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However, in 1943 Ellington asked Webster to leave; the saxophonist's personality made his colleagues anxious and the saxophonist was regularly in conflict with the leader. Early post-war years Musicians enlisting in the military and travel restrictions made touring difficult for the big bands, and dancing became subjec... | African American styles and performers. Duke Ellington and his Kentucky Club Orchestra grew to a group of ten players; they developed their own sound via the non-traditional expression of Ellington's arrangements, the street rhythms of Harlem, and the exotic-sounding trombone growls and wah-wahs, high-squealing trumpet... |
Color was a unique album in the annals of recorded jazz and popular music. It was a two-LP set, with Side 4 apparently "blank", the label not indicating any content. However, once word of "the secret message" got around among Rahsaan's fans, one would find that about 12 minutes into Side 4 appeared the first of two tel... | compelled by a dream to transpose two letters in his first name to make '"Roland". In 1970, Kirk added "Rahsaan" to his name after hearing it in a dream. Kirk was politically outspoken. During his concerts, between songs he often talked about topical issues, including African-American history and the Civil Rights Movem... |
Vancouver, McLoughlin supervised trade and kept peace with the Indians, inaugurated salmon and timber trade with Mexican-controlled California and Hawaii, and supplied Russian America with produce. Fort Vancouver became the center of activity in the Pacific Northwest. Every year ships would come from London to drop off... | to assist him. At the time, the region was under joint occupation of both the United States and Britain pursuant to the Treaty of 1818. Upon his arrival, McLoughlin determined that the headquarters of the company at Fort Astoria (now Astoria, Oregon), at the mouth of the Columbia River, was unfit. The York Factory Expr... |
value of the Avogadro constant expressed in reciprocal mole, a dimensionless number, is called the Avogadro number, sometimes denoted N or N0, which is thus the number of particles that are contained in one mole, exactly . The value of the Avogadro constant was chosen so that the mass of one mole of a chemical compound... | the hydrogen atom; which, because of the law of definite proportions, was the natural unit of atomic mass, and was assumed to be 1/16 of the atomic mass of oxygen. First measurements The value of Avogadro's number (not yet known by that name) was first obtained indirectly by Josef Loschmidt in 1865, by estimating the n... |
control input. This frequency modulates the VCO and produces FM sidebands commonly called "reference spurs". The design of this block can be dominated by either of these considerations, or can be a complex process juggling the interactions of the two. Typical trade-offs are increasing the bandwidth usually degrades the... | an injection locked oscillator can be employed following the VCO in the PLL. Frequency synthesis In digital wireless communication systems (GSM, CDMA etc.), PLLs are used to provide the local oscillator up-conversion during transmission and down-conversion during reception. In most cellular handsets this function has b... |
definition as one-half of the double-sideband PSD. Jitter conversions Phase noise is sometimes also measured and expressed as a power obtained by integrating over a certain range of offset frequencies. For example, the phase noise may be −40 dBc integrated over the range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz. This integrated phase noise... | spectral density of a signal's phase only, while the other definition refers to the phase spectrum (which pairs up with the amplitude spectrum) resulting from the spectral estimation of the signal itself. Both definitions yield the same result at offset frequencies well removed from the carrier. At close-in offsets how... |
and may appear to be random or cyclic. The phase departure in phase perturbation usually is larger, but less rapid, than in phase jitter. | phase perturbation usually is larger, but less rapid, than in phase jitter. Phase perturbation may be expressed in degrees, with any cyclic component expressed in hertz. References Frequency-domain |
holds true for M-QAM. Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) Differential encoding Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is a common form of phase modulation that conveys data by changing the phase of the carrier wave. As mentioned for BPSK and QPSK there is an ambiguity of phase if the constellation is rotated by som... | where encoding would be +90° for a "1" and −90° for a "0". In differentially encoded QPSK (DQPSK), the phase-shifts are 0°, 90°, 180°, −90° corresponding to data "00", "01", "11", "10". This kind of encoding may be demodulated in the same way as for non-differential PSK but the phase ambiguities can be ignored. Thus, e... |
system (See :Category:Phonetic alphabets for other phonetic transcription systems) Phonemic orthography: an orthography that represents the sounds of a particular language in such a way that one symbol corresponds to each speech sound and vice versa Spelling alphabet radio alphabet: a set of code words for the names of... | vice versa Spelling alphabet radio alphabet: a set of code words for the names of the letters of an alphabet, used in noisy conditions such as radio communication; each word typically stands for its own initial letter NATO phonetic alphabet: the international standard |
(PCS), also known as photoconductivity spectroscopy, is widely used for studying optoelectronic properties of semiconductors and other light absorbing materials. The setup of the technique involves having a semiconductor contacted with electrodes allowing for application of an electric bias, while at the same time a tu... | gain caused by interaction among ions and photons under the influence of applied fields, such as occurs in an avalanche photodiode (APD). When a suitable radiation is used, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to intensity of radiation and increases with the increase in accelerating potential till the sta... |
Flying J, a North American chain of truck stops Pilot Software, an American business intelligence vendor People Pilot (surname), including a list of people with the name Pilot Baba (born 1938), an Indian spiritual guru and former fighter pilot Places Pilot, Davidson County, North Carolina, U.S. Pilot, Franklin County, ... | Pilot: A Tale of the Sea, an 1824 novel by James Fenimore Cooper Music Bands Pilot (band), a Scottish rock group Pilot (Russian band), a Russian rock band EPs Pilot (Mallory Knox EP), 2011 Pilot (Reuben EP), 2001 Pilot, a 2014 EP by Amber Run Songs "Pilot" (50 Cent song), 2014 "Pilot", a song by Blue Cheer from the 197... |
the injected carrier concentration is typically several orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic carrier concentration. Due to this high level injection, which in turn is due to the depletion process, the electric field extends deeply (almost the entire length) into the region. This electric field helps in speedin... | At , the capacitive reactance of is : As a series element in a system, the off-state attenuation is: This attenuation may not be adequate. In applications where higher isolation is needed, both shunt and series elements may be used, with the shunt diodes biased in complementary fashion to the series elements. Adding sh... |
vectors, the wave is said to be a longitudinal wave if the vectors are always collinear with the vector , and a transverse wave if they are always orthogonal (perpendicular) to it. Special types Traveling plane wave Often the term "plane wave" refers specifically to a traveling plane wave, whose evolution in time can b... | field's value as from only two real parameters: the time , and the scalar-valued displacement of the point along the direction . The displacement is constant over each plane perpendicular to . The values of the field may be scalars, vectors, or any other physical or mathematical quantity. They can be complex numbers, a... |
fiber or polymer-clad silica fiber (PCS) is an optical fiber that has a silica-based core and a plastic cladding. The cladding of a PCS fiber should not be confused with the polymer overcoat of a conventional all-silica | fiber. PCS fibers in general have significantly lower performance characteristics, particularly higher transmission losses and lower bandwidths, than all-glass fibers. The main applications of plastic-clad silica fiber are industrial, |
eldest daughter, Eva, played by Ullmann. Eva is married to a clergyman and they care for her sister, Helena, who is severely disabled, paralyzed, and unable to speak clearly. Charlotte has not visited either of her two daughters for seven years. Upon arrival at Eva's home, she is shocked and dismayed to learn that her ... | which premiered on 7 October 1976. Roger Ebert in his review wrote, ""A Matter of Time" is a fairly large disappointment as a movie, but as an occasion for reverie, it does very nicely. Once we've finally given up on the plot - a meandering and jumbled business - we're left with the opportunity to contemplate Ingrid Be... |
a form of differential duplex transmission in the other. Two types of polarential systems, known as types A and B, are in use. In half-duplex operation of a type A polarential system, the direct-current balance is independent of | system, the direct current is substantially independent of the line leakage. Type A is better for cable loops where leakage is negligible but resistance varies with temperature. Type B is considered better for open wire where variable line leakage is frequent. See also Neutral direct-current telegraph system References... |
wave) is known as a Jones vector. In addition to specifying the polarization state of the wave, a general Jones vector also specifies the overall magnitude and phase of that wave. Specifically, the intensity of the light wave is proportional to the sum of the squared magnitudes of the two electric field components: how... | the third figure. When the phase shift is exactly ±90°, then circular polarization is produced (fourth and fifth figures). Thus is circular polarization created in practice, starting with linearly polarized light and employing a quarter-wave plate to introduce such a phase shift. The result of two such phase-shifted co... |
both polarization modes, conducting the same wave at slightly different phase velocities. At most points along the fiber the net polarization will be an elliptically polarized state, with a return to the original polarization state after an integer number of beat lengths. Consequently, if visible laser light is launche... | or bending applied to fiber, the output state of polarization will itself be random, and will vary as those stresses or bends vary; it will also vary with wavelength. Principle of operation Polarization-maintaining fibers work by intentionally introducing a systematic linear birefringence in the fiber, so that there ar... |
is a municipality in the district of Mühldorf in Bavaria in Germany. It | is a municipality in the district of Mühldorf |
magnetic fields then returned to the power grid a fraction of the period later. Electrical circuits containing predominantly resistive loads (incandescent lamps, heating elements) have a power factor of almost 1, but circuits containing inductive or capacitive loads (electric motors, solenoid valves, transformers, fluo... | The VA and var are non-SI units mathematically identical to the watt, but are used in engineering practice instead of the watt to state what quantity is being expressed. The SI explicitly disallows using units for this purpose or as the only source of information about a physical quantity as used. The power factor is d... |
switch. In telephony, a function which, when activated in the event of a commercial power failure or a low-voltage battery condition at a subscriber location, supplies power to predesignated subscriber equipment via the central office trunk. Power-failure transfer is an emergency mode of operation in which one and only... | power failure transfer has the following meanings: The switching of primary utilities to their secondary backup whenever the primary source operates outside its design parameters. This is accomplished via a transfer switch. In telephony, |
cladding, which is taken to be homogeneous (), is the core radius, and is a parameter that defines the shape of the profile. is often used in place of . Hence, this is sometimes called an alpha profile. | is often used in place of . Hence, this is sometimes called an alpha profile. For this class of profiles, multimode distortion is smallest when takes a particular value depending on the material used. For most materials, this optimum value is approximately 2. In the limit of infinite , the profile becomes |
between available signal power and the minimum signal power needed to overcome system losses and still satisfy the minimum input requirements of the receiver for a given performance level. System power margin | input of the receiver, that is available to compensate for (a) the effects of component aging in the transmitter, receiver, or physical transmission medium, and |
12.04 "Precise Pangolin", Canonical's sixteenth release of Ubuntu Companies Precision Air, an airline based in Tanzania Precision Castparts Corp., a casting company based in Portland, Oregon, in the United States Precision Drilling, the largest drilling-rig contractor in Canada Precision Monolithics, an American compan... | measurement deviation from true value and its scatter Significant figures, the number of digits that carry real information about a measurement Precision and recall, in information retrieval: the percentage of relevant documents returned Precision (computer science), a measure of the detail in which a quantity is expre... |
produces a noise spectrum that rises in frequency (a so-called triangular spectrum). Without preemphasis, the received audio would sound unacceptably noisy at high frequencies, especially under conditions of low carrier-to-noise ratio, i.e., during fringe reception conditions. Preemphasis increases the magnitude of the... | so-called triangular spectrum). Without preemphasis, the received audio would sound unacceptably noisy at high frequencies, especially under conditions of low carrier-to-noise ratio, i.e., during fringe reception conditions. Preemphasis increases the magnitude of the higher signal frequencies, thereby improving the sig... |
communication channel that is designated as a prime transmission channel and is used as the first choice in restoring priority circuits. In a communications network, the channel that has the highest data rate of all the channels sharing a common interface. The main Television channel of several operated by a | as a prime transmission channel and is used as the first choice in restoring priority circuits. In a communications network, the channel that has the highest data rate of all the channels sharing a common interface. The main Television channel of several operated by a broadcaster. A |
Interface (PRI) for large organizations, with one 64-kbit/s D channel and 23 (1.536 Mbit/s T1, a.k.a. "23B + D") or 30, 64-kbit/s B channels (2.048 Mbit/s E1, a.k.a. "30B + D"). Each B-channel carries data, voice, and other services. The D-channel carries control and signaling information. Larger connections are possib... | a.k.a. "23B + D") or 30, 64-kbit/s B channels (2.048 Mbit/s E1, a.k.a. "30B + D"). Each B-channel carries data, voice, and other services. The D-channel carries control and signaling information. Larger connections are possible using PRI pairing. A dual T1-PRI could have 24 + 23 = 47 B-channels and 1 D-channel (often c... |
a data link. The primary station generates commands and interprets responses, and is responsible for | data link. The primary station generates commands and interprets responses, and is responsible for initialization of data and control information interchange, organization and control |
the caesium-133 atom in a magnetically neutral environment. Realizable caesium frequency standards use a strong electromagnet to deliberately introduce a magnetic field which overwhelms that of the Earth. The presence of this strong magnetic field introduces | the caesium-133 atom in a magnetically neutral environment. Realizable caesium frequency standards use a strong electromagnet to deliberately introduce a magnetic field which overwhelms that of the Earth. The presence of this strong magnetic field introduces a slight, but known, increase |
the right of way Priority date, a concept of establishing waiting times in the immigration process by United States Department of State Priority right, a time-limited right, triggered by the first filing of an application for a patent Subordination (finance), the order of priorities in claims for ownership or interest ... | Sisters Science and technology Scheduling priority, the way computing processes are assigned priorities in a run queue Priority, a tag or attribute of a requirement in software or systems engineering Priority of the scientific names of organisms, including: Principle of Priority, the principle that the oldest available... |
to other NS/EP or non-NS/EP telecommunication services. Priority levels authorized are designated (highest to lowest) "E," "1," "2," "3," "4," and "5" for provisioning and "1," "2," "3," "4," and "5" for restoration. References See also INMOS Transputer United States communications regulation | or non-NS/EP telecommunication services. Priority levels authorized are designated (highest to lowest) "E," "1," "2," "3," "4," and "5" for provisioning and "1," "2," "3," "4," and "5" for restoration. References See also INMOS |
telephone company service that uses a dedicated, usually unswitched point-to-point circuit, but it may involve private switching arrangements, or predefined transmission physical or virtual paths. Most private lines connect only two locations, but some have multiple drop points. If the circuit is used for interconnecti... | connected. In radio or wireless telephony, Private Line is a term trademarked by Motorola to describe an implementation of a Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System (CTCSS), a method of using low-frequency subaudible tones to share a single radio channel among multiple users. Each user group would use a different low freq... |
In telecommunications, proceed-to-select is a signal or event in the call-access phase of a data call, | the calling data terminal equipment to proceed with the transmission of the selection signals. Examples of proceed-to-select |
namely R,C,L and G, from which the secondary coefficients may be derived using the telegrapher's equation. Note that in the field of transmission lines, the term transmission coefficient has a different meaning despite the similarity of name: it is the companion of the reflection coefficient. Definition The propagation... | quantity. These include transmission parameter, transmission function, propagation parameter, propagation coefficient and transmission constant. If the plural is used, it suggests that α and β are being referenced separately but collectively as in transmission parameters, propagation parameters, etc. In transmission li... |
above, or below the path. Ridges, bridges, cliffs, buildings, and trees are examples of obstructions. If the clearance from the nearest anticipated path position, over the expected range of Earth | obstruction may lie to the side, above, or below the path. Ridges, bridges, cliffs, buildings, and trees are examples of obstructions. If the clearance from the nearest anticipated path position, over the expected range of Earth radius |
and the interconnecting lines. Description The purpose of a PDS is to deter, detect and/or make difficult physical access to the communication lines carrying national security information. A specification called the National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Instruction (NSTISSI) 7003 was iss... | US government term for wireline or fiber-optics telecommunication system that includes terminals and adequate acoustical, electrical, electromagnetic, and physical safeguards to permit its use for the unencrypted transmission of classified information. At one time these systems were called "approved circuits". A comple... |
The queries and replies among communications equipment to determine the respective capabilities of each end of the communications link. For layered systems, information exchanged between entities of a given layer, via the service provided | PCI has the following meanings: The queries and replies among communications equipment to determine the respective capabilities of each end of the communications link. For layered systems, information exchanged between entities |
peer entities of a computer network. A PDU is composed of protocol-specific control information and user data. In the layered architectures of communication protocol stacks, each layer implements protocols tailored to the specific type or mode of data exchange. For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) imple... | of a computer network. A PDU is composed of protocol-specific control information and user data. In the layered architectures of communication protocol stacks, each layer implements protocols tailored to the specific type or mode of data exchange. For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) implements a connec... |
and the corresponding parameters of the service to one or more services/parameters on the network elements involved. The algorithm used to translate a system service into network services is called provisioning logic. Electronic invoice feeds from your carriers can be automatically downloaded directly into the core of ... | business processes. User provisioning software may include one or more of the following processes: change propagation, self-service workflow, consolidated user administration, delegated user administration, and federated change control. User objects may represent employees, contractors, vendors, partners, customers or ... |
sequence at both the transmitter and the receiver, so the receiver's locally generated sequence has a very high correlation with the transmitted sequence. In a direct-sequence spread spectrum system, each bit in the pseudorandom binary sequence is known as a chip and the inverse of its period as chip rate; compare bit ... | narrow band interference, or with thermal noise. Unlike random noise, it must be easy to generate exactly the same sequence at both the transmitter and the receiver, so the receiver's locally generated sequence has a very high correlation with the transmitted sequence. In a direct-sequence spread spectrum system, each ... |
on a basis from , itself derived from . It is unrelated to . The '-meter' suffix was already widely used in English, but also derives originally from Greek. See also Psophometric voltage References Electronic test equipment Noise (electronics) Measuring | is based on a true RMS voltmeter, which measures the level of the noise signal. This was used for the first psophometers, in the 1930s. As the human-perceived level of noise is more important for telephony than their raw voltage, a modern psophometer incorporates a weighting network to represent this perception. The ch... |
line with 600 Ω internal resistance. For practical purposes, the psophometric emf is twice the corresponding psophometric voltage. Psophometric voltage readings, V, | CCIF-1951 weighting network. "Psophometric voltage" should not be confused with "psophometric emf," i.e., the emf in a generator or line with 600 Ω internal resistance. For practical purposes, the psophometric |
to six-digit number identifying a country, and a mobile network operator in that country, usually represented in the form 001-01 or 001–001. A PLMN is part of a: Location Area Identity (LAI) (PLMN and Location Area Code) Cell Global Identity (CGI) (LAI and Cell Identifier) IMSI (see PLMN code and IMSI) Leading zeros in... | of several cellular technologies like GSM/2G, UMTS/3G, LTE/4G, offered by a single operator within a given country, often referred to as a cellular network. PLMN code A PLMN is identified by a globally unique PLMN code, which consists of a MCC (Mobile Country Code) and MNC (Mobile Network Code). Hence, it is a five- to... |
arterial system (as seen in atherosclerosis, hypertension and coarctation of aorta). The strength of the pulse can also be reported: 0 = Absent 1 = Barely palpable 2 = Easily palpable 3 = Full 4 = Aneurysmal or bounding pulse Force Also known as compressibility of pulse. It is a rough measure of systolic blood pressure... | cycle (heartbeat) by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as at the neck (carotid artery), wrist (radial artery), at the groin (femoral artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), near the ankle joint (posterior tibial arte... |
to receive signals from several Earth terminals simultaneously and to amplify, translate, and relay the signals back to Earth, | and to amplify, translate, and relay the signals back to Earth, based on the addressing of each station by an assignment of a unique combination of time and frequency slots. This |
of the pulse reaches a specified fraction (level) of its final amplitude, and the time the pulse amplitude drops, on the last transition, to the same level. The interval between the 50% points of the final amplitude is usually used to determine or define pulse | of its final amplitude, and the time the pulse amplitude drops, on the last transition, to the same level. The interval between the 50% points of the final amplitude is usually used to determine or define pulse duration, and this is understood to be the case unless otherwise specified. Other fractions of the final ampl... |
concatenated E and M signaling paths. A PLR converts a ground, received from the E lead of one signal path, to | carrier systems, the channel bank cards or modules have a "PLR" option that permits the direct concatenation of E&M signaling paths, without the need |
Pulsing may refer | Pulsing (bodywork) Pulse |
number of times data is transmitted per clock cycle Pumping (oil well), injecting chemicals into a wellbore Pumping (noise reduction), an unwanted artifact of some noise reduction systems Pumping lemma, in the theory of formal languages Gastric lavage, cleaning the contents of the stomach | The use of a breast pump for extraction of milk Pumping (audio), a creative misuse of dynamic range compression Pumping (computer systems), the number of times data is transmitted per clock cycle Pumping (oil well), injecting chemicals into a wellbore Pumping (noise reduction), an unwanted artifact of some noise reduct... |
in which the operator at a station must keep a switch operated in order to send messages. Push-to-type operation is used in radio systems where the same frequency is employed for transmission and reception. Push-to-type | at a station must keep a switch operated in order to send messages. Push-to-type operation is used in radio systems |
case of numerical integration Formerly, a synonym for "integral" Integral Antiderivative Addition in quadrature, combining the magnitude of uncorrelated signals by taking the square root of the sum of their squares In physics: In Optical phase space, quadratures are operators which represent the real and imaginary part... | phase, oscillations that are said to be in quadrature if they are separated in phase by 90° (/2, or /4) Quadrature filter, the analytic signal of a real-valued filter Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), a phase-shift keying of using four quadrate points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle In math... |
quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example. History and introduction Early stone tools such as anvils had no h... | unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example. History and introduction Early stone tools such as anvils had no holes and were not designed as interchangeable parts. Mass production established processes for the creation of parts and system with identical dimensions and design, but these ... |
is used to convey message traffic over dial-up telephone systems, it is often referred to as voice-data. A modem may be used for the conversion process. References Signal | envelope delay distortion. When quasi-analog form of signaling is used to convey message traffic over dial-up telephone systems, it is often referred to as voice-data. A modem may be used for the conversion process. References |
delays between the request for service and the establishment of a circuit to the called data terminal equipment (DTE). In a packet-switched network, queuing delay is the sum of the delays encountered by a packet between the time of insertion into the network and the time of delivery to the address. This term is most of... | which packets are arriving to be serviced. This formula can be used when no packets are dropped from the queue. The maximum queuing delay is proportional to buffer size. The longer the line of packets waiting to be transmitted, the longer the average waiting time is. The router queue of packets waiting to be sent also ... |
the exit face of an optical fiber. The cone boundary is usually defined (a) by the angle at which the far-field irradiance has decreased to a specified fraction of its maximum value or (b) as | light emitted at the exit face of an optical fiber. The cone boundary is usually defined (a) by the angle at which the far-field irradiance |
zero wavelength. Specifically, a radiation mode is one for which where β is the imaginary part of the axial propagation constant, integer l is the azimuthal index of the mode, n(r) is the refractive index at radius r, a is the core radius, and k is the free-space wave number, k = 2π/λ, where λ is the wavelength. Radiat... | the fiber core. Such a mode has fields that are transversely oscillatory everywhere external to the waveguide, and exists even at the limit of zero wavelength. Specifically, a radiation mode is one for which where |
minor lobe in the opposite direction (180°) from the main lobe is called the "back lobe". Minor lobes usually represent radiation in undesired directions, so in directional antennas a design goal is usually to reduce the minor lobes. Side lobes are normally the largest of the minor lobes. The level of minor lobes is us... | antenna, with the power varying only with the angle to the axis, dropping off to zero on the antenna's axis. This illustrates the general principle that if the shape of an antenna is symmetrical, its radiation pattern will have the same symmetry. In most antennas, the radiation from the different parts of the antenna i... |
true heading, TH, plus the relative bearing, RB, of the station. The bearing from the station (QTE) is found by adding 180° to the QUJ figure. The line of position is then the line of bearing QUJ (i.e. from the station to the receiver) passing through the station. For the diagram on the right, we have: A radio fix on t... | diagram on the right, the LOPs are found as before: Remembering that the LOPs pass through their respective stations, it is now simple to find the location of the craft. Remember too, that bearings and direction are given/recorded with respect to True North and to Magnetic North. Values used by mobile stations usually ... |
sensing. The measurement techniques categorized as radiometry in optics are called photometry in some astronomical applications, contrary to the optics usage of the term. Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength. Radiometric quantities Integral and spectral r... | Earth remote sensing. The measurement techniques categorized as radiometry in optics are called photometry in some astronomical applications, contrary to the optics usage of the term. Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength. Radiometric quantities Integral a... |
Randomizer most often | to: Scrambler, a telecommunications |
as "47 88 1 32 41" but "we can't say authoritavely that the first sequence is not random ... it could have been generated by chance." When a police officer claims to have done a "random .. door-to-door" search, there is a certain expectation that members of a jury will have. Real world consequences Flaws in randomness ... | 2 3 4 5" is not as random as "3 5 2 1 4" and certainly not as random as "47 88 1 32 41" but "we can't say authoritavely that the first sequence is not random ... it could have been generated by chance." When a police officer claims to have done a "random .. door-to-door" search, there is a certain expectation that memb... |
must exist at the local receiver input prior to, or at the time of, keying off the local transmitter. Receive-after-transmit time delay applies only to half-duplex operation. See also Transmit-after-receive time delay | instant the local receiver output has increased to 90% of its steady-state value in response to an RF (radio-frequency) signal from another transmitter. The RF signal from the distant transmitter must exist at the local receiver input prior to, or at the time of, keying off |
For example, the received noise power might be: The calculated or measured noise power, within the bandwidth being used, at the receive end of a circuit, channel, link, or system. The absolute power of the noise measured or calculated at a receive point. The related bandwidth and the noise weighting must also | weighting must also be specified. The value of noise power, from all sources, measured at the line terminals of a telephone set's receiver.' Either flat weighting or some other specific amplitude-frequency characteristic or noise weighting characteristic must be associated with the measurement. Telecommunication theory... |
defined as the time interval from the instant a step radio-frequency (RF) signal, at a level equal to the receiver's threshold of sensitivity, is applied to the receiver input, to the instant when the receiver's output amplitude reaches 90% of its | delay is defined as the interval from the instant the transmitter is keyed-on to the instant the transmitted RF signal amplitude has increased to a specified level, usually 90% of its key-on steady-state value. The transmitter attack-time delay excludes the time required for automatic antenna tuning. See also Transmit-... |
transmitted over a telephone line to indicate to the called party that the calling party is recording the conversation. In the United States, the recorder warning tone is a half-second burst of 1400 Hz applied every 15 seconds. The recorder warning tone is required by law to be generated as an integral part of any reco... | every 15 seconds. The recorder warning tone is required by law to be generated as an integral part of any recording device used for the purpose and is required to be not under the control |
a process that attempts to bring a system back to a normal operating state. Examples: The actions necessary to restore an automated information system's data files and | attempts to bring a system back to a normal operating state. Examples: The actions necessary to restore an automated information system's data files and computational capability after a system failure. |
design engineers. Analog Devices' Circuits from the Lab reference circuits are fully tested and come with the schematics, evaluation boards, and device drivers necessary for system integration. A group of related reference circuits | planning and engineering of circuits and networks. Normally, several types of reference circuits are defined, with different configurations, because communications are required over a wide range of distances. Another type of reference circuit shows how to configure integrated circuits into function blocks, which Analog... |
may refer to the following: A master clock used as | master clock used as a timekeeping standard to regulate or compare the accuracy of other |
3:1 but incorrectly concluded the ratio was an irrational fraction, which would have made quadrature impossible. Around 1628, Gilles Persone de Roberval likely learned of the quadrature problem from Père Marin Mersenne and effected the quadrature in 1634 by using Cavalieri's Theorem. However, this work was not publishe... | for theology but, while suffering from a toothache, began considering several problems concerning the cycloid. His toothache disappeared, and he took this as a heavenly sign to proceed with his research. Eight days later he had completed his essay and, to publicize the results, proposed a contest. Pascal proposed three... |
measurement. Many different levels with a number of different weightings are in current use, and care must be taken | different weightings are in current use, and care must be taken to ensure that the proper parameters are stated. Specific ones include: dBa, dBa(F1A), dBa(HA1), dBa0, |
transverse-alignment elements of a component such as a connector or mechanical splice. For telecommunications-grade fibers, the reference surface is the outer surface of the cladding. For plastic-clad silica (PCS) fibers, which have a strippable polymer | an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component such as a connector or mechanical splice. For telecommunications-grade fibers, the reference surface |
reflection coefficient is changed by twice the phase length of the attached transmission line. That is to take into account not only the phase delay of the reflected wave, but the phase shift that had first been applied to the forward wave, with the reflection coefficient being the quotient of these. The reflection coe... | Thévenin equivalent, driving the load . For a real (resistive) source impedance , if we define using the reference impedance = then the source's maximum power is delivered to a load =, in which case implying no reflected power. More generally, the squared-magnitude of the reflection coefficient denotes the proportion o... |
discontinuity of refractive index, especially at an air-glass interface such as a fiber endface, at which a fraction of the optical signal is reflected back toward the source. This reflection phenomenon is also called "Fresnel reflection loss," or simply "Fresnel loss." See also Federal | of the incident power to the reflected power. Reflection loss is usually expressed in dB. In an optical fiber, the loss that takes place at any discontinuity of refractive index, especially at an air-glass interface such as a fiber endface, at which a fraction of the optical signal is |
conductor, it induces an electrical current in it. Since the radio signal fills space, and the conductor has a finite size, the induced currents add up or cancel out as they move along the conductor. A basic goal of antenna design is to make the currents add up to a maximum at the point where the energy is tapped off. ... | signal passes a conductor, it induces an electrical current in it. Since the radio signal fills space, and the conductor has a finite size, the induced currents add up or cancel out as they move along the conductor. A basic goal of antenna design is to make the currents add up to a maximum at the point where the energy... |
the Fresnel reflection coefficient, which is the ratio of the reflected to incident electric field; as such the reflection coefficient can be expressed as a complex number as determined by the Fresnel equations for a single layer, whereas the reflectance is always a positive real number. For layered and finite media, a... | a surface, denoted RΩ,ν and RΩ,λ respectively, are defined as where Le,Ω,νr is the spectral radiance in frequency reflected by that surface; Le,Ω,νi is the spectral radiance received by that surface; Le,Ω,λr is the spectral radiance in wavelength reflected by that surface; Le,Ω,λi is the spectral radiance in wavelength... |
refractive index contrast, Δ, is often given by , where n1 is the maximum refractive index in the core (or simply the core index for a step-index profile) and n2 is the refractive index of the cladding. The criterion n2 < n1 must be satisfied in order to sustain a guided mode by total internal reflection. Alternative f... | a measure of the relative difference in refractive index of the core and cladding. The refractive index contrast, Δ, is often given by , where n1 is the maximum refractive index in the core (or simply the core index for a step-index profile) and n2 is the refractive index of the cladding. The criterion n2 < n1 must be ... |
2016 Music Regeneration (Stanley Cowell album) (1976) Regeneration (Roy Orbison album) (1977) Regeneration (The Divine Comedy album) (2001) Regeneration (Superchick album) (2003) Film and television Regeneration (1915 film), a film starring John McCann Regeneration, a Norman Studios production Regeneration (1997 film) ... | (design), a process for resilient and sustainable development Regenerative agriculture, a sub-category of organic agriculture History and politics Regeneration (Colombia), La Regeneración, a 19th-century period and political movement in Colombia Regeneration (Portugal), a 19th-century period in the history of Portugal ... |
power, at a given point in a transmission system, to a reference signal power. The ratio is usually determined by applying a standard test tone at zero transmission level point (or applying adjusted test tone power at any other point) and measuring | transmission system, to a reference signal power. The ratio is usually determined by applying a standard test tone at zero transmission level point (or applying adjusted test tone power at |
instant at which suppression ceases, for a relay, the time between when the coil is de-energized, and the instant that contact closure ceases | control or echo suppressor circuit, the time interval between the end of the enabling signal and the instant at which suppression ceases, for a relay, the time between when the coil is de-energized, and |
the overall consistency of a measure Reliability engineering, concerned with the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified time High reliability is informally reported in "nines" Human reliability in engineered systems Reliability theory, as a theoretical... | used to describe protocols Reliability (semiconductor), outline of semiconductor device reliability drivers Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics Reliability (statistics), the overall consistency of a measure Reliability engineering, concerned with the |
graphical output locally Terminal emulation, when used to interface with a remote system. May use standard tools like: telnet, – software used to interact over a network with a computer system ssh – secure shell: often used with remote applications Activation of features of a business telephone system from outside | virtual private network Remote desktop software, software allowing applications to run remotely on a server while displaying graphical output locally Terminal emulation, when used to interface with a remote system. May use standard tools like: telnet, – software used to interact over a network with a computer system ss... |
customers with widely advertised numbers which appear on headed paper, vehicles and various marketing literature. When customers ring, their calls are forwarded to the new location. Remote call forwarding is also a means for a suburban business to obtain a city-centre local number (with its full large-city coverage are... | number (with its full large-city coverage area) for inbound calls; while cheaper than a foreign exchange line, this can reduce long-distance telephony costs in markets where local calls are flat-rated but trunk calls are expensive. One alternative to RCF is Caller Redirect whereby callers simply hear an intercept messa... |
application, and (c) upon receiving a remote operations service request, allows the receiving entity to attempt the operation and report the results of the attempt to the requesting entity. OSI application protocols such as X.400 and X.500 use the services provided by ROSE. The ROSE protocol | results of the attempt to the requesting entity. OSI application protocols such as X.400 and X.500 use the services provided by ROSE. The ROSE protocol itself is defined using the notation of ASN.1. References International Telecommunication Union Recommendation X.219 International Telecommunication Union Recommendatio... |
to nearby cell phones. It is often used in downtown office buildings. Digipeater: A repeater node in a packet radio network. It performs a store and forward function, passing on packets of information from one node to another. Amateur radio repeater: Used by amateur radio operators to enable two-way communication acros... | optical communications repeater usually consists of a phototransistor which converts the light pulses to an electrical signal, an amplifier to increase the power of the signal, an electronic filter which reshapes the pulses, and a laser which converts the electrical signal to light again and sends it out the other fibe... |
drop impedances, and prevents direct conduction between the line and the drop. It is a special application of an isolation transformer, and is often used to prevent ground loops or earth loops, which cause humming or buzzing in audio circuits. It | windings, and low transmission loss at voice frequencies. It permits transfer of voice currents from one winding to another by magnetic induction, matches line and drop impedances, and prevents direct conduction between the line and the drop. It is a special application of an isolation transformer, and is often used to... |
of pages per minute.) In duplicating equipment, the rate at which copies are made. (The reproduction speed is usually expressed in | telecommunication, the term reproduction speed has the following meanings: In facsimile systems, the rate at which recorded copy is produced. (The reproduction speed is usually expressed (a) as the area of recorded |
received from an incident wave. Undesirable radiation of signals locally generated in a radio receiver. This type of radiation might cause interference or reveal the location of the device.Near-field effects of an AM antenna may extend out two miles (3 km) or more. Cellular and microwave towers within this | telecommunication, the term reradiation has the following meanings: Electromagnetic radiation, at the same or different wavelengths, i.e., frequencies, of energy received from an incident wave. Undesirable radiation of signals locally generated |
Graphic display resolutions, a list of particular display resolutions Distance resolution, the minimum distance that can be accurately measured Image resolution, a measure of the amount of detail in an image Optical resolution, the capability of an optical system to distinguish, find, or record details Printing resolut... | the move of a note or chord from dissonance to consonance Albums Resolution (38 Special album), 1997 Resolution (BoDeans album), 2004 Resolution (Hamiet Bluiett album), 1977 Resolution (Hidden in Plain View album), 2007 Resolution (Lamb of God album), 2012 Resolution (Andy Timmons album), 2006 Resolution (Andy Pratt al... |
and therefore the voltage across the inductor and capacitor combined has zero amplitude. We can show this with the transfer function. The sum of the inductor and capacitor voltages is Using the same natural frequency and damping ratios as the previous examples, the transfer function is Note that this transfer has the s... | a spring, resonance corresponds physically to the mass's oscillations having large displacements from the spring's equilibrium position at certain driving frequencies. Looking at the amplitude of x(t) as a function of the driving frequency ω, the amplitude is maximal at the driving frequency ωr is the resonant frequenc... |
or antiphon, a response to a psalm or other part of a religious service Response, a phase in emergency management Response rate (survey) Proper names and titles Response, a print and online magazine of Christian thought published by Seattle Pacific University Response (album), a studio album by Phil Wickham Response (c... | published by Seattle Pacific University Response (album), a studio album by Phil Wickham Response (company), a call centre company based in Scotland The Response (film) The National War Memorial (Canada), titled The Response The Northumberland Fusiliers Memorial in Newcastle upon Tyne, titled "The Response" See also Ac... |
time is the time it takes to do the work you requested. For a given request the service time varies little as the workload increases – to do X amount of work it always takes X amount of time. The wait time is how long the request had to wait in a queue before being serviced and it varies from zero, when no waiting is r... | waiting in queue that have to run first. Transmission time gets added to response time when your request and the resulting response has to travel over a network and it can be very significant. Transmission time can include propagation delays due to distance (the speed of light is finite), delays due to transmission err... |
photodetector is made. One simple expression for the responsivity R of a photodetector in which an optical signal is converted into an electric current (known as a photocurrent) is where is the quantum efficiency (the conversion efficiency of photons to electrons) of the detector for a given wavelength, is the electron... | expressed in units of amperes or volts per watt of incident radiant power. For a system that responds linearly to its input, there is a unique responsivity. For nonlinear systems, the responsivity is the local slope. Many common photodetectors respond linearly as a function of the incident power. Responsivity is a func... |
in the English colonies Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland (1814–1830) First Restoration in France (1814) Bourbon Restoration in France (1815) Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865) Meiji Restoration (1868) in Japan Restoration (Spain) (1874–1931), also called the Bourbon Restoration Manchu Restoration (1917) i... | (Spain) (1874–1931), also called the Bourbon Restoration Manchu Restoration (1917) in China Literature Restoration comedy, English comedy written and performed in the English Restoration period of 1660–1710 Restoration (Berg novel), a 2002 novel by Carol Berg Restoration (Ólafsson novel), a 2012 novel by Ólafur Jóhann ... |
Loss' is a misnomer. The usual function of a transmission line is to convey power from a source to a load with minimal loss. If a transmission line is correctly matched to a load, the reflected power will be zero, no power will be lost due to reflection, and 'Return Loss' will be infinite. Conversely if the line is ter... | by a mismatch between the termination or load connected to the line and the characteristic impedance of the line. It is usually expressed as a ratio in decibels (dB); where RL(dB) is the return loss in dB, Pi is the incident power and Pr is the reflected power. Return loss is related to both standing wave ratio (SWR) a... |
term RF power margin has the following meanings: The amount of transmitter power above that which is computed by the link designer as the minimum | which is computed by the link designer as the minimum required to meet specified link performance. The RF power margin allows for uncertainties in (a) |
to complete the same call. In secondary surveillance radar, the presence of false targets declared as | meanings: The improper routing of a call back through a switching center already engaged in attempting to complete |
units, a number of different KTUs operate (supervise) a ringdown, including the model 415. In other situations, the ringdown is powered and operated by equipment inside the telephone exchange. In the case of enterprises with a private branch exchange (PBX) switch, the ringdown can be operated by the PBX key. The switch... | IP adapters can be networked and configured to provide automatic ringdown by selecting a dial plan which replaces the empty string with a predefined number or SIP address, dialed immediately. (Some Cisco VoIP phones and analog adapters treat a dial plan of (S0 <:1234567890>) as a hotline configuration which dials 1-234... |
ringer equivalence of modern telephone equipment may be significantly lower than 1. For example, externally powered electronic ringing telephones may have a value as low as 0.1, while modern analog-ringing telephones, in which the ringer is powered from the telephone line, typically have a REN of approximately 0.8. In ... | In the United States, the FCC Part 68 specification defined REN 1 as equivalent to a 6930 Ω resistor in series with an (microfarad) capacitor. The modern ANSI/TIA-968-B specification (August 2009) defines it as an impedance of at (type A ringer), or from to (type B ringer). Maximum ringer equivalence The total ringer l... |
ring medium, the drop cables, and the data stations connected to the ring network. References | data transmission rate. Ring latency includes signal propagation delays in the ring medium, the drop cables, and the |
transit at any given time. Such long fat networks require a special protocol design. One example is the TCP window scale option. The RTT was originally estimated in TCP by: where α is constant weighting factor (). Choosing a value for α close to 1 makes the weighted average immune to changes that last a short time (e.g... | sent plus the amount of time it takes for acknowledgement of that signal having been received. This time delay includes propagation times for the paths between the two communication endpoints. In the context of computer networks, the signal is typically a data packet. RTT is also known as ping time, and can be determin... |
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