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is given a different frequency, so they do not interfere with one another. At the cable source or headend, electronic upconverters convert each incoming television channel to a new, higher frequency. They do this by mixing the television signal frequency, fCH with a local oscillator at a much higher frequency , creatin... | is moved to is called the passband. Analog videotape recording Many analog videotape systems rely on a downconverted color subcarrier to record color information in their limited bandwidth. These systems are referred to as "heterodyne systems" or "color-under systems". For instance, for NTSC video systems, the VHS (and... |
(close to optimum) and derived within reasonable effort, time, and cost constraints. Often the effort (manpower, computer, and other resources) required, the time limits on when the solution is needed, and the cost to compile, process, and analyze all the data required for deterministic or other complicated procedures ... | and derived within reasonable effort, time, and cost constraints. Often the effort (manpower, computer, and other resources) required, the time limits on when the solution is needed, and the cost to compile, process, and analyze all the data required for deterministic or other complicated procedures preclude their usef... |
high speed backbone network. Connected to this backbone are routers which are in turn connected to a particular workgroup. These workgroups occupy a unique LAN. The reason this is a good arrangement is because even though there might be dozens of different workgroups, the span (maximum hop count to get from one host to... | divided into a network portion and a host portion. Gateways use only the network portion until an IP datagram reaches a gateway that can deliver it directly. Additional levels of hierarchical routing are introduced by the addition of subnetworks. Description Hierarchical routing is the procedure of arranging routers in... |
when operating in a variety of network or point-to-point circuits. Note: Requirements for global and tactical high-performance | has the performance characteristics required for use in trunks or links, (b) is designed primarily for use in global and tactical systems, and (c) sufficiently withstands electromagnetic |
other food Science and medicine HOP (gene), encoding the homeodomain-only protein Hop (protein), the Hsp70-Hsp90 organizing protein Hubble Origins Probe, or HOP, a proposed orbital telescope Technology Hop (networking), a portion of a route Hop (software), a web broker and programming language Hop (telecommunications) ... | steel guitar player Places Hop River, Connecticut, United States Hop Creek, South Dakota, United States Hóp (Iceland), a lake Hóp, a Viking settlement in Vinland Plants Humulus lupulus, the hop plant Hops, its flower, used to prepare beer and other food Science and medicine HOP (gene), encoding the homeodomain-only pro... |
animals Horn may also refer to: Audio Horn loudspeaker Vehicle horn Train horn Personal name Horn (surname) Freyja, also known as Hörn, a Norse goddess of love, beauty, fertility, war and death Places Cape Horn, the southernmost point of South America Horn of Africa, a peninsula in northeast Africa Horn (district), a d... | war and death Places Cape Horn, the southernmost point of South America Horn of Africa, a peninsula in northeast Africa Horn (district), a district of the state of Lower Austria in Austria Horn, Austria, a small town, capital of the Horn District Horn, Germany, a municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany Horn, Hamb... |
numbers themselves. This is especially the case with 24-hour, noncommercial numbers, such as police tip hotlines or suicide crisis hotlines, which are staffed around the clock and thereby give the appearance of real hotlines. Increasingly, however, the term is found being applied to any customer service telephone numbe... | customer service telephone number. Between states Russia–United States The most famous hotline between states is the Moscow–Washington hotline, which is also known as the "red telephone", although telephones have never been used in this capacity. This direct communications link was established on 20 June 1963, in the w... |
and Eurasian wolf) are called intra-specific hybrids. Interspecific hybrids are the offspring from interspecies mating; these sometimes result in hybrid speciation. Intergeneric hybrids result from matings between different genera, such as between sheep and goats. Interfamilial hybrids, such as between chickens and gui... | an F1 hybrid (first filial generation). The cross between two different homozygous lines produces an F1 hybrid that is heterozygous; having two alleles, one contributed by each parent and typically one is dominant and the other recessive. Typically, the F1 generation is also phenotypically homogeneous, producing offspr... |
sides of a hybrid coil or resistance hybrid. It is usually expressed in dB. If the respective impedances of the branches of the hybrid that are connected to the conjugate sides of | in dB. If the respective impedances of the branches of the hybrid that are connected to the conjugate |
W, which is zero. Similar reasoning proves both pairs, W & Y, X & Z, are conjugates. Double transformer When both the 2-wire and the 4-wire circuits must be balanced, double transformer hybrids are used, as shown at right. Signal into port W splits between X and Z, but due to reversed connection to the windings, cancel... | When both the 2-wire and the 4-wire circuits must be balanced, double transformer hybrids are used, as shown at right. Signal into port W splits between X and Z, but due to reversed connection to the windings, cancel at port Y. Signal into port X goes to W and Y. But due to reversed connection to ports W and Y, Z gets ... |
to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant. The hydroxyl (OH−) ion, can penetrate glass during or after product | can penetrate glass during or after product fabrication, resulting in significant attenuation of discrete optical wavelengths, e.g., centred at |
speaker believes that they have deeper meaning or simply because they are speaking casually and imprecisely.) The unique identifier (UID) is an identifier that refers to only one instance—only one particular object in the universe. A part number is an identifier, but it is not a unique identifier—for that, a serial num... | the universe. A part number is an identifier, but it is not a unique identifier—for that, a serial number is needed, to identify each instance of the part design. Thus the identifier "Model T" identifies the class (model) of automobiles that Ford's Model T comprises; whereas the unique identifier "Model T Serial Number... |
forms a virtual image that seems to lie behind the mirror. The radiation pattern of the antenna is exactly the same as it would be if the ground plane were replaced by a mirror image of the antenna, located an equal distance behind the plane. This second apparent source of radio waves is the image antenna. The image an... | in calculating electric field vectors, magnetic field vectors, and electromagnetic fields emanating from the real antenna, particularly in the vicinity of the antenna and along the ground. Each charge and current in the real antenna has its counterpart in the image, and may also be considered as a source of radiation. ... |
scanning, and ghost cancellation. IDTV improvements must allow the TV signal to be transmitted and received in the standard 4:3 aspect ratio. | performance requirements of the NTSC standard, while remaining within the general parameters of NTSC emissions standards. IDTV improvements may be made at the television transmitter or receiver. Improvements include enhancements in encoding, digital filtering, scan interpolation, interlaced |
index of refraction that closely approximates that of another object (such as a lens, material, fiber-optic, etc.). When two substances with the same index are in contact, light passes from one to the other with neither reflection nor refraction. As such, they are used for various purposes in science, engineering, and ... | receiving end at a level that is 28 dB plus twice the fiber loss below the direct signal. The reflected signal will also be delayed by twice the delay time introduced by the fiber. The twice-reflected, delayed signal superimposed on the direct signal may noticeably degrade an analog baseband intensity-modulated video s... |
of electromagnetic interference. An inductively coupled transponder consists of a solid state transceiver chip connected to a large coil that functions as an antenna. When brought within the oscillating magnetic field of a reader unit, the transceiver is powered up by energy inductively coupled into its antenna and tra... | secondary windings of a transformer, or may be separated. Coupling may be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional inductive coupling can cause signals from one circuit to be induced into a nearby circuit, this is called cross-talk, and is a form of electromagnetic interference. An inductively coupled transponder co... |
operate at a higher data rate than that required for user data alone. A basic communications channel with the necessary bandwidth but without enhanced or value-added services. | sequences, and control signals. The information-bearer channel may operate at a higher data rate than that required |
transactions; starting from people writing letters using postal systems to emailing using information technology. Two main examples of information-transfer transactions technology development is the copying and transportation of information. History of Copying Copying is the process of duplicating information with the ... | following changes occurs: content, ownership, location, format, etc. An information-transfer transaction usually consists of three consecutive phases called the access phase, the information transfer phase, and the disengagement phase. Examples of these consecutive phases are the copying and transporting of information... |
system Input device Input method Input port (disambiguation) Input/output (I/O), in computing Other Input (talk show) Input (typeface) International Public Television Screening Conference (INPUT), an international public television organization Input (magazine), a magazine from the mid-1980s covering the subject of hom... | method Input port (disambiguation) Input/output (I/O), in computing Other Input (talk show) Input (typeface) International Public Television Screening Conference (INPUT), an international public television organization Input (magazine), a magazine from the mid-1980s covering the subject |
a transmission line, expressed as the ratio of the signal power delivered to that part of the line following the device to | signal power delivered to that part of the line following the device to the signal power delivered to that same part before insertion. If the resulting number is less than unity, |
a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB). If the power transmitted to the load before insertion is PT and the power received by the load after insertion is PR, then the insertion loss in decibels is given by, Electronic filters Insertion loss is a figure of merit for an electronic ... | measurement ports use the same reference impedance, the insertion loss () is defined as: . Here is one of the scattering parameters. Insertion loss is the extra loss produced by the introduction of the DUT between the 2 reference planes of the measurement. The extra loss can be introduced by intrinsic loss in the DUT a... |
main distribution frame (MDF) and all the equipment extending inward therefrom, such as PABX or central office equipment, MDF heat coil protectors, and grounding systems. In radio and radar systems, all communications-electronics (C-E) equipment that is installed in buildings. Around the turn of the 21st century, DSLAM... | the term inside plant has the following meanings: All the cabling and equipment installed in a telecommunications facility, including the main distribution frame (MDF) and all the equipment extending inward therefrom, such as PABX or central office equipment, MDF heat coil protectors, and grounding systems. In radio an... |
Function (SRF) or Intelligent Peripheral (IP) is a node which can connect to both the SSP and the SCP and deliver special resources into the call, mostly related to voice communication, for example to play voice announcements or collect DTMF tones from the user. Protocols The core elements described above use standard ... | these services (such as toll-free numbers and geographical number portability) were moved out of the core switch systems and into self-contained nodes, creating a modular and more secure network that allowed the service providers themselves to develop variations and value-added services to their networks without submit... |
interest because they are expected to produce an increase in sensitivity of up to allowing longer hops between islands for instance. Such systems also have the important advantage of very narrow channel spacing in optical frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. OFDM is a step beyond wavelength-division multiple... | signal in the sense that the instantaneous power of the envelope is an analog of the characteristic of interest in the modulating signal. Recovery of the modulating signal is usually by direct detection, not heterodyning. However, optical heterodyne detection is possible and has been actively studied since 1979. Bell L... |
linearity Intercept message, a telephone recording informing the caller that the call cannot be completed The Intercept, an online news publication edited by Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, and Jeremy Scahill See also Interception (disambiguation) Interceptor (disambiguation) Intercept | software defect tracking system Intermodulation Intercept Point, a measure of an electrical device's linearity Intercept message, a telephone recording informing the caller that the call cannot be completed The Intercept, an online news publication edited by Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, and Jeremy Scahill See also I... |
and fit them together within proper tolerances Interchangeability (computer science), the ability that an object can be replaced by another object | can refer to: Interchangeable parts, the ability to select components for assembly at random and fit them together within proper tolerances |
of data and signaling information between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). An | circuit that facilitates the exchange of data and signaling information between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment |
of the next character of an asynchronous transmission. The intercharacter interval may be of any duration. The signal sense of the intercharacter interval is always the same as the | the beginning of the start signal of the next character of an asynchronous transmission. The intercharacter interval may be of any duration. |
locations and (b) collectively form a node in the network. An interconnect facility may include network control and administrative circuits as well as the primary traffic circuits. An interconnect facility may | well as the primary traffic circuits. An interconnect facility may use any medium available and may be redundant. |
Interface (novel), by Stephen Bury (a pseudonym), 1994 "Interface" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), an episode of the TV series Interface series, a science fiction horror story in short installments on Reddit Science, social science and technology Computing and electronics Interface (computing), a shared boundary betw... | Electrochemical Society Interface, Journal of Applied Linguistics, now merged with ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements Interfaces (journal), now INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics Arts and entertainment Interface (album), by Dominion, 1996 Interface (ba... |
used in the enhanced services provided by the carrier. As part of its comparably efficient interconnection (CEI) offering, the carrier must make available standardized telephone networking hardware and software interfaces that are | by the carrier. As part of its comparably efficient interconnection (CEI) offering, the carrier must make available standardized telephone networking hardware and software interfaces that are able to support transmission, switching, and signaling functions identical to |
standard that describes one or more functional characteristics (such as code conversion, line assignments, or protocol compliance) or physical characteristics (such as electrical, mechanical, or optical characteristics) necessary to allow the exchange of information between two or more (usually different) systems or pi... | and computer systems. Telephones There are many interface standards between analog telephone central office equipment and customer-premises equipment. Single voice paths generally include analog audio connections, either a two-wire circuit or four-wire circuit plus signaling paths to indicate call progress and status i... |
be metallic layers. In its broadest meaning, interference filters comprise also etalons that could be implemented as tunable interference filters. Interference filters are wavelength-selective by virtue of the interference effects that take place between the incident and reflected waves at the thin-film boundaries. | others, while maintaining a nearly zero coefficient of absorption for all wavelengths of interest. An interference filter may be high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, or band-rejection. An interference filter consists of multiple thin layers of dielectric material having different refractive indices. There also may be metalli... |
in areas remote from these frames. IDFs are used for telephone exchange central office, customer-premises equipment, wide area network (WAN), and local area network (LAN) environments, among others. In central office environments the IDF may contain | for telephone exchange central office, customer-premises equipment, wide area network (WAN), and local area network (LAN) environments, among others. In central office environments the IDF may contain circuit termination equipment from various auxiliary components. In WAN and LAN environments IDFs can hold devices of d... |
For an antenna that is small compared to the wavelength in question, the intermediate-field region is considered to exist at all distances between 0.1 wavelength and 1.0 wavelength from | inverse square of the distance, and the inverse cube of the distance from the antenna. For an antenna that is small compared to the wavelength in question, the intermediate-field region is considered to exist at all distances between 0.1 wavelength |
a tool, if they want to use it, so defenses against denial-of-service attacks that rely on the validity of the source IP address in attack packets might have trouble with spoofed packets. Backscatter, a technique used to observe denial-of-service attack activity in the Internet, relies on attackers' use of IP spoofing ... | service attacks, but attackers typically have spoofing available as a tool, if they want to use it, so defenses against denial-of-service attacks that rely on the validity of the source IP address in attack packets might have trouble with spoofed packets. Backscatter, a technique used to observe denial-of-service attac... |
achieve and maintain shared interests against common threats. Interoperability at the operational and tactical levels is where strategic/political interoperability and technological interoperability come together to help allies shape the environment, manage crises, and win wars. The benefits of interoperability at the ... | Interoperability Coordinator leverages a regional structure to better allocate grant funding around the Commonwealth so that all areas have an opportunity to improve communications interoperability. Virginia's strategic plan for communications is updated yearly to include new initiatives for the Commonwealth – all proj... |
to facilitate the interconnection of other circuits appearing at the respective switchboard positions. 2. Within a technical control | circuits appearing at the respective switchboard positions. 2. Within a technical control facility, a single direct transmission circuit, between positions in a testboard or |
instance, the cable being used in a wired system may have a cutoff frequency above which practically none of the transmitted signal will propagate. Communication systems that transmit data over bandlimited channels usually implement pulse shaping to avoid interference caused by the bandwidth limitation. If the channel ... | by the bandwidth limitation. If the channel frequency response is flat and the shaping filter has a finite bandwidth, it is possible to communicate with no ISI at all. Often the channel response is not known beforehand, and an adaptive equalizer is used to compensate the frequency response. Effects on eye patterns One ... |
the masses as a point mass located at the object's center of mass while calculating the gravitational force. As the law of gravitation, this law was suggested in 1645 by Ismael Bullialdus. But Bullialdus did not accept Kepler's second and third laws, nor did he appreciate Christiaan Huygens's solution for circular moti... | (of the same size) twice as far away receives only one-quarter the energy (in the same time period). More generally, the irradiance, i.e., the intensity (or power per unit area in the direction of propagation), of a spherical wavefront varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source (assuming there are... |
effective ionospheric layer altitude. Vertical incident sounding uses a collocated transmitter and receiver and involves directing a range of frequencies vertically to the ionosphere and measuring the values of the reflected returned signals to determine the effective ionosphere layer altitude. This technique is also u... | the ionosphere and measuring the values of the reflected returned signals to determine the effective ionosphere layer altitude. This technique is also used to determine the critical frequency. Oblique sounders use a transmitter at one end of a given propagation path, and a synchronized receiver, usually with an |
Isochronous timing is a characteristic of a repeating event whereas synchronous timing refers to the relationship between two or more events. In dynamical systems theory, an oscillator is called isochronous if its frequency is independent of its amplitude. In horology, a mechanical clock or watch is isochronous if it r... | transmission to describe cases in which corresponding significant instants of two or more sequential signals have a constant phase relationship. Isochronous burst transmission is used when the information-bearer channel rate is higher than the input data signaling rate. In the Universal Serial Bus used in computers, is... |
data networks that operate at dissimilar data signaling rates, such as when the information-bearer channel rate is higher than the DTE output data signaling rate. Note 2: The binary digits are transferred at the information-bearer channel rate. The data transfer is interrupted at intervals in order to | interrupting, at controlled intervals, the data stream being transmitted. Note 1: Burst transmission in isochronous form enables communication between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data networks that operate at dissimilar data signaling rates, such as when the information-bearer channel rate is higher than the DTE ... |
unit interval or a multiple of the unit interval. Variations in the time intervals are constrained within specified limits. "Isochronous" is a characteristic of one signal, while "synchronous" indicates a | equal to the unit interval or a multiple of the unit interval. Variations in the time intervals are constrained within specified limits. "Isochronous" is a characteristic of one signal, while "synchronous" indicates a |
made at reduced frame rates (accomplished by shooting several film frames of the individual drawings) so as to limit production costs, with the result that jerkiness tends to be apparent, especially on older limited animation features. Strobing can also refer to cross colour and Moiré patterning. Cross colour refers to... | frame rates (accomplished by shooting several film frames of the individual drawings) so as to limit production costs, with the result that jerkiness tends to be apparent, especially on older limited animation features. Strobing can also refer to cross colour and Moiré patterning. Cross colour refers to when any high f... |
is its inverse. ITU-T G.810 classifies jitter frequencies below 10 Hz as wander and frequencies at or above 10 Hz as jitter. Jitter may be caused by electromagnetic interference and crosstalk with carriers of other signals. Jitter can cause a display monitor to flicker, affect the performance of processors in personal ... | of the clock error. The effect of jitter on the signal depends on the nature of the jitter. Random jitter tends to add broadband noise while periodic jitter tends to add errant spectral components, "birdys". In some conditions, less than a nanosecond of jitter can reduce the effective bit resolution of a converter with... |
and switching system is that composite multichannel trunking and switching system formed from assets of the Services, | Defense Communications System, other available systems, and/or assets controlled by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to provide an operationally responsive, |
by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus See also Justified (disambiguation) Justifier (disambiguation) Justification (disambiguation) | sequence "Justify" (ATB song) "Justify" (The Rasmus song) "Justify", a song by The Red |
a rectified baseband that interferes with the lower sideband of the carrier. The Kendall effect occurs principally when the single-sideband width is greater than half of the facsimile carrier | lower sideband of the carrier. The Kendall effect occurs principally when the single-sideband width is greater than half of the facsimile carrier frequency. |
rate from a fire system nozzle K factor (traffic engineering), the proportion of annual average daily traffic occurring in an hour Mathematics and statistics K-factor (actuarial), the ratio of the value of deferrable expenses to the value of estimated gross profits k-factor (graph theory), a spanning k-regular subgraph... | (fire protection), formula used to calculate the discharge rate from a fire system nozzle K factor (traffic engineering), the proportion of annual average daily traffic occurring in an hour Mathematics and statistics K-factor (actuarial), the ratio of the value of deferrable expenses to the value of estimated gross pro... |
a trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos "Labels (Dexter's Laboratory)", an episode of Dexter's Laboratory Science and technology Computing Label (command), a shell command Label (control), a component of user interfaces Label (programming language) Tape label, human and/or machine... | labeling, a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system Labeling theory, or social reaction theory, a theory in sociology which ascribes labelling of people to control and identification of deviant behavior Other uses Label (heraldry), a charge closely resembling the strap with pendants... |
apparent brightness (or luminance). It has the same radiance because, although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle, the solid angle, subtended by surface visible to the viewer, is reduced by the same very amount. Because the ratio between power and solid angle is c... | diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal; I = I0cos(θ). The law is also known as the cosine emission law or Lambert's emission law. It is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert, from his Photometria, published in 1760. A surfa... |
laser, lens, prism, or optical fiber end face. At an end face of an optical fiber, the angle between an input ray and the fiber axis. If the end face of the fiber is perpendicular to the fiber axis, the launch angle is equal to the angle of | angle, with respect to the normal, at which a light ray emerges from a surface. The beam divergence at an emitting surface, such as that of a light-emitting diode (LED), laser, lens, prism, or optical fiber end face. At an end face of an optical fiber, the angle between |
that for which the element is specified. LNA is one of the parameters that determine the initial distribution of power among the modes of an optical fiber. References | telecommunications, launch numerical aperture (LNA) is the numerical aperture of an optical system used to couple (launch) power into an optical fiber. LNA may differ from the stated |
elements of an image Layers, in 2D computer graphics Abstraction layer, a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality Internet protocol suite layers OSI model layers Layer element, a deprecated <iframe>-like tag, unique to Netscape 4 browsers Layer of objects, a term in CAD Map layer, ... | elements of an image Layers, in 2D computer graphics Abstraction layer, a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality Internet protocol suite layers OSI model layers Layer element, a deprecated <iframe>-like tag, unique to Netscape 4 browsers Layer of objects, a term in CAD Map layer, ... |
in which components are grouped, i.e., layered, in a hierarchical arrangement, such that lower layers provide functions and services that support the functions and services of higher | system in which components are grouped, i.e., layered, in a hierarchical arrangement, such that lower layers provide |
the waveguide as it travels down it, producing attenuation even if the waveguide is perfect in every respect. In order for a leaky mode to be definable as a mode, the relative amplitude of the oscillatory part (the leakage rate) must be sufficiently small that the mode substantially maintains its shape as it decays. Le... | electric field that decays monotonically for a finite distance in the transverse direction but becomes oscillatory everywhere beyond that finite distance. Such a mode gradually "leaks" out of the waveguide as it travels down it, producing attenuation even if the waveguide is perfect in every respect. In order |
information. The orientation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. For example, if the electric field vector is vertical (alternately up and down as the wave travels) the radiation is said to be vertically polarized. Mathematical description The classical... | vector can be written . The state vectors for linear polarization in x or y are special cases of this state vector. If unit vectors are defined such that and then the polarization state can be written in the "x-y basis" as . See also Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation Polarization Circ... |
RLL codes are defined by four main parameters: m, n, d, k. The first two, m/n, refer to the rate of the code, while the remaining two specify the minimal d and maximal k number of zeroes between consecutive ones. This is used in both telecommunication and storage systems that move a medium past a fixed recording head. ... | the difference in the number of one bits vs the number of zero bits. The running disparity is the running total of the disparity of all previously transmitted bits. The simplest possible line code, unipolar, gives too many errors on such systems, because it has an unbounded DC component. Most line codes eliminate the D... |
Stone Cold Link (Linkovitch Chomofsky), in the 1992 film Encino Man Link Hogthrob, in The Muppets Link Larkin, in the musical Hairspray Games Links (series), computer-simulated golf game by Access Software Pokémon Trozei! ("Pokémon Link!"), a 2005 puzzle game for the Nintendo DS Music "Link" (L'Arc-en-Ciel song), 2005 ... | in Greenville, South Carolina, US Links (magazine), a US golf magazine The Link (newspaper), a student newspaper at Concordia University, Canada The Link, the newsletter of the organization Americans for Middle East Understanding Television Link TV, US network The Link (game show), UK, 2014–2015 The Link (TV program), ... |
interface between the station high-level logic and the data link. Link-level functions include (a) transmit bit injection and receive bit extraction, (b) address and control field interpretation, (c) | processing logic that controls the data link. Note: Link-level functions provide an interface between the station high-level logic and the data link. Link-level functions include (a) transmit bit injection and receive |
high-frequency (HF) radio, link quality analysis (LQA) is the overall process by which measurements of signal quality are made, assessed, and analyzed. In LQA, signal quality is determined by measuring, assessing, and analyzing link parameters, such as bit error | the ratio of signal-plus-noise-plus-distortion to noise-plus-distortion (SINAD). Measurements are stored at—and exchanged between—stations, for use in making decisions about link establishment. For adaptive HF radio, LQA is automatically performed and is usually based on analyses of pseudo-BERs and SINAD readings. Refe... |
stations during low demand periods, for release as demand rises Load cell, a transducer that is used to create an electrical signal Load factor (computer science), the ratio of the number of records to the number of addresses within a data structure Load factor (electrical), the average power divided by the peak power ... | loader routine used in software for the Commodore 64 computer; it was used in commercial computer games Load balancing (computing), or load distribution, a method that improves the distribution of workloads across multiple computing resources Load balancing (electrical power), or load distribution, the storing of exces... |
a function of the number of channels and has for its basis a specified voice channel mean power. References | plot, for the busy hour, of the equivalent mean power and the peak power as a function of the |
from the establishment may also have played a part in their ignoring of him. John Stone John S. Stone worked for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and was the first to attempt to apply Heaviside's ideas to real telecommunications. Stone's idea (1896) was to use a bimetallic iron-copper cable which he ha... | that the series impedance, Z, must be proportional to the shunt admittance, Y, at all frequencies. In terms of the primary line coefficients the condition is: where; is the series resistance of the line per unit length is the series self-inductance of the line per unit length is the shunt leakage conductance of the lin... |
water Roche lobe, the region of space around a star in a binary system within which orbiting material is gravitationally bound to that star Sidelobe, an identifiable segment of an antenna radiation pattern Grating lobe, a sidelobe that is much higher than all other side lobes, approximately the same as the main beam — ... | bound to that star Sidelobe, an identifiable segment of an antenna radiation pattern Grating lobe, a sidelobe that is much higher than all other side lobes, approximately the same as the main beam — exists only in phased arrays Main lobe, the lobe containing the maximum power Other uses Lobe, an oblong protrusion from ... |
part of Oklahoma from Pocola to Moffett Includes section of Oklahoma from Colcord to Watts Includes small part of Barry County, Missouri Includes area of Oklahoma near Maysville, Arkansas Includes area of Oklahoma near Uniontown, Arkansas 528 Little Rock Includes Watson, Oklahoma 530 Pine Bluff Includes Junction City, ... | boundaries, such as those for the New York metropolitan area and Greenwich, Connecticut; Chicago, Illinois; Portland, Oregon; and areas between Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Area codes and LATAs do not necessarily share boundaries; many LATAs exist in multiple area codes, and many area codes exist in multiple ... |
a town or local metropolitan area). Typically, local calls have shorter numbers than long-distance calls, as the area code may not be required. However, this is not true in parts of the United States and Canada that are subject to overlay plans or many countries in Europe that require closed dialing plans. Toll free (e... | the caller, any charge due for the distance of the connection is charged to the called party. Commercial users who make or accept many long-distance calls to or from a particular distant place may make them as local calls by use of a foreign exchange service. Such an "FX" line also allows people in the distant place to... |
its use as a television antenna, it was common to combine a log-periodic design for VHF with a Yagi for UHF, with both halves being roughly equal in size. This resulted in much higher gain for UHF, typically on the order of 10 to 14 dB on the Yagi side and 6.5 dB for the log-periodic. But this extra gain was needed any... | roughly 54–88 and 174–216 MHz in the VHF and 470–890 MHz in the UHF while also having high gain for adequate fringe reception. One widely used design for television reception combined a Yagi for UHF reception in front of a larger LPDA for VHF. Basic concept The LPDA normally consists of a series of half wave dipole "el... |
a "jack of all" but it is much in the technician's interest to gather greater education with certifications to qualify for certain jobs outside the military. The Military provides an avenue but does not make the individual a master of the career field. The technician will find that the job out look outside of military ... | and video support data transfers. The "bulk data transfer" or aggregation networking. The Long-haul telecommunication technicians is considered a "jack of all" but it is much in the technician's interest to gather greater education with certifications to qualify for certain jobs outside the military. The Military provi... |
refer to a larger Hamming code. This "extra" LRC word at the end of a block of data is very similar to checksum and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Optimal rectangular code While simple longitudinal parity can only detect errors, it can be combined with additional error-control coding, such as a transverse redundancy ch... | and the LRC to detect exactly which track the error occurred in, to discover exactly which bit is in error, and then correct that bit by flipping it. Pseudocode International standard ISO 1155 states that a longitudinal redundancy check for a sequence of bytes may be computed in software by the following algorithm: lrc... |
when the frequency is measured under identical environmental conditions, such as supply voltage, load, and temperature. Long-term | conditions, such as supply voltage, load, and temperature. Long-term frequency changes are caused by changes in the oscillator elements that determine frequency, such as crystal drift, |
feedback is shown at right. The input signal is applied to the amplifier with open-loop gain A and amplified. The output of the amplifier is applied to a feedback network with gain β, and subtracted from the input to the amplifier. The loop gain is calculated by imagining the feedback loop is broken at some point, and ... | electronic amplifier with negative feedback is shown at right. The input signal is applied to the amplifier with open-loop gain A and amplified. The output of the amplifier is applied to a feedback network with gain β, and subtracted from the input to the amplifier. The loop gain is calculated by imagining the feedback... |
free communication devices are allowed to operate in some regions. The frequencies correspond with the ITU region 1 ISM band of 433.050 MHz to 434.790 MHz, and operation is limited to CEPT countries. The frequencies used are within the 70-centimeter band, which is currently reserved for government and amateur radio ope... | PMR446 channels over shorter ranges (less than 1 km). LPD is also used in vehicle key-less entry device, garage or gate openers and some outdoor home weather station products. Usage by country ITU Region 1 (Europe) United Kingdom In the UK, LPD433 equipment that meets the respective Ofcom Interface Requirement can be u... |
and drums, punched cards and paper tapes, optical discs, barcodes and magnetic ink characters. Common machine-readable technologies include magnetic recording, processing waveforms, and barcodes. Optical character recognition (OCR) can be used to enable machines to read information available to humans. Any information ... | Tins And Swins Punched card Paper tape Music roll Music box cylinder or disk Grooves (See also Audio Data) Phonograph cylinder Gramophone record DictaBelt (groove on plastic belt) Capacitance Electronic Disc Optics Optical storage Thermodynamic See also MARC standards Machine-readable passport Paper data storage Machin... |
are elliptically polarized in opposite senses. The critical frequency of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the critical frequency of the ordinary wave (i.e. the wave in absence of the magnetic field) by the amount approximately equal to .5 times of | magnetic field and atmospheric ionization, whereby a linearly polarized wave entering the ionosphere is split into two components called the ordinary wave and extraordinary wave. The component waves follow different paths, experience different attenuations, have different phase velocities, and, in general, are elliptic... |
effect (not to be confused with the nonlinear Kerr effect). In general, magneto-optic effects break time reversal symmetry locally (i.e. when only the propagation of light, and not the source of the magnetic field, is considered) as well as Lorentz reciprocity, which is a necessary condition to construct devices such a... | general form of Hermitian ε is: or equivalently the relationship between the displacement field D and the electric field E is: where is a real symmetric matrix and is a real pseudovector called the gyration vector, whose magnitude is generally small compared to the eigenvalues of . The direction of g is called the axis... |
separate trunk main distribution frame (TMDF). Like other distribution frames the MDF provides flexibility in assigning facilities, at lower cost and higher capacity than a patch panel. The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides. On one side, termination blocks are arranged horizo... | but the workers prefer to hang the jumper on a hook on a pole so their partner can pull it through the ring. A fanning strip at the back of each termination block prevents the wires from covering each other's terminals. With disciplined administration, the MDF can hold over a hundred thousand jumpers, with dozens chang... |
main lobe is called the "backlobe". The radiation pattern referred to above is usually the horizontal radiation pattern, which is plotted as a function of azimuth about the antenna, although the vertical radiation pattern may also have a main lobe. The beamwidth of the antenna is the width of the main lobe, usually spe... | it appears biggest; this is the main lobe. The other lobes are called "sidelobes", and usually represent unwanted radiation in undesired directions. The sidelobe in the opposite direction from the main lobe is called the "backlobe". The radiation pattern referred to above is usually the horizontal radiation pattern, wh... |
and safety, meet new requirements, make future maintenance easier, or cope with a changing environment. In some cases, maintainability involves a system of continuous improvement - learning from the past in order to improve the ability to maintain systems, or improve the reliability of systems based on maintenance expe... | maximize efficiency, reliability, and safety, meet new requirements, make future maintenance easier, or cope with a changing environment. In some cases, maintainability involves a system of continuous improvement - learning from the past in order to improve the ability to maintain systems, or improve the reliability of... |
maintenance Railroad track maintenance Software maintenance Some kinds of technical maintenance Condition-based maintenance Corrective maintenance Planned maintenance Predictive maintenance Preventive maintenance Total productive maintenance | called "child maintenance" Feudal maintenance, system of funding armies Technical maintenance Maintenance (technical) Aircraft maintenance Bicycle maintenance Bus maintenance Car |
is managed, but also the device driver, that communicates with the device. An example of a printer as a managed object is the window that shows information about the printer, such as the location, printer status, printing progress, paper choice, and printing margins. The database, where all managed objects are stored, ... | only the actual device that is managed, but also the device driver, that communicates with the device. An example of a printer as a managed object is the window that shows information about the printer, such as the location, printer status, printing progress, paper choice, and printing margins. The database, where all ... |
Manchester code (also known as phase encoding, or PE) is a line code in which the encoding of each data bit is either low then high, or high then low, for equal time. It is a self-clocking signal with no DC component. Consequently, electrical connections using a Manchester code are easily galvanically isolated. Manches... | represented by a high-low signal sequence and a logic 1 is represented by a low-high signal sequence. If a Manchester encoded signal is inverted in communication, it is transformed from one convention to the other. This ambiguity can be overcome by using differential Manchester encoding. Decoding The existence of guara... |
wrapping on optical measurements depends on the propagating mode power distribution. An additional loss mechanism has no effect unless power is present in the affected modes. Principle of operation The effect of physically bending an optical fibre around a cylindrical form is to slightly modify the effective refractive... | effect of "transient loss", the tendency of high order modes to experience higher loss than lower order modes. Numerical addition (in decibels) of the measured loss of multiple fibre segments and/or components overestimates the loss of the concatenated set if each segment or component has been measured with a full mode... |
that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust Leaf margin, the edge of a leaf Resection margin, the tissue near a tumor that is removed to ensure that no cancer cells are left behind Economics and finance Margin of profit, the fraction of revenue that is left after paying expenses Margin (economics... | and finance Margin of profit, the fraction of revenue that is left after paying expenses Margin (economics), a set of constraints conceptualised as a border Margin (finance), a type of financial collateral used to cover credit risk Margin (journal), an economics journal Contribution margin Gross margin Figurative edges... |
distress calling, including international lifeboat, lifecraft, and survival-craft high frequency (HF); aeronautical emergency very high frequency (VHF); survival ultra high frequency (UHF); international calling and safety very high frequency (VHF); combined scene-of-search-and-rescue; and other similar and related pur... | maritime broadcast communications net is a communications net that is used for international distress calling, including international lifeboat, lifecraft, and survival-craft high frequency (HF); |
or master electronic oscillator, in frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), is a piece of equipment used to provide system end-to-end carrier frequency synchronization and frequency accuracy of tones. The following types of oscillators are used in the Defense Communications System FDM | and frequency accuracy of tones. The following types of oscillators are used in the Defense Communications System FDM systems: Type 1 - A master carrier |
temporary and is controlled by the control station according to the procedures set forth in the operational protocol. Master status is normally conferred upon a station so that it may transmit a message, but a station need not have a message to send to be designated the master station. In navigation systems using preci... | assignment of master status to a given station is temporary and is controlled by the control station according to the procedures set forth in the operational protocol. Master status is normally conferred upon a station so that it may transmit a message, but a station need not have a message to send to be designated the... |
vector . Following the ML detection criterion the detection procedure may be written as where is the considered constellation of and is the least square solution to the above model. The least square solution in this case is also known as maximum-ratio-combining (MRC). In the case of N antennas the LS can be written as ... | retina scale their dependence on two sources of input in proportion to the signal-to-noise ratio of the inputs. Example: Least Squares estimate in the case of Rx diversity We consider an example of which the receiver is endowed with N antennas. In this case, the received vector is where is noise vector . Following the ... |
to Earth. In this way radio waves can travel beyond the horizon, around the curve of the Earth. However the refractive index of the ionosphere decreases with increasing frequency, so there is an upper limit to the frequency which can be used. Above this frequency the radio waves are not reflected by the ionosphere but ... | for skywave communication varies on an hourly basis. MUF is a median frequency, defined as the highest frequency at which skywave communication is possible 50% of the days in a month, as opposed to the lowest usable high frequency (LUF) which is the frequency at which communication is possible 90% of the days, and the ... |
mean time between failures and FFAS is the fraction of failures for which the failed | the mean time between equipment failures that result in loss of system continuity or unacceptable degradation. The |
an imperfect splice or imperfectly mated connectors. Mechanical disturbance of the fiber ahead of the joint will introduce changes in the modal structure, resulting in variations of joint loss. | optical signal modulation induced by mechanical means. An example of deleterious mechanically induced modulation is speckle noise created in a multimode fiber by an imperfect splice or imperfectly |
between network elements and network operations. Examples of mediation functions are communications control, protocol conversion, data handling, communications of primitives, processing that includes decision-making, and data storage. Mediation | or acts on information passing between network elements and network operations. Examples of mediation functions are communications control, protocol conversion, data handling, |
at the medium power of all talkers determining the volume distribution at the point of interest. When the distribution follows a log-normal curve (values expressed in decibels), the mean and standard deviation can be used to compute the medium-power talker. The talker volume distribution follows a log-normal curve and ... | volume, V, is given by V = V o + 0.115σ2, where V o is the average of the talker volume distribution in volume units (vu), and σ2 is the variance of the distribution. Telecommunication theory |
a single program, for their own purposes. Instant messaging and emails are examples of computer software designed for delivering human-readable messages in formatted or unformatted text, from one person to another. Message passing is a form of communication used in concurrent and parallel computing, object-oriented pro... | by those computer systems, and messages passed between programs or between components of a single program, for their own purposes. Instant messaging and emails are examples of computer software designed for delivering human-readable messages in formatted or unformatted text, from one person to another. Message passing ... |
form with spaces for each part of the message and for administrative entries. Telecommunication theory | message that is recorded in or on a data storage medium. At one time, messages prepared for electrical |
and mainframe host computer for the express purpose of uploading, downloading, or viewing interactive data and databases | telecommunication, a micro-mainframe link is a physical or logical connection established between a remote microprocessor and mainframe host computer for the express purpose |
device that disperse, or transports one phase or ingredient (liquid, solid, gas) into a main continuous phase (liquid) High viscosity mixer Impinging mixer, part of a reaction injection molding system Industrial mixer, a machine for mixing the materials in industrial scale Static mixer, a device for mixing two fluid ma... | Submersible mixer, a machine used for mixing liquids and slurries in tanks (e.g. wastewater, liquid manure, etc.) Vortex mixer, a laboratory device Entertainment Mixer (service), a defunct interactive video game streaming platform by Microsoft Mixer dance, a kind of participation dance that involves changing partners P... |
to move the red pieces, and if it were Bob's turn, he would only be allowed to move the black pieces. Note that any configuration of an impartial game can therefore be written as a single position, because the moves will be the same no matter whose turn it is. For example, the position of the zero game can simply be wr... | game is impartial because for any given configuration of pile sizes, the moves Alice can make on her turn are exactly the same moves Bob would be allowed to make if it were his turn. In contrast, a game such as checkers is not impartial because, supposing Alice were playing red and Bob were playing black, for any given... |
radius, and the mode field radius is equal to the distance from the center at which the electric and magnetic field strengths are reduced to of their maximum values. Since the intensity (given by the Poynting vector) is proportional to the square of the field amplitude, the intensity drops by or -8.69 dB at this distan... | i.e., the optical power per unit area, across the end face of a single-mode fiber. It is analogous to the measure of the beam diameter for a beam propagating in free space. The mode field diameter is defined as twice the mode field radius, and the mode field radius is equal to the distance from the center at which the ... |
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