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Byzantine Empire Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa (modern Turkey) for their teaching of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars seek refuge at the Syriac Church of the East. Europe The Ostrogoths, led by king Theodoric the Great, invade Northern Italy (at the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno). The Gepids try to halt the advance, but Theodoric defeats them at the city of Sirmium (Pannonia) and continues on to cross the Julian Alps. August 28 – Battle of Isonzo: Theodoric defeats the overwhelming forces of Odoacer at Soča (near Aquileia), forcing his way into Italy. September 30 – Battle of Verona: Odoacer is defeated again by Theodoric for a second time. He retreats to the impregnable capital	The denomination 489 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa (modern Turkey) for their teaching of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars seek refuge at the Syriac Church of the East. Europe The Ostrogoths, led by king Theodoric the Great, invade Northern Italy (at the behest of Eastern
490 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Spring – Odoacer receives reinforcements from the south and leaves Ravenna. He defeats the Ostrogoths near Faenza. King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded. Summer – The Burgundians, under King Gundobad, cross the Alps and plunder Liguria. Many Romans are taken into captivity. King Alaric II supports Theodoric in	place Europe Spring – Odoacer receives reinforcements from the south and leaves Ravenna. He defeats the Ostrogoths near Faenza. King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded. Summer – The Burgundians, under King Gundobad, cross the Alps and plunder Liguria. Many Romans are taken into captivity. King Alaric II supports Theodoric in his conquest of Italy, by dispatching a Visigoth army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia. August 11 – Battle of Adda: Theodoric and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer, on the Adda River, near Milan. Theodoric and his Ostrogoths lay siege to Ravenna. The cities of Cesena and
the peace treaty. During the festivities, Odoacer is killed by Theodoric the Great. His body is skillfully sliced in half in full view of his guests. A massacre of Odoacer's soldiers and supporters follows. Theodoric the Great allies with the Franks and marries Audofleda, sister of Clovis I. He also marries his own female relatives to princes or kings of the Burgundians, Vandals and Visigoths, establishing a political alliance with the Germanic kingdoms in the West. Clovis I marries the Burgundian princess Clotilde, age 18; she is brought up in the Catholic faith and is the daughter of King Chilperic II. Her father is murdered in the same year by his brother Gundobad. China Emperor Xiao Wen Di starts adopting a sinicization policy as well as various reforms. He marries Feng Qing, she becomes empress of the Northern Wei Dynasty. By topic Religion Mor Hananyo Monastery is established by Mor Shlemon, converting a former Roman fortress (ex temple) in the Tur Abdin region on the Turkish/Syrian border. Births Cerbonius, bishop of Populonia (approximate date) Erzhu Rong, general of Northern Wei (d. 530) Deaths March 15 – Odoacer, first "barbarian" king of Italy (b. 433) March 17 (approximate date) –	(John Gibbo) wins an overwhelming victory against the rebels. Ireland March – Battle for the Body of St. Patrick: The Uí Néill Dynasty fights over the body of Saint Patrick with the Airgialla Kingdom (according to the Annals of the Four Masters). Europe February 25 – Odoacer surrenders Ravenna after a 3-year siege, and agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great, who steadily consolidates his rule and provides security for the local population. His achievement is to manage the transformation of Italy from being the center of a fractured Roman Empire to a successful and independent Ostrogothic Kingdom. Onoulphus, brother of Odoacer, is killed during the siege of Ravenna by archers while seeking refuge in a church. March 15 – Odoacer is invited to a banquet organised in order to celebrate the peace treaty. During the festivities, Odoacer is killed by Theodoric the Great. His body is skillfully sliced in half in full view of his guests. A massacre of Odoacer's soldiers and supporters follows. Theodoric the Great allies with the Franks and marries Audofleda, sister of Clovis I. He also marries his own female relatives to princes or kings of the Burgundians, Vandals and Visigoths, establishing a political alliance with the Germanic kingdoms in the West. Clovis I marries the Burgundian princess Clotilde, age 18;
was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rufius and Praesidius (or, less frequently, year 1247 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 494 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire An earthquake devastates the port	and orders his nobility to adopt Chinese names. By topic Religion Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state. The Decretum Gelasianum is attributed. Gelasius I canonizes Saint George. Births Gildas, British historian and priest (approximate date) Deaths Xiao Zhaowen, emperor of Southern Qi
is baptized into the Catholic faith at Rheims, by Saint Remigius. The conversion strengthens the bonds between his Gallo-Roman subjects, led by their Catholic bishops. Africa Thrasamund succeeds his brother Gunthamund after his death, and becomes king of the Vandals. He ends under his rule the persecution of the Catholics. Asia King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne. Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process, by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan. By topic Religion November 21 – Gelasius I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by the Rome-born Anastasius II as the 50th pope. Births Childebert I, king of the Franks (d. 558) Erzhu Tianguang, general of Northern Wei	led by their Catholic bishops. Africa Thrasamund succeeds his brother Gunthamund after his death, and becomes king of the Vandals. He ends under his rule the persecution of the Catholics. Asia King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne. Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process, by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan. By topic Religion November 21 – Gelasius I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by the Rome-born Anastasius II as the 50th pope. Births Childebert I, king of the Franks (d. 558) Erzhu Tianguang, general of Northern Wei (d. 532) Gao Huan, general of Northern
king of the Vandals, marries Amalafrida (widowed sister of Theodoric the Great). She brings with her a large dowry and an elite Gothic force of 5,000 soldiers. Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia. Asia Jijeung becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Mesoamerica Tikal is founded (approximate date). Uxmal is founded (approximate date). By topic Religion The Arian Baptistry is erected by Theodoric the Great, at the same time as the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna). The Codex Argenteus, Gothic manuscript of bishop Ulfilas's translation of the Bible, is written (approximate date). Births Antalas, Berber tribal leader (approximate date) Aregund, queen of the Franks (approximate date) Belisarius, Byzantine general (approximate date) Bhavyaviveka, Indian Madhyamaka scholar (approximate date) Clotilde, daughter of Clovis I (approximate date) David, Welsh bishop (approximate date) Erzhu Shilong, high-official of Northern Wei (d. 532) Gildas, British cleric (approximate date) Marcouf, missionary and saint (approximate date) Nonnosus, abbot and saint (approximate date) Octa, king of Kent (approximate date) Procopius, Byzantine historian (approximate date) Paul the Black, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date) Theodora, Byzantine Empress (approximate date) Theudebert I, king of Austrasia (or 495) Tribonian, Byzantine jurist (approximate date) Xie He, Chinese writer and art historian (approximate date) Deaths March 29 – Gwynllyw, Welsh king and religious figure Dauí Tenga Uma, king of Connacht (Ireland) Zu	Europe for naming years. The year 500 AD is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages, approximately. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Anastasius I concludes treaties with a number of nomad tribes in northern Arabia. In return for tribute to the Byzantine Empire and military defense of these eastern territories, such tribes are permitted to settle and farm agricultural lands in Arabia (approximate date). Britannia Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army, that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex or possibly Cerdic of Wessex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 517). This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur. Possible date at which Fergus Mór begins his reign – the historicity of Mór is doubtful. Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England. Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex. Approximate year of the invention of the bee skep in Ireland. Europe Battle of Dijon: A coalition of Franks and Burgundians crush the forces under Gundobad. King Clovis I pursues him to Avignon, where he surrenders and promises to pay a yearly tribute. The Frankish Kingdom is formed (approximate date). The monument of Ale's Stones is built in Sweden (approximate date). Roman catacomb burials end (approximate date). Africa Thrasamund, king of the Vandals, marries Amalafrida
is supported by an alliance with the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. Clovis I dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws) to the Franks (a written codification of civil law for citizens of the Frankish Kingdom). Hermanafrid, king of the Thuringii, marries Amalaberga. He begins his rule, shared with his brothers Baderic and Bertachar. Wooden coffins and wooden tools are used in the burial places of the Alemanni. Asia The town of Guilin, China, is renamed Guizhou. Keitai becomes the 26th emperor of Japan (approximate date). The first and smaller of the two Buddhas of Bamyan is erected in central Afghanistan. Mesoamerica A Mayan altar with the head of the death god is built in Copán, Honduras. Births John of Ephesus, Armenian bishop (approximate date) Wen Di,	I completes the strategic fortress at Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He raises the city walls to 30 feet (10 m) disregarding Persian protests. Alarmed by the depredations of Slavs and Bulgars in Thrace, he builds the Anastasian Wall from the Black Sea to Propontis, across the narrow peninsula near Constantinople (modern Turkey). Europe Battle of Vouillé: A Frankish army under command of Clovis I invades the Visigothic Kingdom, and defeats king Alaric II near Poitiers. The Visigoths refuse to be enslaved and retreat to Septimania (Southern Gaul). Clovis annexes Aquitania and captures Toulouse. Gesalec succeeds his father Alaric II as king of the Visigoths. He establishes his residence at Narbonne and is supported by an alliance with the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. Clovis I dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws) to the Franks (a written codification of civil law for
(DVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Venantius and Celer (or, less frequently, year 1261 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 508 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Anastasius I formally recognizes Clovis I of the Salian Franks, as ruler of Gaul. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 100 warships, to raid the coasts of Italy. Britannia Battle of Netley: King Cerdic of Wessex moves	for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Anastasius I formally recognizes Clovis I of the Salian Franks, as ruler of Gaul. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 100 warships, to raid the coasts of Italy. Britannia Battle of Netley: King Cerdic of Wessex moves with an Anglo-Saxon army inland, and defeats the British king, Nudd-Lludd (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Winter – All the rivers in England are frozen for more than two months. Europe King
Arles; the city is heroically defended by its inhabitants, assisted by the Ostrogothic general Theudis. The Ostrogoths overrun Provence (Southern Gaul), and consolidate their gains in the region. Theodoric the Great appoints his friend Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, to the rank of consul of the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Persian Empire The Sasanian Persians conquer the independent kingdom of Caucasian Albania, a state converted to Christianity in the 4th century by Armenian missionaries (approximate date). Births Aredius, abbot and saint (approximate date) Gildas, Celtic monk (approximate date) Xiao Ming Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 528) Xiao Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 535) Yifu, empress of Western Wei (d. 540) Deaths	consul of the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Persian Empire The Sasanian Persians conquer the independent kingdom of Caucasian Albania, a state converted to Christianity in the 4th century by Armenian missionaries (approximate date). Births Aredius, abbot and saint (approximate date) Gildas, Celtic monk (approximate date) Xiao Ming Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 528) Xiao Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 535) Yifu, empress of Western Wei
for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Riots erupt in the streets of Antioch, between supporters of Patriarch Flavian II and Emperor Anastasius I, in sympathy with Non-Chalcedonianism. Europe November 27 – King Clovis I dies at Paris (Lutetia) at age 45, and is buried in the Abbey of St. Genevieve. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his four sons (Theuderic I, Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I),	method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Riots erupt in the streets of Antioch, between supporters of Patriarch Flavian II and Emperor Anastasius I, in sympathy with Non-Chalcedonianism. Europe November 27 – King Clovis I dies at Paris (Lutetia) at age 45, and is buried in the Abbey of St. Genevieve. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his four sons (Theuderic I, Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I), who divide the Frankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals at Metz, Orléans, Paris and Soissons, respectively. Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great assumes the regency over Amalaric, his grandson and future king of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date) - Theodoric now rules over territory stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Adriatic
By place Britannia Cerdic becomes the first king of the Kingdom of Wessex (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Europe The synagogues of Ravenna are burnt down in a riot; Theodoric the Great orders them to be rebuilt at Ravenna's expense. Asia Anjang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. By topic Religion March 28 – The	as the Year of the Consulship of Iustinus and Cillica (or, less frequently, year 1272 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 519 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Britannia Cerdic becomes the first king of the Kingdom of Wessex (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Europe The synagogues of Ravenna are burnt down in a riot; Theodoric the Great orders them to be
the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 649 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Arab–Byzantine War: Arab naval forces under Abdullah ibn Saad conquer Cyprus, sacking the capital Constantia after a short siege, and looting the rest of the island. The Cypriots agree to pay the same revenue as they have done to Emperor Constans II. Constans II orders Olympius, exarch of the Exarchate of Ravenna, to arrest Pope Martin I on the ostensible grounds that the pope's election has not been submitted to the emperor for approval, but in fact because of the Lateran Council of 649's condemnation of Monothelitism and the Type of Constans. Olympius attempts to gain the support of the citizens of Rome and the bishops, with little success, and perhaps considers the assassination of the Pope. Europe January 20 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. Arabian Empire Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, governor of Syria, develops an Arab navy in the Levant and uses it to confront the	of Kucha surrender, following a 40-day siege led by general Ashina She'er, establishing Chinese control over the northern Tarim Basin (Xinjiang). July 10 – Emperor Taizong dies after a 23-year reign, in which he has restored the civil administration in China. He is succeeded by his son Gaozong, age 20, who becomes ruler of the Tang dynasty. Japan Emperor Kōtoku has Soga no Kurayamada accused of treason. He strangles himself at the temple of Yamada-dera. Other relatives of the Soga clan are captured and executed. By topic Religion May 14 – Pope Theodore I dies after a 7-year reign, in which he has shown generosity to the poor. He is succeeded on July 5 by Martin I as the 74th pope. October 5 – The Lateran Council of 649, summoned by
been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, is arrested on charges of having conspired against Theodoric the Great. He is imprisoned at Pavia (Lombardy). Amalaric, age 20, is proclaimed king of the Visigoths. His kingdom is threatened from the north by the Burgundians. Arabia Dhu Nuwas seizes the throne of the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen. He attacks the Aksumite garrison at Zafar, capturing the city and burning the churches. Dhū Nuwas moves to	The denomination 522 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, is arrested on charges of having conspired against Theodoric the Great. He is imprisoned at Pavia (Lombardy). Amalaric, age 20, is proclaimed king of the Visigoths. His kingdom
Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximus without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1276 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 523 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan (approximate date). Europe King Chlothar I takes part in an expedition against Burgundy and captures the town of Autun. Now about 26, he makes plans to expand the territory he inherited from his late father, Clovis I. King Sigismund of Burgundy is defeated by the invading	Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximus without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1276 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 523 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan (approximate date). Europe King Chlothar I takes part in an expedition against Burgundy and captures the town of Autun. Now about 26, he makes plans
the Roman tradition—not by elderly schoolmasters, but by men who will teach him to "ride, fence, and to be toughened, not to be turned into a bookworm". Arabia Al-Harith ibn Jabalah becomes the fifth king of the Ghassanids. He helps the Byzantines to suppress the wide-scale Samaritan Revolt. Mesoamerica February 25 – K'an Joy Chitam I comes to power in the Maya city of Palenque, ending an interregnum of a little over four years. Southeast Asia Rudravarman is granted investiture by China, as the first king of the fourth dynasty of Champa (modern Vietnam). By topic Education The Academy, originally founded at Athens by Plato around 387 BC,	the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Decius without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1282 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 529 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire April 7 – Emperor Justinian I issues the Codex Justinianus (Code of Civil Laws), reformulating Roman law in an effort to control his unruly people (see 532). The Samaritans revolt and are defeated; the Church of the Nativity is burnt down during the Rebellion. Europe Queen Amalasuntha receives a delegation sent by a council of Gothic nobles urging that she have her son Athalaric, now 13,
Year 524 (DXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) on the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iustinus and Opilio (or, less frequently, year 1277 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 524 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe May 1 – King Sigismund of Burgundy is executed at Orléans after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Godomar. He rallies the Burgundian army and begins plundering Frankish territory. June 25 – Battle of Vézeronce: The Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I are	era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe May 1 – King Sigismund of Burgundy is executed at Orléans after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Godomar. He rallies the Burgundian army and begins plundering Frankish territory. June 25 – Battle of Vézeronce: The Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I are defeated by the Burgundians and allied Ostrogoths near Isère (France), averting the Frankish advance into Burgundy. During the fighting Chlodomer is killed. Later Childebert annexes the cities of Chartres and Orléans. Queen Guntheuc, widow of Chlodomer, is forced into marrying Chlothar I. Her two children are murdered by him, but the eldest son Clodoald survives by escaping to Provence. Boethius, Roman philosopher, is executed without trial, probably at Pavia, after a prison term during which he has written The Consolation of Philosophy (approximate date). Mesoamerica November 29 – Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, ruler of the Maya city
Bernicia (North East England) is settled by the Angles (approximate date). Europe King Theodoric the Great sends Pope John I to Constantinople, to negotiate a withdrawal of Byzantine emperor Justin's edict against Arian Christianity. Frankish tribesmen, under the command of King Chlothar I, plunder Burgundy. Africa Kaleb, king of Aksum, collects a fleet and crosses from Africa to conquer Yemen. He establishes better trade ports on the Red Sea. Asia The Daisan river, tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa, and within a couple of hours fills the entire city, except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin is allegedly discovered during the rebuilding of the city (see Image of Edessa). By topic Exploration and colonization Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian	couple of hours fills the entire city, except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin is allegedly discovered during the rebuilding of the city (see Image of Edessa). By topic Exploration and colonization Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian explorer-geographer, travels up the Nile. He will venture as far to the east as Ceylon, become a monk, and write "Topographia Christiana" to vindicate the biblical account of the world (see 550). Religion Dionysius Exiguus, Scythian theologian-mathematician, inaugurates at Rome the practice of using A.D. (Anno Domini) for calendar dates after the birth of Jesus Christ, as system which has been demonstrated by subsequent studies Dionysius produces also his tables for computing the
and captures Bordeaux, and nearly wipes out the army of Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, at the Garonne River. Summer – Eudes of Aquitaine heads for the Frankish city of Reims, to warn Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, of the Umayyad invasion in Gaul, and ask for his support against the invaders. The two leaders meet near Paris; Charles issues a 'general ban' to raise an army, which includes large numbers of Austrasians, Neustrians, and Burgundians. Meanwhile, Arabians ravage the cities of Périgueux, Saintes and Angoulême, then sack the basilica of Saint-Hilaire outside Poitiers. September – Charles Martel leads his Frankish army (30,000 men) to Orléans and crosses the Loire River, probably accompanied by Eudes of Aquitaine, with his remaining troops. He makes camp near Tours, probably at Ballan-Miré south-west of the fortress city, in order to protect the abbey of Saint Martin. Charles defeats or forces back Umayyad scouts or an advance guard, between the rivers Indre and Creuse. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi pulls back to establish a position at the Vienne River. October – The Frankish army crosses the Vienne River and establishes a camp at or around the partially abandoned Roman mansion or agricultural settlement, now known as 'Vieux-Poitiers' (near Châtellerault), perhaps using the Roman theatre with its substantial towers as a fortification. Charles Martel forms a defensive position across the Roman road, and fends off Muslim skirmishes during the 'seven days' stand-off, probably involving scouts, and perhaps raiders from both armies. October 10 – Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the Islamic advance into	of Périgueux, Saintes and Angoulême, then sack the basilica of Saint-Hilaire outside Poitiers. September – Charles Martel leads his Frankish army (30,000 men) to Orléans and crosses the Loire River, probably accompanied by Eudes of Aquitaine, with his remaining troops. He makes camp near Tours, probably at Ballan-Miré south-west of the fortress city, in order to protect the abbey of Saint Martin. Charles defeats or forces back Umayyad scouts or an advance guard, between the rivers Indre and Creuse. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi pulls back to establish a position at the Vienne River. October – The Frankish army crosses the Vienne River and establishes a camp at or around the partially abandoned Roman mansion or agricultural settlement, now known as 'Vieux-Poitiers' (near Châtellerault), perhaps using the Roman theatre with its substantial towers as a fortification. Charles Martel forms a defensive position across the Roman road, and fends off Muslim skirmishes during the 'seven days' stand-off, probably involving scouts, and perhaps raiders from both armies. October 10 – Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the Islamic advance into Western Europe; Rahman Al Ghafiqi is killed during the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south of France, which gives him the nickname Martellus ("The Hammer"). The outcome of the victory is a turning point, and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire. Muslim forces withdraw southwards to
this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe August 30 – King Theodoric the Great dies of dysentery at Ravenna; his daughter Amalasuintha takes power as regent for her 10-year-old son Athalaric. Amalasuintha rules the Ostrogothic Kingdom that extends throughout the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Amalaric, age 24, becomes king of the Visigoths, and assumes full royal power. Persia Roman–Persian Wars: King Kavad I, assisted by his Arabian vassal, Al-Mundhir III, begins a campaign in the Transcaucasus region and Upper Mesopotamia. Middle East Probably between May 20 and May 29 – 526 Antioch earthquake: A great earthquake kills approximately 250,000 people in Syria and Antioch. By topic Religion Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds	Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds that he has been only partly successful in persuading the Byzantine emperor Justin I to withdraw his edict against Arian Christianity, and throws the pope into prison. May 18 – John I dies of starvation after a 3-year reign. Theodoric the Great selects Pope Felix IV as the 54th pope. Ecclesius, bishop of Ravenna, commissions two new churches, one for Ravenna and one for its port, Classis. c. 526–547 – Sanctuary apse's mosaic showing Christ enthroned and flanked by Saint Vitalis and Ecclesius, Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is made. Births Wang Lin, general of the Liang Dynasty and Northern Wei (d. 573) Yuan Zhao ("the young lord"), emperor of Northern Wei (d. 528) Deaths May 18 – Pope John I August 30 – Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths (b. 454) October 30 – Paul of Edessa, Syriac Orthodox bishop
the Year of the Consulship of Mavortius without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1280 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 527 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire April 1 – Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler, as an incurable wound saps his strength. August 1 – Justin I, age 77, dies at Constantinople and is succeeded by Justinian I, who becomes sole emperor. Justinian I reorganises the command structure of the Byzantine army, and fields a small but highly trained army. Justinian I appoints Belisarius to command the Eastern army in Armenia and on	the Byzantine army, and fields a small but highly trained army. Justinian I appoints Belisarius to command the Eastern army in Armenia and on the Byzantine-Persian frontier. Britannia King Cerdic of Wessex and his son Cynric defeat the Britons at Cerdicesleah (modern Chearsley). The Kingdom of Essex is founded by the Saxons, who land north of the Thames. They take control of the land between what is now London and St Albans, ceding from the Kingdom of Kent Æscwine becomes the first king of Essex (approximate date), defeating Octa in battle at Hackney, west of the River Lea. Japan Iwai Rebellion: A revolt against the Yamato court breaks out in Tsukushi Province (according to Nihon Shoki). By topic Religion Justinian I outlaws pagan religious practices in Egypt, and dispatches Byzantine missionaries to southern territories (approximate date). The Church
one-off payment of 110 centenaria (11,000 pounds of gold), as a contribution to the defense of the Caucasus passes. Europe Battle of Autun - The Franks, under command of King Childebert I and his brother Chlothar I, invade the Kingdom of Burgundy. They defeat the Burgundians under King Godomar near Autun (modern France). Asia An Ding Wang commits suicide, and is succeeded by Xiao Wu Di as Chinese emperor of Northern Wei. Silla conquers the city-state of Geumgwan Gaya (Korea) during the Three Kingdoms Period. By topic Arts and sciences First year in which the Anno Domini calendar is used for numbering the years. Religion October 17 – Pope Boniface II dies in Rome after a 2-year reign. Births Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata (Scotland) (approximate date) Guntram, king of Burgundy (approximate date) Marius Aventicensis, bishop of Aventicum (d. 596) Xiao Mohe, general of the Chen Dynasty and Sui Dynasty (d. 604) Deaths March 3 – Winwaloe, saint and founder of Landévennec Abbey (b.c. 460) October 17 – Pope Boniface II An Ding Wang, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 513) Chang Guang Wang, emperor of Northern Wei Ecclesio, bishop of Ravenna (approximate date) Erzhu Shilong, official of Northern Wei (b. 500) Erzhu Tianguang, general of Northern Wei (b. 496) Guntheuc, princess of Burgundy (approximate date) Hypatius, Byzantine nobleman (executed) Jie Min Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 498) Pompeius, Byzantine politician (executed) Sabbas the Sanctified, monk and saint (b. 439) References	for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire January 11 – Nika riots in Constantinople: Anger among the supporters of the most important chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—escalates into violence towards the emperor. For the next five days the capital is in chaos. The fires that start during the tumult result in the destruction of much of the city. The insurrection is put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus; 30,000 people are killed in the Hippodrome. February 23 – Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia. He chooses Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles as architects. The material for the construction is brought from all over the empire, such as large stones from quarries in Porphyry, Egypt. More than 10,000 people are employed. September – Justinian I signs a peace treaty, the "Eternal Peace", with the Persian king Khosrau I, ending the Iberian War (527-531). Both sides agree to return all occupied territories, and Justinian makes a one-off payment of 110 centenaria (11,000 pounds of gold), as a contribution to the defense of the Caucasus passes. Europe Battle of Autun
via Greece and Sicily. The fleet carries 10,000 infantry, about half Byzantine and half foederati, and 5,000 cavalry, consisting of 3,000 Byzantine horsemen, 1,000 foreign allies (Huns and Heruli) and 1,500 of Belisarius' retainers (bucellarii). On the flagship Belisarius is accompanied by his military secretary Procopius and his wife Antonina. September – Belisarius arrives at Sicily, which he uses as a staging area, with the permission of the Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric the Great and regent of Italy. The Ostrogoths help him with supplies and the fleet is prepared for the final attack. September 9 – The Byzantine army lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia). Belisarius marches his army northwards, towards Carthage (over 140 miles), following the coast, accompanied by the fleet and shadowed by Gelimer. During the march, the Vandal towns fall without a fight. September 13 – Battle of Ad Decimum: Gelimer attempts to ambush the Byzantines in a defile at the "10th milestone" from Carthage; due to inadequate coordination and the alertness of Belisarius, the attack is repulsed and the Vandals are scattered into the desert. Belisarius enters the capital and orders his soldiers not to kill or enslave the population. The fleet is stationed in the Lake of Tunis. December 15 – Battle of Tricamarum: Gelimer assembles an army of about 50,000 men at Bulla Regia (Numidia), and advances towards Carthage. Belisarius moves out to meet the Vandals; he leads the Byzantine cavalry (5,000 men) into battle. Without waiting for his infantry to come up, he charges, despite odds of almost 10-to-1, and throws Gelimer in confusion. Belisarius captures the Vandal camp by storm. Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer is forced to seek refuge	accompanied by his military secretary Procopius and his wife Antonina. September – Belisarius arrives at Sicily, which he uses as a staging area, with the permission of the Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric the Great and regent of Italy. The Ostrogoths help him with supplies and the fleet is prepared for the final attack. September 9 – The Byzantine army lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia). Belisarius marches his army northwards, towards Carthage (over 140 miles), following the coast, accompanied by the fleet and shadowed by Gelimer. During the march, the Vandal towns fall without a fight. September 13 – Battle of Ad Decimum: Gelimer attempts to ambush the Byzantines in a defile at the "10th milestone" from Carthage; due to inadequate coordination and the alertness of Belisarius, the attack is repulsed and the Vandals are scattered into the desert. Belisarius enters the capital and orders his soldiers not to kill or enslave the population. The fleet is stationed in the Lake of Tunis. December 15 – Battle of
his half-brother Zwentibold and with the support of the East-Frankish nobles he provokes a civil war. The Lombard throne is left temporarily vacant. Winter – The Magyars turn back north towards the shores of the Venetian Lagoon. They pillage Chioggia and Pellestrina, and advance towards Malamocco. Their advance into the lagoon is checked by the assembly of the Venetian fleet under doge Pietro Tribuno, which defeats the Magyar's river-crossing vessels at Albiola, causing them to pull back. This close-call with the Magyars prompts the Venetians to initiate the fortification of the Rialto and the building of protective chains over the Grand Canal. Britain October 26 – King Alfred the Great dies after a 28-year reign in which he has forced invading Danish Vikings to withdraw, consolidated England around Wessex, divided parts of Mercia into shires, compiled the best laws of earlier kings, encouraged learning by bringing famous scholars to Wessex and made his own translations of Latin works. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Edward the Elder as king of Wessex. Winter – Æthelwold's Revolt: Following the death of Alfred the Great, Æthelwold (youngest son of the late king Æthelred I) disputes the succession of Edward the Elder. He seizes the royal estates at Wimborne, the ancient symbolic burial place of West Saxon kings, and Christchurch. Edward set up his army camp at Badbury Rings. Æthelwold first declares that he will 'live or die' at Wimborne, but then flees to Northumbria. Arabian Empire Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani, Muslim ruler of Diyar Bakr, surrenders at the besieged capital of Amid (modern Turkey) to Caliph Al-Mu'tadid in exchange for clemency. Al-Muktafi, the son of Al-Mu'tadid, is installed as governor of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), ending the semi-independent Shaybanid Dynasty, which has ruled in Diyar Bakr since the 870s. The Qarmatians, led by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi,	civil war. The Lombard throne is left temporarily vacant. Winter – The Magyars turn back north towards the shores of the Venetian Lagoon. They pillage Chioggia and Pellestrina, and advance towards Malamocco. Their advance into the lagoon is checked by the assembly of the Venetian fleet under doge Pietro Tribuno, which defeats the Magyar's river-crossing vessels at Albiola, causing them to pull back. This close-call with the Magyars prompts the Venetians to initiate the fortification of the Rialto and the building of protective chains over the Grand Canal. Britain October 26 – King Alfred the Great dies after a 28-year reign in which he has forced invading Danish Vikings to withdraw, consolidated England around Wessex, divided parts of Mercia into shires, compiled the best laws of earlier kings, encouraged learning by bringing famous scholars to Wessex and made his own translations of Latin works. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Edward the Elder as king of Wessex. Winter – Æthelwold's Revolt: Following the death of Alfred the Great, Æthelwold (youngest son of the late king Æthelred I) disputes the succession of Edward the Elder. He seizes the royal estates at Wimborne, the ancient symbolic burial place of West Saxon kings, and Christchurch. Edward set up his army camp at Badbury Rings. Æthelwold first declares that he will 'live or die' at Wimborne, but then flees to Northumbria. Arabian Empire Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani, Muslim ruler of Diyar Bakr, surrenders at the besieged capital of Amid (modern Turkey) to Caliph Al-Mu'tadid in exchange for clemency. Al-Muktafi, the son of Al-Mu'tadid, is installed as governor of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), ending the semi-independent Shaybanid Dynasty, which has ruled in Diyar Bakr since the 870s. The Qarmatians, led by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, capture Bahrain's capital of Hajr and Al-Hasa (Eastern Arabia). Abu Sa'id makes it his residence and establishes a religious utopian republic. By topic Religion Regino of Prüm, a Benedictine churchman, is expelled from Prüm and becomes abbot
and the African provinces return to the Byzantine Empire. April – Belisarius leaves a small force in Africa under the Byzantine general Solomon, to continue the subjugation of the province. He is appointed governor (Exarch) and pacifies with success the Moorish tribes. Malta becomes a Byzantine province (until 870). Summer – Belisarius arrives in Constantinople and is permitted by Emperor Justinian I to celebrate a triumph, the first non-imperial triumph for over 500 years. In the procession are paraded the spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem and the Vandal treasure. Justinian I commemorates the victory against the Vandals by stamping medals in his honor with the inscription "Gloria Romanorum" (approximate date). November 16 – A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published. Europe Toledo becomes the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom that controls the Iberian Peninsula. King Theudis expands Visigoth rule in the southern regions	Empire. April – Belisarius leaves a small force in Africa under the Byzantine general Solomon, to continue the subjugation of the province. He is appointed governor (Exarch) and pacifies with success the Moorish tribes. Malta becomes a Byzantine province (until 870). Summer – Belisarius arrives in Constantinople and is permitted by Emperor Justinian I to celebrate a triumph, the first non-imperial triumph for over 500 years. In the procession are paraded the spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem and the Vandal treasure. Justinian I commemorates the victory against the Vandals by stamping medals in his honor with the inscription "Gloria Romanorum" (approximate date). November 16 – A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published. Europe Toledo becomes the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom that controls the Iberian Peninsula. King Theudis expands Visigoth rule in the southern regions (Hispania Baetica). The Frankish kings Childebert I and Chlothar I overthrow Godomar, king of the Burgundians, and end the Kingdom of Burgundy. Cynric becomes king of Wessex (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). October 2 – King
the Abbasid attempt to recover Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured, and transported to Egypt. Khumarawayh aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government, and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day Iraq to depart without ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt. By topic Religion July – Pope Adrian III dies after a 1½ reign near Modena (Lombardy), while en route to an Imperial Diet, summoned by Charles the Fat at Worms. He is succeeded by Stephen V, as the 110th pope of the Catholic Church. Births February 6 – Daigo, emperor of Japan (d. 930) December 2 – Zhuang Zong, emperor of Later Tang (d. 926) Atto of Vercelli, Lombard bishop (d. 961) Eberhard III, duke of Franconia (d. 939) Eric I (Bloodaxe), Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 954) Fujiwara no Onshi, empress of Japan (d. 954) Gao Xingzhou, Chinese general (d. 952) Ibn Muqla, Muslim official and vizier (or 886) Li Congke, emperor of Later Tang (d. 937) Reccared, Galician clergyman (d. 923) Zhao Ying, Chinese chancellor (d. 951) Deaths July 25 – Ragenold, margrave of Neustria Adrian III, pope of the Catholic Church Chen Ru, Chinese warlord and governor Gerebald, bishop of Chalon-sur-Saône Godfrid (the Sea King), duke of Frisia Liutgard of Saxony, Frankish queen Methodius, Byzantine missionary and bishop (b. 815)	a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe Summer – Emperor Charles the Fat summons a meeting of officials at Lobith (modern Netherlands), and accuses Hugh, an illegitimate son of former king Lothair II, and his vassal Godfrid (the Sea King), of plotting against him. Hugh is blinded, and exiled to the Abbey of Saint Gall (modern Switzerland). Godfrid is killed by a group of Frisian and Saxon nobles, at the connivance of Henry of Franconia. The local count, Gerolf, takes over the West Frisian coastline from the Danish, after the murder. Summer – Charles the Fat designates his illegitimate son Bernard as his heir, ignoring the claims of his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia (illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria), and Charles the Simple (5-year-old son of King Louis the Stammerer). The Frankish bishops protest, so Charles summons Pope Adrian III to an assembly in Worms, to resolve the issue. Adrian leaves Rome in the hands of Bishop John of Pavia. He heads to Germany, but dies on the way — just after crossing the River Po. November 25 – Siege of Paris: Viking forces, under the Norse chieftains Sigfred and Sinric, sail up the River Seine for eastern France, with a fleet of 300 longships (10,000 men). They appear before Paris, and offer to spare the city if they are allowed free passage, by paying them tribute (Danegeld). Their request is denied. November 27 – The
walls of Rome. He stations a 5,000-man garrison, of whom half are his personal bodyguard (bucellarii). To hold parts of the city, he recruits 20,000 young Romans to man the walls. Europe Early in 536 (possible) – Extreme weather events of 535–536: A volcano erupts in Iceland. Famine is described in the Annals of Ulster. March – King Theodahad cedes Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks, gaining their support in the war. He sends a large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fighting at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws. Summer – Constantinianus, magister militum per Illyricum, retakes Dalmatia. The Goths abandon Salona and withdraw to the north. The Byzantines rebuild its walls and reclaim the province. December – Vitiges deposes his rival Theodahad at Ravenna, and marries Matasuntha (daughter of queen Amalasuntha). He becomes king of the Ostrogoths and assembles an army to fight against Belisarius. Africa March - April – Belisarius sails to Carthage with 1,000 men, to suppress a mutiny against Solomon. Meanwhile, the capital is besieged by 9,000 rebels, including many Vandals, under Stotzas. Battle of the River Bagradas: Belisarius defeats the mutineers, and hurries back to Sicily. Asia January 26 – Senka succeeds his brother Ankan, as the 28th emperor of Japan. August – Extreme weather events of 535–536: Snow falls in China, which causes the harvest to be delayed. By topic	researchers have noted additional adverse events during the year, including a mysterious fog, possibly due to the volcanic eruption. Events By place Byzantine Empire Spring – Emperor Justinian I appoints his cousin Germanus as magister militum to deal with the crisis in Africa. He sends a mobile force of comitatenses (mostly cavalry) and an elite guard. Solomon, the previous magister militum, returns to Constantinople. Summer – Gothic War (535–554): Belisarius crosses the Strait of Messina and invades Italy. He conquers the city of Rhegium and advances to Naples. November – Siege of Naples: Belisarius captures Naples after a month's siege, by sending troops into the city through an abandoned Roman aqueduct. December 9 – Belisarius enters Rome through the Porta Asinaria, and the Gothic garrison of 4,000 men flees the capital. He sends an urgent request for reinforcements to Justinian I, meanwhile preparing Rome for a siege, by bringing in great quantities of food and other supplies. Winter – Belisarius sets up his headquarters on the Pincian Hill, and repairs the neglected city walls of Rome. He stations a 5,000-man garrison, of whom half are his personal bodyguard (bucellarii). To hold parts of the city, he recruits 20,000 young Romans to man the walls. Europe Early in 536 (possible) – Extreme weather events of 535–536: A volcano erupts in Iceland. Famine is described in the Annals of Ulster. March – King Theodahad cedes Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks, gaining their support in the war. He sends a large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fighting at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws. Summer – Constantinianus, magister militum per Illyricum, retakes Dalmatia. The Goths abandon Salona and withdraw to the north. The Byzantines rebuild its walls and reclaim the province. December – Vitiges deposes his rival Theodahad at Ravenna, and marries Matasuntha (daughter of queen Amalasuntha). He becomes king of the Ostrogoths and assembles an army to fight against Belisarius. Africa March - April – Belisarius sails to Carthage with 1,000 men, to suppress a mutiny against Solomon.
repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the Vivarium, by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius. April – The Goths capture the Portus Claudii at Ostia; the harbor is left unguarded by the Romans. Belisarius is forced to unload his supplies at Antium (modern Anzio); he sends urgent messages for reinforcements to Constantinople. April 9 – Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements: 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. He starts, despite shortages, raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges is forced into a stalemate. June – In Rome, famine brings the city to despair; Belisarius sends his secretary Procopius to Naples for more reinforcements and supplies. Vitiges arranges a three-month armistice for Gothic envoys to travel to Constantinople. November – Belisarius brings his long-awaited reinforcements, namely 3,000 Isaurians and 1,800 cavalry embarked in Ostia, along with a supply convoy, safely to Rome. The Goths are forced to abandon the Portus Claudii. December – Belisarius sends John "the Sanguinary" with a force of 2,000 men towards Picenum, to plunder the east coast of Italy. He arrives at Ariminum (Rimini), where he is welcomed by the local Roman population. December 27 – The construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (begun in 532) is completed. Britain Battle of Camlann: King Arthur fights his last battle against the forces of his rebellious son (or nephew) Mordred, and is mortally wounded (according to the 10th-century Annales Cambriae). Africa Spring – Battle of Scalas Veteres (6 km south of Carthage, in the Praetorian prefecture of	Wei. The Western army under Yu-Wen Tai defeats one of the columns while the others retreat. Yu-Wen follows up, but runs into the main Eastern army (200,000 men). The Westerners are pushed back through the pass, and the Eastern army emerges from the mountains. Unexpectedly they are charged in the flank by 10,000 Western cavalry, and 6,000 Easterners are killed and 70,000 captured. John Cottistis starts a short-lived rebellion against Justinian I. He is declared emperor at Dara, but is killed four days later by conspiring soldiers. America Yaxchilan captures the ajaws of Bonampak, Lakamtuun, and Calakmul, at the outset of the First Tikal-Calakmul War. By topic Construction The Aqua Virgo aqueduct is destroyed by the Goths; they try to use the underground channel as a secret route to invade Rome. Religion March 29 – Pope Vigilius succeeds Silverius as the 59th pope, when the latter is deposed by Belisarius at the order of Justinian I. Society Second year of worldwide famine, a consequence of the extreme weather events of 535–536. Births Agilulf, bishop of Metz (approximate date) Chen Chang, prince of the Chen Dynasty (d. 560) Gong Di, emperor of Western Wei (d. 557) Wu Cheng
monks (approximate date). World Global environmental cooling occurs, due either to a comet impact or volcanic eruption in Central America, evidenced by global tree ring growth diminution.Baillie, M.G.L. (2007). Tree-Rings Indicate Global Environmental Downturns that could have been Caused by Comet Debris, Chap. 5 in Bobrowsky, Peter T. and Hans Rickman (eds.), Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. , pp. 105–122. Recent evidence from Swiss ice core points to volcanic eruptions in Iceland. Historical evidence records this earlier as the Extreme weather events of 535–536. Births Authari, king of the Lombards (approximate date) Columbanus, Irish missionary (or 543) Galswintha, Neustrian queen, married to Chilperic I (d. 568) Garibald I, duke of Bavaria (d. 591) Pope Gregory I (the Great) (d. 604) John of Biclaro, Visigoth chronicler (approximate date) Myrddin Wyllt, Welsh legend (approximate date) Deaths Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic Dionysius Exiguus (approximate date) Fridolin of Säckingen Irish missionary Vedast, Frankish bishop Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths Yifu, empress of Western Wei (b. 510)	extends Byzantine authority over Numidia and Mauretania Sitifensis. The city of Theveste (Algeria) is restored and fortified. Asia Jinheung becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. By topic Religion Cassiodorus, former Roman statesman, establishes a monastery at his estate in Italy. The Vivarium "monastery school" is for highly educated and sophisticated men, who copy sacred and secular manuscripts, intending for this to be their sole occupation (approximate date). Pope Vigilius rejects Monophysitism in letters to Justinian I and patriarch Menas of Constantinople. Benedict of Nursia writes his monastic rules, containing precepts for his monks (approximate date). World Global environmental cooling occurs, due either to a comet impact or volcanic eruption in Central America, evidenced by global tree ring growth diminution.Baillie, M.G.L. (2007). Tree-Rings Indicate Global Environmental Downturns that could have been Caused by Comet Debris, Chap. 5 in Bobrowsky, Peter T. and Hans Rickman (eds.), Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. , pp. 105–122. Recent evidence from Swiss ice core points to volcanic eruptions in Iceland. Historical evidence records this earlier as the Extreme weather events of 535–536. Births Authari, king of the Lombards (approximate date) Columbanus, Irish missionary (or 543) Galswintha, Neustrian queen, married to Chilperic I (d. 568) Garibald I, duke of Bavaria (d. 591) Pope Gregory I (the Great) (d. 604) John of Biclaro, Visigoth chronicler (approximate date) Myrddin Wyllt, Welsh legend (approximate date) Deaths Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic Dionysius Exiguus (approximate date) Fridolin of Säckingen Irish missionary Vedast, Frankish bishop Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths Yifu,
the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius to relieve the city, the Ostrogoths under King Totila plunder Rome and destroy its fortifications. He then withdraws to Apulia (Southern Italy). Winter – Pope Vigilius arrives in Constantinople, to meet with Emperor Justinian I. The future Pope Pelagius is sent by Totila to negotiate with Justinian. Europe Audoin murders and succeeds Walthari as king of the Lombards. Audoin receives subsidies from Justinian I, to encourage him to battle the Gepids in the Carpathian Mountains. Audoin leads the Lombards across the Danube into Pannonia, and becomes an ally of the Byzantines. Americas First Tikal-Calakmul War: Aj Wosal is leader of Naranjo, following its conquest by Calakmul. By topic Religion The Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is completed by bishop	Emperor Justinian I. The future Pope Pelagius is sent by Totila to negotiate with Justinian. Europe Audoin murders and succeeds Walthari as king of the Lombards. Audoin receives subsidies from Justinian I, to encourage him to battle the Gepids in the Carpathian Mountains. Audoin leads the Lombards across the Danube into Pannonia, and becomes an ally of the Byzantines. Americas First Tikal-Calakmul War: Aj Wosal is leader of Naranjo, following its conquest by Calakmul. By topic Religion The Basilica
the name is given to a region in Uppland (an important area of the sagas' account of a Swedish kingdom). Persia The Sassanid Empire, under the reign of King Khosrow I, controls the trade of silk destined for Europe and the Byzantine Empire. Asia The Eastern Wei Dynasty ends, and Wen Xuan Di becomes emperor of Northern Qi. He forces Xiao Jing Di to yield the throne. Wen Xuan Di adopts a defensive policy towards the hostile northern tribes; he builds, on the border, over 1,000 miles of walls. The Gupta Empire falls; India is again ruled by regional kingdoms (approximate date). Americas Construction of Quiriguá (Guatemala) begins (approximate date). The last known eruption of Chimborazo (modern Ecuador) occurs. By topic	the Isaurian garrison. Summer – Totila plunders Sicily, after he subdues Corsica and Sardinia. He sends a Gothic fleet to raid the coasts of Greece. Justinian I sends two Nestorian monks on a mission to Central Asia, to spread Christianity in the East (approximate date). Europe The Vendel era begins; the name is given to a region in Uppland (an important area of the sagas' account of a Swedish kingdom). Persia The Sassanid Empire, under the reign of King Khosrow I, controls the trade of silk destined for Europe and the Byzantine Empire. Asia The Eastern Wei Dynasty ends, and Wen Xuan Di becomes emperor of Northern Qi. He forces Xiao Jing Di to yield the throne. Wen Xuan Di adopts a defensive policy towards the hostile northern tribes; he builds, on the border, over 1,000 miles of walls. The Gupta Empire falls; India is again ruled by regional kingdoms (approximate date). Americas Construction of Quiriguá (Guatemala) begins
starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 552 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire July 1 – Battle of Taginae: Narses crosses the Apennines with a Byzantine army (25,000 men). He is blocked by a Gothic force under king Totila near Taginae (Central Italy). In a narrow mountain valley, Narses deploys his army in a "crescent shaped" formation. He dismounts his Lombard and Heruli cavalry mercenaries, placing them as a phalanx in the centre. On his left flank he sends out a mixed force of foot and horse archers to seize a dominant height. The Goths open the battle with a determined cavalry charge. Halted by enfilading fire from both sides, the attackers are thrown back in confusion on the infantry behind them. The Byzantine cataphracts (Clibanarii) sweep	force (2,000 men) under Liberius to Hispania, according to the historian Jordanes. He conquers Cartagena and other cities on the southeastern coast. Justinian I receives the first silkworm eggs from two Nestorian monks at Constantinople. They were sent to Central Asia (see 550) and smuggled the precious eggs from China hidden in rods of bamboo. Europe Battle of Asfeld: The Lombards under King Audoin defeat the Gepids. Cynric, king of Wessex, captures the fortress city of Old Sarum. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Meath is established in Ireland. Teia becomes the last king of the Ostrogoths in Italy. Asia July 11 – First year of the Armenian calendar. Yuan Di succeeds Xiao Dong as emperor of the Liang dynasty. Bumin Qaghan dies; the new khagan is Issik Qaghan of the Turkic Empire. Approximate date – Buddhism in Japan is introduced. By topic Religion The Byzantine Church is able to make fabrics, with the intention of developing a large silk industry in the Byzantine Empire. Eutychius becomes patriarch of Constantinople. Births Æthelberht,
at Taginae. After a frontal assault on the Byzantine centre, the Franks and the Alamanni are annihilated, thus effectively ending the Gothic War (535–554). Narses garrisons in Italy an army of 16,000 men. The recovery of the Italian Peninsula has cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. Europe Byzantine forces under Liberius seize Granada (Andalusia) and occupy the old province of Baetica. Justinian I calls Belisarius out of retirement, to complete the consolidation of reconquered regions of Southern Spain. Athanagild is crowned as king of the Visigoths and succeeds Agila I. He acknowledges the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. Asia Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man is defeated and killed by the Ghassanids under al-Harith ibn Jabalah, at the battle of Yawm Halima; 'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir succeeds as king of the Lakhmids. Gong Di succeeds his brother Fei Di as emperor of Western Wei. He is deposed by general Yuwen Tai who puts him to	the southwest coasts of Anatolia (Asia Minor). It affects the Güllük Gulf (Mandalya Gulf), and the island of Kos. October – Battle of the Volturnus: In the spring Butilinus (Buccelin) has marched north; the Frankish army (infected by an epidemic of dysentery which kills their leader Leutharis (Lothair)) is reduced to about 30,000 men. The Byzantine army, with 18,000 men (including a contingent of Goths under Aligern), marches south to meet them at Casilinum (on the banks of the River Volturno). Byzantine eunuch general Narses sends a cavalry force under Chanaranges to destroy the supply wagons of the Franks. Outmanoeuvring Butilinus, he chooses a disposition similar to that at Taginae. After a frontal assault on the Byzantine centre, the Franks and the Alamanni are annihilated, thus effectively ending the Gothic War (535–554). Narses garrisons in Italy an army of 16,000 men. The recovery of the Italian Peninsula has cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. Europe Byzantine forces under Liberius seize Granada (Andalusia) and occupy the old province of Baetica. Justinian I calls Belisarius out of
of Scotland. Asia Istämi, ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, establishes diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire. By topic Religion December 23 – The Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés is dedicated by Germain, bishop of Paris. The Bangor Abbey is founded by the Irish abbot Comgall in Northern Ireland (approximate date). Births Gao Yan, prince of Northern Qi (d. 571) Yu Shinan, calligrapher and official (d. 638) Deaths May 1 – Marcouf, missionary and saint May 13 – John the Silent, bishop and saint May 15 – Hilary of Galeata, Christian monk December 13 – Childebert I, king of the Franks Abraham of Kratia, Christian monk (approximate date) Empress Dugu, Northern Zhou consort Gabrán mac Domangairt, king of Dál Riata Jing Di, emperor of the	May 7 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses due to an earthquake. Emperor Justinian I orders the dome to be rebuilt. Europe The Avars and the Slavs occupy the Hungarian Plain on the Balkans. The threat of Avar domination prompts the Lombards to migrate to Italy. December 13 – King Chlothar I reunites the Frankish Kingdom after his brother Childebert I dies, becoming sole ruler of the Franks. December 23 – Chlothar I is crowned King of the Franks. Conall mac Comgaill becomes king of Dál Riata, a Gaelic overkingdom on the western coast of Scotland. Asia Istämi, ruler of the Western
the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Winter – The Kutrigurs and Huns under Zabergan cross the frozen Danube River, and invade the Balkans. They raid Thracia and Macedonia, but are driven back near Constantinople by a Byzantine force under Belisarius. Battle of Melantias: Outside the city walls of Constantinople, Belisarius defeats the combined "barbarians" with his veteran cavalry (bucellarii), and a few thousand hastily raised levies. Britain Glappa succeeds his father Ida as king of Bernicia (North East England). During his rule, Anglian settlers expand their territory in what is now southeastern Scotland. Asia First successful human flight: a kite carrying Yuan Huangtou lands in the proximity of Ye, China. Emperor Wen Xuan Di sponsors the flight; Yuan is taken prisoner; other imprisoned kite flyers also fly,	the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Winter – The Kutrigurs and Huns under Zabergan cross the frozen Danube River, and invade the Balkans. They raid Thracia and Macedonia, but are driven back near Constantinople by a Byzantine force under Belisarius. Battle of Melantias: Outside the city walls of Constantinople, Belisarius defeats the combined "barbarians" with his veteran cavalry (bucellarii), and a few thousand hastily raised levies. Britain Glappa succeeds his father Ida as king of Bernicia (North East England). During his rule, Anglian settlers expand their territory in what is now southeastern Scotland. Asia First successful human flight: a kite carrying Yuan Huangtou lands in
Glappa as king of Bernicia (approximate date). Ælla becomes king of Deira (this according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Ceawlin succeeds his father Cynric as king of Wessex (approximate date). Custennin ap Cado abdicates as king of Dumnonia (South West England). Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, king Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn. By topic Religion Columba quarrels with Finnian of Moville over authorship of a psalter, leading to a pitched battle the next year. Births Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Arabic leader (d. 652) Constantina, Byzantine	Year 560 (DLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 560 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Alboin succeeds his father Audoin after his death, as king of the Lombards. Britain Adda succeeds his brother Glappa as king of Bernicia (approximate date). Ælla becomes king of Deira (this according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Ceawlin succeeds his father Cynric as king of Wessex (approximate date). Custennin ap Cado abdicates as king of Dumnonia (South West England). Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, king Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn. By topic Religion Columba quarrels with Finnian
will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 561 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events <onlyinclude> By place Europe November 29 – King Chlothar I ("the Old") dies at Compiègne at age 64. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his four sons (Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I), who divide the Frankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals at Paris, Orléans, Reims and Soissons, respectively. Britain The Battle of	display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 561 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events <onlyinclude> By place Europe November 29 – King Chlothar I ("the Old") dies at Compiègne at age 64. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his four sons (Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I), who divide the Frankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals at Paris, Orléans, Reims and Soissons, respectively. Britain The Battle of Cúl Drebene (modern Ireland) is fought between the Northern and Southern
villages with their men and cattle, it even destroyed many sacred places", and swept away "the bridge in Geneva, windmills and men". By topic Religion Columba, Irish missionary monk, travels to Scotland with twelve companions. He lands on the Kintyre Peninsula, near Southend, and begins his evangelising mission to the Picts. On the island of Iona, he founds a monastery (Iona Abbey) on the west coast in the Inner Hebrides. Births Andreas of Caesarea, bishop and writer (d. 637) Chindasuinth, king of the Visigoths (d. 653) Deaths January –Cutzinas, Berber	early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Justinian I pardons Belisarius; he orders his release from prison, and restores his properties and honours. He permits the general to live in obscurity, and gives him a veterans' pension. The new Hagia Sophia (cost: 20,000 pounds of gold), with its numerous chapels and shrines, octagonal dome and mosaics, becomes the centre and most visible monument of Eastern Orthodoxy. Europe Tauredunum event: A mountain
again raid Southern Gaul, but are defeated by the Franks under Mummolus, patricius and son of the Gallo-Roman count of Auxerre, and are driven out. King Cleph completes the Lombard conquest of Tuscany (Central Italy) and extends his dominion to the gates of Ravenna. Sigibert I appoints Gregory to succeed his mother's cousin, Eufronius, as bishop of Tours (approximate date). Britain The Battle of Arfderydd is fought between Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio and the sons of Eliffer, Gwrgi and Peredur. The forces of Gwenddoleu are killed, and Myrddin Wyllt goes mad watching this defeat (according to the Annales Cambriae). By topic Religion Pope John III is forced by the Lombards to retire from Rome, and takes up residence at the Catacombs along the Via Appia (approximate date). Births Abu Bakr, Muslim Caliph (approximate date) Chen Yin, crown prince of the Chen Dynasty Dou Jiande, general of the Sui	to the Germans on the right bank of the Rhine for help, and they obligingly attack the environs of Paris and Chartres. The Lombards again raid Southern Gaul, but are defeated by the Franks under Mummolus, patricius and son of the Gallo-Roman count of Auxerre, and are driven out. King Cleph completes the Lombard conquest of Tuscany (Central Italy) and extends his dominion to the gates of Ravenna. Sigibert I appoints Gregory to succeed his mother's cousin, Eufronius, as bishop of Tours (approximate date). Britain The Battle of Arfderydd is fought between Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio and the sons of Eliffer, Gwrgi and Peredur. The forces of Gwenddoleu are killed, and Myrddin Wyllt goes mad watching this
of Justinian (magister militum) invades Caucasian Albania, launching raids across the Caspian Sea against the Persians. Summer – Tiberius, Byzantine co-ruler (Caesar), establishes a naval base at Derbent on the Caspian Sea to construct a Byzantine fleet (approximate date). Winter – Maurice is appointed commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army in the East. He succeeds Justinian, despite complete lack of military experience. Europe Battle of Deorham: The Anglo-Saxons under Ceawlin of Wessex invade the lower Severn Valley, and defeat the British Celts at Dyrham (South West England). After the battle the Saxons occupy the three cities: Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath, bringing their advance to the Bristol Channel (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Reccopolis (modern Zorita de los Canes) in Hispania is founded by King Liuvigild, in honour of his son Reccared. Asia Winter – Northern Qi, one of the Northern Dynasties, is conquered by Northern Zhou under Emperor Wu Di. He orders the last ruler (Gao Wei) and other members of the Gao clan to commit suicide. Northern China, above the Yangtze River, is once again brought under the control of a single power. By topic Religion The Temple of Dendur, dedicated to	Caspian Sea to construct a Byzantine fleet (approximate date). Winter – Maurice is appointed commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army in the East. He succeeds Justinian, despite complete lack of military experience. Europe Battle of Deorham: The Anglo-Saxons under Ceawlin of Wessex invade the lower Severn Valley, and defeat the British Celts at Dyrham (South West England). After the battle the Saxons occupy the three cities: Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath, bringing their advance to the Bristol Channel (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Reccopolis (modern Zorita de los Canes) in Hispania is founded by King Liuvigild, in honour of his son Reccared. Asia Winter – Northern Qi, one of the Northern Dynasties, is conquered by Northern Zhou under Emperor Wu Di. He orders the last ruler (Gao Wei) and other members of the
of Monte Cassino near Naples. The Benedictine monks who survive flee to Rome, but they return to the site, and rebuild the monastery. The Göktürks under Taspar Qaghan besiege the city of Chersonesos Taurica (modern Ukraine), located at the Black Sea; their cavalry keep plundering the steppes of the Crimean Peninsula until 590. Britain The Anglo-Saxons under Ælla conquer Deira (Northern England) from the Britons. He becomes the first king of Deira (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Asia The Northern Zhou Dynasty ends: Yáng Jiān executes the last ruler, 8-year-old Jing Di, along with 58 royal relatives at Chang'an. He proclaims himself emperor, and establishes the Sui Dynasty in China. The "Great City of Helu", situated on the shores of Taihu Lake, is renamed Suzhou during the Sui Dynasty (approximate date). In the Turkish Empire an interregnum begins, since there are several candidates to the throne: Talopien (late khagan's candidate), Ishbara (Kurultai's choice) and Tardu (western yabghu). Ishbara Qaghan, grandson of Bumin	their cavalry keep plundering the steppes of the Crimean Peninsula until 590. Britain The Anglo-Saxons under Ælla conquer Deira (Northern England) from the Britons. He becomes the first king of Deira (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Asia The Northern Zhou Dynasty ends: Yáng Jiān executes the last ruler, 8-year-old Jing Di, along with 58 royal relatives at Chang'an. He proclaims himself emperor, and establishes the Sui Dynasty in China. The "Great City of Helu", situated on the shores of Taihu Lake, is renamed Suzhou during the Sui Dynasty (approximate date). In the Turkish Empire an interregnum begins, since there are several candidates to the throne: Talopien (late khagan's candidate), Ishbara (Kurultai's choice) and Tardu (western yabghu). Ishbara Qaghan, grandson of Bumin Qaghan, becomes the new ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia). The Sui dynasty begins. By topic Literature Maurice writes an encyclopedic work on the science of war (the Strategikon), which exercises a major influence on the military system. Religion Second Council of Mâcon: In a council of Christian bishops in Mâcon (Burgundy), Jews are prohibited from serving as judges or customs officers. Births Sun Simiao, Chinese medicine doctor (approximate date) Yan Shigu, Chinese author of the Tang dynasty (d. 645) Deaths Feng Xiaolian, concubine of Gao Wei (approximate date) Jing Di, Chinese emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 573) Taspar Qaghan, ruler (khagan) of