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less than four, and not more than seven letters, including suffixes. The intent of allocated letters and of letter position is as follows: First Letter - The letter R or the letter “Q” appears as the first letter and distinguishes strategic/worldwide routing indicators from call signs, address groups and theater routin... | header, an address, i.e., group of characters, that specifies routing instructions for the transmission of the message to its final destination. A Routing Indicator is a group of letters assigned to identify a station within a tape relay network to facilitate routing of traffic. It indicates the status of the station a... |
primary frequency standards, so the rubidium clock is a secondary frequency standard. All commercial rubidium frequency standards operate by disciplining a crystal oscillator to the rubidium hyperfine transition of 6.8 GHz (). The intensity of light from a rubidium discharge lamp that reaches a photodetector through a ... | used to control the frequency of television stations, cell phone base stations, in test equipment, and global navigation satellite systems like GPS. Commercial rubidium clocks are less accurate than caesium atomic clocks, which serve as primary frequency standards, so the rubidium clock is a secondary frequency standar... |
license is issued, the licensee can sell or lease the license to another party. The FCC service rules for Rural Radiotelephone are located in 47 C.F.R. Part 22 Subpart F. Technical information In the United States, the ULS radio service code and description for Rural Radiotelephone licenses is CR – Rural Radiotelephone... | by other means is not feasible. RRTS uses channelized radio to provide radiotelephone services such as Basic Exchange Telephone Radio Service between a fixed subscriber location and a remote central office, private line service between a two fixed locations or interconnection between two or more central offices. RRTS d... |
the precise determination of the transition frequency of an atom between its ground state and an optically excited state Electronics Saturation velocity, the maximum velocity charge carrier in a semiconductor attains in the presence of very high electric fields Saturation, a region of operation of a transistor#Transist... | maximum solubility Biology Oxygen saturation, a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood Saturation pollination, a pollination technique Saturated mutagenesis, a form of site-directed mutagenesis Saturation (genetic), the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible Ocean sa... |
scanning Counter-scanning, in physical micro and nanotopography measuring instruments like scanning probe microscope Elevator algorithm (also SCAN) disk scheduling algorithm Image scanning Optical character recognition, optical recognition of printed text or printed sheet music Port scanner in computer networking Prefi... | and Navigation Program (SCaN) Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (journal) SCAN（International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Verified Numerical Computation）, international conference about numerical analysis, especially validated numerics, computer-assisted proof and interval arith... |
used to describe the design of equipment. Schematic diagrams are often used for the maintenance and repair of electronic and electromechanical systems. Original schematics were done by hand, using standardized templates or pre-printed adhesive symbols, but today electronic design automation software (EDA or "electrical... | physical details. In an electronic circuit diagram, the layout of the symbols may not look anything like the circuit as it appears in the physical world: instead of representing the way the circuit looks, the schematic aims to capture, on a more general level, the way it works. This may be contrasted with a wiring diag... |
to assure a synchronous operation of the transmitting and receiving LFSR (that is, scrambler and descrambler), a sync-word must be used. A sync-word is a pattern that is placed in the data stream through equal intervals (that is, in each frame). A receiver searches for a few sync-words in adjacent frames and hence dete... | the wire. The noise was then subtracted out at the far end using the matching record, leaving the original voice signal intact. Eavesdroppers would hear only the noisy signal, unable to understand the voice. One of those, used (among other duties) for telephone conversations between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Ro... |
Fe, New Mexico, US Barriers, separation or partitioning Window screen, a plastic or wire mesh that covers a window opening Screen door, a mesh, wire or plastic, that covers a door opening Fire screen, a device to put in front of a fireplace Windbreak of trees or shrubs Windshield (windscreen), protects the driver of a ... | weekly entertainment magazine from India Screenonline, online film and television magazine produced by the British Film Institute Screens (album), a 2009 album by Mint Chicks , South Korean movie channel Screen (Australian TV series), Australian television series on Foxtel Arts channel , a 2003 South Korean television ... |
not have inherent accuracy, and therefore must be calibrated against a primary frequency standard. Secondary standards include crystal oscillators and rubidium standards. A crystal oscillator depends for its frequency on its physical dimensions, which vary with fabrication and environmental conditions. A rubidium stand... | rubidium standards. A crystal oscillator depends for its frequency on its physical dimensions, which vary with fabrication and environmental conditions. A rubidium standard is a secondary standard even though it uses atomic transitions, because it takes the form of a gas cell through |
practice, state governments rely on a wide range of means, including diplomacy, economic power, and military capabilities. Perceptions of security Since it is not possible to know with precision the extent to which something is 'secure' (and a measure of vulnerability is unavoidable), perceptions of security vary, ofte... | referent provides for security (or is provided for) vary widely. They include, for example: Coercive capabilities, including the capacity to project coercive power into the environment (e.g. aircraft carrier, handgun, firearms); Protective systems (e.g. lock, fence, wall, antivirus software, air defence system, armour)... |
collection of key security-related statements that (a) works as a part of an operating system to prevent unauthorized access to, or use of, the system and (b) contains criteria that must be met before specified programs can be accessed. Hardware, firmware, and software elements of a trusted computing base that implemen... | a part of an operating system to prevent unauthorized access to, or use of, the system and (b) contains criteria that must be met before specified programs can be accessed. Hardware, firmware, and |
include the potential opportunities that further the object (why take the risk unless there's an upside?) Balance probability and impact determine and implement measures to minimize or eliminate those threats. Security risk management The management of security risks applies the principles of risk management to the man... | assessment, and risk analysis to identify threats, categorize assets, and rate system vulnerabilities. Loss prevention Loss prevention focuses on what one's critical assets are and how they are going to protect them. A key component to loss prevention is assessing the potential threats to the successful achievement of ... |
coding theory, especially in telecommunications, a self-synchronizing code is a uniquely decodable code in which the symbol stream formed by a portion of one code word, or by the overlapped portion of any two adjacent code words, is not a valid code word. Put another way, a set of strings (called "code words") over an ... | each string obtained by concatenating two code words, the substring starting at the second symbol and ending at the second-last symbol does not contain any code word as substring. Every self-synchronizing code is a prefix code, but not all prefix codes are self-synchronizing. Other terms for self-synchronizing code are... |
system in which telephone operators receive call instructions orally from users and complete them by | instructions orally from users and complete them by automatic equipment. At tape relay intermediate stations, the manual routing or rerouting of taped |
sensitivity, the strength of a reaction to an allergen The inverse of resistance (ecology), the ability of populations to remain stable when subject to disturbance Electronics Sensitivity (electronics), the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output signal Sensitivity of a transducer, the ... | (explosives), the degree to which an explosive can be initiated by impact, heat or friction Film speed, photographic film's sensitivity to light Music "Sensitivity" (Shapeshifters song), the fourth single from music group Shapeshifters "Sensitivity" (song), a song by rhythm and blues singer Ralph Tresvant Other uses In... |
system is used to provide for supervisory and control signals for the message traffic channels. The same channels, such as frequency bands or time slots, that are used for | of one or more channels in a multichannel system is used to provide for supervisory and control signals for the message traffic channels. The same channels, such as frequency |
premises and corresponds to the demarcation point. The customer is responsible for equipment and operation from the service | the customer premises and corresponds to the demarcation point. The customer is responsible for equipment and operation from the |
the following meanings: The attenuation caused to a radio signal by obstructions in the propagation path. In a reflector antenna, the relative reduction in the effective aperture of the antenna caused by | relative reduction in the effective aperture of the antenna caused by the masking effect of other antenna parts, such as a feed horn or |
statement defining the theoretical maximum rate at which error-free digits can be transmitted over a bandwidth-limited channel in the presence of noise Shannon's law (Arizona), a law | law that was established after the 1999 death of teenager Shannon Smith, to punish those who fire gunshots |
or other large blade, as well as guns, such as rifles. The outer covering of a cable Condom, a kind of contraception Debye sheath, a layer of a plasma in physics Heliosheath, the region of the heliosphere beyond the termination shock Koteka, a penis sheath worn by some natives of New Guinea Sheath (album), a 2003 techn... | dress Kosha, an element in human being makeup according to Hinduist philosophy Botany Leaf sheath, the leaf base when it forms a vertical coating surrounding the stem Anatomy Carotid sheath, connective tissue around the neck's vascular compartment Myelin sheath, an insulating layer over the axon of a neuron Preputial s... |
(scuta) that could provide far more protection, but made swift movement a little more difficult. The scutum originally had an oval shape, but gradually the curved tops and sides were cut to produce the familiar rectangular shape most commonly seen in the early Imperial legions. Famously, the Romans used their shields t... | the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples (such as Zulu warriors) employed them when waging war. In the 20th and 21st century, shields have been used by military and police units that specialize in anti-terrorist actions, hostage rescue, riot control and siege-breaking. Prehistory The oldest form of shield was ... |
not change during the serial loading process, it is desirable to use a latched or buffered output. In a latched shift register (such as the 74595) the serial data is first loaded into an internal buffer register, then upon receipt of a load signal the state of the buffer register is copied into a set of output register... | the parallel outputs should not change during the serial loading process, it is desirable to use a latched or buffered output. In a latched shift register (such as the 74595) the serial data is first loaded into an internal buffer register, then upon receipt of a load signal the state of the buffer register is copied i... |
to the square root of the expected number of events, such as the electric current or intensity of light. But since the strength of the signal itself increases more rapidly, the relative proportion of shot noise decreases and the signal-to-noise ratio (considering only shot noise) increases anyway. Thus shot noise is mo... | shot noise is most frequently observed with small currents or low light intensities that have been amplified. For large numbers, the Poisson distribution approaches a normal distribution about its mean, and the elementary events (photons, electrons, etc.) are no longer individually observed, typically making shot noise... |
modulation process. The sidebands carry the information transmitted by the radio signal. The sidebands comprise all the spectral components of the modulated signal except the carrier. The signal components above the carrier frequency constitute the upper sideband (USB), and those below the carrier frequency constitute ... | signal frequencies (up to 15kHz) and the bottom of the stereo information sub-carrier (down to 38–15kHz, i.e. 23kHz). The receiver locally regenerates the subcarrier by doubling a special 19 kHz pilot tone. In another example, the quadrature modulation used historically for chroma information in PAL television broadcas... |
Bandwidth compression Data compression Dynamic range compression Gain compression Image compression Lossy compression One-way compression function Compression Telecommunications | compression Data compression Dynamic range compression Gain compression Image compression Lossy compression One-way compression function Compression Telecommunications techniques |
and hook flash. In the middle 20th century, supervision signals on long-distance trunks in North America were primarily inband, for example at 2600 Hz, necessitating a notch filter to prevent interference. Late in the century, all supervisory signals had been moved out of band. With the advent of digital trunks, superv... | not compelled. SS7 (e.g., TUP or ISUP) is an out-of-band, common-channel signaling system that incorporates both line and register signaling. Metering pulses (depending on the country, these are 50 Hz, 12 kHz or 16 kHz pulses sent by the exchange to payphones or metering boxes) are out-of-band (because they do not fall... |
the power of the unwanted signal from another channel. The signals are adjusted in each channel so that they are of equal power at the zero transmission | is the ratio of the power of the wanted signal to the power of the unwanted signal from another channel. The signals are adjusted in each channel so that they are of |
extract a narrow bandwidth signal from broadband noise a million times stronger. When the signal is constant or periodic and the noise is random, it is possible to enhance the SNR by averaging the measurements. In this case the noise goes down as the square root of the number of averaged samples. Digital signals When a... | and are different from the signal, it is possible to use a filter to reduce the noise. For example, a lock-in amplifier can extract a narrow bandwidth signal from broadband noise a million times stronger. When the signal is constant or periodic and the noise is random, it is possible to enhance the SNR by averaging the... |
modulation of a carrier signal, is a change from one significant condition to another. Examples of signal transitions are a change from one electric current, voltage, or power level to another; a change from one optical power level to another; a | shift; or a change from one frequency or wavelength to another. Signal transitions are used to create signals that represent information, such as "0" and "1" or "mark" and "space". References Telecommunication theory Radio |
the variables is returned. GetNextRequest A manager-to-agent request to discover available variables and their values. Returns a Response with variable binding for the lexicographically next variable in the MIB. The entire MIB of an agent can be walked by iterative application of GetNextRequest starting at OID 0. Rows ... | decoding of the message fails and thus malformed SNMP requests are ignored. A successfully decoded SNMP request is then authenticated using the community string. If the authentication fails, a trap is generated indicating an authentication failure and the message is dropped. SNMPv1 and SNMPv2 use communities to establi... |
conductors are used for a single telecommunication circuit, and a center-tapped coil, or its equivalent, is used to split the signaling current equally between the two conductors. The return path for the current is through ground. It is distinct from a phantom circuit in which the return current path for power or signa... | current is through ground. It is distinct from a phantom circuit in which the return current path for power or signaling is provided through different signal conductors. SX signaling may be one-way, for intra-central-office use, or the simplex legs may be connected to form full duplex signaling circuits that function l... |
is always positive when quoted in dB). When calculating the distortion, it is common to exclude the DC components. Due to widespread use, SINAD has collected several different definitions. SINAD is commonly defined as: The ratio of (a) total received power, i.e., the signal to (b) the noise-plus-distortion power. This ... | be: Receiver sensitivity: 0.25 μV at 12 dB SINAD. This is stating that the receiver will produce intelligible speech with a signal at its input as low as 0.25 μV. Radio receiver designers will test the product in a laboratory using a procedure, which is typically as follows: With no signal present on the input, the noi... |
seized state. In the seized state, dial pulses are conveyed by bursts of SF tone, corresponding to the interruptions in dc continuity created by a rotary dial or other DC dialing mechanism. The SF tone may occupy a small portion of the user data channel spectrum, e.g., 1600 Hz or 2600 Hz (SF "in-band signaling)". There... | frequency, a falsing condition known as talk-off. Notoriously, this property was exploited by blue boxers and other toll fraudsters. The SF tone may also be just outside the user voice band, e.g., 3600 Hz. The Defense Data Network (DDN) transmitted DC line signaling pulses or supervisory signals, or both, over carrier ... |
in Physics was awarded to Charles K. Kao for his theoretical work on the single-mode optical fiber. The standards G.652 and G.657 define the most widely used forms of single-mode optical fiber. History In 1961, Elias Snitzer while working at American Optical published a comprehensive theoretical description of single m... | optical fiber in a supplier's manufacturing facility. However, the assembly and polishing operations involved can be performed in the field, for example to make cross-connect jumpers to size. Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone company central offices, at installations on customer premises, and in outside pl... |
2B+D) user rate. The S interface is the connection between ISDN terminal equipment (TE) or terminal adapters (TAs) and an NT1 (network terminator, type 1.) Not all TE or TAs connect externally to an S interface, but instead integrate an NT1 so they can connect directly to a U interface (local loop from central office.)... | reference point, also known as S0, is a user–network interface reference point in an ISDN BRI environment, characterized by a four-wire circuit using 144kbit/s (2 bearer and 1 signaling channel; 2B+D) user rate. The S interface is the connection between ISDN terminal equipment (TE) or terminal adapters (TAs) and an NT1... |
the asymmetry of a probability distribution Shear mapping In science and technology Skew, also synclinal or gauche in alkane stereochemistry Skew ray (optics), an optical path not in a plane of symmetry Skew arch, not at a right angle In computing Clock skew Transitive data skew, an issue of data synchronization In tel... | symmetry Skew arch, not at a right angle In computing Clock skew Transitive data skew, an issue of data synchronization In telecommunications Skew (fax), unstraightness Skew (antenna) a method to improve the horizontal radiation pattern Other uses Volatility skew, in finance, a downward-sloping volatility smile Skew fl... |
zone is an annular region between the farthest points at which the ground wave can be received and the nearest point at which the refracted sky waves can be received. Within this region, no signal can be received because, due to the conditions of the local ionosphere, the relevant sky waves are not reflected but penetr... | zone or zone of silence, is a region where a radio transmission can not be received. The zone is located between regions both closer and farther from the transmitter where reception is possible. Cause When using medium to high frequency radio telecommunication, there are radio waves which travel both parallel to the gr... |
a specific datum. An example of slant range is the distance to an aircraft flying at high altitude with respect to that of the radar antenna. The slant range (1) is the hypotenuse of the triangle represented by the altitude of the aircraft and the distance between the radar antenna and the aircraft's ground track (poin... | ground track (point (3) on the earth directly below the aircraft). In the absence of altitude information, for example from a height finder, the aircraft location would be plotted farther (2) from the antenna than its actual ground track. See also |
master clock so that both clocks are in phase. Thus, the time markers of both clocks, at the output of the clocks, occur simultaneously. Before the computer era, the term referred to electrical clocks that are synchronized periodically by an electrical pulse through dedicated wiring issued by a master clock in the same... | wires to a central master clock. These older styles of slave clocks either keep time by themselves, and are periodically corrected by the master clock, or require impulses from the master clock to advance. Many slave clocks of these types remain in operation, most commonly in schools. Pictures Mechanical slave clocks f... |
trade A station having a clock synchronized by a remote master station in a | in the slave trade A station having a clock synchronized by a remote master station |
a plant as a specimen or for grafting Muscle slip, a branching of a muscle, in anatomy Computing and telecommunications SLIP (programming language), (Symmetric LIst Processing language) Slip (telecommunication), a positional displacement in a sequence of transmitted symbols Serial Line Internet Protocol, a mostly obsol... | gauge block, a system for producing precision lengths Psychology Slip (treatment), a temporary return to a negative behavior after therapy intended to correct that behavior Freudian slip, an error in speech, memory or physical action that arises from the unconscious mind Other uses in science and technology Slip (aerod... |
as increased jerkiness. Examples of spatial applications include the requirement to display small characters and to resolve | is a technological application (such as video) requiring high spatial resolution, possibly at the expense of reduced temporal positioning |
is a figure of merit used to characterize performance, equal to the reciprocal of noise-equivalent power (NEP), normalized per square root of the sensor's area and frequency bandwidth (reciprocal of twice the integration time). Specific detectivity is given by , where is the area of the photosensitive region of the det... | light source with known irradiance at a given standoff distance. The incoming light source will be chopped at a certain frequency, and then each wavelength will be integrated over a given time constant over a given number of frames. In detail, we compute the bandwidth directly from the integration time constant . Next,... |
is the full width at half maximum. This is the same convention used in bandwidth, defined as the frequency range where power drops by less than half (at most −3 dB). The FWHM method may be difficult to apply when the spectrum has a complex shape. Another method of specifying spectral width is a special case of root-mea... | telecommunications, spectral width is the wavelength interval over which the magnitude of all spectral components is equal to or greater than a specified fraction of the magnitude of the component having the maximum value. In optical communications applications, the usual method of specifying spectral width is the full... |
of service) The time between entry of a message into a communications system and receipt of the message at the terminating communications | of a message into a communications system and receipt of the message at the terminating communications facility, i.e., the communications facility serving the addressee, as measured by the system. References Telecommunications |
feature, in the operation of an intermediate office, that, acting on incoming trunk service treatment indications, assumes routing control of the call | office. This increases the chances of completion by offering the call to more trunk groups than are available |
to determine whether the signal exists at all. However, for mission-critical applications, particularly those employing commercially available radios, spread-spectrum radios do not provide adequate security unless, at a minimum, long nonlinear spreading sequences are used and the messages are encrypted. Resistance to f... | the signal bandwidth is low, the received signal quality will be severely lowered if the jamming power happens to be concentrated on the signal bandwidth. Resistance to eavesdropping. The spreading sequence (in DS systems) or the frequency-hopping pattern (in FH systems) is often unknown by anyone for whom the signal i... |
correct selective calling code. This is akin to the use of a lock on a door. A carrier squelch is unlocked and will let any signal in. Selective calling locks out all signals except ones with the correct key to the lock (the correct code). In non-critical uses, selective calling can also be used to hide the presence of... | tones were used, the most common being 1,750 Hz, which is still used in European amateur radio repeater systems. The addressing scheme provided by one tone was not enough, so a two-tone system was devised—one tone followed by a second tone (sometimes called a "1+1" system). Motorola later marketed a system called "Quik... |
standard telegraph level (STL) is the power per individual telegraph channel required to yield the standard composite data level. For example, for a composite data level of -13 dBm at 0-dBm transmission level point (0TLP), the | In telecommunication, standard telegraph level (STL) is the power per individual telegraph channel required to yield the standard composite data level. For example, for a composite data level of -13 dBm at 0-dBm |
a single-frequency signal with standardized level used for testing the peak power transmission capability and for measuring the total harmonic distortion of circuits or parts of an | telecommunication, a standard test signal is a single-frequency signal with standardized level used for testing the peak power transmission capability and for measuring the total harmonic distortion of circuits |
in which electronic appliances are turned off but still under power and ready to activate on command Standby (or ACPI S3), an ACPI mode of a computer Modern Standby (or InstantGo), a computer power management system Standby power, energy consumed by an electronic device while it is turned off or in sleep mode Standby (... | are turned off but still under power and ready to activate on command Standby (or ACPI S3), an ACPI mode of a computer Modern Standby (or InstantGo), a computer power management system Standby power, energy consumed by an electronic device while it is turned off or in sleep |
Consider a standing wave in a pipe of length L. The air inside the pipe serves as the medium for longitudinal sound waves traveling to the right or left through the pipe. While the transverse waves on the string from the previous examples vary in their displacement perpendicular to the direction of wave motion, the wav... | by the superposition of two waves of the same frequency propagating in opposite directions. The effect is a series of nodes (zero displacement) and anti-nodes (maximum displacement) at fixed points along the transmission line. Such a standing wave may be formed when a wave is transmitted into one end of a transmission ... |
line to one preferred by the transmitter. However, in the latter case, the feed line still has a high SWR present, with the resulting increased feed line losses unmitigated. The magnitude of those losses are dependent on the type of transmission line, and its length. They always increase with frequency. For example, a ... | same particular characteristic impedance as the line. In practice most transmission lines used in these applications are coaxial cables with an impedance of either 50 or 75 ohms, so most SWR meters correspond to one of these. Checking the SWR is a standard procedure in a radio station. Although the same information cou... |
etc. Digital Equipment Corporation (now part of Hewlett-Packard) of Maynard, Massachusetts sold a star coupler which interconnected links to computers via coaxial cable rather than optical fibres, but the function was essentially the same. The signal that was distributed was 70 Mb/s computer interconnect (CI) data and ... | in an input signal and splits it into several output signals. In fiber optics, and especially in telecommunications, a star coupler is a passive optical device, used in network applications. An optical signal introduced into any input port is distributed to all output ports. Because of the way a passive star coupler is |
is a signal that prepares a device to receive data or to perform a function. In asynchronous serial communication, start signals are used at the | device to receive data or to perform a function. In asynchronous serial communication, start signals are used at the beginning |
a child in England Witness statement (law), a signed document recording the evidence given by a person with testimony relevant to an incident Music "Statement" (song), a 2008 song by the Japanese band Boris Statements (album), a 1962 album by the jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson See also Sentence (linguistics), words gro... | mm), also known under various names such as half letter and memo Financial statement, formal summary of the financial activities of a business, person, or other entity Mathematical statement, a statement in logic and mathematics Political statement, any act or nonverbal form of communication that is intended to influen... |
n1 is typically between 1.44 and 1.46, and is typically between 0.001 and 0.02. Step-index optical fiber is generally made by doping high-purity fused silica glass (SiO2) with different concentrations of materials like titanium, germanium, or boron. Pulse dispersion in a step index optical fiber is given by where is th... | corresponds to a power-law index profile with the profile parameter approaching infinity. The step-index profile is used in most single-mode fibers and some multimode fibers. A step-index fiber is characterized by the core and cladding refractive indices n1 and n2 and the core and cladding radii a and b. Examples of st... |
limiting frequencies, also denoted lower and upper stopband corner frequencies, are the frequencies where the stopband and the transition bands meet in a filter specification. The stopband of a low-pass filter is the frequencies from the stopband corner frequency (which is slightly higher than the passband 3 dB cut-off... | between specified limits, through which a circuit, such as a filter or telephone circuit, does not allow signals to pass, or the attenuation is above the required stopband attenuation level. Depending on application, the required attenuation within the stopband may typically be a value between 20 and 120 dB higher than... |
signal at the end of a character that prepares the receiving device for the reception of a subsequent character. A stop signal is usually limited to one | is a signal that marks the end of part of a transmission, for example: In asynchronous serial communication, a signal at the end of a character that |
events (such as an intentional nuclear burst), (b) the received signal is degraded by natural or man-made interference (such as jamming signals or co-channel interference), (c) an interfering signal can reconfigure the network, and/or (d) an adversary threatens successful communications, in which case radio signals may... | interfering signal can reconfigure the network, and/or (d) an adversary threatens successful communications, in which case radio signals may be encrypted in order to deny the adversary an intelligible message, |
the fiber under test from the power level obtained at the output of the reference fiber, to get the transmission loss of the fiber under test. The substitution method has certain shortcomings with regard to its accuracy, but its simplicity makes it a popular field test method. It is conservative, in that if it were use... | and subtracting the power level obtained at the output of the fiber under test from the power level obtained at the output of the reference fiber, to get the transmission loss of the fiber under test. The substitution method has certain shortcomings with regard to its accuracy, but its simplicity makes it a popular fie... |
check (sum check) has the following meanings: A checksum based on the formation of the sum of the digits of a numeral. Note: The sum of the | A checksum based on the formation of the sum of the digits of a numeral. Note: The sum of |
In the 1970s, IBM further abstracted the supervisor state from the hardware, resulting in a hypervisor that enabled full virtualization, i.e. the capacity to run multiple operating systems on the same machine totally independently from each other. Hence the first such system was called Virtual Machine or VM. References | can also refer to a program that allocates computer component space and schedules computer events by task queuing and system interrupts. Control of the system is returned to the supervisory program frequently enough to ensure that demands on the system are met. Historically, this term was essentially associated with IB... |
to reduce wasted electrical power. Suppressed-carrier transmission is a special case in which the carrier level is reduced below that required for demodulation by a normal receiver. Reduction of the carrier level permits higher power levels in the sidebands than would be possible with conventional AM transmission. Carr... | reduced to reduce wasted electrical power. Suppressed-carrier transmission is a special case in which the carrier level is reduced below that required for demodulation by a normal receiver. Reduction of the carrier level permits higher power levels in the sidebands than would be possible with conventional AM transmissi... |
Electromagnetic energy is not converted from the surface wave field to another form of energy (except in leaky or lossy surface waves) such that the wave does not transmit power normal to the interface, i.e. it is evanescent along that dimension. In optical fiber transmission, evanescent waves are surface waves. In coa... | complément de l'ouvrage : Les oscillations électromagnétiques et la télégraphie sans fil", Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1911. viii, 385 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. (Tr. "Precisions of wireless telegraphy: complement of the work: Electromagnetic oscillations and wireless telegraphy.") J. Zenneck, "Über die Fortpflanzung ebener elek... |
three areas. Naval Survivability denotes the ability of a ship and its on-board systems to remain functional and continue designated mission in a man-made hostile environment. The naval vessels are designed to operate in a man-made hostile environment, and therefore the survivability is a vital feature required from th... | features of the ship in this sense include platform signatures (radar, infrared, acoustic, magnetic), the defensive systems on board, such as surface-to-air missiles, EW and decoys, and also the tactics employed by the platform in countering the attack (aspects such as speed, maneuverability, chosen aspect presented to... |
console or switchboard, once the connection has been made to the appropriate terminal. Loop buttons or jacks are used to answer incoming listed directory number | automatically releases a connection from an attendant console or switchboard, once the connection has been made to the |
Synchronization, the coordination of events to operate a system in unison Film Synchronized sound, film sound technologically coupled to image Post-synchronization, the process of re-recording dialogue after | links two chronologies such as historical and datable astronomical events Synchronization, the coordination of events to operate a system in unison Film Synchronized |
an orbit as it takes the object it is orbiting to rotate once. Properties A satellite in a synchronous orbit that is both equatorial and circular will appear to be suspended motionless above a point on the orbited planet's equator. For synchronous satellites orbiting Earth, this is also known as a geostationary orbit. ... | A body in a non-equatorial synchronous orbit will appear to oscillate north and south above a point on the planet's equator, whereas a body in an elliptical orbit will appear to oscillate eastward and westward. As seen from the orbited body the combination of these two motions produces a figure-8 pattern called an anal... |
complete assurance that under all conditions an IT system is based on the logical correctness and reliability of the operating system, the logical completeness of the hardware and software that implement the protection mechanisms, and data | of the system. The state that exists when there is complete assurance that under all conditions an IT system is based on the logical correctness and reliability of the operating system, the logical completeness of the hardware and software that implement the protection mechanisms, and data integrity. References |
is the control and implementation of a set of functions that: prevent or eliminate degradation of any part of the system, initiate immediate response to demands that are placed on the system, respond to changes in the | part of the system, initiate immediate response to demands that are placed on the system, respond to changes in the system to meet long range requirements, and may include various subfunctions, such as immediate circuit utilization actions, continuous control of circuit quality, continuous control of equipment performa... |
to an abstract representation of the data flows, inputs and outputs of the system. This is often conducted via modelling, using an over-abstract (and sometimes graphical) model of the actual system. In the context of systems, designs are included. Logical design includes entity-relationship diagrams (ER diagrams). Phys... | abstract representation of the data flows, inputs and outputs of the system. This is often conducted via modelling, using an over-abstract (and sometimes graphical) model of the actual system. In the context of systems, designs are included. Logical design includes entity-relationship diagrams (ER diagrams). Physical d... |
include communications provided to tactical forces by the Defense Communications System to non-tactical military commands, to tactical forces by civil organizations, nor does it include strategic communication. Early means The earliest way of communicating with others in a battle was by the commander's voice or by huma... | instantaneously joined to their commanders by the invention and mass production of the radio. At first the radio could only broadcast tones, so messages were sent via Morse code. The first field radios used by the United States Army saw action in the Spanish–American War (1898) and the Philippine Insurrection (1899–190... |
direct support of, tactical forces, (b) is designed to meet the requirements of changing tactical situations and varying environmental conditions, (c) provides securable communications, such as voice, data, and video, among mobile users | telecommunication, a tactical communications system is a communications system that (a) is used within, or in direct support of, tactical forces, (b) is designed to meet the requirements of changing tactical situations and varying environmental conditions, (c) provides |
are recorded in the form of perforated tape, this punched tape then being either fed directly and automatically into an | channel are recorded in the form of perforated tape, this punched tape then being either fed directly and automatically into an outgoing channel, or manually transferred to an automatic transmitter for transmission on an outgoing channel. Tape |
was standard for Picturephone. T-4 and T-5 used coaxial cables, similar to the old L-carriers used by AT&T Long Lines. TD microwave radio relay systems were also fitted with high rate modems to allow them to carry a DS1 signal in a portion of their FM spectrum that had too poor quality for voice service. Later they car... | the repeater spacing. The optimum bit rate was chosen empirically—the capacity was increased until the failure rate was unacceptable, then reduced to leave a margin. Companding allowed acceptable audio performance with only seven bits per PCM sample in this original T1/D1 system. The later D3 and D4 channel banks had a... |
includes distribution frames and associated panels, jacks, and switches and monitoring, test, conditioning, and orderwire equipment, and (c) allows telecommunications systems control personnel to exercise operational control of communications paths and facilities, make quality analyses of communications and communicati... | jacks, and switches and monitoring, test, conditioning, and orderwire equipment, and (c) allows telecommunications systems control personnel to exercise operational control of communications paths and facilities, make quality analyses of communications and communications channels, monitor |
for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used." Telecommunications, in turn, is defined as "the transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user’s choosing, without change in t... | and Telecommunications Act of 1996, the definition of telecommunications service is "the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used." Telecommunications, in turn, is defined as "the... |
data services by one or more means, such as telephone, computer, telegraph, teletypewriter, radio, and television. Internet teleconferencing Internet teleconferencing includes internet telephone conferencing, videotelephony, web conferencing, and augmented reality conferencing. Internet telephony involves conducting a ... | to refer to teleconferencing. The telecommunications system may support the teleconference by providing one or more of the following: audio, video, and/or data services by one or more means, such as telephone, computer, telegraph, teletypewriter, radio, and television. Internet teleconferencing Internet teleconferencin... |
teleconference, or an electronic classroom, usually including both audio and video. Synonyms distance education distance learning distance training electronic classroom virtual instruction See also Audiovisual education References Educational technology | basis or on a point-to-multipoint basis, and may assume forms including teleseminars, a teleconference, or an electronic classroom, usually including both |
the terminal adapter connects a terminal (computer) to the ISDN network. The TA therefore fulfills a similar function to the ones a modem has on the POTS network, and is therefore sometimes called an ISDN modem. The latter term, however, is partially misleading as there is no modulation or demodulation performed. There... | an ISDN TA with those of a classical modem (with an ISDN line interface). These combined TA/modems permit connections from both ISDN and analog-line/modem counterparts. In addition, a TA may contain an interface and codec for one or more analog telephone lines (aka a/b line), allowing an existing POTS installation to b... |
used only to relay a reconstituted signal. Telephone and telegraph switchboards and other centrally located equipment at which communications circuits are terminated. See also Customer-premises equipment Data terminal equipment, an end instrument that | equipment used only to relay a reconstituted signal. Telephone and telegraph switchboards and other centrally located equipment at which communications circuits are terminated. See also Customer-premises equipment Data terminal equipment, an end instrument that converts user information into signals for transmission or... |
(c) a carrier signal that can assume any one of three different frequencies depending on three different modulation signal significant conditions (3-FM). Some examples of PAM-3 line codes that use ternary signals are: hybrid ternary code bipolar encoding MLT-3 encoding used in 100BASE-TX Ethernet B3ZS 4B3T used in some... | can assume any one of three different frequencies depending on three different modulation signal significant conditions (3-FM). Some examples of PAM-3 line codes that use ternary signals are: hybrid ternary code bipolar encoding MLT-3 encoding used in 100BASE-TX Ethernet B3ZS 4B3T used in some ISDN basic rate interface... |
melting point of water and that the triple point of water had long been experimentally determined to be indistinguishably close to 0.01 °C), the difference between the Celsius scale and Kelvin scale is accepted as 273.15 kelvins; which is to say, 0 °C equals 273.15 kelvins. The net effect of this as well as later resol... | (symbol: °R) as its unit, which is the same magnitude as the degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F). A unit increment of one degree Rankine is precisely 1.8 times smaller in magnitude than one kelvin; thus, to convert a specific temperature on the Kelvin scale to the Rankine scale, and to convert from a temperature on the Rank... |
mixers. It is based on the idea that the device nonlinearity can be modeled using a low-order polynomial, derived by means of Taylor series expansion. The third-order intercept point relates nonlinear products caused by the third-order nonlinear term to the linearly amplified signal, in contrast to the second-order int... | in power when the input power is raised by 1 dB. Both curves are extended with straight lines of slope 1 and n (3 for a third-order intercept point). The point where the curves intersect is the intercept point. It can be read off from the input or output power axis, leading to input (IIP3) or output (OIP3) intercept po... |
Ben Mezrich Threshold Editions, a conservative imprint Music Threshold (band), a UK progressive metal band Threshold House, a record label created by Coil Threshold Records, a record label created by The Moody Blues Albums Threshold (album), a 2006 album by HammerFall Thresholds (album), a 1992 album by Nocturnus Thres... | Threshold, the first volume of the collected short fiction of Roger Zelazny Threshold (DC Comics), a comic book published by DC Comics Threshold (Doctor Who), an organization in Doctor Who comic strips Threshold, a science-fiction novel by Caitlín R. Kiernan Threshold, a Christian novel by Bill Myers Threshold, a scien... |
TASI worked by switching additional users onto any voice channel temporarily idled because an original user has stopped speaking. When the original user resumes speaking, that user would, in turn, be switched to any channel that happened to be idle. The speech detector function is called voice activity detection. Clipp... | in a single direction occurs for approximately 40% of the time, the remaining time being occupied with pauses and/or silence. Statistical analysis demonstrated that for an average voice channel usage of 40%, over 74 speech conversations could be handled using 37 full Duplex speech circuits thereby doubling potential re... |
successive repetitions of the same time code value. For example, in a time code in which year-of-century (the '72' in 10/04/72) is the most slowly changing field, the time code ambiguity would be 100 years; it is ambiguous whether this value refers to a date in 1872, 1972 or some other century. For a digital clock in w... | between successive repetitions of the same time code value. For example, in a time code in which year-of-century (the '72' in 10/04/72) is the most slowly changing field, the time code ambiguity would be 100 years; it is ambiguous whether this value refers to a date in 1872, |
of the edge between w and z?". The two children of the node correspond to the two possible answers "yes" or "no". In each leaf of the DT, there is a list of edges from G that correspond to an MST. The runtime complexity of a DT is the largest number of queries required to find the MST, which is just the depth of the DT... | by Prim's algorithm. Hence, the depth of an optimal DT is less than . Hence, the number of internal nodes in an optimal DT is less than . Every internal node compares two edges. The number of edges is at most so the different number of comparisons is at most . Hence, the number of potential DTs is less than: . B. Ident... |
call encoded into a constant bit rate signal of 64 kbit/s. Channel banks used the fixed position (temporal alignment) of one byte in the frame to identify the call it belonged to. Technology Time-division multiplexing is used primarily for digital signals, but may be applied in analog multiplexing in which two or more ... | from several inherent drawbacks which ultimately resulted in the development of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The requirements which drove the development of SDH were these: Be synchronous – All clocks in the system must align with a reference clock. Be service-oriented – SDH must route traffic from End Exch... |
at the output/input to the TDR and displayed or plotted as a function of time. Alternatively, the display can be read as a function of cable length because the speed of signal propagation is almost constant for a given transmission medium. Because of its sensitivity to impedance variations, a TDR may be used to verify ... | in the particular cable-under-test, the distance to the short can be measured. A similar effect occurs if the far end of the cable is an open circuit (terminated into an infinite impedance). In this case, though, the reflection from the far end is polarized identically with the original pulse and adds to it rather than... |
are UT0 is the rotational time of a particular place of observation. It is observed as the diurnal motion of stars or extraterrestrial radio sources. UT1 is computed by correcting UT0 for the effect of polar motion on the longitude of the observing site. It varies from uniformity because of the irregularities in Earth'... | are examples of dynamical time scales and/or of coordinate time scales. Ephemeris Time (ET) was from 1952 to 1976 an official time scale standard of the International Astronomical Union; it was a dynamical time scale based on the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun, from which the ephemeris second was derived as... |
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) environment. It is a User–network interface reference point that is characterized by a four-wire, 144 kbit/s (2B+D) user rate. Other characteristics of a T-interface are: it accommodates the link access and transport layer function in the ISDN architecture it is located at the... | premises it is distance sensitive to the servicing Network termination 1 it functions in a manner similar to that of the Channel service units (CSUs) and the Data service units (DSUs). The T interface is electrically equivalent to the S interface, and the two |
long distance traffic. Operator assistance or participation may be an optional function. In U.S. common carrier telephony service, a toll center designated Class 4C is an | toll switching trunk or toll connecting trunk is a trunk connecting an end office to a toll center as the first stage of concentration for intertoll or long distance traffic. Operator assistance or participation may be an optional function. In |
is most audible to the human ear, contributing to a more accurate measurement. For a given input frequency and amplitude, THD+N is reciprocal to SINAD, provided that both measurements are made over the same bandwidth. Measurement The distortion of a waveform relative to a pure sinewave can be measured either by using a... | sine wave, notch filtering the output, and comparing the ratio between the output signal with and without the sine wave: Like the THD measurement, this is a ratio of RMS amplitudes, and can be measured as THDF (bandpassed or calculated fundamental as the denominator) or, more commonly, as THDR (total distorted signal a... |
measure of the average occupancy of a server or resource during a specified period of time, normally a busy hour. It is measured in traffic units (erlangs) and defined as the ratio of the time during which a facility is cumulatively occupied to the time this facility is available for occupancy. In a digital network, th... | packets per second) L is the average packet length (e.g. in bits), and R is the transmission rate (e.g. bits per second) A traffic intensity greater than one erlang means that the rate at which bits arrive exceeds the rate bits can be transmitted and queuing |
and radio. A cordless telephone uses an audio and radio transceiver for the handset, and a radio transceiver for the base station. If a speakerphone is included in a wired telephone base or in a cordless base station, the base also becomes an audio transceiver. A modem is similar to a transceiver in that it sends and r... | station have transceivers to communicate both sides of the conversation, and land mobile radio systems like walkie-talkies and CB radios. Another large use is in wireless modems in mobile networked computer devices such laptops, pads, and cellphones, which both transmit digital data to and receive data from a wireless ... |
record label Albums Transmission (Gay Dad album) or the title song, 2001 Transmission (The Tea Party album) or the title song, 1997 Transmission (Violent Delight album) or the title song, 2003 Transmissions (Juno Reactor album), 1993 Transmissions (Starset album), 2014 Transmission (Low EP), 1996 Transmission (Mêlée EP... | passing of a disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group Transmission (genetics), the transfer of genetic information from genes to another generation Transmission (BitTorrent client), a free, open-source and cross-platform BitTorrent client application Arts and entertainment M... |
Some protocols require each transmission block to end with an end-of-message marker. This is often a control character such as End-of-Text (ETX), End-of-Transmission-Block (ETB), or End-of-Transmission (EOT). Some protocols (especially those requiring ETX) require each transmission block to begin with | or recorded as a unit. Some protocols require each transmission block to end with an end-of-message marker. This is often a control character such as End-of-Text (ETX), End-of-Transmission-Block (ETB), or End-of-Transmission (EOT). Some protocols (especially those requiring ETX) require each transmission block to begin... |
tones inserted are specified or measured at the TLP. The nominal transmission level at a TLP is a function of system design and is an expression of the design gain or attenuation (loss). Voice-channel transmission levels at test points are measured in decibel-milliwatts (dBm) at a frequency of ca. 1000 hertz. The dBm i... | system design and is an expression of the design gain or attenuation (loss). Voice-channel transmission levels at test points are measured in decibel-milliwatts (dBm) at a frequency of ca. 1000 hertz. The dBm is an absolute level with respect to 1 mW. The TLP is thus characterized by the relation: TLP = dBm — dBm0 When... |
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