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Kingdom of Asturias. Asia In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, the walls of a gated city ward collapse during the night, which unexpectedly forms a large pool out in the open. This is most likely caused by a sinkhole created when ground water eroded the limestone bedrock beneath. As a consequence of this, more than 500 ... | to Aquitaine. This marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom. Muslim forces under Al-Samh begin the prolonged siege of Carcassonne, a fortified Visigothic town located in the Languedoc-Roussillon. Britain King Ine of Wessex builds a stone church at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset (approximate date). Arabian Empire Umayyad ... |
subjugated by the West Saxons. Cædwalla conquers Surrey, and tries to exterminate the Jutes of the Isle of Wight. He executes King Arwald and his two brothers. Cædwalla probably also overruns the Meonware, a Jutish people who live in the Meon Valley (Hampshire). Arabian Empire August 6 – Battle of Khazir in Mosul: Alid... | era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Waratton, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Berchar. He advises King Theuderic III to break the peace treaty with Pepin of Herstal, and declares war on Austrasia. Britain King Cædwalla ... |
by Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, near Péronne (modern France), at the River Somme. Theuderic withdraws to Paris and is forced to sign a peace treaty. Pepin becomes "de facto" ruler of the Frankish Kingdom, and begins calling himself Duke of the Franks. He establishes a base for the future rise of ... | of Kent and 12 companions are burnt to death, during a Kentish uprising. His brother, King Cædwalla of Wessex, ravages the kingdom in revenge. Adomnán, Irish abbot of Iona, visits the court of King Ecgfrith, to ransom Irish captives (60 Gaels who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid). By topic Religion Cuthbert, bi... |
men to the Byzantine army. Europe Battle of Coronate: The Lombards under King Cunipert defeat the army of Duke Alahis, at the River Adda (Lombardy). He executes the rebel leaders; Alahis is captured and his head and legs are cut off. The southern Lombard duchies take advantage of Cunipert's distraction, and extend thei... | his head and legs are cut off. The southern Lombard duchies take advantage of Cunipert's distraction, and extend their territories. Battle of Dorestad: The Frisians under King Radbod are defeated by the Frankish mayor of the palace, Pippin of Herstal. The Rhine delta and Dorestad (modern Netherlands) become Frankish ag... |
will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Worldwide Winter – A superflare from the sun caused Aurora Borealis with visibility as far south as Germany and Korea. Europe Spring – Pietro II Orseolo, doge of Venice, concludes a treaty with Emperor Basil II to transport Byzantine troops, in exc... | (CMXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Worldwide Winter – A superflare from the sun caused Aurora Borealis with visibility as far south as Germany and Korea. Europe Spring – Pietro II Orseolo, doge of Venice, concludes a treaty with Empe... |
held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace to dilute the Slavs. John I removes various Bulgarian bo... | his brother Oleg. April 14 – Otto II (the Red), joint-ruler and son of Otto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princess Theophanu (niece or granddaughter of John I). She is crowned empress by Pope John XIII at Rome. Creating an alliance between the Ottonian Dynasty and the Byzantine Empire (called the Tzimiscian Peac... |
By place Byzantine Empire Philippicus incites the inhabitants of Cherson to revolt, with the help of the Khazars. Emperor Justinian II sallies forth from Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the Crimea. Philippicus defeats the Byzantine forces in northern Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and... | Year 711 (DCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 711 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empi... |
Kontoskeles sets out for Constantinople with Kosmas, an anti-emperor, but is destroyed by the Byzantine fleet through the use of Greek fire. Siege of Nicaea: Muslim forces under Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (son of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) penetrate deep into Asia Minor, and sack the fortress city of Gangra, but ... | A rebel fleet under Agallianos Kontoskeles sets out for Constantinople with Kosmas, an anti-emperor, but is destroyed by the Byzantine fleet through the use of Greek fire. Siege of Nicaea: Muslim forces under Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (son of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) penetrate deep into Asia Minor, and sack th... |
son Xuan Zong, who ascends the imperial throne of the Tang Dynasty (China). Xuan Zong reestablishes control over the Oxus and Jaxartes valleys. During his reign he defeats the invading Arab armies, in a series of campaigns in Fergana. King Dae Jo-yeong of Balhae (Korea) resumes tributary payments to the Tang Dynasty. T... | from his court at Pavia confirm the impression of a strong and effective monarch. Arabian Empire Umayyad conquest of Hispania: From North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia (Al-Andalus), with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Berbers. He joins the Islamic conquest and captures the city of Seville (Andalusia), where he m... |
Wimborne (Dorset). Arabian Empire Umayyad conquest of Hispania: The Visigothic Kingdom is finally defeated at the battle of Segoyuela (Castile and León). Prince Theudimer signs the Treaty of Orihuela with Abd al-Aziz, governor of Al-Andalus, and is permitted to retain his authority in the area subsequently known as Tud... | with a recorded height of 200 ft. The frame is draped in brocades and silk gauze, adorned with gold and jade jewelry, and when its total of some 50,000 oil cups is lit, the radiance of it can be seen for miles. Xuan Zong allots the money of 20 million copper coins, and assigns about 1,000 craftsmen to construct a hall ... |
new ships be built in the port-cities in Palestine, Egypt & Ifriqiya. General Umar ibn Hubayra raids southern Anatolia by sea and conquers Lycia, where another Arab fleet joins him, and they spend winter. As the navy advances, Sulayman sends land armies into Anatolia, which settle at Caesarea. Emperor Theodosios III co... | state seal. Bulgarian merchants gain official access to the trade market in Constantinople. Europe Battle of Cologne: Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is defeated by the Neustrians under King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid near Cologne (now part of Germany), who have invaded Austrasia to impose t... |
or re-takes Narbonne (Arbouna for the Arabs), before raiding the Toulouse area. Many town defenders and inhabitants are killed in the aftermath by the Umayyad forces. Frisian–Frankish War: Charles Martel defeats Redbad, King of the Frisians. He easily invades Frisia (modern Netherlands) and subjugates the territory. Ch... | III with considerable support, including auxiliaries provided by Tervel, emperor (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire. His attack on Constantinople fails; Anastasios is captured and is put to death (by beheading), on the orders of Leo. Europe Ummayad conquest of Gaul (first major Muslim attack upon Visigothic Septimania, i... |
Swæfred and Sigeheard of Essex share power with Offa. He abdicates the throne in order to become a monk in Rome, along with Coenred. Saelred rules jointly with Swæfberht the sub-kingdom of Middlesex. Arabian Empire Arab–Byzantine War: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik raids Isauria (modern Turkey). He is ... | Constantine I and Archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claims to be independent of the pope's authority. Theodore captures Ravenna, and arrests Felix and other Italian leaders. He deports them to Constantinople, from whence they are exiled to Cherson (Crimea). Britain Ceolred becomes king of Mercia, after his cousin Coenre... |
the summer, raiding and conquering Amorium (modern Turkey). Europe Battle of Anchialus: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Emperor Justinian II is defeated near the seaside city of Anchialus, on the Black Sea Coast. The Byzantines are overwhelmed by a surprise attack of Bulgarian cavalry, led by Tervel. Justinian ma... | captures Bactria from the Umayyads. August 29 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). By topic Medicine Tea drinking gains popularity among the Chinese. It is also valued for its alleged medicinal values (approximate date). Religion January 15 – Pope Sisinnius ... |
Year 704 (DCCIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 704 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire ... | his wife, he flees to the Bulgar Khanate, securing the assistance of the Bulgarian ruler Tervel, in exchange for financial considerations. Arab–Byzantine War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Heraclius (brother of Tiberios III) is defeated and destroyed by an Umayyad army (10,000 men) at Sisium (modern Turkey), ki... |
High King Loingsech mac Óengusso and his forces are routed during an invasion of Connacht (Ireland). He is killed by the men of King Cellach mac Rogallaig (approximate date). By topic Religion Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon bishop, travels to Rome again, and is supported in his struggle to retain his see of York by the pope. On ... | was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 703 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Arab–Byzantine W... |
topic Religion Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury, calls the Council of Austerfield to decide the rights of Wilfrid, some-time bishop of York. He is offered Ripon Abbey if he will relinquish his claims as bishop. Wilfrid rejects this offer and appeals to Rome. Births Ja'far al-Sadiq, sixth Shī‘ah Imām and Muslim schol... | Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury, calls the Council of Austerfield to decide the rights of Wilfrid, some-time bishop of York. He is offered Ripon Abbey if he will relinquish his claims as bishop. Wilfrid rejects this offer and appeals to Rome. Births Ja'far al-Sadiq, sixth Shī‘ah Imām and Muslim scholar (d. 765) Ōna... |
place Byzantine Empire Avar and Slavic tribes conquer Byzantine territories in the Balkans, occupying lands as far south as the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece (approximate date). Europe King Cunipert dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Liutpert. He rules the Lombard Kingdom together with A... | starts in Central America (approximate date). North America The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada. South America The Wari people invade and occupy the Cuzco Valley (modern Peru) in the southern highlands (approximate date). The Moche culture in the northern part of modern day Per... |
temples in the Jaffna District (modern Sri Lanka), is built. St Albans School in Hertfordshire is founded by Wulsin, an abbot of St Alban's Abbey, England. Births September 1 – Jing Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (d. 982) December 22 – Gang Gam-chan, Korean official and general (d. 1031) Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Twelver ... | and Carinthia. One of them is defeated at Flozzun in the Nordgau by Henry I, duke of Bavaria. King Otto I appoints his son Liudolf as duke of Swabia, consolidating Ottonian dominance in Southern Germany. Sunifred II of Urgell dies without descendants and is succeeded by his nephew Borrell II, count of Barcelona. Englan... |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire March 6 – Siege of Chandax: Byzantine forces under Nikephoros II Phokas capture and pillage Chandax after an 8-month siege. Nikephoros massacres the population without mercy and carries them off into slavery, returning to Constantinople with Emir A... | of the western part of Norway. The Lombard army under Adalbert II refuses to fight Otto I unless Berengar II abdicates in favor of Adalbert. Berengar refuses, and the armies retreat to their strongholds. Berengar and his family take whatever loyal soldiers remain and disperse themselves – Berengar retreats to the fortr... |
of Padua is founded in Italy, by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Births February 16 – Nichiren, founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282) August 4 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (d. 1262) Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264) Queen Jeongsun (Wonjong) of Korea (d. 1237) Deat... | – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (d. 1262) Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264) Queen Jeongsun (Wonjong) of Korea (d. 1237) Deaths February 1 – Alexios Megas Komnenos, first Emperor of Trebizond March 10 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201) June 23 – Con... |
Garni. The royal court of Queen Rusudan moves to Kutaisi, while the Georgian capital Tbilisi is besieged by the Khwarezmians. July 25 – Jalal al-Din Mangburni dethrones Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, ruler (atabeg) of the Eldiguzids, and sets himself up in the capital of Tabriz (modern Iran). October 5 – Caliph Al-Nasir dies f... | from dysentery at Baghdad after a 45-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Zahir as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Levant The 8-year-old Henry I (the Fat) is crowned as king of Cyprus in the Cathedral of Saint Sophia at Nicosia. His uncle Philip of Ibelin orders the coronation, so that when Henry comes of age at f... |
of the government. He appoints Hubert de Burgh as Governor of Rochester Castle and rewards him with the title Earl of Kent. Asia Siege of Yinchuan: Mongols forces eliminate the Western Xia (or Xi Xia) and execute Emperor Mo (or Li Xian). Genghis Khan dies during the siege under debated circumstances, but this is kept s... | The Drenths lure the Bishop's forces, supported by heavily armoured knights, in an ambush into a swampy area and kill Bishop Otto II of Lippe. After the battle, Otto's successor, Wilbrand van Oldenburg, rouses the Frisian people into supporting the war against the Drenths. August – Emperor Frederick II musters a German... |
assembles his Crusader army and marches down the coast to Jaffa – which he proceeds to refortify. At the same moment, Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Dawud, who are not participating in the revolt at Damascus, move to Nablus, to intercept Al-Kamil's supply lines. Al-Kamil breaks off the negotiations, saying that the Crus... | Crusade Summer – Emperor Frederick II sails from Brindisi with a expeditionary force and arrives in Acre in the Middle East on September 7. He disembarks a well-trained and equipped Crusader army (some 10,000 men and 2,000 knights). After his arrival in Palestine, Frederick is again excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX, f... |
to Acre (modern Israel). Europe February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, obtains the county of Provence, due to his marriage to the heiress, Douce I. Ramon's dominions stretches as far east as Nice (modern France). May 22 – Henry, count of Portugal, dies from wounds received during a siege at A... | under Gabras, governor of the Theme of Chaldia. Levant Spring – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin, Turkic governor of Damascus, intervene at Tyre, and force King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to raise the siege. April 10 – The Crusaders fight their way back to Acre (modern Israel). Europe February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III (the Gre... |
The Republic of Florence conquers the neighboring city of Montecascioli, as part of its effort to extend its domination over the contado (provinces of Italy). Peter Abelard, a French scholastic philosopher, opens his school in Paris, on the heights of Montagne Sainte-Geneviève (approximate date). Queen Urraca of Castil... | The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John, founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, is formally recognized by the papal bull (a formal proclamation issued by Pope Paschal II) called Pie Postulatio Voluntatis. Europe April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeede... |
Berenguer III. As part of the Norman expansion southward, Count of Perche enters the service of King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon. Asia Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments, for use in royal banquets to the Korean court of Goryeo, by request from King Yejong. By topic Ea... | joins the expedition to the Balearic Islands. A Pisan and Catalan fleet (some 450 ships), supported by a large army, conquer Ibiza and Mallorca. They destroy the bases on the islands used by Moorish pirates to prey on Mediterranean shipping. : The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, , launches an offensive against the Coun... |
Religion Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman. He is briefly removed from his position as patriarch of Jerusalem. Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher, becomes master of the cathedral school of Notre-Dame and meets Héloïse d'Argenteuil. Clairvaux Abbey is founded by Bernard, Fre... | commissioned by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, during an expedition against the Seljuk Turks. Europe February 11 – Battle of Welfesholz: Duke Lothair of Supplinburg joins the rebellious Saxon forces, and defeats the German Imperial Army of Emperor Henry V at Welfesholz, in Saxony-Anhalt (modern Germany). July 24 – Matild... |
hastens to Tyre (modern Lebanon) and begins the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completes the blockade of the town from the mainland. Europe February 3 – King Coloman (the Learned) dies after a 21-year reign in which he has consolidated the feudal system in Hunga... | (the Younger), breaks the Seljuk forces, who then turn to flight. The following day Malik Shah again attacks, his army completely surrounding the Byzantines from all sides. The Seljuk Turks are once more repulsed, with many losses. Alexios claims the victory, and Malik Shah is forced to accept a peace treaty, in which ... |
the standing portion was damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments were destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding. Seljuk Empire Battle of Ghazni: Seljuk forces und... | earthquake was rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and struck northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock was near Verona, the city which suffered the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre was partially felled, and the standing portion was damaged in a later earthquake... |
of England breaks out in Normandy. Alberich of Rheims becomes Master at the school of Rheims. Charles I, Count of Flanders marries Margaret of Clermont. Peter Abelard and Héloïse d'Argenteuil have a child and marry secretly in Paris. Her uncle Fulbert has Abelard castrated, and both Abelard and Héloïse enter religious ... | on Peterborough Cathedral in England, destroyed by fire in 1116. Eastern Europe Đorđe, Vojislavljević ruler of Serbia, is overthrown by Uroš I of Raška. George I of Duklja is overthrown by his cousin Grubeša. Radostl becomes Bishop of Krakow. Zbraslav, now part of Prague, is founded. Sylvester of Kiev becomes bishop of... |
they are tortured to death in the streets. The massacre leads to the name of the battle, Ager Sanguinis (or "the Field of Death"). August 14 – Battle of Hab: The Crusaders under King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (supported by forces of Count Pons of Tripoli) defeat Ilghazi's army at Ariha in Syria. Baldwin manages to re-cap... | hits Gloucestershire and Warwickshire. By topic Religion January 29 – Pope Gelasius II dies in exile after a 1-year pontificate at Abbey of Cluny. He is succeeded by Callixtus II as the 162nd pope of the Catholic Church. March – Olegarius Bonestruga, archbishop of Tarragona, preaches successfully a Crusade against the ... |
a headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the Temple Mount in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem. Summer – Baldwin II leads a expedition to Antioch to defend the northern Crusader states. He signs a 1-year truce with Ilghazi, Artuqid ruler of Mardin, securing the possession of Kafartab and o... | lake to provide better defences. November 25 – The White Ship is sunk in the English Channel, off Barfleur. Henry I's only legitimate son, William Adelin, is among 300 (many of them Anglo-Norman nobility) who drown. The Pseudo-Ingulf's Croyland Chronicle records Cornwall, as a nation distinct from England. Asia Fang La... |
of Lorraine becomes regent of Holland (Low Countries) after her husband, Floris II (the Fat) dies. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son Dirk VI (or Theodoric). A large rebellion takes place in Córdoba (modern Spain) against the ruling Almoravid Dynasty. England January 24 – Adeliza of Louvain, age 17, marries King Hen... | Peter Abelard, a French theologian and philosopher, is condemned and charged with the heresy of Sabellius in a synod at Soissons. Abelard writes Sic et Non. April 22 – Antipope Gregory VIII (supported by Emperor Henry V) is arrested by papal troops at Sutri. He is taken to Rome and imprisoned in the Septizonium. Decemb... |
(modern-day Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard. The Khamag Mongol, a Mongolic tribal confederation, begins to play an important role on the Mongolian Plateau. They occupy the fertile lands of the basins of the rivers Onon, Kherlen and Tuul in the Khentii M... | in Ponte de Lima; it is an early sign of the commercialization and economic development. King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon and Navarre leads a Castellan raid in Andalusia (Southern Spain). England King Henry I arranges the marriage between his nephew Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old Matilda, daughter and heire... |
of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews. January 31 – Jurchen forces lay siege to Kaifeng. Qin Zong negotiates the terms of surrender, agreeing an annual indemnity. He orders Song forces to defend the prefectures of the Northern Song. By topic Literature Adelard... | his inheritance of the Principality of Antioch. He sails from Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at Antioch. Europe February 18 – Battle of Chlumec: Duke Soběslav I defeats a German army under King Lo... |
– Felix of Valois, French nobleman and hermit (d. 1212) May 23 – Uijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1173) July 23 – Zhao Fu, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1129) October 18 – Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor (d. 1192) November 27 – Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1194) Bolesław I (the Tall), duke of Wrocław (d. 1201) Hen... | Goryeo (d. 1173) July 23 – Zhao Fu, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1129) October 18 – Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor (d. 1192) November 27 – Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1194) Bolesław I (the Tall), duke of Wrocław (d. 1201) Henry I (the Liberal), count of Champagne (d. 1181) Julian of Cuenca, Spanish bishop (approx... |
– Waverley Abbey is founded by Bishop William Giffard. The first abbot and 12 Cistercian monks are brought from L'Aumône Abbey in Normandy. Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar. The French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux codifies the rule of the Order. Holyrood Abbey is founded in Edinburgh b... | the Song Dynasty establishes a new capital at Yangzhou, while the government retreats south, after Jurchen forces capture the previous capital of Kaifeng, in the Jingkang Incident. Forces of the Kingdom of Champa invade Vietnam. By topic Religion November 24 – Waverley Abbey is founded by Bishop William Giffard. The fi... |
and other cities that have resisted him. Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt (modern Germany). Asia Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song Dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin Dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident. March 26 – Gao Zong abdicates th... | gives up his title which passes to his 15-year-old son, Geoffrey V (the Fair). September – Roger II of Sicily gains recognition as duke at Melfi from the Norman nobles of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno and other cities that have resisted him. Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt (modern Germany). Asia J... |
Seljuk expedition against the Crusaders. The composite force includes Muslim contingents from Damascus, Diyarbakır, Ahlat and some Persian troops, headed by Bursuq ibn Bursuq from Hamadan. The Crusaders (16,000 men), led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, are cut off from their supplies, and within two weeks (due to const... | the Julian calendar. Events By place Levant Battle of Shaizar: Sultan Muhammad I (Tapar) appoints Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, to lead a Seljuk expedition against the Crusaders. The composite force includes Muslim contingents from Damascus, Diyarbakır, Ahlat and some Persian troops, headed b... |
forced to retreat, when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force. February – May – The Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. The Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour, Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break th... | The Crusaders under Balwin I (supported by King Sigurd I) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour – but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a Venetian squadron under Doge Ordelafo Faliero. On December 4, the city capitulates (under notably terms) t... |
those knights and local landowners still loyal to William II to defend Worcester. Many of the rebels are captured or killed. William II calls the representatives of the fyrd to a meeting in London. He promises (with the support of Lanfranc, bishop of Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they ... | of the pole star and correcting the lunar error, by plotting its orbital course every night for a continuum of five years. Shen's book is also the first to describe the drydock in China – and discusses the advantages of the recent invention of the canal pound lock, over the old flash lock. Su Song, Chinese polymath sci... |
Chikako, becomes a lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōshi. Emperor Ichijō wants to retire – the influential statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga supports Crown Prince Okisada (now his son-in-law), who will be the successor but the emperor prefers his eldest son by the late Empress Teishi, Prince Atsuyasu, who has been raised by ... | a settlement in North America (approximate date). Europe June 2 - The Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr takes place in the context of the Fitna of al-Andalus resulting in a defeat for the Caliphate of Córdoba. Allied to Muslim rebels, Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona sacks Córdoba and Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayya... |
Year 1011 (MXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian Calendar. Events By place Europe June 11 – Lombard Revolt: Mahmoud the Fat of Bari rises up against the Lombard rebels, led by Melus, and delivers the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy. Melus is forced t... | – Lombard Revolt: Mahmoud the Fat of Bari rises up against the Lombard rebels, led by Melus, and delivers the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy. Melus is forced to flee to Salerno, and his brother-in-law Dattus escapes to Monte Cassino, but their families are taken capt... |
Europe April 12 – Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia, deposes his brother Jaromír who flees to Poland. Oldřich recognises the suzerainty of King Henry II of Germany over Bohemia. He secures his rule by suppressing the Vršovci insurgents. England April – King Æthelred the Unready resumes the payment of Danegeld (48,000 pounds of ... | his rule by suppressing the Vršovci insurgents. England April – King Æthelred the Unready resumes the payment of Danegeld (48,000 pounds of silver) in an attempt to buy off Viking raiders. Ireland Máel Mórda mac Murchada starts a rebellion against High King Brian Boru in Ireland, which ends in 1014 at the Battle of Clo... |
Córdoba (until 1016). Winter – Henry II (anxious to be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor) mobilises a German expeditionary army at Augsburg, to begin his second Italian military campaign. England Summer – Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard (accompanied by his son Cnut) sail from Denmark to attack England. Again L... | his son Cnut) sail from Denmark to attack England. Again London defends itself and the Vikings move elsewhere, plundering Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria. King Æthelred the Unready sends his sons Edward and Alfred to Normandy. Æthelred retreats to the Isle of Wight and follows them later into exile. December 25 – Sweyn ... |
aristocrat (d. 1067) Michael V Kalaphates, Byzantine emperor (d. 1042) Otto II, margrave of Montferrat (approximate date) Robert Guiscard, Norman nobleman (d. 1085) Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman (d. 1094) Deaths February 5 – Adelaide, German abbess and saint February 13 – Gilbert of Meaux, French bishop July 15 – ... | England. Emperor Henry II launches a German expedition against Duke Bolesław I the Brave. He invades Poland but is stopped by Bolesław's forces at Krosno on the Oder river. Earl Eric Haakonsson outlaws berserkers in Norway. Olaf Haraldsson declares himself King of Norway. Births Andrew I ("the Catholic"), king of Hunga... |
reinforcements (including a detachment of the elite Varangian Guard) from Constantinople. England January 6 – Cnut ("the Great") is crowned king of England. In July he marries Emma of Normandy, the widow of Æthelred the Unready, securing his ties with Normandy. Cnut divides England into four earldoms: Wessex, Mercia, E... | Anglia and Northumbria. Arabian Empire Summer – Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad publicly declares the founding of the Druze religion, during the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Africa The Sunnis of Kairouan (modern Tunisia) revolt against the Shi'ite Zirid dynasty. The city is quickly retaken and sacked. As... |
throne. Asia January 22 – Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan celebrates his coming-of-age ceremony; he is aged 9 at this time. November 26 – 19-year-old Fujiwara no Ishi marries her nephew Go-Ichijō, becoming Empress of Japan (Chugu), the third in succession of the daughters of influential court official Fujiwara no Michinaga ... | Go-Ichijō, becoming Empress of Japan (Chugu), the third in succession of the daughters of influential court official Fujiwara no Michinaga to become Empress. Michinaga, who sent her to court in March, holds a banquet in celebration. December – Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitan forces of the Liao dynasty invade Goryeo (North Ko... |
Aleppo is taken by storm, with the population killed or enslaved; the city is razed. The Byzantine army takes possession of 390,000 silver dinars, 2,000 camels and 1,400 mules. Europe February 2 – King Otto I (the Great) is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII at the Old St. Peter's Basilica, ending Rome's feuda... | the sons of Berengar II, Guy of Ivrea and Adalbert II (co-ruler of Italy), and their supporters are holed up. Finding severe resistance, Otto gives up the enterprise and returns to Pavia, the capital of Lombardy. Fall – Otto I receives news that John XII has betrayed him and entered into intrigues with Berengar II, but... |
Malik-Shah I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1092) September 28 – Uicheon, Korean Buddhist monk (d. 1101) Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, German noblewoman (d. 1100) Alger of Liège, French clergyman and priest (d. 1131) Bertha of Holland, French queen consort (d. 1094) Fujiwara no Akisue, Japanese nobleman (d. 1123) Gil... | (275 ft) tall). Religion King Andrew I (the Catholic) establishes the Benedictine Tihany Abbey. Its foundation charter is the earliest written record extant in the Hungarian language. April 13 – Pope Victor II succeeds Leo IX as the 153rd pope of the Catholic Church in Rome (until 1057). Births August 16 – Malik-Shah I... |
the see to Exeter and gives the order to build a cathedral. Leofric becomes the first bishop of Exeter. The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey (modern Germany) is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world (approximate date). Births November 11 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1... | the Confessor unites the dioceses of Devon and Cornwall located at Crediton. He moves the see to Exeter and gives the order to build a cathedral. Leofric becomes the first bishop of Exeter. The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey (modern Germany) is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in... |
date) Felicia of Roucy, queen of Aragon and Navarre (d. 1123) Fujiwara no Mototoshi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1142) Gaucherius, French priest and hermit (d. 1140) Godfrey I, count of Louvain (approximate date) Goswin I, count of Heinsberg (approximate date) Gregory of Catino, Italian monk and historian Hamelin de Ballon, ... | rule, and his mother, Queen Anne of Kiev becomes regent. France is administered by Count Baldwin V (one of Philip's uncles) who acts as co-regent. Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a ... |
in England, at the invitation of King William I. The Temple of Literature, Hanoi, is established in Hanoi, capital of Vietnam. Uyghur poet Yusuf Khass Hajib of Balasagun, in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, completes the Kutadgu Bilig ("The Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune"), and presents it to the prince of Kashgar. Song dyna... | Brings Good Fortune"), and presents it to the prince of Kashgar. Song dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the Ben Cao Tu Jing, a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy. Canterbury Cathedral in England is rebuilt, ... |
on December 31, 1019. Significant people Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) Abu Nasr Mansur Abu Rayhan al-Biruni Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham) | which began on January 1, 1010, and ended on December 31, 1019. Significant people Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) Abu Nasr Mansur Abu Rayhan al-Biruni Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham) Avicenna (Ibn Sina) |
Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1030, and ended on December | The 1030s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on |
Rome, Pope John XII and Adalbert II (co-ruler of Italy) flee to Campania, taking with them most of the Papal treasury. Otto is warmly received by the Roman citizens as 'liberator'. December – King Berengar II (the father of Adalbert II) surrenders at the fortress of Montefeltro to German forces. He and his wife Willa a... | – Nikephoros II marries the former Byzantine consort Theophano, the widow of Emperor Romanos II. Europe Gero I, margrave of Merseburg, campaigns against the Slavs. He forces Prince Mieszko I of the Polans in Poland to pay tribute to Emperor Otto I (the Great). He expands his territory, the Marca Geronis (March of Gero)... |
and estate owner (d. after 1528) Jumacao, Taino Cacique Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone (d. 1559) Marcantonio Raimondi, Italian engraver (d. c. 1534) Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (d. 1538) Deaths January 5 – Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (b. 1416) April 14 – Thomas de Spe... | canonized in 2013. September 27 – Consorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics and unconverted Jews). October – Great Stand on the Ugra River: Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde. The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is credited w... |
obtain the support of Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos), in his attempt to seize Tripoli. August 1 – A Genoese fleet leaves Italy, to support the Crusaders' efforts to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach Latakia on September 25. August – Battle of Melitene: Bohemond I is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred ... | Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee (modern Austria). The Diocese of Faroe is founded (approximate date). Technology Checkers is invented (approximate date). Births May 19 – Judith of Bavaria, duchess of Swabia (d. 1130) May 23 – Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1161) Achard of Saint Victor, N... |
Arthaud), bishop of Belly-Ars (d. 1206) Fujiwara no Tamako, Japanese empress (d. 1145) Helena of Skövde, Swedish noblewoman and saint (d. 1160) Ibn Bashkuwāl, Andalusian biographer (d. 1183) Stephen II, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1131) Deaths February 12 – Dao Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1032) April 24 – Vseslav of ... | the Fatimid camp and the survivors flee to Ascalon. Europe June 22 – Roger I (Bosso), count of Sicily, dies at Mileto in Calabria after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Simon of Hauteville, while his mother, Adelaide del Vasto, acts as his regent. Summer – Almoravid forces under Sultan Yusuf ibn T... |
Gregorian Calendar. Events January–December Henry IV of England quells the Epiphany Rising and executes the Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury, and the Baron le Despencer, for their attempt to have Richard II restored as king. February – Henry Percy (Hotspur) leads English incursions into Scotland. February 14 – T... | ending the Trần Dynasty after 175 years and starting the Hồ Dynasty. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the country's name to Đại Ngu. May – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg is declared as a rival to Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. However, Frederick is murdered shortly after. August The English occupy Edinburgh in ... |
by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control for her husband. March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London, and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England. March 5 – Wars of the Roses: Henry VI of England is deposed by Edward, Duke of York. March 29 – Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret... | England (reigns until 1483). July – Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the Ottoman Empire, after a year-long siege. July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483). ... |
the Serapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the destruction of the Library of Alexandria, is burned down, along with its collection of 500,000 manuscripts. This story may be apocryphal. Asia Emperor Taizong of Tang begins the military campaigns against the Western Regions states in the Tarim Basin. G... | he permitted the bishops wide authority in Hispania, Septimania and Galicia. He is succeeded by his son Tulga, who becomes ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date). At the request of Porga of Croatia, one of the first dukes or princes (Croatian: knez) of Dalmatian Croatia, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius send... |
continues, with the siege of Alexandria. May – Constantine III, age 29, dies of tuberculosis after a four-month reign, leaving his half-brother Heraklonas sole emperor. Rumors spread that Constantine has been poisoned by Heraclius's second wife (and niece) Martina. September – The Byzantine Senate turns against Martina... | common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 641 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire February 11 – Emperor ... |
Empire Emperor Constans II marries Fausta. Europe April 30 – Chindasuinth, a Gothic warlord (already 79 years old), commences a rebellion and deposes King Tulga in Toledo, Spain. He is proclaimed king by the Visigothic nobility and anointed by the bishops. Tulga is tonsured and sent out to live his days in a monastery.... | Kent. This marriage takes place between 642 and 644. Persia Battle of Nahāvand: The Rashidun army (30,000 men) under Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas defeats the Persians at Nahāvand (modern Iran). The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounts an ill-prepared attack. The Arabs retreat to a safe area, where they outmanoeuvre and d... |
Persia Peroz III, son of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of Persia, flees to territory under the control of the Tang Dynasty in China (approximate date). Africa Arab–Byzantine War: Arab armies continue their military expansion into North Africa and lay siege to Tripoli. The city is captured after one month. 'Amr ... | is succeeded by Grimoald the Elder, the eldest son of Pepin of Landen. Britain King Cynegils of Wessex dies after a 32-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Cenwalh (who is still pagan); he marries the sister of King Penda of Mercia (approximate date). Persia Peroz III, son of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of... |
at the gates of Constantinople with a contingent of Byzantine troops, and demands to be crowned emperor. His claim is rejected, and Valentinus is lynched by the populace. Islamic Empire November 3 – The second caliph Umar, , dies of wounds inflicted by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz at Medina. On his death bed he ... | expeditionary force, to invade and annex the Tarim Basin kingdom of Karasahr in Xinjiang, a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate. The oasis state is conquered, and Western Turks sent to assist Karasahr are defeated by the Tang forces. Zenkoji, a Buddhist temple and landmark spot in Nagano, Japan, officially built by ... |
year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events <onlyinclude> By place Byzantine Empire Alexandria revolts against Arab rule, at the appearance of a Byzantine fleet of 300 ships, and Byzantine forces recapture the city.... | China (approximate date). Kōtoku creates a new city at Naniwa, and moves the capital from Yamato Province. The capital has a sea port, establishing foreign trade and diplomatic relations. China May 1 – First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War: A Chinese expeditionary army under Emperor Taizong of Tang crosses the Liao R... |
Affan founds the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) on the coast of the Red Sea. He establishes a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required Hajj to Mecca. Africa Battle of Nikiou: The Rashidun army (15,000 men) under Amr ibn al-'As defeats a smaller Byzantine force, near the fortified town of Nikiou (Egypt). Amr ibn al-'... | makes a decree about the policies of building tombs. He discontinues the old customs of sacrificing people in honor of a dead man, and forbids ill-considered rituals about purgation. A Great Reform edict changes Japan's political order. It will lead to the establishment of a centralized government with Kōtoku ruling fr... |
of Africa. It conquers Tripolitania and the city of Sufetula, 150 miles (240 km) south of Carthage. Self-proclaimed emperor Gregory the Patrician is killed during the Arab invasion at Sufetula. Africa returns to imperial allegiance after his death, but the foundation of Byzantine rule is fatally undermined. Asia Empero... | after a 41-year reign. His kingdom disintegrates into smaller states. Jindeok becomes queen of the Korean kingdom of Silla after the death of Queen Seondeok. By topic Astronomy and science A stone tower astronomical observatory (named Cheomseongdae) at Gyeongju is constructed in Silla (South Korea) around this time. Re... |
issues an imperial edict forbidding the subject to be discussed. This edict, distributed by patriarch Paul II in Constans' name, is known as the Typos. Europe King Sigebert II of Austrasia is advised by Remaclus to establish a double-monastery at Stavelot and Malmedy. As a missionary bishop he founds an abbey on the Ri... | in Xinjiang, a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Americas In an early skirmish in the run up to the Second Tikal-Calakmul War, B'alaj Chan K'awiil scores a military victory, apparently over his half-brother, who had galled him by using the same royal emblem (or emblem glyph) as he did. Dos Pilas breaks away from ... |
and shares power to some extent with his eldest son, Cwichelm, who may have been given Upper Wessex (approximate date). By topic Religion The Four Gates Pagoda, located in central Shandong Province (East China), is completed. Births July 7 – Eudoxia Epiphania, daughter of Byzantine emperor Heraclius Leo II, Pope of the... | Cynegils becomes king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, after the death of his uncle Ceolwulf (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). He rules from 611 to 643 and shares power to some extent with his eldest son, Cwichelm, who may have been given Upper Wessex (approximate date). By topic Religion The Four Gates Pagoda, l... |
year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire August 13 – Empress Eudokia, wife of Heraclius, dies of epilepsy. She leaves two children, and is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Co... | display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 612 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire August 13 – Empress Eudokia, wife of Heraclius, dies of epilepsy... |
no real power and his dynastic title is purely ceremonial. Byzantine–Persian War: Heraclius appoints himself commander-in-chief, along with his brother Theodore (curopalates), to solidify command of the army. Battle of Antioch: Heraclius mobilises a Byzantine expeditionary force to Antioch (Syria), but is completely de... | defeated outside the city by the Persians. Shahin Vahmanzadegan makes further inroads into Central and Western Anatolia. In Syria, Shahrbaraz captures the cities of Damascus, Apamea and Emesa. Europe King Theuderic II dies of dysentery in the Austrasian capital of Metz, while preparing a campaign against his longtime e... |
the Frankish nobles and the church, and regulates the appointment of counts (secular officials in charge of law courts, collecting taxes, and assembling contingents for the army), while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom.S. Wise Bauer, "The History of the Medieval World: From the Convers... | method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: The Levantine cities of Caesarea Maritima, Arsuf, and Tiberias surrender on terms to the Sasanians. Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem: A Persian–Jewish army (26,000 men) commanded by Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusal... |
the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe The Balkans are freely overrun by the Slavs, who settle in large numbers in what is now Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia and parts of Greece. The western territories of modern-day... | Britain Bangor Massacre: The Anglo-Saxons, under King Æthelfrith of Northumbria, after defeating the Kingdom of Powys, finally reach the Irish Sea and massacre 1,200 Christian monks at their monastery, in Bangor (Wales). Edwin of Northumbria takes refuge in East Anglia; he marries Cwenburga, daughter of king Cearl of M... |
the monks of Iona. Rædwald installs Edwin as king of Northumbria, effectively confirming him as bretwalda. He takes power in his native Deira and in Bernicia. His reign marks the domination of Northumbria as leading Anglo-Saxon state of the British Isles. February 24 – Æthelberht, the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king, ... | on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 616 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628: The Je... |
the minor British kingdom of Elmet (approximate date). Asia September 8 – Battle of Huoyi: Rebel forces under Li Yuān defeat the Sui troops near the Fen River, and capture the Chinese capital, Chang'an. Li has gained support from Shibi, ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turks, who secures his northern frontier and supplies... | naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Byzantine-Sassanid War: The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan conquers Chalcedon in Anatolia, and reaches the Bosporus, threatening Constantinople. Emperor Heraclius begins peace negotiations, promising an annual tribute of 1,000 talents of gold and silver. Shahin wi... |
decisive victory over their rival Xue Rengao. Tong Yabghu Qaghan becomes the new ruler (khagan) of the Western Turkic Khaganate, founding the Khazar Khaganate. He maintains close relations with the Tang dynasty, and possibly marries into the imperial family. Songtsän Gampo becomes the first emperor of the Tibetan Empir... | the most notable dynasties in Chinese history, which will last for almost 300 years. October 6 – Battle of Yanshi: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi, during the transition from Sui to Tang civil war. November 29 – Battle of Qianshuiyuan: The Tang dynasty scores a decisive victory over their rival Xue Rengao. Tong ... |
a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 619 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Byzantine–Sasanian W... | prepares to leave Constantinople and moves the Byzantine capital to Carthage, but is convinced to stay by Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople. He begins to rebuild the Byzantine army with the aid of funds from church treasures. The Avars attack the outskirts of Constantinople. Numerous Slavic tribes rebel against Av... |
now Bluff, Utah by humans. Yuknoom the Great, ruler of Calakmul, attacks Dos Pilas and forces its leader, B'alaj Chan K'awiil, and a likely heir to the throne of Tikal, to take refuge at Aguateca, beginning the Second Tikal-Calakmul War. Jamaica is settled by the Ostinoid people, ancestors of the Taíno. They were farme... | is annihilated by the Khazars, near the city of Balanjar (Northern Caucasus). During the battle, both sides use catapults against the other (approximate date). Britain The Mercians under King Penda move on East Anglia, destroy the monastery at Burgh Castle and expel King Anna who probably flees to Magonsæte (approximat... |
a miller's hut near Merv by his followers, ending both Persian resistance to Arab conquest, and the Sassanid Empire. Arabian Caliphate The Rashidun army under Abdullah ibn Aamir invades Afghanistan, and captures the main forts in Khorasan (modern Iran). The Muslim Arabs occupy the cities of Balkh and Herat, which surre... | the Sassanid Empire. Arabian Caliphate The Rashidun army under Abdullah ibn Aamir invades Afghanistan, and captures the main forts in Khorasan (modern Iran). The Muslim Arabs occupy the cities of Balkh and Herat, which surrender peacefully. An embassy led by Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas arrives in the capital Chang'an via an ov... |
scattered pieces of the Colossus of Rhodes (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) and shipping it back to Syria, where he destroys the bronze scrap to make coins. Europe King Rodoald is murdered after a six-month reign, and is succeeded by Aripert I, who is elected as king of the Lombards. He spreads Catholici... | succeeded by Aripert I, who is elected as king of the Lombards. He spreads Catholicism over the Lombard realm and builds many new churches through the kingdom. Atto succeeds Theodelap as duke of Spoleto, in Central Italy (approximate date). Britain King Penda of Mercia secures dominance over the area of Middle Anglia, ... |
became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Constans II appoints his son Constantine IV, age 2, co-emperor (Augustus). He is too young to rule as monarch of the Byzantine Empire, and his title remains a given name. Europe King Recceswinth draws up at Toledo the Liber... | period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Constans II appoints his son Constantine IV, age 2, co-emperor (Augustus). He is too young to rule as monarch of the Byzantine Empire, and his title remains a given name. Europe Kin... |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 655 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Battle of the Masts: Emperor Constans II personally commands the Byzantine f... | Emperor Constans II personally commands the Byzantine fleet (500 ships), and sets off to challenge the Arab navy. He sails to the province of Lycia (now in Turkey) in the southern region of Asia Minor. The two forces meet off the coast of Mount Phoenix, near the harbour of Phoenix (modern Finike). The Arabs under Abdul... |
neighboring Nubia. Asia Empress Saimei of Japan builds a new palace at Asuka (Nara Prefecture), because her former residence took fire. This construction is called the "Mad Canal" by the people of that day, wasting the labor of tens of thousand workers and a large amount of money. Polynesia September 24 – A total solar... | the court chancellor, Grimoald the Elder, who makes his own son king, and exiles him to an Irish monastery. Dagobert is placed with Bishop Dido of Poitiers, while Grimoald's son Childebert the Adopted assumes the Austrasian throne. Britain King Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pengwern (modern Wales) and kills King Cynddyl... |
led by Su Dingfang. He annexes the Western Turkic Khaganate. Gao Zong commissions the pharmacology publication of an official materia medica, documenting the use of 833 different substances for medicinal purposes. Americas In the course of the Second Tikal-Calakmul War, the Snake Lord (Yuknoom Ch'een II) makes a direct... | Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Grimoald the Elder, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is deposed by Clovis II, king of Neustria. Clovis also captures Grimoald's son Childebert the Adopted, executing them both. Clovis II dies and is succeeded by his elde... |
set at the River Parrett (approximate date). A revolt led by three Mercian noblemen (Immin, Eata, and Eadberht) installs Wulfhere (son of king Penda) as ruler of Mercia, and drives out the supporters of King Oswiu of Northumbria. Asia The Chinese Buddhist monks Zhi Yu and Zhi You recreate several south-pointing chariot... | of the Julian calendar. The denomination 658 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Constans II undertakes an expedition to the Balkan Peninsula, and defeats the Avars... |
speak West-Saxon. Cenwalh splits the episcopal see of Wessex in two. Wine becomes the first bishop of Winchester, by the Saxons called Wintancestir. Agilbert resigns in protest and travels north to Northumbria. King Sigeberht II of Essex is murdered by his brothers, Swithelm and Swithfrith, and other kinsmen for being ... | the kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo Japanese forces, under command of Abe no Hirafu, massacre the Mishihase people in Hokkaido The capital of Japan moves from Asuka, Yamato (Okamoto Palace or Nochi no Asuka-Okamoto-no-miya) to Asakura, FukuokaPonsonby-Fane, Richard. (1915). The Imperial Family of Japan, p. 24. Births A... |
Byzantine army marches to Chrysopolis, and sends a delegation across the straits of the Hellespont to Constantinople, demanding that the two brothers should remain co-emperors alongside Constantine IV. Constantine IV agrees to a compromise, and persuades the army to return to their barracks in Anatolia. He invites the ... | their images no longer appear on any coinage, and that their names be removed from official documentation. Constantine raises his son Justinian II to the throne as joint emperor (Augustus). Autumn – A military revolt breaks out in the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). The Byzantine army marches to Chrysopolis, and sends ... |
and Carthage, the last Byzantine bases in Africa (approximate date). Asia Due to a culmination of major droughts, floods, locust plagues, and epidemics, a widespread famine breaks out in the dual Chinese capital cities of Chang'an (primary capital) and Luoyang (secondary capital). The scarcity of food drives the price ... | the peace treaty with Austrasia, signed with Pepin of Herstal at Namur. King Ecgfrith requests Benedict Biscop to build a second monastery at Jarrow (Northumbria). Benedict leaves Monkwearmouth with 20 monks, (including his protégé, the young Bede). The West Saxons, led by King Centwine, drive the Britons of Dumnonia (... |
set foot in Rome for two centuries), and is received with great honor by Pope Vitalian. Constans gives the order to strip buildings, including the Pantheon, of their ornaments, which will be carried back to Constantinople. Constans II moves the imperial court from Constantinople to Syracuse. He tries to stop the Arab c... | was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 663 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Emperor Constans... |
four-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousins Sighere and Sæbbi (approximate date). 26 October – The plague claims Cedd, Bishop of London. Arabian Empire Muslim Conquest: Arab forces under Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra begin launching raids from Persia, striking at Multan in the southern Punjab (modern Pakistan). Muslims... | launching raids from Persia, striking at Multan in the southern Punjab (modern Pakistan). Muslims conquer the city of Kabul, invading from eastern Afghanistan. By topic Religion Synod of Whitby: King Oswiu of Northumbria calls for a meeting at Whitby Abbey to settle the church practices in his kingdom—those of the Celt... |
Compiègne (France) to be consecrated by Agilbert, archbishop of Paris. Jaruman, bishop of Mercia, is dispatched with Christian missionaries to reconvert Saxon tribes, which have returned to paganism. According to the Annales Cambriae, the Anglo-Saxons convert to Christianity after the Second Battle of Badon. Sighere en... | Mercia, is dispatched with Christian missionaries to reconvert Saxon tribes, which have returned to paganism. According to the Annales Cambriae, the Anglo-Saxons convert to Christianity after the Second Battle of Badon. Sighere encourages his subjects to reject Christianity and return to their indigenous religion (appr... |
of Friuli revolts against King Grimoald I, with allied Avars. Grimoald takes and devastates Friuli, tracks down Lupus's son Arnefrit (allied with the Slavs), and kills him in battle at the castle of Nimis. Grimoald appoints Wechtar as the new duke of Friuli. Asia Chinese Buddhist monks Zhi Yu and Zhi Yuo craft more sou... | new duke of Friuli. Asia Chinese Buddhist monks Zhi Yu and Zhi Yuo craft more south-pointing chariot vehicles (a non-magnetic, mechanical-driven directional-compass vehicle that incorporates the use of a differential gear) for Emperor Tenji of Japan, as recorded in the Nihon Shoki. Religion Wilfrid returns to Great Bri... |
has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Arab–Byzantine War: Caliph Muawiyah I launches a series of attacks against Byzantine holdings in Africa, Sicily and the East. Europe The Lombards, und... | the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Arab–Byzantine War: Caliph Muawiyah I launches a series of attacks against Byzantine holdings in Africa, Sicily and the East. Europe The Lombards, under King Grimoald I, destroy Oderzo (Northern Italy).... |
in Sicily. Europe Ebroin, mayor of the palace, becomes de facto ruler of Neustria and (in theory) "of the Franks". According to Bede, he runs the nation's foreign policy and internal security. Kotrag, ruler (khagan) of Great Bulgaria, leads the Khazars in overthrowing his brother Batbayan of the Onogurs, and moves sout... | killed under mysterious circumstances in his bath, during a mutiny at Syracuse. The Byzantine court returns to Constantinople after an absence of 5 years, in which the Muslim-Arabs have made annual invasions and devastations of Anatolia. Probably assassinated by his chamberlain after a 27-year reign, Constans is succee... |
Wulfhere of Mercia. Ecgberht then grants the old Saxon Shore Fort at Reculver (south-east England) to a priest named Bassa, in order to establish a monastery dedicated to St. Mary (approximate date). Asia November 14 – Kamatari, Japanese statesman and reformer, receives the surname Fujiwara from Emperor Tenji as a rewa... | since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Spring – Arab forces that have taken Chalcedon, on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, threaten the Byzantine capital Constantinople. The Muslim-Arabs are decimated by... |
River as the boundary (approximate date). A family register, Kogo-nenjaku, is prepared in Japan (approximate date). By topic Religion Hōryū-ji, a Japanese Buddhist temple, burns to the ground after being hit by lightning; its reconstruction is immediately begun. The diocese of Dorchester-on-Thames in England is replace... | (80,000 men), under general Xue Rengui of the Tang dynasty, are annihilated by the Tibetans, who take over control of the Tarim Basin. A Goguryeo restoration movement, led by Geom Mojam in northern Korea, places Anseung on the throne. Geom is later murdered, and Anseung flees to neighboring Silla. Tarumanagara (modern ... |
Balkan Campaign: The Slavs invade again the Byzantine provinces of Moesia and Macedonia; during their pillage the towns of Aquis, Scupi and Zaldapa in Dobruja are destroyed. Autumn – Emperor Maurice replaces general Priscus for disobeying orders. He installs his inexperienced brother Peter, as commander-in-chief in cha... | recognizing the practice of Buddhism in Japan. She begins diplomatic relations with the Sui Dynasty (China). By topic Religion Amos succeeds John IV as Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. Approximate date – Pope Gregory I publishes his Dialogues. Births Kōgyoku, empress of Japan (d. 661) Li Shiji, general and chancellor o... |
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