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(spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure. Europe Emperor Louis the Pious is reinstated as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. He promises his sons Pepin I and Louis the German a greater share of the inheritance. His eldest son Lothair I is pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy. February – Empress Judith stands trial to "undergo the judgment of the Franks" for an assembly arranged by Louis the Pious and exonerated. Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his youngest son Malamir, because his older brother Enravota favours Christianity. Nominoe, duke of Brittany, is designated missus imperatoris (imperial emissary) by Louis the Pious, at Ingelheim (modern Germany). China A Uyghur Turk sues the son of a Chinese general, who had failed to repay a | Anatolia (modern Turkey), and capture a number of Byzantine forts. Heraclea Cybistra and Tyana fall to the Arabs. Fall – Muslim Arabs reinvade Sicily, and lay siege to Palermo. Symeon, Byzantine commander of the imperial bodyguard (spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure. Europe Emperor Louis the Pious is reinstated as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. He promises his sons Pepin I and Louis the German a greater share of the inheritance. His eldest son Lothair I is pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy. February – Empress Judith stands trial to "undergo the judgment of the Franks" for an assembly arranged by Louis the Pious and exonerated. Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his youngest son Malamir, because his older brother Enravota favours Christianity. Nominoe, duke of Brittany, is designated missus imperatoris (imperial emissary) by Louis the Pious, at Ingelheim (modern Germany). China A Uyghur Turk sues the son of a Chinese general, who had failed to repay a debt of 11 million government-issued copper coins. Emperor Wen |
is murdered in the royal palace of Boukoleon at Constantinople after a 6-year reign. Former friends have acted on the instructions of his wife Theophano. Nikephoros is succeeded by his nephew John I Tzimiskes, who becomes co-emperor and regent. He sends Theophano into exile to the island of Prinkipo (Prince Islands). Europe Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, suffers a stroke and abdicates the throne in favour of his eldest son Boris II. He arrives (after being an honorary hostage at Constantinople) in Preslav and is proclaimed as the new ruler. Boris regains lost territory from the Kievan Rus' and recaptures Pereyaslavets, an important trade city at the mouth of the Danube. Summer – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I invades Bulgaria at the head of a Kievan army, which includes Pecheneg and Hungarian auxiliary forces. He defeats the Bulgarians in a major battle and retakes Pereyaslavets. Boris II capitulates and impales 300 Bulgarian boyars for disloyalty. Sviatoslav assigns garrisons to the conquered fortresses in Northern Bulgaria. Pandulf I (Ironhead), duke of Benevento and Capua, leads the siege of Bovino. He is captured by the Byzantines and taken in chains to Bari, and jailed in Constantinople. Neapolitan forces under Marinus II, duke of Naples, invade Benevento-Capua, capture the city of Avellino and then lay siege to Capua. Emperor Otto I (the Great) assembles a large expeditionary force at Pavia, joined by Spoletan troops. He counter-attacks, relieves the siege of Capua and devastates the area around Naples. Otto enters Benevento, where he is received as 'liberator' by Landulf IV and in the cities of Apulia (Southern Italy). Africa Summer – Fatimid conquest of Egypt: Caliph Al-Mu'izz dispatches an army under General Jawhar al-Siqilli to invade Egypt. Jawhar occupies the lands around the Nile from the Ikhshidids after a siege at Giza.. Asia September 27 – Emperor Reizei abdicates the throne (due to a | will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 969th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 969th year of the 1st millennium, the 69th year of the 10th century, and the 10th and last year of the 960s decade. Events By place Byzantine Empire October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes seizes (during a night attack) part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo. December 11 – Emperor Nikephoros II is murdered in the royal palace of Boukoleon at Constantinople after a 6-year reign. Former friends have acted on the instructions of his wife Theophano. Nikephoros is succeeded by his nephew John I Tzimiskes, who becomes co-emperor and regent. He sends Theophano into exile to the island of Prinkipo (Prince Islands). Europe Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, suffers a stroke and abdicates the throne in favour of his eldest son Boris II. He arrives (after being an honorary hostage at Constantinople) in Preslav and is proclaimed as the new ruler. Boris regains lost territory from the Kievan Rus' and recaptures Pereyaslavets, an important trade city at the mouth of the Danube. Summer – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I invades Bulgaria at the head of a Kievan army, which includes Pecheneg and Hungarian auxiliary forces. He defeats the Bulgarians in a major battle and retakes Pereyaslavets. Boris II capitulates and impales 300 Bulgarian boyars for disloyalty. Sviatoslav assigns garrisons to the conquered fortresses in Northern Bulgaria. Pandulf I (Ironhead), duke of Benevento and Capua, leads the siege of Bovino. He is captured by the Byzantines and taken in chains to Bari, and jailed in Constantinople. Neapolitan forces under Marinus II, duke of Naples, invade Benevento-Capua, capture the city of Avellino and then lay siege to Capua. Emperor Otto I (the Great) assembles a large expeditionary force at Pavia, joined by Spoletan troops. |
for five days, is beheaded near the Iria River (Lombardy). King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage. Olybrius becomes the second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia, who is being held in Vandal captivity. November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Europe The Visigoths under king Theodoric II recapture Septimania (Southern Gaul) after the assassination of Majorian, and invade Hispania again. Aegidius becomes ruler over the Domain of Soissons | King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage. Olybrius becomes the second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia, who is being held in Vandal captivity. November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Europe The Visigoths under king Theodoric II recapture Septimania (Southern Gaul) after the assassination of Majorian, and invade Hispania again. Aegidius becomes ruler over the Domain of Soissons (Gaul). He has friendly relations with the Romano-British (in Brittany). Anatolia 461 Apahunik' earthquake. It affected the province of Apahunik', located to the north of Lake Van, in Anatolia. By topic Religion November 10 – Pope Leo I dies at Rome, age 61 (approximate), after a 21-year reign in which he has resisted Manichaeism and defended the Church |
21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Stephen V. His son Lambert is proclaimed king of Italy, at the capital of Pavia in Lombardy. Summer – Orso, Lombard prince of Benevento, is deposed after the capture of Benevento by the Byzantines. Benevento becomes the capital of the thema of Longobardia. Battle of Leuven: Viking raiders on the Dyle River (near Leuven), in modern-day Flanders, suffer a crushing defeat by Frankish forces under King Arnulf of Carinthia. Emirate of Córdoba Muslim forces led by Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, defeat the rebel leader Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley, in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Arabian Empire (Caliphate) June 2 – Al-Muwaffaq, an Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief, dies at the capital of Baghdad. His son Al-Mu'tadid is recognized as regent, and second heir of the Abbasid Caliphate. Japan February 25 – Fujiwara no Mototsune, | September 14 – Pope Stephen V dies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by Formosus, former cardinal bishop of Portus, as the 111th pope of the Catholic Church. Births Abd al-Rahman III, Umayyad caliph (or 889) Ali ibn Buya, founder of the Buyid Dynasty (or 892) Gao Conghui, prince and ruler of Jingnan (d. 948) Lin Ding, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 944) Yuan Dezhao, Chinese chancellor (d. 968) Deaths February 25 – Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (b. 836) June 2 – Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and regent (b. 842) June 25 – Sunderolt, archbishop of Mainz September 14 – Stephen V, pope of the Catholic Church October 23 – Yazaman al-Khadim, Abbasid emir Bernard, illegitimate son of Charles the Fat (or 892) Chen Yan, Chinese warlord and governor Enchin, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. |
using Greek fire. Battle of Kedouktos (near Heraclea): Khan Omurtag of Bulgaria sends a relief army, and defeats the Byzantine rebels. Europe Emperor Louis I performs public penance for causing his nephew Bernard's death 4 years earlier, at his palace of Attigny (Ardennes), before Pope Paschal I, and the Frankish nobles (this to restore harmony and re-establish his authority). The earliest known mention of the Serbs, in Einhard's Royal Frankish Annals. Britain King Ceolwulf I of Mercia invades Powys (Wales), but is beaten back by King Cyngen. However, Ceolwulf does destroy the fortress of Deganwy, and later takes the kingdom under his control (approximate date). Al-Andalus Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Abd al-Rahman II, who begins a military campaign against King Alfonso II of Asturias in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Asia Kim Heon-chang | authority). The earliest known mention of the Serbs, in Einhard's Royal Frankish Annals. Britain King Ceolwulf I of Mercia invades Powys (Wales), but is beaten back by King Cyngen. However, Ceolwulf does destroy the fortress of Deganwy, and later takes the kingdom under his control (approximate date). Al-Andalus Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Abd al-Rahman II, who begins a military campaign against King Alfonso II of Asturias in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Asia Kim Heon-chang launches a short-lived rebellion in Silla, which gains control over much of the southern and western Korean Peninsula. Americas February 6 – Ukit Took becomes the last ruler (ajaw) of the Mayan city-state Copán (modern Guatemala). By topic Religion Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes abbot of Fulda, after the death of Eigil. Births Al-Mutawakkil, Muslim caliph (d. 861) Ibn Abi Asim, Muslim Sunni scholar (or 821) Minamoto no Tōru, Japanese poet (d. 895) Xuefeng Yicun, Chinese Chan master (d. 908) Deaths June 26 – |
the papal practice of handing the imperial sword over, as a symbol of temporal power in the Holy Roman Empire). Britain King Ceolwulf I of Mercia is deposed by Beornwulf, who takes the throne of Mercia. During his rule he rebuilds the Abbey of St. Peter, and presides over two synods at Clofesho. Japan May 30 – Emperor Saga abdicates the throne, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Junna, as the 53rd emperor of Japan. Births June 13 – Charles the Bald, king of the Franks (d. 877) Ermentrude of Orléans, queen of the Franks (d. 869) Muhammad I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 886) Pepin II (the Younger), king of Aquitaine Deaths Adelochus, archbishop of Strasbourg (b. 786) Boniface I, margrave of | the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Michael II defeats the rebel forces under Thomas the Slav in Thrace. He and his supporters are forced to seek refuge in Arkadiopolis (modern Turkey). After five months of blockade, Thomas surrenders and is delivered to Michael, seated on a donkey and bound in chains. He pleads for clemency and prostrates before Michael, but is executed. Europe April 5 – Lothair I, eldest son of Emperor Louis I, is crowned co-emperor again by Pope Paschal I at Rome (initiating the papal practice of handing the imperial sword over, as a symbol of temporal power in the Holy Roman Empire). Britain King Ceolwulf I of Mercia is deposed by Beornwulf, who takes |
will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place India A group of Persio-Assyrian adherents of the Church of the East, under the leadership of two Persian bishops Prod (or Proth, also known as Aphroth) and Sappor (also known as Sabrisho), reach Kerala, India and reside in Quilon. Europe Emperor Louis the Pious begins a military campaign against the Wends and Sorbs. Duke Tunglo surrenders his son as hostage, and submits to Frankish rule (approximate date). Grímur Kamban becomes the first man to set foot in the Faroe Islands, and settles down in Funningur, on the northwest coast of Eysturoy (beginning the Norwegian Viking era on the islands). Murcia was founded by the emir of Cordoba Abd ar-Rahman II. Britain Battle of Ellandun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia near Swindon. The battle marks the end of the Mercian domination | of the Julian calendar. Events By place India A group of Persio-Assyrian adherents of the Church of the East, under the leadership of two Persian bishops Prod (or Proth, also known as Aphroth) and Sappor (also known as Sabrisho), reach Kerala, India and reside in Quilon. Europe Emperor Louis the Pious begins a military campaign against the Wends and Sorbs. Duke Tunglo surrenders his son as hostage, and submits to Frankish rule (approximate date). Grímur Kamban becomes the first man to set foot in the Faroe Islands, and settles down in Funningur, on the northwest coast of Eysturoy (beginning the Norwegian Viking era on the islands). Murcia was founded by the emir of Cordoba Abd ar-Rahman II. Britain Battle of Ellandun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia near Swindon. The battle marks the end of the Mercian domination of southern England. The kingdoms of Kent, Surrey, |
East Anglia, but is killed in battle. He is succeeded by Ludeca, as ruler of Mercia. Prince Aethelwulf, a son of King Egbert of Wessex, invades Kent, and drives out its pro-Mercian king Baldred. Byzantine Empire May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus) in Syracuse, independent from Constantinople. In turn, Euphemius is defeated by Byzantine troops (reinforcements from the East), and is driven out to North Africa. Europe King Harald Klak of Denmark receives the Frisian county of Rüstringen, | succeeded by Ludeca, as ruler of Mercia. Prince Aethelwulf, a son of King Egbert of Wessex, invades Kent, and drives out its pro-Mercian king Baldred. Byzantine Empire May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus) in Syracuse, independent from Constantinople. In turn, Euphemius is defeated by Byzantine troops (reinforcements from the East), and is driven out to North Africa. Europe King Harald Klak of Denmark receives the Frisian county of Rüstringen, as a gift from Emperor Louis the Pious. By topic Religion Harald Klak accepts Christianity, and is baptized with his wife and son Godfrid at Mainz. Births January 22 – Montuku, emperor of Japan (d. 858) November 29 – William of Septimania, |
The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat a Byzantine relief army sent from Palermo, and backed by a Venetian fleet led by Giustiniano Participazio. Al-Furat decides to break off the siege at Syracuse, as his forces suffer greatly from lack of food. Later he dies during an outbreak of an epidemic. Summer – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, is murdered by emissaries from the Byzantine garrison at Castrogiovanni, which is besieged by the Muslims. Threatened by Byzantine reinforcements arriving from Constantinople, the survivors burn their ships and retreat overland westward to Mazara del Vallo.Vasiliev (1935), pp. 83–84. Europe Al-Andalus: The city of Merida (modern Spain) rises twice in one year against the Umayyad Emirate. Kydonia, on the northwest coast of Crete, is destroyed by Saracen pirates (approximate date). Alcamo in Sicily is founded by the Muslim commander al-Kamuk (approximate date). China In the capital of Chang'an, a powerful court eunuch orders 50 wrestlers to arrest 300 commoners over a land property dispute in Northwest Chang'an, whereupon | ships and retreat overland westward to Mazara del Vallo.Vasiliev (1935), pp. 83–84. Europe Al-Andalus: The city of Merida (modern Spain) rises twice in one year against the Umayyad Emirate. Kydonia, on the northwest coast of Crete, is destroyed by Saracen pirates (approximate date). Alcamo in Sicily is founded by the Muslim commander al-Kamuk (approximate date). China In the capital of Chang'an, a powerful court eunuch orders 50 wrestlers to arrest 300 commoners over a land property dispute in Northwest Chang'an, whereupon a riot breaks out in the streets. North America The occupation of Pueblo Bonito begins. By topic Religion Relics of Mark the Evangelist are stolen from Alexandria (controlled by |
continues the work of Giustiniano, in construction of St. Mark's Basilica. Britain King Egbert of Wessex invades Mercia, ousts his rival Wiglaf, and attempts to rule directly from Wessex. He is recognized as overlord (bretwalda) of other English kingdoms. Winter – Battle of the River Dore: Egbert of Wessex leads his army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where he clashes with King Eanred of Northumbria. Egypt The Nile River freezes over. China The Bai kingdom of Nanzhao captures the city of Chengdu, in Sichuan Province. By topic Religion Ansgar, Frankish abbot of Corvey (modern Westphalia), is appointed missionary to Sweden by Louis the Pious, at the request of the Swedish king | freezes over. China The Bai kingdom of Nanzhao captures the city of Chengdu, in Sichuan Province. By topic Religion Ansgar, Frankish abbot of Corvey (modern Westphalia), is appointed missionary to Sweden by Louis the Pious, at the request of the Swedish king Björn at Haugi. The city of Wiesbaden (Germany) is first mentioned by Einhard, biographer of former emperor Charlemagne (approximate date). Births September 8 – Ali al-Hadi, 10th Shia Imam (approximate date) Al-Nasa'i, Muslim scholar and hadith compiler (approximate date) Lu Yan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 874) Yahya I, Muslim sultan (d. 864) Deaths June 1 – Li Tongjie, general of the Tang Dynasty July 30 – Shi Xiancheng, general of the Tang Dynasty October 2 – Michael II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 770) Abu al-Razi Muhammad, Muslim governor Cináed mac Mugróin, king of Uí Failghe Cui Zhi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 772) Giustiniano Participazio, doge of Venice Leibulf of Provence, Frankish nobleman Li Yi, Chinese poet (or 827) Li You, general of the Tang Dynasty Muiredach mac Ruadrach, king of Leinster 'Umayr ibn al-Walid, Muslim governor Wei Chuhou, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 773) Zheng Yin, |
Births Adalard, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Athanasius I, bishop of Naples (d. 872) Carloman of Bavaria, Frankish king (or 828) Charles, Frankish bishop (or 825) Engelberga, Frankish empress (approximate date) Irmgard, Frankish abbess (or 833) Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Muslim physician (approximate date) Junayd of Baghdad, Muslim Sufi (d. 910) Kōkō, emperor of Japan (d. 887) Lambert III, Frankish nobleman (d. 882) Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer (approximate date) Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Rimbert, Frankish archbishop (d. 888) Rurik, prince of Novgorod (approximate date) Wulgrin I, Frankish count (approximate date) Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi, Muslim Sufi (d. 871) Yunju Daoying, Chinese Buddhist teacher (d. 902) Deaths Æthelwold, bishop of Lichfield Ashot I, prince of Iberia (or 826) | known for the Historia's list of the 12 battles of King Arthur (approximate date). Hirsau Abbey (modern Germany) is founded by the Rhenish Franconian count Erlafried of Calw (approximate date). Ansgar, a Frankish missionary, visits the trade city Birka, located at Lake Mälaren in Sweden (approximate date). Births Adalard, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Athanasius I, bishop of Naples (d. 872) Carloman of Bavaria, Frankish king (or 828) Charles, Frankish bishop (or 825) Engelberga, Frankish empress (approximate date) Irmgard, Frankish abbess (or 833) Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Muslim physician (approximate date) Junayd of Baghdad, Muslim Sufi (d. 910) Kōkō, emperor of Japan (d. 887) Lambert III, Frankish nobleman (d. 882) Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer (approximate date) Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Rimbert, Frankish archbishop (d. 888) Rurik, prince of Novgorod (approximate date) Wulgrin I, Frankish count (approximate date) Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi, Muslim Sufi (d. 871) Yunju Daoying, Chinese Buddhist teacher (d. 902) Deaths Æthelwold, bishop of Lichfield Ashot I, prince of Iberia (or 826) Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date) Egfrid, bishop |
Louis the German, revolt against their father, Emperor Louis the Pious. They gather an army of Slav allies and conquer Swabia. Berengar the Wise, count (or duke) of Toulouse, attacks the Frankish domains of Bernard of Septimania, taking Roussillon (along with Vallespir, Razès, and Conflent). Britain and Ireland The Flag of Scotland: According to legend, King Óengus II of Fortriu leads an army of Picts and Scots, against the invading Angles from Northumbria, near Athelstaneford. The town of Clondalkin (modern Ireland) is sacked by Vikings from Denmark, and the monastery is burnt to the ground. By topic Religion Emperor Theophilos promulgates a new edict against the usage of icons in the Byzantine | and Conflent). Britain and Ireland The Flag of Scotland: According to legend, King Óengus II of Fortriu leads an army of Picts and Scots, against the invading Angles from Northumbria, near Athelstaneford. The town of Clondalkin (modern Ireland) is sacked by Vikings from Denmark, and the monastery is burnt to the ground. By topic Religion Emperor Theophilos promulgates a new edict against the usage of icons in the Byzantine Empire. He establishes strict punishments against idolators, and persecutes violators. The second St. Mark's Basilica in Venice (replacing an older church at a different location) is built, and becomes one of the best known examples of Italo-Byzantine architecture. Births Guanxiu, Chinese Buddhist monk and poet (d. |
(modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River. Abbasid Caliphate August 7 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded two days later by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian, collects oral traditions that form the basis for the biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Japan Emperor Junna abdicates the throne, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Nimmyō, as the 54th emperor of Japan. Births Irmgard, Frankish abbess (or 830) Kocel, Slavic prince (approximate date) Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 910) Yi Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 873) Deaths May 7 – Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian July 20 or 834 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot August 9 – Al-Ma'mun, Muslim caliph (b. 786) Conchobar mac Donnchada, High King of Ireland Diarmait mac | Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River. Abbasid Caliphate August 7 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded two days later by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian, collects oral traditions that form the basis for the biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Japan Emperor Junna abdicates the throne, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Nimmyō, as the 54th emperor of Japan. Births Irmgard, Frankish abbess (or 830) Kocel, Slavic prince (approximate date) Luo Yin, Chinese statesman |
Pious is restored as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. After his re-accession to the throne, his eldest son Lothair I flees to Burgundy. Danish Vikings raid the trading settlement of Dorestad (present-day Wijk bij Duurstede), located in the south-east of the province of Utrecht (modern Netherlands). Summer – The Viking ship of Oseberg near Tønsberg (modern Norway) is buried in a mound, during the Viking Age (approximate date). The first mention is made of the Jona River ('the cold one') in Switzerland (approximate date). Britain King Óengus II dies after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Drest IX, as ruler of the Picts. By topic Religion July 20 – | Picts. By topic Religion July 20 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot and advisor of former emperor Charlemagne, dies at Fontenelle Abbey in Normandy (or 833). Births Aud the Deep-Minded, Icelandic queen Euthymius I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 917) Lady Shuiqiu, wife of Qian Kuan (d. 901) Mo Xuanqing, Chinese scholar Pi Rixiu, Chinese poet (approximate date) Robert, Frankish nobleman (d. 866) Tan Quanbo, Chinese warlord (d. 918) Deaths July 20 or 833 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot Adelchis I, duke of Spoleto (Italy) Cellach mac Brain, king of Leinster (Ireland) Fridugisus, Anglo-Saxon abbot (approximate date) Gaucelm, Frankish nobleman Nasr ibn 'Abdallah, Muslim governor Odo I, Frankish nobleman Óengus II, king of the Picts Robert III, Frankish nobleman (b. 800) Wang Chengyuan, Chinese general (b. 801) |
emperor's chancellor Li Zhongyan to subdue the eunuchs' influence, troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many officials and other associates. By topic Religion November 1 – Pope Gregory IV promotes the celebration of the feast of All Saints, throughout the Frankish Empire. Births Ahmad ibn Tulun, Muslim governor (d. 884) Ahmad ibn Yusuf, Muslim mathematician (d. 912) Guaifer of Salerno, Lombard prince (approximate date) Lothair II, king of Lotharingia (d. 869) Louis the Younger, king of East Francia (or 830) Qian Kuan, Chinese warlord (approximate date) Deaths Berengar the Wise, Frankish nobleman Duan Wenchang, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 773) Jia Su, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty Jayavarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire John IV (the Peacemaker), bishop of Naples Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 774) | Zong plots to free the court from the influence of his palace eunuchs. In the northeast sector of the capital Chang'an, after the failure of the emperor's chancellor Li Zhongyan to subdue the eunuchs' influence, troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many officials and other associates. By topic Religion November 1 – Pope Gregory IV promotes the celebration of the feast of All Saints, throughout the Frankish Empire. Births Ahmad ibn Tulun, Muslim governor (d. 884) Ahmad ibn Yusuf, Muslim mathematician (d. 912) Guaifer of Salerno, Lombard prince (approximate date) Lothair II, king of Lotharingia (d. 869) Louis the Younger, king of East Francia (or 830) Qian Kuan, Chinese warlord (approximate date) Deaths Berengar the Wise, Frankish nobleman Duan Wenchang, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 773) Jia Su, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty Jayavarman II, founder of |
and put in prison, but he is able to escape. By topic Religion Winter – Pope John XI, the son of de facto Roman ruler Marozia, dies at Rome after a four-year reign. Births Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad, Mu'tazilite theologian (d. 1025) Eochaid ua Flannacáin, Irish cleric and poet (d. 1004) Elvira Ramírez, princess and regent of León (approximate date) Folcuin, Frankish abbot of Saint Bertin (approximate date) Gao Qiong, Chinese general and governor (jiedushi) (d. 1006) Gerard of Toul, German priest and bishop (d. 994) Hrosvitha, German canoness and poet (approximate date) Michitsuna no Haha, Japanese female poet (d. 995) Ukhtanes of Sebastia, Armenian historian (d. 1000) Wulfrun, English noblewoman (approximate date) Deaths January 22 – Ma, empress of Southern Han September 28 – Wenceslaus I, duke of Bohemia October 24 – Li Yu, Chinese official and chancellor November 17 Chen Jinfeng, empress of Min (b. 893) Wang Yanjun, emperor of Min (Ten Kingdoms) Dai Siyuan, general of Later Liang (Five Dynasties) Govinda IV, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (India) Gruffydd ab Owain, king of Glywysing (approximate date) John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date) Li Yichao, Chinese warlord and governor (jiedushi) Mardavij ibn Ziyar, founder of the Ziyarid Dynasty (Iran) Niftawayh, Abbasid scholar and grammarian (b. 858) | Spring – Arnulf I ("the Bad") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria. Summer – Caliph Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah dispatches a Fatimid naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners. September 28 – Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia (the subject of the 1853 Christmas carol "Good King Wenceslas") is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I ("the Cruel"), who succeeds him. Córdoba, capital of Al-Andalus, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Africa Summer – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid is appointed governor and becomes the ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria (or the Levant). He launches a campaign against his rival Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh by land and sea: the naval forces take Tinnis, and ibn Kayghalagh is forced to retreat. Ibn Tughj enters Fustat, making it his capital, and founds the Ikhshidid Dynasty. Ziri ibn Manad is installed as governor of central Maghreb. He initiates the construction of the fortress of Ashir, near Médéa (modern Algeria). It symbolises the rise of the Zirid Dynasty in the Western Mediterranean region. Arabian Empire Emir Mardavij ibn Ziyar is murdered by Turkish slaves. He is succeeded by his brother and general Vushmgir, who is crowned as the new Ziyarid ruler in Rey (modern Iran). Asia King Gyeongsun, the last ruler of the Kingdom of Silla, formally |
of the Emirate of Mosul. The Fatimid general Jawhar al-Siqilli launches a military campaign in the west of the Maghreb. He resumes his expansion, together with the Zirids, and conquers Fez (modern-day Morocco). Japan July 5 – Emperor Murakami dies after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old son Reizei, who is insane and becomes the 63rd emperor of Japan. By topic Religion Otto I completes and dedicates a new cathedral at Magdeburg in Saxony. Like other imperial churches of the period, it includes a westwork – a structure attached to the entrance wall and outfitted with galleries. Otto makes Magdeburg a base for missionary efforts to convert the Slavs to the east. The patron saint of the city is Mauritius, who, as a military leader fighting for Christianity against pagan armies, shares affinities with Otto himself. Re-foundation of Romsey Abbey in Hampshire by King Edgar I (the Peaceful). He appoints Merewenna, an English noblewoman, as abbess who becomes a foster mother to Princess Ælfflæd (a step-daughter of Edgar). April 22 – The Cambodian temple Banteay Srei is consecrated and dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Births December 7 – Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1049) Bolesław I (the Brave), king of Poland (d. 1025) Gothelo I, duke of Lorraine (approximate date) Lin Bu, Chinese poet and calligrapher (d. 1028) Vahram Pahlavouni, prince of Bjni (Armenia) (d. 1045) Walter of Speyer, German bishop and poet (d. 1027) Deaths February 9 – Sayf al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir (b. 916) April 8 – Mu'izz al-Dawla, Buyid emir (b. 915) May 10 – Renaud of Roucy, Viking nobleman July 5 – Murakami, emperor of Japan (b. 926) September 22 – Wichmann II, Frankish nobleman October 20 – Li Yixing, Chinese governor Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Umayyad historian (b. 897) Abu 'Ali Muhammad ibn Ilyas, Ilyasid emir Aleramo di Savona, marquess of Montferrat Al-Qabisi, Hamdanid astrologer (approximate date) Ashot III, prince of Taron (approximate date) Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia (or 972) Dub mac Maíl Coluīm, king of Alba (Scotland) Fergal ua Ruairc, | pays him 1,500 pounds of gold to invade the Bulgarian Empire). The imperial delegation arrives in Macedonia, but goes nowhere with Nikephoros II. Far from offering Byzantine Italy as dowry for Theophano, Nikephoros refuses to accept the claims of Otto I. Otto I renews the imperial treaty with Pietro IV Candiano, doge of Venice. He grants him commercial privileges, and protection for Venetian citizens (also the possessions of Venetian bishops). Winter – Otto I returns to Rome. On Christmas day, John XIII crowns Otto II as co-emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Although Otto II is nominated as co-ruler, he exercises no real authority. Olaf Tryggvason flees Norway with his mother, only to be attacked by Estonian Vikings (approximate date). Arabian Empire Emir Nasir al-Dawla is deposed and imprisoned at Mosul after a 32-year reign by his son Abu Taghlib, the de facto governor, and supporters. He becomes the new ruler of the Emirate of Mosul. The Fatimid general Jawhar al-Siqilli launches a military campaign in the west of the Maghreb. He resumes his expansion, together with the Zirids, and conquers Fez (modern-day Morocco). Japan July 5 – Emperor Murakami dies after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old son Reizei, who is insane and becomes the 63rd emperor of Japan. By topic Religion Otto I completes and dedicates a new cathedral at Magdeburg in Saxony. Like other imperial churches of the period, it includes a westwork – a structure attached to the entrance wall and outfitted with galleries. Otto makes Magdeburg a base for missionary efforts to convert the Slavs to the east. The patron saint of the city is Mauritius, who, as a military leader fighting for Christianity against pagan armies, shares affinities with |
of Hubert, Duke of Spoleto, and a relative of Otto I. Waldrada brings him a large dowry, including the possessions of Ferrara, Friuli and Treviso (Northern Italy). Fall – Otto I departs for a third expedition in Italy and fights in Lombardy against the partisans under Adalbert II of Ivrea. In November an imperial counter-coup in Rome takes control of Castel Sant'Angelo. Winter – Otto I enters Rome and has the twelve principal militia leaders (the Decarcones) hanged. Other plotters of the coup are either executed or blinded. Otto is declared 'liberator of the Church'. The Hungarians invade the Bulgarian Empire and force Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarians, to conclude a peace treaty with them. He lets them cross to attack the Byzantine Empire. Asia February 9 – Ono no Michikaze (Ono no Tōfū), Japanese calligrapher, dies after having established the foundations of the 'Waystyle' of calligraphy while serving the imperial court at Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto). By topic Religion John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem, is burned at the stake by a Muslim mob after writing to Emperor Nikephoros II, pleading him to intervene in Palestine and retake it from the Fatimid Caliphate. Re-foundation of Peterborough (also called Medeshamstede) Abbey as a Benedictine monastery by Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester (approximate date). Births Æthelred II (the Unready), king of England (approximate date) Ali al-Sulayhi, sultan of Yemen, Tihamah and Mecca (d. 1066) Ding Wei, grand chancellor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1037) Fujiwara no Kintō, Japanese poet and bureaucrat (d. 1041) Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese nobleman (d. 1028) Gerberga of Burgundy, duchess of Swabia | of Adelaide of Burgundy — second wife of Emperor Otto I (the Great), from her first marriage with King Lothair II, member of the Bosonid Dynasty). Lothair strengthens his ties with the Holy Roman Empire. He temporarily remains in control of the cities of Arras and Douai. The latter becomes a flourishing textile market centre during the Middle Ages. April 14 – Mieszko I, first duke and prince of Poland, is baptized a Christian, which is usually considered the foundation of the Polish state. Mieszko's baptism under the influence of his wife Dobrawa, brings his territories into the community of Christian countries. The lands ruled by Mieszko cover about 250,000 km² and are inhabited by about 1,2 million people around this time. May – Pietro IV Candiano, doge of Venice, remarries to Waldrada of Tuscany, a daughter of Hubert, Duke of Spoleto, and a relative of Otto I. Waldrada brings him a large dowry, including the possessions of Ferrara, Friuli and Treviso (Northern Italy). Fall – Otto I departs for a third |
Events By place Africa Khazrun ben Falful, from the Maghrawa family Banu Khazrun, begins ruling Tripoli, on the African continent. Asia March 17 – The Buddhist ruler of Butuan, in the Philippines (P’u-tuan in the Sung Dynasty records), Sari Bata Shaja, makes the first tributary mission to China. The Changbai Mountains volcano, located on the present-day Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest Holocene blast (approximate date). The Tao/Tayk region is annexed by the Byzantines, as the Theme of Iberia. Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into northern India, establishing the Ghaznavid Empire across most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Pakistan. Battle of Peshawar: Jayapala suffers defeat from the Ghaznavid Empire. Former emperor Đinh Phế Đế dies, while suppressing the Cửu Long Rebellion in Thanh Hoa Province. Khmer King Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I, and/or Suryavarman I. Construction begins on the Liaodi Pagoda, the tallest pagoda in Chinese history (completed in 1055). Japan January 13 – Empress consort Fujiwara no Teishi dies in childbirth. November – The imperial palace is destroyed by fire. 70th birthday and longevity ceremony of Fujiwara no Bokushi (mother-in-law of Fujiwara no Michinaga, grandmother of Empress Shōshi). 40th birthday of Empress dowager Senshi (mother of Emperor Ichijō). Europe February 6 – After leading the revolt against Emperor Otto III and expelling the Crescentii, Gregory I, Count of Tusculum is named "Head of the Republic". July 31 – Emperor Otto III confirms the possessions of Ulric Manfred II of Turin, and grants him privileges. July – Sergius II becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. Byzantine Emperor Basil II attempts to reconquer Bulgaria. Robert II, King of France, marries for the third time, with Constance Taillefer d'Arles. Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened at Aachen Cathedral. The First Battle of Alton: Danish invaders | family Banu Khazrun, begins ruling Tripoli, on the African continent. Asia March 17 – The Buddhist ruler of Butuan, in the Philippines (P’u-tuan in the Sung Dynasty records), Sari Bata Shaja, makes the first tributary mission to China. The Changbai Mountains volcano, located on the present-day Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest Holocene blast (approximate date). The Tao/Tayk region is annexed by the Byzantines, as the Theme of Iberia. Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into northern India, establishing the Ghaznavid Empire across most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Pakistan. Battle of Peshawar: Jayapala suffers defeat from the Ghaznavid Empire. Former emperor Đinh Phế Đế dies, while suppressing the Cửu Long Rebellion in Thanh Hoa Province. Khmer King Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I, and/or Suryavarman I. Construction begins on the Liaodi Pagoda, the tallest pagoda in Chinese history (completed in 1055). Japan January 13 – Empress consort Fujiwara no Teishi dies in childbirth. November – The imperial palace is destroyed by fire. 70th birthday and longevity ceremony of Fujiwara no Bokushi (mother-in-law of Fujiwara no Michinaga, grandmother of Empress Shōshi). 40th birthday of Empress dowager Senshi (mother of Emperor Ichijō). Europe February 6 – After leading the revolt against Emperor Otto III and expelling the Crescentii, Gregory I, Count of Tusculum is named "Head of the Republic". July 31 – Emperor Otto III confirms the possessions of Ulric Manfred II of Turin, and grants him privileges. July – Sergius II becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. Byzantine Emperor Basil II attempts |
7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936. July – Battle of Calatañazor: Christian armies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Pamplona and Sancho García of Castile, defeat the invading Saracens under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus. August 8 – Al-Mansur dies after a 24-year reign and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar as ruler (hajib) of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain). October 15 – Henry I, duke of Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his stepson, Otto-William. He inherits the duchy; this is disputed by King Robert II of France ("the Pious"). Fall – A revolt organized by Bohemian nobles of the rivalling Vršovci clan, forces Duke Boleslaus III ("the Red") to flee to Germany. He is succeeded by Vladivoj (until 1003). British Isles November 13 – St. Brice's Day massacre: King Æthelred the Unready orders all Danes in England killed. Æthelred marries (as his | dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne. Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne. February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secondi milites (the minor nobles), Arduin of Ivrea (grandson of former King Berengar II) is restored to his domains and crowned as King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore. Arduin is supported by Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan. June 7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936. July – Battle of Calatañazor: Christian armies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Pamplona and Sancho García of Castile, defeat the invading Saracens |
annual tribute. By topic Art Construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Tamil Nadu (modern India), during the Chola Dynasty (Early Medieval period). Religion May 12 – Pope Sylvester II dies after a 4-year pontificate. He is succeeded by John XVII as the 140th pope of the Catholic Church. November 6 – John XVII dies after a pontificate of about 7 months and is buried in the Lateran Basilica at Rome. Heribert, archbishop of Cologne, founds Deutz Abbey at Deutz (Germany). Births Amatus, bishop of Nusco (approximate date) Conrad II (the Younger), duke of Carinthia (d. 1039) Edward the Confessor, king of England (d. 1066) Frederick, duke of Lower Lorraine (approximate date) Hedwig (or Advisa), French princess (approximate date) Herleva, Norman noblewoman (approximate date) Ibn Hayyus, Syrian poet and panegyrist (d. 1081) Ibn Zaydún, Andalusian poet and writer (d. 1071) Jing Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (d. 1048) Liudolf of Brunswick, margrave of Frisia (d. 1038) Musharrif al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Iraq (d. 1025) Deaths January 19 – Kilian of Cologne, Irish abbot January 25 – Lothair I, margrave of the Nordmark May 4 – Herman II, duke of Swabia (Germany) May 12 – Sylvester II, pope of the Catholic Church July 11 – Al-Mansur al-Qasim al-Iyyani, Zaidi imam August 3 – At-Ta'i, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (b. 932) November 6 – John XVII, pope of the Catholic Church December 24 – William II, German nobleman December 27 – Emma of Blois, duchess of Aquitaine Athanasius the Athonite, Byzantine monk (b. 920) Brian | February 9 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Duke Bolesław I (the Brave) of Poland. The following months, Boleslaus' brothers Jaromír and Oldřich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of King Henry II, while Boleslaus orders the massacre of his Bohemian leading nobles at Vyšehrad. German–Polish War: Bolesław I annexes Bohemia and parts of Moravia (modern Slovakia). German nobles under Henry of Schweinfurt revolt against Henry II (who has been promised the Duchy of Bavaria). Count Oliba (Taillefer) Ripoll. Oliba takes up the Benedictine habit at the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. King Robert II (the Pious) invades Burgundy, but fails. After this fiasco Robert repudiates his second wife, Bertha of Burgundy, and marries Constance of Arles who becomes queen consort of France. King Rudolph III of Burgundy invests Humbert I (the White-Handed) with the domains of the Duchy of Aosta. He becomes the first count of the House of Savoy. King Stephen I of Hungary invades Transylvania (modern Romania) and establishes the Diocese of Transylvania (approximate date). Battle of Albesa: Muslim forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba defeat the northern Christian armies of León, Pamplona and Castile. England King Sweyn I (Forkbeard) lands with a Danish Viking fleet in East Anglia, ravaging the countryside. Northumbria surrenders to him (approximate date). Asia Emperor Sheng Zong of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty leads |
Basil has reconquered about half of the Bulgarian Empire. Europe Spring – King Henry II crosses with an expeditionary force through the Brenner Pass to Trento. After initial military successes against Arduin of Ivrea, he receives the homage of the Italian clergy and Lombard noble families. May 14 – Henry II is crowned King of Italy by Archbishop Arnulf II in Pavia. A quarrel ensues between the German troops and the Pavese citizens. Henry orders a massacre of the population in response, destroying the city. Fall – Venetian-Byzantine forces defeat the Saracens at Bari. The citadel is on the brink of capitulation after a 3-days siege. Giovanni, a son of Doge Pietro Orseolo II, is married to the Byzantine princess Maria Argyra. German–Polish War: Duke Bolesław I of Poland loses Bohemia. With German support, Jaromír occupies Prague and proclaims himself the new duke. At Merseburg, he promises to hold Bohemia as a vassal of Henry II. Moorish forces under vizier Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar sack the Catalan city of Manresa (modern Spain). Saracen pirates under the Balearic emir Mugahid sack Pisa, destroying nearly one-quarter of the city. Sancho III becomes king of Pamplona, Aragon and Castille (until 1035). England A Danish Viking fleet under Sweyn Forkbeard lands in Norfolk. Ealdorman Ulfcytel orders his Anglo-Saxon troops to burn the raiding ships. The plan fails and Ulfcytel's small army is defeated by the Vikings. Africa An episode of plague and famine breaks out in North Africa. China | (MIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Battle of Skopje: Emperor Basil II defeats the Bulgarian forces near Skopje (modern North Macedonia). Leaving his army behind, Samuel of Bulgaria manages to escape. Basil continues his campaign and besieges the fortress of Pernik. By the end of the year Basil has reconquered about half of the Bulgarian Empire. Europe Spring – King Henry II crosses with an expeditionary force through the Brenner Pass to Trento. After initial military successes against Arduin of Ivrea, he receives the homage of the Italian clergy and Lombard noble families. May 14 – Henry II is crowned King of Italy by Archbishop Arnulf II in Pavia. A quarrel ensues between the German troops and the Pavese citizens. Henry orders a massacre of the population in response, destroying the city. Fall – Venetian-Byzantine forces defeat the Saracens at Bari. The citadel is |
Pisan fleet sacks the city of Reggio Calabria. Pisa becomes one of the four commercial Maritime Republics (the other three are Genoa, Venice and Amalfi), which fight each other for control of the Mediterranean Sea. British Isles March 25 – King Kenneth III of Scotland is killed in the battle of Monzievaird in Strathearn. He is succeeded by his cousin Malcolm II ("Forranach, the Destroyer", son of the late King Kenneth II) as ruler of Scotland. Summer – Danish Viking raiders under Sweyn Forkbeard continue to ravage the cities (mostly poorly defended) in southern England. A famine strikes Sweyn's army, which has to live off the land. November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury, leaves ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent in his will, leaving the best, equipped for 60 men, to King Æthelred the Unready. High King of Ireland Brian Boru makes a second expedition to the north, to take hostages from the northern kingdoms. During this campaign he visits Armagh – making an offering of 20 ounces of gold to the church and confirming to the apostolic see of Saint | – King Kenneth III of Scotland is killed in the battle of Monzievaird in Strathearn. He is succeeded by his cousin Malcolm II ("Forranach, the Destroyer", son of the late King Kenneth II) as ruler of Scotland. Summer – Danish Viking raiders under Sweyn Forkbeard continue to ravage the cities (mostly poorly defended) in southern England. A famine strikes Sweyn's army, which has to live off the land. November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury, leaves ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent in his will, leaving the best, equipped for 60 men, to King Æthelred the Unready. High King of Ireland Brian Boru makes a second expedition to the north, to take hostages from the northern kingdoms. During this campaign he visits Armagh – making an offering of 20 ounces of gold to the church and confirming to the apostolic see |
ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. It is observed and described in China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt, and Europe and possibly depicted in North American rock art. Modern astronomers now consider its distance at about 7,200 light-years. The supernova provides enough light to read by on a night with a dark moon. Births October 23 – Wen Yanbo, grand chancellor (d. 1097) Al-Lakhmi, Fatimid scholar and jurist (d. 1085) Constantine X, Byzantine emperor (d. 1067) Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (d. 1080) Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1088) Deaths February 13 – Fulcran, bishop of Lodève (France) July 21 - Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria December 26 – Gao Qiong, Chinese general (b. 935) Ælfhelm of York, | Europe and possibly depicted in North American rock art. Modern astronomers now consider its distance at about 7,200 light-years. The supernova provides enough light to read by on a night with a dark moon. Births October 23 – Wen Yanbo, grand chancellor (d. 1097) Al-Lakhmi, Fatimid scholar and jurist (d. 1085) Constantine X, Byzantine emperor (d. 1067) Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (d. 1080) Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1088) Deaths February 13 – Fulcran, bishop of Lodève (France) July 21 - Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of |
King Henry II of Germany founds the Archdiocese of Bamberg during a synod held in Frankfurt. Ælfheah of Canterbury travels to Rome to receive his pallium – symbol of his status as an archbishop – from Pope John XVIII. The Keraites, a Turco-Mongolian tribe, are converted to Nestorianism (a sect of Christianity). Births Emeric, Hungarian prince and co-heir (approximate date) Gervais de Château-du-Loir, French nobleman (d. 1067) Giselbert, count of Luxembourg (approximate date) Hugh Magnus (Hugues le Grand), king of France (d. 1025) Ibn Sidah, Andalusian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1066) Isaac I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (approximate date) Maitripada, Indian Buddhist philosopher (d. 1085) Ouyang Xiu, Chinese historian and poet (d. 1072) Peter Damian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia (d. 1073) Welf III, duke of Carinthia (approximate date) Deaths February 27 – Ælfwaru, English noblewoman March 20 – Abu Rakwa, Andalusian Umayyad prince July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess | prince). By topic Religion November 1 – King Henry II of Germany founds the Archdiocese of Bamberg during a synod held in Frankfurt. Ælfheah of Canterbury travels to Rome to receive his pallium – symbol of his status as an archbishop – from Pope John XVIII. The Keraites, a Turco-Mongolian tribe, are converted to Nestorianism (a sect of Christianity). Births Emeric, Hungarian prince and co-heir (approximate date) Gervais de Château-du-Loir, French nobleman (d. 1067) Giselbert, count of Luxembourg (approximate date) Hugh Magnus (Hugues le Grand), king of France (d. 1025) Ibn Sidah, Andalusian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1066) Isaac I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (approximate date) Maitripada, Indian Buddhist philosopher (d. 1085) Ouyang Xiu, Chinese historian and poet (d. 1072) Peter Damian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia (d. 1073) Welf III, duke of Carinthia (approximate date) Deaths February 27 – Ælfwaru, |
and his men are ambushed and defeated in the woods. Bagrat III adds more lands to his realm, and becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of Georgia (until 1014). The oldest known mention is made of the city of Gundelfingen (Southern Germany). Abkhazia and Iberia are unified into the Kingdom of Georgia. England King Æthelred the Unready orders a new fleet of warships built, organised on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year. Arabian Empire Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends a tributary mission to Emperor Emperor Zhenzong of the Song dynasty in order to reestablish trade relations between the Fatimid Caliphate and China (approximate date). Japan November 13 – Kamo Special Festival: The poet Murasaki Shikibu is given her name from a famous court poet, Fujiwara no Kinto; this year she probably starts to write The Diary of Lady Murasaki. 42nd Birthday of Fujiwara no Michinaga, father-in-law of the emperor, is celebrated. By topic Religion Autumn – Bruno of Querfurt, a missionary bishop, and 18 companions sets out on a mission to spread Christianity among the Prussians. Olof Skötkonung, king of Sweden, is baptized in Husaby (Västergötland) by missionary Sigfrid, and makes generous donations on the spot. Births May 4 – Henry I, king of France (d. 1060) October | 1014). The oldest known mention is made of the city of Gundelfingen (Southern Germany). Abkhazia and Iberia are unified into the Kingdom of Georgia. England King Æthelred the Unready orders a new fleet of warships built, organised on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year. Arabian Empire Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends a tributary mission to Emperor Emperor Zhenzong of the Song dynasty in order to reestablish trade relations between the Fatimid Caliphate and China (approximate date). Japan November 13 – Kamo Special Festival: The poet Murasaki Shikibu is given her name from a famous court poet, Fujiwara no Kinto; this year she probably starts to write The Diary of Lady Murasaki. 42nd Birthday of Fujiwara no Michinaga, father-in-law of the emperor, is celebrated. By topic Religion Autumn – Bruno of Querfurt, a missionary bishop, and 18 companions sets out on a mission to spread Christianity among the Prussians. Olof Skötkonung, king of Sweden, is baptized in Husaby (Västergötland) by missionary Sigfrid, and makes generous donations on the spot. Births May 4 – Henry I, king of France (d. 1060) October 12 – Atsuhira, future Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan (d. 1036) Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, Zirid |
(a province of the Byzantine Empire). He and his brother-in-law Dattus (or Datto) mobilises a large army and invades southern Italy. November 1 – Berber forces led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam defeat the Umayyad caliph Muhammad II in the battle of Alcolea. He enters the city of Córdoba, which is sacked by Berbers and Castillans. Sulayman is elected as caliph of the Caliphate of Córdoba. Doge Pietro II Orseolo dies after an 18-year reign in which he has start the expansion of Venetia by conquering the islands of Lastovo and Korčula along the Dalmatian coast. Pietro is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Otto Orseolo as sole ruler of Venice. Law on planning and building passed in Serbia during the reign of Prince Jovan Vladimir. England Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard repeatedly attack southern England, destroying the land to avenge the St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002. August - A large Viking army led by Thorkell the Tall lands on Kent and proceeds to terrorize most of Southern England.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Asia Spring – General Gang Jo leads a coup against King Mokjong. He is deposed and sent into exile in Chungju. After murdering Mokjong, Gang Jo places Hyeonjong on the throne as ruler of Goryeo. November – The Lý Dynasty in Vietnam is proclaimed by Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (former commander of the palace guard) after the death of Lê Long Đĩnh, the last monarch of the Lê Dynasty. Japan Princess Takahime (daughter of Imperial Prince Tomohira, cousin of emperor Ichijo) is married to Fujiwara no Yorimichi, first son of Fujiwara no Michinaga, enlarging the latter’s power. Takashina no Mitsuko is imprisoned for cursing the empress; Fujiwara no Korechika is also implicated but later pardoned. Murasaki Shikibu teaches the Chinese written language to Empress Shoshi in secret because this is usually a male accomplishment. By topic Religion | of 1002. August - A large Viking army led by Thorkell the Tall lands on Kent and proceeds to terrorize most of Southern England.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Asia Spring – General Gang Jo leads a coup against King Mokjong. He is deposed and sent into exile in Chungju. After murdering Mokjong, Gang Jo places Hyeonjong on the throne as ruler of Goryeo. November – The Lý Dynasty in Vietnam is proclaimed by Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (former commander of the palace guard) after the death of Lê Long Đĩnh, the last monarch of the Lê Dynasty. Japan Princess Takahime (daughter of Imperial Prince Tomohira, cousin of emperor Ichijo) is married to Fujiwara no Yorimichi, first son of Fujiwara no Michinaga, enlarging the latter’s power. Takashina no Mitsuko is imprisoned for cursing the empress; Fujiwara no Korechika is also implicated but later pardoned. Murasaki Shikibu teaches the Chinese written language to Empress Shoshi in secret because this is usually a male accomplishment. By topic Religion Summer – Pope John XVIII dies after a pontificate of 5-years. He is succeeded by Sergius IV as the 142nd pope of the Catholic Church. August 29 – Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire, which destroys the building on the day of its inauguration. October 18 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Births May 22 – Su Xun, Chinese writer (d. 1066) December 14 – Atsunaga, future Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (d. 1045) Adèle of France, countess of Flanders (d. 1079) Ali Hariri, Marwanid poet and philosopher (d. 1079) George the Hagiorite, Georgian calligrapher (d. 1065) Qatran Tabrizi, Persian poet and writer (d. 1072) Toirdelbach Ua Briain, king of Munster (d. 1086) Yusuf ibn Tashfin, sultan of Morocco (d. 1106) Deaths February 14 – Bruno of Querfurt, German missionary bishop March 2 – Mokjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 980) March 3 – Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, Umayyad chief minister (b. 983) June or July – John XVIII, pope of |
The oldest known mention is made of the city of Soest (modern Germany). Births Æthelberht, king of Wessex (approximate date) Al-Musta'in, Muslim caliph (d. 866) Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (d. 891) Ibn al-Rumi, Muslim poet (d. 896) Luo Hongxin, Chinese warlord (d. 898) Mihira Bhoja, king of the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty (d. 885) Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (approximate date) Deaths March 17 – Haito, bishop of Basel Adalram, archbishop of Salzburg Aznar Sánchez, duke of Gascony Herefrith, bishop of Winchester Heungdeok, king of Silla (b. 777) Lambert I, Frankish nobleman Malamir, | of Carhampton: Danish Vikings arrive in West Saxon, North Devon and Somerset. King Egbert of Wessex fights them, but he is forced to withdraw. Europe July 4 – Pactum Sicardi: Prince Sicard of Benevento signs a 5-year armistice with the duchies of Sorrento, Naples and Amalfi. He recognizes the trade of merchants among the three cities in Southern Italy. Malamir, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 4-year reign and is succeeded by his nephew Presian I. Because of his young age and inexperience, the Bulgarian state affairs are dominated by his minister and commander-in-chief Isbul. Pietro Tradonico is appointed doge of Venice (until 864). By topic Religion The Basilica of St. Castor in Koblenz (Rhineland-Pfalz) is constructed. The oldest known mention |
The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date). Britain King Drest IX dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Eóganan, as ruler of the Picts. By topic Astronomy April 10 – Comet Halley passes approximately 5 million km from Earth, its closest ever approach. Births Al-Muntasir, Muslim caliph (d. 862) Baldwin I, margrave of Flanders (approximate date) Ibn Duraid, Muslim poet and philologist (d. 933) Ibn Khuzaymah, Muslim hadith and scholar (d. 923) Deaths Antony I, patriarch of Constantinople Drest IX, king of the Picts Eadwulf, bishop of Lindsey Giovanni I, doge of Venice Hugh of Tours, Frankish nobleman Li Zaiyi, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 788) Maxentius, patriarch of Aquileia Oliba I, | The Slavs in the vicinity of Thessaloniki revolt against the Byzantine Empire. Theophilos undertakes an evacuation of some Byzantine captives, who are settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria. Europe Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, sends his prime-minister Isbul against the Smolyani (a Slavic tribe in Byzantine territory near the Struma River). The Bulgarian army campaigns along the Aegean coasts, and conquers most of Thrace and Macedonia, including the fortress city of Philippi (see Presian Inscription). The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date). Britain King Drest IX dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded |
Britain Battle of Hingston Down: The West Saxons, led by King Egbert of Wessex, defeat a combined force of Cornish and Danish Vikings, at Hingston Down in Cornwall. King Fedelmid mac Crimthainn of Munster calls for a great royal meeting at Cluain-Conaire-Tommain, between himself and King Niall Caille mac Áeda of Uí Néill. Approximate date – The Stone of Destiny, an oblong block of red sandstone, is placed at Scone Palace for the coronation of the first monarchs of Scotland. Abbasid Caliphate A conspiracy is discovered, led by General 'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa, to assassinate Al-Mu'tasim while he is campaigning, and place his nephew Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun on the throne. A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the Turkish slave-soldiers (ghilman) in the Abbasid military establishment. Babak Khorramdin, an Iranian military leader, is executed by order of al-Mu'tasim. The Yezidi rise up against the Abbasids (approximate date). By topic Religion The oldest known mention is made of the city of Rheine, on the Ems River (modern Germany). The Khazars are converted to Judaism (approximate date). Births Æthelswith, Anglo-Saxon queen (approximate date) Fujiwara no Takafuji, Japanese nobleman (d. 900) Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah, Muslim governor (approximate date) Deaths November 6 – Li Yong, prince of the Tang Dynasty Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun, Muslim prince and general Babak Khorramdin, Iranian leader of the Khurramite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate Boniface II, margrave of Tuscany (approximate date) Bran mac Fáeláin, king of Leinster (Ireland) Eadhun, bishop of Winchester Frederick of Utrecht, Frisian bishop (approximate date) Pepin I of Aquitaine, king of Aquitaine (b. 797) Ralpacan, | the city wall. After two weeks of repeated attacks, the Byzantine defenders surrender. The city is sacked and plundered, 70,000 inhabitants are slaughtered, and the survivors are sold as slaves. Europe King Pepin I of Aquitaine dies after a 21-year reign. Emperor Louis the Pious appoints his youngest son Charles the Bald as his successor. The Aquitainian nobility, however, elects Pepin's son Pepin II as the new Frankish ruler. Britain Battle of Hingston Down: The West Saxons, led by King Egbert of Wessex, defeat a combined force of Cornish and Danish Vikings, at Hingston Down in Cornwall. King Fedelmid mac Crimthainn of Munster calls for a great royal meeting at Cluain-Conaire-Tommain, between himself and King Niall Caille mac Áeda of Uí Néill. Approximate date – The Stone of Destiny, an oblong block of red sandstone, is placed at Scone Palace for the coronation of the first monarchs of Scotland. Abbasid Caliphate A conspiracy is discovered, led by General 'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa, to assassinate Al-Mu'tasim while he is campaigning, and place his nephew Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun on the throne. A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the Turkish slave-soldiers (ghilman) in the Abbasid military establishment. Babak Khorramdin, an Iranian military leader, is executed by order of al-Mu'tasim. The Yezidi rise up against |
calendar. Events By place Europe Prince Sicard of Benevento is assassinated by a conspiracy among the nobility. He is succeeded by Radelchis I, chief army officer and treasurer of Sicard, who proclaims himself ruler of Benevento. He imprisons Siconulf, heir and brother of Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, led by Landulf I, the gastald of Capua, and with the support of Guaifer, rescue him from prison. Siconulf is proclaimed prince of Salerno, and a civil war erupts, which splits the Lombard principality in Southern Italy. Third Civil War: King Louis the German, grandson of Charlemagne, invades Swabia. His nephew, Pepin II of Aquitaine, and his Gascon subjects, conquer territory all the way to the Loire. May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age | Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, led by Landulf I, the gastald of Capua, and with the support of Guaifer, rescue him from prison. Siconulf is proclaimed prince of Salerno, and a civil war erupts, which splits the Lombard principality in Southern Italy. Third Civil War: King Louis the German, grandson of Charlemagne, invades Swabia. His nephew, Pepin II of Aquitaine, and his Gascon subjects, conquer territory all the way to the Loire. May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age 36, receives Eastern Francia that includes much of Germany; and Charles the Bald (17) gets West Francia that incorporates most of France. The Hungarians (also known as Magyars) who until then have lived east to the Carpathians, raid the Lower Danube at the request of the Bulgarian Empire against the Byzantine insurgents. Approximate date – Danish Vikings return to ravage the Frisian coast (sacking Dorestad for the second |
Ireland) inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill (County Kildare). Central Asia The Karakhanids invade from north of the Syr Darya River, ending the Samanid Empire (modern Iran). The Samanid domains are split between the Ghaznavid Dynasty and the Karakhanids. By topic Religion February 18 – Pope Gregory V dies after a 3-year pontificate in which the Crescentii family forced him to flee Rome. He is succeeded by Sylvester II as the 139th pope of the Catholic Church. Bishop Aldhun consecrates a cathedral (later Durham Cathedral), at a site where the remains of St. Cuthbert had been moved to in AD 995 from Lindisfarne because of the danger of Viking raids. Sigmundur Brestisson, a Viking chieftain, introduces Christianity in the Faroe Islands. Births April 11 – Bao Zheng, politician of the Song Dynasty (d. 1062) Berengar of Tours, French theologian (approximate date) Fujiwara no Ishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1036) Odo of Rennes, duke and regent of Brittany (d. 1079) Deaths February 7 – Boleslaus II (the Pious), duke of Bohemia February 18 – Gregory V, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 972) June 11 – Ebergar (or Everger), archbishop of Cologne November 4 – Gregor von Burtscheid, German abbot November 29 – Li Chun'an, Chinese merchant (b. | Fujiwara no Shoshi (she later becomes empress) December: Empress Teishi gives birth to Prince Atsuyasu (who becomes the imperial heir) but on the next day, her rival, Fujiwara no Shoshi is promoted to Consort Europe King Bermudo II abdicates in favor of his 5-year-old son Alfonso V as ruler of León. Moorish invaders have forced Bermudo to recognize the suzerainty of their leader, Umayyad vizier and the de facto ruler Al-Mansur. 9 September (999 or 1000) – Battle of Svolder: A Norwegian fleet, commanded by Olaf Tryggvason, is defeated by the combined fleet of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard and his Swedish counterpart Olaf the Swede, resulting in Tryggvason's death, and the splitting up of Norway between Sweden and Denmark. Ireland December 30 - Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under Brian Boru (High King of Ireland) inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill (County Kildare). Central Asia The Karakhanids invade from north of the Syr Darya River, ending the Samanid Empire (modern Iran). The Samanid domains are split between the Ghaznavid Dynasty and the Karakhanids. By topic Religion February |
through a valley near Roopkund (modern India) were killed when caught out in the open in a sudden hailstorm. Their remains were discovered in 1942. Mesoamerica Uxmal becomes the capital of a large state in the Puuk hills region of northern Yucatán (modern Mexico). The city is connected by causeways (sakbe) to other important Puuk sites, such as K'abah, Sayil, and Labna (approximate date). By topic Food and Drink Coffee is discovered (according to legend) by the Ethiopian goatherder Kaldi in East Africa, who notices that his goats become energetic after chewing the red berries from certain wild bushes (approximate date). Religion April 22 – Gunther becomes archbishop of Cologne (modern Germany). June 18 – Perfecto, a Christian priest in Muslim Córdoba, is executed (beheaded) after he refuses to retract numerous insults he made about the prophet Muhammad. Births June 27 – Ibrahim II, emir of the Aghlabids (d. 902) Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Muslim mathematician (d. 934) Adelaide, queen of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 853) Aribo of Austria, Frankish margrave (approximate date) Arnulf of Carinthia, king of the East Frankish Kingdom (d. 899) Berno of Cluny, Frankish abbot (approximate | to legend) by the Ethiopian goatherder Kaldi in East Africa, who notices that his goats become energetic after chewing the red berries from certain wild bushes (approximate date). Religion April 22 – Gunther becomes archbishop of Cologne (modern Germany). June 18 – Perfecto, a Christian priest in Muslim Córdoba, is executed (beheaded) after he refuses to retract numerous insults he made about the prophet Muhammad. Births June 27 – Ibrahim II, emir of the Aghlabids (d. 902) Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Muslim mathematician (d. 934) Adelaide, queen of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 853) Aribo of Austria, Frankish margrave (approximate date) Arnulf of Carinthia, king of the East Frankish Kingdom (d. 899) Berno of Cluny, Frankish abbot (approximate date) Du Guangting, Chinese Taoist priest and writer (d. 933) Gerolf of Holland, count of Friesland (approximate date) Harald Fairhair, king of Norway (approximate date) Hatto I, Frankish archbishop (approximate date) Herbert I, count of Vermandois (approximate date) Hermenegildo Gutiérrez, Galician nobleman (d. 912) Hucbald, Frankish music theorist (or 840) Ki no Tomonori, Japanese poet (approximate date) Onneca Fortúnez, Basque princess (or 848) Ranulf II, duke of Aquitaine (d. 890) Reginar I, duke of Lorraine (approximate date) Seiwa, emperor |
granaries, its local government administration, some of its written records, and the treatment of travellers, along with the use of ceramics, rice wine, and tea (approximate date). Europe August 22 – Battle of Jengland: Duke Erispoe takes command of the Breton forces after his father Nominoe, king of Brittany, dies. He continues an offensive against the Franks in alliance with Lambert II of Nantes. In Ille-et-Vilaine near Grand-Fougeray (Brittany), Erispoe defeats a Frankish-Saxon army (4,000 men) led by King Charles the Bald. Treaty of Angers: Charles the Bald meets Erispoe in Angers, and acknowledges him as "king of Brittany". He recognizes the authority of Breton rule over the areas around Nantes, Rennes and Pays de Retz, which become part of the Breton March, a border zone. Erispoe takes the oath to Charles as king of the West Frankish Kingdom (but not an hommage lige which would be an allegiance). To mark the sovereignty of the Breton state, the future Dukes of Brittany are crowned as "Duke, king in their lands". September – King Pepin II of Aquitaine is captured by the forces of Count Sans II Sancion, and handed over to Charles the Bald. He is detained in the monastery of Saint Medard in Soissons. Emperor Lothair I meets with his (half) brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald in Meerssen | Ealhhere, attacks a Viking fleet off the coast at Sandwich, and captures nine of the enemy vessels while the remainder flees. China Suleiman al-Tajir, Muslim merchant and traveller, visits China during the Tang Dynasty. He observes the manufacturing of Chinese porcelain at Guangzhou, and writes of his admiration for its transparent quality. Suleiman also describes the mosque at Guangzhou, its granaries, its local government administration, some of its written records, and the treatment of travellers, along with the use of ceramics, rice wine, and tea (approximate date). Europe August 22 – Battle of Jengland: Duke Erispoe takes command of the Breton forces after his father Nominoe, king of Brittany, dies. He continues an offensive against the Franks in alliance with Lambert II of Nantes. In Ille-et-Vilaine near Grand-Fougeray (Brittany), Erispoe defeats a Frankish-Saxon army (4,000 men) led by King Charles the Bald. Treaty of Angers: Charles the Bald meets Erispoe in Angers, and acknowledges him as "king of Brittany". He recognizes the authority of Breton rule over the areas around Nantes, Rennes and Pays de Retz, which become part of the Breton March, a border |
of the Croats" (dux Chroatorum), and to his country as the "state of the Croats" (regnum Chroatorum). Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 23-year reign in which the Bulgarians have expanded into Upper Macedonia and Serbia. He is succeeded by his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria. Emperor Lothair I and his (half) brother Charles the Bald join forces to remove the Vikings from the island of Oscelles, in the River Seine. After this fails, Charles again pays them tribute (Danegeld). Britain A Viking fleet of 350 vessels enters the Thames Estuary before turning north, and engages the Mercian forces under King Beorhtwulf. The Mercians are defeated, and retreat to their settlements. The Vikings then turn south and cross the river somewhere in Surrey; there they are slaughtered by a West Saxon army, led by King Æthelwulf and his son Aethelbald, at Oak Field (Aclea). King Æthelstan, the eldest son of Æthelwulf, is killed by a Viking raiding party. He is succeeded by his brother Æthelberht, who becomes sub-king of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex (approximate date). Beorhtwulf dies after | his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria. Emperor Lothair I and his (half) brother Charles the Bald join forces to remove the Vikings from the island of Oscelles, in the River Seine. After this fails, Charles again pays them tribute (Danegeld). Britain A Viking fleet of 350 vessels enters the Thames Estuary before turning north, and engages the Mercian forces under King Beorhtwulf. The Mercians are defeated, and retreat to their settlements. The Vikings then turn south and cross the river somewhere in Surrey; there they are slaughtered by a West Saxon army, led by King Æthelwulf and his son Aethelbald, at Oak Field (Aclea). King Æthelstan, the eldest son of Æthelwulf, is killed by a Viking raiding party. He is succeeded by his brother Æthelberht, who becomes sub-king of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex (approximate date). Beorhtwulf dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Burgred as king of Mercia. Al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman II, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 30-year reign in which he has made additions to the Mosque–Cathedral at Córdoba. He is succeeded by his son Muhammad I, who will put down |
Sea, but they are repulsed. King Olof leads Swedish Vikings in retaliation, and attacks the towns of Seeburg and Apuolė (modern Courland). Viking marauders in Gaul sail eastward from Nantes without opposition, and reach Tours. The monasteries at Saint-Florent-le-Vieil and Marmoutier are ravaged. King Charles the Bald bribes Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, to form an alliance against his brother Louis the German, with Rastislav of Moravia. Gauzbert, count of Maine, is killed during an ambush by citizens of Nantes, in revenge for the death of Lambert II. Britain King Burgred of Mercia appeals to Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons, for | Year 853 (DCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for the Emirate of Crete are captured. Europe Danish Vikings attempt to subjugate the Curonians on the shoreline of the Baltic Sea, but they are repulsed. King Olof leads Swedish Vikings in retaliation, and attacks the towns of Seeburg and Apuolė (modern Courland). Viking marauders in Gaul sail eastward from Nantes without opposition, and reach Tours. The monasteries at Saint-Florent-le-Vieil and Marmoutier are ravaged. King Charles the Bald bribes Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, to form an alliance against his brother Louis the German, with Rastislav of Moravia. Gauzbert, count of Maine, is killed during an ambush by citizens of Nantes, in revenge for the death of Lambert II. Britain King Burgred of Mercia appeals |
territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty. Britain King Æthelwulf of Wessex sends his two youngest sons, Alfred and Æthelred, on a pilgrimage to Rome. King Æthelweard of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old son Edmund ("the Martyr"). King Cyngen of Powys makes the first pilgrimage to Rome of a Welsh ruler. Viking chieftain Ubba winters in Milford Haven (Wales) with | is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty. Britain King Æthelwulf of Wessex sends his two youngest sons, Alfred and Æthelred, on a pilgrimage to Rome. King Æthelweard of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old son Edmund ("the Martyr"). King Cyngen of Powys makes the first pilgrimage to Rome of a Welsh ruler. Viking chieftain Ubba winters in Milford Haven (Wales) with 23 ships. By topic Religion Eardulf becomes bishop of Lindisfarne, after the death of Eanbert. Births Al-Mu'tadid, Muslim caliph (or 861) Cadell ap Rhodri, |
by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom. Winter – Æthelwulf returns to Wessex to face a revolt by his eldest son Æthelbald, who usurps the throne. Æthelwulf agrees to give up the western part of his kingdom, in order to avoid a civil war. He keeps control over Sussex, Surrey, Essex and Kent, over which Prince Æthelberht has presided. By topic Geology November (approximate date) – An earthquake in Corinth, Greece kills an estimated 45,000 people. December 3 – Another earthquake strikes the Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Tunisia), also killing an estimated 45,000 people. December 22 – Another earthquake strikes Damghan (modern-day Iran), killing an | Bald cedes the county of Maine to Erispoe, ruler (duke) of Brittany—this in return for an alliance against the Vikings. King Ordoño I of Asturias is said to have begun the repopulation of the town of León in the northwest of Spain (approximate date). Britain October 1 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-old Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, at Verberie (Northern France). She is crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom. Winter – Æthelwulf returns to Wessex to face a revolt by his eldest son Æthelbald, who usurps the throne. Æthelwulf agrees to give up the western part of his kingdom, in order to avoid |
for his nephew Pepin II ("the Younger"). King Charles the Bald flees to Burgundy; he is saved by the help of the bishops, and by the fidelity of the family of the Welfs, who are related to Judith (second wife of former emperor Louis the Pious). Viking raiders, led by Björn Ironside, set fire to the earliest church on the site of Chartres Cathedral. Charles the Bald pays him tribute (Danegeld) to save Verberie (Northern France). Britain January 13 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex dies after an 18-year reign, and is succeeded by his eldest son Æthelbald. He marries his father's young widow Judith (daughter of Charles the Bald), and becomes sole ruler of Wessex. His brother, Æthelberht, is left to rule Kent and the south-east of England. February 13 – King Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Scots, dies after a 15-year reign in which he has been crowned at Scone, and united the various parts of Scotland with his native Dál Riata. His | April 17 – Pope Benedict III dies after a 3-year reign, in which he has intervened in a political conflict between the sons of Emperor Lothair I. He is succeeded by Nicholas I, as the 105th pope of Rome. Synod of Quierzy: The bishops remain loyal to Charles the Bald during the invasion of his dominions by Louis the German. They address a conciliatory letter to Louis the German, which includes the False Decretals. October 23 – Ignatios I, patriarch of Constantinople, is imprisoned by orders of Emperor Michael III, and replaced by the layman Photius I. Births Al-Battani, Muslim astronomer and mathematician (d. 929) Cele Dabhaill mac Scannal, Irish abbot (d. 927) Gao Jixing, founder of Chinese Jingnan (d. 929) He Gui, general of Later Liang (d. 919) Lady Wu, wife of Qian Liu (d. 919) Liu Xun, general of Later Liang (d. 921) Mansur al-Hallaj, Persian mystic writer (d. 922) Niftawayh, Muslim scholar and grammarian (d. 935) Richard, duke of Burgundy (approximate date) Rudaki, Persian poet (approximate date) Tian Jun, Chinese warlord (d. 903) Zhang Juhan, official of Later Liang (d. 928) Deaths January 13 – Æthelwulf, king of Wessex February 13 – Kenneth I, king of Scotland (b. 810) April 17 – Benedict III, pope of the Catholic Church Leuthard II, Frankish count (or 869) Li Shangyin, Chinese |
Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside (a son of Ragnar Lodbrok) begin an expedition, and sail from the Loire River with a fleet of 62 ships, to raid cities and monasteries in the Mediterranean Sea. Viking raiders invade the Kingdom of Pamplona (Western Pyrenees), and capture King García Íñiguez I, somewhere in the Andalusian heartland. They extort a ransom, rising to around 70,000 gold dinars. The Russian city of Novgorod is first mentioned in the Sofia Chronicles. Winter - The weather is so severe that the Adriatic Sea freezes, and Italy is covered in snow for 100 days. Iberian Peninsula Battle | in Fes (modern Morocco), by Fatima al-Fihri (recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest university in the world). China September 7 – Emperor Xuān Zong (Li Yi) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son Yi Zong, as ruler of the Tang Dynasty. Syria 859 Syrian coast earthquake. It affected the Mediterranean coast of Syria It caused almost the complete destruction of Latakia and Jableh, major damage at Antioch and led to many deaths. Births Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, first Zaydi Imam of Yemen (d. 911) Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah, vizier of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 946) Odo I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 860) Rudolph I, king of Burgundy (d. 912) Tannet of Pagan, king of Burma (d. 904) Deaths September 7 – Xuān Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 810) December 13 – Angilbert II, archbishop of Milan Dhul-Nun al-Misri, Egyptian scholar and Sufi (b. 796) Immo, bishop |
making additional inputs, the aircraft would have stabilized". Contributing factors were characteristics of the Airbus A300-600's sensitive rudder system design and elements of the American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Training Program. The manner in which the vertical stabilizer separated concerned investigators. The vertical stabilizer is connected to the fuselage with six attaching points. Each point has two sets of attachment lugs, one made of composite material, another of aluminum, all connected by a titanium bolt; damage analysis showed that the bolts and aluminum lugs were intact, but not the composite lugs. This, coupled with two events earlier in the life of the aircraft, namely delamination in part of the vertical stabilizer prior to its delivery from Airbus's Toulouse factory, and an encounter with heavy turbulence in 1994, caused investigators to examine the use of composites. The possibility that the composite materials might not be as strong as previously supposed was a cause of concern, as they are used in other areas of the plane, including the engine mounting and the wings. Tests carried out on the vertical stabilizers from the accident aircraft, and from another similar aircraft, found that the strength of the composite material had not been compromised, and the NTSB concluded that the material had failed because it had been stressed beyond its design limit. The crash was witnessed by hundreds of people, 349 of whom gave accounts of what they saw to the NTSB. About half (52%) reported a fire or explosion before the plane hit the ground. Others stated that they saw a wing detach from the aircraft, when in fact it was the vertical stabilizer. After the crash, Floyd Bennett Field's empty hangars were used as a makeshift morgue for the identification of crash victims. Findings According to the official accident report, the first officer repeatedly moved the rudder from fully left to fully right. This caused increasing sideslip angles. The resulting hazardous sideslip angle led to extremely high aerodynamic loads that separated the vertical stabilizer. If the first officer had stopped moving the rudder at any time before the vertical stabilizer failed, the aircraft would have leveled out on its own, and the accident would have been avoided. The aircraft performance study indicated that when the vertical stabilizer finally detached, the aerodynamic loads caused by the first officer's actions produced of force on the rudder, meaning that the vertical stabilizer did not fail until far in excess of the of force defined by the design envelope. The vertical stabilizer's structural performance was determined to be consistent with design specifications and exceeded certification requirements. Contributing factors to the crash existed, as well. The first officer's predisposition to overreact to wake turbulence caused panic. American Airlines incorrectly taught pilots to use the rudder for wake turbulence recovery, resulting in the first officer's possible misunderstanding of the aircraft's response to full rudder at high airspeeds. Light rudder pedal forces and small pedal displacement of the A300-600 rudder pedal system increased the airplane's susceptibility to rudder misuse. Most aircraft require increased pressure on the rudder pedals to achieve the same amount of rudder control at a higher speed. The Airbus A300 and later Airbus A310 models do not operate on a fly-by-wire flight control system, but instead use conventional mechanical flight controls. The NTSB asserted that the A300-600 rudder control system was vulnerable to unnecessarily excessive rudder inputs. The Allied Pilots Association, in its submission to the NTSB, argued that the unusual sensitivity of the rudder mechanism amounted to a design flaw that Airbus should have communicated to the airline. The main rationale for their position came from a 1997 report that referenced 10 incidents in which A300 tail fins had been stressed beyond their design limitation. Airbus charged that the crash was mostly American Airlines' fault, arguing that the airline did not train its pilots properly about the characteristics of the rudder. Aircraft tail fins are designed to withstand full rudder deflection in one direction when below maneuvering speed, but this does not guarantee that they can withstand an abrupt shift in rudder from one direction to the other, let alone multiple abrupt shifts, like those generated by the first officer on this flight. The NTSB indicated that American Airlines' Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Program (AAMP) tended to exaggerate the effects of wake turbulence on large aircraft, creating a simulation scenario whereby turbulence from a 747 creates a 90° roll (rather than the likely 5 to 10° roll, though not explaining this to the pilots) to maximize the training challenge. Therefore, pilots were being inadvertently trained to react more aggressively than was necessary. According to author Amy Fraher, this led to concerns of whether it was appropriate for the AAMP to be placing such importance on "the role of flight simulators in teaching airplane upset recovery at all." Fraher states that the key to understanding the crash of Flight 587 ultimately lay in "how the accident pilots' expectations about aircraft performance were erroneously established through 'clumsy' flight simulator training in American's AAMP." Statement of probable cause From the NTSB report of the accident: The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the in-flight separation of the vertical stabilizer as a result of the loads beyond ultimate design that were created by the first officer’s unnecessary and excessive rudder pedal inputs. Contributing to these rudder pedal inputs were characteristics of the Airbus A300-600 rudder system design and elements of the American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Program (AAMP). Since the NTSB's report, American Airlines has modified its pilot training program. Victims All 260 people aboard the plane (251 passengers and 9 crew members), died in the crash. Five bystanders on the ground were also killed. Las Américas International Airport officials created a private area for those who had come to the airport to meet passengers, some of whom were unaware that the airliner had crashed. The authorities at John F. Kennedy International Airport used the JFK Ramada Plaza to house relatives and friends of the victims of the crash. The family crisis center later moved to the Javits Center in Manhattan. Cultural background In 2001, 51 weekly direct flights were made between JFK and the Dominican Republic, with additional flights in December. Most of the flights were offered by American Airlines, and the airline was described as having a virtual monopoly on the route. Around 90% of the passengers on the accident flight were of Dominican descent. The Guardian described the flight as having "cult status" in Washington Heights, a Dominican area of Manhattan. Belkis Lora, a relative of a passenger on Flight 587, said, "Every Dominican in New York has either taken that flight or knows someone who has. It gets you there early. At home, there are songs about it." Seth Kugel, writing for The New York Times, said, "For many Dominicans in New York, these journeys home are the defining metaphor of their complex push-pull relationship with their homeland; they embody, vividly and poignantly, the tug between their current lives and their former selves. That fact gave Monday's tragedy a particularly horrible resonance for New York's Dominicans." He added, "Even before Monday's crash, Dominicans had developed a complex love-hate relationship with American Airlines, complaining about | JAL flight in front of it at 9:15:36. In response to a new wave of turbulence, Molin alternated between moving the rudder from the right to the left and back again in quick succession from 9:15:52, causing sideslip until the lateral force caused composite lugs that attached the vertical stabilizer to fail at 9:15:58. The stabilizer separated from the aircraft and fell into Jamaica Bay, about north of the main wreckage site. The aircraft pitched downwards after the stabilizer loss. As the pilots struggled to control the aircraft, it went into a flat spin. The resulting aerodynamic loads sheared both engines from the aircraft; they fell several blocks north and east of the main wreckage site, causing minor damage to a gas station and major damage to one home and a boat. The loss of engines cut power to the FDR at 9:16:01, while the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), using an emergency bus, cut off at 9:16:14.8, on impact with the ground. At 9:16:04, the stall warning sounded on the CVR. The last recorded words were Molin saying, "What the hell are we into, we're stuck in it" (9:16:07) with States replying, "Get out of it, get out of it." The aircraft slammed into the ground at Newport Avenue and Beach 131st Street. Investigation Initial terrorism concerns Because the crash occurred just two months and one day after the September 11 attacks — also in New York City — several major buildings including the Empire State Building and the headquarters of the United Nations were evacuated. In the months after the crash, rumors circulated that the plane had been destroyed in a terrorist plot. In May 2002, a Kuwaiti national named Mohammed Jabarah agreed to cooperate with investigators as part of a plea bargain. Among the details Jabarah gave authorities was a claim made to Jabarah by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's lieutenant, who told Jabarah that Richard Reid and Abderraouf Jdey had both been enlisted by the al-Qaeda chief to carry out identical shoe-bombing plots as part of a second wave of attacks against the United States. According to this lieutenant, Jdey's bomb had successfully blown up Flight 587, while Reid's attempt had been foiled. In May 2002, a Canadian government memorandum repeated the claims suggesting that Jdey had a role in the crash, while conceding that the reliability of the source of that information — Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's lieutenant — was unknown. According to the memo, Jdey — a naturalized Canadian citizen — was to use his Canadian passport to board the flight. While American Airlines' passenger manifest did indicate citizens boarding with passports from the United States, the Dominican Republic, Taiwan, France, Haiti, and Israel, no passengers boarded using a Canadian passport. According to NTSB spokesman Ted Lopatkiewicz, the weight of the memo's veracity was questioned, as no evidence of a terrorist traveling on board was found. The evidence suggested that the aircraft was brought down after a piece of the tail assembly, "the vertical fin, came off," while it did not indicate "any kind of event in the cabin." NTSB investigation On the afternoon of the crash, the NTSB launched an investigation in search for a probable cause. Over the next three months, they conducted 349 interviews, and collected and reconstructed pieces of the aircraft. The Airbus A300 took off shortly after a JAL Boeing 747-400 using the same runway. It flew into the larger jet's wake, an area of turbulent air. The first officer attempted to stabilize the aircraft with alternating aggressive rudder inputs. The force of the air flowing against the moving rudder stressed the aircraft's vertical stabilizer, and eventually snapped it off entirely, causing the aircraft to lose control and crash. The NTSB concluded that the enormous stress on the vertical stabilizer was due to the first officer's "unnecessary and excessive" rudder inputs, and not the wake turbulence caused by the 747. The NTSB further stated, "if the first officer had stopped making additional inputs, the aircraft would have stabilized". Contributing factors were characteristics of the Airbus A300-600's sensitive rudder system design and elements of the American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Training Program. The manner in which the vertical stabilizer separated concerned investigators. The vertical stabilizer is connected to the fuselage with six attaching points. Each point has two sets of attachment lugs, one made of composite material, another of aluminum, all connected by a titanium bolt; damage analysis showed that the bolts and aluminum lugs were intact, but not the composite lugs. This, coupled with two events earlier in the life of the aircraft, namely delamination in |
English"), describing the Danes as "God's judgement on England". Births May 11 – Anawrahta, founder of the Pagan Empire (Burma) (d. 1077) Al-Bakri, Andalusian historian and geographer (d. 1094) Cynan ab Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date) Iestyn ap Gwrgant, king of Morgannwg (d. 1093) Deaths February 3 – Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark and England (b. 960) February 9 – Yang Yanzhao, general of the Song dynasty April 23 – Battle of Clontarf: Brian Boru, High King of Ireland Carnen Ua Cadhla, Irish nobleman Mathghamhain, Irish nobleman Murchad mac Briain, Irish nobleman Sigurd the Stout, Viking nobleman (earl) Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, king of Uí Maine May 7 – Bagrat III, king of Abkhazia (Georgia) June 25 – Æthelstan Ætheling, son of Æthelred the Unready August – Pandulf II ("the Old"), prince of Benevento and Capua October 6 – Samuel, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire November 11 – Werner, margrave of the North March November 26 – | Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass, after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, ask the Pope to add it – together with the filioque clause. Prior to this date, the Creed has not been used at all during the liturgy. Wulfstan, archbishop of York in England, preaches his Latin homily Sermo Lupi ad Anglos ("Wulf's Address to the English"), describing the Danes as "God's judgement on England". Births May 11 – Anawrahta, founder of the Pagan Empire (Burma) (d. 1077) Al-Bakri, Andalusian historian and geographer (d. 1094) Cynan ab Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date) Iestyn ap Gwrgant, king of Morgannwg (d. 1093) Deaths February 3 – Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark and England (b. 960) February 9 – Yang Yanzhao, general of the Song dynasty April 23 – Battle of Clontarf: Brian Boru, High King of Ireland Carnen Ua Cadhla, Irish nobleman Mathghamhain, Irish nobleman Murchad mac Briain, Irish nobleman Sigurd the Stout, Viking nobleman (earl) Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, king of Uí Maine May 7 – Bagrat III, king of Abkhazia (Georgia) June 25 – Æthelstan Ætheling, son of Æthelred the Unready August – Pandulf II ("the Old"), prince of Benevento and Capua October 6 – Samuel, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire November 11 – Werner, margrave of the North March November 26 – Swanehilde, German noblewoman Abu'l-Abbas ibn al-Furat, Fatimid vizier (or 1015) Al-Hakim Nishapuri, Persian Sunni scholar (b. 933) Brithwine I, bishop of Sherborne (approximate date) Giselbert I, count of Roussillon (Spain) (or 1013) Lu Zhen, Chinese scholar-official and diplomat Raja Raja Chola I, king of the Chola |
assassinated by his Turkish guard, starting the period of troubles known as the "Anarchy at Samarra" (861–870). He is succeeded by his son Al-Muntasir, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, a Muslim military leader, start rebelling against Abbasids and founds the Saffarid Dynasty in 870s. He rules over parts of Khurasan and eastern Iran, and establishes his capital at Zaranj (modern Afghanistan). By topic Hydrology Al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861) orders the construction of a Nilometer on Rhoda Island in central Cairo, supervised by the Persian astronomer Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani. Births Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz, Muslim poet (d. 908) Abu Bakr Shibli, Muslim Sufi (d. 946) Al-Mu'tadid, Muslim caliph (or 854) Heongang, king of Silla (approximate date) Deaths Shuja also known as Umm Jaʽfar was the mother of Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil. | after midnight, the Turk guards burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. His son, Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father, and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink. al-Fath ibn Khaqan, chief confidante and councillor of al-Mutawakkil Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani, Persian astronomer Álvaro of Córdoba, Mozarab scholar and theologian Ansovinus, bishop of Camerino (approximate date) Bai Minzhong, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 792) Gladilanus, Galician clergyman (approximate date) Gregory of Khandzta, Georgian archimandrite (b. 759) Heonan, king |
and the Frankish heartland against Viking raids. He hires the services of Weland, a Viking chieftain based on the Somme, to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the Isle of Oissel. Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge bribe (6,000 pounds of silver) to let them escape. Summer – The Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside ravage upstream and move to Italy, sacking Luna (believing it to be Rome). They sail up the River Arno to sack the cities of Pisa and Fiesole (Tuscany). Summer – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack Winchester (the capital of Wessex), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained. December 20 – King Æthelbald of Wessex dies after a 2½-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother, sub-king Æthelberht of Kent, who becomes sole ruler of Wessex. Iberian Peninsula Muhammad I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, invades Pamplona (Pyrenees), and captures Crown Prince Fortún Garcés in Milagro, along with his daughter Onneca Fortúnez, and takes them as hostages to Córdoba. By topic Art Lusterware tiles, that decorated the mihrab of the Mosque of Uqba at Kairouan (modern Tunisia), are made (approximate date). Communication The Japanese alphabet Hiragana becomes more popular in Japan. The phonetic alphabet will be further simplified, and reduced to 51 basic characters (approximate date). Religion Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius arrive in Khazaria. Michael I succeeds Sophronius I, as patriarch | – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack Winchester (the capital of Wessex), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained. December 20 – King Æthelbald of Wessex dies after a 2½-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother, sub-king Æthelberht of Kent, who becomes sole ruler of Wessex. Iberian Peninsula Muhammad I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, invades Pamplona (Pyrenees), and captures Crown Prince Fortún Garcés in Milagro, along with his daughter Onneca Fortúnez, and takes them as hostages to Córdoba. By topic Art Lusterware tiles, that decorated the mihrab of the Mosque of Uqba at Kairouan (modern Tunisia), are made (approximate date). Communication The Japanese alphabet Hiragana becomes more popular in Japan. The phonetic alphabet will be further simplified, and reduced to 51 basic characters (approximate date). Religion Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius arrive in Khazaria. Michael I succeeds Sophronius I, as patriarch of Alexandria. Births Bertila of Spoleto, queen of Italy (approximate date) Donald II, king of Scotland (approximate date) Georgios I, king of Makuria (approximate date) Ibn Abd Rabbih, Moorish writer and poet (d. 940) John X, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 928) Ludmila, Bohemian duchess regent and saint (approximate date) Odo I, king of the |
Lothair II receives Lower Burgundy and a part of the Jura Mountains. King Louis the German suppresses the revolt of his son Carloman (for the second time), who wants a partition (mainly of Bavaria) of the East Frankish Kingdom. Viking raiders again plunder Dorestad (modern Netherlands), a Frankish port on the mouth of the river Rhine. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles. Danish Vikings loot along the Rhine. They settle on an island close by Cologne, but are driven off by the combined forces of Lothair II and the Saxons. The Christianization of Kievan Rus begins, ceasing the 63-year-long dominance of the Rus' Khaganate (approximate date). The first written record is made of Smolensk (according to the Primary Chronicle). The Byzantine empire invades Bulgaria in order to impose Orthodox Christianity on Boris I. Britain King Osberht of Northumbria engages in a dispute for royal power, with a rival claimant named Ælla. After Osberht is replaced, Ælla wields power in Northumbria, but the civil war continues. Asia Duan Chengshi, Chinese author and scholar, writes about the Chinese maritime trade and the Arab-run slave trade in East Africa. Armenia 13 February -863 Dvin earthquake. It took place in the city of Dvin on 13 February, 863. During the 9th century, Dvin was the only "heavily populated" city in Muslim-dominated Armenia. The city was part of the wider Abbasid Caliphate, and had a multiethnic population. By topic Religion Pope | invasion by Muslim forces, led by Umar al-Aqta, Emir of Malatya. The Muslims raid deep into Byzantine territory, reaching the Black Sea coast at the port city of Amisos. Petronas annihilates the Arabs near the River Lalakaon, in Paphlagonia (modern Turkey). Europe January 25 – Emperor Louis II claims Provence, after the death of his brother Charles. King Lothair II receives Lower Burgundy and a part of the Jura Mountains. King Louis the German suppresses the revolt of his son Carloman (for the second time), who wants a partition (mainly of Bavaria) of the East Frankish Kingdom. Viking raiders again plunder Dorestad (modern Netherlands), a Frankish port on the mouth of the river Rhine. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles. Danish Vikings loot along the Rhine. They settle on an island close by Cologne, but are driven off by the combined forces of Lothair II and the Saxons. The Christianization of Kievan Rus begins, ceasing the 63-year-long dominance of the Rus' Khaganate (approximate date). The first written record is made of Smolensk (according to the Primary Chronicle). The Byzantine empire invades Bulgaria in order to impose Orthodox Christianity on Boris I. Britain King Osberht of Northumbria engages in a dispute for royal power, with a rival claimant named Ælla. After Osberht is replaced, Ælla wields power in Northumbria, but the civil war continues. Asia Duan Chengshi, Chinese author and scholar, writes about the Chinese maritime trade and the Arab-run slave trade in East Africa. Armenia 13 |
Kassia, a Byzantine abbess and hymnographer, dies. She is one of the first Early Medieval composers of many hymns. Births Al-Nayrizi, Persian mathematician (d. 922) Baldwin II, Frankish margrave (approximate date) Jinseong, queen of Silla (approximate date) Lady Ren Neiming, Chinese noblewoman (d. 918) Louis III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 863) Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (or 864) Deaths February 3 – Ansgar, Frankish monk and archbishop (b. 801) March 8 – Rudolf of Fulda, German theologian November 11 – Petronas, Byzantine general December 26 – Zheng, empress of the Tang Dynasty Æthelberht, king of Wessex Antony the Younger, Byzantine governor and saint (b. 785) Deshan Xuanjian, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk Gao Qu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty Kassia, Byzantine abbess and hymnographer Khurshid, ruler (shah) of Daylam Liu Gongquan, Chinese calligrapher (b. 778) Lothair the Lame, Frankish abbot Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Jarjara'i, Muslim vizier (or 864) Pepin II, king of Aquitaine (approximate | no more than 1,000 men) of Vikings, led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson, invades East Anglia. King Edmund of East Anglia buys peace with a supply of horses. Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok is captured by the Northumbrians in battle, and killed by being thrown into a pit filled with poisonous snakes, on the orders of King Ælla of Northumbria. Autumn – King Æthelberht of Wessex dies after a 5-year reign, and is buried at Sherborne Abbey (Dorset). He is succeeded by his brother Æthelred I, as ruler of Wessex. Abbasid Caliphate Caliphal Civil War: An armed conflict starts between the rival Muslim caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz. They fight to determine who takes control over the Abbasid Caliphate (until 866). By topic Religion Kassia, a Byzantine abbess and hymnographer, dies. She is one of the first Early Medieval composers of many hymns. Births Al-Nayrizi, Persian mathematician (d. 922) Baldwin II, Frankish margrave (approximate date) Jinseong, queen of Silla (approximate date) Lady Ren Neiming, Chinese noblewoman (d. 918) Louis III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 863) Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (or 864) Deaths February 3 |
renew ties with the West. Pope Nicholas I forbids the use of torture, in prosecutions for witchcraft (approximate date). Births June 10 – Uda, emperor of Japan (d. 931) September 19 – Leo VI, Byzantine emperor (d. 912) Carloman II, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (approximate date) Robert I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (d. 923) Yao Yi, chancellor of Later Tang (d. 940) Deaths April 21 – Bardas, Byzantine chief minister and regent May 27 – Ordoño I, king of Asturias June 21 – Rodulf, Frankish archbishop July 2 – Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman July 16 – Irmgard, Frankish abbess October 17 – Al-Musta'in, Abbasid caliph Adelaide of Tours, Frankish noblewoman Al-Mu'ayyad, Abbasid prince Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine Eberhard, duke of Friuli Emenon, Frankish nobleman Hungerus Frisus, bishop of Utrecht Linji Yixuan, Chinese monk and founder of the Linji school Liudolf, duke of Saxony Ranulf I, Frankish nobleman (b. 820) Robert, Frankish nobleman (b. 834) Rudolph, Frankish nobleman | Uda, emperor of Japan (d. 931) September 19 – Leo VI, Byzantine emperor (d. 912) Carloman II, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (approximate date) Robert I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (d. 923) Yao Yi, chancellor of Later Tang (d. 940) Deaths April 21 – Bardas, Byzantine chief minister and regent May 27 – Ordoño I, king of Asturias June 21 – Rodulf, Frankish archbishop July 2 – Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman July 16 – Irmgard, Frankish abbess October 17 – Al-Musta'in, Abbasid caliph Adelaide of Tours, Frankish noblewoman Al-Mu'ayyad, Abbasid prince Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine Eberhard, duke of Friuli Emenon, Frankish nobleman |
Egypt as governor, by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tazz. He becomes the founder of the Tulunid Dynasty (until 905). Muslim Arab forces under Muhammad II, emir of the Aghlabid Dynasty (modern Tunisia), conquer the island of Malta and raid into the mainland of Italy. Asia May 11 – The earliest extant printed book, an illustrated scroll of the Diamond Sutra ("Perfection of Wisdom"), unearthed at Dunhuang (Western China), is produced. By topic Religion Ratramnus, Frankish monk and abbot of Corbie Abbey, writes Contra Graecorum Opposita. Births Choe Eon-wui, Korean minister and calligrapher (d. 944) Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Zahiri, Muslim theologian (d. 909) Théodrate of Troyes, Frankish queen (d. 903) Xu Jie, Chinese officer and chancellor (d. 943) Deaths Ali al-Hadi, tenth Shia Imam Al-Jahiz, Afro-Muslim scholar and writer (b. 776) Bugha al-Sharabi, Turkish military leader Conwoïon, Breton abbot (approximate date) Minamoto no Makoto, Japanese prince (b. 810) Muzahim ibn Khaqan, Muslim governor Theotgaud, archbishop of Trier Yang | of Brittany, leads a joint campaign against the Loire Vikings. He is forced to defend south-eastern Brittany unaided, and mobilizes levies raised at Poitiers to defeat the Vikings. Al-Andalus: The city of Mérida rises against the Umayyad rule. Emir Muhammad I regains control, and has the walls of the city destroyed. He supports the rival creation of Badajoz in retaliation. The County of Portugal is established around the town of Portus Cale (present-day Porto) by Vímara Peres, an Asturian nobleman, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region north of the Douro River. Britain Alfred the Great marries Ealhswith (a daughter of Æthelred, known as Mucel, an ealdorman of the Gaini). He supports his brother Æthelred I, in his choice to form an alliance with Mercia. King Burgred of Mercia appeals to Æthelred I for help in resisting the Great Heathen Army. The Danes occupy Nottingham, and stay through the winter without any serious opposition. King Áed Findliath drives |
a large part of the Sanriku coast on the northeastern side of the island of Honshu. The first Gion Festival is held in order to combat an epidemic thought to be caused by an angry deity. Mesoamerica The last monument ever erected at Tikal, Stela 11, is dedicated by ruler (ajaw) Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II. By topic Religion October 5 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople, called by Basil I and Pope Adrian II, opens. The council will condemn Photius I and depose him as patriarch, reinstating his predecessor Ignatios. Births January 2 – Yōzei, emperor of Japan (d. 949) Gung Ye, king of Hu Goguryeo (approximate date) Muhammad al-Mahdi, Muslim Twelver Shī‘ah Imām Deaths February 14 – Cyril, Byzantine missionary and bishop August 8 – Lothair II, king of Lotharingia (b. 835) September 8 – Ahmad ibn Isra'il al-Anbari, Muslim vizier September 18 – Wenilo, Frankish archbishop October 14 – Pang Xun, Chinese rebel leader November 20 (or 870) – Edmund the Martyr, king of East Anglia Al-Darimi, Muslim scholar and | to be repaired. Europe August 8 – Lothair II, King of Middle Francia (Lotharingia), dies at Piacenza, on his way home from meeting Pope Adrian II at Rome, to get assent for a divorce. Lotharingia is subsequently divided between Lothair's uncles, Charles the Bald of France and Louis the German. Britain The Danes, led by Viking chieftain Ivar the Boneless, 'make peace' with the Mercians (by accepting Danegeld). Ivar leaves Nottingham on horseback, and returns to York. Autumn –The Great Heathen Army, led by Ivar the Boneless and Ubba, invades East Anglia, and plunders Peterborough. The Vikings take up winter quarters at Thetford. November 20 – King Edmund the Martyr and his East Anglian army are destroyed by the Vikings. He is captured, tortured, beaten and used as archery practice. Arabian Empire The Zanj Rebellion: The Zanj (black slaves from East Africa), provoked by mercilessly harsh labor conditions in salt flats, and on the sugar and cotton plantations of southwestern Persia, revolt. Summer – Caliph Al-Mu'tazz is murdered by mutinous Muslim troops, after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Al-Muhtadi (a grandson of the late Al-Mu'tasim), as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Japan July 9 – The 869 Sanriku earthquake and associated tsunami devastate a large part of the Sanriku coast on the northeastern side of the island of Honshu. The first Gion Festival is held in order to combat an epidemic thought to be caused by an angry deity. Mesoamerica The last |
island) on the Senne River (modern Belgium). England Tynwald (or Tynwald Court), the parliament of the Isle of Man, is founded. It remains active as the longest continuous parliament in the world. Africa Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed as vizier of Egypt after an unsuccessful campaign in Syria (near Damascus). He is replaced by Ya'qub ibn Killis. China Battle of Gaoliang River: Emperor Tai Zong leads an expedition into You Prefecture (or Youzhou). The Liao Dynasty counter-attacks and defeats the Song forces near modern-day Beijing. Summer – Tai Zong invades the Northern Han and besieges the capital of Taiyuan. A relief force sent by the Liao Dynasty is defeated. The Kingdom is absorbed into the Song Dynasty. Births August 29 – Otto (or Eudes), French nobleman (d. 1045) Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin, Druze religious leader (d. 1043) Estrid (or Astrid), queen consort of Sweden (d. 1035) Fujiwara no Takaie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1044) Ibn al-Samh, Andalusian astronomer (d. 1035) Matilda, countess palatine of | force, under General Bardas Phokas (the Younger), inflicts a crushing defeat on the rebels of General Bardas Skleros, at Sarvenis (modern Turkey). Skleros manages to escape, and finds shelter with his Muslim allies. The rebellion is subdued without difficulty. Europe Vitale Candiano, doge of Venice, abdicates for health reasons after a 14-month reign, and retires to a monastery. He is succeeded by Tribuno Memmo, a son-in-law of the murdered Pietro IV Candiano. Tribuno declares a general amnesty for everyone complicit in the plot against Pietro. June 8 – Louis V, nicknamed le Fainéant (the Do-Nothing), is crowned as the co-emperor of West Francia at Paris by his father, King Lothair. Upon Lothair's death on March 2, 986, Louis becomes the sole ruler. The city of Brussels is founded by Charles, duke |
Cid), the standard-bearer of Sancho, to take an oath denying any involvement in his brother's death. England May 27 – The Accord of Winchester establishes the primacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury over the Archbishop of York, in the Church of England. King William I (the Conqueror) invades Scotland and receives the submission of King Malcolm III. He agrees to sign the Treaty of Abernethy. Seljuk Empire December 15 – Sultan Alp Arslan (Heroic Lion) dies after a 9-year reign (during his campaign in Transoxiana). He is succeeded by his 17-year-old son Malik-Shah I, who is declared new ruler of the Seljuk Empire. Qavurt, a brother of Alp Arslan, claims the Seljuk throne for himself and occupies the capital of Isfahan. China Shen Kuo, Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman, is appointed as the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy – where he begins his work with the colleague Wei Pu on accurately plotting the orbital paths of the stars, planets, and moon three times a night, for a continuum of five years. Fall – Shen Kuo is sent to supervise Wang Anshi's program of surveying the building of silt deposits in the Bian Canal, outside the capital city of Kaifeng. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer. By topic Literature Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, an informative | Qavurt, a brother of Alp Arslan, claims the Seljuk throne for himself and occupies the capital of Isfahan. China Shen Kuo, Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman, is appointed as the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy – where he begins his work with the colleague Wei Pu on accurately plotting the orbital paths of the stars, planets, and moon three times a night, for a continuum of five years. Fall – Shen Kuo is sent to supervise Wang Anshi's program of surveying the building of silt deposits in the Bian Canal, outside the capital city of Kaifeng. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer. By topic Literature Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, an informative book written by Mahmud al-Kashgari about the Turks, is presented to the ruler of the Kara-Khanid Khanate. Births Agnes of Aquitaine, queen of Aragon and Navarre (d. 1097) Agnes of Waiblingen, daughter of Henry IV (or 1073) Welf II (or Welfhard), duke of Bavaria (d. 1120) Wulfhilde of Saxony, German noblewoman (d. 1126) Deaths February 1 – Lý Thánh Tông, Vietnamese emperor (b. 1023) February 7 – Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, king of Leinster February 22 Peter Damian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia (or 1073) Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury March 16 – Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg March 28 – Ordulf (or Otto), duke of Saxony August 19 – Hawise, duchess of Brittany September 22 – Ouyang Xiu, Chinese |
and ended on December 31, 1059. Significant | 1050, and ended on December 31, 1059. Significant people Godwin, Earl |
about 200 million in the year AD 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000. In Western Eurasia (Europe and Near East), the first millennium was a time of great transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the east. In East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The Yamato court was established. | Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the east. In East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The Yamato court was established. The North Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, until the formation of the Gupta Empire. Islam expanded rapidly from Arabia to western Asia, India, |
Poland (1025–1385): see Medieval Poland Old Swiss Confederacy (from c. 1300): see Medieval Switzerland Medieval Italy Kingdom of Italy Papal States Maritime republics Kingdom of Sicily Medieval Spain: see also Reconquista Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) Crown of Aragon (1035–1479) Crown of Castile (1030–1479) Emirate of Granada (1230–1492) Medieval Scandinavia: see also Viking Age Kingdom of Denmark (c. 936–1397) Kingdom of Sweden (c. 970–1397) Kingdom of Norway (c. 1015–1397) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Eastern/Southeastern Europe Byzantine Empire (330–1453) Kievan Rus (880–1150) Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102), Croatia in union with Hungary (1102–1526) Kingdom of Bosnia (1154–1463) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Grand Duchy of Lithuania (c. 1236–1795) Golden Horde (1240s–1502), see also: Tatar yoke Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547) Near East see also Crusades, Mongol invasions Byzantine Empire (330–1453) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517) Fatimid Caliphate (910–1171) Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1493) Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) Khwarazmian dynasty (1077–1231) Crusader states County of Edessa (1098–1144) Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291) County of Tripoli (1102–1289) Latin Empire (1204–1261) Ayyubids (1171–1260) Sultanate of Rum (1194–1308) Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) Ilkhanate (1256–1353) Ottoman Empire (1299–1924) Timurid Empire (1370–1507) North Africa Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147) Almohad dynasty (1121–1269) Marinid dynasty (1244–1465) Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574) Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1554) East Asia Goryeo (918–1392) Hoysala Empire (1026–1343) Jin dynasty (1115–1234) Joseon dynasty Khmer Empire (802–1431) Liao dynasty (907–1125) Mongol Empire (1206–1368) Ming dynasty (1368–1644) Pagan Kingdom (849–1287) Song dynasty (960–1279) Western Xia (1038–1227) Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1271–1368) India Eastern Chalukyas (7th to 12th centuries) Pala Empire (8th to 12th centuries) Chola Empire (9th century to 13th centuries) Western Chalukya Empire (10th to 12th centuries) Kalachuri dynasty (10th to 12th centuries) Eastern Ganga dynasty (11th to 15th centuries) Hoysala Empire (10th to 14th centuries) Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323) Sena dynasty (11th to 12th centuries) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) Ahom Kingdom (from 1228) Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448) Seuna (Yadava) dynasty (1190–1315) | dynasty (1229–1574) Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1554) East Asia Goryeo (918–1392) Hoysala Empire (1026–1343) Jin dynasty (1115–1234) Joseon dynasty Khmer Empire (802–1431) Liao dynasty (907–1125) Mongol Empire (1206–1368) Ming dynasty (1368–1644) Pagan Kingdom (849–1287) Song dynasty (960–1279) Western Xia (1038–1227) Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1271–1368) India Eastern Chalukyas (7th to 12th centuries) Pala Empire (8th to 12th centuries) Chola Empire (9th century to 13th centuries) Western Chalukya Empire (10th to 12th centuries) Kalachuri dynasty (10th to 12th centuries) Eastern Ganga dynasty (11th to 15th centuries) Hoysala Empire (10th to 14th centuries) Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323) Sena dynasty (11th to 12th centuries) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) Ahom Kingdom (from 1228) Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448) Seuna (Yadava) dynasty (1190–1315) Vijayanagara Empire (1375–1591) Sahel / Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africa Gao Empire, Sahel (c. 9th to 15th centuries) Benin Empire, West Africa (from c. 1180) Sultanate of Ifat, Horn of Africa (1285–1415) Mali Empire, Sahel (c. 1230–1600) Songhai Empire, Sahel (c. 1464–1591) Empire of Kitara, East Africa (13th century) Oyo Empire, West Africa (from c. 1300) Kongo Empire, West Africa (from c. 1390) Kingdom of Nri, West Africa (from c. 1200?) Pre-Columbian Americas Maya civilisation Toltec Mississippian culture Vinland Chimú Kingdom of Cuzco Aztec Empire Inca Empire Early Modern period Europe Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire (see German Renaissance, early modern Germany ) Kingdom of France, (see early modern France ) Kingdom of England (before 1707) Kingdom of Scotland (before 1707) Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801) Habsburg Empire (1526–1867) Colonial empires Spanish Empire (1402–1975) Portuguese Empire (1415–2002) Dutch Empire (1543–1975) British Empire (1583–1997) French colonial empire (1605–1960) Asia Ottoman Empire (1299–1922) Safavid Persia Zand dynasty (1750–1794) Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) Mughal Empire (1526–1858) Mysore empire (1399–1950) sub-Saharan Africa Mutapa Empire Maravi Empire Luba Empire Lunda Empire Modern history Europe French First Empire British Empire (1583–1997) |
of Sub-Saharan Africa was likely below 10 million. The population of Oceania was likely less than one million people. Ancient history Timeline 10th century BC Near East: Neo-Assyrian Empire Near East: Shoshenq I invades Canaan Aegean: Helladic period ends 9th century BC Egypt: 872 BC: Nile floods the Temple of Luxor Egypt: 836 BC: Civil war in Egypt North Africa: 814 BC: Carthage founded China: 841 BC–828 BC Gonghe Regency 8th century BC 727 BC: Egypt: Kushite invasion (25th dynasty) 771 BC: China: Spring and Autumn period Near East: 727 BC: Death of Tiglath-Pileser III, Babylonia secedes from Assyria Near East: 722 BC: Sargon II takes Samaria; Assyrian captivity of the Israelites. Greece: Archaic Greece, Greek alphabet Greece: Homer 776 BC: Greece: First Olympiad 753 BC: Europe: foundation of Rome 7th century BC 671 BC: Assyrian conquest of Egypt Near East: 631 BC: Death of Ashurbanipal, decline of the Assyrian Empire 6th century BC Egypt: 592 BC: Psamtik II sacks Napata Sudan: Aspelta moves the Kushite capital to Meroe Near East: 539 BC: Achaemenid conquest of Babylon under Cyrus the Great South Asia: Śramaṇa movement and "second urbanisation" South Asia: Early Buddhism Europe: 509 BC: Roman Republic 5th century BC China: 479 BC: death of Confucius China: 476 BC: Warring States period China: 486 BC: Grand Canal construction begins Near East: Second Temple Judaism, redaction of the Hebrew Bible Greece: beginning of the classical period (Greece in the 5th century BC). Greece: Greco-Persian Wars (Battle of Marathon, Battle of Thermopylae) Greece: 440 BC: Herodotus' Histories Greece: 431 BC: Peloponnesian War Oceania: Austronesian expansion reaches Western Polynesia 4th century BC Greece: 395 BC: Corinthian War Egypt: 343 BC: Achaemenid conquest Greece/Asia/Egypt: 330s BC: conquests of Alexander the Great, end of the Achaemenid Empire, Macedonian Empire, beginning of the Hellenistic period South Asia: Mauryan Empire 3rd century BC China: Qin Unified China China: 206 BC: Han Dynasty South Asia: 261 BC: Kalinga war Rome: Roman expansion in Italy Rome/Carthage: Punic Wars 264 BC: First Punic | in the early centuries of the millennium, supplanted by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century. Ancient Egypt is in decline, and falls to the Achaemenids in 525 BC. In Greece, Classical Antiquity begins with the colonization of Magna Graecia and peaks with the conquest of the Achaemenids and the subsequent flourishing of Hellenistic civilization (4th to 2nd centuries). The Roman Republic supplants the Etruscans and then the Carthaginians (5th to 3rd centuries). The close of the millennium sees the rise of the Roman Empire. The early Celts dominate Central Europe while Northern Europe is in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. In East Africa, the Nubian Empire and Aksum arise. In South Asia, the Vedic civilization blends into the Maurya Empire. The Scythians dominate Central Asia. In China, the Spring and Autumn period sees the rise of Confucianism. Towards the close of the millennium, the Han Dynasty extends Chinese power towards Central Asia, where it borders on Indo-Greek and Iranian states. Japan is in the Yayoi period. The Maya civilization rises in Mesoamerica. The first millennium BC is the formative period of the classical world religions, with the development of early Judaism and Zoroastrianism in the Near East, and Vedic religion and Vedanta, Jainism and Buddhism in India. Early literature develops in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Tamil and Chinese. The term Axial Age, coined by Karl Jaspers, is intended to express the crucial importance of the period of c. the 8th to 2nd centuries BC in world history. World population more than doubled over the course of the millennium, from about an estimated 50–100 million to an estimated 170–300 million. Close to 90% of world population at the end of the first millennium BC lived in the Iron Age civilizations of the Old World (Roman Empire, Parthian Empire, Graeco-Indo-Scythian and Hindu kingdoms, Han China). The population of the Americas was |
for a discussion regarding the accuracy and resolution of dates for events of the 2nd millennium BC in the Near East (Babylon, etc.). Middle Bronze Age Spending much of their energies in trying to recuperate from the chaotic situation that existed at the turn of the millennium, the most powerful civilizations of the time, Egypt and Mesopotamia, turned their attention to more modest goals. The Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and their contemporary Kings of Babylon, of Amorite origin, brought good governance without much tyranny, and favoured elegant art and architecture. Farther east, the Indus Valley civilization was in a period of decline, possibly as a result of intense, ruinous flooding. Egypt and Babylonia's military tactics were still based on foot soldiers transporting their equipment on donkeys. Combined with a weak economy and difficulty in maintaining order, this was a fragile situation that crumbled under the pressure of external forces they could not oppose. Unrest of the 16th century About a century before the middle of the millennium, bands of Indo-European invaders came from the Central Asian plains and swept through Western Asia and Northeast Africa. They were riding fast two-wheeled chariots powered by horses, a system of weaponry developed earlier in the context of plains warfare. This tool of war was unknown among the classical civilizations. Egypt and Babylonia's foot soldiers were unable to defend against the invaders: in 1630 BC, the Hyksos swept into the Nile Delta, and in 1595 BC, the Hittites swept into Mesopotamia. Late Bronze Age The people in place were quick to adapt to the new tactics, and a new international situation resulted from the change. Though during most of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC several regional powers competed relentlessly for hegemony, many developments occurred: there was new emphasis on grandiose architecture, new clothing fashions, vivid diplomatic correspondence on clay tablets, renewed economic exchanges, and the New Kingdom of Egypt played the role of the main superpower. Among the great states of the time, only Babylon refrained from taking part in battles, mainly due to its new position as the world's religious and intellectual capital. The Bronze Age civilization at its final period of time, displayed all its characteristic social traits: low level of urbanization, small cities centered on temples or royal palaces, strict separation of classes between an illiterate mass of peasants and craftsmen, and a powerful military elite, knowledge of writing and education reserved to a tiny minority of scribes, and pronounced aristocratic life. Near the end of the 2nd millennium BC, new waves of barbarians, this time riding on horseback, wholly destroyed the Bronze Age world, | Pastoral Neolithic Nok culture Events c. 2000 BC – Seima-Turbino Phenomenon c. 1700–1300 BC – Palace complex in Knossos, Crete, was built. c. 1700 BC earthquake damages palaces at Knossos and Phaistos. 1627 BC Minoan eruption c. 1600 BC–1360 BC Egyptian domination over Canaan and Syria. c. 1575 BC Nubian Kerma sacks Egypt. 1520 BC Egypt conquers Nubia. 1478 BC Battle of Megiddo 1269 BC Ramses II and Hattusilis III sign peace treaty. 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh c. 1250 BC destruction of Troy VII 1045 BC Zhou Dynasty founded in China. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Chinese Oracle bone script Tumble polishing: Indians innvoted polishing method in the 10th century BCE. Kabaddi: The game of kabaddi originated in India during 1500-1000BCE. Diamond drills: in the 12th century BCE or 7th century BCE, Indians not only innovated use of diamond tipped drills but also invented double diamond tipped drills for bead manufacturing. Phoenician alphabet Nebra sky disk, oldest known visual representation of the cosmos Discovery of new iron smelting and smithing techniques Spoke-wheeled chariots Languages In the history of the Egyptian language, the early 2nd millennium saw a transition from Old Egyptian to Middle Egyptian. As the most used written form of the Ancient Egyptian language, it is frequently (incorrectly) referred to simply as "Hieroglyphics". The earliest attested Indo-European language, the Hittite language, first appears in cuneiform in the 16th century BC (Anitta text), before disappearing from records in the 13th century BC. Hittite is the best known and the most studied language of the extinct Anatolian branch of Indo-European languages. The first Northwest Semitic language, Ugaritic, is attested in the 14th century BC. The first fully phonemic script Proto-Canaanite developed from Egyptian hieroglyphs, becoming the Phoenician alphabet by 1200 BC. The Phoenician alphabet was spread throughout the Mediterranean by Phoenician maritime traders and became one of |
BC–3100 BC: Helladic culture in mainland Greece. c. 3200 BC–2800 BC: Ozieri culture. Founding of Europe's oldest civilization, the Minoan Civilization in 3000 BC. Corded Ware culture (also Battle-axe culture, or Single Grave culture). Late Maikop culture. Late Vinca culture. Globular Amphora culture. Early Beaker culture. Yamnaya culture, Catacomb culture, likely loci of Indo-European Satemization. The Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim culture emerges from the Catacomb culture from about 2200 BC, likely locus of Proto-Indo-Iranian. Butmir culture. Late Funnelbeaker culture. Baden culture. Gaudo culture. South Asia 2800 BC–2600 BC: Harappan 2. 2600 BC–1900 BC: Harappan 3 (Mature Harappan). East and Southeast Asia Longshan culture Baodun culture Shijiahe culture Liangzhu culture Majiayao culture Lower Xiajiadian culture c. 2500 BC: Austronesian peoples from Formosa colonize Luzon in northern Philippines. Americas Mesoamerican Archaic period Old Copper Complex Caral/Norte Chico civilization. Sub-Saharan Africa Savanna Pastoral Neolithic Events Certain 4th millennium BC events were precursors to the 3rd millennium BC: Peru c. 3700-1800 BC: Caral-Supe Chico civilization. Caral-Supe flourished between the fourth and second millennia BC, with the formation of the first city generally dated to around 3500 BC, at Huaricanga, in the Fortaleza area. It is from 3100 BC onward that large-scale human settlement and communal construction become clearly apparent, which lasted until a period of decline around 1800 BC. c.3500 BC-3000 BC Huaricanga is the earliest city of the Norte Chico civilization, called Caral or Caral-Supe in Peru and Spanish language sources. "It existed around 3500 BC and was the oldest city in the Americas and one of the earliest cities in the world." It is located in the arid Fortaleza Valley on Peru's north central coast and is 14 mi (23 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean. The site covers a total area of 100 hectares, and is the largest Late Archaic construction in the Norte Chico region. The three earthwork mounds on the large site are believed to be remains of pyramidal-shaped structures. Two standing stones, known as huancas, also survive. Excavation in 2007 revealed a structure believed to be a temple, of a design similar to, but predating, the Mito architectural tradition seen in the Peruvian highlands. In addition, later research in the Fortaleza and Pativilca valleys has found evidence of maize cultivation, as well as fourteen other domesticated species of fruits and vegetables. This suggests that agriculture may have been more important to the development of Caral-Supe civilization than previously thought, as it was for other independent civilizations of the world, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India. c. 3700 BC: Lothal: Indus Valley trade-port city in India. c. 3650 BC–3000 BC: Minoan culture appeared on Crete. c. 3200 BC/3100 BC: Helladic culture and Cycladic culture both emerge in Greece. The 3rd millennium BC included the following key events: c. 3000 BC: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. c. 3000 BC: First evidence of gold being used in the Middle East. c. 3000 BC: Nubian A-Group, Ta-Seeti "kingdom" came to an end, possibly due to raids by Egypt. c. 3000 BC–2000 BC: Vessels from Denmark are made; they are now at National Museum, Copenhagen. c. 2890 BC: Second Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Hotepsekhemwy. Syria: Foundation of the city of Mari (29th century BC). Semitic tribes occupy Assyria in northern part of the plain of Shinar and Akkad. Phoenicians settle on Syrian coast, with centers at Tyre and Sidon. Beginning of the period of the mythical Sage Kings in China, also known as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. c. 2879 BC: Rise of the mythical Văn Lang Kingdom and the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in northern Viet Nam. c. 2800 BC–2700 BC: Harp Player, from Keros, Cyclades, was made. It is now at the Metropolitan | In Ancient Egypt, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Old Kingdom. In Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Akkadian Empire. In what is now Northwest India and Pakistan, the Indus Valley Civilization developed a state society. World population growth relaxes after the burst due to the Neolithic Revolution. World population is largely stable, at roughly 60 million, with a slow overall growth rate at roughly 0.03% p.a. Overview The Bronze Age began in the Ancient Near East roughly between 3000 BC and 2500 BC. The previous millennium had seen the emergence of advanced, urbanized civilizations, new bronze metallurgy extending the productivity of agricultural work, and highly developed ways of communication in the form of writing. In the 3rd millennium BC, the growth of these riches, both intellectually and physically, became a source of contention on a political stage, and rulers sought the accumulation of more wealth and more power. Along with this came the first appearances of monumental architecture, imperialism, organized absolutism and internal revolution. The civilizations of Sumer and Akkad in Mesopotamia became a collection of volatile city-states in which warfare was common. Uninterrupted conflicts drained all available resources, energies and populations. In this millennium, larger empires succeeded the last, and conquerors grew in stature until the great Sargon of Akkad pushed his empire to the whole of Mesopotamia and beyond. It would not be surpassed in size until Assyrian times 1,500 years later. In the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the Egyptian pyramids were constructed and would remain the tallest and largest human constructions for thousands of years. Also in Egypt, pharaohs began to posture themselves as living gods made of an essence different from that of other human beings. Even in Europe, which was still largely neolithic during the same period, the builders of megaliths were constructing giant monuments of their own. In the Near East and the Occident during the 3rd millennium BC, limits were being pushed by architects and rulers. Towards the close of the millennium, Egypt became the stage of the first popular revolution recorded in history. After lengthy wars, the Sumerians recognized the benefits of unification into a stable form of national government and became a relatively peaceful, well-organized, complex technocratic state called the 3rd dynasty of Ur. This dynasty was later to become involved with a wave of nomadic invaders known as the Amorites, who were to play a major role in the region during the following centuries. Cultures Near East c. 4th millennium BC–5th century BC: Old Dilmun period. c. 2900–2350 BC: Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) c. 2334–2154 BC: Akkadian Empire 3100–2686 BC: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) c. 2700 BC–1600 BC: Old Elamite period. 2686–2181 BC Old Kingdom of Egypt 2181–2055 BC First Intermediate Period of Egypt c. 3000 BC: Nubian A-Group Culture comes to an end. c. 2300 BC: Nubian C-Group culture. Europe c. 3200 BC: Cycladic culture in Aegean islands of Greece. c. 3200 BC–3100 BC: Helladic culture in mainland Greece. c. 3200 BC–2800 BC: Ozieri culture. Founding of Europe's oldest civilization, the Minoan Civilization in 3000 BC. Corded Ware culture (also Battle-axe culture, or Single Grave culture). Late Maikop culture. Late Vinca culture. Globular Amphora culture. Early Beaker culture. Yamnaya culture, Catacomb culture, likely loci of Indo-European Satemization. The Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim culture emerges from the Catacomb culture from about 2200 BC, likely locus of Proto-Indo-Iranian. Butmir culture. Late Funnelbeaker culture. Baden culture. Gaudo culture. South Asia 2800 BC–2600 BC: Harappan 2. 2600 BC–1900 BC: Harappan 3 (Mature Harappan). East and Southeast Asia Longshan culture Baodun culture Shijiahe culture |
contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of Bronze production and thus the Bronze Age. Kura-Araxes 3400–2000 BC – earliest evidence found on the Ararat plain. Egypt Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. First hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 BC as found on labels in a ruler's tomb at Abydos. Predynastic pharaohs Tiu, Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner, Ro, Serket, Narmer. 3500–3400 BC – Jar with boat designs, from Hierakonpolis (today in the Brooklyn Museum) is created. Predynastic Egypt. c. 3150 BC – Predynastic period ended in Ancient Egypt. Early Dynastic (Archaic) period started (according to French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal). The period includes 1st and 2nd Dynasties. c. 3100 BC – Narmer Palette. Sails used in the Nile. Mastabas, the predecessors of the Egyptian pyramids. Harps and flutes played in Egypt. Lyres and double clarinets (arghul, mijwiz) played in Egypt. Earliest known numerals in Egypt. Europe Crete: Rise of Minoan civilization. c. 4000 BC – First neolithic settlers in the island of Thera (Santorini), Greece, migrating probably from Minoan Crete. Pontic–Caspian steppe 3500–2300 BC: The Yamna culture ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture on the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Caucasus and Central Asia. This culture is believed to have been the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, and thus the Urheimat, or point of origin, of the Proto Indo-European language, according to the Kurgan hypothesis. The Trypillian culture has cities with 15,000 citizens, eastern Europe, 5500–2750 BC. Kurgan culture of what is now Southern Russia and Ukraine; possibly the first domestication of the horse. Balkans c. 3500 BC – Figures of a man and a woman, from Cernavodă, Romania, are made. They are now at National Historical Museum, Bucharest. c. 3138 BC Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia. Radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5,150 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered. c. 4000–2000 BC – People and animals, a detail of rock-shelter painting in Cogul (Roca dels Moros), Lleida, Spain, are painted. It is now at Archaeology Museum of Catalonia, Barcelona. Arzachena & Ozieri cultures. Malta 3600 BC – Construction of the Ġgantija megalithic temple complex on the Island of Gozo: the world's oldest extant unburied free-standing structures, and the world's oldest religious structures. (See Göbekli Tepe for older, buried religious structures.) 3600–3200 BC – Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex, containing "furniture" such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions. 3600–3000 BC – Construction of the Ta' Ħaġrat and Kordin III temples 3250–3000 BC – Construction of three megalithic temples at Tarxien 3200–2500 BC – Construction of the Ħaġar Qim megalithic temple complex, featuring both solar and lunar alignments. Northern Europe The Funnelbeaker culture, Scandinavia, 4000–2700 BC, originated in southern parts of Europe and slowly advanced up through today's Uppland. 3300–2900 BC – Construction of the Newgrange solar observatory/passage tomb in Ireland. c. 3100–2600 BC – Neolithic settlement at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, is inhabited. Construction in England of the Sweet Track, the World's first known engineered roadway. Garth tsunami in the Northern Isles The earliest phase of the Stonehenge monument (a circular earth bank and ditch) dates to c. 3100 BC. The Céide Fields are developed, the first signs of the eventual complete deforestation of Ireland. c. 3300 BC – Ötzi the Iceman dies near the present-day border between Austria and Italy, only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a glacier of the | from pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century, found at Jemdet Nasr. Dams, canals, stone sculptures using inclined plane and lever in Sumer. Urkesh (northern Syria) founded during the fourth millennium BC possibly by the Hurrians. The Courtyard was introduced to Mesopotamia. Persian plateau 4000 BC – Susa is a center of pottery production. c. 4000 BC – Beaker from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now at Musée du Louvre, Paris. Proto-Elamite from 3200 BC. Anatolia and Caucasus The Maykop culture of the Caucasus (c. 3700 BC to 3000 BC), contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of Bronze production and thus the Bronze Age. Kura-Araxes 3400–2000 BC – earliest evidence found on the Ararat plain. Egypt Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. First hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 BC as found on labels in a ruler's tomb at Abydos. Predynastic pharaohs Tiu, Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner, Ro, Serket, Narmer. 3500–3400 BC – Jar with boat designs, from Hierakonpolis (today in the Brooklyn Museum) is created. Predynastic Egypt. c. 3150 BC – Predynastic period ended in Ancient Egypt. Early Dynastic (Archaic) period started (according to French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal). The period includes 1st and 2nd Dynasties. c. 3100 BC – Narmer Palette. Sails used in the Nile. Mastabas, the predecessors of the Egyptian pyramids. Harps and flutes played in Egypt. Lyres and double clarinets (arghul, mijwiz) played in Egypt. Earliest known numerals in Egypt. Europe Crete: Rise of Minoan civilization. c. 4000 BC – First neolithic settlers in the island of Thera (Santorini), Greece, migrating probably from Minoan Crete. Pontic–Caspian steppe 3500–2300 BC: The Yamna culture ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture on the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Caucasus and Central Asia. This culture is believed to have been the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, and thus the Urheimat, or point of origin, of the Proto Indo-European language, according to the Kurgan hypothesis. The Trypillian culture has cities with 15,000 citizens, eastern Europe, 5500–2750 BC. Kurgan culture of what is now Southern Russia and Ukraine; possibly the first domestication of the horse. Balkans c. 3500 BC – Figures of a man and a woman, from Cernavodă, Romania, are made. They are now at National Historical Museum, Bucharest. c. 3138 BC Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia. Radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5,150 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered. c. 4000–2000 BC – People and animals, a detail of rock-shelter painting in Cogul (Roca dels Moros), Lleida, Spain, are painted. It is now at Archaeology Museum of Catalonia, Barcelona. Arzachena & Ozieri cultures. Malta 3600 BC – Construction of the Ġgantija megalithic temple complex on the Island of Gozo: the world's oldest extant unburied free-standing structures, and the world's oldest religious structures. (See Göbekli Tepe for older, buried religious structures.) 3600–3200 BC – Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex, containing "furniture" such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions. 3600–3000 BC – Construction of the Ta' Ħaġrat and Kordin III temples 3250–3000 BC – Construction of three megalithic |
civilisation advanced in this millennium with the beginnings of three noted cultures from around 5000 BC. The Yangshao culture was based in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin and endured for some 2,000 years. It is believed that pigs were first domesticated there. Pottery was fired in kilns dug into the ground and then painted. Millet was cultivated. A type-site settlement for the Yangshao was established c. 4700 BC at Banpo near modern Xi'an, Shaanxi. Also about 5000 BC, the Hemudu culture began in eastern China with cultivation of rice, and the Majiabang culture was established on the Yangtze estuary near modern Shanghai, lasting until c. 3300 BC. Australia It is estimated that the distinctive Aboriginal rock carvings near Sydney were created sometime between 5000 BC and 3000 BC. Africa It is estimated that the beginning of the Pastoral Neolithic was in the later phase of the Green Sahara, in the 6th or 5th millennium BC. It was prior to the end of the African humid period (c. 3900 BC) and the desiccation of the Green Sahara. During this time, sub-Saharan Africa remained in the Palaeolithic. As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after c. 3900 BC, herders moved into the Nile Valley and by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC into eastern Africa. Calendars and chronology The 5th millennium has become a startpoint for calendars and chronologies, though only one has any basis in reality. The year 4750 BC is the retrospective startpoint for the Assyrian calendar, marking the traditional date for the foundation of Assur, some 2,000 years before it actually happened. Another traditional date is 19 July 4241 BC, marking the supposed beginning of the Egyptian calendar, as calculated retrospectively by Eduard Meyer. The more likely startpoint is 19 July 2781 BC, one Sothic cycle later. It has generally been believed that the calendar was based on a heliacal (dawn) rising | Chinese civilisation advanced in this millennium with the beginnings of three noted cultures from around 5000 BC. The Yangshao culture was based in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin and endured for some 2,000 years. It is believed that pigs were first domesticated there. Pottery was fired in kilns dug into the ground and then painted. Millet was cultivated. A type-site settlement for the Yangshao was established c. 4700 BC at Banpo near modern Xi'an, Shaanxi. Also about 5000 BC, the Hemudu culture began in eastern China with cultivation of rice, and the Majiabang culture was established on the Yangtze estuary near modern Shanghai, lasting until c. 3300 BC. Australia It is estimated that the distinctive Aboriginal rock carvings near Sydney were created sometime between 5000 BC and 3000 BC. Africa It is estimated that the beginning of the Pastoral Neolithic was in the later phase of the Green Sahara, in the 6th or 5th millennium BC. It was prior to the end of the African humid period (c. 3900 BC) and the desiccation of the Green Sahara. During this time, sub-Saharan Africa remained in the Palaeolithic. As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after c. 3900 BC, herders moved into the Nile Valley and by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC into eastern Africa. Calendars and chronology The 5th millennium has become a startpoint for calendars and chronologies, though only one has any basis in reality. The year 4750 BC is the retrospective startpoint for the Assyrian calendar, marking the traditional date for the foundation of Assur, some 2,000 years before it actually happened. Another traditional date is 19 July 4241 BC, marking |
October 13 British forces under Francis Nicholson conduct the successful Siege of Port Royal against a French Acadian garrison and the Wabanaki Confederacy at the Acadian capital, Port Royal, marking the start of British control of what became Nova Scotia. October 10 – Great Northern War – Capitulation of Estonia: the Swedish garrison in Reval (Tallinn) surrenders, ending Swedish rule in Estonia. October 11 – The Battle of Rahon is fought between Sikhs and Mughal Empire. October 13 – Queen Anne's War – Siege of Port Royal: The French surrender, giving the British permanent possession of Nova Scotia. November 30 – The first visit to the Pacific islands of Palau is made by a Jesuit expedition led by Francisco Padilla; unfortunately, the ship is driven to Mindanao by a storm, leaving two priests stranded. December 8 – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Brihuega: An outnumbered British force under James Stanhope is forced to surrender. December 10 – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Villaviciosa: The indecisive battle between retreating Austrian-Dutch forces and a Franco-Spanish army is fought out. December 10 – The Battle of Lohgarh takes place between Sikh forces and the Mughal army. Date unknown In Sweden, the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded as the Collegium curiosorum. Explorer Juan Arias Diaz becomes the first non-Incan visitor to Choquequirao, an Inca site in Peru. John Smithwick begins brewing Smithwick's ale at Kilkenny, Ireland (St. Francis Abbey Brewery). Alexis Littré, in his treatise Diverses observations anatomiques, is the first physician to suggest the possibility of performing a lumbar colostomy for an obstruction of the colon. Beijing becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Istanbul. Jacob Christoph Le Blon, working in Amsterdam, invents a three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow plates, a precursor of the modern CMYK printing process. Births January–March January 3 – Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. 1796) January 4 Margravine Sophie Christine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (d. 1739) Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (d. 1736) January 5 – Friedrich Wilhelm Riedt, German flautist (d. 1783) January 16 – Sir William Ashburnham, 4th Baronet, Church of England priest and baronet (d. 1797) January 23 – Jakob Langebek, Danish historian (d. 1775) January 28 – Jean-Martial Frédou, French portrait painter (d. 1795) January 30 Septimus Robinson, British Army officer who became Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod (d. 1765) Raimondo di Sangro, Italian nobleman (d. 1771) February 1 – Konrad Ernst Ackermann, German actor (d. 1771) February 12 – John Affleck, British Tory politician (d. 1776) February 15 – King Louis XV of France, Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre 1715–1774 (d. 1774) February 21 – Willem van Haren, Dutch nobleman and poet (d. 1768) February 28 – Peter Delmé, wealthy English merchant and landowner (d. 1770) March 3 – Johann Sigismund Mörl, German theologian (d. 1791) March 4 – Aert Schouman, painter from the Dutch Republic (d. 1792) March 7 – Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi, Italian professor (d. 1780) March 10 – Christian Ditlev Reventlow, Danish Privy Councillor (d. 1775) March 15 – George Forbes, 4th Earl of Granard, Irish soldier and politician (d. 1769) March 18 – Ezekiel Worthen, New Hampshire native who participated in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1793) March 19 – Otto Didrik Schack, 3rd Count of Schackenborg, Danish nobleman and enfeoffed count (d. 1741) March 26 – Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers (d. 1792) March 27 – Joseph Abaco, Italian violoncellist and composer (d. 1805) April–June April 2 – Samuel White, lawyer in the Province of Massachusetts Bay (d. 1769) April 4 György Klimó, Bishop of Pécs and founder of the Klimo Library and printing press (d. 1777) Edmund Lechmere, British politician (d. 1805) April 10 – George Charles Dyhern, Saxon general (d. 1759) April 12 – Caffarelli, Italian castrato and opera singer (d. 1783) April 13 – Jonathan Carver, colonial American military officer (d. 1780) April 15 Marie-Anne de Cupis de Camargo, French dancer (d. 1770) William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1790) April 17 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (d. 1767) April 18 – Friedrich Bogislav von Tauentzien, Prussian general during the wars of King Frederick the Great (d. 1791) April 20 – Jean-Joseph Sue, French surgeon and anatomist (d. 1792) April 23 – John Tempest Sr., landowner and Member of Parliament (d. 1776) April 24 – Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly, eighth bishop of the diocese of Quebec (d. 1788) April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (d. 1776) April 26 – Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (d. 1796) April 30 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (d. 1795) May 6 – Richard Bland, American planter and statesman from Virginia (d. 1776) May 8 Charles Hope-Weir, Scottish politician (d. 1791) Peter Anton von Verschaffelt, Flemish sculptor and architect (d. 1793) May 10 – François Bonamy, French botanist and physician (d. 1786) May 14 – Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden (d. 1771) May 16 Joan Gideon Loten, Governor of Zeylan, Fellow of the Royal Society (d. 1789) Lorenzo Peracino, Italian painter active near Novara in northern Italy (d. 1789) William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (d. 1782) May 18 Johann II Bernoulli, youngest of the three sons of Johann Bernoulli (d. 1790) Vere Poulett, 3rd Earl Poulett (d. 1788) Charles Willing, Philadelphia merchant (d. 1754) May 21 – Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth (d. 1751) May 23 – François Gaspard Adam, French rococo sculptor (d. 1761) June 6 – Andrea Scacciati, Italian painter (b. 1642) June 10 – James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (d. 1768) June 14 – Peder Kofod Ancher, Danish jurist (d. 1788) June 15 – Robert Oliver, priest (d. 1784) June 18 – Klaas Annink, notorious Dutch serial killer in Twente, Netherlands (d. 1775) July–September July 4 – Thomas Hay, 9th Earl of Kinnoull (d. 1787) July 10 – Robert O'Callaghan, politician (d. 1761) July 11 – Sir John Morgan, 4th Baronet (d. 1767) July 18 – John Cruger Jr., speaker of the Province of New York assembly, Mayor of New York City (d. 1791) July 21 – Paul Möhring, German physician and scientist (d. 1792) July 23 – Jonathan Belcher, British-American lawyer (d. 1776) July 26 – John Lambton, senior officer in the British Army and MP (d. 1794) July 31 – Jacob Houblon, British landowner and Tory politician (d. 1770) August 6 – Frances Jones, colonist (d. 1785) August 10 – Princess Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen, member of German royalty (d. 1767) August 13 Margrave Frederick of Brandenburg-Schwedt, second son of Margrave Albert Frederick (d. 1741) William Heberden, English physician (d. 1801) Andrés Fernández Pacheco, 10th Duke of Escalona, Spanish aristocrat and academician (d. 1746) August 14 – Corbyn Morris, English official and economic writer (d. 1779) August 18 – Landon Carter, American planter from Lancaster County (d. 1778) August 19 – Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont (d. 1763) August 20 – Thomas Simpson, British mathematician (d. 1761) August 22 – Johann August Nahl, German sculptor and plasterer (d. 1781) August 27 Joseph Tiefenthaler, Jesuit missionary, one of the earliest European geographers to write about India (d. 1785) Giuseppe Vasi, Italian engraver and architect (d. 1782) August 28 – Pierre Augustin Boissier de Sauvages, French naturalist, researcher in provençal dialect and encyclopédist (d. 1795) September 3 – Abraham Trembley, Genevan naturalist (d. 1784) September 9 – Friedrich Rudolf von | first physician to suggest the possibility of performing a lumbar colostomy for an obstruction of the colon. Beijing becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Istanbul. Jacob Christoph Le Blon, working in Amsterdam, invents a three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow plates, a precursor of the modern CMYK printing process. Births January–March January 3 – Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. 1796) January 4 Margravine Sophie Christine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (d. 1739) Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (d. 1736) January 5 – Friedrich Wilhelm Riedt, German flautist (d. 1783) January 16 – Sir William Ashburnham, 4th Baronet, Church of England priest and baronet (d. 1797) January 23 – Jakob Langebek, Danish historian (d. 1775) January 28 – Jean-Martial Frédou, French portrait painter (d. 1795) January 30 Septimus Robinson, British Army officer who became Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod (d. 1765) Raimondo di Sangro, Italian nobleman (d. 1771) February 1 – Konrad Ernst Ackermann, German actor (d. 1771) February 12 – John Affleck, British Tory politician (d. 1776) February 15 – King Louis XV of France, Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre 1715–1774 (d. 1774) February 21 – Willem van Haren, Dutch nobleman and poet (d. 1768) February 28 – Peter Delmé, wealthy English merchant and landowner (d. 1770) March 3 – Johann Sigismund Mörl, German theologian (d. 1791) March 4 – Aert Schouman, painter from the Dutch Republic (d. 1792) March 7 – Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi, Italian professor (d. 1780) March 10 – Christian Ditlev Reventlow, Danish Privy Councillor (d. 1775) March 15 – George Forbes, 4th Earl of Granard, Irish soldier and politician (d. 1769) March 18 – Ezekiel Worthen, New Hampshire native who participated in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1793) March 19 – Otto Didrik Schack, 3rd Count of Schackenborg, Danish nobleman and enfeoffed count (d. 1741) March 26 – Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers (d. 1792) March 27 – Joseph Abaco, Italian violoncellist and composer (d. 1805) April–June April 2 – Samuel White, lawyer in the Province of Massachusetts Bay (d. 1769) April 4 György Klimó, Bishop of Pécs and founder of the Klimo Library and printing press (d. 1777) Edmund Lechmere, British politician (d. 1805) April 10 – George Charles Dyhern, Saxon general (d. 1759) April 12 – Caffarelli, Italian castrato and opera singer (d. 1783) April 13 – Jonathan Carver, colonial American military officer (d. 1780) April 15 Marie-Anne de Cupis de Camargo, French dancer (d. 1770) William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1790) April 17 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (d. 1767) April 18 – Friedrich Bogislav von Tauentzien, Prussian general during the wars of King Frederick the Great (d. 1791) April 20 – Jean-Joseph Sue, French surgeon and anatomist (d. 1792) April 23 – John Tempest Sr., landowner and Member of Parliament (d. 1776) April 24 – Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly, eighth bishop of the diocese of Quebec (d. 1788) April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (d. 1776) April 26 – Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (d. 1796) April 30 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (d. 1795) May 6 – Richard Bland, American planter and statesman from Virginia (d. 1776) May 8 Charles Hope-Weir, Scottish politician (d. 1791) Peter Anton von Verschaffelt, Flemish sculptor and architect (d. 1793) May 10 – François Bonamy, French botanist and physician (d. 1786) May 14 – Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden (d. 1771) May 16 Joan Gideon Loten, Governor of Zeylan, Fellow of the Royal Society (d. 1789) Lorenzo Peracino, Italian painter active near Novara in northern Italy (d. 1789) William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (d. 1782) May 18 Johann II Bernoulli, youngest of the three sons of Johann Bernoulli (d. 1790) Vere Poulett, 3rd Earl Poulett (d. 1788) Charles Willing, Philadelphia merchant (d. 1754) May 21 – Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth (d. 1751) May 23 – François Gaspard Adam, French rococo sculptor (d. 1761) June 6 – Andrea Scacciati, Italian painter (b. 1642) June 10 |
Van Rompuy, is designated the first permanent President of the European Council, a position he takes up on December 1, 2009. November 10 - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 was released November 13 – Having analyzed the data from the LCROSS lunar impact, NASA announces that it has found a "significant" quantity of water in the Moon's Cabeus crater. November 23 – In the Philippines, at least 58 people are abducted and killed in the province of Maguindanao, in what the Committee to Protect Journalists called the single deadliest attack on journalists in history. December December 1 – The Treaty of Lisbon comes into force. December 7–18 – The UNFCCC's 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Copenhagen, Denmark. December 8 – A series of attacks in Baghdad, Iraq kill at least 127 people and injure at least 448 more. December 16 – Astronomers discover GJ 1214 b, the first-known exoplanet on which water could exist. December 15 – First flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. December 18 – Avatar is released in theaters, breaking many box-office records, including becoming the highest-grossing movie at the time. December 25 A Nigerian terrorist plotted an attempted terrorist bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 en route from Amsterdam to Detroit. The mystery action movie Sherlock Holmes, directed by Guy Ritchie, is released. It becomes the highest breaking record on Christmas Day in the box office at a gross of $25 million. Unknown The flu pandemic in 2009 begins in Mexico, soon spreading to the U.S. and then around the world. Births January–May January 1 – Hend Zaza, Syrian table tennis player January 26 – YaYa Gosselin, American actress January 29 – The Suleman octuplets, notable multiple births April 6 – Valentina Tronel, French singer and winner of Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 April 6 – Shaylee Mansfield, deaf American actress April 15 – Julia Butters, American child actress May 4 – Prince Henrik of Denmark May 18 — Hala Finley, American actress June–December June 23 – Xia Vigor, British-Filipino child actress December 5 - Ayelet Galena, notable victim of congenital disease (d. 2012) Deaths January January 1 Nizar Rayan, Palestinian military and political leader (b. 1959) Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (b. 1924) Helen Suzman, South African activist and politician (b. 1917) January 2 – Steven Gilborn, American actor (b. 1936) January 3 – Pat Hingle, American actor (b. 1924) January 8 – Don Galloway, American actor (b. 1937) January 12 Claude Berri, French film director (b. 1934) Arne Næss, Norwegian philosopher (b. 1912) January 13 – Patrick McGoohan, Irish-American actor (b. 1928) January 14 – Ricardo Montalbán, Mexican-born American film and television actor (b. 1920) January 16 – Andrew Wyeth, American painter (b. 1917) January 20 – Stéphanos II Ghattas, Egyptian Patriarch of Alexandria (b. 1920) January 22 – Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum, 21st Prime Minister of Cambodia (b. 1905) January 24 – Karl Koller, Austrian footballer (b. 1929) January 25 – Mamadou Dia, 1st Prime Minister of Senegal (b. 1910) January 27 John Updike, American writer (b. 1932) R. Venkataraman, 8th President of India (b. 1910) January 30 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer (b. 1932) February February 6 Philip Carey, American actor (b. 1925) James Whitmore, American actor (b. 1921) February 9 – Eluana Englaro, Italian patient in right-to-die case (b. 1970) February 11 – Estelle Bennett, American singer (b. 1941) February 12 – Giacomo Bulgarelli, Italian footballer (b. 1940) February 18 – Kamila Skolimowska, Polish hammer thrower (b. 1982) February 25 – Philip José Farmer, American writer (b. 1918) February 26 – Wendy Richard, English actress (b. 1943) February 27 – Manea Mănescu, 50th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1916) February 28 – Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (b. 1918) March March 2 – João Bernardo Vieira, 2nd President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1939) March 3 – Sydney Chaplin, American actor (b. 1926) March 4 – Horton Foote, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1916) March 5 – Valeri Broshin, Turkish footballer and manager (b. 1962) March 7 – Tullio Pinelli, Italian screenwriter (b. 1908) March 8 – Hank Locklin, American country music singer (b. 1918) March 13 Betsy Blair, American actress (b. 1923) James Purdy, American novelist, poet and playwright (b. 1914) Test, Canadian-American professional wrestler and actor (b. 1975) March 14 Alain Bashung, French singer, songwriter and actor (b. 1947) Edith Lucie Bongo, First Lady of Gabon (b. 1964) March 15 – Ron Silver, American actor and political activist (b. 1946) March 17 – Clodovil Hernandes, Brazilian fashion stylist (b. 1937) March 18 – Natasha Richardson, English actress (b. 1963) March 20 – Abdellatif Filali, 13th Prime Minister of Morocco (b. 1928) March 21 – Mohit Sharma, Indian army officer (b. 1978) March 22 – Jade Goody, British reality TV star (b. 1981) March 25 Yukio Endō, Japanese gymnast (b. 1937) Dan Seals, American country music singer-songwriter (b. 1948) March 28 – Janet Jagan, 6th Prime Minister and 6th President of Guyana (b. 1920) March 29 Andy Hallett, American singer and actor (b. 1975) Maurice Jarre, French composer and conductor (b. 1924) March 31 – Raúl Alfonsín, 49th President of Argentina (b. 1927) April April 12 Marilyn Chambers, American pornographic actress (b. 1952) Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, American social theorist (b. 1950) April 14 – Maurice Druon, French novelist (b. 1918) April 19 – J. G. Ballard, English novelist (b. 1930) April 22 Ken Annakin, English film director (b. 1914) Jack Cardiff, English cinematographer (b. 1914) April 25 – Bea Arthur, American actress and singer (b. 1922) April 26 – Pupuke Robati, 4th Prime Minister of Cook Islands (b. 1925) April 28 Vern Gosdin, American country music singer (b. 1934) Ekaterina Maximova, Russian ballerina (b. 1939) May May 2 Augusto Boal, Brazilian theatre director (b. 1931) Jack Kemp, American politician and football player (b. 1935) May 4 – Dom DeLuise, American actor and comedian (b. 1933) May 9 – Chuck Daly, American basketball coach (b. 1930) May 11 – Abel Goumba, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (b. 1926) May 13 – Achille Compagnoni, Italian mountaineer (b. 1914) May 17 – Mario Benedetti, Uruguayan writer (b. 1920) May 18 Wayne Allwine, American voice actor (b. 1947) Velupillai Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan militant (b. 1954) May 19 – Robert F. Furchgott, American scientist (b. 1916) May 20 – Lucy Gordon, British actress and model (b. 1980) May 23 – Roh Moo-hyun, 16th President of South Korea (b. 1946) May 27 – Clive Granger, British economist (b. 1934) May 29 – Karine Ruby, French snowboarder (b. 1978) May 30 Luís Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1931) Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (b. 1916) Gaafar Nimeiry, 4th President of the Sudan (b. 1930) May 31 Kamala Surayya, Indian poet (b. 1934) Milvina Dean, youngest and last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic (b. 1912) June June 1 Silvio Barbato, Italian-Brazilian opera conductor and composer (b. 1959) Fatma Ceren Necipoğlu, Turkish harpist and university lecturer for piano and harp (b. 1972) Prince Pedro Luiz of Orléans-Braganza, heir to the line of succession in Brazil (b. 1983) June 2 – David Eddings, American author (b. 1931) June 3 David Carradine, American actor (b. 1936) Koko Taylor, American musician (b. 1928) June 6 – Jean Dausset, French Nobel immunologist (b. 1916) June 7 – Hugh Hopper, British guitarist (b. 1945) June 8 – Omar Bongo, 2nd President of Gabon (b. 1935) June 11 – Sumire, Japanese fashion model (b. 1987) June 12 – Félix Malloum, 3rd President of Chad (b. 1932) June 13 – Mitsuharu Misawa, Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1962) June 16 – Peter Arundell, British racing driver (b. 1933) June 17 – Ralf Dahrendorf, German-British social theorist and politician (b. 1929) June 18 Giovanni Arrighi, Italian economist, sociologist and world-systems analyst (b. 1937) Hortensia Bussi, 28th First Lady of Chile (b. 1914) June 20 – Godfrey Rampling, English athlete and army officer (b. 1909) June 23 – Ed McMahon, American actor (b. 1923) June 24 – Olja Ivanjicki, Serbian painter, sculptor, and poet (b. 1931) June 25 Farrah Fawcett, American actress | Council, a position he takes up on December 1, 2009. November 10 - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 was released November 13 – Having analyzed the data from the LCROSS lunar impact, NASA announces that it has found a "significant" quantity of water in the Moon's Cabeus crater. November 23 – In the Philippines, at least 58 people are abducted and killed in the province of Maguindanao, in what the Committee to Protect Journalists called the single deadliest attack on journalists in history. December December 1 – The Treaty of Lisbon comes into force. December 7–18 – The UNFCCC's 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Copenhagen, Denmark. December 8 – A series of attacks in Baghdad, Iraq kill at least 127 people and injure at least 448 more. December 16 – Astronomers discover GJ 1214 b, the first-known exoplanet on which water could exist. December 15 – First flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. December 18 – Avatar is released in theaters, breaking many box-office records, including becoming the highest-grossing movie at the time. December 25 A Nigerian terrorist plotted an attempted terrorist bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 en route from Amsterdam to Detroit. The mystery action movie Sherlock Holmes, directed by Guy Ritchie, is released. It becomes the highest breaking record on Christmas Day in the box office at a gross of $25 million. Unknown The flu pandemic in 2009 begins in Mexico, soon spreading to the U.S. and then around the world. Births January–May January 1 – Hend Zaza, Syrian table tennis player January 26 – YaYa Gosselin, American actress January 29 – The Suleman octuplets, notable multiple births April 6 – Valentina Tronel, French singer and winner of Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 April 6 – Shaylee Mansfield, deaf American actress April 15 – Julia Butters, American child actress May 4 – Prince Henrik of Denmark May 18 — Hala Finley, American actress June–December June 23 – Xia Vigor, British-Filipino child actress December 5 - Ayelet Galena, notable victim of congenital disease (d. 2012) Deaths January January 1 Nizar Rayan, Palestinian military and political leader (b. 1959) Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (b. 1924) Helen Suzman, South African activist and politician (b. 1917) January 2 – Steven Gilborn, American actor (b. 1936) January 3 – Pat Hingle, American actor (b. 1924) January 8 – Don Galloway, American actor (b. 1937) January 12 Claude Berri, French film director (b. 1934) Arne Næss, Norwegian philosopher (b. 1912) January 13 – Patrick McGoohan, Irish-American actor (b. 1928) January 14 – Ricardo Montalbán, Mexican-born American film and television actor (b. 1920) January 16 – Andrew Wyeth, American painter (b. 1917) January 20 – Stéphanos II Ghattas, Egyptian Patriarch of Alexandria (b. 1920) January 22 – Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum, 21st Prime Minister of Cambodia (b. 1905) January 24 – Karl Koller, Austrian footballer (b. 1929) January 25 – Mamadou Dia, 1st Prime Minister of Senegal (b. 1910) January 27 John Updike, American writer (b. 1932) R. Venkataraman, 8th President of India (b. 1910) January 30 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer (b. 1932) February February 6 Philip Carey, American actor (b. 1925) James Whitmore, American actor (b. 1921) February 9 – Eluana Englaro, Italian patient in right-to-die case (b. 1970) February 11 – Estelle Bennett, American singer (b. 1941) February 12 – Giacomo Bulgarelli, Italian footballer (b. 1940) February 18 – Kamila Skolimowska, Polish hammer thrower (b. 1982) February 25 – Philip José Farmer, American writer (b. 1918) February 26 – Wendy Richard, English actress (b. 1943) February 27 – Manea Mănescu, 50th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1916) February 28 – Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (b. 1918) March March 2 – João Bernardo Vieira, 2nd President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1939) March 3 – Sydney Chaplin, American actor (b. 1926) March 4 – Horton Foote, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1916) March 5 – Valeri Broshin, Turkish footballer and manager (b. 1962) March 7 – Tullio Pinelli, Italian screenwriter (b. 1908) March 8 – Hank Locklin, American country music singer (b. 1918) March 13 Betsy Blair, American actress (b. 1923) James Purdy, American novelist, poet and playwright (b. 1914) Test, Canadian-American professional wrestler and actor (b. 1975) March 14 Alain Bashung, French singer, songwriter and actor (b. 1947) Edith Lucie Bongo, First Lady of Gabon (b. 1964) March 15 – Ron Silver, American actor and political activist (b. 1946) March 17 – Clodovil Hernandes, Brazilian fashion stylist (b. 1937) March 18 – Natasha Richardson, English actress (b. 1963) March 20 – Abdellatif Filali, 13th Prime Minister of Morocco (b. 1928) March 21 – Mohit Sharma, Indian army officer (b. 1978) March 22 – Jade Goody, British reality TV star (b. 1981) March 25 Yukio Endō, Japanese gymnast (b. 1937) Dan Seals, American country music singer-songwriter (b. 1948) March 28 – Janet Jagan, 6th Prime Minister and 6th President of Guyana (b. 1920) March 29 Andy Hallett, American singer and actor (b. 1975) Maurice Jarre, French composer and conductor (b. 1924) March 31 – Raúl Alfonsín, 49th President of Argentina (b. 1927) April April 12 Marilyn Chambers, American pornographic actress (b. 1952) Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, American social theorist (b. 1950) April 14 – Maurice Druon, French novelist (b. 1918) April 19 – J. G. Ballard, English novelist (b. 1930) April 22 Ken Annakin, English film director (b. 1914) Jack Cardiff, English cinematographer (b. 1914) April 25 – Bea Arthur, American actress and singer (b. 1922) April 26 – Pupuke Robati, 4th Prime Minister of Cook Islands (b. 1925) April 28 Vern Gosdin, American country music singer (b. 1934) Ekaterina Maximova, Russian ballerina (b. 1939) May May 2 Augusto Boal, Brazilian theatre director (b. 1931) Jack Kemp, American politician and football player (b. 1935) May 4 – Dom DeLuise, American actor and comedian (b. 1933) May 9 – Chuck Daly, American basketball coach (b. 1930) May 11 – Abel Goumba, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (b. 1926) May 13 – Achille Compagnoni, Italian mountaineer (b. 1914) May 17 – Mario Benedetti, Uruguayan writer (b. 1920) May 18 Wayne Allwine, American voice actor (b. 1947) Velupillai Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan militant (b. 1954) May 19 – Robert F. Furchgott, American scientist (b. 1916) May 20 – Lucy Gordon, British actress and model (b. 1980) May 23 – Roh Moo-hyun, 16th President of South Korea (b. 1946) May 27 – Clive Granger, British economist (b. 1934) May 29 – Karine Ruby, French snowboarder (b. 1978) May 30 Luís Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1931) Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (b. 1916) Gaafar Nimeiry, 4th President of the Sudan (b. 1930) May 31 Kamala Surayya, Indian poet (b. 1934) Milvina Dean, youngest and last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic (b. 1912) June June 1 Silvio Barbato, Italian-Brazilian opera conductor and composer (b. 1959) Fatma Ceren Necipoğlu, Turkish harpist and university lecturer for piano and harp (b. 1972) Prince Pedro Luiz of Orléans-Braganza, heir to the line of succession in Brazil (b. 1983) June 2 – David Eddings, American author (b. 1931) June 3 David Carradine, American actor (b. 1936) Koko Taylor, American musician (b. 1928) June 6 – Jean Dausset, French Nobel immunologist (b. 1916) June 7 – Hugh Hopper, British guitarist (b. 1945) June 8 – Omar Bongo, 2nd President of Gabon (b. 1935) June 11 – Sumire, Japanese fashion model (b. 1987) June 12 – Félix Malloum, 3rd President of Chad (b. 1932) June 13 – Mitsuharu Misawa, Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1962) June 16 – Peter Arundell, British racing driver (b. 1933) June 17 – Ralf Dahrendorf, German-British social theorist and politician (b. 1929) June 18 Giovanni Arrighi, Italian economist, sociologist and world-systems analyst (b. 1937) Hortensia Bussi, 28th First Lady of Chile (b. 1914) June 20 – Godfrey Rampling, English athlete and army officer (b. 1909) June 23 – Ed McMahon, American actor (b. 1923) June 24 – Olja Ivanjicki, Serbian painter, sculptor, and poet (b. 1931) June 25 Farrah Fawcett, American actress (b. 1947) Michael Jackson, American singer, songwriter and dancer (b. 1958) |
player (b. 1914) Maclyn McCarty, American geneticist (b. 1911) January 3 – Will Eisner, American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur (b. 1917) January 7 – Rosemary Kennedy, American socialite (b. 1918) January 10 – Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1927) January 11 – Jerzy Pawłowski, Polish fencer and spy (b. 1932) January 12 – Amrish Puri, Indian actor (b. 1932) January 15 – Victoria de los Ángeles, Spanish Catalan soprano (b. 1923) January 17 Virginia Mayo, American actress (b. 1920) Zhao Ziyang, 3rd Premier of China (b. 1919) January 19 – Anita Kulcsár, Hungarian handball player (b. 1976) January 20 Parveen Babi, Indian actress and model (b. 1954; probable death date) Per Borten, 14th Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1913) January 23 – Johnny Carson, American television host (b. 1925) January 25 – Philip Johnson, American architect (b. 1906) January 28 – Jacques Villeret, French actor (b. 1951) January 29 – Ephraim Kishon, Israeli author, dramatist, screenwriter, and film director (b. 1924) February 2 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (b. 1905) February 3 Ernst Mayr, German-American biologist (b. 1904) Zurab Zhvania, 4th Prime Minister of Georgia (b. 1963) February 4 – Ossie Davis, American actor, poet, playwright, author and civil rights activist (b. 1917) February 5 – Gnassingbé Eyadéma, 3rd President of Togo (b. 1935) February 7 – Atli Dam, 3-Time Prime Minister of Faroe Islands (b. 1932) February 10 Ben Jones, 7th Prime Minister of Grenada (b. 1924) Arthur Miller, American playwright (b. 1915) February 11 – Mary Jackson, American mathematician and engineer (b. 1921 February 13 – Lúcia Santos, Portuguese nun, visionary (b. 1907) February 14 – Rafic Hariri, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1944) February 16 – Narriman Sadek, last Queen of Egypt (b. 1933) February 17 – Dan O'Herlihy, Irish actor (b. 1919) February 20 Sandra Dee, American actress (b. 1942) Josef Holeček, Czechoslovakian canoeist (b. 1921) Hunter S. Thompson, American journalist (b. 1937) February 21 Zdzisław Beksiński, Polish painter, photographer and sculptor (b. 1929) Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Cuban novelist, essayist, translator, and screenwriter (b. 1929) February 22 – Simone Simon, French actress (b. 1910) February 25 Peter Benenson, British lawyer and founder of Amnesty International (b. 1921) Atef Sedky, 45th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1930) March–April March 3 – Rinus Michels, Dutch football player and national coach (b. 1928) March 6 Hans Bethe, German-American physicist (b. 1906) Teresa Wright, American actress (b. 1918) March 8 – Aslan Maskhadov, Chechen separatist leader, 3rd President of Ichkeria (b. 1951) March 14 – Akira Yoshizawa, Japanese artist (b. 1911) March 15 – Otar Korkia, Georgian professional basketball player and coach (b. 1923) March 17 – George F. Kennan, American diplomat and political advisor (b. 1904) March 19 – John DeLorean, American engineer, inventor, and executive (b. 1925) March 21 – Gemini Ganesan, Indian actor (b. 1919) March 22 Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, Spanish spiritual leader (b. 1946) Kenzō Tange, Japanese architect (b. 1913) March 26 – James Callaghan, 70th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1912) March 29 – Mitch Hedberg, American stand-up comedian (b. 1968) April 2 – Pope John Paul II (b. 1920) April 5 – Saul Bellow, Canadian-American writer (b. 1915) April 6 – Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (b. 1923) April 9 – Andrea Dworkin, American writer (b. 1946) April 11 – Lucien Laurent, French footballer (b. 1907) April 13 – Nikola Ljubičić, Serbian general and politician, 10th President of Serbia (b. 1916) April 19 – Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911) April 21 – Zhang Chunqiao, Chinese political theorist, writer, and politician (b. 1917) April 22 – Eduardo Paolozzi, Scottish sculptor and artist (b. 1924) April 23 – John Mills, English actor (b. 1908) April 24 – Ezer Weizman, 7th President of Israel (b. 1924) April 25 – Andre Gunder Frank, German-American sociologist and historian (b. 1929) April 26 Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan novelist (b. 1917) Maria Schell, Austrian actress (b. 1926) May–June May 2 – Wee Kim Wee, 4th President of Singapore (b. 1915) May 12 – Monica Zetterlund, Swedish singer and actress (b. 1937) May 13 – George Dantzig, American mathematician (b. 1914) May 17 – Frank Gorshin, American actor, impressionist, and comedian (b. 1933) May 20 – Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (b. 1913) May 25 Sunil Dutt, Indian actor, producer, director and politician (b. 1929) Ismail Merchant, Indian film producer (b. 1936) May 26 Eddie Albert, American actor and activist (b. 1906) Sangoulé Lamizana, 2nd President and 2nd Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (b. 1916) June 1 – George Mikan, American basketball player (b. 1924) June 6 Anne Bancroft, American actress (b. 1931) Bolívar Urrutia Parrilla, 21st President of Panama (b. 1918) June 11 – Vasco Gonçalves, 103rd Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1921) June 13 – Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (b. 1913) June 13 – Carlo Maria Giulini, Italian conductor (b. 1914) June 20 – Jack Kilby, American engineer and Nobel laureate (b. 1923) June 21 – Jaime Sin, 30th Archbishop of Manila (b. 1928) July–August July 1 – Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951) July 4 – June Haver, American actress and singer (b. 1926) July 6 Ed McBain, American writer (b. 1926) Claude Simon, Malagasy-French novelist and critic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913) July 11 – Frances Langford, American actress and singer (b. 1913) July 17 Edward Heath, 68th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1916) Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish actress (b. 1913) July 18 – William Westmoreland, American army general (b. 1914) July 20 – James Doohan, Canadian actor, voice actor, author and soldier (b. 1920) July 21 – Long John Baldry, English-Canadian musician and voice actor (b. 1941) July 31 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch politician (b. 1935) August 1 – King Fahd of Saudi Arabia (b. 1921) August 6 – Vizma Belševica, Latvian poet, writer and translator (b. 1931) August 7 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-American news anchor (b. 1938) August 8 – Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress, artist, and children's author (b. 1922) August 9 – Colette Besson, French Olympic athlete (b. 1946) August 13 – David Lange, 32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1942) August 16 – Brother Roger (Roger Schütz), Swiss monastic brother and founder of the Taizé Community (b. 1915) August 19 Faimalaga Luka, 6th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1940) Mo Mowlam, British politician and peace campaigner (b. 1949) August 31 – Joseph Rotblat, Polish-born physicist (b. 1908) September–October September 6 – Eugenia Charles, 3rd Prime Minister of Dominica (b. 1919) September 13 – Hermann Bondi, Austrian mathematician and cosmologist (b. 1919) September 13 – Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia (b. 1916) September 14 – Robert Wise, American film director (b. 1914) September 20 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Holocaust survivor and Nazi hunter (b. 1908) September 25 – Don Adams, American actor, comedian and director (b. 1923) September 29 – Gennady Sarafanov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1942) October 2 Nipsey Russell, American comedian, poet, and dancer (b. 1918) August Wilson, American playwright (b. 1945) October 3 – Ronnie Barker, English actor, comedian and writer (b. 1929) October 4 – Mike Gibbins, Welsh drummer (b. 1949) October 7 – Charles Rocket, American actor and comedian (b. 1949) October 10 – Milton Obote, 2nd President of Uganda (b. 1925) October 17 – Ba Jin, Chinese writer (b. 1904) October 22 – Arman, French-American artist (b. 1928) October 25 – Nirmal Verma, Indian Hindi novelist, activist and translator (b. 1929) October 24 José Azcona del Hoyo, 61st President of Honduras (b. 1926) Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (b. 1913) October 28 – Richard Smalley, American chemist and physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1943) October 31 – Amrita Pritam, Indian novelist, essayist and poet (b. 1919) November–December November 5 John Fowles, English novelist (b. 1926) Link Wray, American rock and roll guitarist (b. 1929) November 7 – Nobuhiko Hasegawa, Japanese table tennis player (b. 1947) November 9 – K. R. Narayanan, 10th President of India (b. 1921) November 11 – Moustapha Akkad, Syrian-American film producer (b. 1930) November 13 – Eddie Guerrero, Mexican-American professional wrestler (b. 1967) November 16 – Henry Taube, Canadian-American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) November 24 – Pat Morita, American actor (b. 1932) November 25 – George Best, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1946) December 2 – Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi, 59th Prime Minister of Iraq (b. 1938) December 6 Devan Nair, 3rd President of Singapore (b. 1923) Paul Halla, Austrian footballer (b. 1931) December 10 Eugene McCarthy, American politician and writer (b. 1916) Richard Pryor, American stand-up comedian, actor, and writer (b. 1940) December 13 – Stanley Williams, American gang leader (b. 1953) December 15 – Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, Italian playwright, screenwriter, director, and author (b. 1921) December 16 – John Spencer, American actor (b. 1946) December 17 – Sverre Stenersen, Norwegian Olympic skier (b. 1926) December 22 – Aurora Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (b. 1915) December 23 – Yao Wenyuan, Chinese politician, member of the Gang of Four (b. 1931) December 25 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (b. 1918) Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, and Yves Chauvin Economics – Robert J. Aumann, and Thomas Schelling Literature – Harold Pinter Peace – Mohamed ElBaradei Physics – Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, and Theodor W. Hänsch Physiology or Medicine – Robin Warren, and Barry Marshall New English words and terms didymo functional calculus glamping locavore microblogging | player and national coach (b. 1928) March 6 Hans Bethe, German-American physicist (b. 1906) Teresa Wright, American actress (b. 1918) March 8 – Aslan Maskhadov, Chechen separatist leader, 3rd President of Ichkeria (b. 1951) March 14 – Akira Yoshizawa, Japanese artist (b. 1911) March 15 – Otar Korkia, Georgian professional basketball player and coach (b. 1923) March 17 – George F. Kennan, American diplomat and political advisor (b. 1904) March 19 – John DeLorean, American engineer, inventor, and executive (b. 1925) March 21 – Gemini Ganesan, Indian actor (b. 1919) March 22 Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, Spanish spiritual leader (b. 1946) Kenzō Tange, Japanese architect (b. 1913) March 26 – James Callaghan, 70th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1912) March 29 – Mitch Hedberg, American stand-up comedian (b. 1968) April 2 – Pope John Paul II (b. 1920) April 5 – Saul Bellow, Canadian-American writer (b. 1915) April 6 – Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (b. 1923) April 9 – Andrea Dworkin, American writer (b. 1946) April 11 – Lucien Laurent, French footballer (b. 1907) April 13 – Nikola Ljubičić, Serbian general and politician, 10th President of Serbia (b. 1916) April 19 – Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911) April 21 – Zhang Chunqiao, Chinese political theorist, writer, and politician (b. 1917) April 22 – Eduardo Paolozzi, Scottish sculptor and artist (b. 1924) April 23 – John Mills, English actor (b. 1908) April 24 – Ezer Weizman, 7th President of Israel (b. 1924) April 25 – Andre Gunder Frank, German-American sociologist and historian (b. 1929) April 26 Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan novelist (b. 1917) Maria Schell, Austrian actress (b. 1926) May–June May 2 – Wee Kim Wee, 4th President of Singapore (b. 1915) May 12 – Monica Zetterlund, Swedish singer and actress (b. 1937) May 13 – George Dantzig, American mathematician (b. 1914) May 17 – Frank Gorshin, American actor, impressionist, and comedian (b. 1933) May 20 – Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (b. 1913) May 25 Sunil Dutt, Indian actor, producer, director and politician (b. 1929) Ismail Merchant, Indian film producer (b. 1936) May 26 Eddie Albert, American actor and activist (b. 1906) Sangoulé Lamizana, 2nd President and 2nd Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (b. 1916) June 1 – George Mikan, American basketball player (b. 1924) June 6 Anne Bancroft, American actress (b. 1931) Bolívar Urrutia Parrilla, 21st President of Panama (b. 1918) June 11 – Vasco Gonçalves, 103rd Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1921) June 13 – Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (b. 1913) June 13 – Carlo Maria Giulini, Italian conductor (b. 1914) June 20 – Jack Kilby, American engineer and Nobel laureate (b. 1923) June 21 – Jaime Sin, 30th Archbishop of Manila (b. 1928) July–August July 1 – Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951) July 4 – June Haver, American actress and singer (b. 1926) July 6 Ed McBain, American writer (b. 1926) Claude Simon, Malagasy-French novelist and critic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913) July 11 – Frances Langford, American actress and singer (b. 1913) July 17 Edward Heath, 68th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1916) Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish actress (b. 1913) July 18 – William Westmoreland, American army general (b. 1914) July 20 – James Doohan, Canadian actor, voice actor, author and soldier (b. 1920) July 21 – Long John Baldry, English-Canadian musician and voice actor (b. 1941) July 31 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch politician (b. 1935) August 1 – King Fahd of Saudi Arabia (b. 1921) August 6 – Vizma Belševica, Latvian poet, writer and translator (b. 1931) August 7 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-American news anchor (b. 1938) August 8 – Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress, artist, and children's author (b. 1922) August 9 – Colette Besson, French Olympic athlete (b. 1946) August 13 – David Lange, 32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1942) August 16 – Brother Roger (Roger Schütz), Swiss monastic brother and founder of the Taizé Community (b. 1915) August 19 Faimalaga Luka, 6th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1940) Mo Mowlam, British politician and peace campaigner (b. 1949) August 31 – Joseph Rotblat, Polish-born physicist (b. 1908) September–October September 6 – Eugenia Charles, 3rd Prime Minister of Dominica (b. 1919) September 13 – Hermann Bondi, Austrian mathematician and cosmologist (b. 1919) September 13 – Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia (b. 1916) September 14 – Robert Wise, American film director (b. 1914) September 20 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Holocaust survivor and Nazi hunter (b. 1908) September 25 – Don Adams, American actor, comedian and director (b. 1923) September 29 – Gennady Sarafanov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1942) October 2 Nipsey Russell, American comedian, poet, and dancer (b. 1918) August Wilson, American playwright (b. 1945) October 3 – Ronnie Barker, English actor, comedian and writer (b. 1929) October 4 – Mike Gibbins, Welsh drummer (b. 1949) October 7 – Charles Rocket, American actor and comedian (b. 1949) October 10 – Milton Obote, 2nd President of Uganda (b. 1925) October 17 – Ba Jin, Chinese writer (b. 1904) October 22 – Arman, French-American artist (b. 1928) October 25 – Nirmal Verma, Indian Hindi novelist, activist and translator (b. 1929) October 24 José Azcona del Hoyo, 61st President of Honduras (b. 1926) Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (b. 1913) October 28 – Richard Smalley, American chemist and physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1943) October 31 – Amrita Pritam, Indian novelist, essayist and poet (b. 1919) November–December November 5 John Fowles, English novelist (b. 1926) Link Wray, American rock and roll guitarist (b. 1929) November 7 – Nobuhiko Hasegawa, Japanese table tennis player (b. 1947) November 9 – K. R. Narayanan, 10th President of India (b. 1921) November 11 – Moustapha Akkad, Syrian-American film producer (b. 1930) November 13 – Eddie Guerrero, Mexican-American professional wrestler (b. 1967) November 16 – Henry Taube, Canadian-American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) November 24 – Pat Morita, American actor (b. 1932) November 25 – George Best, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1946) December 2 – Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi, 59th Prime |
Rhodes, although only Feracle has fallen to their attacks. October 13 (Friday the 13th, at dawn) – All Knights Templar in France are simultaneously arrested by agents of King Philip IV, to be later tortured into "confessing" heresy. November 18 (according to legend) – William Tell shoots an apple off his son's head in Altdorf, Switzerland. Date unknown The Mongol raids on India end. Januli I da Corogna seizes control of Sifnos and becomes its lord. The village of Heerle is proclaimed an independent parish. </onlyinclude> Publications The book Jami' al-Tawarikh "Compendium of Chronicles" but often referred to as The Universal History or History of the World, by Rashid al-Din Hamadani, published in Tabriz, Persia Births date unknown William II, Count of Hainaut Alessandra | Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December January 18 – King Albert I of Germany raises his son Rudolf to the throne, of the Kingdom of Bohemia. July 7 – Edward II becomes King of England. September 5 – Pope Clement V confirms the Knights Hospitaller possession of Rhodes, although only Feracle has fallen to their attacks. October 13 (Friday the 13th, at dawn) – All Knights Templar in France are simultaneously arrested by agents of |
couple is not accepted because of the social gap between them. Births April 3 – Xing Zong, emperor of the Liao dynasty (d. 1055) June 9 – Deokjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1034) July 25 – Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (d. 1058) August 24 – Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress (d. 1039) October 28 – Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056) Cao, empress and regent of Song dynasty China (d. 1079) Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England (d. 1057) Không Lộ, Vietnamese Zen master (approximate date) Minamoto no Tsunenobu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1097) Svein Knutsson, king of Norway (d. 1035) Yan Vyshatich, Kievan nobleman (d. 1106) Deaths April 23 – Æthelred the Unready, king of England May 22 – Jovan Vladimir, Serbian prince (b. 990) September 6 – Fujiwara no Bokushi, great-grandmother of the Emperor of Japan October 18 Ælfric of Hampshire, English nobleman Eadnoth the Younger, bishop of Dorchester in England Ulfcytel Snillingr, English nobleman November 30 – Edmund II "Ironside"), king of England Badis ibn Mansur, Muslim emir of the Zirid dynasty Henry | emperor of Japan. Fujiwara no Michinaga is appointed regent. Japanese poet Koshikibu no Naishi (lady-in-waiting to Dowager Empress Shōshi) and her husband Fujiwara no Kiminari (son of Michinaga) have a son, but the couple is not accepted because of the social gap between them. Births April 3 – Xing Zong, emperor of the Liao dynasty (d. 1055) June 9 – Deokjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1034) July 25 – Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (d. 1058) August 24 – Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress (d. 1039) October 28 – Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056) Cao, empress and regent of Song dynasty China (d. 1079) Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England (d. 1057) Không Lộ, Vietnamese Zen master (approximate date) Minamoto no Tsunenobu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1097) Svein Knutsson, king of Norway (d. 1035) Yan Vyshatich, Kievan nobleman (d. 1106) Deaths April 23 – Æthelred the Unready, king |
"the Black" is made duke of Bavaria by his father, Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V. Pietro Barbolano becomes 28th doge of Venice. Asia A Zubu revolt against the Liao dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute of horses, camels and furs. Births Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (d. 1118) Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria (approximate date) Pope Victor III, born Dauferio, Lombard churchman (approximate date) William Firmatus, Norman hermit and pilgrim (d. 1103) Deaths June 10 – Hugh II, French viscount and archbishop August 28 – Richard II, "the Good", duke of Normandy August 30 – Bononio, Lombard hermit and abbot September 21 – Otto-William, count of Burgundy November 27 – Adalbold II, bishop of Utrecht Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, French queen and regent Frederick II, duke of Upper Lorraine (Lotharingia) Henry V, duke of Bavaria (House of Luxembourg) Hugh IV, lord of Lusignan | Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V. Pietro Barbolano becomes 28th doge of Venice. Asia A Zubu revolt against the Liao dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute of horses, camels and furs. Births Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (d. 1118) Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria (approximate date) Pope Victor III, born Dauferio, Lombard churchman (approximate date) William Firmatus, Norman hermit and pilgrim (d. 1103) Deaths June 10 – Hugh II, French viscount and archbishop August 28 – Richard II, "the Good", duke of Normandy August 30 – Bononio, Lombard hermit and abbot September 21 – Otto-William, count of Burgundy November 27 – Adalbold II, bishop of Utrecht Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, French queen |
Nicholas II dies after a 2-year pontificate at Florence. He is succeeded by Alexander II as the 156th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome. The Speyer Cathedral is consecrated in Speyer (modern Germany). Births Al-Maziri, Zirid imam, jurist and scholar (d. 1141) Al-Tughrai, Persian poet and alchemist (d. 1121) Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia and Calabria (or 1060) William II (the German), count of Burgundy (d. 1125) Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (d. 1113) Deaths January 28 – Spytihněv II, duke of Bohemia (b. 1031) May 5 – Humbert of Moyenmoutier, French cardinal June 28 – Floris I, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie) July 13 – Beatrice I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1037) July 27 – Nicholas II, pope of the Catholic Church Abu Sa'id Gardezi, Persian geographer and historian Adelmann, bishop of Brescia (approximate date) Ali ibn Ridwan, Arab physician and astronomer Burgheard, English nobleman Burkhard I (or Burchardus), German nobleman Conrad III (or Konrad III), German nobleman Henry I (or Heinrich I), German count palatine Rajaraja Narendra, Indian ruler | Sosols (a tribe in Estonia) destroy the Kievan Rus' fortification of Yuryev in Tartu, and carry out a raid on Pskov. Africa Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest. By topic Religion July 27 – Pope Nicholas II dies after a 2-year pontificate at Florence. He is succeeded by Alexander II as the 156th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome. The Speyer Cathedral is consecrated in Speyer (modern Germany). Births Al-Maziri, Zirid imam, jurist and scholar (d. 1141) Al-Tughrai, Persian poet and alchemist (d. 1121) Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia and Calabria (or 1060) William II (the German), count of Burgundy (d. 1125) Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (d. 1113) Deaths January 28 – Spytihněv II, duke of Bohemia (b. 1031) May 5 – Humbert of Moyenmoutier, French cardinal June 28 – Floris I, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie) July 13 – Beatrice I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1037) July 27 – Nicholas II, pope of the Catholic Church Abu Sa'id Gardezi, Persian geographer and historian Adelmann, bishop of Brescia (approximate |
resigns his throne after a 7-year reign and retires into the Monastery of Stoudios. Battle of Kalavrye: The imperial forces of General Alexios Komnenos are victorious over the rebellious army (12,000 men) under Nikephoros Bryennios (the Elder), governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium. Bryennios is captured and later blinded. Philaretos Brachamios abandons his claim to the Byzantine throne, on being appointed governor of Antioch, a foundation of the later Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Europe August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt: Emperor Henry IV defeats the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near Mellrichstadt (modern Germany). October 3 – Grand Prince Iziaslav I dies, and is succeeded by Vsevolod I, who unites the principalities – Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl – in Kievan Rus'. England The White Tower of the Tower of London is begun, under the direction of Gundulf (or Gundulph), bishop of Rochester (approximate date). Africa The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besieges Ceuta. Since the city can receive help from the sea, the siege will last until 1083. China By this year, the iron industry in the Song Dynasty is producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) of iron product per year. By topic Religion July 11 – The Romanesque tympanum of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia (modern Spain) is constructed. Anselm is elected abbot of Bec Abbey, in Normandy. Births March 17 – Abdul Qadir Gilani, Persian preacher (d. 1166) Alexander I (the Fierce), king of Scotland (d. 1124) Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph in Baghdad (d. 1118) Constance | Since the city can receive help from the sea, the siege will last until 1083. China By this year, the iron industry in the Song Dynasty is producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) of iron product per year. By topic Religion July 11 – The Romanesque tympanum of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia (modern Spain) is constructed. Anselm is elected abbot of Bec Abbey, in Normandy. Births March 17 – Abdul Qadir Gilani, Persian preacher (d. 1166) Alexander I (the Fierce), king of Scotland (d. 1124) Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph in Baghdad (d. 1118) Constance of France, princess of Antioch (d. 1125) Ermengol V, count of Urgell (Catalonia) (d. 1102) Fujiwara no Tadazane, Japanese nobleman (d. 1162) Ibn Quzman, Moorish poet and writer (d. 1160) Reishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1144) Deaths February 20 – Herman, bishop of Salisbury May 30 – Gleb Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince August 9 – Peter I, Italian nobleman August 26 – Herluin, founder of Bec Abbey October 3 Boris |
independence after its founder, Ruben I, succeeds in establishing his authority in the mountainous regions of Cilicia. Africa The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, conquers Tangier, Badis and Hunayn. China Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, begins his defensive military campaign against the Tanguts of the Western Xia. He successfully defends the invasion route to Yanzhou (Shaanxi province). By topic Religion June 25 – Wibert of Ravenna is elected as anti-pope Clement III during the pro-imperial Synod of Brixen. Pope Gregory VII is deposed, signed in a decree by Henry IV. King Alfonso VI (the Brave) of León and Castile establishes Latin liturgy in the Catholic Church, in place of the Hispanic Rite. Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, founds the Benedictine abby of Iburg Castle (modern Germany). Births Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (d. 1152) Adolf III, German count of Berg and Hövel (d. 1152) Alberic of Ostia, French cardinal-bishop (d. 1148) Barthélemy de Jur, French bishop (approximate date) Cellach of Armagh (or Celsus), Irish archbishop (d. 1129) Egas Moniz o Aio, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1146) Eilika of Saxony, German noblewoman (d. 1142) Ermesinde of Luxembourg, countess of Namur (d. 1143) Guarinus of Palestrina, Italian cardinal-bishop (d. 1158) Harald Kesja (the Spear), king of Denmark (d. 1135) Helie of Burgundy, countess of Toulouse (d. 1141) Henry I, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date) Honorius Augustodunensis, French theologian (d. 1154) Ibn Tumart, Almoravid political leader (approximate date) Leo I, prince of Cilician Armenia (approximate date) Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (d. 1110) Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (d. 1115) María Rodríguez, countess of Barcelona (d. 1105) Matilda | is deposed, signed in a decree by Henry IV. King Alfonso VI (the Brave) of León and Castile establishes Latin liturgy in the Catholic Church, in place of the Hispanic Rite. Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, founds the Benedictine abby of Iburg Castle (modern Germany). Births Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (d. 1152) Adolf III, German count of Berg and Hövel (d. 1152) Alberic of Ostia, French cardinal-bishop (d. 1148) Barthélemy de Jur, French bishop (approximate date) Cellach of Armagh (or Celsus), Irish archbishop (d. 1129) Egas Moniz o Aio, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1146) Eilika of Saxony, German noblewoman (d. 1142) Ermesinde of Luxembourg, countess of Namur (d. 1143) Guarinus of Palestrina, Italian cardinal-bishop (d. 1158) Harald Kesja (the Spear), king of Denmark (d. 1135) Helie of Burgundy, countess of Toulouse (d. 1141) Henry I, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date) Honorius Augustodunensis, French theologian (d. 1154) Ibn Tumart, Almoravid political leader (approximate date) Leo I, prince of Cilician Armenia (approximate date) Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (d. 1110) Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (d. 1115) María Rodríguez, countess of Barcelona (d. 1105) Matilda of Scotland, queen of England (d. 1118) Piotr Włostowic, Polish nobleman (approximate date) Reginald I (the One-Eyed), count of Bar (d. 1149) Richard Fitz Pons, Norman nobleman (d. 1129) Robert Pullen, English cardinal (approximate date) Rotrou III (the Great), French nobleman (d. 1144) Theresa, Portuguese queen and regent (d. 1130) Wanyan Zonghan, Chinese nobleman (d. 1136) Wulfric of Haselbury, English wonderworker (d. 1154) Deaths January 26 – Amadeus II, count of Savoy (b. 1050) April 17 – Harald III, king of Denmark (b. 1040) May 14 – William Walcher, bishop of Durham July 5 – Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1006) October 15 – Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia Abraham, bishop of St. David's (approximate date) |
and occupies Corfu and Kefalonia with the support of Ragusa and the Dalmatian cities. King Halsten Stenkilsson is killed and his brother Inge the Elder is deposed in Svealand (modern Sweden). Inge is replaced by his brother-in-law Blot-Sweyn. Seljuk Empire The Seljuk Turks under Sultan Malik-Shah I conquer Byzantine Antioch, held by Philaretos Brachamios, an Armenian general, who seize power as a usurper. Asia Sima Guang, Chinese chancellor and historian, completes with a group of scholars the Zizhi Tongjian, a chronicle of the universal history of China. April 21 – King Kyansittha begins his reign as ruler of the Pagan Kingdom in Burma (modern Myanmar). By topic Religion Pope Gregory VII, who is imprisoned by Henry IV in Castel Sant'Angelo, is freed by Robert Guiscard. He restores papal authority in Rome. Bruno of Cologne founds the Carthusian Order which includes both monks and nuns. He builds an hermitage in the French Alps. Building work starts on Worcester Cathedral. Orchestrated by Bishop Wulfstan. Births August 1 – Heonjong, Korean king of Goryeo (d. 1097) Alan I (le Noir), viscount of Rohan (d. 1147) Ali ibn Yusuf, ruler | Alan I (le Noir), viscount of Rohan (d. 1147) Ali ibn Yusuf, ruler of the Almoravids (d. 1143) Bahram-Shah, ruler of the Ghaznavids (d. 1157) Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders (d. 1127) David I, king of Scotland (approximate date) Li Qingzhao, Chinese female poet and writer Rainier, margrave of Montferrat (approximate date) Rechungpa, Tibetan founder of the Kagyu school (d. 1161) Wang, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (d. 1108) Deaths February 16 – Siegfried I, archbishop of Mainz June 28 – Ekkehard of Huysburg, German abbot October 10 – Gilla Pátraic, bishop of Dublin November 20 – Otto II, margrave of Montferrat Aghsartan I, Georgian king of Kakheti and Hereti Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (b. 1057) Halsten Stenkilsson, king of Sweden (approximate date) Herfast |
his brother Eric I (the Good) as ruler of Denmark. England After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships (lying in the River Tyne), Robert Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, is called for by King William II (the Red) to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besieges Bamburgh Castle, Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold. By topic Religion November 18 – The Council of Clermont begins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land. November 27 – Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France. November 28 – Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles), to lead the First Crusade. The Valence Cathedral is consecrated in Valence (approximate date). Births July 4 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Syrian diplomat and poet (d. 1188) December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154) Amadeus III, count of Savoy and Maurienne (d. 1148) Fujiwara no Taishi, Japanese empress (d. 1156) Geoffrey of Monmouth, English historian (d. 1155) Hériman of Tournai, French chronicler (d. | is consecrated in Valence (approximate date). Births July 4 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Syrian diplomat and poet (d. 1188) December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154) Amadeus III, count of Savoy and Maurienne (d. 1148) Fujiwara no Taishi, Japanese empress (d. 1156) Geoffrey of Monmouth, English historian (d. 1155) Hériman of Tournai, French chronicler (d. 1147) Hugh Bigod, English nobleman and advisor (d. 1177) Hugh Candidus, English monk and historian (d. 1160) Kōgyō-Daishi, Japanese Buddhist priest (d. 1143) Robert Fitzharding, English nobleman (d. 1170) Ulvhild Håkansdotter, Swedish queen (d. 1148) Victor IV (Octavian), antipope of Rome (d. 1164) William II, duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1127) William of Malmesbury, English historian (d. 1143) Zishou Miaozong, Chinese Zen master (d. 1170) Deaths January 20 – Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester March 5 – Judith of Flanders, duchess of Bavaria June 18 – Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony June 26 – Robert the Lotharingian, bishop of Hereford July 29 – Ladislaus I, king of Hungary August 18 – Olaf I (Hunger), king of Denmark October 12 – Leopold II, margrave of Austria (b. 1050) November 22 – Donngus Ua hAingliu, Irish bishop Agapetus of Pechersk, Kievan monk and doctor Al-Humaydī, Andalusian scholar and writer (b. 1029) Ali ibn Faramurz, Kakuyid emir of Yazd and Abarkuh Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Abbadid emir of Seville (b. 1040) Gerald of Sauve-Majeure, French Benedictine abbot Godred Crovan, Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin Henry of Laach, |
Byzantine Empire Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army. Levant September 13 – Count Joscelin I and Waleran of Le Puiset are taken prisoner by Turkish forces led by Belek Ghazi near Saruj in northern Syria. Belek offers Joscelin liberty in return for the cession of Edessa. He refuses to accept these terms; Joscelin and Waleran and 60 other Crusaders are taken to the castle at Kharput. Europe August 8 – A Venetian fleet under Doge Domenico Michiel with well over a hundred ships sets sail from Venice, carrying an army of around 15,000 men and siege-material. The fleet departs for Palestine – but the Venetians pause to attack Corfu (this in retaliation for the refusal of John II to renew exclusive trading privileges). For six months, throughout the winter of 1122–23, the Venetians lay siege to the Byzantine island. King Alfonso | Sicily to suppress the Italo-Norman raiders. The same year (related?), the Muslim population of Malta rebels against the Normans. Eurasia Siege of Tbilisi: The Georgians led by King David IV ('the Builder') re-conquer the city of Tbilisi from the Emirate of Tbilisi after a 1-year siege. David makes it his capital and unifies the Georgian State. By topic Religion September 23 – The Concordat of Worms: Emperor Henry V recognizes freedom of election of the clergy and promises to restore all Church property. This bringing an end to the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, known as the Investiture Controversy. In the aftermath, Cappenberg Abbey is founded by Count Gottfried II for the new order of Premonstratensians. Births February 24 – Wanyan Liang, Chinese emperor (d. 1161) date unknown Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England (d. 1204) Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1190) Fujiwara no Kiyoko, Japanese empress consort (d. 1182) Ibn Hubal, Arab physician and scientist (approximate date) Isaac ben Abba Mari, French Jewish rabbi (approximate date) Jayavarman VII, Cambodian ruler of the Khmer Empire (d. 1218) Deaths January 18 – Christina Ingesdotter, Kievan princess March 12 – Giso IV, count of Gudensberg (b. 1070) May 15 – Yejong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (b. 1079) August 9 – Cuno of Praeneste, German cardinal September 9 – Al-Hariri of Basra, Abbasid poet (b. 1054) October 20 – Ralph d'Escures, English archbishop November 8 – Ilghazi, Artukid ruler of Mardin November 28 – Ottokar II, margrave of Styria December 3 – Berthold III, duke of Zähringen December 4 – Henry III, duke of Carinthia date unknown Al-Baghawi, Persian hadith scholar and writer Alberada of Buonalbergo, |
the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1120, and ended on | and ended on December 31, 1129. Significant people |
Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1130, and ended on | The 1130s was a decade of the Julian |
to Egypt while his camp is plundered by the Crusaders. Eustace returns to Jerusalem in triumph, but later dies on June 15. May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at Ascalon and instantly set about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captured. While sailing back to Acre, the Venetians capture a merchant-fleet of ten richly laden vessels. The Pactum Warmundi: A treaty of alliance, is established between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice at Acre. The Venetians receive a street, with a church, baths and a bakery, free of all obligations, in every town of the kingdom. They are also excused of all tolls and taxes. Europe August 29 – King Eystein I (Magnusson) dies during a feast at Hustad after a 20-year reign, leaving his brother Sigurd I (the Crusader) to rule over Norway. Sigurd I performs a Crusade, the Kalmare ledung, to Christianize the Swedish province of Småland. He makes a pact with King Niels of Denmark. England May 9 – A fire in the city of Lincoln nearly destroys the Lincolnshire town; it is memorialized 600 years | common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Levant April 18 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem is captured by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – while preparing to practice falconry near Gargar on the Euphrates. Most of the Crusader army is massacred, and Baldwin is taken to the castle at Kharput. To save the situation the Venetians are asked to help. Doge Domenico Michiel lifts the siege of Corfu (see 1122) and takes his fleet to Acre, arriving at the port in the end of May. May – Baldwin II and Joscelin I are rescued by 50 Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of Harran. May 29 – Battle of Yibneh: A Crusader army led by Eustace Grenier defeats the Fatimid forces (16,000 men) near Ibelin. Despite the numerical superiority, Vizier Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi is forced to withdraw to Egypt while his camp is plundered by the Crusaders. Eustace returns to Jerusalem in triumph, but later dies on June 15. May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at Ascalon and instantly set about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captured. While sailing back to Acre, the Venetians capture a merchant-fleet of ten |
between King Stephen of England and David I of Scotland. July 22 – Pope Innocent II, invading the Kingdom of Sicily, is ambushed at Galluccio and taken prisoner. July 25 By the Treaty of Mignano, Pope Innocent II proclaims Roger II of Sicily as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia and Prince of Capua. Battle of Ourique: The independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León is declared after the Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques. He then becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after calling the first assembly of the Estates-General of Portugal at Lamego, where he is given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragança, to confirm the independence. By topic Education King's School, Pontefract, in England is founded. Religion April – | Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin Dynasty general Wuzhu. Europe January 25 – Godfrey II, Count of Louvain becomes Duke of Brabant. April 8 – Second Council of the Lateran: Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by Pope Innocent II. April 9 – The Treaty of Durham is signed, between King Stephen of England and David I of Scotland. July 22 – Pope Innocent II, invading the Kingdom of Sicily, is ambushed at Galluccio and taken prisoner. |
Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1140, and ended on | the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1140, and |
Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority. The Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min conquers most of Morocco from the Almoravids. By topic Climate A rainy year causes the harvest to fail in Europe; one of the worst famines of the century ensues. Religion March 1 – Eugene III reissues the bull Quantum praedecessores (see 1145), proclaiming the Second Crusade. Births Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi, Arab scholar and jurist (d. 1203) Abu Musa al-Jazuli, Almohad philologian and writer (d. 1211) Fujiwara no Ikushi, Japanese empress and nun (d. 1173) Gerald of Wales, Welsh clergyman and chronicler (d. 1223) Walram I, German nobleman (House of Nassau) (d. 1198) Deaths February 5 – Zafadola, Arab ruler of the Hudid Dynasty February 26 – Geoffrey de Gorham, Norman scholar April 14 – Gertrude of Sulzbach, German queen (b. 1110) June 1 – Ermengarde of Anjou, French duchess and regent August 1 – Vsevolod II, Grand Prince of Kiev (Rurik Dynasty) August 27 – Eric III, king of Denmark (House of Estridsen) September 14 – Imad ad-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of Syria September 15 – Alan (the | will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe March 31 – Bernard of Clairvaux, commissioned by Pope Eugene III, preaches the Second Crusade at Vézelay, in Burgundy. King Louis VII of France and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, take up the cross. In a repeat of the events of 1096, Crusaders attack and massacre Jewish communities along the Rhine. Encouraged by his success Bernard undertakes a tour in Burgundy, Lorraine and Flanders – preaching the Crusade as he went. Władysław II (the Exiled), High Duke of Poland, suffers a defeat against the coalition forces under his brother Bolesław IV (the Curly). Władysław and his family escape across the border to Bohemia and later seek refuge in Germany. Bolesław captures Silesia and the Senioral territories, and becomes the new ruler of Greater Poland. The Republic of Genoa raids the Muslim-held Balearic Islands. The Republic of Pisa protests officially – seeing the islands as rightfully theirs. The Genoese then proceed to lay siege to Almería, in vain. The Republic of Genoa reaches a commercial agreement with Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, granting privileges to merchants of both nations in |
retreat to Nicaea wounded by arrows. In Seljuk territory the Crusaders are harassed all the way and demoralised by the intensified attacks. Many of the weakest people fall behind and are captured by the Muslims. November – The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal road via Pergamon and Smyrna to Ephesus – where they celebrate Christmas. Conrad still suffering from his wounds, sails back to Constantinople to be placed under the care of Manuel's own physicians. Meanwhile, the Crusader camp is attacked by Turkish raiders near Ephesus. December 24 – Battle of Ephesus: The French crusaders under Louis VII leave Ephesus, and ascend the Meander Valley. Louis is warned by messengers of Manuel, that Seljuk and Danishmendid forces are assembling west of Adalia. Louis ignores the advise and successfully fends off an ambush just outside Ephesus. Europe April 13 – Pope Eugene III issues a bull (known as the Divina dispensatione) – permitting Conrad III to attack the Polabian Slavs (or Wends) under the spiritual guidance of Bishop Anselm of Havelberg. The Crusaders are allowed to wear sacred crosses, and Bernard of Clairvaux instructs the Germans how to treat the Slavs under their control. "With God's help", says the abbot, "they shall be either converted or slaughtered". June – The Wendish Crusade: A expedition of Crusaders – composed of Germans, Saxons and Danes – expels the Obotrites from Wagria (Schleswig-Holstein). Two Danish fleets led by King Canute V in alliance with co-ruler Sweyn III, ravage the northern coast. The countryside of Mecklenburg and Pommerania is plundered and depopulated with much bloodshed, especially by German forces under Henry the Lion. A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under George of Antioch attacks Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of Corinth, Athens and Thebes. King Roger II begins an 11-year war between Sicily and the Byzantine Empire. July 17 – King Alfonso VII (the Emperor) leads a campaign at the head of mixed armies of Catalonia, Genoa, Pisa and France. He besieges Almería in southern Al-Andalus (modern Spain), a Genoese fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels, blockade the Almoravid-held port, which is captured after a 2-month siege on October 17. The first known reference to Moscow as a meeting place of Rurikid princes Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich. Levant May–June – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, signs a peace treaty with Mu'in al-Din Unur. As part of the agreement, he marries Mu'in al-Din's daughter Ismat al-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in al-Din and Nur al-Din besiege the fortresses of Bosra and Salkhad, which has been captured by rebellious Muslim forces. Battle of Bosra: A | defeat at the end of October. Louis sends a military escort for Conrad and agrees to rendezvous at Lopardium. The German crusaders under Otto of Freising follow the coastal road before turning inland, up the Gediz River valley to Philadelphia. Otto's force is ambushed by the Seljuk Turks, just outside Laodicea, losing many men killed or taken prisoner. Otto and the survivors struggle on to Adalia from where they sail for the Holy Land. Others, attempt to continue along the southern coast of Anatolia. October 25 – Battle of Dorylaeum: The German crusaders under Conrad III are defeated by the Seljuk Turks led by Sultan Mesud I. Conrad is forced to turn back and is during the retreat to Nicaea wounded by arrows. In Seljuk territory the Crusaders are harassed all the way and demoralised by the intensified attacks. Many of the weakest people fall behind and are captured by the Muslims. November – The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal road via Pergamon and Smyrna to Ephesus – where they celebrate Christmas. Conrad still suffering from his wounds, sails back to Constantinople to be placed under the care of Manuel's own physicians. Meanwhile, the Crusader camp is attacked by Turkish raiders near Ephesus. December 24 – Battle of Ephesus: The French crusaders under Louis VII leave Ephesus, and ascend the Meander Valley. Louis is warned by messengers of Manuel, that Seljuk and Danishmendid forces are assembling west of Adalia. Louis ignores the advise and successfully fends off an ambush just outside Ephesus. Europe April 13 – Pope Eugene III issues a bull (known as the Divina dispensatione) – permitting Conrad III to attack the Polabian Slavs (or Wends) under the spiritual guidance of Bishop Anselm of Havelberg. The Crusaders are allowed to wear sacred crosses, and Bernard of Clairvaux instructs the Germans how to treat the Slavs under their control. "With God's help", says the abbot, "they shall be either converted or slaughtered". June – The Wendish Crusade: A expedition of Crusaders – composed of Germans, Saxons and Danes – expels the Obotrites from Wagria (Schleswig-Holstein). Two Danish fleets led by King Canute V in alliance with co-ruler Sweyn III, ravage the northern coast. The countryside of Mecklenburg and Pommerania is plundered and depopulated with much bloodshed, especially by German forces under Henry the Lion. A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under George of Antioch attacks Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of Corinth, Athens and Thebes. King Roger II begins an 11-year war between Sicily and the Byzantine Empire. July 17 – King Alfonso VII (the Emperor) leads a campaign at the head of mixed armies of Catalonia, Genoa, Pisa and France. He besieges Almería in southern Al-Andalus (modern Spain), a Genoese fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels, blockade the Almoravid-held port, which is captured after a 2-month siege on October 17. The first known reference to Moscow as a meeting place of Rurikid princes Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich. Levant May–June – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, signs a peace treaty with Mu'in al-Din Unur. As part of the agreement, he marries Mu'in al-Din's daughter Ismat al-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in al-Din and Nur al-Din besiege the fortresses of Bosra and Salkhad, which has been captured by rebellious Muslim forces. Battle of Bosra: A Crusader force under King Baldwin III fights an inconclusive battle against Seljuk forces from Damascus led by Mu'in al-Din aided by Nur al-Din's contingents from Aleppo and Mosul. Baldwin retreats to Jerusalem, while the Seljuk Turks attack his rearguard and stragglers underway back to Palestine. Africa Spring – The Almohads under Abd al-Mu'min destroy the Almoravid Empire. They capture Marrakech and kill the last emir, Ishaq ibn Ali. Abd al-Mu'min orders the elimination of 30,000 Almoravids in a purge. The Siculo-Normans take control of Gabes (modern Tunisia). By topic Religion Spring – Eugene III leaves Viterbo and travels to France. At the start of April he meets Louis VII at Dijon. It is agreed that Abbot Suger, Louis' adviser, governs France while Louis is away. Births May 9 – Minamoto no Yoritomo, Japanese shogun (d. 1199) September 30 – Guang Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1200) Abd al-Haqq I, ruler of the Marinid |
Louis VII repudiates his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine and has it annulled on grounds of misconduct and consanguinity – returning her lands and titles. Eleanor re-marries within 6 weeks Henry of Anjou, who had claimed the counties of Anjou and Maine, and the province of Touraine upon the death of his father Geoffrey Plantagenet (the Fair), the previous year. With the addition of Eleanor's lands, he now controls territory stretching unbroken, from Cherbourg to Bayonne. The town of Gorodets, located on the banks of the Volga River, is founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev. England April 6 – King Stephen has his nobles swear fealty to his son Eustace, as the rightful heir of the English throne. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, and other bishops refuse to crown Eustace favouring Henry of Anjou to claim the throne instead. Stephen confiscates their property and Theobald is forced into exile in Flanders. Stephen besieges Newbury Castle and holds the young William as a hostage to ensure that his father, John Marshal, keeps his promise to surrender the castle. When John refuses to comply, Stephen threatened to nave the young boy catapulted over the walls. After this, William remains a crown hostage for many months. Africa The Almohad Caliphate conquers the Maghrib al-Awsat (modern Algeria). The city of Béjaïa becomes one of the main naval bases of the Almohads. Mesoamerica Matlacohuatl becomes ruler of the city-state Azcapotzalco located in the Valley of Mexico (until 1222). By topic Religion Synod of Kells-Mellifont: The present diocesan system of Ireland is established (with later modifications), and the primacy of Armagh is recognized. The Archbishopric of Nidaros in the city of Nidaros (modern-day Trondheim) in Norway is established. Births May 4 – Peter of Aragon, Spanish nobleman (d. 1164) May 10 – Gangjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1213) David of Scotland, Scottish prince (d. 1219) Diego López II, Spanish nobleman (d. 1214) Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II (d. 1212) Han Tuozhou, | Algeria). The city of Béjaïa becomes one of the main naval bases of the Almohads. Mesoamerica Matlacohuatl becomes ruler of the city-state Azcapotzalco located in the Valley of Mexico (until 1222). By topic Religion Synod of Kells-Mellifont: The present diocesan system of Ireland is established (with later modifications), and the primacy of Armagh is recognized. The Archbishopric of Nidaros in the city of Nidaros (modern-day Trondheim) in Norway is established. Births May 4 – Peter of Aragon, Spanish nobleman (d. 1164) May 10 – Gangjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1213) David of Scotland, Scottish prince (d. 1219) Diego López II, Spanish nobleman (d. 1214) Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II (d. 1212) Han Tuozhou, Chinese statesman (d. 1207) Imai Kanehira, Japanese general (d. 1184) James of Avesnes, French nobleman (d. 1191) Maria Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1182) Patrick I, Scottish nobleman (approximate date) Roger IV, duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1161) Roman Mstislavich, Kievan prince (d. 1205) Taira no Tomomori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185) Deaths January 8 – Conrad I, German nobleman (b. 1090) January 18 – Albero de Montreuil, German archbishop February 15 – Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany May 3 – Matilda of Boulogne, queen of England June 12 – Henry of Scotland, Scottish nobleman August 1 – Albrecht I, German bishop of Meissen September 13 – Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud, Seljuk sultan October 12 – Adolf III, count Berg and Hövel (b. 1080) October 14 – Ralph I (or Raoul), French nobleman October 24 – Jocelin of Soissons, French theologian November 13 – William of St. Barbe, Norman bishop Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (b. 1080) Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford Nicholas IV, patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1070) Raymond II (or Raimundus), count of Tripoli Robert of Selby, English governor and chancellor Theobald II (the Great), French nobleman (b. 1090) |
Minus). Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev, founds and fortifies the town of Moscow and erects wooden Kremlin within the settlement (approximate date). December 25 – King Sverker I (the Elder) is murdered on his way to church. He is succeeded by his rival, Eric IX (the Holy), as ruler of Sweden. Africa The independent city-state Sfax revolts against Norman occupation. Almohad forces conquer the city and massacre the Christian citizens. Asia July 28 – The Hōgen rebellion, a dispute between Emperor Go-Shirakawa and his half-brother retired-Emperor Sutoku, erupts in Japan. By topic Art and Science Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of Goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross. Births January 6 – Matilda of England, daughter of Henry II (d. 1189) October 27 – Raymond VI, French nobleman (d. 1222) Abu Said al-Baji, Almohad Sufi scholar (d. 1231) Gaucelm Faidit, French troubadour (d. 1209) Hōjō Masako, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1225) Isaac II (Angelos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1204) Magnus V (Erlingsson), king of Norway (d. 1184) Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (d. 1212) Sayf al-Din al-Amidi, Ayyubid jurist (d. 1233) Deaths January 17 – André de Montbard, French nobleman January 20 – Henry, English bishop and missionary January 31 – Herman van Horne, bishop of Utrecht July 20 – Toba, Japanese emperor (b. 1103) August 4 – Otto IV, German nobleman (b. 1083) August 12 – Blanca of Navarre, queen of Castile November 20 – Henry I, German nobleman (b. 1115) December 2 – William IX, count of Poitiers (b. 1153) December 25 Peter the Venerable, French monk and abbot Sverker I (the Elder), king of Sweden Atsiz, Persian ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire Domenico Morosini, doge of Venice (House of Morosini) Fujiwara no Sadanobu, Japanese calligrapher (b. 1088) Fujiwara no Taishi, Japanese empress (b. 1095) Fujiwara no Yorinaga, Japanese statesman (b. 1120) Gilbert de Gant, English nobleman (b. 1126) Li Qingzhao, | the suzerainty of William I as ruler of Sicily and Italy. September 17 – Frederick I makes the Margraviate of Austria a duchy and gives the Babenberg Dynasty special privileges (the Privilegium Minus). Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev, founds and fortifies the town of Moscow and erects wooden Kremlin within the settlement (approximate date). December 25 – King Sverker I (the Elder) is murdered on his way to church. He is succeeded by his rival, Eric IX (the Holy), as ruler of Sweden. Africa The independent city-state Sfax revolts against Norman occupation. Almohad forces conquer the city and massacre the Christian citizens. Asia July 28 – The Hōgen rebellion, a dispute between Emperor Go-Shirakawa and his half-brother retired-Emperor Sutoku, erupts in Japan. By topic Art and Science Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of Goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross. Births January 6 – Matilda of England, daughter of Henry II (d. 1189) October 27 – Raymond VI, French nobleman (d. 1222) Abu Said al-Baji, Almohad Sufi scholar (d. 1231) |
(MCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe January 5 – Bolesław IV (the Curly), High Duke of Poland, dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his half-brother Mieszko III (the Old), and as duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland by Casimir II (the Just). King Canute I (Knut Eriksson) extends his rule after the death of co-ruler Kol – which includes also Östergötland. He becomes the unopposed sole-ruler of Sweden. Canute is supported by Earl Birger Brosa. Abu Yaqub Yusuf, caliph of the Almohad Caliphate, re-populates the western Andalusian city of Beja. But it is rapidly abandoned, a sign of the quick demographic weakening of the Muslims in the peninsula. England Spring – Henry the Young King withdraws to the French court, marking the beginning of the Revolt of 1173–74, in which former Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her ex-husband King Henry II. October 17 – Battle of Fornham: Rebel forces are defeated while fording the River Lark. Flemish mercenaries are driven into the nearby swamps by the English royalists under Lord Richard de Luci (or Lucy). Egypt Summer – Saladin leads an expeditionary army against the Bedouin tribes in Oultrejordain to secure a route between Egypt and Syria. He raids the region at Kerak Castle. | Leaning Tower of Pisa, begins. Algebraic chess notation is first recorded. Agriculture King Béla III invites Cistercian and Premonstratensian monks to Hungary. They introduce advanced agricultural methods in the realm (approximate date). Religion February 21 – Thomas Becket is canonized by Pope Alexander III. His tomb in Canterbury Cathedral becomes a shrine and a popular pilgrimage destination. Peter Waldo, French spiritual leader, is converted to Christianity and founds the Waldensians. The Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul is completed (approximate date). Births May 21 – Shinran, founder of Shin Buddhism (d. 1263) October 31 – Kujō Ninshi, Japanese empress (d. 1239) December 23 – Louis I, duke of Bavaria (d. 1231) Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi, Arab Sunni scholar (d. 1145) Frederick I, count of Berg-Altena (approximate date) Isabella, countess of Gloucester (approximate date) Kamal al-Din Isfahani, Persian poet and writer (d. 1237) Kolbeinn Tumason, Icelandic chieftain (d. 1208) Llywelyn the Great, king of Gwynedd (d. 1240) Louis IV (the Young), French nobleman (d. 1226) Rostislav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1214) Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (d. 1256) Walter Devereux, Norman nobleman (d. 1197) Deaths January 5 – Bolesław IV (the Curly), duke of Poland February 10 – Muiredach Ua Cobthaig, Irish bishop March 10 – Richard of Saint Victor, Scottish theologian August 9 – Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Saladin August 13 – Nerses IV, Catholicos of Armenia (b. 1102) October 15 – Petronilla, queen of Aragon (b. 1136) November 7 – Uijong, Korean ruler Goryeo (b. 1127) Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish Jewish traveler (b. 1130) Benoît de |
help in his restoration of the Polish throne. But Frederick demands a payment of 10,000 silver. November 1 – The 14-year-old Philip II is crowned at Rheims by Archbishop William of the White Hands. He becomes joint ruler of France, together with his father King Louis VII. King William I (the Lion) establishes two castles at the Beauly Firth and the Cromarty Firth in northern Scotland. On his return, the city of Aberdeen is chartered by Wiliam. England Summer – Richard de Luci (or Lucy), High Sherrif of Essex, resigns his judicial office. He enters Lesnes Abbey (near London) that he founded in Kent, as penance for his part in the events leading to the murder of Thomas Becket (see 1170). Richard dies there on July 14. Africa September 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbor of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese. Asia Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader, confines the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa to his quarters after discovering that he has tried to confiscate the estates of Kiyomori's deceased children. Mesoamerica The Maya city Chichen Itza is sacked and burned by Hunac Ceel, ruler of Mayapan (approximate date). By topic Religion March – Third Council of the Lateran: Alexander III condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics. He institutes a reformation of clerical life and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews. In order to prevent future schisms, the pope must receive ⅔ of the cardinals' votes to be elected. September 17 | 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbor of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese. Asia Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader, confines the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa to his quarters after discovering that he has tried to confiscate the estates of Kiyomori's deceased children. Mesoamerica The Maya city Chichen Itza is sacked and burned by Hunac Ceel, ruler of Mayapan (approximate date). By topic Religion March – Third Council of the Lateran: Alexander III condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics. He institutes a reformation of clerical life and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews. In order to prevent future schisms, the pope must receive ⅔ of the cardinals' votes to be elected. September 17 – Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess and polymath, dies at Rupertsberg. Having founded two monasteries, she has written also theological, botanical, and medicinal texts. Westminster School is founded by Benedictine monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command) in England. The Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism is founded (approximate date). Births April 4 – Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Indian preacher (d. 1266) May 13 – Theobald III, count of Champagne (d. 1201) May 17 – Ogasawara Nagatsune, Japanese warrior (d. 1247) Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1222) Donatus of Ripacandida, Italian monk and saint (d. 1198) John of Ibelin, constable and lord of Beirut (d. 1236) Konoe Iezane, Japanese nobleman and monk (d. 1243) Serapion of Algiers, English priest and martyr (d. 1240) Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian and poet (d. 1241) William IV (Talvas), Norman nobleman (d. 1221) Yaqut al-Hamawi, Arab geographer and writer (d. 1229) Deaths February 25 – Adelelm, English Lord High Treasurer April 22 – Humphrey II, constable and lord of Toron (b. 1117) June 18 – Erling Skakke, Norwegian nobleman (b. 1115) July 14 – Richard de Luci, Norman High Sheriff (b. 1089) July 27 – Mudzaffar Shah I, ruler of the Kedah Sultanate August 9 – Roger of Worcester, English bishop (b. 1118) August 20 – William le Gros (la Gras), English nobleman September 2 – Taira no Shigemori, Japanese nobleman (b. 1138) September 17 – Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess (b. 1098) October 9 – Odo de St. Amand, French Grand Master (b. 1110) October 18 – Jeong Jung-bu, Korean military leader (b. 1106) December 25 – Roger de Bailleul, French |
to Tripoli, but the situation remains unchanged. May 1 – Battle of Cresson: A Muslim reconnaissance force (some 7,000 men) under Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri, defeats a small Crusader army near Nazareth. Only Gerard de Ridefort, commander of the Crusaders, and a handful of knights escape death or capture. The Muslims scattering and killing the Christian foot-soldiers (some 400 men) before pillaging the countryside. June 26 – Saladin regroups his Muslim forces and marches towards the Jordan River. His army numbers around 30,000 men and is divided into three columns. The following day Saladin encamps on the Golan Heights, in a marshy area near Lake Tiberias. Raiding parties are sent across the Jordan to ravage Christian territory between Nazareth, Tiberias, and Mount Tabor. June 30 – Saladin sends a contingent to block Tiberias and challenges the Crusaders by moving his main camp closer to Saffuriya – some 10 km west of Lake Tiberias. On July 1, he sends scouts to monitor an alternative road on his northern flank that connects Saffuriya and Tiberias. The following day he attacks Tiberias with a part of his forces, including siege equipment. July 2–3 – Saladin besieges Tiberias, the defenders, and Countess Eschiva II (wife of Raymond III) retreat to the citadel and sends messengers urging Guy of Lusignan to send help. Meanwhile, Guy and Raymond hold a war council to debate what should be done. Persuaded by Gerard de Ridefort and Raynald of Châtillon, Guy orders to march to the rescue of Tiberias. July 4 – Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats the Crusader army (some 20,000 men) under Guy of Lusignan at the Horns of Hattin. Guy is captured along with many nobles and knights, among them, Raynald of Châtillon. The latter is executed by Saladin himself. The Crusader States have no reserves to defend the castles and fortified settlements against Saladin's forces. July 14 – Conrad of Montferrat, an Italian nobleman, arrives in Tyre which ends the surrender negotiations with Saladin. He finds the remnants of the Crusader army (after the battle of Hattin) and makes the Tyrians swear loyalty to him. Reginald of Sidon and several other nobles give their support, Reginald went to refortify his own castle of Beaufort on the Litani River. Summer – Saladin begins a campaign that paves the way for further Muslim inroads into Christian territory. Al-Adil invades Palestine with the Egyptian army, and captures the strategic castle of Mirabel (Majdal Yaba). By mid-September, Saladin has captured the cities of Acre, Jaffa, Gaza and Ascalon (blockaded by the Egyptian fleet), along with some 50 Crusader castles. September 20–October 2 – Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem, after the Crusaders | Summer – Saladin begins a campaign that paves the way for further Muslim inroads into Christian territory. Al-Adil invades Palestine with the Egyptian army, and captures the strategic castle of Mirabel (Majdal Yaba). By mid-September, Saladin has captured the cities of Acre, Jaffa, Gaza and Ascalon (blockaded by the Egyptian fleet), along with some 50 Crusader castles. September 20–October 2 – Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem, after the Crusaders led by Balian of Ibelin have surrendered the 'Holy City'. The take-over of the city is relatively peaceful; Saladin agrees to let the Muslims and Christians leave the city, taking with them their goods. Balian joins his wife Maria Komnene and family, in the County of Tripoli. Europe Summer – Pillage of Sigtuna: A fleet of Karelians enters Lake Malar and ravages the coast. The marauders burn Sigtuna and kill Archbishop Johannes at Almarestäket in Sweden.<ref>Enn Tarvel (2007). [http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf Sigtuna hukkumine.] Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41</ref> Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa. Pope Gregory VIII reconciles the differences between the states so that both may be used to expedite shipments to the Holy Land. England November – Richard of Poitou, son of King Henry II, take the Cross to help capture Jerusalem from the Muslims. He empties his coffers for the mission and makes a deal with King William the Lion of Scotland, giving him full feudal autonomy in return for cash. Africa Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur reconquer the city of Gabès (modern Tunisia) from the Almoravid pretender, Ali Banu Ghaniya. Asia November 9 – Retired-Emperor Gao Zong dies at the age of 80, having abdicated 58 years ago (see 1129) after a reign in which he reestablished the Southern Song Dynasty (until 1279). By topic Economy Orio Mastropiero, doge of Venice, secure loans from the Venetian nobility to finance the siege of Zadar. Pledging the income from the Salt Office becomes a staple of the city's finance. Religion October 20 – Pope Urban III dies after a 2½-year pontificate at Ferrara. He is succeeded by Gregory VIII as the 173rd pope of the Catholic Church. October – Josias, archbishop of Tyre, arrives in Rome and informs the Papal Court of the disaster of the Christian slaughter at Hattin by Saladin. October 29 – Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi'', proposing the Third Crusade and negotiates with Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa). December 17 – Gregory VIII dies after holding the papacy for only 57 days. He is |
leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe January 22 – King Ferdinand II dies after returning from a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. He is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Alfonso IX, who becomes ruler of León and Galicia. He convenes at the Basilica of San Isidoro the Cortes of León, with representatives of the nobility, clergy and towns. These Corteses are considered to be the first parliament in Europe. Spring – King Henry II and Philip II (Augustus) meet at Le Mans, with Archbishop Josias (or Joscius) in attendance. Both kings agree to peace terms, and to contribute to a joint Crusade. It is decided to raise a new tax to pay for the expedition. This tax, known as the Saladin Tithe, is imposed on the people of England and France to raise funds for the Third Crusade. March 27 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) holds a Diet at Mainz and takes the Cross, followed by his 21-year-old son, Frederick IV, and other German nobles. He sends a delegation to present an ultimatum to Saladin in Syria on May 26. With demands to withdraw his Muslim forces from Palestina and to return the True Cross to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. November – Richard of Poitou, son of Henry II, allies himself with Philip II and pays him homage. He promises to concede his rights to both Normandy and Anjou. Henry is overpowered by Richard's supporters, who chase him from Le Mans to Angers. They force him to accept peace by conceding to all demands, including the recognition of Richard as his successor. The Cutting of the Elm: A meeting of Henry II and Philip II in the field at Gisors, in Normandy. It marks the Franco-Norman peace negotiations, following the Fall of Jerusalem (see 1187). Levant Spring – Siege of Tyre: Muslim forces under Saladin withdraw from Tyre after a 1½-month siege. For the Crusaders the | Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. May – Saladin besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers, in Syria. Seeing that the castle is too well defended, he decides instead to march on the Castle of Margat, which he also failed to capture. July – Saladin marches through the Buqaia, and occupies Jabala and Lattakieh. From Lattakieh he turns inland and takes after a few days of fierce fighting Sahyun Castle (called Castle of Saladin) on July 29. September 4 – King Guy of Lusignan is released by Saladin after Ascalon is forced to surrender. Guy and his wife, Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem, seek refuge in Tyre, which is defended by Conrad of Montferrat. England Spring – Henry II institutes legal reforms that give the Crown more control over the administration of justice. He orders Newgate Prison be built in London. Archdeacon Giraldus Cambrensis and Archbishop Baldwin of Forde travel through Wales, attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade. Births March 4 – Blanche of Castile, queen and regent of France (d. 1252) March 24 – Ferdinand (or Ferrand), count of Flanders (d. 1233) November 26 – Yuri II of Vladimir, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1238) Albert IV (the Wise), German nobleman and knight (d. 1239) Matilda I, countess of Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre (d. 1257) Si Inthrathit, Thai founder of the Sukhothai Kingdom (d. 1270) Deaths January 22 – Ferdinand II, king of León and Galicia (b. 1137) January 26 – Eysteinn Erlendsson, Norwegian archbishop October 11 – Robert I (the Great), count of Dreux (b. 1123) November 4 – Theobald of Ostia, French abbot and bishop November 17 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Syrian poet (b. 1095) December 14 – Berthold I, margrave of Istria and Carniola December |
rescue mission to free his mother, and with a mercenary army defeats the Breton-Lusignan forces. Arthur is captured by William de Braose and is handed over to John who imprisoned him in the Château de Falaise in Normandy. Many other important knights are captured and shipped to England (where John treated them badly and keeps them as prisoners in dungeons). July 27 – Battle of Basian: Seljuk forces (some 150,000 men) under Suleiman II of Rûm advance toward the Georgian border and are met by a 65,000-strong army led by King David Soslan, husband of Queen Tamar of Georgia at Basian. The Georgians assail the enemy's camp and in a pitched battle, the Seljuk forces are overwhelmed and defeated. The loss of the sultan's banner (while Suleiman himself is wounded), results in panic within the Seljuk ranks. The victory at Basian secures the Georgian preeminence in the region. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword is founded by Bishop Albert of Riga, this to support the Livonian Crusade against the inhabitants in Medieval Livonia. Danish forces make a Crusade to Finland, which is led by Anders Sunesen, archbishop of Lund, and his brother. The Almohad fleet expels the Banu Ghaniya from the Balearic Islands. Middle East May 20 – An earthquake shakes the Levant from Egypt to northern Iraq, causing severe damage in Palestine, Lebanon and western Syria, including the fortifications of the Crusader cities of Acre, Jaffa and Tyre. By topic Literature Leonardo Fibonacci writes Liber Abaci, about the modus Indorum, the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, including the use of zero; it is the first major work in Europe to move away from the use of Roman numerals. Religion Spring – Pope Innocent III reasserts his right to evaluate and crown the Holy Roman Emperor, in a letter to Berthold V, duke of Zähringen. Rueda Abbey is founded by Cistercians at Sástago, in the Kingdom of Aragon (modern Spain). Births Alfonso of Molina, prince of León and Castile (d. 1272) Boniface II (the Giant), king of Thessalonica (d. 1253) Enni, Japanese Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1280) Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen, queen of Bohemia (d. 1248) Margaret of Constantinople, countess of Flanders (d. 1280) Matilda II of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1259) Mōri Suemitsu, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1247) Qin Jiushao, Chinese mathematician and writer (d. 1261) Shi Tianze, Chinese general and prime minister (d. 1275) Deaths January 9 – Birger Brosa, Swedish nobleman and knight January 12 – Fujiwara no Tashi, Japanese empress (b. 1140) March 9 – Sverre Sigurdsson (or Sverrir), king of Norway March | is captured by William de Braose and is handed over to John who imprisoned him in the Château de Falaise in Normandy. Many other important knights are captured and shipped to England (where John treated them badly and keeps them as prisoners in dungeons). July 27 – Battle of Basian: Seljuk forces (some 150,000 men) under Suleiman II of Rûm advance toward the Georgian border and are met by a 65,000-strong army led by King David Soslan, husband of Queen Tamar of Georgia at Basian. The Georgians assail the enemy's camp and in a pitched battle, the Seljuk forces are overwhelmed and defeated. The loss of the sultan's banner (while Suleiman himself is wounded), results in panic within the Seljuk ranks. The victory at Basian secures the Georgian preeminence in the region. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword is founded by Bishop Albert of Riga, this to support the Livonian Crusade against the inhabitants in Medieval Livonia. Danish forces make a Crusade to Finland, which is led by Anders Sunesen, archbishop of Lund, and his brother. The Almohad fleet expels the Banu Ghaniya from the Balearic Islands. Middle East May 20 – An earthquake shakes the Levant from Egypt to northern Iraq, causing severe damage in Palestine, Lebanon and western Syria, including the fortifications of the Crusader cities of Acre, Jaffa and Tyre. By topic Literature Leonardo Fibonacci writes Liber Abaci, about the modus Indorum, the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, including the use of zero; it is the first major work in Europe to move away from the use of Roman numerals. Religion Spring – Pope Innocent III reasserts his right to evaluate and crown the Holy Roman Emperor, in a letter to Berthold V, duke of Zähringen. Rueda Abbey is founded by Cistercians at Sástago, in the Kingdom of Aragon (modern Spain). Births Alfonso of Molina, prince of León and Castile (d. 1272) Boniface II (the Giant), king of Thessalonica (d. 1253) Enni, Japanese Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1280) Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen, queen of Bohemia (d. 1248) Margaret of Constantinople, countess of |
Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating an imperial army. The Mongols besiege the capital Zhongxing – which holds a well-fortified garrison of some 70,000 men (hastily reinforced with another 50,000). Genghis lacks the proper equipment and experience to take the city. In October, an attempt to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River is disastrous and floods the Mongol camp, forcing the Mongols to withdraw. Tamar the Great, queen of Georgia, raids Eastern Anatolia and seizes Kars. She leads a liberational war in southern Armenia. By topic Education In England an exodus of scholars from Oxford leads to the foundation of Cambridge University (approximate date). Markets King Philip II (Augustus) grants a "conduit" to merchants, going to the Champagne fairs (a trade fair organized in different towns of the County of Champagne), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered as a crime of lèse-majesté (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs, to merchants from Italy and the Low Countries. In Tuscany the banking firm known as the Gran Tavola (Great Table) is formed; most of the partners are members of the Bonsignori family. Religion February 24 – The Franciscan Order is founded by the Italian priest Francis of Assisi. He and 11 of his followers journey to Rome where he receives approval of his rule from Pope Innocent III. Franciscan friars can not own any possessions of any kind. They wander and preach among the people, helping the poor and the sick. They support themselves by working and by begging for food, but they are forbidden to accept money either for work or as alms. The Franciscans work at first in Umbria and then in the rest of Italy. The impact of these street preachers and especially of their founder is immense, so that within 10 years they number some 5,000 followers. October 21 – Innocent III crowns Otto IV as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in the St. Peter's Basilica at Rome. Births January 5 – Richard of Cornwall, English nobleman (d. 1272) January 11 – Möngke Khan, Mongol emperor (khagan) (d. 1259) June 25 – Fujiwara no Shunshi, Japanese empress (d. 1233) September 8 – Sancho II (the Pious), king of Portugal (d. 1248) December 7 – Vasilko Konstantinovich, Kievan prince (d. 1238) Bettisia Gozzadini, Italian female scholar and jurist (d. 1261) Choe Hang, Korean general and dictator (d. 1257) Gilbert of Preston, English Chief Justice (d. 1274) Haji Bektash Veli, Persian philosopher (d. 1271) Kuniko (or Hoshi), Japanese empress (d. 1283) Roger Bigod, English nobleman and knight (d. 1270) Shang Ting, Chinese calligrapher and poet (d. 1288) Valdemar III (the Young), king of Denmark (d. 1231) Walter Marshal, English nobleman and knight (d. 1245) Xu Heng, Chinese official and philosopher (d. 1281) Deaths January 10 – William of Donjeon, French archbishop (b. 1140) January 13 – Matilda of Saxony, German noblewoman (b. 1172) March 7 – Otto VIII, count palatine of Bavaria (approximate date) April 2 – Elisabeth of Greater Poland, Polish princess (b. 1152) May 16 – Ji Gong (or Daoji), Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1130) September 12 – Fujiwara no Kinshi, Japanese empress (b. 1134) November 10 – Raymond Roger, French nobleman (b. 1185) November | also acquires an exemption of her merchants from all tariffs, and the right to establish "a church, a market and a court" in every city of Achaea. July 22 – Massacre at Béziers: The Crusader army, led by Simon de Monfort, arrives in the Languedoc area, and makes camp at Béziers, to start a siege. The citizens, believing that their city walls are impregnable, harass the Crusaders, by sending a group of soldiers (supported by armed civilians) to launch a sortie against the enemy camp. When they are forced to retreat, the Crusaders storm the walls (who are not properly manned), and enter the gate, sacking and killing some 20,000 Cathars and Catholics alike. August 15 – Simon de Montfort takes Carcassonne, after negotiating the city's surrender with Raymond Roger (or Raimond), viscount of Béziers and Albi. He is imprisoned and dies in mysterious circumstances 3 months later in his own dungeon. The Cathars are allowed to leave and expelled with nothing more than their clothes. England November – King John (Lackland) is ex-communicated by Pope Innocent III. Despite the ex-communication, John will continue to make amends to the Church – including giving alms to the poor whenever he defiles a holy day by hunting during it. He feeds 100 paupers to make up for when he "went into the woods on the feast of St. Mary Magdalen", and three years from now, he will feast 450 paupers "because the king went to take cranes, and he took nine, for each of which he feasted fifty paupers." Black Monday, Dublin: A group of 500 recently arrived settlers from Bristol are massacred by warriors of the Irish O'Byrne clan. The group (accompanied by women and children) leaves the safety of the walled city of Dublin to celebrate Easter Monday near a wood at Ranelagh, and are attacked without warning. Although a relatively obscure event in history, it is commemorated by a mustering of the Mayor, Sheriffs, and soldiers on the day, as a challenge to the native tribes for centuries afterwards. London Bridge is completed by a stone-arched structure. |
Pope Innocent III against the Barons, takes the oath to go on Crusade. By doing so, Innocent declares John to be his vassal and claims ownership of the whole kingdom (with political protection under church law). On April 1, Innocent sends a letter to the Barons, asking them to halt their actions against John. May 5 – Robert Fitzwalter is elected by the Barons as their general, with the title of "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church". He solemnly renounces his homage to John (Lackland) and begins to siege Northampton Castle. While this failed, Robert consolidates his forces. He turns to Prince Louis of France, son and heir apparent of King Philip II (Augustus) for support. May 17 – The gates to London are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of Jews are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of John (Lackland) to join them, and repair the walls. The Tower of London, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall in the hands of the rebels. June 15 – A large number of barons, led by Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, meet John (Lackland) on an island in the Thames at Runnymede. They force John to sign Magna Carta, a document that grants liberties to the "free men" – the Barons, the church and the towns. He is subjected to the rule of law, by confirming the status of trial by jury, on June 19. August – John (Lackland) rejects the Magna Carta and writes to Innocent III – asking him to cancel the charter on grounds that he signed it against his will. At the same time, John continues to build up his mercenary army. September 13 – John (Lackland) seeks help from | subjected to the rule of law, by confirming the status of trial by jury, on June 19. August – John (Lackland) rejects the Magna Carta and writes to Innocent III – asking him to cancel the charter on grounds that he signed it against his will. At the same time, John continues to build up his mercenary army. September 13 – John (Lackland) seeks help from Innocent III in his fight against the Barons. In a letter, written while staying at Dover Castle, he states that the defense of England is the responsibility of God and the Pope. October – The Barons offer the English crown to Louis of France and invite him to England. John (Lackland) confiscates the Barons' land and besieges Rochester Castle, the garrison is starved out and surrenders to him. December – First Barons' War: John (Lackland) campaigns successfully in the Midlands and captures Nottingham Castle, on December 24. King Alexander II of Scotland joins the Barons and invades Northern England. Europe January 8 – Simon de Montfort (the Elder) is elected lord of Languedoc in a council at Montpellier (Southern France), after his campaign against the Cathar heretics during the Albigensian Crusade. The Crusaders capture Castelnaud Castle and enter Toulouse (the town pays an indemnity of 30,000 marks), and is gifted to Montfort. Summer – Emperor Otto IV is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The German nobles, supported by Innocent III, again elect the 20-year-old Frederick II as King of the Romans who is crowned in Aachen, on July 25. The same |
1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar | The 1180s was a decade of the |
of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1190, | a decade of the Julian Calendar which began |
Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, | of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, and |
the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December January 8 – The forces of Francesco Grimaldi storm the castle of Monaco (the House of Grimaldi will remain rulers of the principality into the 21st Century). May 3 – Near Rome, Stefano Colonna captures the treasure sent by the Caetani family to the Pope. July 11 – King Louis IX of France is canonized. August 28 – Edward I of England unsuccessfully invades Flanders. September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: The Scottish armies of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat the English. September 12 – King Denis of Portugal and King Ferdinand IV of Castile sign the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently (with the exception of São Félix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, | of Francesco Grimaldi storm the castle of Monaco (the House of Grimaldi will remain rulers of the principality into the 21st Century). May 3 – Near Rome, Stefano Colonna captures the treasure sent by the Caetani family to the Pope. July 11 – King Louis IX of France is canonized. August 28 – Edward I of England unsuccessfully invades Flanders. September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: The Scottish armies of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat the English. September 12 – King Denis of Portugal and King Ferdinand IV of Castile sign the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently (with the exception of São Félix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, lost in 1801). Date unknown As part of the Treaty of Anagni, the king of Aragon is recognized as ruler of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica by the Pope, but both islands remain in practice under Pisan and Genoese control. A Portuguese Water Dog is first described in a monk’s report of a drowning sailor, who had been pulled from the sea by a dog. Sanremo is sold to the Doria and De Mari Families. Births March 25 Arnošt of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (d. 1364) Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1341) |
by William I, Count of Holland, making it the oldest city in present-day Netherlands. Polish forces under Konrad I drives out the heathen Prussians, from the Masovian territory of Chełmno Land. Levant Summer – Raymond-Roupen, prince of Antioch, invades Armenian Cilicia, together with his mother, Alice, and establishes himself at Tarsus. There he waits for help from the Knights Hospitaller. Constantine of Baberon, a powerful Armenian nobleman and regent for Queen Isabella, marches with his forces to the Tarsus stronghold. By topic Religion Gothic architecture becomes increasingly popular in Europe: The rebuilding of Cathedral of Chartres, which had been destroyed by a fire in 1194, is completed. Early part of Toulouse Cathedral is completed. The rebuilding of Amiens Cathedral begins. The rebuilding of Oxford Cathedral begins. The building of Salisbury Cathedral begins. The rebuilding of York Minster begins. Education In France the medical school of University of Montpellier is granted its first statutes by the German cardinal-bishop Conrad of Urach. Births March 7 – Giacomo Bianconi, Italian priest (d. 1301) April 1 – Go-Saga, Japanese emperor (d. 1272) April 16 – Ambrose of Sienna, Italian missionary (d. 1286) November 11 – Alphonse II, count of Poitiers (d. 1271) Adolf VII, German nobleman and knight (d. 1259) Bertold of Regensburg, German preacher (d. 1272) Bonagiunta Orbicciani, Italian judge and poet (d. 1290) Brunetto Latini, Italian notary and philosopher (d. 1294) Campanus of Novara, Italian astronomer (d. 1296) Elisenda de Sant Climent, Catalan slave (d. 1275) Frederick III, burgrave of Nuremberg (d. 1297) Gerard of Abbeville, French theologian (d. 1272) Guido Guerra V, Italian knight and politician (d. 1272) Hillel ben Samuel, Italian philosopher (d. 1295) Hugh III, French nobleman and knight (d. 1266) James Audley, English chief governor (d. 1272) Joan, French noblewoman and co-ruler (d. 1271) Joan of Dammartin, French noblewoman (d. 1279) Margaret of Bar, countess of Luxembourg (d. 1275) Mieszko II (the Fat), duke of Kalisz-Wieluń (d. 1246) Mohammad Rohani, Afghan religious leader (d. 1305) Robert de Vere, English nobleman and knight (d. 1296) Roger Bacon, English philosopher and writer (d. 1292) Tanhum of Jerusalem, Israeli lexicographer (d. 1291) Ugolino della Gherardesca, Italian nobleman (d. 1289) Walram II, German nobleman and knight (d. 1276) Walter Branscombe, bishop of Exeter (d. 1280) Deaths January 23 – Bogislaw II, duke of Pomerania (b. 1177) February 17 – Theobald I, German nobleman (b. 1191) February 25 – Albert II, margrave of Brandenburg (b. 1177) March 11 – Isabel de Clare, English noblewoman (b. 1172) April 15 – Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne (b. 1157) May 5 – Angelus of Jerusalem, Israeli priest (b.1185) May 8 – Richeza of Denmark, queen of Sweden (b. 1180) June 1 – Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (b. 1176) August 8 – Charles the Deaf, Swedish nobleman November 2 – Radulf II, Scottish monk and abbot November 3 Adelaide II, German noblewoman and abbess Urraca of Castile, queen of Portugal (b. 1186) Agnes of France (or Anna), Byzantine empress (b. 1171) Alys of France (or Alice), daughter of Louis VII (b. 1160) Attar of Nishapur, Persian poet and theoretician (b. 1145) Hugues IV de Berzé, French knight and poet (b. 1155) Ibn al-Tuwayr, Egyptian official and historian (b. 1130) Jean de Gisors, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1133) Michael Choniates, Byzantine cleric and writer (b. 1140) Muhammad II, Khwarezmid viceroy and ruler (b. 1169) Philip of Oldcoates, English nobleman and official Ralph of Saint Omer (or Tiberias), prince of Galilee Robert de Berkeley, English nobleman and knight Robert of Burgate, English landowner and knight Stephanie of Armenia (or Rita), Armenian princess Veera Ballala II, Indian ruler of | including new curtain walls, an improved water-filled ditch, and a water gate, so that he can enter the castle directly from the Thames. May 17 – The 12-year-old Henry III is crowned at Westminster Abbey. He is reminded of his duties as king to maintain peace, defend the rights of the English crown, and the barons swear an oath of fealty. Llywelyn the Great, Welsh prince of Gwynedd, begins raiding Pembrokeshire to retake land that he accuses William Marshal (the Younger) of stealing. This also includes Wiston Castle. Europe April 26 – King Frederick II gives rights of independence to the German bishops (the Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis) in an attempt to secure the election of his 9-year-old son, Henry VII as King of Germany. August 8 – Battle of Lihula: Estonian forces encircle the Lihula stronghold, occupied by an invading Swedish Crusader army. The Swedish troops along with Charles the Deaf try to make their way out, but they are killed. November 22 – Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome by Pope Honorius III. He makes Sicily an absolute monarchy and adopts Palermo as its principal seat. Dordrecht is granted city rights by William I, Count of Holland, making it the oldest city in present-day Netherlands. Polish forces under Konrad I drives out the heathen Prussians, from the Masovian territory of Chełmno Land. Levant Summer – Raymond-Roupen, prince of Antioch, invades Armenian Cilicia, together with his mother, Alice, and establishes himself at Tarsus. There he waits for help from the Knights Hospitaller. Constantine of Baberon, a powerful Armenian nobleman and regent for Queen Isabella, marches with his forces to the Tarsus stronghold. By topic Religion Gothic architecture becomes increasingly popular in Europe: The rebuilding of Cathedral of Chartres, which had been destroyed by a fire in 1194, is completed. Early part of Toulouse Cathedral is completed. The rebuilding of Amiens Cathedral begins. The rebuilding of Oxford Cathedral begins. The building of Salisbury Cathedral begins. The rebuilding of York Minster begins. Education In France the medical school of University of Montpellier is granted its first statutes by the German cardinal-bishop Conrad of Urach. Births March 7 – Giacomo Bianconi, Italian priest (d. 1301) April 1 – Go-Saga, Japanese emperor (d. 1272) April 16 – Ambrose of Sienna, Italian missionary (d. 1286) November 11 – Alphonse II, count of Poitiers (d. 1271) Adolf VII, German nobleman and knight (d. 1259) Bertold of Regensburg, German preacher (d. 1272) Bonagiunta Orbicciani, Italian judge and poet (d. 1290) Brunetto Latini, Italian notary and philosopher (d. 1294) Campanus of Novara, Italian astronomer (d. 1296) Elisenda de Sant Climent, Catalan slave (d. 1275) Frederick III, burgrave of Nuremberg (d. 1297) Gerard of Abbeville, French theologian (d. 1272) Guido Guerra V, Italian knight and politician (d. 1272) Hillel ben Samuel, Italian philosopher (d. 1295) Hugh III, French nobleman and knight (d. 1266) James Audley, English chief governor (d. 1272) Joan, French noblewoman and co-ruler (d. 1271) Joan of Dammartin, French noblewoman (d. 1279) Margaret of Bar, countess of Luxembourg (d. 1275) Mieszko II (the Fat), duke of Kalisz-Wieluń (d. 1246) Mohammad Rohani, Afghan religious leader (d. 1305) Robert de Vere, English nobleman and knight (d. 1296) Roger Bacon, English philosopher and writer (d. 1292) Tanhum of Jerusalem, Israeli lexicographer (d. 1291) Ugolino della Gherardesca, Italian nobleman (d. 1289) Walram II, German nobleman and knight (d. 1276) Walter Branscombe, bishop of Exeter (d. 1280) Deaths January 23 – Bogislaw II, duke of Pomerania (b. 1177) February 17 – Theobald I, German nobleman (b. 1191) February 25 – Albert II, margrave of Brandenburg (b. 1177) March 11 – Isabel de Clare, English noblewoman (b. 1172) April 15 – Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne (b. 1157) May 5 – Angelus of Jerusalem, Israeli priest (b.1185) May 8 – Richeza |
continuing to pursue the Mongols deeper into the steppes. By the end of May, the allied forces reach the banks of the Kalka River. The Polovtsian vanguard is way ahead of the rest of the Russian army, which gives them a triumphant feeling. Meanwhile, Subutai and Jebe set up a trap against the Russian forces. May 31 – Battle of the Kalka River: The Russian cavalry attacks successful the Mongol vanguard, and crosses the Kalka River. The Polovtsian and Volhynian cavalry led by Daniel of Galicia forms the Russian vanguard. Meanwhile, the army of Kiev waits on the western side of the Kalka River. The Russians fail to co-ordinate their attacks, they advance in separate formations and become divided by the Kalka River. In the afternoon, the Russian army collapses under continuous Mongol attacks. June – Mstislav Mstislavich escapes with the remnants of his Galician army back to the Dnieper River. Mstislav Romanovich (the Old) surrenders and is executed. According to sources, he and other Russian nobles are slowly suffocated to death during a Mongol 'drunken feast', they are tied up and laid flat on the ground beneath what is described as a wooden 'bridge' (or platform), on which Subutai, Jebe and their officers feast. This in revenge for killing the Mongol ambassadors. Battle of Samara Bend: A Volga-Bulgarian army under Ghabdula Chelbir defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of Sarai (future capital of the Golden Horde), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea. Autumn – Mongol forces under Jochi, Subutai and Jebe attack and defeat the Qangl Turks (eastern Kipchaks or Wild Polovtsians), killing their ruler. During the winter, they continue eastwards across the Great Steppe. Jebe (possibly poisoned) suddenly dies of a fever near the Imil River. Europe Livonian Crusade: The Estonians revolt against the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and Denmark, and for a brief period reconquer all of their strongholds except for Tallinn. January 29 – Battle of Viljandi: The Sakalians attack the Germans inside the stronghold of Viljandi Castle. The Estonian forces kill Sword Brothers and many merchants. March 25 – King Afonso II (the Fat) dies after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Sancho II (the Pious), who becomes sole ruler of Portugal. July 14 – King Philip II (Augustus) dies of a fever while traveling to Paris. He is succeeded by his son, Louis VIII (the Lion), who is crowned ruler of France. Asia Spring – The Mongol army led by Muqali (or Mukhali) strikes into Shaanxi Province, attacking Chang'an while Genghis khan is invading the Khwarazmian Empire. The garrison (some 200,000 men) in Chang'an is too strong and Muqali is forced to pillage Feng County. During the campaign, Muqali becomes seriously ill and dies, while his forces are consolidating their position on both sides of the Yellow River. By topic Religion November 29 – Pope Honorius III approves the Franciscan Rule (also called "Regula Bullata"). The rule set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order for Franciscan friars. Births January 25 – Maud de Lacy, English noblewoman (d. 1289) Baibars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277) Eleanor of Provence, queen of England (d. 1291) Frederick of Castile, Spanish nobleman (d. 1277) Guido I da Montefeltro, Italian nobleman (d. 1298) Hugh le Despencer, English nobleman (d. 1265) Ibn Abd al-Zahir, Egyptian historian (d. 1293) Ichijō Sanetsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1284) John Fitzalan II, English nobleman (d. 1267) Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales (d. 1282) Michael VIII (Palaiologos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1282) Mugai Nyodai, Japanese Zen Master (d. 1298) Stefan Uroš I (the Great), king of Serbia (d. 1277) Deaths March 8 – Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków (b. 1150) March 25 – Afonso II (the Fat), king of Portugal (b. 1185) May 31 – Mstislav Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince (b. 1168) June 4 – Hugh of Beaulieu, English abbot and bishop July 7 – Ibn Qudamah, Umayyad theologian (b. 1147) July 8 – Konoe Motomichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1160) July 14 – Philip II (Augustus), king of France (b. 1165) Alamanda de Castelnau, French troubadour and writer Fernán Gutiérrez de | The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of Astrakhan on the Volga River. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the Crimea (or Tauric Peninsula), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper. Mongol forces capture the nominally Genoese trading outpost of Sudak, probably with the tacit approval of neighbouring rival Venetian outposts in the Crimea. Subutai promises to destroy any non-Venetian colonies in the area. In return, the Venetians provide Subutai with information about the kingdoms in Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, Köten Khan, Cuman/Kipchak chieftain of the Polovtsians, convinces Prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Galicia to form an alliance, and informs him of his plight against the Mongols. February – A council of Russian princes summons at Kiev; several princes are convinced by Köten Khan to assemble an allied army to drive the Mongols back. During the first half of March, Russian princes return to their principalities and begin to raise forces for the forthcoming campaign. The alliance has a combined force of some 60,000 men, mainly cavalry. Subutai unites his army with Jebe, and sends ambassadors to the Kievan Rus' princes, to tell them to stay out of the conflict as it didn't involve them. April – The Russian princes lead their separate armies from different parts of Russia, to assemble 60 kilometres downriver from Kiev. There are three main groups of princes taking part in the campaign; the Kievan army is represented by Grand Prince Mstislav Romanovich (the Old). The second group are the Chernigov and Smolensk armies under Prince Mstislav II. The third group is the Galician-Volhynian army under Mstislav Mstislavich with his son-in-law Daniel of Galicia, leaving from northern Ukraine. The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that Jochi, who camps north of the Caspian Sea, will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father Genghis Khan's orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mogol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April. Late April – The Russian and Polovtsian armies march down the west bank of the Dnieper River. Within a few days of the march beginning, a second group of Mongol ambassadors appear in the Russian camp and again offer peace. When their offers are rebuffed, the ambassadors are allowed to leave unharmed. Meanwhile, Russian forces from Galicia arrive by boat or cart-loads of equipment and food, along the Black Sea coast and up the Dnieper River. Screened by Mongol forces on the east bank. May 15 – The Russian army gathers on the island of Khortytsia, later to become a famous Cossack base, at the mouth of the Dnieper River, next to modern-day Zaporizhzhia (Ukraine). The main Polovtsian forces led by Köten Khan, join the Russians here, which consist entirely of mounted archers. Compare to this, some 20,000–25,000 Mongols assemble and build a defensive encampment on the high ground, probably on the northern slopes of the Mohila Bel'mak hills, located near the Konka River. May 16 – Mstislav Mstislavich leads a small detachment of his own men, and some Polovtsians |
the Tartu stronghold, only the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu remain under Estonian control. England Spring – Falkes de Bréauté, English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. Cardinal Stephen Langton and forces under Hubert de Burgh deal with Falkes and the castles are handed over. Falkes is found guilty of 16 counts of Wrongful Disseisin, he and his brother William are excommunicated by Langton. June–August –The garrison at Bedford Castle, belonging to Falkes de Bréauté, refuses to surrender to Henry III. The castle falls when the keep is undermined, the garrison, who has surrendered the castle, are all hanged by order of the king. Falkes is allowed to leave the country but loses all his possessions. Bedford Castle is badly damaged as a result. Asia Spring – The Mongol army led by Subutai and Jochi cross the steppes of modern Kazakhstan, and returns to the horde of Genghis Khan on the Irtysh River. At a great kurultai or gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see 1220) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan and Central Asia become part of the Mongol Empire. January 14 – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Chinese Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son, Ai Zong, who conquers more Song territory during the Jin–Song Wars. September 17 – Emperor Ning Zong of the Chinese Song Dynasty dies (possibly poisoned) after a 30-year reign, at Hangzhou. He is succeeded by his relative, Li Zong, as | Northern Gascony. The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June. September – Abdallah al-Adil (the Just), governor in Al-Andalus, challenges the Almohad throne and captures Seville. He marches to Marrakesh to confront Abu Muhammad al-Wahid. Abdallah seizes the royal palace and deposes Muhammad al-Wahid, who is murdered by strangulation. Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword defeat the Estonians and reconquer the captured strongholds on the Estonian mainland. With the surrender of the Tartu stronghold, only the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu remain under Estonian control. England Spring – Falkes de Bréauté, English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. Cardinal Stephen Langton and forces under Hubert de Burgh deal with Falkes and the castles are handed over. Falkes is found guilty of 16 counts of Wrongful Disseisin, he and his brother William are excommunicated by Langton. June–August –The garrison at Bedford Castle, belonging to Falkes de Bréauté, refuses to surrender to Henry III. The castle falls when the keep is undermined, the garrison, who has surrendered the castle, are all hanged by order of the king. Falkes is allowed to leave the country but loses all his possessions. Bedford Castle is badly damaged as a result. Asia Spring – The Mongol army led by Subutai and Jochi cross the steppes of modern Kazakhstan, and returns to the horde of Genghis Khan on the Irtysh River. At a great kurultai or gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see 1220) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan and Central Asia become part of the Mongol Empire. January 14 – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Chinese Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son, Ai Zong, who conquers more Song territory during the Jin–Song Wars. September 17 – Emperor Ning Zong of the Chinese Song Dynasty dies (possibly poisoned) after a 30-year reign, at Hangzhou. He is succeeded by his relative, Li Zong, as all of Ning Zong's children have died. By topic Education June 5 – The University of Naples is founded by Emperor Frederick II. Frederick's main purpose is to create an institution of higher learning that will put an end to the predominance of the universities of northern Italy, most notably these of Bologna and Padua, which are considered either too independent or under the strong influence of Pope Honorius III. Religion September 14 – Francis of Assisi, while praying on the mountain of La Verna during a 40-day fast, has a vision, as a result of which he receives the stigmata. Brother Leo, who is with Francis at the time, leaves a clear and simple account of this event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. Births March 20 – Sophie of Thuringia, duchess of Brabant (d. 1275) June 14 – Matlda of Brabant, |
count of Provence, but Marseille and Nice rebel. Siege of Avignon: Crusader forces under Louis VIII besiege Avignon. They dig trenches facing the city walls – which are connected on both sides of the Rhône with pontoon bridges. On August 8, Louis launches an assault led by Count Guy II of Saint-Pol, but the attackers are repulsed. After negotiations, the consuls agree to pay an indemnity of 6,000 marks. On September 9, the gates are opened and Louis enters the city without violence. November 8 – Louis VIII dies of dysentery at Château de Montpensier during his return from the Albigensian Crusade. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son Louis IX (the Saint), who becomes king of France. His mother, Queen Blanche of Castile, rules the kingdom as regent during his minority. She has Louis crowned at Reims Cathedral on November 29, and forces the rebellious southern French nobles to swear allegiance to him. The Teutonic Knights undertake a new Crusade, attempting to subdue the pagan Prussians, who occupy a part of the Baltic coast. They are invited to Poland by High Duke Konrad I, a grandson of Bolesław III (Wrymouth). Their task is to defend Masovia against raids of the Prussians, after defeating them, the German knights set up their one state, which they named after the pagan people they have all but annihilated – Prussia. King Sancho II (the Pious) launches an offensive against the Almohad Caliphate during the Reconquista, and takes the city of Elvas. Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson is overthrown as ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles, and is replaced by his half-brother, Olaf the Black. Mongol Empire Summer – Genghis Khan starts a campaign against the Tanguts, punishing the vassal kingdom of Western Xia (or Xi Xia) for not contributing to the Mongol invasions. He assembles a large force (some 100,000 men), and lays siege to Liangzhou, second-largest city in Western Xia, which surrenders without resistance. In the autumn, Genghis crosses the Helan Mountains, and in November he lays siege to Lingwu. | all but annihilated – Prussia. King Sancho II (the Pious) launches an offensive against the Almohad Caliphate during the Reconquista, and takes the city of Elvas. Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson is overthrown as ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles, and is replaced by his half-brother, Olaf the Black. Mongol Empire Summer – Genghis Khan starts a campaign against the Tanguts, punishing the vassal kingdom of Western Xia (or Xi Xia) for not contributing to the Mongol invasions. He assembles a large force (some 100,000 men), and lays siege to Liangzhou, second-largest city in Western Xia, which surrenders without resistance. In the autumn, Genghis crosses the Helan Mountains, and in November he lays siege to Lingwu. Meanwhile, Emperor Xian Zong dies and is succeeded by his nephew Mo (or Li Xian). Middle East March 9 – Khwarezmian forces under Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni capture Tbilisi, capital of the Kingdom of Georgia, killing many of its Christian inhabitants. Asia October 30 – Trần Thủ Độ, head of the Trần Dynasty of Vietnam, forces Lý Huệ Tông, last emperor of the Lý Dynasty, to commit suicide. By topic Art and Culture Brother Robert writes the Old Norse Saga Af Tristram ok Ísodd, one of the rare fully surviving versions of the legend of Tristan and Iseult. Astronomy March 4 – Just before dawn, a great conjunction between Saturn and Jupiter occurs. Religion March 26 – Emperor Frederick II issues the Golden Bull of Rimini, in which he grants Teutonic Knights the right to all of the lands they will get during the mission in Prussia; he also considers himself a senior of the Teutonic Order and Poland, as well as the universal ruler of Christian Europe. September 11 – The Catholic Church practice of eucharistic adoration among lay people formally begins in Avignon, Provence. The Carmelite Order is approved by Pope Honorius III in the bull Ut vivendi normam. Births |
in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. After the ceremony, he proceeds to the palace of the Hospitallers – where he holds a council to discuss the defense of Jerusalem. Frederick orders the Tower of David and the Gate of St. Stephen are to be repaired at once and he hands over the royal residence attached to the Tower of David to the Teutonic Order. May 1 – Frederick II departs from Acre, while he and his suite pass down the "Street of the Butchers" to the harbour, the people crowd out of the doors, and pelts him with entrails and dung. Meanwhile, Odo of Montbéliard (or Eudes), commander of the Crusader army, and John of Ibelin, lord of Beirut, are left behind to quell the unrest in Palestine. May – Frederick II arrives at Cyprus, where he attends the wedding proxy of the 12-year-old King Henry I (the Fat) to Alice of Montferrat – whose father is one of his staunch supporters in Italy. On June 10, Frederick lands at Brindisi, where the papal army under his father-in-law John of Brienne has invaded the Italian territories in Campania. Autumn – Frederick II recovers the lost Italian territories and tries to condemn the leading rebel barons, but avoids crossing the frontiers of the Papal States. Meanwhile, a first serious raid on Jerusalem is made by a mass of unorganized Beduins and plunderers of pilgrims. An advance guard encouraged the Christians to expel the Muslims. Europe March 6 – University of Paris strike: Students begin to riot, after a dispute over a bill with a tavern proprietor. Queen Blanche of Castile demands retribution, and allows the city guard to punish the student rioters. She puts an economic strain upon the student quarter of Paris (the Latin Quarter), where Latin is commonly heard in the streets. April 12 – Treaty of Paris: Count Raymond VII is forced to sign a peace treaty (also known as the "Treaty of Meaux"). This brings the Albigensian Crusade to an end. Raymond regains his feudal rights but has to swear his allegiance to King Louis IX (the Saint). The fortifications, such as these of Avignon and Toulouse, are dismantled. September 5 – A Catalan-Aragonese expeditionary army under King James I (the Conqueror) embarks with 155 ships, 1,500 knights and 15,000 men from Tarragona, | be repaired at once and he hands over the royal residence attached to the Tower of David to the Teutonic Order. May 1 – Frederick II departs from Acre, while he and his suite pass down the "Street of the Butchers" to the harbour, the people crowd out of the doors, and pelts him with entrails and dung. Meanwhile, Odo of Montbéliard (or Eudes), commander of the Crusader army, and John of Ibelin, lord of Beirut, are left behind to quell the unrest in Palestine. May – Frederick II arrives at Cyprus, where he attends the wedding proxy of the 12-year-old King Henry I (the Fat) to Alice of Montferrat – whose father is one of his staunch supporters in Italy. On June 10, Frederick lands at Brindisi, where the papal army under his father-in-law John of Brienne has invaded the Italian territories in Campania. Autumn – Frederick II recovers the lost Italian territories and tries to condemn the leading rebel barons, but avoids crossing the frontiers of the Papal States. Meanwhile, a first serious raid on Jerusalem is made by a mass of unorganized Beduins and plunderers of pilgrims. An advance guard encouraged the Christians to expel the Muslims. Europe March 6 – University of Paris strike: Students begin to riot, after a dispute over a bill with a tavern proprietor. Queen Blanche of Castile demands retribution, and allows the city guard to punish the student rioters. She puts an economic strain upon the student quarter of Paris (the Latin Quarter), where Latin is commonly heard in the streets. April 12 – Treaty of Paris: Count Raymond VII is forced to sign a peace treaty (also known as the "Treaty of Meaux"). This brings the Albigensian Crusade to an end. Raymond regains his feudal rights but has to swear his allegiance to King Louis IX (the Saint). The fortifications, such as these of Avignon and Toulouse, are dismantled. September 5 – A Catalan-Aragonese expeditionary army under King James I (the Conqueror) embarks with 155 ships, 1,500 knights and 15,000 men from Tarragona, Salou, and Cambrils, in southern Catalonia. He sets sail to conquer Majorca. On December 31, James finally conquers the island from the Almohad ruler, Abu Yahya. November 28 – Battle of Olustra: Eric XI (the Lisp and Lame) is defeated and deposed as king of Sweden by Canute II (the Tall), who proclaims himself the new ruler. England October 13 – King Henry III calls for an army to be assembled at Portsmouth to be transported to Normandy to regain lost territories from the French. A large army of knights turns up ready to go but not enough ships have been provided. Henry blames Hubert de Burgh for the |
– therefore sealing its fate of falling to the Mongol Empire. During the encounter also called the Battle of the Three-Peak Mountain, Emperor Aizong of Jin orders the Jin army (some 150,000 men) to intercept the Mongols. The Jin soldiers are constantly harassed by small groups of Mongol cavalry on the way. When they arrive at Sanfeng Mountain, the Jin army is hungry and exhausted by heavy snowfall. The Jin forces are quickly defeated by the Mongols and fled in all directions. April 8 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan and his brother Tolui begins the siege of Kaifeng, capital of the Chinese Jin Dynasty. During the summer, the Jurchens try to end the siege by negotiating a peace treaty, but the assassination of a Mongol embassy makes further talks impossible. While the negotiations are going on, a plague is devastating the population of the city. In the meantime, supplies stored at Kaifeng are running out, and several residents of the city are executed on the suspicion that they are traitors. June – Mongol invasion of Korea: Choe Woo, Korean military dictator of Goryeo, orders against the pleas of King Gojong and his senior officials, the royal court, and most of Songdo's population to be moved to Ganghwa Island. Woo starts the construction of strong defenses on Ganghwa Island, which becomes a fortress. The government orders the common people to flee the countryside and take refuge in major cities, mountain citadels, or nearby islands. The Mongols occupy much of northern Korea, but fail to capture Ganghwa Island. December 16 – Battle of Cheoin: Korean forces defeat a Mongol attack at Cheoin (modern-day Yongin). The Mongol Empire concludes a peace treaty with Goryeo and withdraws his forces. Japan November 17 – Emperor Go-Horikawa abdicates in favor of his 1-year-old son, Shijō, after a 11-year reign. Because he is very young, most of the actual leadership is held by his relatives. By topic Literature The original set of woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana is destroyed by fire during the Second Mongol invasion of Korea. Markets The northern French city of Troyes issues its first recorded life annuities, confirming the trend of consolidation of local public debts initiated in 1218, by the neighboring city of Reims. Religion May 30 – Anthony of Padua is canonized by Pope Gregory IX at Spoleto, less than a year after his death. He becomes the patron saint of lost items. August – Gregory IX is forced to remain in his summer residence at Anagni by Lombard forces from Rome. October 29 – Gregory IX orders the Stedinger Crusade to be proclaimed in northern Germany. Births March 9 – Chen Wenlong, Chinese scholar-general (d. 1277) November 10 | ruler of Al-Andalus, and takes control of the city. Beginning the foundation of the Nasrid Dynasty. England July 29 – King Henry III dismisses his justiciar (chief justice minister) and regent Hubert de Burgh, and replaces him with the Frenchmen Peter des Roches and Peter de Rivaux, thereby irritating his barons. Peter de Rivaux, nephew of Peter des Roches, is made Lord Treasurer of Henry III's household and keeper of the king's wardrobe. This moves him into an important position for controlling the king's affairs. Africa The Almohad army besieges the city of Ceuta, where Abu Musa, rebellious brother of Caliph Idris al-Ma'mun, has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels, who successfully resist the forces of the caliph. The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes de facto independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases, and the Trans-Saharan trade routes begin to shift eastward, due to the local turmoil. Mongol Empire February 9 – Battle of Sanfengshan: The Mongol army (some 50,000 warriors) defeats the Chinese Jin forces near Yuzhou. General Subutai successfully wipes out the last field army of the Jin Dynasty – therefore sealing its fate of falling to the Mongol Empire. During the encounter also called the Battle of the Three-Peak Mountain, Emperor Aizong of Jin orders the Jin army (some 150,000 men) to intercept the Mongols. The Jin soldiers are constantly harassed by small groups of Mongol cavalry on the way. When they arrive at Sanfeng Mountain, the Jin army is hungry and exhausted by heavy snowfall. The Jin forces are quickly defeated by the Mongols and fled in all directions. April 8 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan and his brother Tolui begins the siege of Kaifeng, capital of the Chinese Jin Dynasty. During the summer, the Jurchens try to end the siege by negotiating a peace treaty, but the assassination of a Mongol embassy makes further talks impossible. While the negotiations are going on, a plague is devastating the population of the city. In the meantime, supplies stored at Kaifeng are running out, and several residents of the city are executed on the suspicion that they are traitors. June – Mongol invasion of Korea: Choe Woo, Korean military dictator of Goryeo, orders |
as ruler of Sweden (possibly after a civil war between the two of them). It is also possible that Canute dies of natural causes, and Eric peacefully then returns as king. King Andrew II of Hungary proclaims his son, Coloman of Galicia, as ruler (or ban) of Bosnia, who passes it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Matej Ninoslav, despite Matej being the legitimate ruler of Bosnia. Reconquista: King Sancho II of Portugal conquers the cities of Aljustrel and Mértola from the Moors. Mongol Empire February 9 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures the Jin capital at Caizhou, after a two-month siege (see Siege of Caizhou). Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates the throne to Wanyan Chenglin, a descendant of the Jin imperial clan. After the Mongol and Song forces have breached the city walls, Aizong tries to escape, but commits suicide to avoid being captured. This marks the end of the Jin Dynasty (Great Jin). Africa The Manden region rises against the | This is the beginning of a process that will lead to the rise of the Mali Empire. By topic Religion November – Pope Gregory IX proclaims war on the city of Rome after a local revolt forces him into exile. He issues the papal bull Rachel suum videns, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land. Lund Cathedral in Sweden is heavily damaged in a catastrophic fire. Large donations are made to the church, to rebuild the cathedral. Births Abaqa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (d. 1282) Christina of Norway, Norwegian princess (d. 1262) Coloman Asen I, emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria (d. 1246) Conrad of Ascoli, Italian friar and missionary (d. 1289) Ippen (or Zuien), Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 1289) Manuel of Castile, Spanish prince (infante) (d. 1283) Margaret of Holland, Dutch noblewoman (d. 1276) Ou Shizi, Chinese Confucian scholar (d. 1324) Deaths January 7 – Robert of Auvergne, bishop of Clermont February 9 Aizong of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 1198) Mo of Jin (or Hudun), Chinese emperor April 7 – Sancho VII (the Strong), king of Navarre April 16 – Richard Marshal, English nobleman (b. 1191) May 7 – Otto I, German nobleman and knight (b. 1180) June 18 – Chūkyō, emperor (tennō) of Japan (b. 1218) July 19 – Floris IV, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. 1210) July 29 – William Pinchon, French prelate and bishop August 7 – Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford (b. 1155) August 31 – Go-Horikawa, emperor of Japan (b. 1212) September 6 – Milo of Nanteuil, bishop of Beauvais September 26 – Eudes II of Ham, French nobleman Abu |
Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev. Europe June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign a agreement with King Valdemar II (the Conqueror). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (or Sword Brethren) are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order. July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege. August 21 – Battle of Örlygsstaðir: Chieftain Sighvatr Sturluson and his son, Sturla Sighvatsson, are defeated by Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson and Gissur Þorvaldsson, for control of Iceland (known as the Age of the Sturlungs). September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action. Autumn – Muhammad I, Almohad ruler of the Emirate of Granada, begins the construction of the Alhambra Complex on the site of a pre-Islamic fortress. England January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason. Middle East March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, dies at Damascus and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Al-Adil II. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son As-Salih Ayyub, sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden coup d'état dethrones him in favour of his uncle, As-Salih Ismail. The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX (the Saint) and Henry III, to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful. Births March 12 – Serafina, Italian noblewoman and saint (d. 1253) April 23 – Narathihapate (or Sithu IV), Burmese ruler (d. 1287) May 1 – Magnus VI (the Law-mender), king of Norway (d. 1280) May 3 – Emilia Bicchieri, Italian nun and prioress (d. 1314) Al-Bahrani, Arab Shia scholar and philosopher (d. 1280) Guglielmo Agnelli, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1313) Henry de Montfort, English nobleman and knight (d. 1265) Hōjō Nobutoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1323) Madhva Acharya, Indian Hindu religious leader (d. 1317) Maurice FitzGerald, Irish nobleman and justiciar (d. 1277) Meinhard II, duke of Carinthia (House of Gorizia) (d. 1295) Nicholas Segrave, English nobleman and knight (d. 1295) Nizamuddin Auliya (or Awliya), Indian Sufi scholar (d. 1325) Otto de Grandson, Savoyard nobleman and knight (d. | annihilating thousands of Mongols. Finally, Kolovrat is slain from afar by siege-weaponry. Batu Khan shows admiration for his bravery and as a sign of respect, returns his body and allows his soldiers to return home. Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year to suppress the last resistance of the Kipchaks, while his cousin Möngke (son of Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev. Europe June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign a agreement with King Valdemar II (the Conqueror). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (or Sword Brethren) are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order. July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege. August 21 – Battle of Örlygsstaðir: Chieftain Sighvatr Sturluson and his son, Sturla Sighvatsson, are defeated by Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson and Gissur Þorvaldsson, for control of Iceland (known as the Age of the Sturlungs). September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action. Autumn – Muhammad I, Almohad ruler of the Emirate of Granada, begins the construction of the Alhambra Complex on the site of a pre-Islamic fortress. England January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason. Middle East March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, dies at Damascus and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Al-Adil II. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son As-Salih Ayyub, sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden coup d'état dethrones him in favour of his uncle, As-Salih Ismail. The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the |
– King Louis IX (the Saint) leaves Paris together with his wife, Queen Margaret of Provence, and her sister Beatrice of Provence. Two of Louis' brothers, Charles of Anjou and Robert of Artois, are also present. He is followed by his cousins, Hugh IV of Burgundy and Peter Mauclerc, both are veterans of the Barons' Crusade. August 25 – Louis IX departs from Aigues-Mortes and Marseilles with a French expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) transported by 100 ships. An English detachment (some 5,000 men) under William Longespée (the Younger), grandson of King Henry III, and his mistress Ida de Tosny follows close behind with 36 transport ships. September 17 – Louis IX arrives at Limassol on the island of Cyprus. He gathers his forces and is well received by King Henry I (the Fat). The Crusaders are supplemented by nobles from Acre, including Grand Masters Jean de Ronay and Guillaume de Sonnac. Louis prepares a plan of campaign, with Egypt as the prime objective. December – Louis IX receives an embassy during his stay in Cyprus from the Mongol general, Eljigidei, who is viceroy in Persia. They bring a letter from Guyuk Khan with no demands of submission, but talking in terms about Mongol favouritism for Christianity, and a proposal of a joint invasion against the Ayyubid forces in Syria. December – Louis IX decides to spend the winter on Cyprus to make preparations against Egypt. Meanwhile, the nobles persuade him to start negotiations with Sultan As-Salih Ayyub to intervene in the internal Ayyubid affairs. But Louis rejects this offer and orders the Knights Templar to break off their negotiations with As-Salih. Europe February 18 – Battle of Parma: Imperial forces (some 6,000 men) under Emperor Frederick II are defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley. November 23 – Siege of Seville: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III (the Saint) recaptures the city of Seville from the Almohads, after a 16-month siege. Prince Alfonso of Castile takes the city of Alicante. November 24–25 – In the middle of the night a mass on the north side of Mont Granier suddenly collapses, in one of the largest historical rock slope failures. December – William of Villehardouin, Latin ruler of the Principality of Achaea, captures Monemvasia – last | defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley. November 23 – Siege of Seville: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III (the Saint) recaptures the city of Seville from the Almohads, after a 16-month siege. Prince Alfonso of Castile takes the city of Alicante. November 24–25 – In the middle of the night a mass on the north side of Mont Granier suddenly collapses, in one of the largest historical rock slope failures. December – William of Villehardouin, Latin ruler of the Principality of Achaea, captures Monemvasia – last remaining Byzantine outpost on the Peloponnese. December – Ferdinand III issues an edict to expel the Almohads out of Seville. Many Muslims sail to North Africa and others travel to Granada in Al-Andalus. By topic Cities and Towns August 25 – The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, archbishop of Utrecht, after the town has been pillaged by a local robber baron. Religion April 26 – The Gothic chapel Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) is completed and consecrated in Paris. Louis IX moves the relics of the True Cross and Holy Lance to the chapel with great ceremony. August 15 – The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral is laid by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden, after the older cathedral is burned down on April 30 (construction is completed in 1880). Pope Innocent IV grants the Croatians of southern Dalmatia permission to use their own language and script in the Roman Rite liturgy (see Glagolitic alphabet). Births July 21 – Bogo de Clare, English cleric and writer (d. 1294) December 22 – Ichijō Ietsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1293) Abu Said Faraj, Andalusian advisor and governor (d. 1320) Angela of Foligno, Italian nun, mystic and writer (d. 1309) Blanche of Artois, queen and regent of Navarre (d. 1302) Gao Kegong (or Fang Shan), Chinese painter (d. 1310) Hōjō Akitoki, Japanese military leader and poet (d. 1301) Isabella of Aragon, queen consort of France (d. 1271) Kujō Tadanori, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1332) Peter John Olivi, French monk and theologian (d. 1298) Yeshe Rinchen, Tibetan Imperial Preceptor (d. 1294) Zaynab bint al-Kamal, Syrian female scholar (d. 1339) Deaths |
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