximate date) Deaths January 27 – Yuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 508) June 7 – Pope Vigilius |
the establishment of a 50 year peace agreement in 562. By topic Religion April 16 – The diplomatic representative (apocrisiarius) to Constantinople is elected as Pope Pelagius I, succeeding Vigilius as the 60th pope of Rome. Births Gao Bainian, crown prince of Northern Qi (d. 564) Amr Ibn Hashim, Arab pagan chieftain, and biggest enemy to the spread of early Islam Deaths February 22 – Maximianus, Bishop of Ravenna (b. 499) Echu Tirmcharna, king of Connacht (Ireland) Erzhu Ying'e, empress of Northern Wei Romanos the Melodist, Syrian poet (approximate date) Xiao Yuanming, emperor of the Liang Dynasty Yuwen Tai, general of Western Wei (b. 507) | prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe King Chlothar I suppresses a revolt of the Saxons and Thuringii in Saxony (Germany). For some time he exacts a tribute of 500 cows every year. Britain King Cynric and his son Ceawlin of Wessex fight against the Britons at Beranburh, now identified as Barbury Castle (Wiltshire) in South West England. Persia Lazic War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Justin retakes Archaeopolis (modern Georgia), and routs the Persian army. Siege of Phasis: The Persians are defeated at the besieged |
in Southern China. The Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan ally with the Persian Empire, and destroy the Hephthalites (White Huns) in Central Asia. By topic Religion King Chlothar I of the Franks founds the Abbey of St. Medard at Soissons (Northern France). The Jiming Temple in Nanjing is built; the Buddhist pagoda is located near Xuanwu Lake. Births Dushun, Chinese (Buddhist) patriarch (d. 640) Gao Wei, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 577) Ouyang Xun, Confucian scholar (d. 641) Deaths March 14 – Leobinus, bishop of Chartres exact date unknown Saint Cyriacus the Anchorite, | Constantinople earthquake occurs. Asia The Western Wei Dynasty ends: Yuwen Hu deposes emperor Gong Di, and places Yuwen Tai's son Xiaomin on the throne. Yuwen Hu becomes regent and establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China. Ming Di is made emperor, after his younger brother Xiao Min Di is arrested while trying to assume power. Xiao Min Di is deposed and executed by Yuwen Hu. The Liang dynasty ends: Chen Wu Di, a distinguished general, becomes the first emperor of the Chen dynasty in Southern China. The Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan ally with the Persian Empire, and destroy the Hephthalites (White Huns) in Central Asia. By topic Religion King Chlothar I of the Franks founds the Abbey of St. Medard at Soissons (Northern France). The Jiming Temple in Nanjing is built; the Buddhist pagoda is located near |
(mayor of the palace of Austrasia), requests on her deathbed a burial wearing a plain linen shroud. This is the traditional (pagan) practice of a 'furnished' grave. Leodegar, an opponent of Ebroin (mayor of the palace), is appointed bishop of Autun in Burgundy. Births Ali ibn Husayn Zayn, great-grandson of Muhammad and Shia Imam Cædwalla, king of Wessex (approximate date) Fujiwara no Fuhito, Japanese statesman (d. 720) He Zhizhang, Chinese poet (approximate date) Deaths March 17 – Gertrude of Nivelles, Frankish abbess (b. c.628) November 3 – Denha I of Tikrit, Syriac Orthodox Grand Metropolitan of the East. Bavo of Ghent, Frankish nobleman and saint (b. 622) Han Yuan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 606) Ishoyahb III, | 17 – Gertrude of Nivelles, daughter of Pepin of Landen (mayor of the palace of Austrasia), requests on her deathbed a burial wearing a plain linen shroud. This is the traditional (pagan) practice of a 'furnished' grave. Leodegar, an opponent of Ebroin (mayor of the palace), is appointed bishop of Autun in Burgundy. Births Ali ibn Husayn Zayn, great-grandson of Muhammad and Shia Imam Cædwalla, king of Wessex (approximate date) Fujiwara no Fuhito, Japanese statesman (d. 720) He Zhizhang, Chinese poet (approximate date) Deaths March 17 – Gertrude of Nivelles, Frankish abbess (b. c.628) November 3 – Denha I of Tikrit, Syriac Orthodox Grand Metropolitan of the East. Bavo of Ghent, Frankish nobleman and saint (b. 622) Han Yuan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 606) Ishoyahb III, |
township there is appointed an elder. The houses are all associated in groups of five for mutual protection, with one elder to supervise them one with another. This system prevails until the era of World War II. The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda is constructed in Chang'an (modern Xi'an), during the Tang Dynasty (China). It is completed in the same year, during the reign of Emperor Gao Zong. Births Chlothar III, king of Neustria and Burgundy (d. 673) Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor (d. 685) Li Hong, prince of the Tang Dynasty (d. 675) Deaths Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date) Abdel Rahman ibn Awf, companion of Muhammad (approximate date) Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Arabic leader (b. 560) Emmeram, bishop of Regensburg (approximate date) Itta of Metz, widow of | year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 652 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe King Rothari dies after a 16-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Rodoald as king of the Lombards. Britain King Penda of Mercia invades Bernicia, and besieges King Oswiu at Bamburgh, in North East England. Arab Empire Arab–Byzantine War: An Arab fleet under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad defeats the Byzantine fleet (500 ships) off the coast of Alexandria. Siege of Dongola: A Rashidun army (5,000 men) under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad besieges Dongola in the Kingdom of Makuria (modern Sudan). Uthman ibn Affan establishes a treaty (the Baqt) between the Christian Nubians and the Muslims |
of Dorestad, Paris and Orléans. Others sail up the Oise River, ravaging Beauvais and the abbey of Saint-Germer-de-Fly (approximate date). Viking chieftain Rorik, with the agreement of King Lothair II, leaves Dorestad with a fleet and forces his rival Horik II to recognise him as ruler over Denmark (approximate date). By topic Medicine The first recorded major outbreak of ergotism kills thousands of people in the Rhine Valley. They have eaten bread made from rye infected with the ergot fungus parasite Claviceps purpurea (approximate date). Births Choe Chiwon, Korean philosopher and poet Li Cunjin, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 922) Deaths March 11 – Eulogius, Spanish priest and martyr | Bald acknowledges Salomon as the rightful 'king' of Brittany. A Danish Viking fleet raids the cities of Dorestad, Paris and Orléans. Others sail up the Oise River, ravaging Beauvais and the abbey of Saint-Germer-de-Fly (approximate date). Viking chieftain Rorik, with the agreement of King Lothair II, leaves Dorestad with a fleet and forces his rival Horik II to recognise him as ruler over Denmark (approximate date). By topic Medicine The first recorded major outbreak of ergotism kills thousands of people in the Rhine Valley. |
Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Procopius acting as praefectus urbi. He is found guilty and sent to prison. End of the Lazic War: In the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty, King Khosrau I recognises Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state for an annual payment of 5,000 pounds of gold each year. December 23 – Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt. Paul the Silentiary, Byzantine poet, writes an epic poem (Ekphrasis). Europe King Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars at Regensburg (Germany). He moves his capital from Reims to Metz (approximate date). Asia Spring – Xiao Ming Di, age 20, | praefectus urbi. He is found guilty and sent to prison. End of the Lazic War: In the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty, King Khosrau I recognises Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state for an annual payment of 5,000 pounds of gold each year. December 23 – Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt. Paul the Silentiary, Byzantine poet, writes an epic poem (Ekphrasis). Europe King Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars at Regensburg (Germany). He moves his capital from Reims to Metz (approximate |
seeing the Loch Ness Monster at the River Ness (according to the "Life of St. Columba"). Mesoamerica Tulum, Maya walled city, on the Yucatán Peninsula (modern Mexico) is first mentioned on a stele inscription. By topic Religion Samson of Dol, one of seven founder saints of Brittany, attends a council in Paris and witnesses several royal decrees (approximate date). Births Hermenegild, Visigoth | 564 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Britain Cadoc, abbot of Llancarfan (Wales), settles in Weedon and is made bishop (approximate date). August 22 – Columba reports seeing the Loch Ness Monster at the River Ness (according to the "Life of |
since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire November 15 – Justin II succeeds his uncle Justinian I as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He begins his reign by refusing subsidies to the Avars, who conduct several large-scale raids through the Balkan Peninsula. Justin II recalls his cousin Justin (pretender to the throne) to Constantinople; after accusations against him, he is placed under house arrest. Justin II sends his son-in-law Baduarius (magister militum) with a Byzantine army, to support the Gepids in their war against the Lombards.Jarnut 1995, p. 22. The Madaba Map is made in the Byzantine church of Saint George. The floor mosaic contains the depiction of the Holy Land (approximate date). Britain Columba, Irish missionary, spots the Loch Ness Monster on the River Ness present day Scotland and saves the life of a Pict (approximate date). Europe Summer – A war erupts between Alboin, the king of the Lombards, and King Cunimund, the leader of the Gepids. (approximate date). Asia Gao Wei succeeds his father Wu Cheng Di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Qi Dynasty. Wu | between Alboin, the king of the Lombards, and King Cunimund, the leader of the Gepids. (approximate date). Asia Gao Wei succeeds his father Wu Cheng Di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Qi Dynasty. Wu Cheng Di becomes a regent and Grand Emperor. The Uyghurs are defeated by the Göktürks, who expand their territory in Central Asia (approximate date). By topic Arts and sciences Agathias begins to write a history, beginning where Procopius finished his work. Religion January 22 – Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople is deposed as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople by Justinian I after he refuses the Byzantine Emperor's order to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae, a sect of Monophysites. From April 12 he is replaced by John Scholasticus. Columba begins preaching in the Orkney Islands (approximate date). Births Chen Yueyi, empress of Northern Zhou (approximate date) Cuthwine, prince of Wessex (approximate date) Gundoald, Bavarian nobleman (approximate |
is murdered in his sleep, and his head is cut off and brought to Constantinople (probably by assignment of Empress Sophia). Europe Ainmuire mac Sétnai becomes High King of Ireland, and rules from 566–569 (this according to the Book of Leinster). Francia A poet from Italy named Venantius Fortunatus arrives at the Merovingian court at Metz. With a strong grasp of traditional Roman poetry, Fortunatus impresses and entertains the Frankish royalty and aristocracy. The success of a Latin poet in Francia suggests that Roman culture persisted well after the Roman Empire disintegrated in Gaul in the late 5th century. Asia Fei Di, age 12, succeeds his father Wen Di, as emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He honors his grand-aunt Zhang Yao'er with the title of Grand Empress, and she becomes his regent. Kirtivarman I succeeds his father Pulakeshin I as king of the Chalukya Dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of the Kadambas and annexes the port of Goa. Unidentified A major volcanic eruption occurs in the Antarctic. Births Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date) Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty (d. 635) Xiao, empress of | after the Roman Empire disintegrated in Gaul in the late 5th century. Asia Fei Di, age 12, succeeds his father Wen Di, as emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He honors his grand-aunt Zhang Yao'er with the title of Grand Empress, and she becomes his regent. Kirtivarman I succeeds his father Pulakeshin I as king of the Chalukya Dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of the Kadambas and annexes the port of Goa. Unidentified A major volcanic eruption occurs in the Antarctic. Births Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date) Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty (d. 635) Xiao, empress of the Sui Dynasty (approximate date) Yuchi Chifan, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 595) Deaths Domnall Ilchelgach, High King of Ireland Forggus mac Muirchertaig, High King Justin, Byzantine aristocrat and general Pulakeshin I, king |
Charibert I dies without an heir; his realm (region Neustria and Aquitaine) is divided between his brothers Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I. Liuva I succeeds his predecessor Athanagild after an interregnum of five months and becomes king of the Visigoths. China Three Disasters of Wu: Emperor Wu Di of the Northern Zhou dynasty initiates the second persecution of Buddhists in China. This persecution continues until he is succeeded by his son Emperor Xuan. By topic Religion The Second Council of Tours is held. It decrees that any cleric found in bed with | dynasty initiates the second persecution of Buddhists in China. This persecution continues until he is succeeded by his son Emperor Xuan. By topic Religion The Second Council of Tours is held. It decrees that any cleric found in bed with his wife will be excommunicated. John III, patriarch of Constantinople, organizes a compromise between the Chalcedonians and Monophysites. Births Ingund, wife of Hermenegild (or 568) |
city of Garama is converted to Christianity. Europe September – The Lombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquer Milan. Gisulf I, nephew of Alboin, is appointed as the first duke of Friuli (approximate date). Arabia Al-Mundhir III succeeds his father Al-Harith V and becomes king of the Ghassanids. By topic Religion The Nubian kingdom of Alodia is converted to Christianity by Byzantine missionaries (according to John of Ephesus). John of Ephesus completes his "Biographies of Eastern Saints" (approximate date). November 19 – In Poitiers the "Vexilla Regis" is first sung during the Procession. Births Yángdi, emperor of the Sui Dynasty (d. 618) | Christianity. Europe September – The Lombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquer Milan. Gisulf I, nephew of Alboin, is appointed as the first duke of Friuli (approximate date). Arabia Al-Mundhir III succeeds his father Al-Harith V and becomes king of the Ghassanids. By topic Religion The Nubian kingdom of Alodia is converted to Christianity by Byzantine missionaries (according to John of Ephesus). John of Ephesus completes his "Biographies of Eastern Saints" (approximate date). November 19 – In Poitiers the "Vexilla Regis" is first sung during the Procession. Births Yángdi, emperor of the Sui Dynasty (d. 618) Deaths Ainmuire mac |
Dukes). The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade Cantabria (Northern Spain), and destroy the city of Amaya (Burgos). He massacres the inhabitants and adds the province to the Visigothic Kingdom. Áedán mac Gabráin becomes king of Dál Riata (Scotland) (approximate Date). Asia The Persian Empire overthrows the Axumite- and Byzantine-affiliated regimes in Yemen (Arabian Peninsula). Unidentified A major volcanic eruption occurs in the Antarctic. By topic Religion July 13 – Pope John III dies at Rome after a 13-year reign, until June of next year the Holy See becomes sede vacante. Marius Aventicensis is made bishop of Aventicum (modern Avenches). Births February 7 – Shōtoku, prince and regent of Japan (d. 622) Xiao Yu, prince of the Liang Dynasty (d. 647) Deaths July 13 – Pope | the Mesopotamian front; in the Caucasus, war continues. Europe King Cleph is murdered after an 18-month reign by a guard, a slave who he has mistreated. For the next decade, the Lombard Kingdom is governed by independent duchies (Rule of the Dukes). The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade Cantabria (Northern Spain), and destroy the city of Amaya (Burgos). He massacres the inhabitants and adds the province to the Visigothic Kingdom. Áedán mac Gabráin becomes king of Dál Riata (Scotland) (approximate Date). Asia The Persian Empire overthrows the Axumite- and Byzantine-affiliated regimes in Yemen (Arabian Peninsula). Unidentified A major volcanic eruption occurs in the Antarctic. By topic Religion July 13 – Pope John III dies at Rome after a 13-year reign, until June of next year the Holy See becomes sede vacante. Marius Aventicensis is made bishop of Aventicum (modern Avenches). Births February 7 – Shōtoku, prince and regent of |
Asia Emperor Xuan Di abdicates the throne to his son Jing Di, age 6, and rules as regent the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Jinpyeong becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. By topic Religion July 30 – Pope Benedict I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by Pelagius II as the 63rd pope. During the Lombard siege of Rome, he labors to solve the problems of famine. Pelagius II sends Gregory as his apocrisiarius (ambassador to the imperial court in Constantinople). He is part of a Roman delegation to ask for military aid against the Lombards. Leander, Catholic bishop of Seville, is exiled by Liuvigild and withdraws to Constantinople. At the Byzantine court he composes works against Arianism (approximate date). Births Fang Xuanling, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 648) Deaths | reign, during which he has extended his realm from the River Oxus to the Red Sea. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd IV, who becomes king of the Persian Empire. Summer – Hormizd IV refuses to give up territories, and breaks off negotiations with the Byzantine Empire. The Türks invade Khorasan and reach Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea. Asia Emperor Xuan Di abdicates the throne to his son Jing Di, age 6, and rules as regent the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Jinpyeong becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. By topic Religion July 30 – Pope Benedict I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by Pelagius II as the 63rd pope. During the Lombard siege of Rome, he labors to solve the problems of famine. Pelagius II sends Gregory as his apocrisiarius (ambassador to the imperial court in Constantinople). He is part of a Roman delegation to ask for military aid against the Lombards. Leander, Catholic bishop of Seville, is exiled by Liuvigild and withdraws to Constantinople. At the Byzantine court |
Æthelberht succeeds his father Eormenric as king (bretwalda) of Kent (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Siege of Lindisfarne: A Brythonic coalition lays siege to King Hussa of Bernicia at Lindisfarne Castle (Holy Island). Owain mab Urien succeeds his father Urien, as Brythonic king of Rheged in Northern England (approximate date). Persia Spring – King Hormizd IV dismisses Bahrām Chobin as commander (Eran spahbed). He revolts and marches with the support of the Persian army towards Ctesiphon. February 15 – Hormizd IV is deposed and assassinated by Persian nobles. Having ruled since 579, he is succeeded by his son Khosrau II as king of the Persian Empire. September – Bahrām Chobin defeats the inferior forces of Khosrau II near Ctesiphon. He seizes the throne and proclaims himself as king Bahrām IV of Persia. Asia Kadungon becomes king of the Pandyan Kingdom in South India (approximate date). Yeongyang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. By topic Religion February 7 – Pope Pelagius II falls victim to the plague that devastated Rome. After an 11-year reign he is succeeded by Gregory I, age 50, as the 64th pope, and the first from a monastic background. Egidius, bishop of Reims, is tried at Metz before a council of bishops for a conspiracy against King Childebert II; he is found guilty and exiled to Strasbourg. Gregory I begins a vigorous program of rebuilding aqueducts and restoring Rome. He feeds the citizens with doles of grain, as under Roman imperial rule. Columbanus, Irish missionary, obtains from King Guntram the Gallo-Roman castle Luxovium (Luxeuil-les-Bains), where he founds the Abbey of Luxeuil. John of Biclaro, Visigoth chronicler, finishes his "Chronicle" before he is appointed bishop of Girona (Catalonia, Spain). Births Benjamin, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (approximate date) Boran, Queen of Persia (d. 632) Braulio, bishop of Zaragoza (d. 651) Cedda, prince of Wessex (approximate date) Dervan, prince of the Sorbs (approximate date) Eanfrith, king of Bernicia (d. 634) Harsha, Indian emperor (d. 647) Jajang, Korean monk (d. 658) | of Maurice, is proclaimed as co-emperor. He becomes his father's heir to the Byzantine throne. Stephen I succeeds his father Guaram I as king of Iberia (Georgia) (approximate date). Europe The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram invade Italy. They capture the cities Milan and Verona, but are forced to leave by a plague outbreak in the Po Valley. The Franks again invade Italy; they capture Modena and Mantua. Several Lombard dukes defect: Gisulf I, duke of Friuli, is defeated and replaced by his son Gisulf II. September 5 – King Authari dies (possibly by poison) after a 6-year reign, and is succeeded by Agilulf, duke (dux) of Turin, who marries his widow Theodelinda. Frankish rebellion lead by Basina, daughter of Chilperic I. Britain Æthelberht succeeds his father Eormenric as king (bretwalda) of Kent (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Siege of Lindisfarne: A Brythonic coalition lays siege to King Hussa of Bernicia at Lindisfarne Castle (Holy Island). Owain mab Urien succeeds his father Urien, as Brythonic king of Rheged in Northern England (approximate date). Persia Spring – King Hormizd IV dismisses Bahrām Chobin as commander (Eran spahbed). He revolts and marches with the support of the Persian army towards Ctesiphon. February 15 – Hormizd IV is deposed and assassinated by Persian nobles. Having ruled since 579, he is succeeded by his son Khosrau II as king of the Persian Empire. September – Bahrām Chobin defeats the inferior forces of Khosrau II near Ctesiphon. He seizes the throne and proclaims himself as king Bahrām IV of Persia. Asia Kadungon becomes king of the Pandyan Kingdom in South India (approximate date). Yeongyang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. By topic Religion February 7 – Pope Pelagius II falls victim to the plague that devastated Rome. After an 11-year reign |
and Sedition Acts, the Sedition Act of 1798 is signed into law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government. July 16 – The Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen Act is signed into law, creating the Marine Hospital Service, the forerunner to the current United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. July 21 – Battle of the Pyramids: Napoleon defeats Ottoman forces near the Pyramids. July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo. July 31 – A second round of elections are held in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic); no general elections this time. August 1 – Battle of the Nile (near Abu Qir): Lord Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys. 11 of the 13 French battleships are captured or destroyed, including the flagship Orient whose magazine explodes; Nelson himself is wounded in the head. August 22 – French troops land at Kilcummin in County Mayo to assist the Irish Rebellion. September – Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first significant American novel, the Gothic fiction Wieland: or, The Transformation; an American Tale. September 5 – Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan Law. September 10 The Piedmontese Republic is declared in the territory of Piedmont. Battle of St. George's Caye: Off the coast of British Honduras (modern-day Belize), a group of European settlers and Africans defeat a Spanish force sent from Mexico to drive them out. September 18 – Lyrical Ballads is published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, inaugurating the English Romantic movement in literature. September 23 – Battle of Killala: in the last land battle of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, British troops defeat the remaining rebel Irish and French forces at Killala. October 2 – The Cherokee nation signs a treaty with the United States allowing free passage through Cherokee lands in Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap through the Appalachian Mountains from Virginia into Kentucky. October 7 – U.S. Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont becomes the first member of Congress to be put on trial for violating the new Sedition Act of 1798. October 12 Battle of Tory Island: A British Royal Navy squadron, under Sir John Borlase Warren, prevents French Republican ships, commanded by Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, from landing reinforcements for the Society of United Irishmen on the Donegal coast; Irish leader Wolfe Tone is captured and later dies of his wounds. This ends the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Peasants War against the French occupiers of the Southern Netherlands begins in Overmere. October 22 – Capitulation of the French garrison at Hyderabad to East India Company troops under James Kirkpatrick, British Resident. November 4 – The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu begins. November 8 – British whaler John Fearn becomes the first European to land on Nauru. November 28 – Trade between the United States and modern-day Uruguay begins when John Leamy's frigate John arrives in Montevideo. December 5 – Peasants War in the Southern Netherlands: The revolt is crushed in Hasselt; during the uprising it is estimated that 5,000 to 10,000 people have been killed. December 6 – General Joubert of the Piedmontese Republic occupies the Sardinian capital of Turin. Date unknown Edward Jenner publishes An Inquiry into | July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo. July 31 – A second round of elections are held in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic); no general elections this time. August 1 – Battle of the Nile (near Abu Qir): Lord Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys. 11 of the 13 French battleships are captured or destroyed, including the flagship Orient whose magazine explodes; Nelson himself is wounded in the head. August 22 – French troops land at Kilcummin in County Mayo to assist the Irish Rebellion. September – Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first significant American novel, the Gothic fiction Wieland: or, The Transformation; an American Tale. September 5 – Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan Law. September 10 The Piedmontese Republic is declared in the territory of Piedmont. Battle of St. George's Caye: Off the coast of British Honduras (modern-day Belize), a group of European settlers and Africans defeat a Spanish force sent from Mexico to drive them out. September 18 – Lyrical Ballads is published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, inaugurating the English Romantic movement in literature. September 23 – Battle of Killala: in the last land battle of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, British troops defeat the remaining rebel Irish and French forces at Killala. October 2 – The Cherokee nation signs a treaty with the United States allowing free passage through Cherokee lands in Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap through the Appalachian Mountains from Virginia into Kentucky. October 7 – U.S. Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont becomes the first member of Congress to be put on trial for violating the new Sedition Act of 1798. October 12 Battle of Tory Island: A British Royal Navy squadron, under Sir John Borlase Warren, prevents French Republican ships, commanded by Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, from landing reinforcements for the Society of United Irishmen on the Donegal coast; Irish leader Wolfe Tone is captured and later dies of his wounds. This ends the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Peasants War against the French occupiers of the Southern Netherlands begins in Overmere. October 22 – Capitulation of the French garrison at Hyderabad to East India Company troops under James Kirkpatrick, British Resident. November 4 – The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu begins. November 8 – British whaler John Fearn becomes the first European to land on Nauru. November 28 – Trade between the United States and modern-day Uruguay begins when John Leamy's frigate John arrives in Montevideo. December 5 – Peasants War in the Southern Netherlands: The revolt is crushed in Hasselt; during the uprising it is estimated that 5,000 to 10,000 people have been killed. December 6 – General Joubert of the Piedmontese Republic occupies the Sardinian capital of Turin. Date unknown Edward Jenner publishes An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ, describing the smallpox vaccine, in London. Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population (anonymously) in London. Nathan Mayer Rothschild moves from Frankfurt in the Holy Roman Empire to England, settling up in business as a textile trader and financier in Manchester. Alois Senefelder invents lithography. The first census in Brazil counts 2 million blacks in a total population of 3.25 million. The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Army Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, formed by The Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire in 1794, is adopted onto the British Army List. The platypus is first discovered by Europeans. Births January 14 – Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Dutch politician (d. 1872) January 19 – Auguste Comte, French sociologist (d. 1857) January 20 – Anson Jones, 5th and last President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1858) March 9 – Mathilda Berwald, Finnish and Swedish concert singer (d. 1877) March 23 – Christiane Bøcher, Norwegian actress (d. 1874) March 25 – Christoph Gudermann, German mathematician (d. 1852) March 25 – Corvo Attano, fictional character, Royal Protector, assassin (d. unknown) March 13 – Abigail Fillmore, First Lady of the United States (d. 1853) April 2 – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German writer (d. 1874) April 3 – Charles Wilkes, American naval officer, explorer (d. 1877) April 12 – Baron du Potet, French writer (d. 1881) April 26 – Eugène Delacroix, French painter (d. 1863) April 28 – Duncan Forbes, British linguist (d. 1868) May 10 – Christodoulos Hatzipetros, Greek military leader (d. 1869) June 12 – William Abbot, English actor (d. 1843) June 14 – František Palacký, Czech historian, politician (d. 1876) June 29 – Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (d. 1837) July 14 – Alessandro Antonelli, Italian architect (d. 1888) July 15 – Alexander Gorchakov, Russian politician (d. 1883) August 17 – Thomas Hodgkin, British physician, pathologist (d. 1866) August 20 – Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, French general, Marshal of France, Minister of War (d. 1854) September 4 – Raynold Kaufgetz, Swiss academic (d. 1869) September 11 – Franz Ernst Neumann, German mineralogist, physicist and mathematician (d. 1895) October 2 – King Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849) October 12 – Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil (also Pedro IV, King of Portugal) (d. 1834) |
A meteorite falls at Wold Newton, a hamlet in Yorkshire in England. This meteorite fall is subsequently used as a literary premise by science fiction writer Philip José Farmer, as the basis for the Wold Newton family. December 28 – Construction of Yonge Street, formerly recognized as the longest street in the world, begins in York, Upper Canada (present-day Toronto). Undated The Hudson's Bay Company trading post Fort Edmonton is constructed; the city of Edmonton, Alberta, eventually grows from it. The British Royal Navy makes the use of lemon juice mandatory, to prevent scurvy. The harvest fails in Munich. Daniel McGinnis discovers the supposed Money Pit on Oak Island, Nova Scotia. Jim Beam is founded as Old Jake Beam Sour Mash. Births January 6 – Anselme Payen, French chemist (d. 1878) January 18 – Anna Pavlovna of Russia, Dutch queen (d. 1865) January 26 – Policarpa Salavarrieta, Colombian spy, revolutionary heroine who worked for the independence of Colombia (d. 1817) February 3 – Antonio José de Sucre, Venezuelan revolutionary leader, general and statesman (d. 1830) February 4 – Jakob von Hartmann, Bavarian general (d. 1873) February 8 – Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, German chemist (d. 1867) February 18 – George Peabody, American businessman; "Father of modern philanthropy" (d. 1869) February 16 – Sarah Ann Gill, Barbadian national heroine (d. 1866) March 12 – William Lyon Mackenzie, Scottish journalist, 1st Mayor of Toronto (d. 1861) March 14 – Robert Lucas de Pearsall, English composer; setting of "In dulce jubilo" (d. 1856) May 4 – Annestine Beyer, Danish reform pedagogue (d. 1884) May 19 – Johns Hopkins, American businessman, philanthropist (d. 1873) May 23 – Charles Barry, English architect (d. 1860) June 11 – Sara Torsslow, Swedish actor (d. 1859) June 13 – Thomas Arnold, English school reformer (d. 1842) June 19 – James Braid, Scottish surgeon, hypnotism pioneer (d. 1860) June 21 – José María Pinedo, Argentinian naval commander (d. 1885) June 24 – Ernst Heinrich Weber, German physician, psychologist (d. 1878) July 5 – Georg Ernst Ludwig Hampe, German pharmacist, botanist and bryologist (d. 1880) July 7 – Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria, Bavarian field marshal (d. 1875) August 25 – Luis José de Orbegoso, Peruvian general and politician, 11th and 12th President of Peru (d. 1847) August 27 – Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician (d. 1885) September 1 – James Gordon Bennett, American newspaper publisher (d. 1872) September 6 – Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, Marshal of France (d. 1878) September 7 – John William Polidori, English writer and physician (d. 1821) September 16 – Saverio Mercadante, Italian composer (d. 1870) September 18 – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet, Decembrist (d. 1826) October 13 – James McDowell, American politician (d. 1851) October 15 – King Frederick William IV of Prussia (d. 1861) October 16 – William Buell Sprague, American clergyman, author (d. 1876) October 26 – Nikolaos Mantzaros, Greek composer (d. 1872) October 31 – John Keats, English poet (d. 1821) November 2 – James K. Polk, 11th President of the United States (d. 1849) November 12 – Thaddeus William Harris, American naturalist (d. 1856) December 2 – Guillermo (William) Miller, English-born military leader in Peru (d. 1861) December 3 – Rowland Hill, English teacher, inventor and social reformer (d. 1879) December 4 – Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer, historian (d. 1881) December 10 – Matthias W. Baldwin, American locomotive manufacturer (d. 1866) December 21 – Leopold von Ranke, German historian (d. 1886) date unknown – Chief Oshkosh, Menominee chief (d. 1858) Deaths January–March January 3 – Josiah Wedgwood, English potter, entrepreneur (b. 1730) January 5 Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 6th Duke of Liria and Jérica, second surviving son of the Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart (b. 1792) Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch, German Prince-Bishop (b. 1716) January 10 – David Blackburn, Royal Navy officer (b. 1753) January 19 – Thomas Balguy, English churchman (b. 1716) January 21 – Samuel Wallis, English navigator January 22 – Richard Clinton, officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution (b. 1741) January 23 – John Sullivan, American General in the American Revolutionary War, delegate in the Continental Congress (b. 1740) January 25 – Morgan Edwards, British historian and minister (b. 1722) January 26 – Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, German harpsichordist, composer (b. 1732) February 3 – Richard Edwards, naval officer and colonial governor of Newfoundland (b. c. 1715) February 7 – Antoine Polier, Swiss adventurer (b. 1741) February 11 – Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet (b. 1740) February 14 – Samuel Cook Silliman, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk (b. 1741) February 27 Tanikaze Kajinosuke, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1750) Richard Clarke, | marshal (d. 1875) August 25 – Luis José de Orbegoso, Peruvian general and politician, 11th and 12th President of Peru (d. 1847) August 27 – Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician (d. 1885) September 1 – James Gordon Bennett, American newspaper publisher (d. 1872) September 6 – Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, Marshal of France (d. 1878) September 7 – John William Polidori, English writer and physician (d. 1821) September 16 – Saverio Mercadante, Italian composer (d. 1870) September 18 – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet, Decembrist (d. 1826) October 13 – James McDowell, American politician (d. 1851) October 15 – King Frederick William IV of Prussia (d. 1861) October 16 – William Buell Sprague, American clergyman, author (d. 1876) October 26 – Nikolaos Mantzaros, Greek composer (d. 1872) October 31 – John Keats, English poet (d. 1821) November 2 – James K. Polk, 11th President of the United States (d. 1849) November 12 – Thaddeus William Harris, American naturalist (d. 1856) December 2 – Guillermo (William) Miller, English-born military leader in Peru (d. 1861) December 3 – Rowland Hill, English teacher, inventor and social reformer (d. 1879) December 4 – Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer, historian (d. 1881) December 10 – Matthias W. Baldwin, American locomotive manufacturer (d. 1866) December 21 – Leopold von Ranke, German historian (d. 1886) date unknown – Chief Oshkosh, Menominee chief (d. 1858) Deaths January–March January 3 – Josiah Wedgwood, English potter, entrepreneur (b. 1730) January 5 Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 6th Duke of Liria and Jérica, second surviving son of the Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart (b. 1792) Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch, German Prince-Bishop (b. 1716) January 10 – David Blackburn, Royal Navy officer (b. 1753) January 19 – Thomas Balguy, English churchman (b. 1716) January 21 – Samuel Wallis, English navigator January 22 – Richard Clinton, officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution (b. 1741) January 23 – John Sullivan, American General in the American Revolutionary War, delegate in the Continental Congress (b. 1740) January 25 – Morgan Edwards, British historian and minister (b. 1722) January 26 – Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, German harpsichordist, composer (b. 1732) February 3 – Richard Edwards, naval officer and colonial governor of Newfoundland (b. c. 1715) February 7 – Antoine Polier, Swiss adventurer (b. 1741) February 11 – Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet (b. 1740) February 14 – Samuel Cook Silliman, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk (b. 1741) February 27 Tanikaze Kajinosuke, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1750) Richard Clarke, Massachusetts merchant (b. 1711) March 4 – John Collins, third Governor of the U (b. 1717) March 5 – Josef Reicha (b. 1752) March 9 – John Armstrong, Sr., American civil engineer and major general during the Revolutionary War (b. 1717) March 15 – Louisa Catharina Harkort, German ironmaster (b. 1718) March 18 – Jonathan Buck, Bucksport (b. 1719) March 21 Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (b. 1714) Honoré III, Prince of Monaco (b. 1720) April–June April 1 – Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken (b. 1746) April 6 – George Collier, officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the Seven Years' War (b. 1738) April 12 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (b. 1710) April 30 – Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, French writer and numismatist (b. 1716) May 2 – Increase Moseley, American politician (b. 1712) May 6 – Pieter Boddaert, Dutch physician and naturalist (b. 1730) May 7 – Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1746) May 11 – Joachim Edler von Popper, Austrian banker (b. 1722) May 12 – Ezra Stiles, American academic, educator and author (b. 1727) May 17 – Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle, British Army general (b. 1752) May 18 – Robert Rogers, American colonial frontiersman (b. 1731) May 19 Josiah Bartlett, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (b. 1729) James Boswell, Scottish author (b. 1740) May 20 Francesco Paolo Di Blasi, Sicilian jurist (b. 1753) Louis Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, third son of Duke Karl Alexander (b. 1731) May 27 – Thomas-Laurent Bédard, Canadian priest |
Johnson, American philosopher (d. 1867) June 13 – Winfield Scott, American general, Presidential candidate (d. 1866) August 17 Davy Crockett, American frontiersman (d. 1836) Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, mother of Queen Victoria (d. 1861) August 25 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868) August 31 – Michel Eugène Chevreul, French chemist (d. 1889) September 10 Nicolás Bravo, 3-time President of Mexico (d. 1854) William Mason, American politician (d. 1860) September 11 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832) September 18 King Christian VIII of Denmark (d. 1848) Justinus Kerner, German physician (d. 1862) September 24 – Charles Bianconi, Italian-Irish entrepreneur (d. 1875) September 29 – Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (d. 1843) November 18 Henry Bishop, English composer (d. 1855) Carl Maria von Weber, German composer (d. 1826) December 12 – William L. Marcy, American statesman (d. 1857) date unknown Moulvi Abdul Ali, Bengali landlord and philanthropist (d. 1866) Caroline Cornwallis, English writer (d. 1858) Kim Jeong-hui, Korean epigrapher (d. 1856) probable – Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho (d. 1870) Deaths January 4 – Moses Mendelssohn, Jewish philosopher (b. 1729) January 7 – Jean-Étienne Guettard, French physician, scientist (b. 1715) January 14 – Meshech Weare, Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1713) January 26 – Hans Joachim von Zieten, Prussian field marshal (b. 1699) February 25 – Thomas Wright, British astronomer (b. 1711) February 28 – John Gwynn, English architect and engineer (b. 1713) March 11 – Charles Humphreys, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1714) April 10 – John Byron, British naval officer (b. 1723) April 20 – John Goodricke, English astronomer (b. 1764) May 1 – Benjamin Waller, American politician (b. 1716) May 2 – Petronella Johanna de Timmerman, Dutch poet, scientist (b. 1723) May 15 – Eva Ekeblad, Swedish scientist and agronomist, first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (b. 1724) May 19 – John Stanley, English composer (b. 1712) May 21 – Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist (b. 1742) May 22 – Carl Fredrik Mennander, Swedish bishop (b. 1712) May 25 – Peter III of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal (b. 1717) June 17 – Adam Drummond, British politician (b. 1713) June 19 – Nathanael Greene, major general in the Continental Army, 3rd Quartermaster General (b. 1742) July 28 – Carlo Marchionni, Italian architect (b. 1702) August 17 – King Frederick II of Prussia ("Frederick the Great") (b. 1712) August 27 – Carl Fredrik Scheffer, Swedish politician (b. 1715) September 5 – Jonas Hanway, English merchant, traveler, and philanthropist (b. 1712) September 17 – Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1737) September 18 – Giovanni Battista Guadagnini, Italian luthier (b. 1711) October 2 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, British admiral (b. 1725) October 5 – Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, German botanist (b. 1714) October 17 – Johann Ludwig Aberli, Swiss artist (b. 1723) October 20 – Humphrey Sturt, British architect (b. 1725) October 31 – Princess Amelia of Great Britain, Second daughter of George II of Great Britain (b. 1711) November 30 – | Philadelphia Convention to draft a national constitution. September 14 – Connecticut cedes to the United States all of its claims to lands between the 41st and 42nd parallels north and west of the Connecticut Western Reserve. September 26 – Eden Agreement: A commercial treaty is signed between the Kingdoms of Great Britain and France. October–December October 6 – HMS Bellerophon begins service with the Royal Navy. October 10 – The Confederation Congress of the United States directs backpay for seven months for Virginia officers who have been waiting since 1782. October 12 – King George III of the United Kingdom appoints Captain Arthur Phillip as the first Governor of New Holland, which comprises the area of modern Australia from the 135th meridian east to the east coast and all adjacent islands in the Pacific Ocean. October 16 – The Confederation Congress establishes the United States Mint to make common coinage and currency for the U.S., to replace individual state coins. October 23 The 13th century AH begins on the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram 1201 AH The settlement of Östersund is established in Sweden. October 24 – General David Cobb of the Massachusetts militia defeats a body of rebel insurgents at Taunton, Massachusetts in one of the battles of Shays' Rebellion. November 7 – The oldest musical organization in the United States, the Stoughton Musical Society, is founded. November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform, making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world, as Cities for Life Day. December 4 – Mission Santa Barbara is founded by Padre Fermín Lasuén as the tenth of the Spanish missions in California. December 20 – Robert Burns's Address to a Haggis is first published, in Edinburgh. Date unknown The town of Martinsborough, North Carolina, named for Royal Governor Josiah Martin in 1771, is renamed "Greenesville" in honor of United States General Nathanael Greene by the North Carolina General Assembly (the name "Greenesville" is later shortened, to become Greenville). The last reliably recorded wolf in Ireland is hunted down and killed near Mount Leinster, County Carlow, for killing sheep. Births January 7 – John Catron, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1865) January 8 – Nicholas Biddle, President of the Second Bank of the United States (d. 1844) January 11 – Joseph Jackson Lister, English opticist, physician (d. 1869) January 12 – Sir Robert Inglis, Bt, English politician (d. 1855) January 23 – Auguste de Montferrand, French architect (d. 1858) February 16 – Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (d. 1859) February 24 – Martin W. Bates, U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1869) February 26 – François Arago, French astronomer, physicist and politician (d. 1853) February 24 – Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist, folklorist (d. 1859) March 4 – Agustina de Aragón, Spanish heroine (d. 1857) March 22 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish historian (d. 1861) March 25 – Giovanni Battista Amici, Italian astronomer, microscopist and botanist (d. 1863) April 7 – William R. King, 13th Vice President of the United States (d. 1853) April 16 – John Franklin, British naval officer and explorer (d. 1847) April 28 – Elizabeth Andrew Warren, Cornish botanist, marine algolologist (d. 1864) May 12 – Jean-François Barrière, French historian (d. 1868) May 29 – Alexander Bryan Johnson, American philosopher (d. 1867) June 13 – Winfield Scott, American general, Presidential candidate (d. 1866) August 17 Davy Crockett, American frontiersman (d. 1836) Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, mother of Queen Victoria (d. 1861) August 25 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868) August 31 – Michel Eugène Chevreul, French chemist (d. 1889) September 10 Nicolás Bravo, 3-time President of Mexico (d. 1854) William Mason, American politician (d. 1860) September 11 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832) September 18 King Christian VIII of Denmark (d. 1848) Justinus Kerner, German physician (d. 1862) September 24 |
applied to the continent west of the Mississippi River. June 3 – The Continental Navy is disbanded. June 15 – After several attempts, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon from Boulogne-sur-Mer, but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster. July–September July 2 – Don Diego de Gardoqui arrives in New York City as Spain's first minister to the United States. July 6 – The dollar (and a decimal currency system) is unanimously chosen as the money unit for the United States by the Congress of the Confederation. July 16 – The Piper-Heidsieck Champagne house is founded by Florens-Louis Heidsieck in Reims, France. August 1 – The fleet of French explorer Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse leaves Paris for the circumnavigation of the globe. August 15 – Cardinal de Rohan is arrested in Paris; the Necklace Affair comes into the open. September 10 – The United States and the Kingdom of Prussia sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce. September 13 – The Bank of North America, central bank for the Confederation Congress government, loses its charter. Benjamin Franklin returns to Philadelphia after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to France and prepares to take office as the new Governor of Pennsylvania. October–December October 5 – Vincenzo Lunardi of Italy becomes the first person to pilot a balloon over Scotland. October 13 – The first newspaper in British India, the English-language Madras Courier, is published. It continues publication as a weekly until 1794. October 13 – France mints new Louis d'or coins, with the image of King Louis XVI on the obverse, and one-sixth less gold than the coins with King Louis XV's image. October 17 – The Commonwealth of Virginia stops the importation of new African slaves by declaring that "No persons shall henceforth be slaves within this commonwealth, except such as were so on the seventeenth day of October, 1785, and the descendants of the females of them." October 18 – Benjamin Franklin takes office as the new President of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania, at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation. November 23 – John Hancock of Massachusetts, the former President of the Continental Congress, is selected as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation, but is unable to take office because of illness. November 28 – The Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Cherokee Nation. December 11 – An edict is issued limiting Masonic lodges throughout the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Joseph II. With the exception of Vienna, Budapest and Prague, no Empire province may have more than one lodge. Date unknown The University of New Brunswick is founded in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Coal gas is first used for illumination. Louis XVI of France signs to a law that a handkerchief must be square. The British government establishes a permanent land force in the Eastern Caribbean, based in Barbados. Belfast Academy (later Belfast Royal Academy) is founded by Rev. Dr James Crombie in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi publishes Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza, and starts the Pantheism controversy. Napoleon Bonaparte becomes a lieutenant in the French artillery. Cabinet des Modes, the first fashion magazine, is published in France. Mozart's "Haydn" String Quartets are published, as is his collaboration with Salieri and Cornetti, Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia. Births January 4 Jacob Grimm, German philologist, folklorist, and writer (d. 1863) Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (d. 1831) January 15 – William Prout English chemist, physician, and natural theologian (d. 1850) January 20 – Theodor Grotthuss, German-Lithuanian chemist (d. 1822) February 8 – Martín Miguel de Güemes Argentine military leader (d. 1821) February 10 – Claude-Louis Navier, French engineer, physicist (d. 1836) February 26 – Anna Sundström, Swedish chemist (d. 1871) March 11 John McLean, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1861) Eleonore Prochaska, German heroine soldier (d. 1805) March 17 – Ellen Hutchins, Irish botanist (d. 1815) March 27 – Louis XVII of France (d. 1795) April 4 – Bettina von Arnim, German poet (d. 1859) April 26 – John James Audubon, French-American naturalist, illustrator (d. 1851) April 29 – Karl Drais, German inventor, creator of a precursor to the bicycle (d. 1851) May 18 – John Wilson, Scottish writer (d. 1854) May 20 – Marcellin Champagnat, French Catholic saint (d. 1840) May 22 – John Hindmarsh, English naval officer, first Governor of South Australia (d. 1860) July 6 – William Jackson Hooker, English botanist (d. 1865) July 20 – Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1839) August 15 – Thomas de Quincey, English writer (d. 1859) August 23 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (d. 1819) August 27 – Agustín Gamarra, Peruvian general and politician, 10th and 14th President of Peru (d. 1841) September 27 – David Walker, African-American abolitionist (d. 1830) October 15 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean general, founding father (d. 1821) October 17 – Gunatitanand Swami, born | Lee is elected as President of the U.S. Congress of the Confederation. January 20 – Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút: Invading Siamese forces, attempting to exploit the political chaos in Vietnam, are ambushed and annihilated at the Mekong River, by the Tây Sơn. January 27 – The University of Georgia in the United States is chartered by the Georgia General Assembly meeting in Savannah. The first students are admitted in Athens, Georgia in 1801. February 9 – Sir Warren Hastings, who has been governing India on behalf of King George III as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (later British India), resigns. Sir John Macpherson administers British India until General Charles Cornwallis arrives 19 months later. February 27 – The Confederation Congress votes an $80,000 expense to establish diplomatic relations with Morocco. March 7 – Scottish geologist James Hutton first presents his landmark work, Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. General Henry Knox is appointed as the Confederation Congress's Secretary of War, with added duties as the Secretary of Navy, both functions now of the U.S. Department of Defense. March 10 American engineer James Rumsey sends a letter to George Washington informing of his plans to create a successful steamboat. Thomas Jefferson is appointed the new U.S. Minister to France, and Benjamin Franklin's request for permission to return home is accepted. April–June April 19 – The Commonwealth of Massachusetts cedes all of its claims to territory west of New York State to the United States Confederation Congress. The area will become the southern portions of Michigan and Wisconsin. April 21 – The Empress Catherine the Great of the Russian Empire issues the Charter to the Towns, providing for "a coherent, unified system of administration" for new governments organized in Russia. April 26 – John Adams is appointed as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, and Thomas Jefferson as ambassador to France. April 28 – Astronomer William Herschel begins his second series of surveys of the stars, published in 1789. May 10 – A hot air balloon crashes in Tullamore, Ireland, causing a fire that burns down about 100 houses, making it the world's first aviation disaster (by 36 days). May 20 – The Northwest Ordinance of 1785, setting the rules for dividing the U.S. Northwest Territory (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan) into townships of 36 square miles apiece, is passed by the Confederation Congress. Walter G. Robillard and Lane J. Bouman, Clark on Surveying and Boundaries (LexisNexis, 1997) The survey system will later be applied to the continent west of the Mississippi River. June 3 – The Continental Navy is disbanded. June 15 – After several attempts, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon from Boulogne-sur-Mer, but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster. July–September July 2 – Don Diego de Gardoqui arrives in New York City as Spain's first minister to the United States. July 6 – The dollar (and a decimal currency system) is unanimously chosen as the money unit for the United States by the Congress of the Confederation. July 16 – The Piper-Heidsieck Champagne house is founded by Florens-Louis Heidsieck in |
"determining the functions and prerogatives of their respective consuls, vice consuls, agents, and commissaries". August 13 – The East India Company Act, sponsored by British Prime Minister William Pitt is given royal assent. August 15 – Cardinal de Rohan is called before the French court to account for his actions, in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. August 16 – Britain creates the colony of New Brunswick. September 19 – In France, the Robert brothers (Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert) and a Mr. Collin-Hullin (whose first name is lost to history) become the first people to fly more than 100 km or 100 miles in the air, lifting off from Paris and landing 6 hours and 40 minutes later near Bethune after a journey of . September 22 – Russia establishes a colony at Kodiak, Alaska. October–December October 8 – "Kettle War", a 1-day action on the Scheldt in which a ship of the Dutch Republic repels forces of the Holy Roman Empire. October 22 – North Carolina rescinds its resolution ceding its western territory (modern-day Tennessee) to the United States, after earlier giving Congress two years to accept the terms. October 31–December 14 – The Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan in Transylvania causes Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to suspend the Hungarian Constitution. November 26 – The Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of the United States is established. November 27 – The phenomenon of black holes is first posited in a paper by John Michell, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. November 30 – Richard Henry Lee of Virginia is selected as the new President of the Confederation Congress. December – Immanuel Kant's essay "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" is published. December 25 – The Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States is officially formed at the "Christmas Conference", led by Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury. Date unknown The India Act requires that the governor general be chosen from outside the British East India Company, and makes company directors subject to parliamentary supervision. Britain receives its first bales of imported American cotton. King Carlos III of the Spanish Empire authorizes land grants in Alta California. Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is named first president of the newly created Russian Academy. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Morgansborough, named for Daniel Morgan. The town is designated as the county seat for Burke County, North Carolina and is subsequently renamed Morgan, later shortened to Morganton. The North Carolina General Assembly changes the name of Kingston, North Carolina, originally named for King George III of Great Britain, to Kinston. The Japanese famine continues as 300,000 die of starvation. A huge locust swarm hits South Africa. Foundation of the first theater in Estonia, the Tallinna saksa teater. Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal spectacles. Benjamin Franklin tries in vain to persuade the French to alter their clocks in winter to take advantage of the daylight. Antoine Lavoisier pioneers quantitative chemistry. Cholesterol is isolated. Carl Friedrich Gauss pioneers the field of summation with the formula summing at the age of 7. Madame du Coudray, pioneer of modern midwifery, retires. Births January 17 – Philippe Antoine d’Ornano, Marshal of France (d. 1863) January 28 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860) February 5 – Nancy Hanks, mother of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1818) February 20 – John E. Wool, general officer in the United States Army, who served during the War of | as 300,000 die of starvation. A huge locust swarm hits South Africa. Foundation of the first theater in Estonia, the Tallinna saksa teater. Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal spectacles. Benjamin Franklin tries in vain to persuade the French to alter their clocks in winter to take advantage of the daylight. Antoine Lavoisier pioneers quantitative chemistry. Cholesterol is isolated. Carl Friedrich Gauss pioneers the field of summation with the formula summing at the age of 7. Madame du Coudray, pioneer of modern midwifery, retires. Births January 17 – Philippe Antoine d’Ornano, Marshal of France (d. 1863) January 28 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860) February 5 – Nancy Hanks, mother of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1818) February 20 – John E. Wool, general officer in the United States Army, who served during the War of 1812, Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War (d. 1869) February 29 – Leo von Klenze, German neoclassicist architect, painter and writer (d. 1864) March 12 – William Buckland, English geologist, paleontologist (d. 1856) March 22 – Samuel Hunter Christie, English physicist, mathematician (d. 1865) March 23 – Tom Molineaux, African-American boxer (d. 1818) March 27 – Jonathan Jennings, American politician and the first governor of Indiana (d. 1834) April 5 – Louis Spohr, German violinist, composer (d. 1859) April 13 – Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (d. 1877) April 24 – Peter Vivian Daniel, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1860) June 24 – Juan Antonio Lavalleja, Uruguayan military, political figure (d. 1853) July 21 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (d. 1854) July 22 – Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician, astronomer (d. 1846) July 27 – Denis Davydov, Russian general, poet (d. 1839) August 18 – Robert Taylor, British Radical writer, freethought advocate (d. 1844) September 4 – William Pope Duval, first civilian governor of the Florida Territory (d. 1854) October 13 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain (d. 1833) October 15 – Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Marshal of France and duke of Isly (d. 1849) October 19 Leigh Hunt, British critic, essayist (d. 1859) John McLoughlin, Canadian fur trader (d. 1857) October 20 – Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1865) October – Sarah Biffen, armless English painter (d. 1850) November 24 – Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (d. 1850) November 27 – August, Prince of Hohenlohe-Öhringen (d. 1853) Deaths February 4 – Princess Friederike Luise of Prussia, Prussian princess (b. 1714) February 27 – Count of St. Germain, French philosopher, adventurer (b. 1710) March 26 – Thomas Bond, American physician and surgeon (b. 1712) March 27 – Ralph Bigland, British officer of arms (b. 1712) March 31 – |
plans of West Point to Major John André. Three days later, André is captured, with papers revealing that Arnold was planning to surrender West Point to the British. September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York. September 29 The Danish ship-of-the-line Printz Friderich ran aground on the Kobbergrund shoal and was a total loss October–December October 2 – American Revolutionary War: In Tappan, New York, British spy John André is hanged by American forces. October 7 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Kings Mountain: Patriot militia forces annihilate Loyalists under British Major Patrick Ferguson, at Kings Mountain, South Carolina. October 10–16 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and Sint Eustatius; 22,000 are killed. November 4 – Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II: In the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, Túpac Amaru II leads an uprising of Aymara and Quechua peoples and mestizo peasants as a protest against the Bourbon Reforms. November 28 – A lightning strike in Saint Petersburg begins a fire that burns 11,000 homes. November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies in Vienna after 40 years of rule, and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765. November 30 – American Revolutionary War: The British San Juan Expedition is forced to withdraw. December 16 – Emperor Kōkaku accedes to the throne of Japan. December 20 – The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War begins. Date unknown Jose Gabriel Kunturkanki, businessman and landowner, proclaims himself Inca Túpac Amaru II. The Duke of Richmond calls, in the House of Lords of Great Britain, for manhood suffrage and annual parliaments, which are rejected. Jeremy Bentham's Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, presenting his formulation of utilitarian ethics, is printed (but not published) in London. Nikephoros Theotokis starts introducing Edinoverie, an attempt to integrate the Old Believers into Russia's established church. The Woodford Reserve bourbon whiskey distillery begins operation in Kentucky. In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (she retires in 1810). The Jameson Irish Whiskey distillery is founded in Dublin, Ireland. The original Craven Cottage is built by William Craven, 6th Baron Craven, in London, on what will become the centre circle of Fulham F.C.'s pitch. The amateur dramatic group Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Christiania, Norway. Western countries pay 16,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods. The Kingdom of Great Britain reaches c.9 million population. Births January 13 – Pierre Jean Robiquet, French chemist (d. 1840) January 14 – Henry Baldwin, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1844) February 1 – David Porter, American naval officer (d. 1843) February 19 – Richard McCarty, American politician (d. 1844) February 25 – John Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1862) March 25 – Joseph Ritner, American politician (d. 1869) March 29 – Jørgen Jørgensen, Danish adventurer (d. 1841) April 7 – William Ellery Channing, influential American Unitarian theologian and minister (d. 1842) April 26 – Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, German naturalist (d. 1860) April 29 – Charles Nodier, French author (d. 1844) May 1 – John McKinley, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1852) May 21 – Elizabeth Fry, British humanitarian (d. 1845) May 29 – Henri Braconnot, French chemist, pharmacist (d. 1855) June 1 – Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian military strategist (d. 1831) July 4 – Sofia Hjärne, Finnish baroness, writer (d. 1860) July 5 – François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (d. 1838) July 15 – Emilie Petersen, Swedish philanthropist (d. 1859) July 27 – Anastasio Bustamante, 4th President of Mexico (d. 1853) August 29 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, French painter (d. 1867) Richard Rush, United States Attorney General under James Madison, United States Secretary of the Treasury under President John Quincy Adams (d. 1859) October 17 – Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President of the United States (d. 1850) October 20 – Pauline Bonaparte, Italian noblewoman (d. 1825) October 28 – Ernst Anschütz, German teacher, organist, poet, and composer (d. 1861) November 13 – Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of The Punjab (Sikh Empire), (d. | American Revolutionary War: Spanish admiral Luis de Córdova y Córdova captures a British convoy totalling 55 vessels amongst Indiamen, frigates and other cargo ships off Cape St. Vincent. August 24 – Louis XVI of France abolishes the use of torture in extracting confessions. September 21 – Benedict Arnold gives detailed plans of West Point to Major John André. Three days later, André is captured, with papers revealing that Arnold was planning to surrender West Point to the British. September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York. September 29 The Danish ship-of-the-line Printz Friderich ran aground on the Kobbergrund shoal and was a total loss October–December October 2 – American Revolutionary War: In Tappan, New York, British spy John André is hanged by American forces. October 7 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Kings Mountain: Patriot militia forces annihilate Loyalists under British Major Patrick Ferguson, at Kings Mountain, South Carolina. October 10–16 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and Sint Eustatius; 22,000 are killed. November 4 – Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II: In the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, Túpac Amaru II leads an uprising of Aymara and Quechua peoples and mestizo peasants as a protest against the Bourbon Reforms. November 28 – A lightning strike in Saint Petersburg begins a fire that burns 11,000 homes. November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies in Vienna after 40 years of rule, and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765. November 30 – American Revolutionary War: The British San Juan Expedition is forced to withdraw. December 16 – Emperor Kōkaku accedes to the throne of Japan. December 20 – The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War begins. Date unknown Jose Gabriel Kunturkanki, businessman and landowner, proclaims himself Inca Túpac Amaru II. The Duke of Richmond calls, in the House of Lords of Great Britain, for manhood suffrage and annual parliaments, which are rejected. Jeremy Bentham's Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, presenting his formulation of utilitarian ethics, is printed (but not published) in London. Nikephoros Theotokis starts introducing Edinoverie, an attempt to integrate the Old Believers into Russia's established church. The Woodford Reserve bourbon whiskey distillery begins operation in Kentucky. In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (she retires in 1810). The Jameson Irish Whiskey distillery is founded in Dublin, Ireland. The original Craven Cottage is built by William Craven, 6th Baron Craven, in London, on what will become the centre circle of Fulham F.C.'s pitch. The amateur dramatic group Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Christiania, Norway. Western countries pay 16,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods. The Kingdom of Great Britain reaches c.9 million population. Births January 13 – Pierre Jean Robiquet, French chemist (d. 1840) January 14 – Henry Baldwin, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1844) February 1 – David Porter, American naval officer (d. 1843) February 19 – Richard McCarty, American politician (d. 1844) February 25 – John Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1862) March 25 – Joseph Ritner, American politician (d. 1869) March 29 – Jørgen Jørgensen, Danish adventurer (d. 1841) April 7 – William Ellery Channing, influential American Unitarian theologian and minister (d. 1842) April 26 – Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, German naturalist (d. 1860) April 29 – Charles Nodier, French author (d. 1844) May 1 – John McKinley, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1852) May 21 – Elizabeth Fry, British humanitarian (d. 1845) May 29 – Henri Braconnot, French chemist, pharmacist (d. 1855) June 1 – Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian military strategist (d. 1831) July 4 – Sofia Hjärne, Finnish baroness, writer (d. 1860) July 5 – François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (d. 1838) July 15 – Emilie Petersen, Swedish philanthropist (d. 1859) July 27 – Anastasio Bustamante, 4th President of Mexico (d. 1853) August 29 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, French painter (d. 1867) Richard Rush, United States Attorney General under James Madison, United States Secretary of the Treasury under President John Quincy Adams (d. |
Gorgias, the sophist and rhetorician. Leontini is being threatened by Syracuse which is allied to Sparta. However, the Athenian mission led by the Athenian general Laches is unable to offer much help. Laches is later prosecuted by Cleon for his unsuccessful mission to support Athenian interests in Sicily. Roman Republic The Quaestorship is opened to the Plebs. Births Plato, Greek philosopher (d. c. 347 BC) Deaths Archidamus II, king of Sparta | in which the Athenians and the Spartans have interfered ineffectually, results in a victory of the democrats (who support an alliance with Athens) over the oligarchs. In an effort to blockade Sparta from access to Sicilian corn, Athens responds to a plea for help from a delegation from the city of Leontini led by Gorgias, the sophist and rhetorician. Leontini is being threatened by Syracuse which is allied to Sparta. However, the Athenian mission led by the Athenian general Laches is unable |
calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Venno and Torquatus (or, less frequently, year 407 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 347 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Greece In the wake of the Macedonian victory at Olynthus, Athens seeks to make peace with Macedonia. Because his financial policy is based on the assumption | Coinage is introduced into Rome for the first time. By topic Philosophy Plato dies and his nephew Speusippus is named as head of the Academy. Aristotle leaves Athens due to the anti-Macedonian feeling that arises in Athens after Philip II of Macedon has sacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus in 348 BC. With him goes another Academy member of note, Xenocrates of Chalcedon. They establish a new academy on the Asia Minor side of the Aegean Sea at the newly built |
democratic faction in the city. The Athenians, under their general Tolmides, with 1000 hoplites plus other troops from their allies, march into Boeotia to take back the towns revolting against Athenian control. They capture Chaeronea, but are attacked and defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea. As a result, the Athenians are forced to give up control of Boeotia as well as Phocis and Locris, which all fall under the control of hostile oligarchs who quit the Delian League. The middle component of the Long Walls from Athens to the port of Piraeus is completed. Hola By subject Literature Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek playwright, produces his first | Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, in order to establish Athenian colonists in the region. Thus Pericles starts a policy of cleruchy (klerouchos) or "out-settlements". This is a form of colonisation where poor and unemployed people are assisted to emigrate to new regions. A revolt breaks out in Boeotia as the oligarchs of Thebes conspire against the democratic faction in the city. The Athenians, under their general Tolmides, with 1000 hoplites plus other troops from their allies, march into Boeotia to take back the towns revolting against Athenian control. They capture Chaeronea, but are attacked and defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea. As a result, the Athenians are forced |
majority of the League members vote to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace. The Athenian admiral, Phormio, continues the siege of Potidaea by blocking the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. Meanwhile an Athenian fleet, led by Archestratus, sails for Potidaea. However, instead of attacking Potidaea, they attack the Macedonians under Perdiccas II, who have allied with the Potidaeans. The Athenians capture Therma (modern Thessalonica) and then go on to besiege Pydna. However, as the Athenians are besieging Pydna, they receive news that Corinth has sent a force under the command of Aristeus to support Potidaea. In response, Athens sends more troops and ships under the command of Hipponicus. The combined Athenian force sails to Potidaea and lands there. In the ensuing Battle of Potidaea, the Athenians are victorious against Corinth and its allies. Italy The Greek colony of Heraclea in Southern Italy is founded by colonists from Tarentum and Thurii. China The Chinese Marquis Yi of Zeng is buried (approximate date) with lavish tomb items including a 65 set of bronze bells (bianzhong) with five octave musical scale and | of Corinth. Meanwhile an Athenian fleet, led by Archestratus, sails for Potidaea. However, instead of attacking Potidaea, they attack the Macedonians under Perdiccas II, who have allied with the Potidaeans. The Athenians capture Therma (modern Thessalonica) and then go on to besiege Pydna. However, as the Athenians are besieging Pydna, they receive news that Corinth has sent a force under the command of Aristeus to support Potidaea. In response, Athens sends more troops and ships under the command of Hipponicus. The combined Athenian force sails to Potidaea and lands there. In the ensuing Battle of Potidaea, the Athenians are victorious against Corinth and its allies. Italy The Greek colony of Heraclea in Southern Italy is founded by colonists from Tarentum and Thurii. China The Chinese Marquis Yi of Zeng is buried (approximate date) with lavish tomb items including a 65 set of bronze bells (bianzhong) with five octave musical scale and two musical tones that can be produced by each bell. Marquis Yi was from the State of Chu during the Warring States phase of the Zhou Dynasty. |
German astronomer (d. 1761) February 21 – Louis-Pierre Anquetil, French historian (d. 1808) February 23 – Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (d. 1791) March 22 – Charles Carroll, American lawyer, Continental Congressman (d. 1783) March 25 – Catharina Mulder, Dutch organist (d. 1798) March 31 – King Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766) April 5 – Catherine Charlotte De la Gardie, Swedish countess (d. 1763) April 20 – Cornelius Harnett, American Continental Congressman (d. 1781) April 30 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (d. 1806) June 3 – Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-born physician, naturalist (d. 1788) June 11 – Johann Georg Palitzsch, German astronomer (d. 1788) June 16 – (baptised) Adam Smith, Scottish economist, philosopher (d. 1790) June 20 Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher, historian (d. 1816) Theophilus Lindsey, English theologian (d. 1808) July 1 – Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, Spanish statesman, writer (d. 1802) July 10 – William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780) July 11 – Jean-François Marmontel, French historian, writer (d. 1799) July 16 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (d. 1792) September 11 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (d. 1790) October 4 – Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist (d. 1798) October 11 – Hedvig Strömfelt, Swedish psalm writer (d. 1766) November 8 – John Byron, English admiral (d. 1786) November 30 – William Livingston, American politician, journalist (d. 1790) December 22 – Carl Friedrich Abel, German composer (d. 1787) December 26 – Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm, German writer (d. 1807) Date unknown – Carl Albert von Lespilliez, German draftsman, architect and printmaker (d. 1796) Eva Merthen, Finnish political activist (d. 1811) Deaths January 14 – Charles Henri, Prince of Commercy (b. 1649) February 23 – Anne Henriette of Bavaria, Duchess of Guise (b. 1648) February 25 – Sir Christopher Wren, English architect, astronomer, and mathematician (b. 1632) February 26 – Thomas d'Urfey, English writer (b. 1653) March 13 – René Auguste Constantin de Renneville, French writer (b. 1650) March 15 – Johann Christian Günther, German poet (b. 1695) March 30 – Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (b. 1638) March 31 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (b. 1661) April 5 – Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Austrian architect (b. 1656) April 11 – John Robinson, English diplomat (b. 1650) May 2 – Christopher of Baden-Durlach, German prince (b. 1684) May 11 – Jean Galbert de Campistron, French dramatist (b. 1656) May 12 – Johannes Voorhout, Dutch painter (b. 1647) May 29 – Jean de La Chapelle, French writer and dramatist (b. 1651) June 4 – Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, French prince (b. 1707) June 8 – Isaac Chayyim Cantarini, Italian rabbi (b. 1644) June 14 – Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford, English politician (b. 1644) July 14 – Claude Fleury, French historian (b. 1640) July 26 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (b. 1660) July 28 – Mariana Alcoforado, Portuguese nun (b. 1640) August 4 – William Fleetwood, Anglican bishop (b. 1656) August 10 – Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal, statesman (b. 1656) August 14 – Edward Northey (barrister), British barrister and | Carolina, as the Port of Beaufort, making it the third incorporated town in the province. Births January 5 – Nicole-Reine Lepaute, French astronomer, mathematician (d. 1788) January 11 – Prithvi Narayan Shah, First Monarch of Nepal (d. 1775) January 12 – Samuel Langdon, American President of Harvard University (d. 1797) January 31 – Petronella Johanna de Timmerman, Dutch poet, scientist (d. 1786) February 15 – John Witherspoon, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1794) February 17 – Tobias Mayer, German astronomer (d. 1761) February 21 – Louis-Pierre Anquetil, French historian (d. 1808) February 23 – Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (d. 1791) March 22 – Charles Carroll, American lawyer, Continental Congressman (d. 1783) March 25 – Catharina Mulder, Dutch organist (d. 1798) March 31 – King Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766) April 5 – Catherine Charlotte De la Gardie, Swedish countess (d. 1763) April 20 – Cornelius Harnett, American Continental Congressman (d. 1781) April 30 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (d. 1806) June 3 – Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-born physician, naturalist (d. 1788) June 11 – Johann Georg Palitzsch, German astronomer (d. 1788) June 16 – (baptised) Adam Smith, Scottish economist, philosopher (d. 1790) June 20 Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher, historian (d. 1816) Theophilus Lindsey, English theologian (d. 1808) July 1 – Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, Spanish statesman, writer (d. 1802) July 10 – William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780) July 11 – Jean-François Marmontel, French historian, writer (d. 1799) July 16 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (d. 1792) September 11 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (d. 1790) October 4 – Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist (d. 1798) October 11 – Hedvig Strömfelt, Swedish psalm writer (d. 1766) November 8 – John Byron, English admiral (d. 1786) November 30 – William Livingston, American politician, journalist (d. 1790) December 22 – Carl Friedrich Abel, German composer (d. 1787) December 26 – Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm, German writer (d. 1807) Date unknown – Carl Albert von Lespilliez, German draftsman, architect and printmaker (d. 1796) Eva Merthen, Finnish political activist (d. 1811) Deaths January 14 – Charles Henri, Prince of Commercy (b. 1649) February 23 – Anne Henriette of Bavaria, Duchess of Guise (b. 1648) February 25 – Sir Christopher Wren, English architect, astronomer, and mathematician (b. 1632) February 26 – Thomas d'Urfey, English writer (b. 1653) March 13 – René Auguste Constantin de Renneville, French writer (b. 1650) March 15 – Johann Christian Günther, German poet (b. 1695) March 30 – Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (b. 1638) March 31 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (b. 1661) April 5 – Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Austrian architect (b. 1656) April 11 – John Robinson, English diplomat (b. 1650) May 2 – Christopher of Baden-Durlach, German prince (b. 1684) May 11 – Jean Galbert de Campistron, French dramatist (b. 1656) May 12 – Johannes Voorhout, Dutch painter (b. 1647) May 29 – Jean de La Chapelle, French writer and dramatist (b. 1651) June 4 – Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, French prince (b. 1707) June 8 – Isaac Chayyim Cantarini, Italian rabbi (b. 1644) June 14 – Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford, English politician (b. 1644) July 14 – Claude Fleury, French historian (b. 1640) July 26 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (b. 1660) July 28 – Mariana Alcoforado, Portuguese nun (b. 1640) August 4 – William Fleetwood, Anglican bishop (b. 1656) August 10 – Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal, statesman (b. 1656) August 14 – Edward Northey (barrister), British barrister and politician (b. 1652) August 17 – Joseph Bingham, English scholar (b. 1668) August 21 – Dimitrie Cantemir, Moldavian linguist and scholar |
an ailing aristocrat. Over the next two weeks, rioting breaks out in other sections of Paris. Police are attacked, including one who is beaten to death by the mob, until order is restored and police reforms are announced. June 19 – At a time when mountain climbing is still relatively uncommon, Eggert Ólafsson and Bjarni Pálsson scale their first peak, the high Icelandic volcano, Hekla. June 24 – Parliament passes Britain's Iron Act, designed to restrict American manufactured goods by prohibiting additional ironworking businesses from producing finished goods. At the same time, import taxes on raw iron from America are lifted in order to give British manufacturers additional material for production. By 1775, the North American colonies have surpassed England and Wales in iron production and have become the world's third largest producer of iron. June 29 – An attempt in Lima to begin a native uprising against Spanish colonial authorities in the Viceroyalty of Peru is discovered and thwarted. One of the conspirators, Francisco Garcia Jimenez, escapes to Huarochirí and kills dozens of Spaniards on July 25. July–September July 9 – Traveller Jonas Hanway leaves St. Petersburg to return home, via Germany and the Netherlands. Later the same year, Hanway reputedly becomes the first Englishman to use an umbrella (a French fashion). July 11 – Halifax, Nova Scotia is almost completely destroyed by fire. July 31 – José I takes over the throne of Portugal from his deceased father, João V. King José Manuel appoints the Marquis of Pombal as his Chief Minister, who then strips the Inquisition of its power. August 8 – In advance of the Province of Georgia changing in status from a corporate-owned American settlement to a British colony, Royal Assent is given to an act that lifts the province's ban on slavery; effective January 1, "it shall and may be lawful to import or bring Black Slaves or Negroes in to the Province of Georgia of America and to keep and to use the same therein". August 20 – French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, by way of the Foreign Minister, the Marquis de Puisieulx and Netherlands ambassador to Paris Mattheus Lestevenon, sends a letter that ultimately persuades the States-General of the Dutch Republic to allow and partially finance Lacaille's stellar trigonometry mission to the Cape of Good Hope. The expedition departs Lorient on October 21 Thomas Maclear, Verification and Extension of La Caille's Arc of Meridian at the Cape of Good Hope (Mowry and Barclay, 1838) p58 September 30 – Crispus Attucks, an African-American slave who will later become the first person killed in the Boston Massacre of 1770, escapes from the Framingham, Massachusetts estate of slaveowner William Brown.KaaVonia Hinton, The Story of the Underground Railroad (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2010) p24 In an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the fugitive, Brown runs an advertisement on October 2 in the Boston Gazette, but | Marquis de Puisieulx and Netherlands ambassador to Paris Mattheus Lestevenon, sends a letter that ultimately persuades the States-General of the Dutch Republic to allow and partially finance Lacaille's stellar trigonometry mission to the Cape of Good Hope. The expedition departs Lorient on October 21 Thomas Maclear, Verification and Extension of La Caille's Arc of Meridian at the Cape of Good Hope (Mowry and Barclay, 1838) p58 September 30 – Crispus Attucks, an African-American slave who will later become the first person killed in the Boston Massacre of 1770, escapes from the Framingham, Massachusetts estate of slaveowner William Brown.KaaVonia Hinton, The Story of the Underground Railroad (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2010) p24 In an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the fugitive, Brown runs an advertisement on October 2 in the Boston Gazette, but Attucks eludes recapture. October–December October 5 – Treaty of Madrid: Spain and Great Britain sign a treaty temporarily eliminating their hostility over their colonies in North and South America. In addition to both sides dropping their claims for damages against each other, Spain agrees to pay the South Sea Company £100,000 for damage claims. October 14 – The Louvre Museum is created in Paris four years after art critic Lafond de Saint-Yenne calls on the King to allow the display of the royal art collection to the general public. Abel-François Poisson, the Marquis de Marigny, arranges for the display of 110 of the Crown's paintings at the Palais du Luxembourg. November 11 – A riot breaks out in Lhasa after the murder of the regent of Tibet. November 18 – Westminster Bridge is officially opened in London. December 3 – What is described later as "The first documented presentation of a musical in New York" takes place one block east of Broadway, at the Nassau Street Theatre, when a resident company of actors stages The Beggar's Opera. December 25 – Prussia and Russia break off diplomatic relations after the Russians refuse to stop assisting the Electorate of Saxony. Five years later, the two Empires fight the Seven Years' War. December 29 – Two physicians in Jamaica, Dr. John Williams and Dr. Parker Bennet, fight a duel "with swords and pistols" after having had an argument the day before about the treatment of bilious fever. Both are mortally wounded during the fight. Date unknown Hannah Snell reveals her sex to her Royal Marines compatriots. The King of Dahomey has income of 250,000 pounds from the overseas export of slaves. Maruyama Okyo paints The Ghost of Oyuki. Britain produces c. 2% of the entire world's output of industrial goods, before the Industrial Revolution begins. Galley slavery is abolished in Europe. World population: 791,000,000 Africa: 106,000,000 Asia: 502,000,000 Europe: 163,000,000 Latin-America: 16,000,000 Northern America: 2,000,000 Oceania: 2,000,000 Births January 1 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1801) January 24 – Nicolas Bergasse, French lawyer (d. 1832) January 24 – Helen Gloag, Scottish-born slave Empress of Morocco (d. 1790) March 16 – Caroline Herschel, German astronomer (d. 1848) April – Joanna Southcott, British religious fanatic (d. 1814) April 17 – François de Neufchâteau, French statesman, intellectual figure (d. 1828) May 2 – John André, British Army officer of the American Revolutionary War (d. 1780) May 20 – Stephen Girard, French-American banker, fourth richest American of all time (d. 1831) May 28 – Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo, Portuguese diplomat, scientist (d. 1807) May 31 – Karl August von Hardenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1822) June 6 – William Morgan, British statistician, actuary (d. 1833) July 5 – Aimé Argand, Swiss physicist, inventor (d. 1803) July 9 – Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans, last princess of Condé (d.1822) July 25 – Henry Knox, military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, 1st United States Secretary of War (b. 1806) August 18 – Antonio Salieri, Italian composer (d. 1825) August 26 – Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France, infant sister of Louis XVI (d. 1755) September 26 – Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, British admiral (d. 1810) October 7 – Abraham Woodhull, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1826) October 25 – Marie Le Masson Le Golft, French naturalist (b. 1826) October 31 – Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna, Portuguese painter and poet (d. 1839) November 7 – Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg, German poet (d. 1819) November 10 – Tipu Sultan, Sultan of Mysore (d. 1799) December 23 – Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (d. 1827) date unknown Toypurina, Medicine woman of the Tongva nation and rebel leader (d. 1799) Adwaita, Oldest tortoise (d. 2006) (alleged birth year; awaiting C-14 verification) Urszula Zamoyska, Polish noblewoman and socialite (d. 1808) Elizabeth Ryves, Irish writer and translator (d. 1797) Moulvi Syed Qudratullah, Bengali judge (d. 1839) Deaths January 16 – Ivan Trubetskoy, Russian field marshal (b. 1667) January 22 – Franz Xaver Josef von Unertl, Bavarian politician (b. 1675) January 23 – Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Italian historian and scholar (b. 1672) January 26 – Albert Schultens, Dutch philologist (b. 1686) January 29 – Sophia Schröder, Swedish soprano (b. 1712) February 7 – Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset (b. 1684) February 8 – Aaron Hill, English writer (b. 1685) February 19 – Jan Frans van Bredael, Flemish painter (b. 1686) March 6 – Domenico Montagnana, Italian luthier (b. 1686) March 29 – James Jurin, British mathematician, doctor (b. 1684) April 7 – George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington, British Army general (b. 1701) May 3 – John Willison, Scottish minister, writer (b. 1680) May 17 – Georg Engelhard Schröder, Swedish artist (b. 1684) May 28 – Emperor Sakuramachi of Japan (b. 1720) June 15 – Marguerite de Launay, baronne de Staal, French author (b. 1684) July 15 – Vasily Tatishchev, |
wearing "a mass of finely-wrought and artistic gems and jewels" and two coins, one dating from 350 BC and the other from 332 BC. The tomb will remain unopened for more than 22 centuries, until French archaeologist Jacques de Morgan unearths it on February 10, 1901. Macedonia Alexander the Great occupies Damascus and, after a siege lasting seven months, destroys Tyre during which there is great carnage and the sale of the women and children into slavery. Leaving Parmenion in Syria, Alexander advances south without opposition until he reaches Gaza where bitter resistance halts him for two months, and he sustains a serious shoulder wound during a sortie. Alexander conquers Egypt from the Persians. The Egyptians welcome him as their deliverer, and the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrenders. Alexander's conquest of Egypt completes his control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast. Alexander spends the winter organising the administration of Egypt. He employs Egyptian governors, while keeping the army under a separate Macedonian command. Alexander founds the city of Alexandria near the western | frequently, year 422 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 332 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Persian Empire The Persian King Darius III twice sends on horseback to Alexander letters of friendship. The second time he offers a large ransom for his family, the ceding of all of the Persian Empire west of the Euphrates River, and the hand of his daughter in return for an alliance. Alexander rejects both letters and marches into Mesopotamia. At the acropolis in Susa, an unidentified woman is buried in a bronze sarcophagus, wearing "a mass of finely-wrought and artistic gems and jewels" and two coins, one dating from |
the period 49 BC – 40 BC. Significant people Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, term 46–44 BC) Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (85–42 BC) Mark | Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC)—enters her twenties, has son Caesarion with Julius Caesar, before meeting Mark Antony Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus, Roman politician and general (62 BC–AD 14) Pharaoh Ptolemy XV |
early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place and Date Roman Republic Consuls: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Caesar's Civil War commences: January 1 – The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command. January 10 – Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon, which separates his jurisdiction in Cisalpine Gaul from that of the Senate in Rome, and thus initiates a civil war. In response, the Senate invokes the senatus consultum ultimum. February – Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate. March 9 – Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain. | initiates a civil war. In response, the Senate invokes the senatus consultum ultimum. February – Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate. March 9 – Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain. April 19 – Siege of Massilia: Caesar commences a siege at Massilia against the Pompeian Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He leaves the newly raised legions XVII, XVIII and XIX to conduct the siege. Decimus Brutus – victor over the Veneti (see 56 BC) – is in charge of the fleet to blockade the harbor. June – Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius. June 7 – Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Thessaloniki. July 30 – Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda. August 2 – Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar and are granted pardon. August 24 – Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica) in the Battle of the Bagradas, after |
VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC)—meets Julius Caesar and later becomes teenager Pharaoh, after her brothers die young. Pompey, Roman general (lived 106 BC–48 BC) Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general | (lived 115–53 BC) Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman politician (lived 106–43 BC) Vercingetorix, Chieftain of the Arverni (d. 46 BC) Cassivellaunus, British war-leader Ariovistus, German king Commius, Gaulish king Phraates III, King of Parthia (reigned 70–57 BC) Mithridates III, king of Parthia and Media (reigned 57–54 BC) Orodes II, king of Parthia (reigned 57–38 BC) Surena, |
Confederation. General John Cadwalader shoots and seriously wounds Major General Thomas Conway in a duel after a dispute between the two officers over Conway's continued criticism of General George Washington's leadership of the Continental Army. February 6 – American Revolutionary War – In Paris, the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France, signaling official French recognition of the new republic. February 23 – American Revolutionary War – Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and begins to train the American troops. March 6–October 24 – Captain Cook explores and maps the Pacific Northwest coast of North America, from Cape Foulweather (Oregon) to the Bering Strait. March 10 – American Revolutionary War – George Washington approves the dishonorable discharge of Lieutenant Frederick Gotthold Enslin, for "attempting to commit sodomy, with John Monhort a soldier". April–June April 7 – Former British Prime Minister William Pitt, delivers his last speech to Parliament, and speaks to the House of Lords "passionately but incoherently against the granting of independence" to the American colonies, but collapses during the debate, and dies five weeks later. April 12 – King George III appoints the five-member Carlisle Peace Commission to present peace terms to negotiate an end to the rebellion of Britain's 13 American colonies. April 30 – The long Hudson River Chain, designed to prevent British ships from moving up the river toward West Point, New York is stretched across the river and anchored by an engineering team under the direction of Captain Thomas Machin. May 12 – Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz is elevated to Prince of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor – it is during Heinrich XI's rule in 1778, that the first appearance of the national colors of modern Germany are present on a flag that closely resembles the modern Flag of Germany, to occur anywhere within what today comprises Germany. May 30 – Benedict Arnold signs the U.S. Oath of Allegiance at Valley Forge. June 24 – A total solar eclipse takes place across parts of North America, from Texas to Virginia. June 28 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Monmouth: George Washington's Continental Army battles British general Sir Henry Clinton's army to a draw, near Monmouth County, New Jersey. June – The Anglo-French War (1778–83) begins. July–September July 3 – American Revolutionary War – The Battle of Wyoming takes place near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, ending in a terrible defeat for the local colonists. July 4 – American Revolutionary War – George Rogers Clark takes Kaskaskia. July 10 – Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain. July 27 – American Revolutionary War – First Battle of Ushant – British and French fleets fight to a standoff. August 3 – The La Scala Opera House opens in Milan, with the première of Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta. August 26 – Triglav, at above sea level the highest peak of Slovenia, is ascended for the first time by four men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič, and Lovrenc Willomitzer, on Sigmund Zois' initiative. August 29 – American Revolutionary War – The tactically inconclusive Battle of Rhode Island takes place, after which the Continental Army abandons its position on Aquidneck Island. September – The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed. September 7 – American Revolutionary War – Invasion of Dominica: The French capture the British fort there, before the latter is aware that France has entered the war in the Franco-American alliance. September 17 – The Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe (the Lenape or Delaware). September 19 – The Continental Congress passes the first budget of the United States. October–December October 12 – The Continental Congress advises the 13 member states to suppress "theatrical entertainments, horse-racing, gaming, and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissipation, and general depravity of principles and manners." November 11 – American Revolutionary War: Cherry Valley massacre – British forces and their Iroquois allies attack a fort and the village of Cherry Valley, New York, killing 14 soldiers and 30 civilians. November 26 In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to land on Maui. New Jersey becomes the second state to agree to the Articles of Confederation. December 10 – John Jay of New York is chosen as the sixth President of the Continental Congress. Undated The first settlement is made in the area of what is now Louisville, Kentucky, by 13 families under Colonel George Rogers Clark. Phillips Academy is founded by Samuel Phillips Jr. The term thoroughbred is first used in the United States, in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette, to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick. Thomas Kitchin's The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe is published in London. Births January–April January 1 Tredwell Scudder, American politician (d. 1834) Charles Alexandre Lesueur, French naturalist (d. 1846) January 3 – Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish Catholic bishop (d. 1861) January 4 Billy J. Clark, American politician (d. 1866) Paolo Polidori, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1847) Jean-Antoine Alavoine, French architect (d. 1834) January 5 – Charles-Guillaume Étienne, French writer (d. 1845) January 6 – Thomas Lincoln, Farmer, Carpenter (d. 1851) January 7 – Anthony Todd Thomson, British dermatologist (d. 1849) January 9 – Thomas Brown, Scottish metaphysician (d. 1820) January 10 – Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Argentine politician (d. 1851) January 11 – Agathon Jean François Fain, French historian (d. 1837) January 12 – William Herbert, British politician (d. 1847) January 13 – Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet, British financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom (d. 1859) January 15 – Joseph Adamy, Nassauian politician (d. 1849) January 16 Teodoro Lechi, Italian general (d. 1866) John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott, Scottish peer and soldier (d. 1860) January 17 Donald Macdonell, Canadian politician (d. 1861) George Black, Canadian politician, businessman and important shipbuilder in Quebec, during the earlier part of the 19th century (d. 1854) January 18 – George Bellas Greenough, British geologist (d. 1855) January 20 – Louis Antoine François Baillon, French naturalist, collector (d. 1855) January 21 – Jeremiah O'Brien, American politician (d. 1858) January 23 – Alire Raffeneau Delile, French botanist (d. 1850) January 24 – Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, England (d. 1820) January 25 – Matsudaira Norihiro, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Nishio Domain (d. 1839) January 26 Jakob von Washington, Bavarian general (d. 1848) Johann Georg Stauffer, Austrian luthier (d. 1853) January 27 Christian Mathias Schröder, German politician (d. 1860) Andrew Sterett, United States Navy officer (d. 1807) January 28 – James | Marquess of Londonderry, British politician (d. 1854) May 19 Ruggero Settimo, Italian politician (d. 1863) Ludwik Michał Pac, Polish general (d. 1835) May 25 – Claus Harms, German clergyman, theologian (d. 1855) May 29 – Charles Kemeys Kemeys Tynte, British politician (d. 1860) May 30 – Richard Skinner, American politician (d. 1833) May 31 – Horatio Seymour, American politician (d. 1857) June 2 – Jean Julien Angot des Rotours, French colonial governor (d. 1844) June 4 – Martin Parmer, American politician (d. 1850) June 6 – Edmund Varney, American politician (d. 1847) June 7 – David Willson, Canadian Quaker minister (d. 1866) June 11 – John Robison, British inventor (d. 1843) June 13 – Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1819) June 14 – John Cushing Aylwin, United States naval officer (War of 1812) (d. 1813) June 16 Charles F. Mercer, American politician (d. 1858) Harry Croswell, crusading American political journalist (d. 1858) June 17 Philip Willem van Heusde, Dutch philosopher (d. 1839) Gregory Blaxland, English pioneer farmer, explorer in Australia (d. 1852) June 19 – Robert Allen, Tennessee politician (d. 1844) June 20 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, moderate royalist French statesman, during the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30) under King Charles X (d. 1832) June 22 – George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland, British politician (d. 1867) June 23 – Richard W. Meade, American merchant and art collector (d. 1828) June 26 – Mariya Svistunova, lady-in-waiting at the Russian Court (d. 1866) June 27 – Sir John Astley, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1842) June 28 John Macbride, British historian (d. 1868) William Dietz, American politician (d. 1848) July 2 – Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta (d. 1858) July 3 – Carl Ludvig Engel, German architect (d. 1840) July 6 – Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, French scientist (d. 1846) July 7 – Beau Brummell, English man of fashion (d. 1840) July 10 William Brockenbrough, American politician (d. 1838) Laurent Cunin-Gridaine, French businessman, politician (d. 1859) July 11 – Timothy Fuller, American politician (d. 1835) July 12 – Maria Dalle Donne, Bolognese physician (d. 1842) July 13 – Samuel Stevens, Jr., American politician (d. 1860) July 15 Thomas James Maling, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1849) Jasper Nicolls, British general (d. 1849) July 17 – Benjamin Isaacs, Connecticut politician (d. 1846) July 19 Thomas Foley, British politician (d. 1822) Samuel Bent, American Mormon leader (d. 1846) July 20 – Joshua Tetley, British brewer (d. 1859) July 28 – Charles Stewart, American naval commander (d. 1869) July 30 David Pattee, Canadian politician (d. 1851) Henry, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (d. 1847) August 2 – Georg Anton Rollett, Austrian naturalist (d. 1842) August 5 – Otto Christian Blandow, German bryologist (d. 1810) August 8 – John Bonfoy Rooper, British landowner, MP (d. 1855) August 11 Marcus Pløen, Norwegian businessperson (d. 1836) Charles Pierrepont, 2nd Earl Manvers, British naval officer and politician (d. 1860) Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, German-Prussian gymnastics educator, nationalist (d. 1852) August 12 Francis Horner, British politician (d. 1817) Joshua Vanneck, 2nd Baron Huntingfield, British politician (d. 1844) August 19 Princess Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, German princess (d. 1835) James Harris, 2nd Earl of Malmesbury, British politician (d. 1841) August 20 – Bernardo O'Higgins, Supreme Director of Chile (d. 1842) August 21 – Lewis Weston Dillwyn, British politician (d. 1855) August 25 – Joseph Batten, British college principal (d. 1837) August 31 – William Wilkins, English architect (d. 1839) September–December September 2 – Louis Bonaparte, sibling of Napoleon Bonaparte I, French army general, King of Holland (d. 1846) September 7 – José Bernardo Sánchez, Spanish missionary (d. 1833) September 8 – George Heneage Lawrence Dundas, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1834) September 9 – Clemens Brentano, German poet, novelist (d. 1842) September 10 – Joshua Lawrence, American Baptist minister (d. 1843) September 12 – William Davidson, American politician (d. 1857) September 14 John Varnum, American politician (d. 1836) John Barss, Canadian politician (d. 1851) September 15 – Augustin Caron, Canadian politician (d. 1862) September 19 Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, British politician (d. 1868) William Gaston, American politician (d. 1844) September 20 James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis of Great Britain (d. 1852) Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian admiral (d. 1852) September 21 – Carl Ludwig Koch, German entomologist (d. 1857) September 24 – Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1850) September 25 Sir Charles Oakeley, 2nd Baronet, 2nd Baronet in the Oakeley Baronets (d. 1829) Prince Louis of Anhalt-Köthen, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (d. 1802) September 26 – Jonathan Fisk, American politician (d. 1832) September 27 Carl Friedrich Rungenhagen, German composer, music teacher (d. 1851) Damião Barbosa de Araújo, Brazilian composer (d. 1856) September 28 Luther Lawrence, American politician (d. 1839) Suzanne Douvillier, French-born American ballerina, mime & choreographer (d. 1826) Catherine McAuley, Irish nun, saint (d. 1841) September 29 Benjamin Hall, British politician (d. 1817) Thomas Warsop, English cricketer (d. 1845) October 5 Ernst Ludwig von Aster, Prussian and Russian Army general (d. 1855) Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac, French archaeologist (d. 1867) October 7 Charles Paget, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1839) Joseph Knight, English horticulturist (d. 1855) Thomas Cranley Onslow, British politician (d. 1861) October 8 – Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, French Catholic bishop (d. 1839) October 9 Pierre-Denis, Comte de Peyronnet, President of the Bordeaux Court in France (1815) (d. 1854) John FitzMaurice, Viscount Kirkwall, British politician (d. 1820) Sir Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet, British Army general (d. 1842) October 13 – William Marks, American politician (d. 1858) October 14 – Francis Fane, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1844) October 19 – Valentine Blacker, Irish-born Surveyor General of India (d. 1826) October 22 – Javier de Burgos, Spanish writer, politician and jurist (d. 1849) October 23 – Kittur Chennamma, Indian queen regnant (d. 1829) October 26 – Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg, British politician (d. 1866) October 28 – Ezekiel Blomfield, British minister (d. 1818) October 29 – William Creighton, Jr., United States federal judge (d. 1851) October 30 – Benjamin Ames, American politician (d. 1835) October 31 Jacob Shibley, Canadian politician (d. 1862) Charles Abraham Elton, English author (d. 1853) John Black, Australian sailor (d. 1802) November 1 James R. Caldwell, United States Navy officer (d. 1804) Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, King of Sweden (d. 1837) November 3 – Karlo Lanza, Dalmatian politician (d. 1834) November 5 Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian explorer (d. 1823) Thomas Ritchie, American journalist (d. 1854) November 8 – Joseph Signay, Canadian Catholic bishop (d. 1850) November 11 – Nils Astrup, Norwegian politician (d. 1835) November 14 Heinrich Gottlieb Tzschirner, German theologian (d. 1828) Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer, virtuoso pianist (d. 1837) November 15 George Canning, 1st Baron Garvagh, British politician (d. 1840) Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian antiquarian (d. 1823) November 16 – Johann Joseph von Prechtl, Austrian technologist (d. 1854) November 18 – Lord William Stuart, British politician (d. 1814) November 19 – Charles de Salaberry, Canadian politician (d. 1829) November 21 Richard Phillips, British chemist (d. 1851) Thomas B. Cooke, American politician (d. 1853) Joseph Warren Scott, American army officer (d. 1871) Kunitomo Ikkansai, Japanese gunsmith (d. 1840) November 22 – Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull, Swedish lady-in-waiting, politically active salonist (d. 1852) November 23 Mariano Moreno, Argentine politician (d. 1811) Samuel Humphreys, noted American naval architect and shipbuilder in the early 19th century (d. 1846) November 24 – Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 (d. 1845) November 25 Joseph Lancaster, English Quaker, public education innovator (d. 1838) Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, British abolitionist (d. 1856) November 26 Jean-Thomas Taschereau, Canadian politician (d. 1832) Henry Fane, British Army general (d. 1840) November 28 Filippo di Colloredo-Mels, leader of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (d. 1864) Abd al-Rahman of Morocco, Alaouite dynasty member (d. 1859) November 29 – Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Ukrainian writer, journalist, and playwright (d. 1843) November 30 – Andrés Guazurary, Argentine general (d. 1825) December 6 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist (d. 1850) December 7 – Franz Naegele, German obstetrician (d. 1851) December 9 – Vicente González Moreno, Spanish general (d. 1839) December 10 – Antonio Francesco Orioli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1852) December 13 George Townshend, 3rd Marquess Townshend of Great Britain (d. 1855) Thomas Kendall, New Zealand missionary (d. 1832) December 15 Godert van der Capellen, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1848) Christiane Luise Amalie Becker, German actor (d. 1797) December 16 John Ordronaux, French privateer (d. 1841) Ludwig Robert, German dramatist (d. 1832) José Colombres, Argentine Catholic bishop (d. 1859) December 17 Humphry Davy, English physicist, chemist (d. 1829) William Munroe, American cabinet maker (d. 1861) Juan Martín de Veramendi, Governor of Mexican Texas (d. 1833) December 18 – Joseph Grimaldi, English actor and comedian (d. 1837) December 19 – Marie Thérèse of France, eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (d. 1851) December 20 – Thomas P. Grosvenor, American politician (d. 1817) December 21 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted, Danish politician (d. 1860) December 22 – James Haldane Stewart, British priest (d. 1854) December 23 – François de Robiano, Belgian politician (d. 1836) December 24 Inoue Masamoto, Japanese daimyō (d. 1858) James Guyon, Jr., American politician (d. 1846) Thomas Coventry, English cricketer (d. 1816) December 25 – Caleb Atwater, American politician (d. 1867) December 27 – Antoine François Eugène Merlin, French general (d. 1854) December 28 Franz Xaver Heller, German botanist (d. 1840) William Cowper, English-born Anglican cleric in Australia, who was the Archdeacon of Cumberland (d. 1858) Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 1st Baron Sudeley, British politician (d. 1858) Matthew Arbuckle, United States soldier (d. 1851) December 29 Georg Anton Friedrich Ast, German philosopher (d. 1841) Johann Simon Hermstedt, German musician (d. 1846) Undated Sardar Fath 'Ali Khan, Wazir-i-azam of Kabul (d. 1818) Anna Maria Walker, Scottish botanist (d. 1852) Sara Oust, Norwegian lay minister (d. 1822) Marie-Madeleine Lachenais, Haitian de facto politician (d. 1843) Deaths January 3 – Paul Jacques Malouin, French chemist (b. 1701) January 10 – Carl Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (b. 1707) February 18 – Joseph Marie Terray, French statesman (b. 1715) February 20 – Laura Bassi, Italian physicist and academic (b. 1711) February 27 – Alexander Murray of Elibank, fourth son of Alexander Murray (b. 1712) March 5 – Thomas Arne, English composer of Rule, Britannia! (b. 1710) March 7 – Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (b. 1720) March 13 – Charles le Beau, French historian (b. 1701) April 8 – Pieter Teyler van der Hulst, Dutch businessman (b. 1702) April 22 – James Hargreaves, English weaver, carpenter, and inventor (b. 1720) May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German music historian, polymath (b. 1711) May 11 – William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1708) May 12 – Paul-Joseph Le Moyne de Longueuil, seigneur and colonial army officer in New France, governor of Trois-Rivières (b. 1701) May 16 – Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, English diplomat and politician (b. 1718) May 30 José de la Borda, Spanish/Mexican mining magnate (b. c. 1699) Voltaire, French philosopher (b. 1694) June 12 – Philip Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1716) June 16 – Konrad Ekhof, German actor (b. 1720) June 19 – Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (b. 1696) June 24 – Pieter Burman the Younger, Dutch philologist (b. 1714) July 3 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712) Bathsheba Spooner, American murderer (b. c. 1746) July 3 – Anna Maria Mozart, Austrian mother to the Mozarts (b. 1720) July 4 – Ebenezer Kinnersley, American scientist (b. 1711) August 5 – Charles Clémencet, French historian (b. 1703) August 7 – Sir Thomas Cave, 5th Baronet of England (b. 1712) August 12 – Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of |
7 – Lorenzo Bartolini, Italian sculptor (d. 1850) January 11 – Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader (d. 1837) January 13 – Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1820) January 25 – Karoline Jagemann, German actor (d.1848) February 3 – John Cheyne, British physician, surgeon and author (d. 1836) February 10 – Amable Berthelot, Quebec lawyer, author and political figure (d. 1847) February 12 Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, French poet (d. 1843) Bernard Courtois, French chemist (d. 1838) February 18 – Andreas Arntzen, Norwegian politician (d. 1837) February 20 – Zacheus Burnham, Canadian farmer, judge and public figure (d. 1857) February 26 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (d. 1854) March 3 – Adolphe Dureau de la Malle, French geographer, naturalist, historian and artist (d. 1857) March 10 – Robert Allison (Pennsylvania politician), U.S. Representative (d. 1840) March 13 – Charles Lot Church, Nova Scotia politician (d. 1864) March 17 Patrick Brontë, Irish Anglican curate and writer; father of writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë (d. 1861) Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1864) March 19 – José María Bustamante, Mexican composer (d. 1861) March 28 – Antoine Germain Labarraque, French chemist (d. 1850) April–June April 11 – William Addams, United States Congressman (d. 1858) April 12 – Henry Clay, American politician (d. 1852) April 16 – John Alexander (Ohio politician), U.S. Representative (d. 1848) April 30 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer and physicist (d. 1855) May 4 – Richard Bourke, Australian governor (d. 1855) May 8 – Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar, Finnish-Karelian folksinger (d. 1846) May 11 – Samuel Bridger, English cricketer May 12 – Mary Reibey, Australian businessperson (d. 1855) May 18 – John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (d. 1852) June 1 – Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate, president of Chile (d. 1841) June 12 – Robert Clark, American politician (d. 1837) June 14 – Heman Allen (of Milton), U.S. Representative (d. 1844) June 15 – David Daniel Davis, British physician (d. 1841) June 22 Andrzej Alojzy Ankwicz, Polish-born Catholic archbishop of Prague (d. 1838) William Brown (admiral), Irish-born first admiral of Argentina (d. 1857) June 23 – Frederick Bates, American politician (d. 1825) July–September July – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer, politician (d. 1854) July 9 Henry Hallam, English historian (d. 1859) Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher (d. 1852) July 23 – Philipp Otto Runge, German painter (d. 1810) July 26 – Robert Hamilton Bishop, Scottish-American educator, minister (d. 1855) July 27 Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes, German physicist (d. 1834) Thomas Campbell, Scottish poet (d. 1844) Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, British peer, soldier (d. 1853) July 31 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman, priest (d. 1849) August 11 – Giuseppe Bossi, Italian painter (d. 1815) August 12 – George Wolf, American politician (d. 1840) August 14 – Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish physicist and chemist (d. 1851) August 23 – Princess Adélaïde of Orléans, French princess (d. 1847) August 29 – Nikita Bichurin (Hyacinth), Russian monk (d. 1853) August 31 – Alexander Bashilov, Russian general (d. 1847) September 9 – James Carr (Massachusetts politician), U.S. Congressman (d. 1818) September 12 – Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, French zoologist, anatomist (d. 1850) September 25 – Joseph Badeaux, Canadian politician (d. 1835) October–December October 1 – Zaro Aga, Turkish-Kurdish possible supercentenarian (claimed to have been born this year or 1774; d. 1934) October 5 – Guillaume Dupuytren, French anatomist, military surgeon (d. 1835) October 16 Levi Barber, American surveyor, court administrator, banker and legislator (d. 1833) Lorenzo Dow, American Methodist preacher (d. 1834) October 18 Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais, French general (d. 1809) Heinrich von Kleist, German poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer (d. 1811) November 7 – Richard Bassett (clergyman), Welsh cleric (d. 1852) November 13 – Kunwar Singh, Leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (d. 1858) November 14 – Nathaniel Claiborne, American politician (d. 1859) November 24 – Samuel Butts, American militia officer (d. 1814) December 1 – Thomas Bradford, British Army officer (d. 1853) December 4 – Juliette Récamier, French writer (d. 1849) December 10 – William Conner, American trader, politician (d. 1855) December 14 – Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon, Irish peer, landlord and colonial administrator (d. 1839) December 15 – Agostino Aglio, Italian painter, decorator and engraver (d. 1857) December 16 – Madame Clicquot Ponsardin, French champagne producer (d. 1866) December 21 – John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, Scottish peer, Whig politician (d. 1847) December 23 – Emperor Alexander I of Russia, Russian officer (d. 1825) December 24 – Barbara Spooner Wilberforce, wife of English abolitionist William Wilberforce (d. 1847) Date unknown Suleiman al-Halabi, Syrian student, assassin (d. 1800) Carlos Anaya, Uruguayan politician (d. 1862) Charles James Apperley, English sportsman, sporting writer (d. 1843) Carlo Armellini, Italian politician, activist and jurist (d. 1863) Mevlana Halid-i Bagdadi, Ottoman mystic (d. 1826) Connell James Baldwin, Irish soldier, civil servant (d. 1861) Karl Friedrich Becker, German educator, historian (d. 1806) Vicente Benavides, Chilean soldier (d. 1822) John Bennett (Hampshire cricketer) (d. 1857) William Bellinger Bulloch, U.S. Senator (d. 1852) Sophia Campbell, Australian artist (d. 1833) Abiel Chandler, U.S. philanthropist (d. 1851) John Claiborne, U.S. politician (d. 1808) Charles Othon Frédéric Jean-Baptiste de Clarac, French artist, scholar and archaeologist (d. 1847) Thomas Cochran (judge), Canadian judge (d. 1804) Anselmo de la Cruz, Chilean political figure (d. 1833) Thomas Day, American judge (d. 1855) Benjamin D'Urban, British general, colonial administrator (d. 1849) Tu'i Malila, Malagasy-born tortoise, longest living animal on record (d. 1965) Deaths January–March January 10 – Spranger Barry, Irish actor (b. 1719) January 12 – Hugh Mercer, American Revolutionary War officer, mortally wounded in battle (b. 1726) January 13 – James Rait, Anglican clergyman, Scottish Episcopal Church Bishop of Brechin 1742–1777 (b. 1689) January 27 – Hubert de Brienne, French naval commander (b. 1690) January 30 – Enrichetta d'Este, Duchess of Parma (b. 1702) February 9 Captain Abraham Godwin, American marine on USS Washington (1776 row galley) (b. 1724) Seth Pomeroy, American gunsmith and soldier (b. 1706) February 11 – Sir Gilbert Elliot, 3rd Baronet, of Minto, Scottish statesman, philosopher and poet (b. 1722) February 24 – King Joseph I of Portugal (b. 1714) February 28 – Joab Hoisington, American major (b. 1736) March 1 Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski, Polish nobleman (szlachcic) (b. 1711) Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (b. 1715) March 2 – Empress Xiaoshengxian, mother of the Chinese Qianlong Emperor of China (b. 1692) March 4 – Pierre-Herman Dosquet, 4th bishop of Quebec (b. 1691) March 6 – Jeremias Friedrich Reuß, German theologian (b. 1700) March 10 – John the Painter, British criminal (b. 1752) March 20 – Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart, French Roman Catholic Cardinal (b. 1708) March 23 – Sir Hugh Paterson, 2nd Baronet, Scottish Jacobite and Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (b. 1685) March 31 – Richard Terrick, Church of England clergyman, Bishop of Peterborough 1757–1764 and Bishop of London 1764–1777 (b. 1710) April–June April 7 – Anna Chamber, British noblewoman and poet (b. 1709) April 29 – Antonio Joli, Italian painter of vedute and capricci (b. 1700) May 5 – Raphael Hayyim Isaac Carregal, Palestinian rabbi preaching in the Americas (b. 1733) May 7 – Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay, marine captain and colonial administrator in New France (b. 1708) May 9 – Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Aylesford, Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (b. 1715) May 11 – George Pigot, 1st Baron Pigot, British governor of Madras (b. 1719) May 19 – Button Gwinnett, a signatory of the American Declaration of Independence (b. 1735) May 22 – David Wooster, American general in the French and Indian War and in the American Revolutionary War (b. 1711) May 28 – William Douglas, American military officer, leading regiments from Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War (b. 1742) May 31 – Henry Fane of Wormsley, English politician (b. 1703) June 8 – Cornelia Schlosser, sister and only sibling of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to survive to adulthood (b. 1750) June 21 – Georg Friedrich Meier, German philosopher and aesthetician (b. 1718) July–September July 4 – Consort Shu, consort of the Chinese Qianlong Emperor (b. 1728) July 13 – Guillaume Coustou the Younger, French artist (b. 1716) August 14 Karl Wilhelm von Dieskau, Prussian lieutenant general and general inspector of the artillery (b. 1701) Otto Magnus von Schwerin, Prussian general in the army of Frederick the Great (b. 1701) August 23 – Celia Grillo Borromeo, Italian scientist, mathematician (b. 1684) | August 22 – American Revolutionary War – The Siege of Fort Stanwix is ended by withdrawal of British forces, following a ruse by Benedict Arnold to persuade them that a much larger force is arriving. September 3 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cooch's Bridge: British and Hessian forces defeat an American militia in a minor skirmish in New Castle County, Delaware. September 11 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Brandywine: The British gain a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania. September 19 – American Revolutionary War – First Battle of Saratoga (Battle of Freeman's Farm): Patriot forces withstand a British attack at Saratoga, New York. September 26 – American Revolutionary War – British troops occupy Philadelphia; members of the Continental Congress flee to Lancaster, Pennsylvania where they meet and hold a one day session as the Fifth Congress before fleeing again. September 30 – American Revolutionary War – The Sixth Continental Congress opens its session at York, Pennsylvania, and continues for 272 days until June 27, 1778. October 4 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe. October 6 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery: British troops capture Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery (Hudson River), and are able to dismantle the Hudson River Chain. October 7 – American Revolutionary War – Second Battle of Saratoga (Battle of Bemis Heights): British General John Burgoyne is defeated by American troops. October 17 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Saratoga: British General John Burgoyne surrenders to the American troops. November 15 – American Revolution: After 16 months of debate, the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation, in the temporary American capital at York, Pennsylvania. November 17 – American Revolution: The Articles of Confederation are submitted to the states for ratification. November 29 – San Jose, California is founded. It is the first pueblo in Spanish Alta California. December 18 – The United States celebrates its first Thanksgiving, marking October's victory by the American rebels over British General John Burgoyne at Saratoga. December 19 – American Revolutionary War – George Washington's Continental Army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. December 24 – Third voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain Cook locates Kiritimati (Christmas Island). December 30 – Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria dies and is succeeded by his distant cousin Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria. Date unknown The code duello is adopted at the Clonmel Summer Assizes as the form for pistol duels by gentlemen in Ireland. It is quickly denounced, but nevertheless widely adopted throughout the English-speaking world. Kunsthochschule Kassel is founded in Germany as a fine arts academy. Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Copenhagen (Denmark) as an acting academy. George II Frederic is crowned as king of the Miskito Kingdom. Births January–March January – William Barton, English cricketer (d. 1825) January 2 – Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (d. 1857) January 7 – Lorenzo Bartolini, Italian sculptor (d. 1850) January 11 – Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader (d. 1837) January 13 – Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1820) January 25 – Karoline Jagemann, German actor (d.1848) February 3 – John Cheyne, British physician, surgeon and author (d. 1836) February 10 – Amable Berthelot, Quebec lawyer, author and political figure (d. 1847) February 12 Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, French poet (d. 1843) Bernard Courtois, French chemist (d. 1838) February 18 – Andreas Arntzen, Norwegian politician (d. 1837) February 20 – Zacheus Burnham, Canadian farmer, judge and public figure (d. 1857) February 26 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (d. 1854) March 3 – Adolphe Dureau de la Malle, French geographer, naturalist, historian and artist (d. 1857) March 10 – Robert Allison (Pennsylvania politician), U.S. Representative (d. 1840) March 13 – Charles Lot Church, Nova Scotia politician (d. 1864) March 17 Patrick Brontë, Irish Anglican curate and writer; father of writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë (d. 1861) Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1864) March 19 – José María Bustamante, Mexican composer (d. 1861) March 28 – Antoine Germain Labarraque, French chemist (d. 1850) April–June April 11 – William Addams, United States Congressman (d. 1858) April 12 – Henry Clay, American politician (d. 1852) April |
26 – American Revolution: George III announces to Parliament that the American colonies are in an uprising and must be dealt with accordingly. November – American Revolution: Colonel Richard Richardson's South Carolina revolutionaries march through Ninety-Six District in what becomes known as the Snow Campaign, effectively ending all major support for the Loyalist cause in the backcountry of South Carolina. November 7 – American Revolution: John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, British royal governor of the Colony of Virginia, signs Dunmore's Proclamation, declaring martial law and offering freedom to slaves of Patriots who run away from their owners and join the Loyalist forces (formal proclamation November 15) thus losing the support of planters who see slaves as their vital livelihood. November 10 – American Revolution: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the Continental Marines to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy (the Marines are disbanded at end of the war in April 1783 but reformed on July 11, 1798 as the United States Marine Corps). November 13 – American Revolution: Battle of Montreal – American forces under Brigadier General Richard Montgomery capture Montreal. British General Guy Carleton escapes to Quebec. November 17 – The city of Kuopio, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden. December 5 – American Revolution: Henry Knox begins his journey to Cambridge, Massachusetts with the artillery that has been captured from Fort Ticonderoga. December 31 – American Revolution: Battle of Quebec – British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold at Quebec; Montgomery is killed. Date unknown Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. James Watt's 1769 steam engine patent is extended to June 1800 by Act of Parliament and the first engines are built under it. John Wilkinson invents and patents a new kind of boring machine. Catherine the Great decrees a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire dividing the country into provinces and districts for efficient government. A smallpox epidemic begins in New England. Tseax Cone in northwestern British Columbia erupts. Typhoon Liengkieki devastates the Pacific atoll of Pingelap. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes his five violin concertos in Salzburg at about this date. The Calcutta Theatre is inaugurated. Shneur Zalman of Liadi founds the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish dynasty. Births January–March January 2 – Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet, English cricketer (d. 1849) January 3 – Francis Caulfeild, 2nd Earl of Charlemont, Irish politician (d. 1863) January 4 George Weare Braikenridge, English antiquarian (d. 1856) Carlo, Duke of Calabria, Italian prince (d. 1778) January 6 Date Narimura, Japanese daimyō (d. 1796) Horace St Paul, English soldier and Member of Parliament (d. 1840) January 7 – Thomas Amyot, English antiquarian (d. 1850) January 9 Juan Francisco Larrobla, Uruguayan politician (d. 1842) Antonio Villavicencio, statesman and soldier of New Granada (d. 1816) January 10 – James Sewall Morsell, United States federal judge (d. 1870) January 13 – Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, Polish noble (d. 1856) January 15 – Giosuè Sangiovanni, Italian zoologist (d. 1849) January 18 Pedro Moreno, Mexican soldier (d. 1817) Evelyn Pierrepont, British Member of Parliament (d. 1801) January 19 Hudson Gurney, English antiquary and verse-writer (d. 1864) George Pyke, Canadian politician (d. 1851) January 20 – André-Marie Ampère, French physicist and mathematician (d. 1836) January 22 Manuel García, Spanish singer, teacher and composer (d. 1832) January 23 Pietro Colletta, Neapolitan general and historian (d. 1831) José Fernández Salvador, Ecuadorian politician and jurist (d. 1853) John Rubens Smith, London-born painter (d. 1849) January 27 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (d. 1854) January 28 Lady Charlotte Bury, English novelist (d. 1861) James Brown Mason, American physician and legislator (d. 1819) January 30 – Walter Savage Landor, English writer and poet (d. 1864) January 31 Giordano Bianchi Dottula, Italian writer and politician (d. 1846) John Richard Farre, English physician (d. 1862) February 1 Philippe de Girard, French engineer and inventor of the first flax spinning frame in 1810 (d. 1845) Jochum Nicolay Müller, Norwegian naval officer who (d. 1848) February 2 – Gurun Princess Hexiao of the Manchu dynasty (d. 1823) February 3 Maximilien Sébastien Foy, French military leader (d. 1825) Louis-François Lejeune, French general, painter and printmaker (d. 1848) February 8 Jacob Liv Borch Sverdrup, Norwegian educator (d. 1841) Antonio Bertoloni, Italian botanist who made extensive studies of Italian plants (d. 1869) Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth, British politician (d. 1855) February 9 Farkas Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1856) Theodor Hell, pseudonym of Karl Gottfried Theodor Winkler, German man of letters (d. 1856) February 10 Charles Lamb, English essayist (d. 1834) James Wilkes Maurice, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1857) Ádám Récsey, Prime Minister of Hungary (October 3–7, 1848) (d. 1852) February 11 – William Hall, American politician (d. 1856) February 12 Louisa Adams, First Lady of the United States, wife of President John Quincy Adams (d. 1852) Charles Lloyd, English poet (d. 1839) February 13 – Benjamin Gorham, American politician (d. 1855) February 14 – William Clift, English medical illustrator and conservator (d. 1849) February 15 Paul Allen, American author and editor (d. 1826) Miguel Ramos Arizpe, Mexican priest (d. 1843) Simmons Jones Baker, American politician (d. 1853) February 17 Heinrich Jacob Aldenrath, German portrait painter (d. 1844) Frederick Garling, English attorney and solicitor (d. 1848) February 18 – Thomas Girtin, English painter and etcher (d. 1802) February 19 John Bibby, founder of the British Bibby Line shipping company (d. 1840) Giovanni Battista Comolli, Italian sculptor (d. 1831) February 20 Guy-Victor Duperré, French naval officer and Admiral of France (d. 1846) Israel Gregg, first captain of the historic American steamboat Enterprise (1814) (d. 1847) John Starr, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia (d. 1827) February 21 Jean-Baptiste Girard, French soldier (d. 1815) Claudius Herrick, American educator and minister (d. 1831) February 22 William Seymour, United States Representative from New York (d. 1848) February 24 Claudius Hunter, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1851) Matěj Kopecký, Czech puppeteer (d. 1847) Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset, English landowner and amateur mathematician (d. 1855) February 25 – John Caldwell, businessman and politician in Lower Canada (d. 1842) February 26 – Adolf Stieler, German cartographer and lawyer (d. 1836) February 28 – Sophie Tieck, German poet (d. 1833) March 3 – Henry Prittie, 2nd Baron Dunalley, British politician (d. 1854) March 4 – Johann Baptist von Lampi the Younger, Austrian portrait painter (d. 1837) March 5 Charlotte Richardson, English poet (d. 1825) Adam Elias von Siebold, German gynecologist (d. 1828) March 9 Jean Kickx, Belgian botanist and mineralogist (d. 1831) Constance Mayer, French painter (d. 1821) March 10 Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris, French journalist (d. 1848) Sir David Wedderburn, 1st Baronet, Scottish businessman and politician (d. 1858) March 11 Nils Landmark, Norwegian politician (d. 1859) Pierre Jean François Turpin, French botanist and illustrator (d. 1840) March 12 Joseph Chitty, English lawyer and legal writer (d. 1841) Henry Eckford, Scottish-born American shipbuilder, naval architect, industrial engineer, entrepreneur (d. 1832) Michel Grendahl, Norwegian politician (d. 1849) James Welsh, English officer in the Madras Army of the East India Company (d. 1861) March 14 – Samuel Street Jr., businessman in Upper Canada (d. 1844) March 15 – Juan Bautista Arismendi, Venezuelan patriot and general of the Venezuelan War of Independence (d. 1841) March 17 – Ninian Edwards, founding political figure of the state of Illinois (d. 1833) March 19 – Ramsay Richard Reinagle, English painter (d. 1862) March 22 Johan Collett, Norwegian politician and public administrator (d. 1827) Jack Crawford, British Royal Navy sailor, "Hero of Camperdown" (d. 1831) Armand Gouffé, French poet (d. 1845) March 23 – William Haseldine Pepys, English physical scientist (d. 1856) March 24 Pauline Auzou, French painter and art instructor (d. 1835) Pierre Berthezène, French Army general (d. 1847) Muthuswami Dikshitar, South Indian poet and composer (d. 1835) March 25 – John Johnston, United States Indian agent (d. 1861) March 26 – Thomas Monteagle Bayly, Virginian politician, lawyer and planter (d. 1834) March 27 – Nicolai Abraham Holten, Danish civil servant and director of Øresund Custom House (d. 1850) March 28 – Johann Heinrich Gossler, Hamburg banker and grand burgher (d. 1842) March 30 – Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld, Austrian corps commander during the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1822) April–June April 2 John Higton, English animal painter (d. 1827) Calvin Jones, American politician (d. 1846) Moses Walton, Virginia farmer serving in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly (d. 1847) April 4 – Dutch Sam, British boxer (d. 1816) April 5 – Johann Nepomuk Rust, Austrian surgeon (d. 1840) April 6 – Edward Wynne-Pendarves, English politician (d. 1853) April 7 Eliza Jumel, American socialite (d. 1865) Francis Cabot Lowell, American businessman (d. 1817) Louis Barbe Charles Sérurier, French diplomat (d. 1860) April 8 Antoine Charles Cazenove, Swiss-American businessman and diplomat (d. 1852) Adam Albert von Neipperg, Austrian general and statesman (d. 1829) Thomas Powys, 2nd Baron Lilford, British peer (d. 1825) April 9 – Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada, Brazilian politician, leader in Brazil's independence and government (d. 1844) April 10 – Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi, German psychiatrist (d. 1858) April 12 Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd, German linguist and heraldist (d. 1854) Vito Nunziante, Italian general (d. 1836) April 13 – Adolph Henke, German physician (d. 1843) April 14 Karl Becker, German philologist (d. 1849) John Philip, Scottish-born missionary in South Africa (d. 1851) April 16 Sylvester Maxwell, American lawyer and legislator (d. 1858) Charles Stewart, English Anglican bishop in Lower Canada (d. 1837) April 21 Alexander Anderson, American physician and illustrator (d. 1870) Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, British politician (d. 1851) April 22 Georg Hermes, German Roman Catholic theologian (d. 1831) Henry Ryan, US-Canadian Methodist minister (d. 1833) April 23 – J. M. W. Turner, English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker (d. 1851) April 25 William Warren Baldwin, Canadian politician (d. 1844) Alexander Johnston, Sri Lankan judge (d. 1849) Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1830) April 27 – Pietro Ostini, Catholic cardinal (d. 1849) April 28 William Capel, English sportsman and clergyman (d. 1854) Loftus William Otway, British Napoleonic Wars general (d. 1835) April 29 – Samuel King, American Presbyterian minister, a founder of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (d. 1842) April 30 Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie, Marshal of France (d. 1851) Calvin Fillmore, American farmer and politician from New York (d. 1865) George Kinloch, Scottish reformer and politician (d. 1833) May 1 – Angélique Mongez, French Neoclassical artist (d. 1855) May 3 – John Hansen Sørbrøden, Norwegian farmer (d. 1857) May 5 Marie-Anne Calame, Swiss vitreous enamel miniaturist and pietist philanthropic educator (d. 1834) Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug, German entomologist (d. 1856) Alexander McNair, American frontiersman and politician (d. 1826) Pablo Morillo, Spanish general (d. 1837) May 6 Hans Henrich Maschmann, Norwegian pharmacist (d. 1860) Mary Martha Sherwood, English children's author (d. 1851) May 8 – George Gwilt the younger, English architect (d. 1856) May 9 – Jacob Brown, United States general (d. 1828) May 10 Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle, French cavalry general during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1809) William Phillips, English mineralogist and geologist (d. 1828) May 12 – George Whitmore, British Army general (d. 1862) May 14 – Micah Brooks, United States general (d. 1857) May 17 Sir John Beckett, 2nd Baronet, British politician (d. 1847) Daniel LeRoy, Attorney General for the Michigan Territory (d. 1858) May 19 – Antonín Jan Jungmann, Czech physician (d. 1854) May 21 – Lucien Bonaparte, French statesman (d. 1840) May 24 Sir Charles Ogle, 2nd Baronet, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1858) Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, British Army general (d. 1850) May 25 – Pelagio Palagi, Italian painter (d. 1860) May 28 – Thomas Graves, 2nd Baron Graves, British politician (d. 1830) May 29 – Nathan Cutler, American politician from Maine (d. 1861) May 31 Charles Digby, British clergyman, Canon of Windsor from 1808 (d. 1841) Charles Jackson, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1855) June 4 – Francesco Molino, Italian guitarist (d. 1847) June 8 – Henry Boehm, American clergyman and pastor (d. 1875) June 9 – Georg Friedrich Grotefend, German epigraphist and philologist (d. 1853) June 10 – James Barbour, American politician (d. 1842) June 12 Francis Bloodgood, American lawyer, mayor of Albany (d. 1840) Johann Baptist Malfatti von Monteregio, Italian-born physician (d. 1859) Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian Generalfeldmarschall (d. 1851) June 13 – Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician (d. 1833) June 14 – André Bruno de Frévol de Lacoste, French general of the First Empire (d. 1809) June 15 Elizabeth Benger, English biographer (d. 1827) Paul Delano, American-born sea captain (d. 1842) Carlo Porta, Italian poet (d. 1821) June 16 – Judah Touro, American businessman (d. 1854) June 17 – Alexander Cowan, Scottish papermaker and philanthropist (d. 1859) June 18 – Orsamus Cook Merrill, American politician (d. 1865) June 19 Vardry McBee, American saddlemaker and philanthropist (d. 1864) Friedrich August Peter von Colomb, German general (d. 1854) June 20 – Jacques Frédéric Français, French engineer and mathematician (d. 1833) June 22 Johannes Flüggé, German botanist and physician (d. 1816) Camillo Ranzani, Italian priest and a naturalist (d. 1841) June 24 – John Kempthorne, English clergyman and hymnwriter (d. 1838) June 25 – John Stevenson Salt, English barrister, banker and landowner (d. 1845) June 26 Jean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, French general of the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1815) John Swaine, English draughtsman and engraver (d. 1860) June 29 – Thomas Boyle, American privateer (d. 1825) June 30 – William Thompson, Irish philosopher (d. 1833) July–September July 1 – Cephas Thompson, American artist (d. 1856) July 2 – Aaron Peasley, American buttonmaker (d. 1837) July 3 – Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier, member of the French royal family (d. 1807) July 5 – William Crotch, English composer, organist and artist (d. 1847) July 8 William Davies, United States federal judge (d. 1829) Lucy Mack Smith, American prominent in the Latter Day Saints, mother of Joseph Smith (d. 1856) July 9 – Matthew "Monk" Lewis, English Gothic horror writer and politician (d. 1818) July 11 – Joseph Blanco White, Spanish-born political thinker, theologian and poet (d. 1841) July 14 Louis Ducis, French painter (d. 1847) Berkeley Guise, British landowner and Member of Parliament (d. 1834) July 15 – Richard Westmacott, British sculptor (d. 1856) July 17 Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean politician and philanthropist (d. 1854) August Harder, German musician (d. 1813) July 18 Pierre Decouz, French military officer (d. of wounds 1814) Karl von Rotteck, German political activist (d. 1840) July 19 Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona (d. 1832) John Andrew Shulze, Pennsylvania political leader, sixth Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1852) July 21 Edward Heneage, English first-class cricketer (d. 1810) George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds, English peer and politician (d. 1838) July 23 Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman, German jurist (d. 1829) Étienne-Louis Malus, French officer (d. 1812) July 24 – Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal and private detective agent (d. 1857) July 25 – Anna Harrison, American politician (d. 1864) July 27 – Therese Brunsvik, Hungarian educationalist (d. 1861) July 28 – Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian, British Army general (d. 1842) July 31 – Emmanuel Dupaty, French singer and writer (d. 1851) August 2 William Henry Ireland, English forger (d. 1835) José Ángel Lamas, Venezuelan classical musician and composer born in Caracas (d. 1814) August 6 Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, last Dauphin of France (d. 1844) Daniel O'Connell, Ireland's predominant political leader (d. 1847) Hendrik van Oort, Northern Netherlandish painter (d. 1847) August 7 Maria Brizzi Giorgi, Italian organist (d. 1812) Jacob Hoel, Norwegian farmer (d. 1847) Henriette Lorimier, popular portraitist in Paris | what becomes known as the Snow Campaign, effectively ending all major support for the Loyalist cause in the backcountry of South Carolina. November 7 – American Revolution: John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, British royal governor of the Colony of Virginia, signs Dunmore's Proclamation, declaring martial law and offering freedom to slaves of Patriots who run away from their owners and join the Loyalist forces (formal proclamation November 15) thus losing the support of planters who see slaves as their vital livelihood. November 10 – American Revolution: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the Continental Marines to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy (the Marines are disbanded at end of the war in April 1783 but reformed on July 11, 1798 as the United States Marine Corps). November 13 – American Revolution: Battle of Montreal – American forces under Brigadier General Richard Montgomery capture Montreal. British General Guy Carleton escapes to Quebec. November 17 – The city of Kuopio, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden. December 5 – American Revolution: Henry Knox begins his journey to Cambridge, Massachusetts with the artillery that has been captured from Fort Ticonderoga. December 31 – American Revolution: Battle of Quebec – British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold at Quebec; Montgomery is killed. Date unknown Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. James Watt's 1769 steam engine patent is extended to June 1800 by Act of Parliament and the first engines are built under it. John Wilkinson invents and patents a new kind of boring machine. Catherine the Great decrees a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire dividing the country into provinces and districts for efficient government. A smallpox epidemic begins in New England. Tseax Cone in northwestern British Columbia erupts. Typhoon Liengkieki devastates the Pacific atoll of Pingelap. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes his five violin concertos in Salzburg at about this date. The Calcutta Theatre is inaugurated. Shneur Zalman of Liadi founds the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish dynasty. Births January–March January 2 – Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet, English cricketer (d. 1849) January 3 – Francis Caulfeild, 2nd Earl of Charlemont, Irish politician (d. 1863) January 4 George Weare Braikenridge, English antiquarian (d. 1856) Carlo, Duke of Calabria, Italian prince (d. 1778) January 6 Date Narimura, Japanese daimyō (d. 1796) Horace St Paul, English soldier and Member of Parliament (d. 1840) January 7 – Thomas Amyot, English antiquarian (d. 1850) January 9 Juan Francisco Larrobla, Uruguayan politician (d. 1842) Antonio Villavicencio, statesman and soldier of New Granada (d. 1816) January 10 – James Sewall Morsell, United States federal judge (d. 1870) January 13 – Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, Polish noble (d. 1856) January 15 – Giosuè Sangiovanni, Italian zoologist (d. 1849) January 18 Pedro Moreno, Mexican soldier (d. 1817) Evelyn Pierrepont, British Member of Parliament (d. 1801) January 19 Hudson Gurney, English antiquary and verse-writer (d. 1864) George Pyke, Canadian politician (d. 1851) January 20 – André-Marie Ampère, French physicist and mathematician (d. 1836) January 22 Manuel García, Spanish singer, teacher and composer (d. 1832) January 23 Pietro Colletta, Neapolitan general and historian (d. 1831) José Fernández Salvador, Ecuadorian politician and jurist (d. 1853) John Rubens Smith, London-born painter (d. 1849) January 27 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (d. 1854) January 28 Lady Charlotte Bury, English novelist (d. 1861) James Brown Mason, American physician and legislator (d. 1819) January 30 – Walter Savage Landor, English writer and poet (d. 1864) January 31 Giordano Bianchi Dottula, Italian writer and politician (d. 1846) John Richard Farre, English physician (d. 1862) February 1 Philippe de Girard, French engineer and inventor of the first flax spinning frame in 1810 (d. 1845) Jochum Nicolay Müller, Norwegian naval officer who (d. 1848) February 2 – Gurun Princess Hexiao of the Manchu dynasty (d. 1823) February 3 Maximilien Sébastien Foy, French military leader (d. 1825) Louis-François Lejeune, French general, painter and printmaker (d. 1848) February 8 Jacob Liv Borch Sverdrup, Norwegian educator (d. 1841) Antonio Bertoloni, Italian botanist who made extensive studies of Italian plants (d. 1869) Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth, British politician (d. 1855) February 9 Farkas Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1856) Theodor Hell, pseudonym of Karl Gottfried Theodor Winkler, German man of letters (d. 1856) February 10 Charles Lamb, English essayist (d. 1834) James Wilkes Maurice, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1857) Ádám Récsey, Prime Minister of Hungary (October 3–7, 1848) (d. 1852) February 11 – William Hall, American politician (d. 1856) February 12 Louisa Adams, First Lady of the United States, wife of President John Quincy Adams (d. 1852) Charles Lloyd, English poet (d. 1839) February 13 – Benjamin Gorham, American politician (d. 1855) February 14 – William Clift, English medical illustrator and conservator (d. 1849) February 15 Paul Allen, American author and editor (d. 1826) Miguel Ramos Arizpe, Mexican priest (d. 1843) Simmons Jones Baker, American politician (d. 1853) February 17 Heinrich Jacob Aldenrath, German portrait painter (d. 1844) Frederick Garling, English attorney and solicitor (d. 1848) February 18 – Thomas Girtin, English painter and etcher (d. 1802) February 19 John Bibby, founder of the British Bibby Line shipping company (d. 1840) Giovanni Battista Comolli, Italian sculptor (d. 1831) February 20 Guy-Victor Duperré, French naval officer and Admiral of France (d. 1846) Israel Gregg, first captain of the historic American steamboat Enterprise (1814) (d. 1847) John Starr, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia (d. 1827) February 21 Jean-Baptiste Girard, French soldier (d. 1815) Claudius Herrick, American educator and minister (d. 1831) February 22 William Seymour, United States Representative from New York (d. 1848) February 24 Claudius Hunter, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1851) Matěj Kopecký, Czech puppeteer (d. 1847) Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset, English landowner and amateur mathematician (d. 1855) February 25 – John Caldwell, businessman and politician in Lower Canada (d. 1842) February 26 – Adolf Stieler, German cartographer and lawyer (d. 1836) February 28 – Sophie Tieck, German poet (d. 1833) March 3 – Henry Prittie, 2nd Baron Dunalley, British politician (d. 1854) March 4 – Johann Baptist von Lampi the Younger, Austrian portrait painter (d. 1837) March 5 Charlotte Richardson, English poet (d. 1825) Adam Elias von Siebold, German gynecologist (d. 1828) March 9 Jean Kickx, Belgian botanist and mineralogist (d. 1831) Constance Mayer, French painter (d. 1821) March 10 Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris, French journalist (d. 1848) Sir David Wedderburn, 1st Baronet, Scottish businessman and politician (d. 1858) March 11 Nils Landmark, Norwegian politician (d. 1859) Pierre Jean François Turpin, French botanist and illustrator (d. 1840) March 12 Joseph Chitty, English lawyer and legal writer (d. 1841) Henry Eckford, Scottish-born American shipbuilder, naval architect, industrial engineer, entrepreneur (d. 1832) Michel Grendahl, Norwegian politician (d. 1849) James Welsh, English officer in the Madras Army of the East India Company (d. 1861) March 14 – Samuel Street Jr., businessman in Upper Canada (d. 1844) March 15 – Juan Bautista Arismendi, Venezuelan patriot and general of the Venezuelan War of Independence (d. 1841) March 17 – Ninian Edwards, founding political figure of the state of Illinois (d. 1833) March 19 – Ramsay Richard Reinagle, English painter (d. 1862) March 22 Johan Collett, Norwegian politician and public administrator (d. 1827) Jack Crawford, British Royal Navy sailor, "Hero of Camperdown" (d. 1831) Armand Gouffé, French poet (d. 1845) March 23 – William Haseldine Pepys, English physical scientist (d. 1856) March 24 Pauline Auzou, French painter and art instructor (d. 1835) Pierre Berthezène, French Army general (d. 1847) Muthuswami Dikshitar, South Indian poet and composer (d. 1835) March 25 – John Johnston, United States Indian agent (d. 1861) March 26 – Thomas Monteagle Bayly, Virginian politician, lawyer and planter (d. 1834) March 27 – Nicolai Abraham Holten, Danish civil servant and director of Øresund Custom House (d. 1850) March 28 – Johann Heinrich Gossler, Hamburg banker and grand burgher (d. 1842) March 30 – Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld, Austrian corps commander during the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1822) April–June April 2 John Higton, English animal painter (d. 1827) Calvin Jones, American politician (d. 1846) Moses Walton, Virginia farmer serving in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly (d. 1847) April 4 – Dutch Sam, British boxer (d. 1816) April 5 – Johann Nepomuk Rust, Austrian surgeon (d. 1840) April 6 – Edward Wynne-Pendarves, English politician (d. 1853) April 7 Eliza Jumel, American socialite (d. 1865) Francis Cabot Lowell, American businessman (d. 1817) Louis Barbe Charles Sérurier, French diplomat (d. 1860) April 8 Antoine Charles Cazenove, Swiss-American businessman and diplomat (d. 1852) Adam Albert von Neipperg, Austrian general and statesman (d. 1829) Thomas Powys, 2nd Baron Lilford, British peer (d. 1825) April 9 – Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada, Brazilian politician, leader in Brazil's independence and government (d. 1844) April 10 – Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi, German psychiatrist (d. 1858) April 12 Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd, German linguist and heraldist (d. 1854) Vito Nunziante, Italian general (d. 1836) April 13 – Adolph Henke, German physician (d. 1843) April 14 Karl Becker, German philologist (d. 1849) John Philip, Scottish-born missionary in South Africa (d. 1851) April 16 Sylvester Maxwell, American lawyer and legislator (d. 1858) Charles Stewart, English Anglican bishop in Lower Canada (d. 1837) April 21 Alexander Anderson, American physician and illustrator (d. 1870) Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, British politician (d. 1851) April 22 Georg Hermes, German Roman Catholic theologian (d. 1831) Henry Ryan, US-Canadian Methodist minister (d. 1833) April 23 – J. M. W. Turner, English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker (d. 1851) April 25 William Warren Baldwin, Canadian politician (d. 1844) Alexander Johnston, Sri Lankan judge (d. 1849) Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1830) April 27 – Pietro Ostini, Catholic cardinal (d. 1849) April 28 William Capel, English sportsman and clergyman (d. 1854) Loftus William Otway, British Napoleonic Wars general (d. 1835) April 29 – Samuel King, American Presbyterian minister, a founder of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (d. 1842) April 30 Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie, Marshal of France (d. 1851) Calvin Fillmore, American farmer and politician from New York (d. 1865) George Kinloch, Scottish reformer and politician (d. 1833) May 1 – Angélique Mongez, French Neoclassical artist (d. 1855) May 3 – John Hansen Sørbrøden, Norwegian farmer (d. 1857) May 5 Marie-Anne Calame, Swiss vitreous enamel miniaturist and pietist philanthropic educator (d. 1834) Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug, German entomologist (d. 1856) Alexander McNair, American frontiersman and politician (d. 1826) Pablo Morillo, Spanish general (d. 1837) May 6 Hans Henrich Maschmann, Norwegian pharmacist (d. 1860) Mary Martha Sherwood, English children's author (d. 1851) May 8 – George Gwilt the younger, English architect (d. 1856) May 9 – Jacob Brown, United States general (d. 1828) May 10 Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle, French cavalry general during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1809) William Phillips, English mineralogist and geologist (d. 1828) May 12 – George Whitmore, British Army general (d. 1862) May 14 – Micah Brooks, United States general (d. 1857) May 17 Sir John Beckett, 2nd Baronet, British politician (d. 1847) Daniel LeRoy, Attorney General for the Michigan Territory (d. 1858) May 19 – Antonín Jan Jungmann, Czech physician (d. 1854) May 21 – Lucien Bonaparte, French statesman (d. 1840) May 24 Sir Charles Ogle, 2nd Baronet, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1858) Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, British Army general (d. 1850) May 25 – Pelagio Palagi, Italian painter (d. 1860) May 28 – Thomas Graves, 2nd Baron Graves, British politician (d. 1830) May 29 – Nathan Cutler, American politician from Maine (d. 1861) May 31 Charles Digby, British clergyman, Canon of Windsor from 1808 (d. 1841) Charles Jackson, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1855) June 4 – Francesco Molino, Italian guitarist (d. 1847) June 8 – Henry Boehm, American clergyman and pastor (d. 1875) June 9 – Georg Friedrich Grotefend, German epigraphist and philologist (d. 1853) June 10 – James Barbour, American politician (d. 1842) June 12 Francis Bloodgood, American lawyer, mayor of Albany (d. 1840) Johann Baptist Malfatti von Monteregio, Italian-born physician (d. 1859) Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian Generalfeldmarschall (d. 1851) June 13 – Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician (d. 1833) June 14 – André Bruno de Frévol de Lacoste, French general of the First Empire (d. 1809) June 15 Elizabeth Benger, English biographer (d. 1827) Paul Delano, American-born sea captain (d. 1842) Carlo Porta, Italian poet (d. 1821) June 16 – Judah Touro, American businessman (d. 1854) June 17 – Alexander Cowan, Scottish papermaker and philanthropist (d. 1859) June 18 – Orsamus Cook Merrill, American politician (d. 1865) June 19 Vardry McBee, American saddlemaker and philanthropist (d. 1864) Friedrich August Peter von Colomb, German general (d. 1854) June 20 – Jacques Frédéric Français, French engineer and mathematician (d. 1833) June 22 Johannes Flüggé, German botanist and physician (d. 1816) Camillo Ranzani, Italian priest and a naturalist (d. 1841) June 24 – John Kempthorne, English clergyman and hymnwriter (d. 1838) June 25 – John Stevenson Salt, English barrister, banker and landowner (d. 1845) June 26 Jean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, French general of the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1815) John Swaine, English draughtsman and engraver (d. 1860) June 29 – Thomas Boyle, American privateer (d. 1825) June 30 – William Thompson, Irish philosopher (d. 1833) July–September July 1 – Cephas Thompson, American artist (d. 1856) July 2 – Aaron Peasley, American buttonmaker (d. 1837) July 3 – Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier, member of the French royal family (d. 1807) July 5 – William Crotch, English composer, organist and artist (d. 1847) July 8 William Davies, United States federal judge (d. 1829) Lucy Mack Smith, American prominent in the Latter Day Saints, mother of Joseph Smith (d. 1856) July 9 – Matthew "Monk" Lewis, English Gothic horror writer and politician (d. 1818) July 11 – Joseph Blanco White, Spanish-born political thinker, theologian and poet (d. 1841) July 14 Louis Ducis, French painter (d. 1847) Berkeley Guise, British landowner and Member of Parliament (d. 1834) July 15 – Richard Westmacott, British sculptor (d. 1856) July 17 Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean politician and philanthropist (d. 1854) August Harder, German musician (d. 1813) July 18 Pierre Decouz, French military officer (d. of wounds 1814) Karl von Rotteck, German political activist (d. 1840) July 19 Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona (d. 1832) John Andrew Shulze, Pennsylvania political leader, sixth Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1852) July 21 Edward Heneage, English first-class cricketer (d. 1810) George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds, English peer and politician (d. 1838) July 23 Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman, German jurist (d. 1829) Étienne-Louis Malus, French officer (d. 1812) July 24 – Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal and private detective agent (d. 1857) July 25 – Anna Harrison, American politician (d. 1864) July 27 – Therese Brunsvik, Hungarian educationalist (d. 1861) July 28 – Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian, British Army |
Venatici. October 14 – The Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Polish for Commission for the Education of the People), formed in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is considered to be the world's first ministry of education. November 10 – Four ships— the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, the Beaver and the William— depart Britain for America, carrying the first Indian tea to be subject to the newly enacted taxes. The William is lost in a storm; the Dartmouth is the first ship to reach Boston, docking on November 28. December 16 – Boston Tea Party: A group of American colonists, dressed as Mohawk Indians, steal aboard ships of the East India Company and dump their cargo of tea into Boston Harbor, in protest against British tax policies. Date unknown Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russian forces fail to take Silistria. Emelian Pugachev starts Pugachev's Rebellion in Russia, attacking and occupying Samara. John Harrison wins the Longitude prize, for his invention of the marine chronometer. Hilaire Rouelle discovers urea. Istanbul Technical University is established (under the name of Royal School of Naval Engineering) as the world's first comprehensive institution of higher learning dedicated to engineering education. Marsala wine first shipped to England. In China, written work begins on the Siku Quanshu, the largest literary compilation of books in China's history (surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia of the 15th Century). Upon completion in 1782, the books are bound in 36,381 volumes (册) with more than 79,000 chapters (卷), comprising about 2.3 million pages, and approximately 800 million Chinese characters. Scottish judge James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, begins publication of Of the Origin and Progress of Language, a contribution to evolutionary ideas of the Enlightenment. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes the last five cantos of his epic poem Der Messias in Hamburg.</onlyinclude> Births January 14 – William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, British ambassador to China, Governor-General of India (d. 1857) January 16 – Robert Fullerton, governor of Penang, first governor of British Straits Settlements (d. 1831) January 27 – Prince Augustus of Great Britain, Duke of Sussex (d. 1843) January 29 – Friedrich Mohs, German geologist, mineralogist (d. 1839) February 9 – William Henry Harrison, American military leader and 9th President of the United States (d. 1841) March 14 – John Holmes, American politician (d. 1843) March 16 – Juan Ramón Balcarce, Argentine military leader and politician (d. 1836) March 26 – Nathaniel Bowditch, American mathematician (d. 1838) April 4 – Étienne Maurice Gérard, Prime Minister and Marshal of France (d. 1852) April 9 Étienne Aignan, French writer, librettist, and playwright (d. 1824) Marie Boivin, French midwife, inventor and obstetrics writer (d. 1841) April 14 – Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Prime Minister of France | Revere marries Rachel Walker, his second wife. October 12 – America's first insane asylum opens, for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds, in Williamsburg, Virginia. October 13 – French astronomer Charles Messier discovers the Whirlpool Galaxy, an interacting, grand design spiral galaxy located at a distance of approximately 23 million light-years, in the constellation Canes Venatici. October 14 – The Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Polish for Commission for the Education of the People), formed in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is considered to be the world's first ministry of education. November 10 – Four ships— the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, the Beaver and the William— depart Britain for America, carrying the first Indian tea to be subject to the newly enacted taxes. The William is lost in a storm; the Dartmouth is the first ship to reach Boston, docking on November 28. December 16 – Boston Tea Party: A group of American colonists, dressed as Mohawk Indians, steal aboard ships of the East India Company and dump their cargo of tea into Boston Harbor, in protest against British tax policies. Date unknown Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russian forces fail to take Silistria. Emelian Pugachev starts Pugachev's Rebellion in Russia, attacking and occupying Samara. John Harrison wins the Longitude prize, for his invention of the marine chronometer. Hilaire Rouelle discovers urea. Istanbul Technical University is established (under the name of Royal School of Naval Engineering) as the world's first comprehensive institution of higher learning dedicated to engineering education. Marsala wine first shipped to England. In China, written work begins on the Siku Quanshu, the largest literary compilation of books in China's history (surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia of the 15th Century). Upon completion in 1782, the books are bound in 36,381 volumes (册) with more than 79,000 chapters (卷), comprising about 2.3 million pages, and approximately 800 million Chinese characters. Scottish judge James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, begins publication of Of the Origin and Progress of Language, a contribution to evolutionary ideas of the Enlightenment. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes the last five cantos of his epic poem Der Messias in Hamburg.</onlyinclude> Births January 14 – William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, British ambassador to China, Governor-General of India (d. 1857) January 16 – Robert Fullerton, governor of Penang, first governor of British Straits Settlements (d. 1831) January 27 – Prince Augustus of Great Britain, Duke of Sussex (d. 1843) January 29 – Friedrich Mohs, German geologist, mineralogist (d. 1839) February 9 – William Henry Harrison, American military leader and 9th President of the United States (d. 1841) March 14 – John Holmes, American politician (d. 1843) March 16 – Juan Ramón Balcarce, Argentine military leader and politician (d. 1836) March 26 – Nathaniel Bowditch, American mathematician (d. 1838) April 4 – Étienne Maurice Gérard, Prime Minister and Marshal of France (d. 1852) April 9 Étienne Aignan, French writer, librettist, and playwright (d. 1824) Marie Boivin, French midwife, inventor and obstetrics writer (d. 1841) April 14 – Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Prime Minister of France (d. 1854) April 24 – Edmund Cartwright, English inventor, Fellow |
is first discovered by French astronomer Jacques Leibax Montaigne, but not proven to be a periodic comet until 1826, when Wilhelm von Biela correctly identifies its return. March 20 – Pedro Fages, the Spanish Governor of Alta California, and Father Juan Crespí set off from the capital at Monterey with a party of 12 soldiers, and begin the first European exploration of the lands around San Francisco Bay. April –June April 8 – Massachusetts legislator Samuel Adams persuades his colleagues to approve his plan for creating a Committee of Correspondence to begin a dialogue with the other American colonies concerning mutual problems with the United Kingdom. April 13 – Warren Hastings begins his service for the British East India Company as Governor of Bengal, arriving at the company's headquarters at Fort William, outside of Calcutta, and including what are now parts of northeast India and Bangladesh. Hastings serves for two years, then later becomes Governor-General of India. May 8 – The Watauga Association Compact is signed in what is now East Tennessee by a group of white settlers led by William Bean, creating the first non-colonial government body in British North America. June 9 – Gaspee Affair: In an act of defiance against the British Navigation Acts, American patriots, led by Abraham Whipple, attack and burn the British customs schooner HMS Gaspee off of Rhode Island. June 10 – The crisis of 1772 is triggered when, following the flight of their partner Alexander Fordyce to France, the London banking house of Neal, James, Fordyce and Down (which has been speculating in East India Company stock) suspends payment. The resultant panic causes other banks, particularly in Scotland, to fail, extends to Amsterdam and the Thirteen Colonies of British North America, and threatens the East India Company with bankruptcy. June 22 – Somersett's Case: Lord Mansfield, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, delivers the decision that leads to the end of slavery in England. July–September July 13 – The second voyage of James Cook departs from Plymouth on Captain Cook's new ship, HMS Resolution and the companion ship HMS Adventure in an attempt to prove the existence of an uncharted continent even further south than New Zealand. August 5 – The first Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth begins. The Kingdom of Galicia and | but not proven to be a periodic comet until 1826, when Wilhelm von Biela correctly identifies its return. March 20 – Pedro Fages, the Spanish Governor of Alta California, and Father Juan Crespí set off from the capital at Monterey with a party of 12 soldiers, and begin the first European exploration of the lands around San Francisco Bay. April –June April 8 – Massachusetts legislator Samuel Adams persuades his colleagues to approve his plan for creating a Committee of Correspondence to begin a dialogue with the other American colonies concerning mutual problems with the United Kingdom. April 13 – Warren Hastings begins his service for the British East India Company as Governor of Bengal, arriving at the company's headquarters at Fort William, outside of Calcutta, and including what are now parts of northeast India and Bangladesh. Hastings serves for two years, then later becomes Governor-General of India. May 8 – The Watauga Association Compact is signed in what is now East Tennessee by a group of white settlers led by William Bean, creating the first non-colonial government body in British North America. June 9 – Gaspee Affair: In an act of defiance against the British Navigation Acts, American patriots, led by Abraham Whipple, attack and burn the British customs schooner HMS Gaspee off of Rhode Island. June 10 – The crisis of 1772 is triggered when, following the flight of their partner Alexander Fordyce to France, the London banking house of Neal, James, Fordyce and Down (which has been speculating in East India Company stock) suspends payment. The resultant panic causes other banks, particularly in Scotland, to fail, extends to Amsterdam and the Thirteen Colonies of British North America, and threatens the East India Company with bankruptcy. June 22 – Somersett's Case: Lord Mansfield, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, delivers the decision that leads to the end of slavery in England. July–September July 13 – The second voyage of James Cook departs from Plymouth on Captain Cook's new ship, HMS Resolution and the companion ship HMS Adventure in an attempt to prove the existence of an uncharted continent even further south than New Zealand. August 5 – The first Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth begins. The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria becomes part of the crown lands of the Habsburg Monarchy. August 12 – The volcano Mount Papandayan in West Java erupts and partially collapses, the debris avalanche killing several thousands. August 21 – A coup d'état by King Gustav III is completed by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden, and making him an enlightened despot. September 1 – Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California. October–December October 28 – Basque–Spanish explorer Domingo de Bonechea, in the Aguila, sights Tauere atoll, which he names San Simon y Judas. November 2 – American Revolutionary War: Samuel Adams and Joseph Warren form the first Committee of Correspondence. December 14 Russian government offices reopen at Moscow and Saint Petersburg after being closed for 15 months because of an epidemic of bubonic plague. Second voyage of James |
the first of the 21 California missions. July 20 – Recently appointed as the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, Irish-born soldier of fortune Alejandro O'Reilly sails into the French fort of La Balize with 21 Spanish ships, along with 2,056 soldiers, cannons and ammunition, and informs French Louisiana Governor Charles Philippe Aubry of his royal commission to take Louisiana on behalf of the King of Spain. August 3 – The party of Gaspar de Portolà becomes the first white group to set foot in the area now known as Santa Monica, California. August 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte is born August 16 – Pope Clement XIV issues the papal bull Dominus ac Redemptor, ordering the dissolution of the Jesuits. August 18 – Brescia Explosion: The city of Brescia, Italy is devastated when the Church of San Nazaro is struck by lightning. The resulting fire ignites 200,000 lb (90,000 kg) of gunpowder being stored there, causing a massive explosion, which destroys 1/6 of the city and kills 3,000 people. The disaster prompts the Roman Catholic Church to abandon their religious objection to using lightning rods to protect their property. September – Massive droughts in Bengal lead to the Bengal famine of 1770, in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost). The Maharajah of Mysore forces the British to agree to a treaty of mutual assistance in view of the famine, but the British East India Company increases its demands on the Bengali people to keep profits up. September 6–9 – David Garrick holds a Shakespeare Jubilee festival at Stratford-upon-Avon in England. September 10 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Russian forces take the Ottoman fortress of Chocim in Bukovina. October–December October 1 – James Cook names Whakaari, off the coast of New Zealand, as White Island. October 7 – James Cook lands in New Zealand, at Poverty Bay. October 9 – In the first encounter between the Māori people and Europeans (at the future site of Gisborne, New Zealand), one Maori is shot and killed after he steals a sword from one of the officers of the Cook expedition. Several more Māori are killed in fighting the next day. October 23 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrates a steam-powered artillery tractor (see drawing) in France. November 1 – A party of the expedition of Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portola becomes the first Europeans to reach San Francisco Bay. Sergeant Jose Francisco de Ortega and his group accidentally discover the area while searching for Drakes Bay in Alta California. November 12 –The Gorkhali Army conquer the last standing Malla Kingdom of Bhaktapur marking the end of The Malla dynasty in Nepal. November 21 – Ireland's House of Commons rejects a spending bill passed by Great Britain's parliament, by a 94-71 margin. December 13 – Dartmouth College is established in Hanover, New Hampshire, as John Wentworth, the Royal Governor, conveys a charter from King George III of Great Britain. December 22 – The Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) is ended by a truce. Date unknown The Authorized King James Version of the Bible, in the Oxford standard text edited by Benjamin Blayney, is published in England.</onlyinclude> Births January 1 Marie Lachapelle, French obstetrician (d. 1821) Jane Marcet, British science writer (d. 1858) January 2 – Nannette Streicher, German piano maker, composer, music educator and writer (d. 1833) January 10 – Michel Ney, French marshal (d. 1815) February 23 – Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg; German regent and social reformer (d. 1820) March 1 – François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers, French general (d. 1796) March 2 – DeWitt Clinton, American politician and naturalist, 6th Governor of New York (d. 1828) March 4 – | – Pope Clement XIII dies the night before preparing an order to dissolve the Jesuits. February 17 – The British House of Commons votes to not allow MP John Wilkes to take his seat after he wins a by-election. March 16 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville returns to Saint-Malo, following a three-year circumnavigation of the world with the ships La Boudeuse and Étoile, with the loss of only seven out of 330 men; among the members of the expedition is Jeanne Baré, the first woman known to have circumnavigated the globe. She returns to France some time after Bougainville and his ships. April–June April 13 – James Cook arrives in Tahiti, on the ship HM Bark Endeavour, preparing for the 1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti on June 3. After the voyage, the data is found to be inaccurate in determining the distance between the Sun and Earth. April 29 – Scottish inventor James Watt is granted a British patent for "A method of lessening the consumption of steam in steam engines" – the separate condenser, a key improvement (first devised by Watt in 1765) and the basis for the Watt steam engine which stimulates the Industrial Revolution. May 9 – France conquers Corsica. May 14 – Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who found California missions in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Monterey, and begin the settlement of California. May 19 – Cardinal Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli is elected as the 249th pope, succeeding the late Clement XIII and choosing to take the regnal name of Pope Clement XIV. June 3 – A transit of Venus is followed five hours later by a total solar eclipse, the shortest such interval in historical times. The transit is viewed by King George III of Great Britain, at the Kew Observatory. June 7 – Frontiersman Daniel Boone first begins to explore modern-day Kentucky. July–September July 3 – Richard Arkwright patents a spinning frame in England, able to weave fabric mechanically. July 16 – Father Junípero Serra founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first of the 21 California missions. July 20 – Recently appointed as the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, Irish-born soldier of fortune Alejandro O'Reilly sails into the French fort of La Balize with 21 Spanish ships, along with 2,056 soldiers, cannons and ammunition, and informs French Louisiana Governor Charles Philippe Aubry of his royal commission to take Louisiana on behalf of the King of Spain. August 3 – The party of Gaspar de Portolà becomes the first white group to set foot in the area now known as Santa Monica, California. August 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte is born August 16 – Pope Clement XIV issues the papal bull Dominus ac Redemptor, ordering the dissolution of the Jesuits. August 18 – Brescia Explosion: The city of Brescia, Italy is devastated when the Church of San Nazaro is struck by lightning. The resulting fire ignites 200,000 lb (90,000 kg) of gunpowder being stored there, causing a massive explosion, which destroys 1/6 of the city and kills 3,000 people. The disaster prompts the Roman Catholic Church to abandon their religious objection to using lightning rods to protect their property. September – Massive droughts in Bengal lead to the Bengal famine of 1770, in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost). The Maharajah of Mysore forces the British to agree to a treaty of mutual assistance in view of the famine, but the British East India Company increases its demands on the Bengali people to keep profits up. September 6–9 – David Garrick holds a Shakespeare Jubilee festival at Stratford-upon-Avon in England. September 10 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Russian forces take the Ottoman fortress of Chocim in Bukovina. October–December October 1 – James Cook names Whakaari, off the coast of New Zealand, as White Island. October 7 – James Cook lands in New Zealand, at Poverty Bay. October 9 – In the first encounter between the Māori people and Europeans (at the future site of Gisborne, New Zealand), one Maori is shot and killed |
protectorate of the Russian Empire. February 27 – The first Secretary of State for the Colonies is appointed in Britain, the Earl of Hillsborough. February 29 – Five days after the signing of the treaty, a group of the szlachta, Polish nobles, establishes the Bar Confederation, to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence, and against King Stanisław II Augustus. March 1 – King Louis XV of France decrees that all cities and towns in the kingdom will be required to post house numbering on all residential buildings, primarily to facilitate the forced quartering of troops in citizens' homes. March 17 Britain's Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir William Johnson, concludes a peace agreement with the leaders of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora tribal nations) of the northern American lands, and with Chiefs Oconostota and Attakullakulla of the Cherokee nation in the southern American lands. Prithvi Singh begins a reign of 10 years as the new Raja of Jaipur (part of the modern-day Indian state of Rajasthan), 12 days after the death of Madho Singh. March 27 – Catherine the Great of Russia dispatches troops under General Pyotr Krechetnikov to intervene in a civil war in Poland, at the request of Poland's King Stanisław II Augustus, a move that will ultimately lead to the Partitions of Poland. April–June April 4 – The Cotopaxi volcano erupts in what is now Ecuador, at the time part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, covering the towns of Hambato and Tacunga with ash, but not causing fatalities. April 5 – The New York Chamber of Commerce, first of its kind in the American colonies, is founded by 20 New York merchants at Bolton and Sigel's Tavern at 54 Pearl Street in New York City. Former New York City mayor John Cruger Jr. is elected the Chamber's first president. May 10 – Massacre of St George's Fields: John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton, severely criticizing King George III of Great Britain. This action provokes protesters to riot; in the Southwark district of London, troops fire on the mob, killing seven. May 15 – After the Treaty of Versailles, the island of Corsica is ceded by Genoa to France. June 14 – The largest mass meeting ever held in New England, up to this time, takes place at the Old South Church to support a petition demanding that the British remove a ship which has been hindering navigation in Boston Harbor. June 20 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Russia captures the fortress of Bar. July–September July 1–3 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, on his circumnavigation westabout, sails through the Bougainville Strait and along the north shore of Bougainville Island in the Solomons. July 14 – The massacre of Polish people at the village of Balta, now a part of Ukraine but at the time an Ottoman Empire town on the frontier with Poland, leads to the Russo-Turkish War. July 18 – "The Liberty Song", the first American patriotic song, is published in the Boston Gazette and includes the refrain "In freedom we're born". July 25 – The Imperial Court of China's Emperor Qianlong and his three senior grand councilors, Fuheng, Yenjisan and Liu T'ung-hsun, issues a directive to officials in the Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces warning them about the need to respond to rumors of sorcery. August 7 – The palace of the Ottoman Grand Vizier is destroyed by a fire in Constantinople August 26 – James Cook departs from Plymouth aboard on his first voyage of discovery. August 27 – Almost all merchants and traders in the British colony of New York sign a pact not to import British manufactured goods as long as the Townshend Acts are in effect, nor to do business with nonassociators to the pact. August 30 – A fire burns much of the Library of the Vatican. September 16 – Louis XV of France appoints René de Maupeou as Chancellor (an office he will hold until 1790), and orders him to crush the judicial opposition. September 22–29 – The Massachusetts Convention of Towns, assembling in Boston, resolves on a written objection to the impending arrival of British troops rather than more militant action but causes panic in London. October–December October 1 – The British Army's 29th Infantry Regiment of foot soldiers, which will carry out the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, arrives in Boston Harbor along with three other regiments. The 700 foot soldiers march through the Massachusetts colony's capital as a show of force and begin their occupation. Within a year, there will be "nearly 4,000 armed redcoats in the crowded seaport of 15,000 inhabitants." October 4 – The Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire begins the Russo-Turkish War after the Russians refuse to withdraw troops from Poland. October 14 – William Pitt resigns from his position as Prime Minister of Great Britain. October 15 – A powerful hurricane sweeps across Cuba during the Festival of Santa Teresa, killing hundreds of people. Spain's King Carlos III begins a precedent of ordering the colonial government to fund disaster relief, a task previously left to the Catholic Church. October 17 – Representatives of the Cherokee nation sign the Treaty of Hard Labour with British representative John Stuart and relinquish all claims to the land between the Ohio River and the Allegheny Mountains, now the United States state of West Virginia. October 29 – French colonists in Louisiana refuse to accept the colony's acquisition by Spain and begin an uprising that forces Spanish Governor Antonio de Ulloa to flee. November 5 – The Treaty of Fort Stanwix is signed between the five nations of the | of martial law to prevent civil unrest. February 24 – With Russian troops occupying the nation, opposition legislators of the national legislature having been deported, the government of Poland signs a treaty virtually turning the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a protectorate of the Russian Empire. February 27 – The first Secretary of State for the Colonies is appointed in Britain, the Earl of Hillsborough. February 29 – Five days after the signing of the treaty, a group of the szlachta, Polish nobles, establishes the Bar Confederation, to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence, and against King Stanisław II Augustus. March 1 – King Louis XV of France decrees that all cities and towns in the kingdom will be required to post house numbering on all residential buildings, primarily to facilitate the forced quartering of troops in citizens' homes. March 17 Britain's Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir William Johnson, concludes a peace agreement with the leaders of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora tribal nations) of the northern American lands, and with Chiefs Oconostota and Attakullakulla of the Cherokee nation in the southern American lands. Prithvi Singh begins a reign of 10 years as the new Raja of Jaipur (part of the modern-day Indian state of Rajasthan), 12 days after the death of Madho Singh. March 27 – Catherine the Great of Russia dispatches troops under General Pyotr Krechetnikov to intervene in a civil war in Poland, at the request of Poland's King Stanisław II Augustus, a move that will ultimately lead to the Partitions of Poland. April–June April 4 – The Cotopaxi volcano erupts in what is now Ecuador, at the time part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, covering the towns of Hambato and Tacunga with ash, but not causing fatalities. April 5 – The New York Chamber of Commerce, first of its kind in the American colonies, is founded by 20 New York merchants at Bolton and Sigel's Tavern at 54 Pearl Street in New York City. Former New York City mayor John Cruger Jr. is elected the Chamber's first president. May 10 – Massacre of St George's Fields: John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton, severely criticizing King George III of Great Britain. This action provokes protesters to riot; in the Southwark district of London, troops fire on the mob, killing seven. May 15 – After the Treaty of Versailles, the island of Corsica is ceded by Genoa to France. June 14 – The largest mass meeting ever held in New England, up to this time, takes place at the Old South Church to support a petition demanding that the British remove a ship which has been hindering navigation in Boston Harbor. June 20 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Russia captures the fortress of Bar. July–September July 1–3 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, on his circumnavigation westabout, sails through the Bougainville Strait and along the north shore of Bougainville Island in the Solomons. July 14 – The massacre of Polish people at the village of Balta, now a part of Ukraine but at the time an Ottoman Empire town on the frontier with Poland, leads to the Russo-Turkish War. July 18 – "The Liberty Song", the first American patriotic song, is published in the Boston Gazette and includes the refrain "In freedom we're born". July 25 – The Imperial Court of China's Emperor Qianlong and his three senior grand councilors, Fuheng, Yenjisan and Liu T'ung-hsun, issues a directive to officials in the Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces warning them about the need to respond to rumors of sorcery. August 7 – The palace of the Ottoman Grand Vizier is destroyed by a fire in Constantinople August 26 – James Cook departs from Plymouth aboard on his first voyage of discovery. August 27 – Almost all merchants and traders in the British colony of New York sign a pact not to import British manufactured goods as long as the Townshend Acts are in effect, nor to do business with nonassociators to the pact. August 30 – A fire burns much of the Library of the Vatican. September 16 – Louis XV of France appoints René de Maupeou as Chancellor (an office he will hold until 1790), and orders him to crush the judicial opposition. September 22–29 – The Massachusetts Convention of Towns, assembling in Boston, resolves on a written objection to the impending arrival of British troops rather than more militant action but causes panic in London. October–December October 1 – The British Army's 29th Infantry Regiment of foot soldiers, which will carry out the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, arrives in Boston Harbor along with three other regiments. The 700 foot soldiers march through the Massachusetts colony's capital as a show of force and begin their occupation. Within a year, there will be "nearly 4,000 armed redcoats in the crowded seaport of 15,000 inhabitants." October 4 – The Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire begins the Russo-Turkish War after the Russians refuse to withdraw troops from Poland. October 14 – William Pitt resigns from his position as Prime Minister of Great Britain. October 15 – A powerful hurricane sweeps across Cuba during the Festival of Santa Teresa, killing hundreds of people. Spain's King Carlos III begins a precedent of ordering the colonial government to fund disaster relief, a task previously left to the Catholic Church. October 17 – Representatives of the Cherokee nation sign the Treaty of Hard Labour with British representative John Stuart and relinquish all claims to the land between the Ohio River and the Allegheny Mountains, now the United States state of West Virginia. October 29 – French colonists |
Governor Pedro Zelaya. Rather than seeking retribution from the Quito citizens over their insurrection that has broken the monopoly over the sale of the liquor aguardiente, Zeleaya oversees a program of reconciliation. September 13 – The position of Patriarch of the Serbs, established on April 9, 1346 as the authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church, is abolished by order of Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire; the patriarchate is not re-established until 1920 following the creation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War One. September 23 – John Penn, the Colonial Governor of Pennsylvania and one of the four Penn family owners of the Pennsylvania land grant, issues a proclamation forbidding British American colonist residents from building settlements on lands in the west "not yet purchased of the Nations" of the Iroquois Indians. October–December October 1 – Crown Prince Gustav of Sweden weds Princess Sophia Magdalena of Denmark. They become King Gustav III and Queen Consort Sophia of Sweden upon his ascension to the throne in 1771. October 4 – France formally cedes its rights to the Malouines Islands to Spain. On March 24, Spain renames the islands the Malvinas, and in 1833, the United Kingdom re-colonises the recently abandoned territory and renames it the Falkland Islands. November – Raja Lumu consolidates his claim to the Selangor Sultanate by marriage to the niece of the Sultan of Perak. November 10 – The last Colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University). November 27 – A British sloop-of-war is searching all vessels passing near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and some vessels have been seized, according to an observer in New York City, in the Province of New York, reporting to the Pennsylvania Gazette. November 29 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart returns to Salzburg, after the Mozart family grand tour of Europe. December 2 – The Law on the Freedom of Printing abolishes censorship in Sweden and guarantees freedom of the press, making Sweden the first country of the world to introduce constitutional protection of press freedom, and to pass wide-ranging freedom of information legislation. December 5 – James Christie holds the first sale at Christie's auction house in London. December 25 – Mapuches in Chile launch a series of surprise attacks against the Spanish starting the Mapuche uprising of 1766. Date unknown Childsburgh, the Orange County, North Carolina seat laid out as Corbin Town in 1754, and renamed in 1759, is renamed Hillsborough, in honor of Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire, Earl of Hillsborough. Dr. James Fordyce's two-volume compendium Sermons to Young Women is published in London. Births January 1 – Magdalena Rudenschöld, Swedish conspirator (d. 1823) January 3 – Nguyễn Du, Vietnamese poet (d. 1820) January 6 – José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Supreme Leader of Paraguay (d. 1840) January 17 – Joseph Kinghorn, Particular Baptist Minister (d. 1832) February 11 – Henry Fourdrinier, British engineer, inventor (d. 1854) February 14 – Thomas Malthus, English demographer, economist (d. 1834) February 24 – Samuel Wesley, English organist and composer (died 1837) April 1 – François-Xavier Fabre, French painter of historical subjects (d. 1837) April 6 – Charles Louis de Fourcroy, Chevalier de la Légion D'honneur, French mathematician, scholar (d. 1824) April 22 – Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, French author (d. 1817) May 11 – Isaac D'Israeli, English literary scholar (died 1848) May 30 – Robert Darwin, medical doctor and father of Charles Darwin (d. 1848) June 13 – Jean-Frédéric Waldeck, French cartographer (d. 1875) July 8 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon, innovator in battlefield medicine (d. 1842) July 9 – Jacob Perkins, American physicist, inventor and engineer (d. 1849) July 21 – Thomas Charles Hope, Scottish chemist, discoverer of strontium (d. 1844) August 6 – William | the plantation owned by Joseph-Gaspard de La Pagerie, the father of the future French Empress Joséphine. September 1 – The revolt in Quito (at this time part of Spain's Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada; the modern-day capital of Ecuador) is ended peacefully as royal forces enter the city under the command of Guayaquil Governor Pedro Zelaya. Rather than seeking retribution from the Quito citizens over their insurrection that has broken the monopoly over the sale of the liquor aguardiente, Zeleaya oversees a program of reconciliation. September 13 – The position of Patriarch of the Serbs, established on April 9, 1346 as the authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church, is abolished by order of Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire; the patriarchate is not re-established until 1920 following the creation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War One. September 23 – John Penn, the Colonial Governor of Pennsylvania and one of the four Penn family owners of the Pennsylvania land grant, issues a proclamation forbidding British American colonist residents from building settlements on lands in the west "not yet purchased of the Nations" of the Iroquois Indians. October–December October 1 – Crown Prince Gustav of Sweden weds Princess Sophia Magdalena of Denmark. They become King Gustav III and Queen Consort Sophia of Sweden upon his ascension to the throne in 1771. October 4 – France formally cedes its rights to the Malouines Islands to Spain. On March 24, Spain renames the islands the Malvinas, and in 1833, the United Kingdom re-colonises the recently abandoned territory and renames it the Falkland Islands. November – Raja Lumu consolidates his claim to the Selangor Sultanate by marriage to the niece of the Sultan of Perak. November 10 – The last Colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University). November 27 – A British sloop-of-war is searching all vessels passing near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and some vessels have been seized, according to an observer in New York City, in the Province of New York, reporting to the Pennsylvania Gazette. November 29 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart returns to Salzburg, after the Mozart family grand tour of Europe. December 2 – The Law on the Freedom of Printing abolishes censorship in Sweden and guarantees freedom of the press, making Sweden the first country of the world to introduce constitutional protection of press freedom, and to pass wide-ranging freedom of information legislation. December 5 – James Christie holds the first sale at Christie's auction house in London. December 25 – Mapuches in Chile launch a series of surprise attacks against the Spanish starting the Mapuche uprising of 1766. Date unknown Childsburgh, the Orange County, North Carolina seat laid out as Corbin Town in 1754, and renamed in 1759, is renamed Hillsborough, in honor of Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire, Earl of Hillsborough. Dr. James Fordyce's two-volume compendium Sermons to Young Women is published in London. Births January 1 – Magdalena Rudenschöld, Swedish conspirator (d. 1823) January 3 – Nguyễn Du, Vietnamese poet (d. 1820) January 6 – José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Supreme Leader of Paraguay (d. 1840) January 17 – Joseph Kinghorn, Particular Baptist Minister (d. 1832) February 11 – Henry Fourdrinier, British engineer, inventor (d. 1854) February 14 – Thomas Malthus, English demographer, economist (d. 1834) February 24 – Samuel Wesley, English organist and composer (died 1837) April 1 – François-Xavier Fabre, French painter of historical subjects (d. 1837) April 6 – Charles Louis de Fourcroy, Chevalier de la Légion D'honneur, French mathematician, scholar (d. 1824) April 22 – Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, French author (d. 1817) May 11 – Isaac D'Israeli, English literary scholar (died 1848) May 30 – Robert Darwin, medical doctor and father of Charles Darwin (d. 1848) June 13 – Jean-Frédéric Waldeck, French cartographer (d. 1875) July 8 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon, innovator in battlefield medicine (d. 1842) July 9 – Jacob Perkins, American physicist, inventor and engineer (d. 1849) July 21 – Thomas Charles Hope, Scottish chemist, discoverer of strontium (d. 1844) August 6 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (d. 1828) September 6 – John Dalton, English chemist and physicist (d. 1844) September 25 – Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu, Prime Minister of France (d. 1822) October 3 – John Walbach, French baron and officer in the United |
– French and Indian War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war, and France cedes Canada (New France) to Great Britain. February 15 – The Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria, and their allies France and Russia. February 23 – The Berbice Slave Uprising starts in the former Dutch colony of Berbice. March 1 – Charles Townshend becomes President of the Board of Trade in the British government. April–June April 6 – The Théâtre du Palais-Royal, home to the Paris Opera for almost 90 years, is destroyed in an accidental fire. April 16 – George Grenville takes office as the new Prime Minister of Great Britain, after the Earl of Bute resigns amid criticism over Britain's concessions in the Treaty of Paris. April 18 – Marie-Josephte Corriveau is hanged near her home at Saint-Vallier, Quebec, then placed on public display (gibbeting) on orders of a British court of officers that had tried her under martial law for the murder of her husband. She becomes famous in French Quebecois folklore as "la Corriveau". April 19 – Teedyuscung, known as the "King of the Delaware Indians" (the Lenape tribe) is assassinated by arsonists who burn down his home in Pennsylvania while he is sleeping, in an apparent retaliation for signing the Treaty of Easton to relinquish Lenape claims to the Province of New Jersey. April 23 – The controversial Issue 45 of John Wilkes's satirical newspaper The North Briton is published as a response to a speech four days earlier by King George III praising the end of the Seven Years' War. In what will become a test case for freedom of speech, Wilkes, a member of Parliament, is arrested for libel of the King and imprisoned, then exiled to France. April 27 – Outraged by the British success in taking control of land in North America formerly occupied by the French, Pontiac, chief of the Odawa people, convenes a conference near Detroit and convinces the leaders of 17 other nations of the need to attack British outposts. May 7 – Chief Pontiac begins "Pontiac's War" by attacking the British garrison at Fort Detroit, but the surprise attack is given away by a young native girl who informs the British of the plan. Two days later he begins the Siege of Fort Detroit. June 2 – Pontiac's War: At what becomes Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort. June 28 – A magnitude 6.2 earthquake shakes Hungary and Slovakia, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Damage is limited, but 83 are killed. July–September July 7 – The British East India Company declares Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, to be deposed. August 2 – Mir Qasim is routed at Odwa Nala. He flees to Patna, where he massacres the English garrison, but is subsequently | (d. 1813) June 20 – Theobald Wolfe Tone, Irish patriot (d. 1798) June 23 – Joséphine de Beauharnais, Empress of France (d. 1814) July 17 – John Jacob Astor, German-born American entrepreneur (d. 1848) August 5 – Bill Richmond, British boxer (d. 1829) August 13 – Christoph Johann von Medem, German courtier (d. 1838) August 16 – Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, second son of George III August 17 – Dmitry Senyavin, Russian admiral (d. 1831) September 2 – Caroline Schelling, German scholar, intellectual (d. 1809) December 25 – Claude Chappe, French telecommunication pioneer (d. 1805) December 28 – John Molson, Canadian entrepreneur (d. 1836) December 31 – Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (d. 1806) Date unknown: Huang Peilie, Chinese bibliophile (d. 1825) Deaths January 2 – John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English statesman (b. 1690) January 11 – Caspar Abel, German theologian, historian, and poet (b. 1676) January 29 – Louis Racine, French poet (b. 1692) February 11 – William Shenstone, English poet (b. 1714) February 12 – Pierre de Marivaux, French writer (b. 1688) February 26 – Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (b. 1711) March 2 – Antoine Walsh, Irish-French slave trader and Jacobite (b. 1703) March 4 – Johan Hörner, Danish artist (b. 1711) March 24 – Catherine Charlotte De la Gardie, Swedish countess (b. 1723) March 31 – Abraham Darby II, English ironmaster (b. 1711) April 8 – Koca Ragıp Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) Grand Vizier (b. 1698) April 13 – James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave of Great Britain (b. 1715) April 22 – Jared Eliot, Connecticut farmer, writer on horticulture (b. 1685) May 3 – George Psalmanazar, British impostor (b. c. 1679) June 29 – Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, Swedish writer (b. 1718) August 14 – Giovanni Battista Somis, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1686) August 21 – Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont, British statesman (b. 1710) September 20 – Gabriela Silang, Filipino rebel leader, heroine (b. 1731) September 26 – John Byrom, English poet (b. 1692) October – Anna Maria Garthwaite, British designer (b. 1688) |
King Louis XV of France, as well as representatives of members of the House of Bourbon, King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Philip, Duke of Parma. August 29 – Cherokee leader Attakullakulla and British Army Major James Grant meet at Fort Prince George in South Carolina and begin negotiations to end the Anglo-Cherokee War. September 8 – King George III of Great Britain marries Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen Charlotte). September 19 – The slave trade to and within Portugal is forbidden. September 22 – King George III and Queen Charlotte are crowned. October–December October 1 – Austrian Field Marshal Ernst Gideon von Laudon captures the Prussian town of Schweidnitz (now Świdnica in Poland) during the Seven Years' War. October 5 – William Pitt is dismissed from his position as Secretary of State for the Southern Department (which administers Britain's American colonies) after having been a powerful part of a coalition government with the Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle. King George III, who had ascended the throne a year earlier, despises both men and takes the action two weeks after his formal coronation. October 30 – British Army Colonel Henry Bouquet issues the first proclamation against British settlement on Indian lands in America. November 7 – The New London Harbor Light is first lit to guide ships into the Connecticut harbor; the lighthouse, only the fourth to be built has been in continuous operation for more than 250 years. November 11 – The Earl of Egremont, Great Britain's Secretary of State for the Southern Department (which includes all of the American colonies), proclaims a policy against issuing any land grants in territory occupied by the American Indian tribes. November 19 – A separate peace treaty is signed between the Cherokee Indians and the Colony of Virginia, bringing the Anglo-Cherokee War to a close. November 26 – A 500-man force from the Army of Spain brings the revolt of Mexico's Maya population to an end, capturing the Yucatan village of Cisteil, killing about 500 of the 2,500 Mayan defenders and losing 40 of their own. The Spaniards arrest 254 people, including Jacinto Canek, who had proclaimed himself as King Canek Montezuma of the Mayas. Canek and eight other rebellion leaders are executed less than three weeks later. December 16 – Seven Years' War: After four months of siege, the Russians under Pyotr Rumyantsev take the Prussian fortress of Kolberg. Date unknown The Halifax Treaties are concluded between the various bands of the Miꞌkmaq, other First Nations people and the British in Halifax, Nova Scotia, notably in the Burying the Hatchet ceremony on June 25. In Dutch Guyana, a "state" formed by escaped slaves signs a treaty with the local governor. Marine chronometer invented as a means to accurately determine longitude. Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory opens in the midlands of England. The music for "Ah! vous dirai-je, maman" ("Ah, would I tell you Mom?") is first published in France by a Monsieur Bouin in his book Les Amusements d'une Heure et Demy; in 1806, English poet Jane Taylor publishes her poem, The Star, whose words fit the rhythm of the tune and become the children's song Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. Faber-Castell Company is founded by Kasper Faber in Nuremberg, Germany. Johann Heinrich Lambert finds a proof that π is irrational. l'Ordre des Chevaliers Maçons Élus Coëns de l'Univers is founded. Births January 17 – James Hall, Scottish geologist (d. 1832) February 1 – Christian Hendrik Persoon, South African mycologist (d. 1836) February 3 – Dorothea von Medem, Latvian diplomat, duchess of Courland (d. 1821) February 16 – Charles Pichegru, French general (d. 1804) February 22 – Erik Tulindberg, Finnish composer (d. 1814) March 6 – Antoine-Francois Andreossy, French general (d. 1828) May 3 – August von Kotzebue, German dramatist (d. 1819) May 14 – Samuel Dexter, American lawyer and politician, 4th United States Secretary of War, 3rd United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1816) June 3 – Henry Shrapnel, British Army officer and inventor (d. 1842) June 7 – John Rennie the Elder, Scottish-born civil engineer (d. 1821) October 21 – Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe, French painter and cartographer (d. 1824) October 27 – Matthew Baillie, Scottish physician and pathologist (d. 1823) November 4 – Bertrand Andrieu, French engraver of medals (d. 1822) November 13 – John Moore, British general (d. 1809) November 20 – Pope Pius VIII (d. 1830) December 1 – Marie Tussaud, French wax modeller (d. 1850) December 24 – Jean-Louis Pons, French astronomer (d. 1831) December | the American Indian tribes. November 19 – A separate peace treaty is signed between the Cherokee Indians and the Colony of Virginia, bringing the Anglo-Cherokee War to a close. November 26 – A 500-man force from the Army of Spain brings the revolt of Mexico's Maya population to an end, capturing the Yucatan village of Cisteil, killing about 500 of the 2,500 Mayan defenders and losing 40 of their own. The Spaniards arrest 254 people, including Jacinto Canek, who had proclaimed himself as King Canek Montezuma of the Mayas. Canek and eight other rebellion leaders are executed less than three weeks later. December 16 – Seven Years' War: After four months of siege, the Russians under Pyotr Rumyantsev take the Prussian fortress of Kolberg. Date unknown The Halifax Treaties are concluded between the various bands of the Miꞌkmaq, other First Nations people and the British in Halifax, Nova Scotia, notably in the Burying the Hatchet ceremony on June 25. In Dutch Guyana, a "state" formed by escaped slaves signs a treaty with the local governor. Marine chronometer invented as a means to accurately determine longitude. Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory opens in the midlands of England. The music for "Ah! vous dirai-je, maman" ("Ah, would I tell you Mom?") is first published in France by a Monsieur Bouin in his book Les Amusements d'une Heure et Demy; in 1806, English poet Jane Taylor publishes her poem, The Star, whose words fit the rhythm of the tune and become the children's song Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. Faber-Castell Company is founded by Kasper Faber in Nuremberg, Germany. Johann Heinrich Lambert finds a proof that π is irrational. l'Ordre des Chevaliers Maçons Élus Coëns de l'Univers is founded. Births January 17 – James Hall, Scottish geologist (d. 1832) February 1 – Christian Hendrik Persoon, South African mycologist (d. 1836) February 3 – Dorothea von Medem, Latvian diplomat, duchess of Courland (d. 1821) February 16 – Charles Pichegru, French general (d. 1804) February 22 – Erik Tulindberg, Finnish composer (d. 1814) March 6 – Antoine-Francois Andreossy, French general (d. 1828) May 3 – August von Kotzebue, German dramatist (d. 1819) May 14 – Samuel Dexter, American lawyer and politician, 4th United States Secretary of War, 3rd United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1816) June 3 – Henry Shrapnel, British Army officer and inventor (d. 1842) June 7 – John Rennie the Elder, Scottish-born civil engineer (d. 1821) October 21 – Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe, French painter and cartographer (d. 1824) October 27 – Matthew Baillie, Scottish physician and pathologist (d. 1823) November 4 – Bertrand Andrieu, French engraver of medals (d. 1822) November 13 – John Moore, British general (d. 1809) November 20 – Pope Pius VIII (d. 1830) December 1 – Marie Tussaud, French wax modeller (d. 1850) December 24 – Jean-Louis Pons, French astronomer (d. 1831) December 27 – Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian military commander (d. 1818) Date unknown – Dido Elizabeth Belle, British slave heiress (d. 1804) Deaths January 4 – Stephen Hales, English physiologist, chemist, and inventor (b. 1677) January 7 – Darkey Kelly, Irish madam and serial murderer, executed by burning January 10 – Edward Boscawen, British admiral (b. 1711) January 26 – Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle, French general and statesman (b. 1684) February 1 – Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (b. 1682) February 6 – Clemens August of Bavaria, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne (b. 1700) April 2 – William Sawyer, English cricketer (b. 1712) April 4 – Theodore Gardelle, Swiss painter, enameler (b. 1722) April 9 – William Law, English minister (b. 1686) April 15 Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll, Scottish politician (b. 1682) William Oldys, English antiquarian and bibliographer (b. 1696) April 17 – Thomas Bayes, English mathematician (b. c. 1702) May 1 – August Friedrich Müller, German legal scholar, logician (b. 1684) May 10 James Colebrooke, British baronet (b. 1722) Richard Edgcumbe, 2nd Baron Edgcumbe, British baron, politician (b. 1716) May 14 – Thomas Simpson, English mathematician (b. 1710) June 2 – Jonas |
is founded, establishing the basis for the founding of the city in the following month. August 30 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Legnica – By a series of brilliant maneuvers, Frederick the Great manages to defeat the Austrian army of Marshal Laudon before it can unite with that of Marshal Daun. September 8 – Seven Years' War: Jeffery Amherst and his British troops capture Montreal from the French, effectively bringing Canada completely under British control. September 18 – The town (later city) of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, is founded. October–December October 5 – The wedding of Princess Isabella of Parma and Prince Joseph of Austria takes place at Hofburg Palace's Redoute Hall (Redoutensaele), at the former imperial palace in Vienna. October 9 – Seven Years' War: Russian troops enter Berlin. October 16 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Kloster-Kamp – Ferdinand of Brunswick is beaten back from the Rhine by a French army. October 25 – George II of Great Britain dies; his 22-year-old grandson George, Prince of Wales, succeeds to the throne as King George III and reigns for 59 years until his death on January 29, 1820. November 3 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Torgau – In another extremely hard battle, Frederick defeats Daun's Austrians, who withdraw across the Elbe. November 29 – French Army Colonel François-Marie Picoté de Belestre formally surrenders Detroit to British Army Major Robert Rogers, and the British Union Jack is raised over Fort Detroit. December 4 – For the first time since the surrender of Fort Detroit by France, British authorities meet nearby at a Native American council house the site with delegates from various Indian tribes that had fought as allies of the French Army, such as the Wyandot and Ottawa Indians, and with tribes that had formerly been allies of the British. The European and Native American representatives open the peace conference with the presentation by the Indians to the British of a wampum belt, and the pronouncement from the principal chief that "The ancient friendship is now renewed, and I wash the blood off the earth that had been shed during the present war, that you may bury the war hatchet in the bottomless pit."<ref>"1763 in Native American Country", by Ulrike Kirchberger, in Decades of Reconstruction: Postwar Societies, State-Building and International Relations from the Seven Years' War to the Cold War", ed. by Ute Planert and James Retallack (Cambridge University Press, 2017) p72</ref> December 6 – The siege of Pondicherry, a stronghold of France in India, is begun by British Army Lieutenant General Eyre Coote. The French commander, General Thomas Lally, is finally forced to surrender Pondicherry to the British on January 15, 1761. December 18 – In the wake of Tacky's War by African-born rebels, the Assembly of the British colony of Jamaica outlaws the African religious practice of obeah, with penalties ranging from banishment from the colony to execution. The legislation specifically bans use of contraband associated with obeah, including "animal blood, feathers, parrots' beaks, dogs' teeth, alligators' teeth, broken bottles, grave dirt, rum, and eggshells". Date unknown Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Épée opens a school for deaf education in Paris which becomes the Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris, the world's first free school for the deaf; Thomas Braidwood establishes Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb in Edinburgh, the first school for the deaf in Britain. Western countries pay 3,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods. approximate date – Abu Dhabi is founded. Births January 11 Zofia Potocka, Greek slave courtesan, agent for Russia and Polish noble (d. 1822) Oliver Wolcott Jr., American lawyer and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Treasury, 24th Governor of Connecticut (d. 1833) February 3 – John Storm, American Revolutionary soldier (d. 1835) March 1 – François Nicolas Leonard Buzot, French Revolutionary leader (suicide 1794) March | it can reach North America. April 20 – France's Marshal François Gaston de Lévis departs from Montreal up the St. Lawrence River with 7,000 troops on a plan to retake Quebec City from the British. April 22 – Belgian entertainer Joseph Mervin is said to have given the first demonstration of roller skates, in a performance at the Carlisle House in London, but the stunt ends in disaster. April 26 – Marshal Lévis and his troops land at Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, adjacent to Quebec City, and prepares to lay siege to the British occupying force. April 27 – British Army Brigadier General James Murray marches a force of 3,500 men toward Saint-Augustin to confront Marshal Lévis and the French Army. April 28 – British defenders and the French Army clash at the Battle of Sainte-Foy to determine the future control of Quebec. General Murray is forced to retreat after the British suffer 259 deaths and 845 wounded, while the French under Marshal Lévis suffer 193 deaths and 640 wounded. April 29 – Representatives of the remaining Penobscot Indian tribes in Maine and New Brunswick make peace with the British at Fort Pownal in Newfoundland. April 30 – Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli presents a paper at the French Academy of Sciences in Paris in which "a mathematical model was used for the first time to study the population dynamics of infectious disease." May 11 – King Alaungpaya of Burma dies during a retreat from Ayutthaya after stopping at the village of Kinywa while en route to Martaban. His son Naungdawgyi becomes the new King of Burma. May 16 – Three British Royal Navy ships under the command of Commodore Robert Swanton on arrive to break the siege of Quebec before Marshal Lévis can recapture the city from the British. May 17 – Captain Giraudais's French fleet reaches the Gaspé Peninsula of northeast Quebec and captures seven British merchant ships, but Giraudais learns that the British have already preceded him up the St. Lawrence River and diverts to Chaleur Bay at Newfoundland. June 4 – Expulsion of the Acadians: New England planters arrive to claim land in Nova Scotia taken from the Acadians. June 11 – Robert Rogers and his Rangers launch a strike from Lake Champlain against French military posts along the Richelieu River – they strike at Fort Sainte Thérèse and destroy the settlement. June 19 – The British create Cumberland County and Lincoln County in Maine. June 22 – Britain's Captain John Byron, commanding HMS Fame, locates France's Captain Giraudais but runs aground on June 25 before it can attack. July–September July 3 – A lightning strike causes a major fire at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard in England. July 8 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War – Battle of Restigouche: The British defeat French forces, in the last naval battle in New France. July 19 – A formal request is made to the Spanish government, to allow the founding of the later city of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. July 31 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Warburg – The Anglo-Hanoverian army of Ferdinand of Brunswick storms Warburg, with a heroic role being played by the English commander Lord Granby. August 21 – The church (later cathedral) of Our Lady of Candlemas of Mayagüez (Puerto Rico) is founded, establishing the basis for the founding of the city in the following month. August 30 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Legnica – By a series of brilliant maneuvers, Frederick the Great manages to defeat the Austrian army of Marshal Laudon before it can unite with that of Marshal Daun. September 8 – Seven Years' War: Jeffery Amherst and his British troops capture Montreal from the French, effectively bringing Canada completely under British control. September 18 – The town (later city) of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, is founded. October–December October 5 – The wedding of Princess Isabella of Parma and Prince Joseph of Austria takes place at Hofburg Palace's Redoute Hall (Redoutensaele), at the former imperial palace in Vienna. October 9 – Seven Years' War: Russian troops enter Berlin. October 16 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Kloster-Kamp – Ferdinand of Brunswick is beaten back from the Rhine by a French army. October 25 – George II of Great Britain dies; his 22-year-old grandson George, Prince of Wales, succeeds to the throne as King George III and reigns for 59 years until his death on January 29, 1820. November 3 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Torgau – In another extremely hard battle, Frederick defeats Daun's Austrians, who withdraw across the Elbe. November 29 – French Army Colonel François-Marie Picoté de Belestre formally surrenders Detroit to British Army Major Robert Rogers, and the British Union Jack is raised over Fort Detroit. December 4 – For the first time since the surrender of Fort Detroit by France, British authorities meet nearby at a Native American council house the site with delegates from various Indian tribes that had fought as allies of the French Army, such as the Wyandot and Ottawa Indians, and with tribes that had formerly been allies of the British. The European and Native American representatives open the peace conference with the presentation by the Indians to the British of a wampum belt, and the pronouncement from the principal chief that "The ancient friendship is now renewed, and I wash the blood off the earth that had been shed during the present war, that you may bury the war hatchet in the bottomless pit."<ref>"1763 in Native American Country", by Ulrike Kirchberger, in Decades of Reconstruction: Postwar Societies, State-Building and International Relations from the Seven Years' War to the Cold War", ed. by Ute Planert and James Retallack (Cambridge University Press, 2017) p72</ref> December 6 – The siege of Pondicherry, a stronghold of France in India, is begun by British Army Lieutenant General Eyre Coote. The French commander, General Thomas Lally, is finally forced to surrender Pondicherry to the British on January 15, 1761. December 18 – In the wake of Tacky's War by African-born rebels, the Assembly of the British colony of Jamaica outlaws the African religious practice of obeah, with penalties ranging |
Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ. November 26–29 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people. December December 5 – Human remains found in 1991 are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, using DNA analysis. December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British Crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism. December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment for their role in the Rwandan genocide. December 23 – A military coup d'état deposes the government of Guinea shortly after the death of longtime President Lansana Conté. December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip, in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas, and due to weapons being smuggled into the area. December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005. Gallery Births April 16 – Princess Eléonore of Belgium June 3 – Harshaali Malhotra, Indian actress and model July 15 – Iain Armitage, American child actor Deaths January January 2 – Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas and Princess of Thailand (b. 1923) January 3 Aleksandr Abdulov, Soviet/Russian actor (b. 1953) Choi Yo-sam, Korean boxer (b. 1972) January 7 – Philip Agee, American spy and writer (b. 1935) January 10 Christopher Bowman, American figure skater (b. 1967) Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. 1922) January 11 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. 1919) January 14 – Judah Folkman, American medical scientist (b. 1933) January 15 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b. 1982) January 16 – Nikola Kljusev, first Prime Minister of Macedonia (b. 1927) January 17 Bobby Fischer, American chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (b. 1943) Allan Melvin, American actor (b. 1923) January 18 – Lois Nettleton, American actress (b. 1927) January 19 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (b. 1937) January 21 – Marie Smith Jones, Native American speaker (b. 1918) January 22 Heath Ledger, Australian actor (b. 1979) Claude Piron, Swiss linguist and psychologist (b. 1931) January 25 – Aziz Sedky, 36th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) January 26 – George Habash, Palestinian politician (b. 1926) January 27 Gordon B. Hinckley, American Mormon leader (b. 1910) Suharto, 2nd President of Indonesia (b. 1921) January 28 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (b. 1939) January 29 – Margaret Truman, American singer and writer (b. 1924) January 30 – Marcial Maciel, Mexican Catholic priest (b. 1920) January 31 – František Čapek, Czechoslovakian canoeist (b. 1914) February February 2 Joshua Lederberg, American Nobel molecular biologist (b. 1925) Barry Morse, English-Canadian actor (b. 1918) February 5 – Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1918) February 6 – John Alvin, American cinematic artist and painter (b. 1948) February 7 – Andrew Bertie, 78th Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. 1929) February 9 – Baba Amte, Indian social activist (b. 1914) February 10 – Roy Scheider, American actor (b. 1932) February 11 Tom Lantos, Hungarian-American politician (b. 1928) Alfredo Reinado, East Timorese rebel (b. 1967) February 12 Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese militant (b. 1962) Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman and politician (b. 1955) February 13 Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director (b. 1915) Henri Salvador, French singer (b. 1917) February 16 – Brendan Hughes, Northern Irish paramilitary leader (b. 1948) February 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and filmmaker (b. 1922) February 19 Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (b. 1941) Yegor Letov, Russian singer (b. 1964) February 23 Janez Drnovšek, two-time Prime Minister and second President of Slovenia (b. 1950) Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver (b. 1917) February 25 – Static Major, American musician (b. 1974) February 27 William F. Buckley Jr., American author and conservative commentator (b. 1925) Ivan Rebroff, German singer (b. 1931) March March 1 – Raúl Reyes, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1948) March 2 Sofiko Chiaureli, Georgian actress (b. 1937) Jeff Healey, Canadian musician (b. 1966) March 3 Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921) Norman Smith, English singer and record producer (b. 1923) March 4 – Gary Gygax, American writer and game designer (b. 1938) March 5 – Joseph Weizenbaum, German-American author and computer scientist (b. 1923) March 6 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918) March 12 – Howard Metzenbaum, American politician (b. 1917) March 14 – Chiara Lubich, Italian Catholic activist (b. 1920) March 16 Bill Brown, Australian cricketer (b. 1912) Ivan Dixon, American actor (b. 1931) March 18 – Anthony Minghella, English film director and screenwriter (b. 1954) March 19 Sir Arthur C. Clarke, English author, inventor, and futurist (b. 1917) Hugo Claus, Flemish writer, painter, and film director (b. 1929) Paul Scofield, English actor (b. 1922) March 21 – Klaus Dinger, German musician (b. 1946) March 22 – Adolfo Suárez Rivera, Mexican cardinal (b. 1927) March 24 Neil Aspinall, British record producer and business executive (b. 1942) Richard Widmark, American actor (b. 1914) March 26 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1930) March 27 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (b. 1921) March 30 – Dith Pran, Cambodian-American photojournalist (b. 1942) March 31 – Jules Dassin, American film director (b. 1911) April April 3 – Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian footballer (b. 1983) April 5 – Charlton Heston, American actor (b. 1923) April 8 – Stanley Kamel, American actor (b. 1943) April 10 – Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (b. 1919) April 12 – Patrick Hillery, 6th President of Ireland (b. 1923) April 13 – John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911) April 14 – Ollie Johnston, American animator (b. 1912) April 15 – Benoît Lamy, Belgian motion picture writer and director (b. 1945) April 16 – Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician and meteorologist (b. 1917) April 17 – Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet and politician (b. 1913) April 26 – Árpád Orbán, Hungarian footballer (b. 1938) April 29 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and writer (b. 1906) May May 1 Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (b. 1909) Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer involved in the 20 July Plot (b. 1917) May 3 – Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Spanish Prime Minister (b. 1926) May 8 Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (b. 1918) François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982) May 10 – Leyla Gencer, Turkish soprano (b. 1928) May 11 – John Rutsey, Canadian musician (b. 1952) May 12 Robert Rauschenberg, American pop artist (b. 1925) Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (b. 1910) May 13 Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah, fourth Emir of Kuwait (b. 1930) Bernardin Gantin, Beninese cardinal (b. 1922) John Phillip Law, American actor (b. 1937) May 15 Willis Lamb, American physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1913) Tommy Burns, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1956) May 19 – Vijay Tendulkar, Indian playwright (b. 1928) May 23 – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer (b. 1918) May 24 – Rob Knox, English actor (b. 1989) May 26 Sydney Pollack, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1934) Koloa Talake, seventh Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1934) May 28 – Sven Davidson, Swedish tennis player (b. 1928) May 29 Luc Bourdon, Canadian ice hockey defenceman (b. 1987) Harvey Korman, American actor and comedian (b. 1927) May 30 – Boris Shakhlin, Soviet gymnast (b. 1932) June June 1 Tommy Lapid, Israeli television presenter, journalist, and politician (b. 1931) Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer (b. 1936) June 2 Bo Diddley, American musician (b. 1928) Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1917) June 4 – Agata Mróz-Olszewska, Polish volleyball player (b. 1982) June 5 – Jameson Mbilini Dlamini, seventh Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1932) June 7 Mustafa Khalil, 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) Dino Risi, Italian director (b. 1916) June 8 – Šaban Bajramović, Serbian musician (b. 1936) June 9 Karen Asrian, Armenian chess grandmaster (b. 1980) Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American science fiction writer (b. 1931) June 10 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (b. 1928) June 11 Ove Andersson, Swedish rally driver (b. 1939) Võ Văn Kiệt, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1922) June 13 – Tim Russert, American journalist (b. 1950) June 15 – Stan Winston, American special effects and makeup artist (b. 1946) June 17 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (b. 1922) June 18 – Jean Delannoy, French film director (b. 1908) June 22 – George Carlin, American author, actor, and comedian (b. 1937) June 23 – Arthur Chung, first President of Guyana (b. 1918) June 24 – Leonid Hurwicz, American Nobel economist and mathematician (b. 1917) June 26 – Lilyan Chauvin, French-American actress, television host, and director (b. 1925) June 27 – Sam Manekshaw, Indian Field Marshal (b. 1914) June 28 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987) June 29 – Don S. Davis, American actor (b. 1942) July July 4 Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921) Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916) July 5 – René Harris, four-time President of Nauru (b. 1947) July 11 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon and inventor (b. 1908) July 12 – Tony Snow, American political commentator (b. 1955) July 13 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (b. 1932) July 15 – György Kolonics, Hungarian canoeist (b. 1972) July 16 – Jo Stafford, American singer (b. 1917) July 20 – Dinko Šakić, Croatian concentration camp commander (b. 1921) July 22 – Estelle Getty, American actress (b. 1923) July 25 Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (b. 1928) Tracy Hall, American physical chemist (b. 1919) Randy Pausch, American author and computer scientist (b. 1960) July 27 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian film director (b. 1926) July 28 – Suzanne Tamim, Lebanese singer and actress (b. 1977) July 29 – Mate Parlov, Croatian boxer (b. 1948) August August 1 Pauline Baynes, English illustrator (b. 1922) Harkishan Singh Surjeet, Indian politician (b. 1916) August 3 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer and Nobel laureate (b. 1918) August 9 Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet (b. 1941) Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian (b. 1957) August 10 – Isaac Hayes, American singer, songwriter, and actor (b. 1942) August 11 – Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician (b. 1929) August 13 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (b. 1904) August 15 – Jerry Wexler, American music producer (b. 1917) August 16 Ronnie Drew, Irish folk singer and actor (b. 1934) Masanobu Fukuoka, Japanese microbiologist (b. 1913) August 19 Levy Mwanawasa, 3rd President of Zambia (b. 1948) LeRoi Moore, American saxophonist (b. 1961) August 20 – Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party and Chinese Premier (b. 1921) August 23 – Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist and Nobel laureate (b. 1915) August 28 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927) September September 1 Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940) Jerry Reed, American actor and country singer (b. 1937) September 2 – Bill Melendez, Mexican-American character animator, film director, voice artist, and producer (b. 1916) September 6 – Anita Page, American actress (b. 1910) September 9 Nouhak Phoumsavanh, third President of Laos (b. 1910) Warith Deen Mohammed, American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher, and revivalist (b. 1933) September 12 – David Foster Wallace, American writer (b. 1962) September 15 – Richard Wright, English keyboardist (b. 1943) September 18 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (b. 1931) September 19 – Earl Palmer, American R&B Drummer (b. 1924) September 21 – Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, ninth Prime Minister and fourth President of Sri Lanka (b. 1916) September 26 – Paul | – Georgia invades the breakaway state of South Ossetia, sparking a war with Russia as the latter intervenes in support of separatists in both South Ossetia and Abkhazia. August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics take place in Beijing, China. August 20 – Spanair Flight 5022 crashes at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 154 people on board September September 5 – Quentin Bryce becomes the first female Governor-General of Australia. September 10 – The proton beam is circulated for the first time in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, located at CERN, near Geneva, under the Franco-Swiss border. September 15 – Stocks fall sharply Monday on a triptych of Wall Street woe: Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy filing, Merrill Lynch's acquisition by Bank of America, and AIG's unprecedented request for short-term financing from the Federal Reserve. September 20 – A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 54 and injuring 266. September 23 – Android is first released. September 28 – SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit. September 29 – Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, hitherto the largest single-day point loss in its history. October October 3 – Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets. October 6 - A controversial Peruvian tape regarding a Norwegian oil company causes the 2008 Peru oil scandal, sparking protests which cause Jorge de Castillo's resignation from office. October 7 – The Spotify music streaming service is launched in Sweden. October 21 – The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated at Geneva. October 22 – The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission. November November 1 – Satoshi Nakamoto publishes "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". November 2 – In a race won by Brazilian driver Felipe Massa, British driver Lewis Hamilton ends in 5th place in 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix and becomes the first black driver to be Formula One World's Champion, and the second youngest driver to achieve the feat at the age of 23. November 4 – Democratic U.S. Senator Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States, making him the first African-American president. November 19 – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ. November 26–29 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people. December December 5 – Human remains found in 1991 are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, using DNA analysis. December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British Crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism. December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment for their role in the Rwandan genocide. December 23 – A military coup d'état deposes the government of Guinea shortly after the death of longtime President Lansana Conté. December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip, in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas, and due to weapons being smuggled into the area. December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005. Gallery Births April 16 – Princess Eléonore of Belgium June 3 – Harshaali Malhotra, Indian actress and model July 15 – Iain Armitage, American child actor Deaths January January 2 – Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas and Princess of Thailand (b. 1923) January 3 Aleksandr Abdulov, Soviet/Russian actor (b. 1953) Choi Yo-sam, Korean boxer (b. 1972) January 7 – Philip Agee, American spy and writer (b. 1935) January 10 Christopher Bowman, American figure skater (b. 1967) Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. 1922) January 11 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. 1919) January 14 – Judah Folkman, American medical scientist (b. 1933) January 15 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b. 1982) January 16 – Nikola Kljusev, first Prime Minister of Macedonia (b. 1927) January 17 Bobby Fischer, American chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (b. 1943) Allan Melvin, American actor (b. 1923) January 18 – Lois Nettleton, American actress (b. 1927) January 19 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (b. 1937) January 21 – Marie Smith Jones, Native American speaker (b. 1918) January 22 Heath Ledger, Australian actor (b. 1979) Claude Piron, Swiss linguist and psychologist (b. 1931) January 25 – Aziz Sedky, 36th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) January 26 – George Habash, Palestinian politician (b. 1926) January 27 Gordon B. Hinckley, American Mormon leader (b. 1910) Suharto, 2nd President of Indonesia (b. 1921) January 28 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (b. 1939) January 29 – Margaret Truman, American singer and writer (b. 1924) January 30 – Marcial Maciel, Mexican Catholic priest (b. 1920) January 31 – František Čapek, Czechoslovakian canoeist (b. 1914) February February 2 Joshua Lederberg, American Nobel molecular biologist (b. 1925) Barry Morse, English-Canadian actor (b. 1918) February 5 – Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1918) February 6 – John Alvin, American cinematic artist and painter (b. 1948) February 7 – Andrew Bertie, 78th Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. 1929) February 9 – Baba Amte, Indian social activist (b. 1914) February 10 – Roy Scheider, American actor (b. 1932) February 11 Tom Lantos, Hungarian-American politician (b. 1928) Alfredo Reinado, East Timorese rebel (b. 1967) February 12 Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese militant (b. 1962) Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman and politician (b. 1955) February 13 Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director (b. 1915) Henri Salvador, French singer (b. 1917) February 16 – Brendan Hughes, Northern Irish paramilitary leader (b. 1948) February 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and filmmaker (b. 1922) February 19 Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (b. 1941) Yegor Letov, Russian singer (b. 1964) February |
British-controlled Halifax toward the St. Lawrence River to prepare the invasion of French Quebec. June 15 – The first vascular surgery in history is performed by a Dr. Hallowell (whose first name has been lost to history) at Newcastle upon Tyne, who used suture repair rather than a tying off with a ligature to repair an aneurysm on a patient's brachial artery. The case is reported in 1761 by Dr. Richard Lambert in the paper "A new technique of treating an aneurysm", published in the journal Medical Observations and Inquiries. The new procedure of reconstructing a damaged artery replaces the practice of ligation that had risked the amputation of a limb or organ failure. June 26 – After the fleet finishes navigation of the St. Lawrence and arriving Île d'Orléans, British troops go ashore at France's North American territory and begin the siege of Quebec City July–September July 19 – The Great Stockholm Fire 1759 breaks out at Södermalm in Stockholm, Sweden. July 25 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): In Canada, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé. July 26–27 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) – Battle of Ticonderoga: At the southern end of Lake Champlain, French forces withdraw from Fort Carillon, which is taken by the British under General Amherst, and renamed Fort Ticonderoga. August 1 – Battle of Minden: Anglo–Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French army of the Duc de Broglie, but due to the disobedience of the English cavalry commander Lord George Sackville, the French are able to withdraw unmolested. August 10 – Ferdinand VI of Spain dies, and is succeeded by his half–brother Charles III. Charles resigns the thrones of Naples and Sicily to his third son, Ferdinand IV. August 12 – Battle of Kunersdorf: Frederick the Great is rebuffed in bloody assaults, on the combined Austro–Russian army of Pyotr Saltykov and Ernst von Laudon. This is one of Frederick's greatest defeats. August 18 – Battle of Lagos: The British fleet of Edward Boscawen defeats a French force under Commodore Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran, off the Portuguese coast. September 10 – Battle of Pondicherry: An inconclusive naval battle is fought off the coast of India, between the French Admiral d'Aché and the British under George Pocock. The French forces are badly damaged and sail home, never to return. September 13 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) – Battle of the Plains of Abraham: Quebec falls to British forces, following General Wolfe's victory just outside the city. Both the French Commander (the Marquis de Montcalm) and the British General James Wolfe are fatally wounded. September 14 – Carrington Bowles publishes A Journey Through Europe, a board game designed by John Jefferys, the earliest board game whose designer's name is known. October–December October 16 – Smeaton's Tower, John Smeaton’s Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of South West England, is first illuminated. October 18 – A fire destroys the Macedonian city of Salonika, reducing 4,000 houses to ashes. October 30 – Near East earthquakes of 1759: The first event in an earthquake doublet occurs to the north of the Sea of Galilee, with a surface wave magnitude of 6.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII–IX (Severe–Violent). About 2,000 are killed in Safed. November 20 – Battle of Quiberon Bay: The British fleet of Sir Edward Hawke defeats a French fleet under Marshal de Conflans, near the coast of Brittany. This is the decisive naval engagement of the Seven Years' War – after this, the French are no longer able to field a significant fleet. November 21 – Battle of Maxen: The Austrian army of Marshal von Daun | Finck. November 25 – Near East earthquakes of 1759: The second and stronger event in an earthquake doublet occurs to the east of Beirut, with a surface wave magnitude of 7.4 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), destroying all the villages in the Beqaa Valley. November 29 – Alamgir II, the Mughal Emperor of India, is assassinated in a conspiracy orchestrated by his Prime Minister, Imad-ul-Mulk. The Shah Alam II, a grandson of the 17th century Emperor Aurangzeb, is made the new Mughal Emperor. December 6 – The Germantown Union School (now called Germantown Academy), America's oldest nonsectarian day school, is founded. December 10 – Shah Jahan III is installed as the puppet ruler of India's Mughal Empire eleven days after the death of Alamgir II, but is removed after a reign of only ten months. December 31 – The Guinness Brewery is leased by Arthur Guinness in St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, for the brewing of Guinness. Date unknown Adam Smith publishes his Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. The town of Egedesminde (modern Aasiaat) is founded in Greenland. English clockmaker John Harrison produces his "No. 1 sea watch" (H4), the first successful marine chronometer. The Kew Gardens are established in England by Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, the mother of George III. Churton Town, the Orange County, North Carolina county seat laid out in 1754, is renamed Childsburgh, in honor of North Carolina attorney general Thomas Child. It is later renamed Hillsborough in 1766. Fire destroys 250 houses in Stockholm. Madame du Coudray publishes Abrégé de l'art des accouchements (The Art of Obstetrics), and the French government authorizes her to carry her instruction "throughout the realm" and promises financial support. Births January 25 – Robert Burns, Scottish poet (d. 1796) January 29 – Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc, French botanist (d. 1828) February 15 – Friedrich August Wolf, German philologist, archaeologist (d. 1824) February 22 – Claude Lecourbe, French general (d. 1815) April 19 – August Wilhelm Iffland, German actor (d. 1814) April 22 – James Freeman, first clergyman in America to call himself a Unitarian (d. 1835) April 27 – Mary Wollstonecraft, English feminist author (d. 1797) May 15 – Maria Theresia von Paradis, Austrian musician, composer (d. 1824) May 20 – William Thornton, American architect (d. 1828) May 21 – Joseph Fouché, French statesman (d. 1820) May 28 – William Pitt the Younger, statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1806) June 21 – Alexander J. Dallas, American statesman and financier (d. 1817) June 25 – William Plumer, American lawyer, Baptist lay preacher, and politician (d. 1850) July 2 – Nathan Read, American engineer and politician (d. 1849) July 31 – Ignaz Anton von Indermauer, Austrian nobleman and government official (d. 1796) August 24 – William Wilberforce, British abolitionist (d. 1833) September 10 – Lemuel Cook, American Revolutionary War veteran, centenarian (d. 1866) September 19 – William Kirby, English entomologist (d. 1850) October 25 Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg, empress of Paul I of Russia (d. 1828) William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1834) October 26 – Georges Danton, French Revolutionary leader (d. 1794) November 5 – Simon Snyder, American politician (d. 1819) November 10 – Friedrich Schiller, German writer (d. 1805) November 27 – Franz Krommer, Czech composer (d. 1831) November 23 – Felipe Enrique Neri, legislator and colonizer of Texas (d. 1820) December 2 – James Edward Smith, English botanist (d. 1828) Date unknown – Maria Petraccini, Italian anatomist, physician (d. 1791) Salomea Deszner, Polish actress, singer and theater director (d. 1806) Alice Flowerdew, British teacher, religious poet, hymnwriter (d. 1830) Deaths January 12 – Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, regent of Friesland (b. 1709) February 9 – Louise Henriette of Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans, mother of Philippe Égalité (b. 1726) February 20 – Georg Anton Urlaub, German painter (b. 1713) February 27 |
not to advance further into the Iroquois territory. September 18 – Britain's Board of Trade sends a directive to the colonial and provincial governors of Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania ordering them to send delegates to a summit meeting with the Iroquois Confederacy. The message instructs the governors that King George II has ordered "a Sum of Money to be issued for Presents to the Six Nations of Indians" and ordering New York's Governor George Clinton "to hold an Interview with them for delivering these Presents, for burying the Hatchet, and for renewing the Covenant Chain with them." October–December October 31 – Virginia Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie commissions 21-year-old militia Major George Washington to dissuade the French from occupying the Ohio Country. November 12 – Spain's King Fernando VI issues a set of 25 regulations and restrictions for theatrical performances, including a requirement that the directors of the acting troupes "take the greatest care that the necessary modesty is preserved" and that the actors should be reminded that chastity requires that "indecent and provocative" dances should be avoided November 12 – A fire destroys the Emperor's Palace in Moscow November 24 – José Alfonso Pizarro completes more than four years as the Spanish Viceroy of New Granada (which comprises modern-day Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador) and is succeeded by José Solís Folch de Cardona. November 25 – The Russian Academy of Sciences announces a competition among chemists and physicists to provide "the best explanation of the true causes of electricity including their theory", with a deadline of June 1, 1755 (on the Julian calendar used in Russia, June 12 on the Gregorian calendar used in Western Europe and the New World).<ref>"Hallerstein and Gruber's Scientific Heritage", by Stanislav Joze Juznic, in The Circulation of Science and Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science (Societat Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica, 2012) p358</ref> December 11 – Major George Washington and British guide Christopher Gist arrive at Fort Le Boeuf (near modern-day Waterford, Pennsylvania and the city of Erie), a French fortress built in territory claimed by the British Crown Colony of Virginia. Washington presents the fort's commander, French Army Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, a message from Virginia's Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie advising that "The lands upon the Ohio River are so notoriously known to be the property of the Crown of Great Britain that it is a matter of equal concern and surprise... to hear that a body of French fortresses and making settlements upon that river, within His Majesty's dominions," adding that "It becomes my duty to require your peaceable departure." Captain Legardeur provides a reply for Washington to take to Dinwiddie, declaring that the rights of France's King Louis XV to the land "are incontestable", and refuses to back down, leading to beginning of the French and Indian War in 1754. Date unknown James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy. Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Palmyra; otherwise Tedmor in the desart in English and French, making the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra known to the West. The Cramer family starts a brewing operation at Warstein in North-Rhine Westphalia, originating the Warsteiner brand. Births February 12 – François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral (d. 1798) March 8 – William Roscoe, English writer (d. 1831) March 9 – Jean-Baptiste Kléber, French general (d. 1800) March 13 – Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans, heiress, wife of Philippe Égalité (d. 1821) March 26 – Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (d. 1814) April 3 – Simon Willard, American horologist (d. 1848) April 28– Franz Karl Achard, German chemist, physicist and biologist (d. 1821) May 13 – Lazare Carnot, French | Russian Academy of Sciences announces a competition among chemists and physicists to provide "the best explanation of the true causes of electricity including their theory", with a deadline of June 1, 1755 (on the Julian calendar used in Russia, June 12 on the Gregorian calendar used in Western Europe and the New World).<ref>"Hallerstein and Gruber's Scientific Heritage", by Stanislav Joze Juznic, in The Circulation of Science and Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science (Societat Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica, 2012) p358</ref> December 11 – Major George Washington and British guide Christopher Gist arrive at Fort Le Boeuf (near modern-day Waterford, Pennsylvania and the city of Erie), a French fortress built in territory claimed by the British Crown Colony of Virginia. Washington presents the fort's commander, French Army Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, a message from Virginia's Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie advising that "The lands upon the Ohio River are so notoriously known to be the property of the Crown of Great Britain that it is a matter of equal concern and surprise... to hear that a body of French fortresses and making settlements upon that river, within His Majesty's dominions," adding that "It becomes my duty to require your peaceable departure." Captain Legardeur provides a reply for Washington to take to Dinwiddie, declaring that the rights of France's King Louis XV to the land "are incontestable", and refuses to back down, leading to beginning of the French and Indian War in 1754. Date unknown James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy. Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Palmyra; otherwise Tedmor in the desart in English and French, making the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra known to the West. The Cramer family starts a brewing operation at Warstein in North-Rhine Westphalia, originating the Warsteiner brand. Births February 12 – François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral (d. 1798) March 8 – William Roscoe, English writer (d. 1831) March 9 – Jean-Baptiste Kléber, French general (d. 1800) March 13 – Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans, heiress, wife of Philippe Égalité (d. 1821) March 26 – Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (d. 1814) April 3 – Simon Willard, American horologist (d. 1848) April 28– Franz Karl Achard, German chemist, physicist and biologist (d. 1821) May 13 – Lazare Carnot, French general, politician and mathematician (d. 1823) June 5 – Johann Friedrich August Göttling, German chemist (d. 1809) July 9 – William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, British admiral, Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1825) August 10 – Edmund Randolph, American politician (d. 1813) September 10 – John Soane, English architect (d. 1837) October 27 – Jean-Baptiste de Lavalette, French general (d. 1794) November 6 – Jean-Baptiste Breval, French composer (d. 1823) November 20 – Louis-Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (d. 1815) November 25 – Robert Townsend (spy), member of the Culper Spy Ring (d. 1838) December 3 – Samuel Crompton, English inventor (d. 1827) date unknown Thomas Bewick, English wood engraver (d. 1828) Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros, Spanish bishop (d. 1821) John Haggin, Indian fighter, one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky (d. 1825) Phillis Wheatley, African-born American poet (d. 1784) Nguyễn Văn Huệ, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1792) Deaths January 11 – Sir Hans Sloane, Irish physician (b. 1660) January 14 – George Berkeley, Irish philosopher (b. 1685) January 23 – Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, French royal princess, saloniste (b. 1676) February 16 – Giacomo Facco, Italian composer (b. 1676) February 22 – Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim, German countess (b. 1686) May 23 – Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa, Polish dramatist (b. 1705) June 7 – Archibald Cameron of Locheil, last Scottish Jacobite to be executed for treason (b. 1707) June 10 – Joachim |
colony in Georgia has an elected legislature after having been administered by a corporate Board of Trustees since its founding in 1732. The original Georgia Assembly meets in Savannah with 16 representatives as the colony prepares to become a British colonial province. After electing Francis Harris as the Speaker of the unicameral Assembly, the delegates successfully ask the Trustees not to surrender control of Georgia to the neighboring Province of South Carolina. January 18 – In the aftermath of the Lhasa riot of 1750, Chinese General Ban Di arrives at the capital of Tibet on behalf of the Qianlong Emperor and the seven imprisoned leaders of the rebellion are turned over to his custody by the 7th Dalai Lama, Keizang Gyatzo. General Ban Di guides the interrogation under torture of rebel leader Lobsang Trashi and, after five days orders the beheading and dismemberment of the seven rebels. February 14 – At Lakkireddipalle in southeastern India, the new Nizam of Hyderabad, Subhadar Muzaffar Jang, leads an invasion of cavalry against the small kingdom of Kurnool and is confronted by its monarch, the Nawab Bahadur Khan. The Subhadar and the Nawab order their soldiers to stand down and then engage in hand-to-hand combat, during which the Nawab "thrust[s] a spear into the Subhadar's brain" before he is "himself hacked to pieces." February 16 – English poet Thomas Gray first publishes Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, in The Magazine of Magazines. The poem is now more popularly known as "Gray's Elegy". February 18 – As the Governor of French Louisiana, Pierre de Rigaud, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, issues the first police regulations for New Orleans in an attempt to combat crime in that city. March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25, in England and Wales and "in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America" due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. The months of January 1751, February 1751 and most of March 1751 did not exist in British territories: those months were recorded as the last three of 1750 according to the Old Style dating system; the equivalent months a year later were recorded as the first three of 1752 under the New Style system. March 31 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, heir-apparent to the British throne, dies of a pulmonary embolism at the age of 44 after a game of cricket. His 12-year-old son, Prince George, becomes the heir-apparent and will later become King George III. Frederick's widow Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales. April–June April 5 – Sweden's King Frederick I dies at the age of 74 (March 25 on the Julian calendar, which remains in effect in Sweden and Finland until 1753), after a reign of 31 years, bringing an end to the rule of Sweden by the House of Hesse because he has no legitimate heirs. Prince Adolf Frederick of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who had been elected as the crown prince in 1743, becomes the new King. April 19 – the Qianlong Emperor of China visits the southern capital of Nanjing for the first time, bringing with him 3,000 staff and 6,690 horses and stays for four days April 20 – A month after the death of his father, 12-year old Prince George William Frederick is formally invested as the new Prince of Wales Nine years later, Prince George becomes King George III upon the death of his grandfather, King George II. April 29 – The sport of cricket is first played in the American colonies, as a team of New Yorkers plays against a team of Englishmen and defeats them, 167 to 80, in a match in Greenwich Village May 11 – The Pennsylvania Hospital, first hospital in the American colonies, is chartered in Philadelphia by the Pennsylvania legislature, which grants the right to Benjamin Franklin and to Dr. Thomas Bond. <ref>Thomas G. Morton and Frank Woodbury, The History of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 1751-1895"' (Philadelphia Times Printing House, 1895) p376</ref> May 27 (May 13 Old Style) – Adoption of the Gregorian calendar: Royal assent is given to An Act for Regulating the Commencement of the Year; and for Correcting the Calendar now in Use (the "Calendar Act") passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, introducing the Gregorian Calendar, correcting the eleven-day difference between Old Style and New Style dates and making 1 January legally New Year's Day from 1752 in the British Empire. It is largely promoted by George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield. June 14 – The colony of South Carolina reverses a 10-year-old law that had imposed a tax of 100 pounds sterling on the purchase of imported African slaves, and reduces the tax to £10. The move effectively restores the slave trade to the colony. June 28 – The first volume of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, often referred to as le Encyclopédie, is published July–September July 28 – Battle of Kirkhbulakh: The Kingdom of Kartli defeats a large army of the Tabriz Khanate, under Erekle II. July 31 – Fire destroys 1,000 houses in Stockholm. August 13 – The Academy and College of Philadelphia, predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, opens its doors, with Benjamin Franklin as president. September 13 – Kalvária Banská Štiavnica in the Kingdom of Hungary is completed. October–December October 22 – William V, Prince of Orange, the three-year-old son of the late William IV, becomes the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. During his minority, his mother, Princess Anne, acts as regent until her death in 1759. Upon becoming of age in 1766, he will have a corrupt reign as the Republic's head of state until the office is abolished on February 23, 1785. October 27 – The Hōreki period begins in Japan. November 14 – The 50-day long siege of the British fort of | George Washington becomes seriously ill with smallpox while he and his older brother Lawrence are visiting the island of Barbados during an epidemic Washington, 19 years old, survives the virus but is bedridden for almost a month. November 17 – The Pima Revolt begins in the area that now includes the Mexican state of Sonora and the U.S. state of Arizona, as Pima Indian leader Luis Oacpicagigua carries out the massacre of 18 Spanish settlers at Oacpicagigua's home in Sáric. The rebellion, which takes the lives of more than 100 Spaniards, is ended on March 18 after Governor Diego Ortiz Parilla permits the rebels to surrender for imprisonment. November 26 – Adolf Frederick is formally crowned as the King of Sweden. The coronation ceremony takes place almost eight months after he assumed the throne. November 29 – The Cherokee nation signs a treaty with British colonial authorities at the close of the two-week Charlestown Conference in Charleston, South Carolina, with Governor James Glen signing an agreement with Cherokee war chiefs led by the "Old Skiagunsta" of Keowee, the Raven of Hiwasee, Old Caesar of Chatuga and Kittagusta of Joree. December 3 – Battle of Arnee in India (Second Carnatic War): A British East India Company–led force under Robert Clive defeats and routs a much larger Franco-Indian army, under the command of Raza Sahib, at Arni. December 14 – The Theresian Military Academy is founded in Wiener Neustadt, Austria. Date unknown In the University of Glasgow (Scotland): Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic. The Medical School is founded. Ferdinando Galiani publishes the first modern economic analysis, Della Moneta. Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus publishes his Philosophia Botanica, the first textbook of descriptive systematic botanical taxonomy, and the first appearance of his binomial nomenclature. The Maria Theresa thaler is minted; it becomes an international currency. 1751–1775 – 13 per cent of appointees to audiencias in the Spanish Empire are Creoles.</onlyinclude> Births January 12 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (d. 1825) February 15 – Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, German painter (d. 1829) February 20 – Johann Heinrich Voss, German poet (d. 1826) March 16 – James Madison, 4th President of the United States (d. 1836) April 5 – Marie-Aimée Lullin, Swiss entomologist (d. 1822) May 24 – Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy, King of Sardinia (d. 1819) June 4 – John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1838) June 17 – Joshua Humphreys, American naval architect (d. 1838) July 11 – Caroline Matilda, British princess, queen consort of Denmark (d. 1775) July 29 – Elisabetta Caminèr Turra, Venetian writer (d. 1796) July 30 – Maria Anna Mozart ("Nannerl"), Austrian musician and composer, sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1829) September 1 – Emanuel Schikaneder, German dramatist, actor and singer (d. 1812) September 5 – François Joseph Westermann, French Revolutionary leader, general (d. 1794) October 5 – James Iredell, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1799) October 30 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish dramatist, politician (d. 1816) date unknown'' Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur, French mesmerist (d. 1825) Gregoria Apaza, Bolivian indigenous leader (d. 1782) Charlotta Richardy, Swedish industrialist (d. 1831) Thomas Sheraton, English furniture designer (d. 1806) Maria Antonia Fernandez, Spanish flamenco singer, dancer (d. 1787) Deaths January 17 – Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer (b. 1671) January 20 – John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (b. 1665) January 25 |
Gaius Antonius Hybrida, elected praetor in 66 BC Cleopatra VII is born (69 BC–30 BC) and grows into a young | 69 BC – 60 BC. Significant people Pompey, Roman general, (lived 106 BC–48 BC) Mithridates |
79 BC – 70 BC. | BC – 70 BC. |
is the time period from 89 | from 89 BC – |
nobleman (b. 1602) March 1 Marzio Ginetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1585) Leopold Wilhelm, Margrave of Baden-Baden, Imperial Field Marshal (b. 1626) March 7 – Antonio de la Cerda, 7th Duke of Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain (b. 1607) March 15 – Axel Urup, Danish general (b. 1601) March 31 – Anne Hyde, wife of the future James II of England (b. 1637) April 20 – Daniel Hay du Chastelet de Chambon, French mathematician (b. 1596) April 21,– Rose Whitby,American housewife (b. (1651) April 23 – Theodorick Bland of Westover, American politician (b. 1629) April 30 Petar Zrinski, Croatian Ban (title) and nobleman (b. 1621) Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian poet and nobleman (b. 1643) May 5 – Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, English politician (b. 1602) May 8 – Sébastien Bourdon, French painter and engraver (b. 1616) May 12 – Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Lima, then Bishop of Arequipa (b. 1589) May 16 – Sir John Langham, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1584) May 19 – John Scudamore, 1st Viscount Scudamore, English politician and Viscount (b. 1601) June 2 Edward Leigh, English writer (b. 1602) Sophia Eleonore of Saxony, German duchess (b. 1609) June 9 – Sebastian von Rostock, German bishop (b. 1607) June 25 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Italian astronomer (b. 1598) July 4 – | of then sovereign Assam. April 2 – In Rome, Pope Clement X canonizes Rose of Lima, making her the first Catholic saint of the Americas. May 9 – Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom from the Tower of London. He is immediately caught, because he is too drunk to run with the loot. He is later condemned to death, and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled by King Charles II. June 22 – The Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland. July–December December – The first Seventh Day Baptist church in America is founded at Newport, Rhode Island. December 30 – The Académie royale d'architecture is founded by Louis XIV of France in Paris, France (the world's first school of architecture). Undated The first Jewish families settle in Berlin, moving from Vienna at the invitation of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. Births January 11 – François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie, French military leader (d. 1745) February 26 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician and philosopher (d. 1713) March 7 – Rob Roy MacGregor, Scottish folk hero (d. 1734) April 6 – Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French poet (d. 1741) April 21 – John Law, Scottish economist (d. 1729) May 24 – Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1737) June 8 – Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer (d. 1751) June 11 – Colley Cibber, English poet (d. 1757) June 21 – Christian Detlev Reventlow, Danish diplomat and military leader, brother-in-law of king Frederick IV of Denmark, (d. 1738) July 9 – Margareta |
year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Greece Darius I sends an expedition, under Artaphernes and Datis the Mede, across the Aegean to attack the Athenians and the Eretrians. Hippias, the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens. When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and its inhabitants are enslaved. He intends the same fate for Athens. September 12 – The Battle of Marathon takes place as a Persian army of more than 20,000 men is advised by Hippias to land in the Bay of Marathon, where they meet the Athenians supported by the Plataeans. The Persians are repulsed by 11,500 Greeks under the leadership of Callimachus and Miltiades. Some 6,400 Persians | I sends an expedition, under Artaphernes and Datis the Mede, across the Aegean to attack the Athenians and the Eretrians. Hippias, the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens. When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and its inhabitants are enslaved. He intends the same fate for Athens. September 12 – The Battle of Marathon takes place as a Persian army of more than 20,000 men is advised by Hippias to land in the Bay of Marathon, where they meet the Athenians supported by the Plataeans. The Persians are repulsed by 11,500 Greeks under the leadership of Callimachus and Miltiades. Some 6,400 Persians are killed at a cost of 192 Athenian dead. Callimachus, the war-archon of Athens, is killed in the battle. After the battle, the Persians return home. Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner, Pheidippides, to seek help from Sparta. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (the Carneia) mean they must wait for the full moon. The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then runs back, a |
survived the encounter. This could mean only one thing: Judge Death was back. This set up the latest six-month epic, "Necropolis". After Dredd had left, Justice Department had put Kraken through one final test, and given him Dredd's badge. But the Sisters of Death, spirit beings from Judge Death's dimension, were able to use Kraken's inner conflict to take control of him and use him to bring Judge Death and the other Dark Judges back from the limbo dimension Dredd had exiled them to. The Sisters possessed all the city's judges and began to enforce Death's twisted law. Out in the Cursed Earth, Dredd had recovered his memory and returned to defeat the Dark Judges. He then tried to lance the democratic boil by holding a referendum on whether the Judges should continue to govern the city. The judges won, by a small margin on a desultory turnout, and Dredd was satisfied.2000 AD gained an influx of talent from other comics. Garth Ennis and John Smith had come to prominence writing for Crisis, a 2000 AD spin-off for older readers, while artists Jamie Hewlett and Philip Bond were the stars of Deadline, an independent comics and popular culture magazine founded by Steve Dillon and Brett Ewins. Smith created Indigo Prime, a multi-dimensional organisation that polices reality, whose most memorable story was "Killing Time", a time travel story featuring Jack the Ripper. Garth Ennis and Philip Bond contributed Time Flies, a time-travel comedy, and Hewlett was paired with writer Peter Milligan for the surreal Hewligan's Haircut. Writer John Tomlinson and artist Simon Jacob created Armoured Gideon, an action-comedy series about a giant killer robot charged with keeping demons from invading earth. The Judge Dredd Megazine, a monthly title set in the world of Dredd, was launched in October 1990. With John Wagner focusing his attentions there, Garth Ennis became the regular writer of Dredd in the weekly. American writer Michael Fleisher, who had written The Spectre and Jonah Hex in the 1970s, was recruited to write the continuing adventures of the new Rogue Trooper, along with several other strips, none of which went down very well. Another new writer who failed to set 2000 AD on fire was Mark Millar, whose revival of Robo-Hunter was particularly unpopular. Millar has since gone on to become a successful writer of American superhero comics such as The Authority and The Ultimates.2000 AD went all-colour about this time (prog 723, dated 23 March 1991), in response to a short-lived new colour weekly, Toxic!, launched by Pat Mills and many of the core 2000 AD team of creators. Toxic! only lasted 31 issues but many of the creators who had worked on the comic eventually found their way to work for 2000 AD. Button Man, a contemporary thriller by John Wagner and Arthur Ranson, was originally intended for Toxic! but ended up in 2000 AD. A new ABC Warriors series, written by Mills and Tony Skinner and painted by Kev Walker, began in 1991, in which Deadlock took over the warriors with his "Khaos" philosophy. The old IPC strip Kelly's Eye was revived, by the new creative team of Alan McKenzie, Brett Ewins, and Zac Sandler, in 1993, when the publishers realized they no longer had the rights to the character. Robert Maxwell died in late 1991, and Fleetway was merged with London Editions, a Danish-owned company that owned rights to Disney characters, to become Fleetway Editions. In 1992, 2000 AD and the Judge Dredd Megazine ran their first crossover story, "Judgement Day", in which zombies overran Mega-City One. Written by Garth Ennis and drawn by Carlos Ezquerra, Peter Doherty, Dean Ormston and Chris Halls, the story teamed Judge Dredd with Johnny Alpha through the medium of time travel. John Smith and artist Paul Marshall created Firekind, a slow-paced story about dragons and alien societies, which was accidentally published with its episodes in the wrong order. The Strontium Dog world was eventually spun out to encompass a wider field, gaining the plural name Strontium Dogs – characters such as female vampire Durham Red, the albino Feral Jackson, and former Johnny Alpha sidekick The Gronk – the latter, normally a timid creature with weak 'heartses', became a gung-ho action character upon learning of Alpha's death. However, in the 12-parter The Darkest Star, it transpires that the one to actually kill him was the Gronk himself; changed into a form designed by a cadre of Lyran necromancers to bring him endless agony, Alpha asked his friend to end his torment. The "Summer Offensive" was an eight-week experiment in 1993, when new editor Alan McKenzie gave free rein to writers Grant Morrison, Mark Millar and John Smith, to a mixed reception. Morrison wrote a Dredd story, "Inferno", and a drug-influenced comedy adventure, Really & Truly. Smith contributed Slaughterbowl, in which convicted criminals on dinosaurs are pitted against each other in a deadly sport, with the survivor being paroled for a year and granted wealth – but being forced to enter the Slaughterbowl again the next year. Millar wrote Maniac 5, an action-packed series about a remote controlled war-robot. During this run was a satire of British tabloid attitudes titled Big Dave, written by Morrison and Millar and drawn by Steve Parkhouse. John Tomlinson became editor in 1994, and a second crossover between 2000 AD and the Megazine, "Wilderlands", began. Written by Wagner and drawn by Ezquerra, Mick Austin and Trevor Hairsine, it followed on from "Mechanismo", a series of stories in the Megazine in which Justice Department, opposed by Dredd, tried to introduce robot judges. With Wagner writing, Judge Dredd was again the flagship strip. Former Megazine editor David Bishop became editor of the weekly in 1996 but sales continued to decline. Unsuccessful series were dropped, and a number of new series were tried out, some more successful than others. Writer Dan Abnett introduced Sinister Dexter in 1996, a strip about two hitmen influenced by the film Pulp Fiction, which became a regular feature. In 1997, writer Robbie Morrison and artist Simon Fraser, who had worked with Bishop on the Megazine, created Nikolai Dante, a swashbuckling series set in future Russia starring a thief and ladies' man who discovers he's the illegitimate scion of an aristocratic dynasty. There were also gimmicks, like the "sex issue", sold in a clear plastic wrapper, The Spacegirls, a series attempting to cash in on the popularity of the Spice Girls, B.L.A.I.R. 1, a parody of Tony Blair based on M.A.C.H. 1, and an adaptation of the Danny Boyle film A Life Less Ordinary. A new Dredd epic, "Doomsday", appeared in 1999 and again ran in both 2000 AD and the Megazine. Wagner had been laying the foundations for this story for several years, introducing the main villain, semi-robotic gang lord Nero Narcos, and supporting characters like Judge Edgar of the Public Surveillance Unit, and Galen DeMarco, a former judge who had quit after falling in love with Dredd and become a private eye. 1999 also saw the return of another character, Nemesis the Warlock. After a break of ten years, writer Pat Mills decided to bring the story to an end with "The Final Conflict". The series was drawn by Henry Flint in a style that recalled Kevin O'Neill's early work on the series, as well as Simon Bisley's ABC Warriors work. The decade ended with a special 100-page issue called "Prog 2000". Behind a cover by Brian Bolland, Nemesis wrapped up for good in a final episode drawn by Kevin O'Neill. War broke out in Nikolai Dante, and writer Gordon Rennie and artist Mark Harrison introduced future war story Glimmer Rats. Another old favourite, Strontium Dog, was revived by Wagner and Ezquerra, telling new stories of Johnny Alpha set before his death, with the conceit that previous stories had been "folklore" and the new stories were "what really happened", allowing Wagner to revise continuity. 2000s The publisher has been owned by Rebellion Developments since 2000, with editors Andy Diggle and (since 2002) Matt Smith at the helm. Rebellion continues to develop stories (and computer games) based on classic characters such as Rogue Trooper and Judge Dredd, and has also introduced a roster of new series including Shakara, The Red Seas and Caballistics, Inc.. It has also published a tie-in to the film Shaun of the Dead in a story written by Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright. The comic continues to uncover new British talents, including Boo Cook, Dom Reardon and Al Ewing. It has also benefited from an improved dollar-pound exchange rate that has meant the comic can now afford to re-employ some of the talent thought lost to America. A number of shorter self-contained stories, partly created by the new wave of talent, have run including London Falling, Stone Island and Zombo. Other developments include a revamping of the Judge Dredd Megazine which has included a section acting as a showcase for British small press comics. Starting in program 1500 was the Judge Dredd story "The Connection", a 'prelude' to a 23-part Judge Dredd epic "Origins" which filled in a lot of the details about Dredd's past. In prog 1526, dated 28 February 2007, 2000 AD celebrated their 30th anniversary. The issue saw the start of two new storylines: Nikolai Dante (by Robbie Morrison and Simon Fraser) and Savage (by Pat Mills and Charlie Adlard), along with a one-off episode of Flesh (by Pat Mills and Ramon Sola). The run-up to this saw the first arcs of new series Stickleback and Kingdom.2000 AD was also made available online through Clickwheel, another Rebellion Developments-owned firm. Starting in December 2007, the latest issue was made available to download as a PDF. In early 2008 it was announced that an archive of the 2007 issues would be added to the service. The Clickwheel Comics Reader was launched in July 2008 which would allow the digital versions of the comics to be downloaded and read on the iPhone and iPod Touch. 2010s On 19 March 2012 the Royal Mail launched a special stamp collection to celebrate Britain's rich comic book history, which included 2000 AD. In 2015 a documentary about the history of the comic was made, called Future Shock! The Story of 2000AD. On 1 October 2016, signings were held at comic shops in the UK, Ireland, Australia and the US to mark the publication of the 2000th prog. In the same week a 40th birthday convention was announced, which was held in Hammersmith, London in February 2017. At the convention itself, it was announced by the Kingsley brothers that Rebellion would be willing to speak to outside software developers on developing 2000 ADs intellectual property. In the same year, former editor Steve MacManus published his memoirs, The Mighty One: My Life Inside The Nerve Centre. In 2017, founding editor Pat Mills published his memoirs, Be Pure! Be Vigilant! Behave! 2000 AD and Judge Dredd: The Secret History. Later in that year, Hachette Partworks began publishing 2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, initially an 80-volume fortnightly series of hardback books featuring classic stories from the first 40 years of the comic. Now the Collection has been extended to 140 volumes. This followed the success of Judge Dredd: The Mega Collection, which had started in 2015 and later been extended to 90 volumes. In June 2018 (July in the United States) a special issue was published, the 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 2018, which contained stories written and illustrated entirely by women. Starting in May 2019, 2000 AD began publishing periodic "all ages" issues every quarter, marketed as 2000 AD Regened, and targeted at younger readers. In these issues, Judge Dredd is replaced by Cadet Dredd stories. Lists of stories A complete index of stories published in the first 45 years of 2000 AD up to February 2022 (#1 to #2270) is (WikiCommons). A more detailed list of all the Judge Dredd stories to appear in 2000 AD (including specials and annuals) from March 1977 to February 2022 can be found . Crossovers Although there is no overall shared universe containing all 2000 AD stories, some stories spin-off or crossover into other stories. These include the numerous stories that occur in the Judge Dredd universe. Many stories by Pat Mills, which are frequently interlinked, link into the Dredd universe as well, though have been partially retconned by the writer. Many stories written by Ian Edginton feature shared themes and references. Editors A long-running theme is that the editor of 2000 AD is Tharg the Mighty, a green extraterrestrial from Betelgeuse who terms his readers "Earthlets". Tharg uses other unique alien expressions and even appears in his own comic strips. Readers sometimes play along with this; for example, in prog 201 a pair of readers wrote to Tharg claiming that they preferred to be called "Terrans"; the resulting controversy ended in Tharg allowing readers to vote for the preferred term in prog 229. In prog 240 Tharg announced that the result was a draw, and "Terran" became an accepted term for readers' letters in the Nerve Centre. In similar vein, Tharg used to draw distinction between male and female letter-writers with "Earthlet" and "Earthlette" until a letter was printed in Prog 314 complaining about the use, and Tharg agreed to use "Earthlet" (or "Terran") regardless of gender. From prog 531 the term "Earthlette" was reintroduced. Another running theme is Tharg's use of robots to draw and write the strips, which bear a marked resemblance to the actual writers and artists. A fictional reason for Tharg to use mechanical assistance was given when the robots "went on strike" (reflecting real-life industrial action that occasionally halted IPC's comics production during the 1970s and 1980s). Tharg wrote and drew a whole issue himself, but when he ran it through the quality-control "Thrill-meter", the device melted down on extreme overload. The offending issue had to be taken away, by blindfolded security guards, to a lead-lined vault where there was no danger of anyone seeing it accidentally. The role of Tharg has been performed by the following editors: Pat Mills, #1–16 (1977) Kelvin Gosnell, #17–85 (1977–1978)Assistant editor Nick Landau largely edited the comic himself in 1978 while Gosnell was occupied with editing new sister title Starlord. Steve MacManus, #86–519 or #500 (1978–1987) Richard Burton, #520–872 or #501–872 (1987–1994) Alan McKenzie, #873–914 (1994) John Tomlinson, #915–977 (1994–1996) David Bishop, #978–1199 (1996–2000) Andy Diggle, #1200–1273 (2000–2002) Matt Smith, #1274–present (2002–present) Contributors Well-known contributors to 2000 AD include: Nick Abadzis Dan Abnett Massimo Belardinelli Simon Bisley Brian Bolland Philip Bond Chris Cunningham Alan Davis Steve Dillon D'Israeli Ian Edginton Garth Ennis Al Ewing Carlos Ezquerra Gerry Finley-Day Michael Fleisher Henry Flint Tom Frame Neil Gaiman Dave Gibbons Ian Gibson Alan Grant Trevor Hairsine Jamie Hewlett John Hicklenton John Higgins David Hine Frazer Irving Jock Cam Kennedy Brendan McCarthy Mike McMahon Mark Millar Peter Milligan Pat Mills Alan Moore Grant Morrison Robbie Morrison Kevin O'Neill Arthur Ranson Gordon Rennie John Ridgway John Smith Ron Smith Simon Spurrier Richard Starkings Bryan Talbot John Wagner Kev Walker Chris Weston Many of these have since moved on to work for American publishers such as DC Comics (especially the Vertigo and Wildstorm imprints) and Marvel Comics. Film and TV adaptations Hardware (1990) Judge Dredd (1995) Dredd (2012) Rogue Trooper (TBA) Judge Dredd: Mega-City One (TBA) Button Man: Get Harry Ex (TBA) Audio adaptations In 2021, Rebellion Publishing and Penguin Random House released five audio drama adaptations of classic 2000 AD stories: The Ballad of Halo Jones Brink: Volumes 1-3 Judge Dredd: America Judge Dredd: The Pit Sláine: The Horned God Video game adaptations 2000AD video games for 8-bit computers include games based on Strontium Dog by Quicksilva for the ZX Spectrum in 1984, Nemesis the Warlock and Sláine by Martech in 1987, Rogue Trooper written by Design Design / published by Piranha in 1986 and Judge Dredd by Virgin Games in 1990, all released for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum platforms. Melbourne House also released a Judge Dredd game on the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1987. Judge Death and Halo Jones games for the ZX Spectrum were being developed by Piranha but never released. Krisalis Software released an adaptation of Rogue Trooper for the Amiga and Atari ST in 1991, and the merchandising that accompanied the 1995 Judge Dredd film included tie-in games for the IBM PC (MS-DOS), Game Boy, Game Gear, PlayStation, Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System. A Judge Dredd arcade game was created but never completed nor released. It can be found online, where it is available for free, but requires an arcade / coin-op emulator. It features Mean Machine and other Angel Gang members. A Judge Dredd Pinball game was released for MS-DOS in 1998. The same year saw the release of a Judge Dredd videogame for the Sony PlayStation which was developed by Gremlin Interactive | most memorable villains Wagner had yet devised, but suffered the same mortality problem that had plagued the strip so far. All of them were killed during the course of the story, however the Mean Machine, was later resurrected by Krysler during "Destiny's Angels". "The Judge Child" was drawn by Bolland, Ron Smith and Mike McMahon in rotation, and the later episodes marked the beginning of Wagner's long-running writing partnership with Alan Grant. The pair would go on to write Strontium Dog, Robo-Hunter and many other stories for 2000 AD, as well as for Roy of the Rovers, Battle and the relaunched Eagle in the United Kingdom, and a number of comics in America. With prog 178 all current stories, with the exception of Judge Dredd, were wound up, and a new set of stories was launched simultaneously, consisting of Mean Arena, set around a violent high-tech street football game, Meltdown Man, whose hero was transported to a genetically engineered far future by a nuclear explosion, the return of Strontium Dog, featuring a mutant bounty hunter character inherited from the short-lived Starlord title, and Dash Decent, a Flash Gordon parody. Pat Mills introduced Comic Rock, which was meant to be a format for short stories inspired by popular music. The first story, inspired by The Jam's Going Underground, was drawn by Kevin O'Neill and featured a complicated underground travel network on a planet called "Termight", in which a freedom fighter called Nemesis battles the despotic Torquemada, chief of the Tube Police. All that was seen of Nemesis was the outside of his vehicle, the Blitzspear. The story was a reaction to an earlier tube chase sequence Mills and O'Neill had done in Ro-Busters, which management objected to. The only other Comic Rock story was a follow-up called "Killer Watt", in which Nemesis and Torquemada fought on a teleport system. This led to a series, Nemesis the Warlock, in which it was revealed that Termight was Earth in the far future, Torquemada was a despotic demagogue leading a campaign of genocide against all aliens, and Nemesis was the leader of the alien resistance. Mills and O'Neill were on a roll and produced a stream of bizarre and imaginative ideas, but ultimately O'Neill was unable to continue the level of work he was putting into it on 2000 AD pay. He left to work for DC Comics in America, and was replaced on Nemesis by first Jesus Redondo and then Bryan Talbot. 2000 AD would occasionally take a gamble on non-science fiction material. For example, Fiends of the Eastern Front was a World War II vampire story by Gerry Finley-Day and Carlos Ezquerra which was probably originally intended for Battle. Its hero was a German soldier who discovered that some of his Romanian allies were vampires. Later in the war, when Romania changed sides, he was the only one who knew their secret. A readers' poll revealed that future war was a popular topic, so Gerry Finley-Day was asked to come up with a new war story. He, editor Steve MacManus and artist Dave Gibbons devised Rogue Trooper, a "Genetic Infantryman" engineered to be immune to chemical warfare hunting down the traitor general who had betrayed his regiment, who debuted in 1981. He was supported by bio-chips of the personalities of three dead comrades, which, slotted into his equipment, could talk to him. Gibbons left the strip early on and was replaced by Colin Wilson, Brett Ewins and Cam Kennedy. Rogue Trooper replaced Meltdown Man, which had recently ended its run. Another new strip in 1981, inspired by the brief CB radio craze, was Ace Trucking Co., a comedy about pointy-headed alien space trucker Ace Garp and his crew by Wagner, Grant and Belardinelli. In the Judge Dredd series, Mega-City One had grown too large and unwieldy: therefore authors Wagner and Grant they planned to cut it down to size. "Block Mania", in which wars broke out between rival city-blocks, turned out to be a plot orchestrated by the Russian city East-Meg One, and led directly to "The Apocalypse War", another six-month epic and a hard-hitting satire on the concept of Mutually assured destruction. East-Meg One, protected by a warp-shield, softened up Mega-City One with nuclear warheads before invading. Dredd spearheaded the resistance, leading a small team to East-Meg territory, hijacking their nuclear bunkers and blowing East-Meg One off the face of the earth. "The Apocalypse War" was drawn in its entirety by Carlos Ezquerra, making a return to the character he created. A new writer, Alan Moore, had started contributing Future Shocks in 1980. He wrote more than fifty one-off strips over the next three years, while also contributing to various Marvel UK titles and the independent magazine Warrior. In 1982 he gained his first series, Skizz, a less sentimental take on the same basic plot used in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, set in Birmingham and influenced by Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff. The series was drawn by Jim Baikie. Moore wrote another series, D.R. and Quinch, spun off from a one-off Time Twister. Drawn by Alan Davis, the strip featured a pair of alien juvenile delinquents with a penchant for mindless thermonuclear destruction. He went on to create The Ballad of Halo Jones with artist Ian Gibson. Halo was an everywoman in the far future, born into mass unemployment on a floating housing estate, who escaped the earth and became involved in a terrible galactic war. Three books were published, and more were planned, but Moore's demands for creator's rights and his increasing commitments to American publishers meant they never materialised. A new character, Sláine, debuted in 1983, but had been in development since 1981. Created by Pat Mills and his then wife Angela Kincaid, Sláine was a barbarian fantasy strip based on Celtic mythology. Kincaid was a children's book illustrator who had never worked in comics before, and her opening episode was drawn and redrawn several times before the editors were satisfied. Other stories were written for artists Massimo Belardinelli and Mike McMahon, but these could not see print until Kincaid's episode was ready. In 1985, after appearing as a supporting character in Judge Dredd, Judge Anderson finally appeared in her own series, written by Wagner and Grant and initially drawn by Brett Ewins. New artist Glenn Fabry debuted on Sláine, but due to his notorious slowness was rotated with David Pugh. In the Judge Dredd story "Letter from a Democrat", Wagner and Grant introduced a pro-democracy movement in Mega-City One, which is after all a police state. This would provide plotlines for years to come. In 1986 the comic reached its 500th issue. A new Sláine story, Sláine the King, began, entirely drawn by Fabry. Peter Milligan, a writer who had been contributing Future Shocks, began two series, the bleak future war story Bad Company and a strange, psychedelic series called The Dead. In 1986, 2000 AD was selling 150,000 copies a week. In 1987 IPC's comics division was hived off and sold to publishing magnate Robert Maxwell as Fleetway. 2000 AD was revamped, with a larger page size and full process colour on the covers and centre pages. Richard Burton became editor. Kevin O'Neill returned for a short Nemesis series called "Torquemada the God". Not long after came the debut of Zenith, 2000 AD'''s first serious superhero strip, by new writer Grant Morrison and artist Steve Yeowell. The title character was a shallow pop singer with superhuman powers, caught up in the intrigues of a 1960s generation of superhumans and the machinations of some Lovecraftian elder gods. Wagner and Grant began a new Dredd Epic, "Oz", featuring Chopper, a popular supporting character. Chopper was a skysurfer who had been imprisoned for competing in an illegal surfing competition a few years previously. A legal "Supersurf" race was being held in Oz, the future Australia, and Chopper escaped to compete. Dredd also went to Oz, partly to deal with Chopper, but mostly to investigate the Judda, a clone army created by Mega-City One's former chief genetic engineer. The Judda were defeated, and Chopper narrowly lost the race to Jug McKenzie. Dredd was waiting at the finish line, but McKenzie distracted him and allowed Chopper to escape into the outback. This ending was apparently the cause of some dispute between Wagner and Grant, and was a contributing factor (it was The Last American, a mini series for Epic Comics which would mark the end) in ending their regular writing partnership. Wagner kept Dredd, while Grant continued Strontium Dog and Judge Anderson. However the pair would still come together for occasional collaborations. The "Oz" storyline had some lasting implications. Kraken, a Judda cloned from the same genetic material as Dredd, was captured by Justice Department, who had plans for him. Chopper also spun off into his own series, written by Wagner and drawn by Colin MacNeil. The ABC Warriors finally had their own series again in 1987 as a spin-off from Nemesis. This was written, as ever, by Pat Mills, and drawn by two artists in rotation, newcomer Simon Bisley and science fiction artist S.M.S. In 1988 Grant and artist Simon Harrison began a new Strontium Dog story, "The Final Solution". It took nearly two years to complete, and ended with the death of Johnny Alpha, who sacrificed his life to save mutants from extermination. Original artist Carlos Ezquerra did not agree with the decision to kill the character off, and refused to draw it. The number of colour pages was increased, allowing for one complete strip per issue to be painted. Initially the colour pages were reserved for Judge Dredd, but were later given over to a new Sláine story, "The Horned God", fully painted by Simon Bisley. The series was collected as a series of three graphic novels, then as a single volume, and has remained in print ever since. In 1989 the colour pages were increased again, allowing for three colour stories and two black and white in every issue. One of the colour series was Rogue Trooper: the War Machine, written by Dave Gibbons and painted by Will Simpson. The original Rogue Trooper series had run out of steam after the Traitor General had been dealt with, though continued with Rogue's adventures on Horst and the 'Hit' series, so Gibbons revamped the concept, creating a different genetic infantryman, Friday, in a different war, albeit in the same universe. One of the black and white stories, "The Dead Man", was a low-key beginning for a major event. In the Cursed Earth, villagers come across a man, burnt from head to toe, with no memory of who he is or what happened to him. As he tries to piece his memories back together, he is being hunted by the evil beings who left him in that state. A creepy, atmospheric horror-western, it was drawn by John Ridgway and written by "Keef Ripley", a pseudonym for John Wagner. By the end of the series the Dead Man had discovered his identity: he was Judge Dredd. 1990s As "The Dead Man" ended, a new Judge Dredd story, "Tale of the Dead Man", explained how Dredd had ended up in that position. Dredd was getting older and the democratic movement was causing him to doubt his role, so Justice Department had groomed Kraken, the former Judda cloned from his bloodline, to replace him. Kraken was now ready for his final assessment, and Dredd himself was chosen to assess him. Although Kraken performed faultlessly, Dredd thought he perceived a hint of his former allegiance to the Judda in him, and failed him. He then resigned as a judge and took the 'Long Walk' into the Cursed Earth. There he met the Sisters of Death, and only barely survived the encounter. This could mean only one thing: Judge Death was back. This set up the latest six-month epic, "Necropolis". After Dredd had left, Justice Department had put Kraken through one final test, and given him Dredd's badge. But the Sisters of Death, spirit beings from Judge Death's dimension, were able to use Kraken's inner conflict to take control of him and use him to bring Judge Death and the other Dark Judges back from the limbo dimension Dredd had exiled them to. The Sisters possessed all the city's judges and began to enforce Death's twisted law. Out in the Cursed Earth, Dredd had recovered his memory and returned to defeat the Dark Judges. He then tried to lance the democratic boil by holding a referendum on whether the Judges should continue to govern the city. The judges won, by a small margin on a desultory turnout, and Dredd was satisfied.2000 AD gained an influx of talent from other comics. Garth Ennis and John Smith had come to prominence writing for Crisis, a 2000 AD spin-off for older readers, while artists Jamie Hewlett and Philip Bond were the stars of Deadline, an independent comics and popular culture magazine founded by Steve Dillon and Brett Ewins. Smith created Indigo Prime, a multi-dimensional organisation that polices reality, whose most memorable story was "Killing Time", a time travel story featuring Jack the Ripper. Garth Ennis and Philip Bond contributed Time Flies, a time-travel comedy, and Hewlett was paired with writer Peter Milligan for the surreal Hewligan's Haircut. Writer John Tomlinson and artist Simon Jacob created Armoured Gideon, an action-comedy series about a giant killer robot charged with keeping demons from invading earth. The Judge Dredd Megazine, a monthly title set in the world of Dredd, was launched in October 1990. With John Wagner focusing his attentions there, Garth Ennis became the regular writer of Dredd in the weekly. American writer Michael Fleisher, who had written The Spectre and Jonah Hex in the 1970s, was recruited to write the continuing adventures of the new Rogue Trooper, along with several other strips, none of which went down very well. Another new writer who failed to set 2000 AD on fire was Mark Millar, whose revival of Robo-Hunter was particularly unpopular. Millar has since gone on to become a successful writer of American superhero comics such as The Authority and The Ultimates.2000 AD went all-colour about this time (prog 723, dated 23 March 1991), in response to a short-lived new colour weekly, Toxic!, launched by Pat Mills and many of the core 2000 AD team of creators. Toxic! only lasted 31 issues but many of the creators who had worked on the comic eventually found their way to work for 2000 AD. Button Man, a contemporary thriller by John Wagner and Arthur Ranson, was originally intended for Toxic! but ended up in 2000 AD. A new ABC Warriors series, written by Mills and Tony Skinner and painted by Kev Walker, began in 1991, in which Deadlock took over the warriors with his "Khaos" philosophy. The old IPC strip Kelly's Eye was revived, by the new creative team of Alan McKenzie, Brett Ewins, and Zac Sandler, in 1993, when the publishers realized they no longer had the rights to the character. Robert Maxwell died in late 1991, and Fleetway was merged with London Editions, a Danish-owned company that owned rights to Disney characters, to become Fleetway Editions. In 1992, 2000 AD and the Judge Dredd Megazine ran their first crossover story, "Judgement Day", in which zombies overran Mega-City One. Written by Garth Ennis and drawn by Carlos Ezquerra, Peter Doherty, Dean Ormston and Chris Halls, the story teamed Judge Dredd with Johnny Alpha through the medium of time travel. John Smith and artist Paul Marshall created Firekind, a slow-paced story about dragons and alien societies, which was accidentally published with its episodes in the wrong order. The Strontium Dog world was eventually spun out to encompass a wider field, gaining the plural name Strontium Dogs – characters such as female vampire Durham Red, the albino Feral Jackson, and former Johnny Alpha sidekick The Gronk – the latter, normally a timid creature with weak 'heartses', became a gung-ho action character upon learning of Alpha's death. However, in the 12-parter The Darkest Star, it transpires that the one to actually kill him was the Gronk himself; changed into a form designed by a cadre of Lyran necromancers to bring him endless agony, Alpha asked his friend to end his torment. The "Summer Offensive" was an eight-week experiment in 1993, when new editor Alan McKenzie gave free rein to writers Grant Morrison, Mark Millar and John Smith, to a mixed reception. Morrison wrote a Dredd story, "Inferno", and a drug-influenced comedy adventure, Really & Truly. Smith contributed Slaughterbowl, in which convicted criminals on dinosaurs are pitted against each other in a deadly sport, with the survivor being paroled for a year and granted wealth – but being forced to enter the Slaughterbowl again the next year. Millar wrote Maniac 5, an action-packed series about a remote controlled war-robot. During this run was a satire of British tabloid attitudes titled Big Dave, written by Morrison and Millar and drawn by Steve Parkhouse. John Tomlinson became editor in 1994, and a second crossover between 2000 AD and the Megazine, "Wilderlands", began. Written by Wagner and drawn by Ezquerra, Mick Austin and Trevor Hairsine, it followed on from "Mechanismo", a series of stories in the Megazine in which Justice Department, opposed by Dredd, tried to introduce robot judges. With Wagner writing, Judge Dredd was again the flagship strip. Former Megazine editor David Bishop became editor of the weekly in 1996 but sales continued to decline. Unsuccessful series were dropped, and a number of new series were tried out, some more successful than others. Writer Dan Abnett introduced Sinister Dexter in 1996, a strip about two hitmen influenced by the film Pulp Fiction, which became a regular feature. In 1997, writer Robbie Morrison and artist Simon Fraser, who had worked with Bishop on the Megazine, created Nikolai Dante, a swashbuckling series set in future Russia starring a thief and ladies' man who discovers he's the illegitimate scion of an aristocratic dynasty. There were also gimmicks, like the "sex issue", sold in a clear plastic wrapper, The Spacegirls, a series attempting to cash in on the popularity of the Spice Girls, B.L.A.I.R. 1, a parody of Tony Blair based on M.A.C.H. 1, and an adaptation of the Danny Boyle film A Life Less Ordinary. A new Dredd epic, "Doomsday", appeared in 1999 and again ran in both 2000 AD and the Megazine. Wagner had been laying the foundations for this story for several years, introducing the main villain, semi-robotic gang lord Nero Narcos, and supporting characters like Judge Edgar of the Public Surveillance Unit, and Galen DeMarco, a former judge who had quit after falling in love with Dredd and become a private eye. 1999 also saw the return of another character, Nemesis the Warlock. After a break of ten years, writer Pat Mills decided to bring the story to an end with "The Final Conflict". The series was drawn by Henry Flint in a style that recalled Kevin O'Neill's early work on the series, as well as Simon Bisley's ABC Warriors work. The decade ended with a special 100-page issue called "Prog 2000". Behind a cover by Brian Bolland, Nemesis wrapped up for good in a final episode drawn by Kevin O'Neill. War broke out in Nikolai Dante, and writer Gordon Rennie and artist Mark Harrison introduced future war story Glimmer Rats. Another old favourite, Strontium Dog, was revived by Wagner and Ezquerra, telling new stories of Johnny Alpha set before his death, with the conceit that previous stories had been "folklore" and the new stories were "what really happened", allowing Wagner to revise continuity. 2000s The publisher has been owned by Rebellion Developments since 2000, with editors Andy Diggle and (since 2002) Matt Smith at the helm. Rebellion continues to develop stories (and computer games) based on classic characters such as Rogue Trooper and Judge Dredd, and has also introduced a roster of new series including Shakara, The Red Seas and Caballistics, Inc.. It has also published a tie-in to |
servicing, for which attaching or detaching at all four corners simultaneously would pose a problem, is often not mounted directly onto the rack but instead is mounted via rails (or slides). A pair of rails is mounted directly onto the rack, and the equipment then slides into the rack along the rails, which support it. When in place, the equipment may also then be bolted to the rack. The rails may also be able to fully support the equipment in a position where it has been slid clear of the rack; this is useful for inspection or maintenance of equipment which will then be slid back into the rack. Some rack slides even include a tilt mechanism allowing easy access to the top or bottom of rack-mounted equipment when it is fully extended from the rack. Slides or rails for computers and other data processing equipment such as disk arrays or routers often need to be purchased directly from the equipment manufacturer, as there is no standardization on such equipment's thickness (measurement from the side of the rack to the equipment) or means for mounting to the rail. A rails kit may include a cable management arm (or CMA), which folds the cables attached to the server and allows them to expand neatly when the server is slid out, without being disconnected. Computer mounting Computer servers designed for rack-mounting can include a number of extra features to make the server easy to use in the rack: The sliding rails can lock in various extended positions to prevent the equipment from moving when extended out from the rack for service. The server itself might have locking pins on the sides that just drop into slots on the extended rail assembly, in a manner similar to a removable kitchen drawer. This permits very easy server installation and removal since there is no need for the server to be held in midair while someone fastens each rail to the sides of the server with screws. Some manufacturers of rack-mount hardware include a folding cable tray behind the server, so that the cables are held into a neat and tidy folded channel when inside the rack, but can unfold out into a long strip when pulled out of the rack, allowing the server to continue to be plugged in and operating normally even while fully extended and hanging in mid-air in front of the rack. This piece of equipment thus simplifies maintenance, but at the cost of providing a restriction to airflow. Rack-optimized servers might duplicate indicator lights on the front and rear of the rack to help identify a machine needing attention, or provide separate "identify" LED indicators on both sides of the server (which can be turned on in software or by pushing an associated button). Since some configurations permit over fifty 1U servers in a single rack, this provides a simple method to determine exactly which machine is having a problem when at the rear of the rack. A handle may be provided at the rear of the server rails, to help pull or push the server without having to pull on the cables. When there is a large number of computers in a single rack, it is impractical for each one to have its own separate keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Instead, a KVM switch or LOM software is used to share a single keyboard/video/mouse set amongst many different computers. Since the mounting hole arrangement is vertically symmetric, it is possible to mount rack-mountable equipment upside-down. However, not all equipment is suitable for this type of mounting. For instance, most optical disc players will not work upside-down because the driving motor mechanism does not grip the disc. Rack types 19-inch server racks can vary in qualities. A standard 19-inch server rack cabinet is typically 42u in height, wide, and deep. Newer server rack cabinets come with adjustable mounting rails allowing the user to place the rails at a shorter depth if needed. There are a multitude of specialty server racks including soundproof server racks, air conditioned server racks, NEMA rated, seismic rated, open frame, narrow, and even miniature 19-inch racks for smaller applications. Cabinets are generally sized to be no wider than the standard floor tiles used in most data centers. Racks carrying telecom equipment like routers and switches often have extra width to accommodate the many cables on the sides. Four-post cabinet racks Four-post racks allow for mounting rails to support the equipment at the front and rear. These racks may be open in construction without sides or doors, or may be enclosed by front and/or rear doors, side panels, and tops. Most data centers use four-post racks. Two-post relay racks Two-post racks provide two vertical posts. These posts are typically heavy gauge metal or extruded aluminum. A top bar and wide foot connect the posts and allow the rack to be securely attached to the floor and/or roof for seismic safety. Equipment can be mounted either close to its center of gravity (to minimize load on its front panel), or via the equipment's front panel holes. The Relay Racks name comes from early two-post racks which housed telephone relay and switching equipment. Two-post racks are most often used for telecommunication installations. ATA road case racks 19-inch equipment that needs to be moved often or protected from harsh treatment can be housed in an Air Transport Association of America (ATA) approved road case sometimes also referred to as flight case. Road cases typically have plywood sides laminated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), extruded aluminum edges, steel corners, handles, and latches. Larger cases typically have wheels for easy transport. Road case racks come in different heights based on the 1U standard and different depths. Non-isolated cases simply mount 19-inch mounting posts inside the case. To protect equipment from shock and vibration road rack cases use an inner and outer case. These cases can be isolated by thick layers of foam or may use spring-loaded shock mounting. Touring musicians, theatrical productions and sound and light companies use road case racks. Fiberglass reinforced plastic case racks In 1965, a durable fiber reinforced plastic 19-inch rackmount case was patented by ECS Composites and became widely used in military and commercial applications for electronic deployment and operation. State-of-the-art rackmount cases are now also constructed of thermo stamped composite, carbon fiber, and DuPont's Kevlar for demanding military and commercial uses. Polyethylene molded case racks Portable rack cases using a rotary-molded polyethylene outer shell are a lower-cost alternative to the more durable ATA-approved case. | at the rear of the rack. A handle may be provided at the rear of the server rails, to help pull or push the server without having to pull on the cables. When there is a large number of computers in a single rack, it is impractical for each one to have its own separate keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Instead, a KVM switch or LOM software is used to share a single keyboard/video/mouse set amongst many different computers. Since the mounting hole arrangement is vertically symmetric, it is possible to mount rack-mountable equipment upside-down. However, not all equipment is suitable for this type of mounting. For instance, most optical disc players will not work upside-down because the driving motor mechanism does not grip the disc. Rack types 19-inch server racks can vary in qualities. A standard 19-inch server rack cabinet is typically 42u in height, wide, and deep. Newer server rack cabinets come with adjustable mounting rails allowing the user to place the rails at a shorter depth if needed. There are a multitude of specialty server racks including soundproof server racks, air conditioned server racks, NEMA rated, seismic rated, open frame, narrow, and even miniature 19-inch racks for smaller applications. Cabinets are generally sized to be no wider than the standard floor tiles used in most data centers. Racks carrying telecom equipment like routers and switches often have extra width to accommodate the many cables on the sides. Four-post cabinet racks Four-post racks allow for mounting rails to support the equipment at the front and rear. These racks may be open in construction without sides or doors, or may be enclosed by front and/or rear doors, side panels, and tops. Most data centers use four-post racks. Two-post relay racks Two-post racks provide two vertical posts. These posts are typically heavy gauge metal or extruded aluminum. A top bar and wide foot connect the posts and allow the rack to be securely attached to the floor and/or roof for seismic safety. Equipment can be mounted either close to its center of gravity (to minimize load on its front panel), or via the equipment's front panel holes. The Relay Racks name comes from early two-post racks which housed telephone relay and switching equipment. Two-post racks are most often used for telecommunication installations. ATA road case racks 19-inch equipment that needs to be moved often or protected from harsh treatment can be housed in an Air Transport Association of America (ATA) approved road case sometimes also referred to as flight case. Road cases typically have plywood sides laminated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), extruded aluminum edges, steel corners, handles, and latches. Larger cases typically have wheels for easy transport. Road case racks come in different heights based on the 1U standard and different depths. Non-isolated cases simply mount 19-inch mounting posts inside the case. To protect equipment from shock and vibration road rack cases use an inner and outer case. These cases can be isolated by thick layers of foam or may use spring-loaded shock mounting. Touring musicians, theatrical productions and sound and light companies use road case racks. Fiberglass reinforced plastic case racks In 1965, a durable fiber reinforced plastic 19-inch rackmount case was patented by ECS Composites and became widely used in military and commercial applications for electronic deployment and operation. State-of-the-art rackmount cases are now also constructed of thermo stamped composite, carbon fiber, and DuPont's Kevlar for demanding military and commercial uses. Polyethylene molded case racks Portable rack cases using a rotary-molded polyethylene outer shell are a lower-cost alternative to the more durable ATA-approved case. These cases are marketed to musicians and entertainers for equipment not subject to frequent transportation and rough handling. The polyethylene shell is not fiberglass reinforced and is not rigid. The shape of small cases is maintained by the rack rails and the cover seal extrusions alone. Larger cases are further reinforced with additional plywood or sheet metal. The outer shell is frequently embossed in a self-mating pattern to combat the tendency for stacked cases to deform slightly creating a slope that encourages the upper case to slide off. The cases typically use extruded aluminum bands at the ends of the body with tongue-and-groove mating to like bands for the covers. End covers are typically secured with either a simple draw latch or a rotary cam "butterfly" latch, named for the shape of the twist handle. Cooling There is no standard for airflow and cooling of rack-mounted equipment. A variety of airflow patterns can be found, including front intakes and rear exhausts, as well as side intakes and exhausts. Low-wattage devices may not employ active cooling, but use only passive thermal radiation and convection to dissipate heat. For rack-mounted computer servers, devices generally intake air on the front and exhaust on the rear. This prevents circular airflows where hot exhaust air is recirculated through an adjacent device and causes overheating. Although open-frame racks are the least expensive, they also expose air-cooled equipment to dust, lint, and other environmental contamination. An enclosed sealed cabinet with forced air fans permits air filtration to protect equipment from dust. Large server rooms will often group rack cabinets together so that racks on both sides of an aisle are either front-facing or rear-facing, which simplifies cooling by supplying cool air to the front of the racks and collecting hot air from the rear of the racks. These aisles may themselves be enclosed into a cold air containment tunnel so that cooling air does not travel to other parts of the building where it is not needed or mixes with hot air, making it less efficient. Raised or false floor cooling in server rooms can serve a similar purpose; they permit cooling airflow to equipment through the underfloor space to the underside of enclosed rack cabinets. A difficulty with forced air fan |
Brochmand, Danish bishop (d. 1652) August 25 – Giovanni Biliverti, Italian painter (d. 1644) August 26 – Peter Lauremberg, German writer and professor (d. 1639) September 9 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman and 4th Prime Minister of France (d. 1642) September 15 – Ottavio Vannini, Italian painter (d. 1640) September 26 – Antonio Franco, Italian Catholic bishop, prelate of Santa Lucia del Mela (d. 1626) September 27 – John Strangways, English politician (d. 1666) October 4 – Anna of Tyrol, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1618) October 8 – Heinrich Schütz, German composer (d. 1672) October 10 – Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1648) October 11 – Johann Heermann, German poet, hymn-writer (d. 1647) October 15 – Louis Cappel, French Protestant churchman and scholar (d. 1658) October 28 – Cornelius Jansen, French bishop of Ypres and religious reformer (d. 1638) October – John Ball, English puritan divine (d. 1640) November 1 Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician and astronomer (d. 1652) Adriaan Pauw (d. 1653) November 2 – Rudolf von Colloredo, Austrian field marshal (d. 1657) November 5 – Sir John St John, 1st Baronet, English baronet (d. 1648) November 26 – Herman op den Graeff, Dutch bishop (d. 1642) November 30 – Filippo Benedetto de Sio, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Boiano (1641–1651) and Bishop of Caiazzo (1623–1641) (d. 1651) December 3 – Matthew Wren, influential English clergyman (d. 1667) December 4 John Cotton, clergyman in England and the American colonies, founder of Boston (d. 1652) December 13 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d. 1649) December 16 – Livia della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1641) December 25 – Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1588–1637) (d. 1637) December 31 Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general (d. 1645) Sumitomo Masatomo, Japanese businessman (d. 1652) date unknown Zachary Boyd, Scottish religious writer (d. 1653) Ambrose Barlow, Catholic priest and martyr (d. 1641) Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara, Irish soldier (d. 1655) Lucilio Vanini, Italian free-thinker (d. 1619) Alexander Whitaker, Virginia Colony religious leader (d. 1616) Fang Weiyi, Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (d. 1668) Deaths January 16 – Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, English admiral (b. 1512) February 6 – Edmund Plowden, English legal scholar (b. 1518) February 13 – Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (b. 1515) March 10 – Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (b. 1517) April 3 – Thomas Goldwell, English ecclesiastic (b. 1501) April 22 – Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück and Paderborn (b. 1550) April 10 – Pope Gregory XIII (b. 1502) May 15 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1535) June 4 – Muretus, French humanist (b. 1526) June 18 – Jacques, Duke of Nemours, French nobleman and soldier (b. 1531) June 21 – Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland, English nobleman and conspirator, suicide (b. 1532) June 19 – Francisco de Holanda, Portuguese artist (b. 1517) June 22 – Simon Sulzer, Swiss theologian (b. 1508) July 6 – Thomas Aufield, English Catholic martyr (b. 1552) July 28 – Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, English nobleman, soldier and politician (b. 1527) c. July? – Shimon Lavi, Sephardi kabbalist (b. 1486) August 5 or August 6 – Yermak Timofeyevich, Cossack leader and explorer of Siberia September 6 – Luca Cambiasi, Italian painter (b. 1527) October 1 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (b. 1532) October 19 – Johannes Crato von Krafftheim, German humanist and physician (b. 1519) October 29 – Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier (b. 1526) November 2 | August 5 – Jesper Brochmand, Danish bishop (d. 1652) August 25 – Giovanni Biliverti, Italian painter (d. 1644) August 26 – Peter Lauremberg, German writer and professor (d. 1639) September 9 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman and 4th Prime Minister of France (d. 1642) September 15 – Ottavio Vannini, Italian painter (d. 1640) September 26 – Antonio Franco, Italian Catholic bishop, prelate of Santa Lucia del Mela (d. 1626) September 27 – John Strangways, English politician (d. 1666) October 4 – Anna of Tyrol, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1618) October 8 – Heinrich Schütz, German composer (d. 1672) October 10 – Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1648) October 11 – Johann Heermann, German poet, hymn-writer (d. 1647) October 15 – Louis Cappel, French Protestant churchman and scholar (d. 1658) October 28 – Cornelius Jansen, French bishop of Ypres and religious reformer (d. 1638) October – John Ball, English puritan divine (d. 1640) November 1 Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician and astronomer (d. 1652) Adriaan Pauw (d. 1653) November 2 – Rudolf von Colloredo, Austrian field marshal (d. 1657) November 5 – Sir John St John, 1st Baronet, English baronet (d. 1648) November 26 – Herman op den Graeff, Dutch bishop (d. 1642) November 30 – Filippo Benedetto de Sio, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Boiano (1641–1651) and Bishop of Caiazzo (1623–1641) (d. 1651) December 3 – Matthew Wren, influential English clergyman (d. 1667) December 4 John Cotton, clergyman in England and the American colonies, founder of Boston (d. 1652) December 13 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d. 1649) December 16 – Livia della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1641) December 25 – Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1588–1637) (d. 1637) December 31 Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general (d. 1645) Sumitomo Masatomo, Japanese businessman (d. 1652) date unknown Zachary Boyd, Scottish religious writer (d. 1653) Ambrose Barlow, Catholic priest and martyr (d. 1641) Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara, Irish soldier (d. 1655) Lucilio Vanini, Italian free-thinker (d. 1619) Alexander Whitaker, Virginia Colony religious leader (d. 1616) Fang Weiyi, Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (d. 1668) Deaths January 16 – Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, English admiral (b. 1512) February 6 – Edmund Plowden, English legal scholar (b. 1518) February 13 – Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (b. 1515) March 10 – Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (b. 1517) April 3 – Thomas Goldwell, English ecclesiastic (b. 1501) April 22 – Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück and Paderborn (b. 1550) April 10 – Pope Gregory XIII (b. 1502) May 15 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1535) June 4 – Muretus, French humanist (b. 1526) June 18 – Jacques, Duke of Nemours, French nobleman and soldier (b. 1531) June 21 – Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland, English nobleman and conspirator, suicide (b. 1532) June 19 – Francisco de Holanda, Portuguese artist (b. 1517) June 22 – Simon Sulzer, Swiss theologian (b. 1508) July 6 – Thomas Aufield, English Catholic martyr (b. 1552) July 28 – Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, English nobleman, soldier and politician (b. 1527) c. July? – Shimon Lavi, Sephardi kabbalist (b. 1486) August 5 or August 6 – Yermak Timofeyevich, Cossack leader and explorer of Siberia September 6 – Luca Cambiasi, Italian painter (b. 1527) October 1 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (b. 1532) October 19 – Johannes Crato von Krafftheim, German humanist |
November 9 – Battle of Penfui on Timor: A large Topass army is defeated by a numerically inferior Dutch East India Company. November 12 – In response to the increasing number of starving people moving into Paris from rural parts of France, King Louis XV issues an ordinance that "all the beggars and vagabonds who shall be found either in the streets of Paris, or in churches or church doorways, or in the countryside around Paris, of whatever age or sex, shall be arrested and conducted into prisons, to stay there as long as shall be necessary."Christine Pevitt Algrant, Madame de Pompadour: Mistress of France (Grove Press, 2003) p95 November 24 – The Province of South Carolina House of Assembly votes to free African-American slave Caesar Norman, and to grant him a lifetime pension of 100 British pounds per year, in return for Caesar's agreement to share the secret of his antidote for poisonous snake venom. Caesar then makes public his herbal cure of juice from Plantago major (the common plantain) and Marrubium vulgare (horehound), combined with "a leaf of good tobacco moistened with rum". December 1 – Sultan Azim ud-Din I, recently forced to flee to Manila after being driven from the throne of Sultanate of Sulu elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, announces his intention to convert from Sunni Islam to become baptized as a Christian within the Roman Catholic Church. He changes his name to Fernando after being baptized. December 5 – French composer Jean-Philippe Rameau premieres his new opera, Zoroastre, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris, but the first version is not a success. After five years of rewriting, Rameau will revive Zoroastre on January 19, 1756 and the opera will continue to be performed more than two centuries later. December 7 – Father Junípero Serra begins his missionary work in the New World, 100 days after departing on a voyage from Spain and a day after his arrival at Veracruz in Mexico. During the period from 1769 to 1782, Serra will be the founder of nine missions in the Province of Las Californias, including the sites around which future California cities will be built, including Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and Mission San Francisco de Asís in 1776. December 30 – Mir Sayyid Muhammad, a grandson of the Shah Suleiman of Persia, overthrows Shahrokh Shah to become the Shah of Persia, and briefly restores the Safavid dynasty as Suleiman II; his reign ends less than three months later, on March 20, when Kurdish tribesmen restore Shahrokh to the throne. Date unknown A Census is conducted in Finland. The land reform of the Great Partition (Sweden) begins in Sweden, and continues until the 19th Century. Births January 13 – Friedrich Müller, German painter, narrator, lyricist and dramatist (d. 1825) January 16 – Vittorio Alfieri, Italian dramatist (d. 1803) January 24 – Charles James Fox, English politician (d. 1806) January 29 – King Christian VII of Denmark (d. 1808) March 9 – Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, French politician (d. 1791) March 10 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, Italian librettist (d. 1838) March 23 – Pierre-Simon Laplace, French mathematician, astronomer (d. 1827) March 23 – Ulla von Höpken, Swedish courtier, influential socialite (d. 1810) May 17 – Edward Jenner, English physician (d. 1823) April 11 – Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, French portrait painter (d. 1803) June 15 – Georg Joseph Vogler, German composer (d. 1814) June 19 – Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, French revolutionary (d. 1796) July 16 – Cyrus Griffin, last American President of the Continental Congress (d. 1810) August 28 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer and politician (d. 1832) September 25 – Abraham Gottlob Werner, German geologist (d. 1817) September 30 – Comte Siméon Joseph Jérôme, French jurist and politician (d. 1842) October 25 – Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, Swedish ambassador (d. 1802) November 3 – Daniel Rutherford, Scottish physician, chemist and botanist (d. 1819) November 17 – Nicolas Appert French inventor (d. 1841) November 23 – Edward Rutledge, American statesman (d. 1800) December 2 – Elisabeth Berenberg, German banker (d. 1809) December 17 – Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer (d. 1801) December 24 – Karl Gottfried Hagen, German chemist (d. 1829) December 25 – Samuel Jackson Pratt (known as Courtney Melmoth), English writer, poet and actor (d. 1814) date unknown – Charlotte Melmoth, British & American actress (d. 1823) Deaths February 1 – Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, youngest daughter of Louis XIV (b. 1677) February 8 – Jan van Huysum, Dutch painter (b. 1682) February 11 – Philip Livingston, American politician (b. 1686) April 14 – Balthasar Denner, German artist (b. 1685) May 11 – Catharine Trotter Cockburn, English novelist, dramatist, and philosopher (b. 1674) May 28 – Pierre Subleyras, French painter (b. 1699) June 18 – Ambrose Philips, English poet (b. 1675) July 1 – William Jones, Welsh mathematician (b. 1675) July 12 Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois, Governor of New France (b. c.1671) George Carpenter, 2nd Baron Carpenter of England (b. 1702) July 23 | to the college" for dissection. The city guard intervenes after a mob of protesters begin breaking windows at random buildings, but groups of citizens begin to make regular patrols of church graveyards March 17 – At London's Covent Garden, composer George Frideric Handel conducts the first performance of his new oratorio, Solomon. More than 250 years later, an instrumental from Solomon, "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba"; will be featured in the 2012 London Summer Olympics opening ceremony. April–June April 14 – British Royal Navy ship HMS Namur is wrecked in a storm near Fort St. David, India, with the loss of 520 lives. April 27 – The first official performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks in London finishes early, due to the outbreak of fire. The piece has been composed by Handel to commemorate the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748. May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company (312½ square miles or 810 km2) of land north of the Ohio River, encompassing most of the modern U.S. state of Ohio and part of West Virginia. The grant is conditioned on the Company being able to attract 100 European families every year, for seven years, to move to the area occupied by Indian tribes, and to build a fort to protect them June 4 – A fire in Glasgow leaves 200 families homeless. June 6 – The Conspiracy of the Slaves, which was to have taken place on June 29, is revealed in Malta. July–September July 9 – The British naval fort at Halifax is founded on mainland Nova Scotia as a defense against the New France Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, less than away. August 2 – Irish-born trader George Croghan, unaware of the recent British grant of land in the Ohio River valley to the Ohio Company, purchases 200,000 acres of much of the same land from the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, dealing directly with "the three most important Iroquois chiefs resident in that area, in return for an immense quantity of Indian goods." The deal takes place at the Iroquois capital of Onondaga, near present-day Syracuse, New York. August 3 The Battle of Ambur is fought in south India as the Second Carnatic War begins between the French-supported troops of Chanda Sahib of the Mughal Empire and the British-supported defenders of the Arcot State, led by its 77-year old Nawab, Anwaruddin Khan. After marching outside of the walls of Arcot to confront Chanda Sahib and Joseph Dupleix's 4,000 troops, Anwaruddin Khan's numerically superior force is routed and he is killed in the battle. French explorer Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, commissioned by New France to explore the Ohio Territory claimed by both France and Britain, buries the first of six engraved lead markers claiming the land for King Louis XV of France. The first plate is buried on the banks of the Allegheny River, near a rock with petroglyphs, in what is now Venango County, Pennsylvania. August 7 – Mary Musgrove Bosomworth, a woman of mixed British and Creek Indian ancestry, presents herself as Coosaponakeesa, Queen of the Creek Indians and marches with 200 Creek Indians into the town of Savannah, Georgia. During her confrontation with British colonial authorities, she and her husband Thomas Bosomworth demand payment of "nearly twenty-five thousand dollars" in compensation for property taken from the Creek Indians, before the British authorities determine that she doesn't have the authority to speak for the tribe. August 15 – Four Russian sailors— Aleksei Inkov, Khrisanf Inkov, Stepan Sharapov and Fedor Verigin— are rescued after having been marooned on the Arctic Ocean island of Edgeøya for more than six years. They are the only survivors of a crew of 14 whose koch had been blown off course in May 1743 and then broken up by ice. The four are returned home on September 28. August 19 – At a ceremony in San Antonio, Texas (then a part of the New Spain province of Nuevo Santander), four Apache chiefs and Spanish colonial officials and missionaries literally "bury the hatchet", placing weapons of war into a pit and covering it as a symbol that the Apaches and the Spaniards will fight no further war against each other. September 5 – A delegation of 33 members of the Catawba Indian nation and 73 from the Cherokee nation arrive in Charleston, South Carolina, to discuss a peace treaty with South Carolina's provincial governor, James Glen. September 12 – The first recorded game of baseball is played, by Frederick, Prince of Wales, at Kingston upon Thames in England. September 23 – Grand Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope, of the Miꞌkmaq Indian nation in Canada, declares war against the British Empire after the building of the fort at Halifax, Nova Scotia and begins hostilities by taking 20 British |
return control of Maastricht to France, the French Army's leader of the siege, Count Löwendal, marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender. June 1 – A fire in Moscow kills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings. José de Escandón is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of Nuevo Santander. The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the part of the U.S. state of Texas south of the Guadalupe River (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi). July–September July 29 – Royal Navy Admiral Edward Boscawen arrives at the coast of southeastern India with 28 ships, to defend Fort St. David from attacks by armies of French India. Historian Francis Grose later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders" and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at Pondicherry and drive France from the subcontinent. August 26 – The first Lutheran Church body in America is founded at a conference in Philadelphia, organized by German-born evangelist Henry Muhlenberg and attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities. The two groups agree to create a common liturgy to govern public worship. August – The Camberwell beauty butterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London. September 24 – Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Greater Khorasan. October –December October 12 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Havana: a British Caribbean squadron engage a Spanish squadron based near Havana. October 18 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada. November 22 – The Electorate of Hanover (now occupied by most of the northwestern German state of Niedersachsen or Lower Saxony) issues a decree banishing all adherents of the Moravian Church. December 4 – Austria and Spain sign a second treaty to settle the War of the Austrian Succession, and Austria agrees to remove its troops from Modena and Genoa. Date unknown Leonhard Euler publishes Introductio in analysin infinitorum, an introduction to pure analytical mathematics, in Berlin. Montesquieu publishes De l'esprit des lois. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes | Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen), with the intent to conclude the War of the Austrian Succession. The treaty is signed on October 18. May 10 – As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control of Maastricht to France, the French Army's leader of the siege, Count Löwendal, marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender. June 1 – A fire in Moscow kills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings. José de Escandón is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of Nuevo Santander. The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the part of the U.S. state of Texas south of the Guadalupe River (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi). July–September July 29 – Royal Navy Admiral Edward Boscawen arrives at the coast of southeastern India with 28 ships, to defend Fort St. David from attacks by armies of French India. Historian Francis Grose later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders" and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at Pondicherry and drive France from the subcontinent. August 26 – The first Lutheran Church body in America is founded at a conference in Philadelphia, organized by German-born evangelist Henry Muhlenberg and attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities. The two groups agree to create a common liturgy to govern public worship. August – The Camberwell beauty butterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London. September 24 – Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Greater Khorasan. October –December October 12 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Havana: a British Caribbean squadron engage a Spanish squadron based near Havana. October 18 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada. November 22 – The Electorate of Hanover (now occupied by most of the northwestern German state of Niedersachsen or Lower Saxony) issues a decree banishing all adherents of the Moravian Church. December 4 – Austria and Spain sign a |
Smith, explore Hudson Bay, discovering there is no Northwest Passage by this route. July–September July 2 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Lauffeld: France defeats the combined armies of Hanover, Great Britain and the Netherlands. August 15 – Great Britain, Russia and the Dutch Republic sign the Convention of Saint Petersburg (1747). August 24 – Seyyid Abdullah Pasha, the Turkish Governor of Cyprus, becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire and serves until 1750. September 13 – The Netherlands city of Bergen op Zoom falls to the Army of France after a 70 day siege during the War of the Austrian Succession. September 21 – A hurricane in the Caribbean Sea sinks 11 British ships, most of them off the coast of Saint Kitts. October–December October 1 – On the 7th day of Shawwal, 1160 A.H., Pashtun chieftains in Kandahar, meeting in a special council (a loya jirga) vote to make Ahmad Shah Durrani their leader in Afghanistan and beginning the Durrani Empire. October 21 – King George II transfers Thomas Herring, Archbishop of York, to become the new Archbishop of Canterbury, three days after the death of John Potter October 24 – A Caribbean Sea hurricane sweeps across Saint Kitts, sinking 12 British freighters and one from France. October 25 – War of the Austrian Succession – Second battle of Cape Finisterre: The British Navy again defeats a French fleet. November 9 – Rioters in Amsterdam demand governmental reform. November 17–19 – The Knowles Riot breaks out in Boston, Massachusetts, protesting impressment into the British Royal Navy, . November 22 – Prince William IV of Orange becomes stadtholder of all the United Provinces. December 7 – Benjamin Franklin forms the Pennsylvania Associators, the first militia in the colony of Pennsylvania, which had no standing militia because of its foundation by pacifistic Quakers. December 13 – The ordeal of the Maryland freighter sloop Endeavour begins when the ship departs Annapolis for the West Indies and encounters a hurricane. With its masts and rigging torn away, the ship drifts for six months before finally ending up at the island of Tiree off the coast of Scotland December 27 – The Parliament of Great Britain amends its Naturalisation Act of 1740 to extend recognition to all non-Anglican Protestant denominations in its colonies. Date unknown James Lind's experiment begins to prove that citrus fruits prevent scurvy. War of the Austrian | the coastal towns of Beaufort and Brunswick in the Royal Colony of North Carolina, during what becomes known as the Spanish Alarm. They are later driven out by the local militia. Samuel Johnson begins work on A Dictionary of the English Language in London. Births January 10 – Abraham-Louis Breguet, Swiss horologist, inventor (d. 1823) January 15 – John Aikin, English doctor and writer (d. 1822) January 19 – Johann Elert Bode, German astronomer (d. 1826) February 21 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist (d. 1795) February 28 – Justin Morgan, American horse breeder and composer (d. 1798) May 5 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1792) May 7 – Judith van Dorth, Dutch Orangist (d. 1799) June 23 – Michele Troja, Italian physician (d. 1827) July 2 – Rose Bertin, French fashion designer (d. 1813) July 6 – John Paul Jones, American naval captain (d. 1792) September 9 – Thomas Coke, first American Methodist Bishop (d. 1814) October 8 – Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (d. 1807) September 12 – Caleb Brewster, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1827) December 12 – Anna Seward, English writer (d. 1809) December 31 – Gottfried August Bürger, German poet (d. 1794) date unknown François Tourte, French musical instrument maker (d. 1835) Francis Salvador, American patriot (d. 1776) Anne Pépin, Senegalese Signara (d. 1837) Grigory Shelikhov, Russian merchant (d. 1795) Deaths January 2 – Lord George Graham, Royal Navy officer and MP (b. 1715) January 16 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (b. 1680) January 26 – Willem van Mieris, Dutch painter (b. 1662) March 2 – Margravine Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, German noble (b. 1713) March 14 – Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, German aristocrat and general (b. 1661) March 16 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (b. 1690) March 23 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (b. 1675) April 2 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German botanist (b. 1684) April 3 – Francesco Solimena, Italian painter (b. 1657) April 7 – Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal (b. 1676) April 9 – Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, Scottish clan chief (b. c. 1667) April 14 – Jean-Frédéric Osterwald, Swiss Protestant pastor (b. 1663) May 9 – John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair, Scottish soldier and diplomat (b. 1673) May 28 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (b. 1715) May 31 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (b. 1686) June 8 – Alan Brodrick, 2nd Viscount Midleton, English cricketer (b. 1702) June 17 – Avdotya Chernysheva, Russian noble, lady in waiting (b. 1693) June 19 Nader Shah, Persian leader (b. 1688) Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer (b. 1669) July 9 – Giovanni |
Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss pedagogue (d. 1827) January 24 – King Gustav III of Sweden (d. 1792) February 4 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish general and nationalist (d. 1817) February 5 – Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American politician and soldier (d. 1825) March 3 – Izabela Czartoryska, Polish magnate princess (d. 1835) March 7 – André Michaux, French botanist (d. 1802) March 30 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (d. 1828) April 4 – John Andrews, American clergyman, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (d. 1813) May 9 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and geometer (d. 1818) June 3 – James Hook, English composer (d. 1827) July 3 – Henry Grattan, Irish politician (d. 1820) July 16 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (d. 1826) July 23 – Bernardo de Gálvez, Spanish military leader, aids the United States in its quest for independence in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1786) July 30 – Louise du Pierry, French astronomer (d. 1807) September 28 – Sir William Jones, English philologist (d. 1794) October 7 – William Billings, American composer (d. 1800) November 27 – Robert R. Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1813) December 29 – Saverio Cassar, Gozitan priest and rebel leader (d. 1805) date unknown Hong Liangji, Chinese scholar, statesman, political theorist and philosopher Isaac Swainson, English botanist (d. 1812) Victor d'Hupay, French philosopher and writer (d. 1818) Ekaterina Kozitskaya, Russian industrialist (d. 1833) Ebenezer Pemberton, American educator (d. 1835) Deaths February 4 – Robert Blair, Scottish poet and cleric (b. 1699) February 8 – Anton Josef Kirchweger, German writer February 26 – Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, British politician (b. 1715) February 28 – Hermann von der Hardt, German historian (b. 1660) March 18 – Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia, regent of Russia (b. 1718) March 20 – Nicolas de Largillière, French painter (b. 1656) April 29 – William Flower, 1st Baron Castle Durrow, Irish politician (b. 1685) May 6 – William Tennent, Scottish-American theologian (b. 1673) May 13 – James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth, British noble (b. 1713) May 22 – Thomas Southerne, Irish playwright (b. 1660) June 14 – Colin Maclaurin, Scottish mathematician (b. 1698) July | offering an amnesty to participants in the Jacobite rebellion, directing them that they can avoid punishment if they turn their weapons in to their local Presbyterian church. March 10 – Zakariya Khan Bahadur, the Mughal Empire's viceroy administering Lahore (in what is now Pakistan), orders the massacre of the city's Sikh people. April–June April 16 – The Battle of Culloden in Scotland, the final pitched battle fought on British soil, brings an end to the Jacobite rising of 1745. May 27 – The three Scottish leaders of the Jacobite uprising— the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, and Lord Lovat— are imprisoned for treason in the Tower of London, where they are held by the British government until their execution. Boyd and Balmerino are beheaded in August, while Fraser is not put to death until April 1747. June 16 – Battle of Piacenza: Austrian forces defeat French and Spanish troops. June 18 – Samuel Johnson is contracted to write his A Dictionary of the English Language. June 29 – Catherine of Ricci (b. 1522) is canonized. July–September July 3 – Father Joachim Royo, the last of the five Spanish Catholic missionaries to Fuzhou in China, is captured by Chinese authorities, after having spent three decades defying orders to not evangelize. He and three fellow priests are put to death two years later, on October 28, 1748. July 9 – King Philip V of Spain dies, after a reign of more than 45 years. His oldest living son succeeds him, as King Ferdinand VI. August 1 – The wearing of the kilt is banned in Scotland by the Dress Act (Note: the actual effective date of the Dress Act was August 1, 1747, not 1746). August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerinoch, are beheaded in the Tower of London (Lord Lovat is executed in 1747). September 20 – Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to the Isle of Skye from Arisaig, after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745, marked by the Prince's Cairn on the banks of Loch nan Uamh. October–December October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeat the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt. October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded in Princetown, New Jersey. In 1896, it is renamed Princeton University. October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru. November 4 – Anwaruddin Khan, the Nawab of the Arcot State in South India, is driven back by the Captain Louis Paradis of the French Army after he and 10,000 soldiers attempt to drive the French back out of Madras. December 5 – Rallied by a teenage boy, Giovanni Battista Perasso (nicknamed Balilla"), the citizens of the Republic of Genoa rise up against the Austrian occupying troops and the collaborator Military Governor, the Genoese Marquis of Botta d'Adorno. By December 11, the Austrian soldiers are driven from the Italian city-state, but return a few months later. Date unknown Eva Ekeblad reports her discovery, of how to make flour and alcohol from potatoes, to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded. Gabriel Johnston, British Governor of the Province of North Carolina, moves to New Bern, the province's largest. New Bern replaces Edenton as the capital of North Carolina until Raleigh is established in 1792. Charles Batteux's Les beaux-arts réduits à un même principe is published in Paris, putting forward for the first time the idea of "les beaux arts": "the fine arts". Births January 4 – Benjamin Rush, a Founding |
command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavarian Army, and scatters the Bavarian defending troops, then captures the Bavarian capital at Munich January 8 – The Quadruple Alliance treaty is signed at Warsaw by Great Britain, Austria, the Dutch Republic and the Duchy of Saxony. January 20 – Less than two weeks after the disastrous Battle of Amberg leaves Bavaria undefended, the electorate's ruler (and Holy Roman Emperor) Karl VII Albrecht dies from gout at the age of 47, leaving the duchy without an adult to lead it. His 17-year-old son, Maximilian III Joseph, signs terms of surrender in April. February 22 – The ruling white colonial government on the island of Jamaica foils a conspiracy by about 900 black slaves, who had been plotting to seize control and to massacre the white residents. February 23 – The royal wedding of the Crown Prince of France takes place at Versailles; the Dauphin Louis Ferdiand, eldest son of King Louis XV, is united in marriage to Princess Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Felipe V. The Dauphin never takes the throne, dying in 1765, eight years before the death of his father. February 27 – Pierre Bouguer appears before the French Academy of Sciences to deliver his report of the data gathered in the French Geodesic Mission, including the first precise measurement of the Earth's circumference. His determination that the circumference is and that the distance from the pole to equator is roughly eventually leads to the Academy's calculation of the metre and the metric system. March 1 – Augustus III, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, declares his candidacy to become the next Holy Roman Emperor, but loses in September to Francis, Duke of Tuscany. April–June April 4 – (March 24, old style); Under the command of British Army General William Pepperrell, the first 4,300 American colonists in the New England Army depart Boston to liberate the French North American colony of Nova Scotia. The flotilla of 80 military transports and 18 armed escorts is scattered by a storm, but the first troops disembark at Canso, Nova Scotia, on April 15 and begin training while waiting for the arrival of the Royal Navy squadron commanded by Admiral Peter Warren April 15 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Pfaffenhofen: The Austrian Army drives the French Army out of Bavaria, forcing the Electorate of Bavaria to withdraw from the war. April 22 – Having recently turned 18, Bavaria's ruler Maximilian III agrees to sign the Treaty of Füssen with Austria, withdrawing Bavaria from further participation in the War of the Austrian Succession, and agreeing to support Austria's candidate for the next Holy Roman Emperor April 29 – The heavily-armed French Navy frigate Renommée approaches the French colony of Nova Scotia, after having been dispatched to warn French forces at Louisbourg of the impending attack by British American forces. However, the Massachusetts privateer HMS Shirley Galley, commanded by John Rous, attacks the Renommée and forces it to sail away. The command at Louisbourg is not warned of the impending attack May 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Fontenoy: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army, including the Black Watch. June 4 – Battle of Hohenfriedberg: In the battle that earned him the descriptor of "Frederick the Great", King Frederick II of Prussia decisively defeats the Austrian and Saxon armies, effectively ending the Second Silesian War. June 16 – King George's War: The British capture Cape Breton Island in North America from the French. July–September July 9 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Melle: The French are victorious in an engagement against the Pragmatic Allies. August 6 (July 26 Old Style) – The first recorded women's cricket match takes place in Surrey, England. August 19 – The Jacobite rising of 1745 begins at Glenfinnan, Scotland, where Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard. September 1 – Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia, in Saint Petersburg. September 11 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Jacobites enter | – Pierre Bouguer appears before the French Academy of Sciences to deliver his report of the data gathered in the French Geodesic Mission, including the first precise measurement of the Earth's circumference. His determination that the circumference is and that the distance from the pole to equator is roughly eventually leads to the Academy's calculation of the metre and the metric system. March 1 – Augustus III, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, declares his candidacy to become the next Holy Roman Emperor, but loses in September to Francis, Duke of Tuscany. April–June April 4 – (March 24, old style); Under the command of British Army General William Pepperrell, the first 4,300 American colonists in the New England Army depart Boston to liberate the French North American colony of Nova Scotia. The flotilla of 80 military transports and 18 armed escorts is scattered by a storm, but the first troops disembark at Canso, Nova Scotia, on April 15 and begin training while waiting for the arrival of the Royal Navy squadron commanded by Admiral Peter Warren April 15 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Pfaffenhofen: The Austrian Army drives the French Army out of Bavaria, forcing the Electorate of Bavaria to withdraw from the war. April 22 – Having recently turned 18, Bavaria's ruler Maximilian III agrees to sign the Treaty of Füssen with Austria, withdrawing Bavaria from further participation in the War of the Austrian Succession, and agreeing to support Austria's candidate for the next Holy Roman Emperor April 29 – The heavily-armed French Navy frigate Renommée approaches the French colony of Nova Scotia, after having been dispatched to warn French forces at Louisbourg of the impending attack by British American forces. However, the Massachusetts privateer HMS Shirley Galley, commanded by John Rous, attacks the Renommée and forces it to sail away. The command at Louisbourg is not warned of the impending attack May 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Fontenoy: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army, including the Black Watch. June 4 – Battle of Hohenfriedberg: In the battle that earned him the descriptor of "Frederick the Great", King Frederick II of Prussia decisively defeats the Austrian and Saxon armies, effectively ending the Second Silesian War. June 16 – King George's War: The British capture Cape Breton Island in North America from the French. July–September July 9 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Melle: The French are victorious in an engagement against the Pragmatic Allies. August 6 (July 26 Old Style) – The first recorded women's cricket match takes place in Surrey, England. August 19 – The Jacobite rising of 1745 begins at Glenfinnan, Scotland, where Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard. September 1 – Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia, in Saint Petersburg. September 11 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Jacobites enter Edinburgh; six days later, Charles Edward Stuart proclaims his father James Francis Edward Stuart, as James VIII of Scotland. September 12 – Francis I, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, is elected Holy Roman Emperor by the nine prince-electors of the Empire (from Bavaria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, Cologne, Hanover, Mainz, the Palatinate, Saxony, and Trier) with the support of his wife, Maria Theresa. He is the successor of Charles VII Albert of Bavaria, an enemy of the House of Habsburg, who died on January 20 of this year. September 14 – Madame de Pompadour is officially presented, at the court of Louis XV of France. September 16 – Jacobite rising of 1745 – "Canter of Coltbrigg": The British 13th and 14th Dragoons flee the Jacobites, near Edinburgh. September 21 – Battle of Prestonpans: British Government forces are defeated by the Jacobites in Scotland. October –December October 4 – Francis is crowned as the new Holy Roman Emperor October 8 – The Empress Elizabeth of Russia agrees to provide the Electorate of Saxony aid in its war against Prussia, but the agreement comes too late October 11 – At Köslin (now Koszalin in Poland) Prussian scientist Ewald Georg von Kleist independently invents the first electrical capacitor to store and discharge electricity. The invention, commonly called the Leyden jar is later credited to a subsequent inventor Pieter van Musschenbroek. October 14 – In Amritsar in India's Punjab region, the Sikh parliament (the Sarbat Khalsa) votes for a major reorganization of the Sikh nation's army, the Dal Khalsa, with 25 cavalry regiments and support troops under the command of General Nawab Kapur Singh November 1 – Pope Benedict XIV issues the encyclical Vix pervenit, referred to in English as "On Usury and Other Dishonest Profit", condemning the charging of interest on loans as a sin against the Roman Catholic Church November 8 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Charles Edward Stuart, known popularly as "Bonnie Prince Charlie", crosses from Scotland into England for the first time since beginning his quest to place his father on the English throne as the pretender King James III. Charles arrives at Longtown in Cumbria and spends the night at a nearby village, the Riddings, then leads his army south along the right bank of the River Eden the next day November 28 – King George's War: A combined force of troops from the French Army and of the Wabanaki Confederacy (Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Abenaki, and Penobscot tribes) destroys the British American settlement at Fort Saratoga (now Schuylerville, New York), burning the fort and surrounding buildings to the ground, and killing |
Science, succeeding the late Anders Celsius, who had devised the centigrade measurement of temperature. October 19 – William Shirley, the British colonial Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, announces the declaration of war against the Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet Indian tribes. October 25 – The Massachusetts General Court, colonial legislature for the Massachusetts Bay Province, approves an incentive for the killing of enemy Indians, authorizing the payment of 100 Massachusetts pounds for the scalping of a Mi'kmaq or Maliseet Indian, and 50 for the scalps of women or children. October 25 – Spanish explorers Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilla complete their mission of exploration and depart from the Peruvian seaport of Callao for a return to Spain. November 1 – Second Silesian War: The Prussian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, begins the bombardment of Prague. The Bohemian capital surrenders after two weeks. December 18 – Queen Maria Theresa of Austria issues a proclamation to rid Bohemia of its Jewish residents, with the Jews to leave Prague over the next two weeks, and then to depart from Bohemia entirely in 1745. Date unknown The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, sequel to Tommy Thumb's Song Book, containing the oldest version of many well-known and popular rhymes, is published in London. Births January 10 – Thomas Mifflin, 1st Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1800) February 6 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (d. 1795) February 23 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German banker, founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty (d. 1812) May 13 – Captain Abraham Lincoln, American military officer in the Virginia colonial militia during the American Revolution; grandfather and namesake of the 16th U.S. president; near Exeter Township in what was then Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania (d. 1786) May 19 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of Great Britain (d. 1818) May 21 – Samuel Ireland, British author and engraver (d. 1800) May 31 – Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish politician, writer and inventor (d. 1817) July 17 – Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United States, American politician (d. 1814) July 20 – Joshua Clayton, American politician (d. 1798) August 1 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (d. 1829) August 16 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (d. 1804) August 25 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer (d. 1803) September 25 – King Frederick William II of Prussia (d. 1797) November 11 – Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (d. 1818) date unknown – Marie Barch, Danish ballerina (d. 1827) Deaths January 11 – James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn (b. 1686) January 22 – Pierre Lepature, French artist (b. 1659) January 23 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher and historian (b. 1668) January 26 – Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller, Austrian field marshal (b. 1683) February 11 – Hedvig Taube, | later known as Catherine the Great. July–September July 8 – The Royal Navy privateer Somerset capsizes and sinks in the Bristol Channel, killing 86 of the 97 crew. July 19 – Battle of Casteldelfino: France defeats the Kingdom of Sardinia. July 29 – Nader Shah lays siege to the Ottoman citadel of Kars. August 12 – Battle of Velletri in the Kingdom of Naples: Spanish-Neapolitan forces defeat those of the Archduchy of Austria. September 30 – Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo: France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia. October–December October 4 – In one of the greatest disasters for the Royal Navy, HMS Victory sinks in a storm in the English Channel, killing 1,100 sailors and officers it had been bringing back from Gibraltar to England, including Admiral John Balchen. The wreck will be located 264 years later, in January, 2009. October 12 – The creator of binomial nomenclature for the identification of plant and animal species, Carl Linnaeus, is selected as president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, succeeding the late Anders Celsius, who had devised the centigrade measurement of temperature. October 19 – William Shirley, the British colonial Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, announces the declaration of war against the Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet Indian tribes. October 25 – The Massachusetts General Court, colonial legislature for the Massachusetts Bay Province, approves an incentive for the killing of enemy Indians, authorizing the payment of 100 Massachusetts pounds for the scalping of a Mi'kmaq or Maliseet Indian, and 50 for the scalps of women or children. October 25 – Spanish explorers Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilla complete their mission of exploration and depart from the Peruvian seaport of Callao for a return to Spain. November 1 – Second Silesian War: The Prussian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, begins the bombardment of Prague. The Bohemian capital surrenders after two weeks. December 18 – Queen Maria Theresa of Austria issues a proclamation to rid Bohemia of its Jewish residents, with the Jews to leave Prague over the next two weeks, and then to depart from Bohemia entirely in 1745. Date unknown The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, sequel to Tommy Thumb's Song Book, containing the oldest version of many well-known and popular rhymes, is published in London. Births January 10 – Thomas Mifflin, 1st Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1800) February 6 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (d. 1795) February 23 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German banker, founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty (d. 1812) May 13 – Captain Abraham Lincoln, American military officer in the Virginia colonial militia during the American Revolution; grandfather and namesake of the 16th U.S. president; near Exeter Township in what was then Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania (d. 1786) May 19 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of Great Britain (d. 1818) May 21 – Samuel Ireland, British author and engraver (d. 1800) May 31 – Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish politician, writer and inventor (d. 1817) July 17 – Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United States, American politician (d. 1814) July 20 – Joshua Clayton, American politician (d. 1798) August 1 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (d. 1829) August 16 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (d. 1804) August 25 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer (d. 1803) September 25 – King Frederick William II of Prussia (d. 1797) November 11 – Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (d. 1818) date unknown – Marie Barch, Danish ballerina (d. 1827) Deaths January 11 – James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn (b. 1686) January 22 – Pierre Lepature, French artist (b. 1659) January 23 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher and historian (b. 1668) January 26 – Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller, Austrian field marshal (b. 1683) February 11 – Hedvig Taube, mistress to King Frederick I of Sweden (b. 1714) February 14 – John Hadley, English mathematician (b. 1682) March 3 |
6 (November 25, O.S.) – Elizabeth of Russia becomes czarina after a palace coup. December 7 Charles Albert of Bavaria has himself proclaimed King of Bohemia. Aleksei Chirikov of Russia presents the first written description of the northwest coast of North America. December 19 – Vitus Bering dies during his expedition, east of Siberia. December 25 – Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale, Centigrade, the predecessor of the Celsius scale. Date unknown Stemmatographia by Hristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna. The Royal Order of Scotland in freemasonry is founded. Births January 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolutionary War general, traitor (d. 1801) January 27 – Hester Thrale, Welsh diarist (d. 1821) February 7 – Henry Fuseli, Swiss painter and writer (d. 1825) March 13 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1790) March 17 – William Withering, British physician (d. 1799) March 20 – Jean Antoine Houdon, French sculptor (d. 1828) April 14 – Emperor Momozono of Japan (d. 1762) April 17 – Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1811) May 13 – Ingeborg Akeleye, Norwegian noble known for her love life (d. 1800) May 23 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (d. 1801) June 11 – Joseph Warren, American Patriot, physician (d. 1775) June 26 – John Langdon, American politician (d. 1819) September 22 – Peter Simon Pallas, German zoologist (d. 1811) October 4 – Edmond Malone, Irish scholar (d. 1812) October 18 – Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general, author (d. 1803) October 24 – Johann August von Starck, German pastor (d. 1816) November 15 – Johann Kaspar Lavater, Swiss physiognomist (d. 1801) Date unknown – Nikolaos Koutouzis, Greek painter, poet and priest (d. 1813) Catherine Antonovna of Brunswick, German-Russian noble (d. 1807) Gelelemend, Lenape chief (d. 1811) Deaths January 15 – Ramon Despuig, Spanish-born 67th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1670) February 13 – Johann Joseph Fux, Austrian composer (b. 1660) February 21 – Jethro Tull, British agriculturist (b. 1674) March 16 – Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, Tuscan princess (b. 1686) March 17 – Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French poet (b. 1671) March 31 – Pieter Burmann the Elder, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1668) April 10 – Celia Fiennes, English travel writer (b. 1662) May 21 – Henry Dawnay, 2nd Viscount Downe, Irish peer (b. 1664) May 24 – Lord Augustus FitzRoy, Royal Navy officer during the Battle of Cartagena de Indias (b. 1716) May 25 – Daniel Ernst Jablonski, German theologian (b. 1660) June 14 – Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg, German noble (b. 1714) June 18 – François Pourfour du Petit, French anatomist, ophthalmologist and surgeon (b. 1664) July 3 – Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Sardinian queen consort (b. 1711) July 28 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (b. 1678) August 4 – Andrew Hamilton, American lawyer (b. 1676) August 31 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (b. 1681) September 7 – Blas de Lezo, Spanish admiral (b. 1689) September 28 – Edward Bayly, Irish politician (b. 1684) October 12 – Joseph Talcott, British Governor of the Connecticut Colony for more than 17 years, since 1724. (b. 1670) November 18 – Stephen Delancey, major colonial New York figure (b. 1663) November 24 – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (b.1688) December 14 – Charles Rollin, French historian (b. 1661) December 19 – Vitus Bering, Danish-born explorer (b. 1681) December 21 – Bernard de | palace coup. December 7 Charles Albert of Bavaria has himself proclaimed King of Bohemia. Aleksei Chirikov of Russia presents the first written description of the northwest coast of North America. December 19 – Vitus Bering dies during his expedition, east of Siberia. December 25 – Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale, Centigrade, the predecessor of the Celsius scale. Date unknown Stemmatographia by Hristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna. The Royal Order of Scotland in freemasonry is founded. Births January 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolutionary War general, traitor (d. 1801) January 27 – Hester Thrale, Welsh diarist (d. 1821) February 7 – Henry Fuseli, Swiss painter and writer (d. 1825) March 13 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1790) March 17 – William Withering, British physician (d. 1799) March 20 – Jean Antoine Houdon, French sculptor (d. 1828) April 14 – Emperor Momozono of Japan (d. 1762) April 17 – Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1811) May 13 – Ingeborg Akeleye, Norwegian noble known for her love life (d. 1800) May 23 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (d. 1801) June 11 – Joseph Warren, American Patriot, physician (d. 1775) June 26 – John Langdon, American politician (d. 1819) September 22 – Peter Simon Pallas, German zoologist (d. 1811) October 4 – Edmond Malone, Irish scholar (d. 1812) October 18 – Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general, author (d. 1803) October 24 – Johann August von Starck, German pastor (d. 1816) November 15 – Johann Kaspar Lavater, Swiss physiognomist (d. 1801) Date unknown – Nikolaos Koutouzis, Greek painter, poet and priest (d. 1813) Catherine Antonovna of Brunswick, German-Russian noble (d. 1807) Gelelemend, Lenape chief (d. 1811) Deaths January 15 – Ramon Despuig, Spanish-born 67th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1670) February 13 – Johann Joseph Fux, Austrian composer (b. 1660) February 21 – Jethro Tull, British agriculturist (b. 1674) March 16 – Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, Tuscan princess (b. 1686) March 17 – Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French poet (b. 1671) March 31 – Pieter Burmann the Elder, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1668) April 10 – Celia Fiennes, English travel writer (b. 1662) May 21 – Henry Dawnay, 2nd Viscount Downe, Irish peer (b. 1664) May 24 – Lord Augustus FitzRoy, Royal Navy officer during the Battle of Cartagena de Indias (b. 1716) May 25 – Daniel Ernst Jablonski, German theologian (b. 1660) June 14 – Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg, German noble (b. 1714) June 18 – François Pourfour du Petit, French anatomist, ophthalmologist and surgeon (b. 1664) July 3 – Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Sardinian queen consort (b. 1711) July 28 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (b. 1678) August 4 – Andrew Hamilton, American lawyer (b. 1676) August 31 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (b. 1681) September 7 – Blas de Lezo, Spanish admiral (b. 1689) September 28 – Edward Bayly, Irish politician (b. 1684) October 12 – Joseph Talcott, British Governor of the Connecticut Colony for more than 17 years, since 1724. (b. 1670) November 18 – Stephen Delancey, major colonial New York figure |
of Fort Mose, Florida. July–September July 7 – Adam Smith sets out from Scotland to take up a scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford. July 11 – Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia. August 1 – The song Rule, Britannia! is first performed at Cliveden, the country home of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in England. August 17 – Pope Benedict XIV succeeds Pope Clement XII, as the 247th pope. September 8 – Hertford College, Oxford, England, is founded for the first time. October–December October 9–22 – Batavia Massacre: Troops of the Dutch East India Company massacre 5,000–10,000 Chinese Indonesians in Batavia. October 20 – Maria Theresa inherits the hereditary dominions of the Habsburg Monarchy (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and modern-day Belgium) under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 on the death of her father, Charles VI. Her succession to the Holy Roman Empire is contested widely because she is a woman, but she will reign for 40 years. November 6 – Samuel Richardson's popular and influential epistolary novel, Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded, is published in London. November 14 – The University of Pennsylvania is officially established. December 16 – Frederick II of Prussia invades the Habsburg possession of Silesia, starting the War of the Austrian Succession. Date unknown Enfield, North Carolina, is founded. Spain begins construction on Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately south of St. Augustine, Florida. Births February 4 – Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet, composer (d. 1795) February 15 – Juan Andrés, Spanish Jesuit (d. 1817) February 16 – Giambattista Bodoni, Italian publisher and engraver (d. 1813) February 17 – John Sullivan, American General in the American Revolutionary War, delegate in the Continental Congress (d. 1795) March – Johann van Beethoven, German musician, father of Ludwig van Beethoven (d. 1792) March 16 – Johann Jacob Schweppe, German-born inventor, founder of the Schweppes Company (d. 1821) April 7 – Haym Salomon, Polish-Jewish American financier of the American Revolution (d. 1785) April 14 – Anna Strong, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1812) May 7 – Nikolai Arkharov, Russian police chief (d. 1814) June 2 – Marquis de Sade, French author, for whom sadism is named (d. 1814) June 24 – Juan Ignacio Molina, Spanish-Chilean Jesuit priest, naturalist, historian, translator, geographer, botanist, ornithologist, and linguist (d. 1829) June 27 – James Woodforde, English clergyman and diarist (d. 1803) July 27 – Jeanne Baré, French explorer (d. 1803) August 23 – Emperor Ivan VI of Russia (d. 1764) August 26 – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, French inventor (d. 1810) September 12 – Johann Heinrich Jung, German writer (d. 1817) September 23 – Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan (d. 1813) September 25 – Hercules Mulligan, tailor and spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1825) October 29 – James Boswell, Scottish author (d. 1795) October 31 – Philip James de Loutherbourg, English artist (d. 1812) December – Elisabeth Olin, Swedish opera singer (d. 1828) Date unknown Ali Pasha of Ioannina, Albanian ruler (d. 1822) Margaret Bingham, Countess of Lucan, born Margaret Smith, English portrait miniature painter and writer (d. 1814) John Milton, American politician and officer of the Continental Army (d. 1817) | India Company ship Rooswijk are drowned, when the vessel strikes the shoals of Goodwin Sands, off of the coast of England. Rooswijk was beginning its second voyage to the Indies. The wreckage is discovered more than 250 years later, in 2004. February 20 – The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Newton as Wilmington, North Carolina, named for Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington and patron of Royal Governor Gabriel Johnston. March 16 – King Edward of the Miskito Indians signs a treaty making his kingdom, located on the coast of modern-day Nicaragua, a protectorate of Great Britain. March 25 – Construction begins on Bethesda Orphanage for boys near Savannah, Georgia, founded by George Whitefield. April–June April 8 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Royal Navy captures the Spanish ship of the line Princesa off Cape Finisterre, and takes her into British service. May 31 – Frederick II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Frederick William I. June 1 – Plantation Act or Naturalization Act of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality. June 16 – Pour le Mérite first awarded in Prussia as a military honour. June 26 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Siege of Fort Mose – A Spanish column of 300 regular troops, free Black militia and Indian auxiliaries storms Britain's strategically crucial position of Fort Mose, Florida. July–September July 7 – Adam Smith sets out from Scotland to take up a scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford. July 11 – Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia. August 1 – The song Rule, Britannia! is first performed at Cliveden, the country home of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in England. August 17 – Pope Benedict XIV succeeds Pope Clement XII, as the 247th pope. September 8 – Hertford College, Oxford, England, is founded for the first time. October–December October 9–22 – Batavia Massacre: Troops of the Dutch East India Company massacre 5,000–10,000 Chinese Indonesians in Batavia. October 20 – Maria Theresa inherits the hereditary dominions of the Habsburg Monarchy (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and modern-day Belgium) under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 on the death of her father, Charles VI. Her succession to the |
to the Stamford Mercury says "Since last Wednesday we have had the most violent cold Weather that was ever known in this Kingdom; hard Frost began that evening, which has continued ever since with a very stormy Wind at South-East." At least 13% of Ireland's population dies of starvation in the year that follows. Date unknown Ecuador becomes a part of New Granada. 84,000 farmers revolt in the province of Iwaki in Japan. A Plinian eruption of Mount Tarumae volcano occurs in Japan. The first Bible in Estonian is published. Births January 25 – Charles François Dumouriez, French general (d. 1823) February 15 – Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (d. 1813) March 16 – George Clymer, American politician and Founding Father (d. 1813) March 19 – Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Third Consul of France (d. 1824) July 26 – George Clinton, 4th Vice President of the United States, American soldier and politician (d. 1812) August 31 – Johann Augustus Eberhard, German theologian, philosopher (d. 1809) September 12 – Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, Methodist preacher and philanthropist (d. 1816) September 17 – John Rutledge, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1800) October 11 – Grigory Potemkin, Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman and favourite of Catherine the Great (d. 1791) November 2 – Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, Austrian composer (d. 1799) November 20 – Jean-François de La Harpe, French critic (d. 1803) December 14 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French politician (d. 1817) date unknown Antonio Cachia, Maltese architect, engineer and archaeologist (d. 1813) Bénédict Chastanier, French surgeon (d. 1816) Margherita Dalmet, Venetian dogaressa (d. 1817) Paul François Ignace de Barlatier de Mas, French naval captain (d. 1807) Samuel Mason, Revolutionary War soldier, early American outlaw (d. 1803) Karoline Kaulla, German banker (d. 1809) Yelizaveta Belogradskaya, Russian singer and musician Deaths January 20 – Francesco Galli Bibiena, Italian architect/designer (b. 1659) March 5 – John Joseph of the Cross, Italian saint (b. 1654) March 7 – Anton Maria Maragliano, Italian artist (b. 1664) April 7 – Dick Turpin, English highwayman (hanged) (b. 1705) April 19 – Nicholas Saunderson, English scientist and mathematician (b. 1682) May 10 – Cosmas Damian Asam, German painter and architect during the late Baroque period (b. 1686) June 18 – Charles Frederick, Duke of | volcano occurs in Japan. The first Bible in Estonian is published. Births January 25 – Charles François Dumouriez, French general (d. 1823) February 15 – Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (d. 1813) March 16 – George Clymer, American politician and Founding Father (d. 1813) March 19 – Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Third Consul of France (d. 1824) July 26 – George Clinton, 4th Vice President of the United States, American soldier and politician (d. 1812) August 31 – Johann Augustus Eberhard, German theologian, philosopher (d. 1809) September 12 – Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, Methodist preacher and philanthropist (d. 1816) September 17 – John Rutledge, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1800) October 11 – Grigory Potemkin, Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman and favourite of Catherine the Great (d. 1791) November 2 – Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, Austrian composer (d. 1799) November 20 – Jean-François de La Harpe, French critic (d. 1803) December 14 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French politician (d. 1817) date unknown Antonio Cachia, Maltese architect, engineer and archaeologist (d. 1813) Bénédict Chastanier, French surgeon (d. 1816) Margherita Dalmet, Venetian dogaressa (d. 1817) Paul François Ignace de Barlatier de Mas, French naval captain (d. 1807) Samuel Mason, Revolutionary War soldier, early American outlaw (d. 1803) Karoline Kaulla, German banker (d. 1809) Yelizaveta Belogradskaya, Russian singer and musician Deaths January 20 – Francesco Galli Bibiena, Italian architect/designer (b. 1659) March 5 – John Joseph of the Cross, Italian saint (b. 1654) March 7 – Anton Maria Maragliano, Italian artist (b. 1664) April 7 – Dick Turpin, English highwayman (hanged) (b. 1705) April 19 – Nicholas Saunderson, English scientist and mathematician (b. 1682) May 10 – Cosmas Damian Asam, German painter and architect during the late Baroque period (b. 1686) June 18 – Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish nobleman (b. 1700) June 20 – Edmond Martène, French Benedictine historian and liturgist (b. 1654) July 24 – Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer (b. 1686) September 8 – Yuri Troubetzkoy, Governor of Belgorod (b. 1668) September 12 – Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1667) September 19 – Anne Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, French princess (b. 1722) October 6 |
Block Island off of the coast of the colony of Rhode Island. During the voyage, 200 passengers and seven crew died from illness spread by contaminated water. Another 20 die after the crew leaves rows to shore. The wreck later becomes the subject of the legend of the "Palatine Light" ghost ship and of John Greenleaf Whittier's 1867 poem "The Palatine". Date unknown China's Qing government announces that all western businessmen have to use the Cohong in Guangzhou to trade. Pierre Louis Maupertuis publishes Sur la figure de la terre, which confirms Newton's view that the earth is an oblate spheroid, slightly flattened at the poles. Black Forest clockmaker Franz Ketterer produces one of the earliest cuckoo clocks. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, having completed a law degree, is hired as a court musician by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, the future Frederick the Great (Bach will remain in Frederick's service until 1768). Holy Royal Arch is founded. Rémy Martin is granted exclusive permission by King Louis XV of France to plant new vineyards, for impressing him with the quality of his cognac. Births January 21 – Ethan Allen, American patriot (d. 1789) February 6 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (d. 1795) April 12 – Padre Francisco Garcés, Spanish missionary (d. 1781) April 14 – William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1809) May 27 – Nathaniel Gorham, American politician (d. 1796) May 28 – Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, French physician (d. 1814) June 4 – King George III of the United Kingdom (d. 1820) July 3 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (d. 1815) July 20 – Darejan Dadiani, Georgian queen consort (d. 1807) July 22 – Anne d'Yves, writer, participant in the Brabant Revolution (d. 1814) August 13 – Scott Jamieson Dexter, classical musician (d. 1814) August 28 – Etteilla, French occult cartomancer (d. 1791) September 25 – Nicholas Van Dyke, American lawyer and President of Delaware (d. 1789) October 11 – Arthur Phillip, British admiral and Governor of New South Wales (d. 1814) October 18 – Andrei Bolotov, Russian agriculturalist and memoirist (d. 1833) October 29 – Charles Spalding, Scottish inventor and underwater diver (d. 1783) November 15 – William Herschel, German-born astronomer (d. 1822) December 31 – | King George II of Great Britain negotiates a cease-fire. June 24 – British inventor Lewis Paul receives a patent for roller cotton-spinning machinery. June 27 – The Spanish Empire's Council of the Indies votes, 6 to 4, to re-establish the Viceroyalty of New Granada, incorporating modern-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. King Philip V issues the order on August 20, 1738. July–September July 1 – English metallurgist William Champion is granted a patent for his process of extracting zinc from other materials in a furnace. July 10 – Thomas Pellow of Cornwall finally escapes captivity, 23 years after having been captured by Barbary pirates and held as a slave in Morocco. He arrives in British territory when the ship he is on sails into Gibraltar Bay on July 21, and later recounts his story in the book The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner: Three and Twenty Years in Captivity Among the Moors. August 10 – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russian army begins its attempt to cross the Dniester River and fails after three weeks; they are later decimated by plague. September 18 – Samuel Johnson composes his first solemn prayer (published 1785). October–December October 22 – The excavation of Herculaneum, a Roman city buried by Vesuvius in AD 79, begins near the Italian city of Resina on orders from King Charles III of Spain to his engineer, Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre. November 18 – The Treaty of Vienna is ratified, ending the War of the Polish Succession. Under the terms of the treaty, Stanisław Leszczyński receives Lorraine in exchange for renouncing the Polish throne. December 27 – After setting off from Rotterdam in August with 240 immigrants to America, the British ship Princess Augusta is wrecked near Block Island off of the coast of the colony of Rhode Island. During the voyage, 200 passengers and seven crew died from illness spread by contaminated water. Another 20 die after the crew leaves rows to shore. The wreck later becomes the subject of the legend of the "Palatine Light" ghost ship and of John Greenleaf Whittier's 1867 poem "The Palatine". Date unknown China's Qing government announces that all western businessmen have to use |
County Prison, Lancaster, Pennsylvania is first constructed, in response to the seven preceding violent years of the ongoing Cresap's War in the Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute and war. Births January 4 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist, politician (d. 1816) January 23 – John Hancock, American politician and revolutionary (d. 1793) January 29 – Thomas Paine, British-born American patriot and pamphleteer (d. 1809) March 23 – Arthur St. Clair, American soldier and politician (d. 1818) April 27 – Edward Gibbon, English historian and politician (d. 1794) May 2 – William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1805) June 20 – Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1786) August 5 – Johann Friedrich Struensee, Danish royal physician (d. 1772) August 14 – Charles Hutton, English mathematician (d. 1823) August 29 – John Hunter, second governor of New South Wales (d. 1821) September 9 – Luigi Galvani, Italian physician and physicist (d. 1798) September 14 – Michael Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1806) September 15 – Miklós Küzmics, Hungarian Slovenes writer, Catholic priest (d. 1804) September 19 – Charles Carroll of Carrollton, only Roman Catholic signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d. 1832) December 26 – Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general (d. 1815) date unknown – Frances Abington, English actress (d. 1815) Gelelemend, Indigenous American (Lenape) leader (d. 1811) Deaths January 24 – William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1657) January 29 – George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, British soldier (b. 1666) February 14 – Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1685) March 12 – Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1720-1733) (b. 1684) March 16 – Benjamin Wadsworth, American President of Harvard University (b. 1670) May 3 – James Johnston (Secretary of State), diplomat, Secretary of State for Scotland (b. 1655) May 4 Eustace Budgell, English writer (b. 1686) Ferdinand Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (b. 1655) May 10 – Emperor Nakamikado of Japan (b. 1702) May 17 – Claude Buffier, French philosopher and historian (b. 1661) June 6 – Pierre Joseph Garidel, French botanist (b. 1658) July 26 – Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy, French Catholic priest, bishop and cardinal (b. 1657) July 9 – Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1671) July 26 – Johan Cronman, Swedish general (b. 1662) July 27 – Maria Maddalena Martinengo, Italian nun (b. 1687) September 27 – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, | the fighting parties until five months later. March 28 – The Battle of Delhi takes place between the Maratha Empire and the Mughals. April–June April 5 – French Jesuit priest Jean-François Régis is canonized as Saint Regis by the Roman Catholic Church under the reign of Pope Clement XII. April 22 – In Afghanistan, Persian shah Nader Shah begins the 11-month Siege of Kandahar against the Pashtun Emir of Afghanistan, Hussain Hotak. The surviving Afghanis surrender on March 24, 1738. Lots are first advertised for sale in the new town of Richmond, Virginia, by the placement of a notice by William Byrd in the Virginia Gazette. According to the paper, "... on the North Side of James River, near the Uppermost Landing, and a little below the Falls, is lately laid off by Major Mayo, a Town, called Richmond, with Streets 65 Feet wide, in a pleasant and healthy Situation, and well supply'd with Springs of good Water. It lies near the Publick Warehouse at Shoccoe's, and in the midst of great Quantities of Grain, and all kind of Provisions. The Lots will be granted in Fee Simple, on Condition only of building a House in Three Years Time, of 24 by 16 Feet, fronting within 5 Feet of the Street. The Lots to be rated according to the Convenience of their Situation, and to be sold after this April General Court, by me, William Byrd." May 28 – The planet Venus passes in front of Mercury. The event is witnessed during the evening hours, by the amateur astronomer John Bevis, at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. As of 2006, it is still the only such planet/planet occultation that has been directly observed. June 21 – In Britain, the Theatrical Licensing Act requires plays to be submitted to the Lord Chamberlain for censorship. June 30 – Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces under Field Marshal Munnich storm the Ottoman fortress of Ochakov, and take prisoner 4,000 Turks. July–September July 9 – The direct male line of the Medici family becomes extinct, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. July 12 – Austria enters the Russo-Turkish War as an ally of Russia against the Ottoman Empire. July 17 – The British ship Catherine founders in a storm off of Nova Scotia's Cape Sable Island during its voyage from Ireland to Boston, killing 98 of the 201 people on board. August 4 – Austria's army is defeated by the Ottoman Army and |
what is now Ecuador, last until November 3. November 5 – King Theodore of Corsica flees the island after a reign of seven months and the kingdom reverts to French control. November 13 – Word of the discovery of silver, south of what is now the U.S.-Mexican border, reaches Sonora Governor Juan Bautista Anza and soon leads to prospectors coming to Nogales to find more silver. Late in October, a Yaqui Indian prospector, Antonio Siraumea, had discovered large slabs of silver ("Las planchas de plata"), and at the Estancia Arizona, a ranch owned by Captain Bernardo de Urrea. The region, and later the U.S. territory, and state of Arizona are named for Urrea's ranch. December 7 – Benjamin Franklin builds the first volunteer fire company in Philadelphia. December 26 – Andrew Michael Ramsay gives an oration, in which he relates the heritage and internationalism of Freemasonry to that of the Crusades. Date unknown Neustrelitz becomes the capital of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Bushehr is founded in Persia. The Belgrade Fortress is completed. One of the earliest records of use of a bathing machine is made at Scarborough, England. Charles Marie de La Condamine, with François Fresneau Gataudière, makes the first scientific observations of rubber, in Ecuador. Leonhard Euler produces the first published proof of Fermat's "little theorem". Sir Isaac Newton's Method of Fluxions (1671), describing his method of differential calculus, is first published (posthumously) and Thomas Bayes publishes a defense of its logical foundations (anonymously). Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab writes the Kitab at-tawhidt, marking the beginning of Wahhabism. The Haidamakas raid the shtetl of Pavoloch, killing 35. Births January 7 – Andrew Adams, American judge (d. 1797) January 19 – James Watt, Scottish inventor (d. 1819) January 25 – Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian-born mathematician (d. 1813) February 3 – Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Austrian musician (d. 1809) February 29 – Ann Lee, English-born American religious leader (d. 1784) March 20 - Rama I, First King of Siam (d. 1809) May 8 – Caterina Dolfin, Italian (Venetian) poet (d. 1793) May 10 – George Steevens, English literary critic (d. 1800) May 29 – Patrick Henry, American patriot (d. 1799) June 3 – Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, Prime Minister of Naples (d. 1811) June 7 – Fermín Lasuén, Spanish missionary (d. 1803) June 14 – Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist (d. 1806) June 21 – Enoch Poor, American general (d. 1780) June 25 – John Horne Tooke, English politician, philologist (d. 1812) July – Juan Bautista de | volunteer fire company in Philadelphia. December 26 – Andrew Michael Ramsay gives an oration, in which he relates the heritage and internationalism of Freemasonry to that of the Crusades. Date unknown Neustrelitz becomes the capital of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Bushehr is founded in Persia. The Belgrade Fortress is completed. One of the earliest records of use of a bathing machine is made at Scarborough, England. Charles Marie de La Condamine, with François Fresneau Gataudière, makes the first scientific observations of rubber, in Ecuador. Leonhard Euler produces the first published proof of Fermat's "little theorem". Sir Isaac Newton's Method of Fluxions (1671), describing his method of differential calculus, is first published (posthumously) and Thomas Bayes publishes a defense of its logical foundations (anonymously). Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab writes the Kitab at-tawhidt, marking the beginning of Wahhabism. The Haidamakas raid the shtetl of Pavoloch, killing 35. Births January 7 – Andrew Adams, American judge (d. 1797) January 19 – James Watt, Scottish inventor (d. 1819) January 25 – Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian-born mathematician (d. 1813) February 3 – Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Austrian musician (d. 1809) February 29 – Ann Lee, English-born American religious leader (d. 1784) March 20 - Rama I, First King of Siam (d. 1809) May 8 – Caterina Dolfin, Italian (Venetian) poet (d. 1793) May 10 – George Steevens, English literary critic (d. 1800) May 29 – Patrick Henry, American patriot (d. 1799) June 3 – Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, Prime Minister of Naples (d. 1811) June 7 – Fermín Lasuén, Spanish missionary (d. 1803) June 14 – Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist (d. 1806) June 21 – Enoch Poor, American general (d. 1780) June 25 – John Horne Tooke, English politician, philologist (d. 1812) July – Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of the Spanish Province of New Mexico (d. 1788) August 9 – Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (d. 1818) August 15 – Alexander Runciman, Scottish painter (d. 1785) August 26 – Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle, French geologist (d. 1790) |
is taken over by the Sultan of Bornu. Anton Wilhelm Amo becomes the first African to receive a doctorate in Europe and begins teaching at the University of Halle. Births January 16 – John A. Treutlen, Governor of Georgia (d. 1782) January 20 – Robert Morris, Founding Father of the United States (d. 1806) February 15 – William Stacy, American Revolutionary War officer (d. 1802) February 27 – Thomas Conway, American Revolutionary War general (d. 1800) March 1 – Jeanne de Bellem, heroine of the Brabant Revolution March 19 – Thomas McKean, American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1817) April 17 – Taksin, King of Thailand (d. 1782) April – Elsa Beata Bunge, Swedish botanist (d. 1819) May 23 – Franz Mesmer, Austrian physician (d. 1815) July 25 – Ueda Akinari, Japanese author and scholar (d. 1809) August 10 – Naungdawgyi, Burmese king (d. 1763) August 24 – Benjamin Church, first Surgeon General of the United States Army (d. 1763) September 3 – Joseph Wright, British painter (d. 1797) September 17 – Elizabeth Canning, English maidservant and kidnappee (d. 1773) October 7 – Sir Ralph Abercromby, British general (d. 1801) November 2 – Daniel Boone, American frontiersman (d. 1820) December 1 – Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (d. 1823) December 17 – Queen Maria I of Portugal (d. 1816) December 21 – Paul Revere, American silversmith, engraver, and Patriot in the American Revolution (d. 1818) December 26 – George Romney, English painter (d. 1802) December 31 – Francisco Manoel de Nascimento, Portuguese poet (d. 1819) date unknown Catharina Ahlgren, Swedish poet, editor and early feminist (d.1800) Ulrica Arfvidsson, Swedish fortune teller (d. 1801) Elżbieta Branicka, Polish szlachta and politician (d. 1800) John Dawson, English mathematician and surgeon (d.1820) Pedro Fages, Spanish soldier, explorer, and Governor of Alta California (d. 1794) Rohal Faqir, Pakistani saint-poet and mystic (d.1804) Deaths January 6 – John Dennis, English dramatist, critic (b. 1658) February 1 – John Floyer, English physician, writer (b. 1649) February 2 – Charles Calvert, Maryland official (b. 1688) February 9 – Diego de Astorga y Céspedes, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1663) March 1 – Roger North, English biographer (b. 1653) March 16 – Andreas Silbermann, German organ builder (b. 1678) March 21 – Robert Wodrow, Scottish historian (b. 1679) April 1 – Louis Lully, French composer (b. 1664) April 11 – Thomas Fantet de Lagny, French mathematician (b. 1660) April 25 – Johann Konrad Dippel, German alchemist (b. 1673) May 4 – James Thornhill, English | authorities for allegedly setting a fire that destroyed part of the city. June 30 – War of the Polish Succession: Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig), which had been besieged since February 1734, after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city. July–September July 18 – The Siege of the Austrian fortress of Philippsburg (near Karlsruhe, Germany) by the French Army, ends after eight weeks as its Austrian defenders surrender. August 6 – The armies of Spain and France, led by the Duke of Parma (and future King Charles III of Spain) storm the city of Gaeta in Naples, ending a four-month siege September 28 – Abdu'llah bin Ismail as-Samin is deposed after a 15-year reign as Sultan of Morocco. October–December October 23 – Jamaica's Governor John Ayscough declares martial law to fight the slave rebellion that began in 1733, then drafts 600 men into the colonial army to march into the Blue Mountains. (→ First Maroon War) October 31 – Chief Tomochichi of the Yamacraw band of the Muscogee Nation ends a successful four and a half month visit to Great Britain, along with Georgia Governor James Oglethorpe and other Yamacraw Indians, after having signed the cession of the area of modern day Savannah, Georgia to the Georgia Company. On June 16, he and the Muscogee delegation (Senauki, Toonahowi, Hillispilli, Umpichi, Apokutchi, Santachi and Stimaletchi) had been welcomed as guests of King George II. The group departs on HMS Aldborough after completing the visit by the largest delegation of Native Americans since 1616. November 5 – The Dzików Confederation is created in Poland. December 24 – A fire destroys the Royal Alcázar of Madrid, the residence of the Spanish royal family, along with more than 400 valuable paintings, 100 sculptures and thousands of documents. Undated Creation of the Kanem–Bornu Empire after Kanem is taken over by the Sultan of Bornu. Anton Wilhelm Amo becomes the first African to receive a doctorate in Europe and begins teaching at the University of Halle. Births |
Polish Succession. October 10 – France declares war on Austria and Saxony . October 24 – The Battle of Kirkuk starts which will lead to the defeat of the Ottoman army under general Topal Osman Pasha. November 23 – The 1733 slave insurrection on St. John begins: Slaves from Akwamu rebel against their owners in the Danish West Indies. December 19 – Unsuccessful in capturing Baghdad from the Ottoman Empire, Persia's ruler Nader Shah signs the Treaty of Baghdad with the Ottoman Governor, Ahmad Khan Pasha, with the Turks and the Iranians agreeing to restore the boundary between the two empires to the lines before the 1732 Ottoman invasion of Iran. December 25 – The Molasses Act goes into full effect. Births January 22 – Philip Carteret, British Naval Officer (d. 1796) January 24 – Benjamin Lincoln, major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and politician (d. 1810) March 13 – Joseph Priestley, English scientist and minister (d. 1804) May 4 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor (d. 1799) July 27 – Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779) September 5 – Christoph Martin Wieland, German poet and writer (d. 1813) September 18 – George Read, American lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1798) October 14 – François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (d. 1798) October 15 – Lisa Eriksdotter, Finnish visionary November 16 – Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal of undivided India (d. 1757) November 20 – Philip Schuyler, general in the American Revolution, United States Senator from New York, father of Angelica Schuyler Church and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1804) undated - Johanna Löfblad, Swedish actor and singer (d. 1811) Deaths January 17 – George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, English Royal Navy admiral (b. 1663) January 21 – Bernard Mandeville, Dutch-born English economic philosopher (b. 1670) January | The election of Augustus III, to succeed his father as King of Poland, sparks the War of the Polish Succession. October 10 – France declares war on Austria and Saxony . October 24 – The Battle of Kirkuk starts which will lead to the defeat of the Ottoman army under general Topal Osman Pasha. November 23 – The 1733 slave insurrection on St. John begins: Slaves from Akwamu rebel against their owners in the Danish West Indies. December 19 – Unsuccessful in capturing Baghdad from the Ottoman Empire, Persia's ruler Nader Shah signs the Treaty of Baghdad with the Ottoman Governor, Ahmad Khan Pasha, with the Turks and the Iranians agreeing to restore the boundary between the two empires to the lines before the 1732 Ottoman invasion of Iran. December 25 – The Molasses Act goes into full effect. Births January 22 – Philip Carteret, British Naval Officer (d. 1796) January 24 – Benjamin Lincoln, major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and politician (d. 1810) March 13 – Joseph Priestley, English scientist and minister (d. 1804) May 4 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor (d. 1799) July 27 – Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779) September 5 – Christoph Martin Wieland, German poet and writer (d. 1813) September 18 – George Read, American lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1798) October 14 – François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (d. 1798) October 15 – Lisa Eriksdotter, Finnish visionary November 16 – Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal of undivided India (d. 1757) November 20 – Philip Schuyler, general in the American Revolution, United States Senator from New York, father of Angelica Schuyler Church and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1804) undated - Johanna Löfblad, Swedish actor and singer (d. 1811) Deaths January 17 – George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, English Royal Navy admiral (b. 1663) January 21 – Bernard Mandeville, Dutch-born English economic philosopher (b. 1670) January 22 – Lovisa von Burghausen, Swedish memoirist (b. 1698) January 25 – Gilbert Heathcote, Mayor of London (b. 1652) January 27 – Thomas Woolston, English theologian |
and a janissary who instigated a mass uprising in 1730 within the Ottoman Empire that brought Mahmud I to power as the new Sultan, is strangled to death in Mahmud's presence after the rebellion is finally suppressed. December 21 – The Maharaja Chhatrasal, monarch of Bundelkhand in India (part of the modern-day states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh) dies at the age of 82. His kingdom is divided into four parts, with one part going to Baji Rao I of the Marathas and the other three going to his three sons: Harde Sah gets the Panna State, Jagat Rai gets the Jaitpur State and Bharti Chand gets the Jaso State. December 29 – Jacques Grimaldi, the husband of the reigning monarch of Monaco, Louise Hippolyte, succeeds to the throne after Louise's death from smallpox. Jacques I rules until his own death in 1751. Date unknown Royal Colony of North Carolina Governor George Burrington asks the North Carolina General Assembly to pass an act establishing a town on the Cape Fear River, in what is seen as a political move to shift the power away from the powerful Cape Fear plantation class. The town is laid out in 1733, and incorporated as Wilmington in 1740. Laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher, on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, at the age of 21. English scientist John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time in the modern era. The octant is developed by English mathematician John Hadley (it will eventually be replaced as a means of determining latitude by the sextant). The Royal Theatre of Mantua (Italy) is built by architect Ferdinando Galli Bibiena. Births January 3 – Angelo Emo, Venetian admiral and statesman (d. 1792) February – Charles Churchill, English poet (d. 1764) March 19 – Gabriela Silang, Filipino rebel leader and heroine (d. 1763) April 8 – William Williams, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1811) May 8 – Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London and abolitionist (d. 1809) June 2 – Martha Washington, First Lady of the United States (d. 1802) June 2 – Dorothea Biehl, Danish writer (d. 1788) July 16 – Samuel Huntington, Patriot in the American Revolution and politician (d. 1796) August – Henry Constantine Jennings, English gambler and collector (d. 1819) October 10 – Henry Cavendish, English scientist (d. 1810) November 9 – Benjamin Banneker, African-American astronomer, surveyor of the District of Columbia (d. 1806) November 15 – William Cowper, English poet (d. 1800) December 8 – František Xaver Dušek, Czech composer (d. 1799) December 12 – Erasmus Darwin, English scientist and grandfather of Charles Darwin (d. 1802) December 28 – José de Viera y Clavijo, Spanish writer Nikephoros Theotokis, Greek scholar and theologian (d. 1800) Deaths January 6 – Étienne François Geoffroy, French chemist (b. 1672) January 20 – Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma (b. 1679) January 23 – Anna Lohe, Swedish banker (b. 1654) January 27 – Bartolomeo Cristofori, Italian maker of musical instruments (b. 1655) February 10 – George Carpenter, 1st Baron Carpenter, British Army general (b. 1657) February 15 – Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (b. 1643) February 22 – Frederik Ruysch, Dutch physician and anatomist (b. 1638) March 5 – Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, Sufi academic (b. 1641) March 6 – Johann Melchior Dinglinger, German goldsmith (b. 1664) March 8 – Ferdinand Brokoff, Czech sculptor (b. 1688) March 9 – Frances Talbot, Countess of Tyrconnell, English-born courtier and vicereine of Ireland (b. c. 1649) March 12 – Ernest August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (b. 1660) March 23 – Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1662) April 24 – Daniel Defoe, English | to serve as Princess of Monaco, the reigning monarch of the tiny European principality, ascending upon the death of her father Prince Antonio. She reigns only nine months before dying of smallpox on December 29. March 16 – The Treaty of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Spain. April–June April 1 – Battle of Dabhoi in India is fought between Sarsenapati Trimbakrao Dabhade and Bajirao Peshwa. April 2 – The town of Raynham, Massachusetts in Bristol County is entered as a new town by the governor and court of Massachusetts, New England, America. April 9 – British trader Robert Jenkins has his ear cut off after his ship, Rebecca is boarded by Spanish coast guards at Havana in Cuba. The incident becomes the casus belli for the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739. April 28 – A fire at White's Chocolate House, near St. James's Palace in London, destroys the historic club and the paintings therein, but is kept from spreading by the fast response of firemen. May 10 – The Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy is established by order of the Empress Anna of Russia, who directs Grigory Skonrnyakov-Pisarev to assume command over the new fleet and to develop Okhotsk as a major port. Orcutt Frost, Bering: The Russian Discovery of America (Yale University Press, 2003) p67 June 4 – The English market town of Blandford Forum is destroyed by fire, with the exception of 26 houses. About one-third of the uninsured losses are paid for by the collection of disaster relief money. July–September July 1 – Benjamin Franklin and fellow-subscribers start the Library Company of Philadelphia. August 15 – King Frederick William I of Prussia forgives his 19-year-old son, Prince Frederick, who has been confined since November to the town of Küstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) for his 1730 attempt to desert from the Prussian Army. Nine years later, having been politically rehabilitated, Prince Frederick succeeds his father as King and is later remembered as "Frederick the Great". August 23 – The oldest known sports score in history is recorded in the description of a cricket match at Richmond Green in England, when the team of Thomas Chambers of Middlesex defeats the Duke of Richmond's team by 119 to 79. September – The first successful appendectomy is performed by English |
killing 12,000 of the Afghans and forcing the remainder to flee, bringing an end to the Battle of Damghan. November 9 – The Treaty of Seville is signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic. November 29 The Natchez revolt, the worst Native American massacre to take place on Mississippi soil, occurs when Natchez people kill 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie (near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi). The first (wooden) Putney Bridge is completed, as the only fixed crossing of the River Thames between London Bridge and Kingston, England. December 2 – George Frideric Handel's famous opera Lotario is given its first performance, premiering at the King's Theatre in London. December 12 – Under the pretense of a peace offering, the Yazoo and Koroa warriors enter the French settlement at Fort St. Pierre (near modern-day Vicksburg, Mississippi) and kill most of the inhabitants. Date unknown The third oldest settlement in Mississippi, Port Gibson, is founded by French settlers. Jonathan Swift (anonymously) publishes his satire A Modest Proposal. Births January 12 Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist (d. 1799) Edmund Burke, Irish statesman and philosopher (d. 1797) January 22 – Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, German author and philosopher (d. 1781) February 26 – Anders Chydenius, Finnish economist, liberal politician and Lutheran priest (d. 1803) May 2 – Catherine the Great, born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, empress regnant of Russia (d. 1796) July 4 – George Leonard, American lawyer, jurist and politician (d. 1819) August 10 – William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, British general (d. 1814) September 6 – Moses Mendelssohn, German-Jewish philosopher (d. 1786) September 15 – Mikiel'Ang Grima, Maltese surgeon (d. 1798) October 6 – Sarah Crosby, English Methodist preacher, the first female (d. 1804) November 17 – Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, Queen consort of Sardinia (d. 1785) November 21 – Josiah Bartlett, second signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1795) November 12 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French navigator and military commander (d. 1811) November 22 – Helena Dorothea von Schönberg, German industrialist (d. 1799) November 24 – Alexander Suvorov, Russian general (d. 1800) date unknown David Barclay of Youngsbury, English merchant, businessman and banker (d. 1809) Samuel Barrington, British admiral (d. 1800) Deaths January 11 – Thomas of Cori, Italian Friar Minor and preacher (b. 1655) January 19 William Congreve, English playwright (b. 1670) Lorenzo Cozza, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1654) January 30 – Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Archbishop of Mainz (b. 1655) January 31 – Jacob Roggeveen, Dutch explorer (b. 1659) February 11 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (b. 1643) February 17 – John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1658) March 2 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher, scientist (b. 1662) March 15 – Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1658) March 21 – John Law, Scottish economist (b. 1671) March 18 – Michael Bernhard Valentini, German naturalist (b. 1657) March 21 – Elżbieta Sieniawska, politically influential Polish magnate (b. 1669) April 12 – Louis-Guillaume Pécour, French dancer and choreographer (b. 1653) | preservation of the islands flora. The gardens come to occupy 97 square miles or 251 square kilometers. July–September July 25 – Seven of the original eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina sell their shares back to the British crown. The 1710 division of the Province is made permanent and the area is reorganized into the Royal Colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina. July 27 – A fire that breaks out on this day in Istanbul destroys 12,000 houses and kills 7,000 inhabitants. July 30 – Baltimore, Maryland is founded. August 1 – The Comet of 1729, possibly the largest comet based on the absolute magnitude, on record, is discovered by Fr. Nicolas Sarrabat, a professor of mathematics at Marseille. September 29 – The Battle of Damghan begins as the Persian Safavid Army, commanded by General Nader Khan Afshar confronts a larger force of rebel Afghan troops commanded by the Emir Ashraf Hotak. October–December October 5 – After seven days of battle, the Persians under Nader Khan Afshar make a daring attack through the center of the Emir Ashraf's battalions, killing 12,000 of the Afghans and forcing the remainder to flee, bringing an end to the Battle of Damghan. November 9 – The Treaty of Seville is signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic. November 29 The Natchez revolt, the worst Native American massacre to take place on Mississippi soil, occurs when Natchez people kill 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie (near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi). The first (wooden) Putney Bridge is completed, as the only fixed crossing of the River Thames between London Bridge and Kingston, England. December 2 – George Frideric Handel's famous opera Lotario is given its first performance, premiering at the King's Theatre in London. December 12 – Under the pretense of a peace offering, the Yazoo and Koroa warriors enter the French settlement at Fort St. Pierre (near modern-day Vicksburg, Mississippi) and kill most of the inhabitants. Date unknown The third oldest settlement in Mississippi, Port Gibson, is founded by French settlers. Jonathan Swift (anonymously) publishes his satire A Modest Proposal. Births January 12 Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist (d. 1799) Edmund Burke, Irish statesman and philosopher (d. 1797) January 22 – Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, German author and philosopher (d. 1781) February 26 – Anders Chydenius, Finnish economist, liberal politician and Lutheran priest (d. 1803) May 2 – Catherine the Great, born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, empress regnant of Russia (d. 1796) July 4 – George Leonard, American lawyer, jurist and politician (d. 1819) August 10 – William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, British general (d. 1814) September 6 – Moses Mendelssohn, German-Jewish philosopher (d. 1786) September 15 – Mikiel'Ang Grima, Maltese surgeon (d. 1798) October 6 – Sarah Crosby, English Methodist preacher, the first female (d. 1804) November 17 – Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, Queen consort of Sardinia (d. 1785) November 21 – Josiah Bartlett, second signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1795) November 12 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French navigator and military commander (d. 1811) November 22 – Helena Dorothea von Schönberg, German industrialist (d. 1799) November 24 – Alexander Suvorov, Russian general (d. 1800) date unknown David Barclay of Youngsbury, English merchant, businessman and banker (d. 1809) Samuel Barrington, British admiral (d. 1800) Deaths January 11 – Thomas of Cori, Italian Friar Minor and preacher (b. 1655) January 19 William Congreve, English playwright (b. 1670) Lorenzo Cozza, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1654) January 30 – Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Archbishop of Mainz (b. 1655) January 31 – Jacob Roggeveen, Dutch explorer (b. 1659) February 11 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (b. 1643) February 17 – John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1658) March 2 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher, scientist (b. 1662) March 15 – Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1658) March 21 – John Law, Scottish economist |
British monarch. October 17 – With voting for the British House of Commons concluding, the Whigs, led by Sir Robert Walpole, increase their supermajority, winning 415 of the 558 seats. The Tories share of Commons decreases from 169 to 128. November 18 – Tabriz earthquake, Persia kills 77,000. November 21 – The Netherlands signs the Treaty of Seville. November 27 – The foundation stone of the Jerusalem's Church in Berlin is laid. December 8 – For the first time since the union of England and Scotland into Great Britain, the Royal Bank of Scotland, which still retains the right to print currency, issues its first pound note, printing paper currency for twenty shillings. The Scottish pound note continues to be printed until 2001 and the smallest denomination now is a five pound note. December 17 – The London Evening Post, a conservative newspaper, publishes its first issue. It continues in regular publication for 70 years. Date unknown An old woman known as Janet (Jenny) Horne of Loth, Sutherland becomes the last alleged witch in the British Isles to be executed, when she is burned at the stake in Dornoch, Scotland. (Some sources give the date as June 1722.) The first Amish move to North America. 1727–1800 – Lt. Col. Francisco de Mello Palheta smuggles coffee seeds to Brazil in a bouquet, starting a coffee empire. Births January 2 – James Wolfe, British general (d. 1759) January 25 – Aron Gustaf Silfversparre, Swedish baron (d. 1818) May 10 – Anne Robert Turgot, French statesman (d. 1781) May 14 – Thomas Gainsborough, English artist (d. 1788) July 26 – Horatio Gates, retired British soldier who served as an American general during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1806) August 14 Henriette-Anne of France, daughter of King Louis XV of France (d. 1752) Princess Louise-Élisabeth of France, daughter of King Louis XV of France (d. 1759) August 22 – Johann Joseph Gassner, German priest (d. 1779) October 23 – Empress Xiaoyichun of China (d. 1775) November 26 – Artemas Ward, American major general (d. 1800) December 6 – Johann Gottfried Zinn, German anatomist, botanist (d. 1757) December 27 – Arthur Murphy, Irish writer (d. 1805) Deaths January 17 – Johann Christoph Wichmannshausen, German philosopher (b. 1663) January 24 – Magdalena Stenbock, Swedish salon hostess (b. 1649) February 6 – Charles Boit, Swedish enameller, miniature painter (b. 1662) February 10 – Procopio Cutò, French entrepreneur (b. 1651) February 13 – William Wotton, English scholar (b. 1666) February 22 – Francesco Gasparini, Italian composer (b. 1661) February 23 – Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart, British politician and nobleman (b. 1649) | February 22. They later create the orphanage which is the predecessor of Catholic Charities and the Ursuline Academy, oldest Catholic school in the United States. August 13 – History of the Moravian Church: The 18th century renewal: The Moravian Church community at Herrnhut undergoes a Pentecostalist experience. August 14 – Elections for the House of Commons begin in Great Britain and continue until October 17. August 30 – Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal. September 8 – A barn fire during a puppet show in the village of Burwell, Cambridgeshire, England, kills 78 people, many of them children. Another report says that all but six of the 160 persons assembled were killed in the accidental fire. October–December October 11 – George II of Great Britain is crowned. Handel's Coronation Anthems are composed for the event, including Zadok the Priest, which has been played at every subsequent Coronation of the British monarch. October 17 – With voting for the British House of Commons concluding, the Whigs, led by Sir Robert Walpole, increase their supermajority, winning 415 of the 558 seats. The Tories share of Commons decreases from 169 to 128. November 18 – Tabriz earthquake, Persia kills 77,000. November 21 – The Netherlands signs the Treaty of Seville. November 27 – The foundation stone of the Jerusalem's Church in Berlin is laid. December 8 – For the first time since the union of England and Scotland into Great Britain, the Royal Bank of Scotland, which still retains the right to print currency, issues its first pound note, printing paper currency for twenty shillings. The Scottish pound note continues to be printed until 2001 and the smallest denomination now is a five pound note. December 17 – The London Evening Post, a conservative newspaper, publishes its first issue. It continues in regular publication for 70 years. Date unknown An old woman known as Janet (Jenny) Horne of Loth, Sutherland becomes the last alleged witch in the British Isles to be executed, when she is burned at the stake in Dornoch, Scotland. (Some sources give the date as June 1722.) The first Amish move to North America. 1727–1800 – Lt. Col. Francisco de Mello Palheta smuggles coffee seeds to Brazil in a bouquet, starting a coffee empire. Births January 2 – James Wolfe, British general (d. 1759) January 25 – Aron Gustaf Silfversparre, Swedish baron (d. 1818) May 10 – Anne Robert Turgot, French statesman (d. 1781) May 14 – Thomas Gainsborough, English artist (d. 1788) July 26 – Horatio Gates, retired British soldier who served as an American general during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1806) August 14 Henriette-Anne of France, daughter of King Louis XV of France (d. 1752) Princess Louise-Élisabeth of France, daughter of King Louis XV of France (d. 1759) August 22 – Johann Joseph Gassner, German priest (d. 1779) October 23 – Empress Xiaoyichun of China (d. 1775) November 26 – Artemas Ward, American major general (d. 1800) December 6 – Johann Gottfried Zinn, German anatomist, botanist (d. 1757) December 27 – Arthur Murphy, Irish writer (d. 1805) Deaths January |
Liverpool Castle in England are finally demolished. In late 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad. Births January 14 – Jacques-Donatien Le Ray, French supporter of the American Revolution (d. 1803) January 17 – Hugh Mercer, brigadier general in the American Continental Army, and a close friend to George Washington (d. 1777) February 4 – Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie, Director-general of the Colony of Louisiana (d. 1765) February 7 – Margaret Fownes-Luttrell, British painter (d. 1766) March 8 – Richard Howe, British admiral (d. 1799) April 5 – Benjamin Harrison V, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d. 1791) April 8 – Lewis Morris, American landowner and developer, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1798) April 12 – Charles Burney, English music historian (d. 1814) April 20 – Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (d. 1814) June 3 O.S. – James Hutton, Scottish geologist (d. 1797) June 14 O.S. – Thomas Pennant, Welsh naturalist (d. 1798) June 20 – Louise Henriette of Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans, mother of Philippe Égalité (d. 1759) July 1 – Acharya Bhikshu, Jain saint (d. 1803) July 30 – William Jones (1726–1800), British clergyman, author (d. 1800) August 7 – James Bowdoin, American Revolutionary leader, politician (d. 1790) August 9 – Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (d. 1778) September 1 – François-André Danican Philidor, French composer, chess player (d. 1795) September 2 – John Howard (prison reformer), English philanthropist (d. 1790) September 26 – John H. D. Anderson, Scottish scientist (d. 1796) September 26 – Angelo Maria Bandini, Italian librarian (d. 1803) October 16 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (d. 1801) December 4 – Lord Stirling, American brigadier-general during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1783) date unknown Lê Quý Đôn, Vietnamese philosopher, poet, encyclopedist, and government official (d. 1784) Cyprian Howe, American colonel in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1806) Katsukawa Shunshō, Japanese woodblock artist (d. 1792) Jedediah Strutt, English businessman (d. 1797) Lady Anne Monson, English botanist (d. 1776) Deaths January 2 – Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (b. 1688) January 12 – Hercule-Louis Turinetti, marquis of Prié (b. 1658) January 19 Franz Beer, Austrian architect (b. 1659) Giovanni Battista Tolomei, Italian Jesuit priest, theologian and cardinal (b. 1653) January 25 – Guillaume Delisle, French cartographer (b. 1675) February 18 – Jacques Carrey, French painter (b. 1649) February 26 – Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1662) March 5 – Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, English politician March 6 – Henrietta Catharina, Baroness von Gersdorff, German noblewoman; poet (b. 1648) March 13 – Alexander Pendarves, British politician (b. 1662) March 14 – Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsale 2nd, 5th Maratha Emperor (b. 1696) March 26 – John Vanbrugh, English architect, dramatist (b. 1664) April 26 – Jeremy Collier, English theatre critic, non-juror bishop and theologian (b. 1650) April 28 – Thomas Pitt, British Governor of Madras (b. 1653) May 10 – Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans, English soldier (b. 1670) June 18 – Michel Richard Delalande, French organist, composer (b. 1657) July 3 – Galeazzo Marescotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1627) July 8 – John Ker, Scottish spy (b. 1673) July 22 – Hugh Drysdale, British Colonial Governor of Virginia July 31 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695) September 22 – Aixinjueluo Yuntang, born Aixinjueluo Yintang, Qing prince (b. 1683) October 29 – Jean Boivin the Younger, French writer (b. 1663) November 22 – Anton Domenico Gabbiani, Italian painter (b. 1652) November 23 – Sophia Dorothea of Celle, queen of George I of Great Britain (b. 1666) December 2 – Samuel Penhallow, American colonist, historian (b. 1665) References | down off of the coast of Recife. September 16 – An earthquake strikes Sicily and kills 226 people in Palermo. September 11 – French bishop André-Hercule de Fleury, later Prime Minister for King Louis XV of France, is made a Roman Catholic Cardinal by Pope Benedict XIII. September 23 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues an order limiting the number of Jews who can be legally recognized as legitimate householders. September 14 – The Nanfan Treaty of July 19, 1701 between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Province of New York, is amended by both parties. September 24 – Permission to celebrate the feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, celebrated on July 17, is extended by Pope Benedict XIII to the entire Roman Catholic Church. October–December November 8 – (October 28 Old Style) Jonathan Swift's satirical novel Gulliver's Travels is first published (anonymously) in London; it sells out within a week. November 20 – Callinicus, Metropolitan of Heraclea dies suddenly only one day after being elected the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, the highest office in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Callinicus is said to have paid a record fee to the Ottoman Sultan to guarantee his appointment. November – Mary Toft allegedly gives birth to 16 rabbits in England; the story is later revealed to be a hoax. December 24 – The settlement of Montevideo is founded by the Spaniards in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Date unknown The Gujin Tushu Jicheng, an immense Chinese encyclopedia, is printed using copper-based movable type printing. Muhammad bin Saud becomes head of the House of Saud. The remaining ruins of Liverpool Castle in England are finally demolished. In late 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad. Births January 14 – Jacques-Donatien Le Ray, French supporter of the American Revolution (d. 1803) January 17 – Hugh Mercer, brigadier general in the American Continental Army, and a close friend to George Washington (d. 1777) February 4 – Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie, Director-general of the Colony of Louisiana (d. 1765) February 7 – Margaret Fownes-Luttrell, British painter (d. 1766) March 8 – Richard Howe, British admiral (d. 1799) April 5 – Benjamin Harrison V, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d. 1791) April 8 – Lewis Morris, American landowner and developer, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1798) April 12 – Charles Burney, English music historian (d. 1814) April 20 – Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (d. 1814) June 3 O.S. – James Hutton, Scottish geologist (d. 1797) June 14 O.S. – Thomas Pennant, Welsh naturalist (d. 1798) June 20 – Louise Henriette of Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans, mother of Philippe Égalité (d. 1759) July 1 – Acharya Bhikshu, Jain saint (d. 1803) July 30 – William Jones (1726–1800), British clergyman, author (d. 1800) August 7 – James Bowdoin, American Revolutionary leader, politician (d. 1790) August 9 – Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (d. 1778) September 1 – François-André |
Queen Consort of France. Their marriage lasts for almost 43 years until her death in 1768. September 16 – The Treaty of Hanover is signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia. October–December October 19 – Johan Paul Schagen in appointed by the Dutch East India Company to serve as the Governor of Ceylon after the death of Johannes Hertenberg. October 23 – Russia dispatches 1,500 troops and 120 civilians to Russia's border with China, on a mission to survey the boundaries in order to make a treaty with the Chinese Empire. Serbian adventurer Sava Vladislavich leads a group of cartographers to prepare maps in advance of traveling on to Beijing. November 5 – The fourth and final treaty of the 1725 Peace of Vienna is signed to create an alliance between Austria and Spain. November 8 – The first newspaper in the Province of New York, the New-York Gazette, is introduced by William Bradford as a weekly publication. November 22 – Chief Chicagou of the Mitchigamea tribe, and chiefs of five other tribes of the Illini Confederation, are received as guests of King Louis XV in Paris. Chicagou pledges the Illini's support of the French presence in North America. November 26 – British astronomers James Bradley and Samuel Molyneux set up a telescope in Molyneux's private observatory to begin their observations of stellar parallax of the star Gamma Draconis. The observations, which start on December 3, lead to Bradley's pioneering discovery of the aberration of light. December 12 – Johan Willem Ripperda of the Netherlands, the former Dutch Ambassador to Spain, arrives in Madrid and claims that King Philip V has appointed him as the new Prime Minister. The bluff is successful and he is granted authority by the King's advisers, but after four months, he is forced to resign. December 15 – A treaty is signed by chiefs of four member tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy (the Abenaki, Pequawket, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet) and representatives of three British provinces in North America (Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia) and their allies, the Mohawk nation, bringing an end to Dummer's War, named for acting Massachusetts Bay Governor William Dummer. Date unknown The Terengganu Sultanate is established at Terengganu Darul Iman (now known as Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia). A fire in Wapping, London, destroys 70 houses. In Qing dynasty China, 66 copies of a 5,020 volume-long encyclopedia, the Gujin Tushu Jicheng (Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times) are printed, necessitating the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze. Freemasonry is established in France, as an English import. The Four Seasons, a set of violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, is published. Births January 25 – Antoine Court de Gébelin, French pastor (d. 1784) February 4 – Dru Drury, English entomologist (d. 1803) February 5 James Otis, American lawyer, patriot (d. 1783) Anna Maria Rückerschöld, Swedish author (d. 1805) February 15 – Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1794) February 25 – Karl Wilhelm Ramler, German poet (d. 1798) February 26 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French steam vehicle pioneer (d. 1804) March 6 – Henry Benedict Stuart, Italian-born cardinal, Jacobite claimant to the British throne (d. 1807) March 17 – Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-born American military and political leader (d. 1806) March 20 – Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1789) March 24 Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (d. 1813) Thomas Cushing, American Continental Congressman (d. 1788) March 28 – Andrew Kippis, English non-conformist clergyman, biographer April 2 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer, writer (d. 1798) April 6 – Pasquale Paoli, Corsican patriot, military leader (d. 1807) April 23 – Gerard Majella, Italian Catholic lay brother and saint (d. 1755) April 25 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, British admiral (d. 1786) May 12 – Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, French soldier, writer (d. 1785) May 25 – Samuel Ward, American politician (d. 1776) June 29 – Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa, Italian ruler (d. 1790) July 1 – Rhoda Delaval, English portrait painter (d. 1757) July 4 Jean-Baptiste Luton Durival, French historian, diplomat and Encyclopédiste (d. 1810) Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French soldier (d. 1807) July 24 – John Newton, English cleric and hymnist (d. 1807) August 21 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (d. 1805) August 29 – Charles Townshend, English politician (d. 1767) September 5 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799) September 12 – Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (d. 1792) September 16 Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (d. 1815) Anna Barbara Gignoux, German industrialist (d. 1796) September 24 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (d. | 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze. Freemasonry is established in France, as an English import. The Four Seasons, a set of violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, is published. Births January 25 – Antoine Court de Gébelin, French pastor (d. 1784) February 4 – Dru Drury, English entomologist (d. 1803) February 5 James Otis, American lawyer, patriot (d. 1783) Anna Maria Rückerschöld, Swedish author (d. 1805) February 15 – Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1794) February 25 – Karl Wilhelm Ramler, German poet (d. 1798) February 26 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French steam vehicle pioneer (d. 1804) March 6 – Henry Benedict Stuart, Italian-born cardinal, Jacobite claimant to the British throne (d. 1807) March 17 – Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-born American military and political leader (d. 1806) March 20 – Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1789) March 24 Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (d. 1813) Thomas Cushing, American Continental Congressman (d. 1788) March 28 – Andrew Kippis, English non-conformist clergyman, biographer April 2 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer, writer (d. 1798) April 6 – Pasquale Paoli, Corsican patriot, military leader (d. 1807) April 23 – Gerard Majella, Italian Catholic lay brother and saint (d. 1755) April 25 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, British admiral (d. 1786) May 12 – Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, French soldier, writer (d. 1785) May 25 – Samuel Ward, American politician (d. 1776) June 29 – Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa, Italian ruler (d. 1790) July 1 – Rhoda Delaval, English portrait painter (d. 1757) July 4 Jean-Baptiste Luton Durival, French historian, diplomat and Encyclopédiste (d. 1810) Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French soldier (d. 1807) July 24 – John Newton, English cleric and hymnist (d. 1807) August 21 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (d. 1805) August 29 – Charles Townshend, English politician (d. 1767) September 5 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799) September 12 – Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (d. 1792) September 16 Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (d. 1815) Anna Barbara Gignoux, German industrialist (d. 1796) September 24 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (d. 1803) September 29 – Robert Clive, British general, statesman (d. 1774) October 12 – Étienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist, entomologist (d. 1810) October 21 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (d. 1801) December 11 – George Mason, American founding father (d. 1792) December 18 – Johann Salomo Semler, German historian, Bible commentator (d. 1791) date unknown – Magdalena Dávalos y Maldonado, Ecuadorian scholar, socialite (d. 1806) Deaths January 6 – Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Japanese dramatist (b. 1653) January 26 – Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Georgian prince (b. 1658) January 29 – Nuno Álvares Pereira de Melo, 1st Duke of Cadaval, Portuguese nobleman and statesman (b. 1638) February 7 – Johann Philipp Krieger, German Baroque composer (b. 1649) February 8 – Emperor Peter I of Russia (b. 1672) March 2 – José |
Li Weijun as the first Viceory. Zhili exists as a viceroyalty until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. December 24 – Francesco Valesio resumes writing his Diario di Roma, 13 years after he ceased his recording of daily life in Rome. Date unknown China expels foreign missionaries. Blenheim Palace construction is completed in England. It is presented as a gift from the nation to the Duke of Marlborough, for his involvement in the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. The Austrian Netherlands agree to the Pragmatic Sanction. Shah Mahmud Hotaki of Afghanistan goes insane. Longman, the oldest surviving publishing house in England, is founded. The Kaitokudō academy merchant school, as predecessor for part of Ōsaka University was founded in Ōsaka, Japan. Births January 12 – Frances Brooke, English writer (d. 1789) February 16 – Christopher Gadsden, American statesman (d. 1805) February 28 – George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, British field marshal (d. 1807) February 29 – Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-born English ballet dancer, known as La Violette (d. 1822) March 1 – Manuel do Cenáculo, Portuguese prelate and antiquarian (d. 1814) March 6 – Henry Laurens, political leader during the American Revolutionary War, father of John Laurens (d. 1792) March 27 – Jane Colden, American botanist (d. 1766) April 12 – Lyman Hall, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1790) April 22 – Immanuel Kant, German philosopher (d. 1804) May 7 – Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, Alsatian-born Austrian general (d. 1797) May 19 – Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, British admiral, politician (d. 1779) June 8 – John Smeaton, English civil engineer (d. 1792) June 15 – Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach, German aristocrat (d. 1794) July 2 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (d. 1803) July 10 – Eva Ekeblad, Swedish scientist (d. 1786) July 31 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (d. 1801) August 23 – Abraham Yates, American Continental Congressman (d. 1796) August 25 – George Stubbs, English painter (d. 1806) August 27 – John Joachim Zubly, Swiss-born Continental Congressman (d. 1781) September 3 – Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier and Governor of Quebec (d. 1808) October 31 – Christopher Anstey, English writer (d. 1805) December 12 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral (d. 1816) December 13 – Franz Aepinus, German scientist (d. 1802) December 18 – Louise of Great Britain, queen of Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1751) December 24 – Johann Conrad Ammann, Swiss physician, naturalist (d. 1811) December 25 – John Michell, English scientist and geologist (d. 1793) December 28 – Christoph Franz von Buseck, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg (d. 1805) December 30 – Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée, French painter (d. 1805) Date unknown Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon, French mathematician (d. 1767) James MacLaine, Irish highwayman (d. 1750) Deaths January 20 – William Lowndes, English politician (b. 1652) February 12 – Elkanah Settle, English writer (b. 1648) February 19 – Pieter Schuyler, British colonial military leader, acting governor of New York (b. 1657) March 4 – Princess Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach, duchess by marriage of Württemberg-Winnental (b. 1663) March 7 – Pope Innocent XIII (b. 1655) March 10 – Urban Hjärne, Swedish chemist (b. 1641) March 15 – Regent Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours (b. 1644) March 19 – Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham, English politician (b. 1655) March 31 – Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1654) April 28 – Streynsham Master, English colonial administrator (b. 1640) May 3 – John Leverett the Younger, American President of Harvard (b. 1662) May 21 – Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, English statesman (b. 1661) June – Magdelaine Chapelain, French fortune teller and poisoner (b. 1651) June 11 – Ludovico Sabbatini, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1650) June 5 – Henry Sacheverell, English churchman and politician (b. 1674) June 24 – Johann Theile, German composer and organist (b. 1646) July 1 – Johann Homann, German cartographer (b. 1664) July 2 – Thomas Maule, prominent Quaker in colonial Salem (b. 1645) July 13 – Sir Richard Levinge, 1st Baronet, British politician (b. 1656) July 31 – Claude de Ramezay, Canadian politician (b. 1659) August 2 – Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont, Scottish statesman (b. 1641) August 6 – Samson Wertheimer, European rabbi (b. 1658) August 21 – Noël Alexandre, French theologian and ecclesiastical historian (b. 1639) August 24 – Andreas Kneller, German organist and composer (b. 1649) August 31 – King Louis I of Spain (b. 1707) September 6 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham, prominent early American settler of Woodbridge Township (b. 1640) October 2 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French writer (b. 1644) October 18 – Jean de Hautefeuille, French cleric, scientist (b. 1647) October 29 – William Wollaston, English philosophical writer (b. | John Passion (BWV 245) of Johann Sebastian Bach, takes place at St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig. April 28 – The first of the seven "Drapier's Letters" satirical pamphlets, seeking to turn British public opinion against Ireland, is distributed by Jonathan Swift, who writes under the pseudonym "M. B., Drapier", identifying himself as a drapier or seller of cloth. May 13 – Cardinal Giulio Piazza, the Archbishop of Faenza, comes within four votes of being elected the new Pope May 29 – Cardinal Vincenzo Orsini, the Archbishop of Benevento, accepts the papacy, two days after being unanimously selected by the cardinals at the papal conclave in Rome. He becomes the 245th pontiff as Pope Benedict XIII. June 23 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia. July–September July 27 – Peter the Wild Boy is captured near Helpensen in Hanover. July 31 – The Hyderabad State is created in India, as the Mughal Emperor, Muhammad Shah rewards his associate Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan. Qamar-ud-din becomes the first Nizam of Hyderabad. The princely state exists for more than 220 years, coming to an end after India's independence from Britain. August 31 – Louis I of Spain dies of smallpox, aged 17, after a reign of seven months, and his father Philip V resumes the throne. September 4 – José de Grimaldo, who had been Prime Minister for Spain's King Philip V until the latter's abdication in January, resumes office with the return of King Philip. September 24 – The Paris Bourse, the stock exchange for France, is created by order of King Louis XV on the advice of Nicolas Ravot d'Ombreval, four years after a financial panic had shut down trading. Stock markets had already been set up in Lyon, Bourdeaux and Toulouse. October–December October 2 – Muhammad bin Nasir is elected as the new Imam of Oman after the overthrow of his brother, Saif bin Sultan II October 15 – The historic Teatro Nuovo opera house is inaugurated in Naples with the premiere of Antonio Orefice's comic opera Lo Simmele. October 16 – Yeongjo becomes the new Emperor of Korea after the death of his older brother, Gyeongjong. He reigns for almost 52 years until his death on April 22, 1776. October 31 – George Frideric Handel's opera Tamerlano is performed for the first time, premiering in London. The opera has been revived as recently as 2009. November 11 – Joseph Blake (alias Blueskin), English highwayman, is hanged in London. November 16 Highwayman Jack Sheppard is hanged in London. Willem Mons, lover of Catherine I of Russia, is executed, and his head preserved in alcohol. November 19 – The Dutch East India Company frigate Slot ter Hooge strikes rocks and sinks off Porto Santo Island, Madeira, with the loss of 221 of the 254 people on board. December 2 – The Metropolitan Mojsije Petrović, leader of the Serbian Orthodox Church within the Habsburg monarchy, issues a 57-point decree to purge the church of the Turkish influence. December 7 – In the aftermath of an attack against Jesuit Catholics led by the Lutheran Mayor of the Prussian City of Thorn (now Toruń in Poland), the execution of the 10 Lutheran officials (including Mayor Johann Gottfried Rösner) is carried out publicly in the town square. Rösner and seven others are decapitated by an axe, while two others are hanged, drawn and quartered for blasphemy. By order of the Nizam, Hyderabad is made the permanent capital of the Indian princely state of the same name. It is now the capital of the Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh December 14 – The Viceroyalty of Zhili (now the Heibei province) is recreated in the Chinese Empire by the Emperor Yongzheng for the first time in 55 years, with Li Weijun as the first Viceory. Zhili exists as a viceroyalty until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. December 24 – Francesco Valesio resumes writing his Diario di Roma, 13 years after he ceased his recording of daily life in Rome. Date unknown China expels foreign missionaries. Blenheim Palace construction is completed in England. It is presented as a gift from the nation to the Duke of Marlborough, for his involvement in the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. The Austrian Netherlands agree to the Pragmatic Sanction. Shah Mahmud Hotaki of Afghanistan goes insane. Longman, the oldest surviving publishing house in England, is founded. The Kaitokudō academy merchant school, as predecessor for part of Ōsaka University was founded in Ōsaka, Japan. Births January 12 – Frances Brooke, English writer (d. 1789) February 16 – Christopher Gadsden, American statesman (d. 1805) February 28 – George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, British field marshal (d. 1807) February 29 – Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-born English ballet dancer, known as La Violette (d. 1822) March 1 – Manuel do Cenáculo, Portuguese prelate and antiquarian (d. 1814) March 6 – Henry Laurens, political leader during the American Revolutionary War, father of John Laurens (d. 1792) March 27 – Jane Colden, American botanist (d. 1766) April 12 – Lyman Hall, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1790) April 22 – Immanuel Kant, German philosopher (d. 1804) |
landlocked Caspian Sea. November 20 – The Dutch East India Company cargo ship Schoonenberg runs aground in South Africa's Struis Bay and is looted by most of its 110 crew, beginning a legend and questions of whether the wreck was part of a conspiracy or simply an accident. Almost 300 years later, the event is reconstructed in detail by investigators. December 20 – After the longest reign by a Chinese Emperor in history (61 years), the Kangxi Emperor dies, and is succeeded by his son Yinzhen as Yongzheng Emperor. Date unknown Edenton is incorporated as the county seat of Chowan County, North Carolina. The governor and assembly of North Carolina move to Edenton, making it the de facto capital of North Carolina until 1746, when the government is moved to New Bern. Peter the Great of Russia creates the Table of Ranks. A small group of Bohemian Brethren (the "Hidden Seed") from northern Moravia are allowed to settle in a new village, Herrnhut, on the Berthelsdorf estate of the pietist Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf in Upper Lusatia (Saxony), forming the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine, seed of the Moravian Church's renewal. The first public theatre in Denmark, Lille Grønnegade Theatre, is founded in Copenhagen. Modern music theory finds definition in Jean-Philippe Rameau's Traité de l'harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels (Treatise on Harmony), published in Paris. The "Brown Bess" muzzle-loading smoothbore musket becomes the British Army's standard infantry firearm for land combat for more than a century. Johann Sebastian Bach composes The Well-Tempered Clavier. Births January 1 – Sir George Baker, 1st Baronet, British physician (d. 1809) January 3 – Fredrik Hasselqvist, Swedish traveller and naturalist (d. 1752) January 12 – Nicolas Luckner, German in French service who rose to become a Marshal of France (d. 1794) January 15 – Herman Scholliner, German historian (d. 1795) January 18 – Antonio Rodríguez de Hita, Spanish composer (d. 1787) January 26 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader (d. 1805) January 29 – Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Prussian princess (d. 1780) February 3 – Duchess Louise Frederica of Württemberg, German noble (d. 1791) February 4 – Antonio Greppi (1722–1799), Italian banker (d. 1799) February 5 – Anders Rudolf du Rietz, Swedish general, count and politician (d. 1792) February 7 – Azar Bigdeli, Iranian anthologist and poet (d. 1781) February 14 – Georg Christian Füchsel, German physician, geologist (d. 1773) February 19 – Charles-François Tiphaigne de la Roche, French author (d. 1774) February 21 – Lord Robert Manners-Sutton, British politician (d. 1762) February 22 Théophile de Bordeu, French physician (d. 1776) John Redman (physician), American physician (d. 1808) February 24 – John Burgoyne, British army officer (d. 1792) March 3 – Pietro Maria Gazzaniga, Italian theologian (d. 1799) March 6 – Johann Christian Brand, Austrian painter (d. 1795) March 7 – Louis-Jacques Goussier, French artist (d. 1799) March 15 – Gabriel Lenkiewicz, Belarusian Temporary Vicar General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1798) March 17 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1722–1791), England (d. 1791) March 18 Ulrika Eleonora von Düben, Swedish lady in waiting (d. 1758) Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz, German noble (d. 1800) March 19 – Edmund Nelson (clergyman), English priest (d. 1802) March 23 Marguerite-Thérèse Lemoine Despins, Canadian mother superior (d. 1792) Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche, French astronomer (d. 1769) April 8 – Jakob Friedrich Kleinknecht, German composer (d. 1794) April 11 – Christopher Smart, English poet (d. 1771) April 12 – Pietro Nardini, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1793) April 19 – Duke Clement Francis of Bavaria, German nobleman (d. 1770) April 22 (bapt.) – Joseph Warton, English poet and critic (d. 1800) April 25 – Mark Robinson (Royal Navy officer), Royal Navy admiral (d. 1799) April 26 – George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry, English noble and politician (d. 1809) April 29 – Francesco Carafa di Trajetto, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1818) May 2 – Gerhard Schøning, Norwegian historian (d. 1780) May 4 David Leslie, 6th Earl of Leven, British noble (d. 1802) Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield, Scottish advocate and judge (d. 1799) May 9 – Morgan Edwards, British historian and minister (d. 1795) May 11 – Petrus Camper, Dutch scientist (d. 1789) May 23 – Claudius Franciscus Gagnières des Granges, French | than a century. Johann Sebastian Bach composes The Well-Tempered Clavier. Births January 1 – Sir George Baker, 1st Baronet, British physician (d. 1809) January 3 – Fredrik Hasselqvist, Swedish traveller and naturalist (d. 1752) January 12 – Nicolas Luckner, German in French service who rose to become a Marshal of France (d. 1794) January 15 – Herman Scholliner, German historian (d. 1795) January 18 – Antonio Rodríguez de Hita, Spanish composer (d. 1787) January 26 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader (d. 1805) January 29 – Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Prussian princess (d. 1780) February 3 – Duchess Louise Frederica of Württemberg, German noble (d. 1791) February 4 – Antonio Greppi (1722–1799), Italian banker (d. 1799) February 5 – Anders Rudolf du Rietz, Swedish general, count and politician (d. 1792) February 7 – Azar Bigdeli, Iranian anthologist and poet (d. 1781) February 14 – Georg Christian Füchsel, German physician, geologist (d. 1773) February 19 – Charles-François Tiphaigne de la Roche, French author (d. 1774) February 21 – Lord Robert Manners-Sutton, British politician (d. 1762) February 22 Théophile de Bordeu, French physician (d. 1776) John Redman (physician), American physician (d. 1808) February 24 – John Burgoyne, British army officer (d. 1792) March 3 – Pietro Maria Gazzaniga, Italian theologian (d. 1799) March 6 – Johann Christian Brand, Austrian painter (d. 1795) March 7 – Louis-Jacques Goussier, French artist (d. 1799) March 15 – Gabriel Lenkiewicz, Belarusian Temporary Vicar General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1798) March 17 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1722–1791), England (d. 1791) March 18 Ulrika Eleonora von Düben, Swedish lady in waiting (d. 1758) Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz, German noble (d. 1800) March 19 – Edmund Nelson (clergyman), English priest (d. 1802) March 23 Marguerite-Thérèse Lemoine Despins, Canadian mother superior (d. 1792) Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche, French astronomer (d. 1769) April 8 – Jakob Friedrich Kleinknecht, German composer (d. 1794) April 11 – Christopher Smart, English poet (d. 1771) April 12 – Pietro Nardini, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1793) April 19 – Duke Clement Francis of Bavaria, German nobleman (d. 1770) April 22 (bapt.) – Joseph Warton, English poet and critic (d. 1800) April 25 – Mark Robinson (Royal Navy officer), Royal Navy admiral (d. 1799) April 26 – George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry, English noble and politician (d. 1809) April 29 – Francesco Carafa di Trajetto, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1818) May 2 – Gerhard Schøning, Norwegian historian (d. 1780) May 4 David Leslie, 6th Earl of Leven, British noble (d. 1802) Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield, Scottish advocate and judge (d. 1799) May 9 – Morgan Edwards, British historian and minister (d. 1795) May 11 – Petrus Camper, Dutch scientist (d. 1789) May 23 – Claudius Franciscus Gagnières des Granges, French martyr (d. 1792) May 25 – Anton Cebej, Slovenian artist (d. 1774) May 26 – Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1778) May 28 – Hugh Pigot (Royal Navy officer, born 1722), British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1792) May 29 – James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster (d. 1773) June 7 – George Paulet, 12th Marquess of Winchester, British politician (d. 1800) June 19 – George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen (d. 1801) June 25 – St George Gore-St George, Irish politician (d. 1746) June 28 – Daniel Dulany the Younger, American politician (d. 1797) June 30 – Jiří Antonín Benda, Bohemian composer (d. 1795) July 1 – Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky, Russian general (d. 1782) July 11 – Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt, German prince (d. 1782) July 14 – Jean-Pierre du Teil, French general (d. 1794) July 16 – Joseph Wilton, English sculptor (d. 1803) July 21 – James Colebrooke, British baronet (d. 1761) July 23 Antoine Petit, French physician (d. 1794) Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius, French salon holder (d. 1800) July 25 – Jakab Fellner, Hungarian architect (d. 1780) August 1 – Anne Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, French princess (d. 1739) August 5 – William Fortescue, 1st Earl of Clermont, Irish politician (d. 1806) August 9 – Prince Augustus William of Prussia (d. 1758) August 11 – Richard Brocklesby, British doctor (d. 1797) August 12 – Giuseppe Baldrighi, Italian painter (d. 1803) |
a crew of sailors who had survived a smallpox epidemic. One of the Seahorse crew who had cleared quarantine develops symptoms the next day and infects other people in a lodging house. Over the next 10 months, 5,759 cases of smallpox are recorded in Boston and 844 people die of the disease. April 26 – Pirates John Taylor and Olivier Levasseur capture the 700-ton Portuguese galleon Nossa Senhora do Cabo at Réunion. The total value of treasure on board (from Goa) is estimated as between £100,000 and £875,000, one of the largest pirate hauls ever. May 8 – Pope Innocent XIII succeeds Pope Clement XI, as the 244th pope. June 26 – Dr. Zabdiel Boylston of the Harvard University School of Medicine begins the first public inoculation campaign in order to slow the smallpox epidemic in Boston, giving a vaccine to his own son, and then to his slave and the slave's infant son. July –September July 31 – The Spanish expedition led by Coahuila Governor José de Azlor y Virto de Vera, sent to recapture Texas from the French, encounters Neches River the smaller French force of Louis Juchereau de St. Denis, who had led the French expansion westward from the Louisiana territory. Realizing that his forces are badly outnumbered, St. Denis abandons hope of colonizing the east Texas territory and Azlor retakes the area. August 18 – The Sack of Shamakhi occurs, in the Persian Safavid Empire. September 10 (August 23 Old Style) – The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War. October –December October 22 – The Kelantan Sultanate is established at Kelantan Darul Naim (modern-day Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia). November 2 (October 22 Old Style) – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire (it collapses in 1917). December 22 – Philip V of Spain signs a Royal Decree in Lerma, transforming the Seminary of Saint Rose of Lima in Caracas into the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas. Date unknown José de Azlor y Virto de Vera, Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo and governor of Spanish Texas, establishes the fort of Presidio La Bahía at its original location, on the ruins of the failed French Fort Saint Louis. Regular mail service between London and New England is established. A suggestion box is | Scottish physician and author (d. 1771) April 11 – David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (d. 1808) April 14 – John Hanson, President of the Continental Congress of America (d. 1783) April 15 – Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, English military leader (d. 1765) April 19 – Roger Sherman, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1793) June 19 – Johann de Kalb, Bavarian-French military officer who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1780) July 9 – Johann Nikolaus Götz, German poet (d. 1781) July 14 – John Douglas, Scottish Anglican bishop and man of letters (d. 1807) August 4 – Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician (d. 1803) August 31 – George Hervey, 2nd Earl of Bristol, British statesman (d. 1775) September 10 – Peyton Randolph, 1st and 3rd President of the Continental Congress (d. 1775) September 14 – Eliphalet Dyer, American statesman and judge (d. 1807) October 19 – Joseph de Guignes, French orientalist (d. 1800) November 9 – Mark Akenside, English poet and physician (d. 1770) November 22 – Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres, Swiss-born cartographer and Canadian statesman (d. 1824) December 6 James Elphinston, Scottish philologist (d. 1809) Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French statesman (d. 1794) December 27 – François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher (d. 1790) December 29 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (d. 1764) Date unknown - Im Yunjidang, Korean scholar, writer and neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1793) Deaths January 25 – Robert Challe, French colonialist (b. 1659) January 26 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French churchman and scholar (b. 1630) February 5 – Abraham Hill, British merchant (b. 1633) February 5 –James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, English chief minister (b. 1673) February 16 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician (b. 1686) February 24 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (b. 1648) March 16 – James Craggs the Elder, English politician (b. 1657) March 19 – Pope Clement XI (b. 1649) March 29 – Charles Vane, English pirate, executed (b. 1680) April |
Han Dynasty China. This is the first of the Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions, which end in 184. A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery, in southern China (central Vietnam). He travels to the Chinese capital Luoyang, and is greeted by Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty. By topic Religion Pope Soter succeeds Pope Anicetus as the twelfth pope of Rome. Laurence succeeds Alypius as Patriarch of Constantinople. Births Taishi Ci (or Ziyi), Chinese general (d. 206) Deaths Celadion, patriarch of Alexandria Gaeru of Baekje, Korean ruler Laurence, bishop of | was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pudens and Pollio (or, less frequently, year 919 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 166 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Dacia is invaded by barbarians. Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni. Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons Commodus and Marcus Annius Verus as co-rulers (Caesar), while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany. End of the war with |
Luoyang, the capital of Han. By topic Arts and sciences Galen publishes his "Treatise on the various temperaments" (aka On the Elements According to Hippocrates). Religion Pope Victor I succeeds Pope Eleuterus as the fourteenth pope, the first from Africa. Demetrius of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success. Births March 7 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (d. 211) Ling Tong, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 217) Zhang Chunhua, Chinese noblewoman and aristocrat (d. 247) Deaths May 13 – Ling of Han (or Liu | Bian succeeds Emperor Ling, as Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty. Dong Zhuo has Liu Bian deposed, and installs Emperor Xian as emperor. Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han. By topic Arts and sciences Galen publishes his "Treatise on the various temperaments" (aka On the Elements According to Hippocrates). Religion Pope Victor I succeeds Pope Eleuterus as the fourteenth pope, the first from Africa. Demetrius of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. Pantaenus, who was sent by the |
the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene. Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls. Two new legions, I Parthica and III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison. China Battle of Yijing: Chinese warlord Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan. Korea Geodeung succeeds Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date). By topic Religion Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor | but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls. Two new legions, I Parthica and III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison. China Battle of Yijing: Chinese warlord Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan. Korea Geodeung succeeds Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date). By topic Religion Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I, as the 15th pope. Births Deaths February 7 Gao Shun, Chinese general and advisor Lü Bu, Chinese general and warlord Chen Ji, Chinese |
when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire April 8 – Caracalla is assassinated by his soldiers near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus, head of the Praetorian Guard, declares himself Roman emperor. Summer – Battle of Nisibis: A Roman army, under the command of Macrinus, is defeated in a three days' battle by the Parthians at Nisibis, in the province of Mesopotamia. King Artabanus V signs a peace treaty with Rome after he receives 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia. Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor. Empress Julia, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta, commits suicide. The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire (lightning) which destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater. China Battle of Ruxu: Warlord Cao Cao once again clashes with his rival Sun Quan in Yang Province. By topic Religion December 20 – The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the sixteenth pope, but is opposed by the theologian Hippolytus who accuses him of laxity and of being a Modalist, one who denies any distinction between the three persons of the | again clashes with his rival Sun Quan in Yang Province. By topic Religion December 20 – The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the sixteenth pope, but is opposed by the theologian Hippolytus who accuses him of laxity and of being a Modalist, one who denies any distinction between the three persons of the Trinity. Hippolytus begins his "pontificate" as antipope and sets up a breakaway church for Christian followers. Ciriacus succeeds Philadelphus as Patriarch of Constantinople. Sports According to a tradition noted by 19th-century historian Stephen Glover, the earliest recorded game of association football (soccer) took place in Derby, England as a celebration on Shrove Tuesday, the day before commencement of the Lent season on Ash Wednesday, and 47 days before Easter Sunday </onlyinclude> Births Fu Xuan, Chinese historian and poet (d. 278) Hua He, Chinese official and historian (d. 278) Jia Chong, Chinese politician and general (d. 282) Wang Yuanji, Chinese empress dowager (d. 268) Deaths April 8 – Caracalla, Roman emperor (b. 188) December 20 – Zephyrinus, |
and Cappadocia. Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war. Korea Jobun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. By topic Religion July 21 – Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I, as the 18th pope of Rome. Patriarch Castinus succeeds Ciriacus I as patriarch Constantinople. Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa. Births Gaius Vibius Volusianus, Roman emperor (d. 253) Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (d. 283) Deaths May 23 – Urban I, bishop of Rome (b. 175) July 9 – Bian, Chinese empress dowager (b. 159) Go Uru, Korean prime minister Liang Xi, Chinese official and politician Marius Maximus, Roman consul and biographer Naehae of Silla, Korean ruler Wu Zhi, Chinese official and general (b. 177) Zhang Wen, Chinese official and politician (b. 193) Zhang Yi, Chinese official and politician (b. | year 983 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 230 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids, and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire. Persian Empire King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the |
Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls. The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus. Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium. By topic Religion January 10 – Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope. Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships. Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities. Births Wu of Jin (Sima Yan), Chinese emperor (d. 290) Zhang Ti, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 280) | medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls. The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus. Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium. By topic Religion January 10 – Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope. Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships. Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities. Births Wu of Jin (Sima Yan), Chinese emperor |
to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians. November 21 – Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome. Origen makes revisions to the Septuagint. Births Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 264) Deaths March 14 – Guo Nüwang, Chinese empress (b. 184) March 19 – Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (b. 208) November 1 – Cao Gun, Chinese imperial prince Chen Zhen (or Xiaoqi), Chinese official and politician Gaius Petronius Magnus, Roman consul and usurper Hippolytus, Christian theologian and writer (b. 170) Julia Avita Mamaea, mother of Severus Alexander (b. 180) Tiberius Julius Cotys III (or Kotys), Roman client king Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV, Roman client king Titius Quartinus, Roman governor and usurper Xin Pi (or Zuozhi), Chinese | of the Third Century: The Roman Empire is under pressure by the Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Quadi and Sassanids (Persia). By topic Religion September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians. November 21 – Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome. Origen makes revisions to the Septuagint. Births Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 264) Deaths March 14 – Guo Nüwang, Chinese empress (b. 184) March 19 – Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (b. 208) November 1 – Cao Gun, Chinese imperial prince Chen Zhen (or Xiaoqi), Chinese official and politician Gaius Petronius Magnus, Roman consul and usurper Hippolytus, |
Empire July 1 – Battle of Abritus: The Goths defeat Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus, on swampy ground in the Dobruja (Moesia). In Rome, Hostilian, son of Decius, succeeds his father, while Trebonianus Gallus is proclaimed Emperor by the troops. Gallus accepts him as co-emperor, but an outbreak of plague strikes the city, and kills Hostilian. The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period, as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast. Gallus makes peace with the Goths; he permits them to keep their plunder, and offers them a bribe not to return. A 15-year plague begins in the Roman Empire. Persia Sassanid King Shapur I orders an invasion of Syria, with the intent of finally capturing the city of Antioch during the campaign of 251–254. China Wang Ling's rebellion against the Wei regent Sima Yi is quelled. Sima Yi passes away in Luoyang. Sima | Trebonianus Gallus is proclaimed Emperor by the troops. Gallus accepts him as co-emperor, but an outbreak of plague strikes the city, and kills Hostilian. The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period, as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast. Gallus makes peace with the Goths; he permits them to keep their plunder, and offers them a bribe not to return. A 15-year plague begins in the Roman Empire. Persia Sassanid King Shapur I orders an invasion of Syria, with the intent of finally capturing the city of Antioch during the campaign of 251–254. China Wang Ling's rebellion against the Wei regent Sima Yi is quelled. Sima Yi passes away in Luoyang. Sima Shi, Sima Yi's eldest son, inherits his father's authority. By topic Religion March – Pope Cornelius succeeds Pope Fabian as the 21st pope. Births January 12 – Anthony the Great, Christian monk and saint (d. 356) Deaths February 5 – Cao Lin, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state June – August Decius, Roman emperor (killed after the battle of Abritus) |
to the north, but at Foligno they are killed by their own troops. Aemilianus rules the Roman Empire for three months; he promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus. Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium and Publius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as the new emperor by the Rhine legions. He gives his son Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the title Augustus. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths have violated the treaty signed with Rome and invaded Moesia. Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two; Gallienus taking control of the West and his father ruling the East, where he faces the Persian threat. Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats a Roman field army at Barbalissos in Syria 2). Valerian reforms Legio III Augusta to fight the "five peoples", a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes in Africa. By topic Religion Pope Cornelius is sent into exile. June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope. Lucius is arrested almost immediately following his election and | own troops. Aemilianus rules the Roman Empire for three months; he promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus. Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium and Publius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as the new emperor by the Rhine legions. He gives his son Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the title Augustus. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths have violated the treaty signed with Rome and invaded Moesia. Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two; Gallienus taking control of the West and his father ruling the East, where he faces the Persian threat. Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats a Roman field army at Barbalissos in Syria 2). Valerian reforms Legio III Augusta to fight the "five peoples", a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes in Africa. By topic |
Gallienus become Roman Consuls. The Roman Empire is threatened by several peoples on their borders: the Germanic confederations, such as the Franks on the Middle Rhine, the Alemanni on the upper Rhine and Danube, and the Marcomanni facing the provinces at Noricum and Raetia. On land the confederation of Goths threaten the lower Danube provinces, and on the sea they threaten the shores of Thracia, Bithynia et Pontus, and Cappadocia. In the eastern provinces, the Sassanid Persians had the previous year defeated a Roman field army at Barballisos, and afterwards plundered the defenseless provinces. This period of time is called today the Crisis of the Third Century. | by several peoples on their borders: the Germanic confederations, such as the Franks on the Middle Rhine, the Alemanni on the upper Rhine and Danube, and the Marcomanni facing the provinces at Noricum and Raetia. On land the confederation of Goths threaten the lower Danube provinces, and on the sea they threaten the shores of Thracia, Bithynia et Pontus, and Cappadocia. In the eastern provinces, the Sassanid Persians had the previous year |
Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome. In Bavaria the Limes Germanicus (Upper Raetian Limes) along the river Iller is abandoned by the Romans. Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubled Illyrian provinces. Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch, Syria from King Shapur I of Persia. The Goths build a fleet on the Black Sea. The Goths separate into the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths. By topic Religion August 30 – Pope Sixtus II succeeds Pope Stephen I as the 24th pope. Valerian's persecution of Christians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting | known as the Year of the Consulship of Valerianus and Gallienus (or, less frequently, year 1010 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 257 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Gallienus enters into a joint consulship with his father Valerianus I, having brought some order to the Danube area. Future emperor Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome. In Bavaria the Limes Germanicus (Upper Raetian Limes) along the river Iller is abandoned by the Romans. Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubled Illyrian provinces. Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch, |
and Science In Rome, the manufacturing of soap containing grease, lime and ashes begins. Appian writes Ρωμαικα, known in English as the Roman History, in which he includes the history of each nation conquered up until the moment of its conquest. Religion The first Buddhist monks arrive in China. </onlyinclude> Births Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (d. 212) Felician of Foligno, Roman bishop and martyr (d. 250) Julia Domna, | full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Atilius and Vibius (or, less frequently, year 913 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 160 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Antonine Wall is retaken by |
Emperor Antoninus Pius dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, who shares imperial power with Lucius Verus, although Marcus retains the title Pontifex Maximus. Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action. He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavors to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favoring women and slaves. Aurelius reduces the weight of a goldpiece, the | The denomination 161 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire March 7 – Emperor Antoninus Pius dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, who shares imperial power with Lucius Verus, although Marcus retains the title Pontifex Maximus. Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action. He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavors to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favoring women and slaves. Aurelius reduces the weight of a goldpiece, the aureus, from |
method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by King Vologases IV of Parthia. By topic Art and Science Arrian, Greek historian and writer, publishes Indica, a work on India and its people. Births Marcus Annius Verus Caesar, one of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius's thirteen children (d. 169) Deaths Marcus Annius Libo, the second child | as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Plautius (or, less frequently, year 915 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 162 AD for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for |
Armenia; the capital city of Artaxata is ruined. Births Cui Yan (or Jigui), Chinese official and politician (d. 216) Sun Shao (or Changxu), Chinese chancellor (d. 225) Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus, Roman politician Xun Yu, Chinese politician and adviser (d. 212) Deaths Kong Zhou, father of Kong Rong (b. 103) Marcus Annius Libo, Roman politician References | of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laelianus and Pastor (or, less frequently, year 916 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 163 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Marcus Statius Priscus re-conquers |
Lucius Verus. Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthia. Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returns to the Parthians after the end of the war. The Antonine Wall in Scotland is abandoned by the Romans. Seleucia on the Tigris is destroyed. </onlyinclude> Births Bruttia Crispina, Roman empress (d. 191) Ge Xuan (or Xiaoxian), Chinese Taoist (d. 244) Yu Fan, Chinese | of Macrinus and Celsus (or, less frequently, year 917 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 164 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Marcus Aurelius gives his daughter Lucilla in marriage to his co-emperor Lucius Verus. Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthia. Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returns to |
common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Quadratus (or, less frequently, year 920 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 167 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus and Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus become Roman Consuls. The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroy aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels | became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus and Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus become Roman Consuls. The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroy aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels the invaders, ending the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that has kept the Roman Empire free of conflict since the days of Emperor Augustus. The Vandals (Astingi and Lacringi) and the Sarmatian Iazyges invade Dacia. To |
and establish their headquarters at Aquileia. The Roman army crosses the Alps into Pannonia, and subdues the Marcomanni at Carnuntum, north of the Danube. Asia Emperor Ling of Han succeeds Emperor Huan of Han as the emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty; the first year of the Jianning era. Births Cao Ren, Chinese general (d. 223) Gu Yong, Chinese chancellor (d. 243) Li Tong, Chinese general (d. 209) Deaths Anicetus, pope of | Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his adopted brother Lucius Verus leave Rome, and establish their headquarters at Aquileia. The Roman army crosses the Alps into Pannonia, and subdues the Marcomanni at Carnuntum, north of the Danube. Asia Emperor Ling of Han succeeds Emperor Huan of Han as the emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty; the first year of the Jianning era. Births Cao Ren, Chinese general (d. 223) Gu Yong, Chinese chancellor (d. 243) Li Tong, Chinese general (d. 209) Deaths Anicetus, pope of Rome (approximate date) Chen Fan, Chinese official and |
Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 169 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Marcomannic Wars: Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire, specifically the provinces of Raetia and Moesia. Northern African Moors invade what is now Spain. Marcus Aurelius becomes sole Roman Emperor upon | Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 169 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Marcomannic Wars: Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire, specifically the |
Northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia. The Marcomanni plunder Opitergium (modern Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia. This is the first time hostile forces have entered Italy since 101 BC. Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in Sirmium (Pannonia) his first of 12 books of the Meditations in Koine Greek. The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusina, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire. An Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is erected in Rome. The Porta Nigra is built in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier). By topic Art and Science The fundamental works of Ptolemy on cartography are published. </onlyinclude> Births Guo Jia, Chinese politician and adviser (d. 207) Herodian, Roman historian and writer (d. 240) Julia Domna, Roman empress consort | Opitergium (modern Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia. This is the first time hostile forces have entered Italy since 101 BC. Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in Sirmium (Pannonia) his first of 12 books of the Meditations in Koine Greek. The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusina, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire. An Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is erected in Rome. The Porta Nigra is built in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier). By topic Art and Science The fundamental |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.