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human
Below is the graph of $y = a \csc bx$ for some positive constants $a$ and $b.$ Find $a.$ [asy]import TrigMacros; size(500); real g(real x) { return 2*csc(x/3); } draw(graph(g,-6*pi + 0.01, -3*pi - 0.01),red); draw(graph(g,-3*pi + 0.01,-0.01),red); draw(graph(g,0.01,3*pi - 0.01),red); draw(graph(g,3*pi + 0.01,6*pi...
gpt
For the part where the function is positive, the minimum value is 2. The minimum value of $y = a \csc bx,$ where $y$ is positive, is $a.$ Therefore, $a = \boxed{2}.$
human
Let $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ be vectors such that $\|\mathbf{a}\| = 2,$ $\|\mathbf{b}\| = 5,$ and $\|\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{b}\| = 8.$ Find $|\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b}|.$
gpt
Recall that \[\|\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{b}\| = \|\mathbf{a}\| \|\mathbf{b}\| \sin \theta,\]where $\theta$ is the angle between $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}.$ Hence, \[8 = 2 \cdot 5 \cdot \sin \theta,\]so $\sin \theta = \frac{4}{5}.$ Then \[\cos^2 \theta = 1 - \sin^2 \theta = \frac{9}{25},\]so $\cos \theta = \pm \fr...
human
An ellipse is defined parametrically by \[(x,y) = \left( \frac{2 (\sin t - 1)}{2 - \cos t}, \frac{3 (\cos t - 5)}{2 - \cos t} \right).\]Then the equation of the ellipse can be written in the form \[Ax^2 + Bxy + Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0,\]where $A,$ $B,$ $C,$ $D,$ $E,$ and $F$ are integers, and $\gcd(|A|,|B|,|C|,|D|,|E|,|...
gpt
In the equation $y = \frac{3 (\cos t - 5)}{2 - \cos t},$ we can solve for $\cos t$ to get \[\cos t = \frac{2y + 15}{y + 3}.\]In the equation $x = \frac{2 (\sin t - 1)}{2 - \cos t},$ we can solve for $\sin t$ to get \[\sin t = \frac{1}{2} x (2 - \cos t) + 1 = \frac{1}{2} x \left( 2 - \frac{2y + 15}{y + 3} \right) + 1 = ...
human
Given that $\sec x + \tan x = \frac{4}{3},$ enter all possible values of $\sin x.$
gpt
We can re-write the given equation as $\frac{1}{\cos x} + \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} = \frac{4}{3},$ so \[3 + 3 \sin x = 4 \cos x.\]Squaring both sides, we get \[9 + 18 \sin x + 9 \sin^2 x = 16 \cos^2 x = 16 (1 - \sin^2 x).\]Then $25 \sin^2 x + 18 \sin x - 7 = 0,$ which factors as $(\sin x + 1)(25 \sin x - 7) = 0.$ Hence, ...
human
The vector $\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}$ is rotated $90^\circ$ about the origin. During the rotation, it passes through the $x$-axis. Find the resulting vector.
gpt
Note that the magnitude of the vector $\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}$ is $\sqrt{1^2 + 2^2 + 2^2}$ is 3. Furthermore, if this vector makes an angle of $\theta$ with the positive $x$-axis, then \[\cos \theta = \frac{\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}}{\l...
human
Simplify \[\frac{\cos x}{1 + \sin x} + \frac{1 + \sin x}{\cos x}.\]
gpt
We can write \begin{align*} \frac{\cos x}{1 + \sin x} + \frac{1 + \sin x}{\cos x} &= \frac{\cos^2 x + (1 + \sin x)^2}{(1 + \sin x) \cos x} \\ &= \frac{\cos^2 x + 1 + 2 \sin x + \sin^2 x}{(1 + \sin x) \cos x} \\ &= \frac{2 + 2 \sin x}{(1 + \sin x) \cos x} \\ &= \frac{2 (1 + \sin x)}{(1 + \sin x) \cos x} \\ &= \frac{2}{\...
human
Compute \[e^{2 \pi i/13} + e^{4 \pi i/13} + e^{6 \pi i/13} + \dots + e^{24 \pi i/13}.\]
gpt
Let $\omega = e^{2 \pi i/13}.$ Then from the formula for a geometric sequence, \begin{align*} e^{2 \pi i/13} + e^{4 \pi i/13} + e^{6 \pi i/13} + \dots + e^{24 \pi i/13} &= \omega + \omega^2 + \omega^3 + \dots + \omega^{12} \\ &= \omega (1 + \omega + \omega^2 + \dots + \omega^{11}) \\ &= \omega \cdot \frac{1 - \omega^{...
human
A torus (donut) having inner radius $2$ and outer radius $4$ sits on a flat table. What is the radius of the largest spherical ball that can be placed on top of the center torus so that the ball still touches the horizontal plane? (If the $xy$-plane is the table, the torus is formed by revolving the circle in the $xz...
gpt
Let $r$ be the radius of the sphere. Let $O = (0,0,r)$ and $P = (3,0,1).$ We take a cross-section. [asy] unitsize(1 cm); real r = 9/4; pair O = (0,r), P = (3,1), T = interp(O,P,r/(r + 1)); draw((-4,0)--(4,0)); draw(Circle(P,1)); draw(Circle((-3,1),1)); draw(Circle(O,r)); draw(O--(0,0)); draw(O--P); draw((3,1)--(0,...
human
For real numbers $t,$ the point of intersection of the lines $tx - 2y - 3t = 0$ and $x - 2ty + 3 = 0$ is plotted. All the plotted points lie on what kind of curve? (A) Line (B) Circle (C) Parabola (D) Ellipse (E) Hyperbola Enter the letter of the correct option.
gpt
Solving for $x$ and $y$ in the equations $tx - 2y - 3t = 0$ and $x - 2ty + 3 = 0,$ we find \[x = \frac{3t^2 + 3}{t^2 - 1}, \quad y = \frac{3t}{t^2 - 1}.\]Then \[x^2 = \frac{(3t^2 + 3)^2}{(t^2 - 1)^2} = \frac{9t^4 + 18t^2 + 9}{t^4 - 2t^2 + 1},\]and \[y^2 = \frac{9t^2}{(t^2 - 1)^2} = \frac{9t^2}{t^4 - 2t^2 + 1}.\]Thus, \...
human
Let $A = (8,0,0),$ $B = (0,-4,0),$ $C = (0,0,6),$ and $D = (0,0,0).$ Find the point $P$ such that \[AP = BP = CP = DP.\]
gpt
Let $P = (x,y,z).$ Then from the equation $AP = DP,$ \[(x - 8)^2 + y^2 + z^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2.\]This gives us $x = 4.$ Similarly, from the equation $BP = DP,$ \[x^2 + (y + 4)^2 + z^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2,\]so $y = -2.$ And from the equation $CP = DP,$ \[x^2 + y^2 + (z - 6)^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2,\]so $z = 3.$ Therefore,...
human
The following line is parameterized, so that its direction vector is of the form $\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ b \end{pmatrix}.$ Find $b.$ [asy] unitsize(0.4 cm); pair A, B, L, R; int i, n; for (i = -8; i <= 8; ++i) { draw((i,-8)--(i,8),gray(0.7)); draw((-8,i)--(8,i),gray(0.7)); } draw((-8,0)--(8,0),Arrows(6)); draw((...
gpt
The line passes through $\begin{pmatrix} -5 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$ and $\begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix},$ so its direction vector is proportional to \[\begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} -5 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}.\]To get an $x$-coordinate of 2, we can multiply ...
human
Given that $x+\sin y=2008$ and $x+2008 \cos y=2007$, where $0 \leq y \leq \frac{\pi}{2}$, find the value of $x+y$.
gpt
Subtracting the two equations gives $\sin y - 2008 \cos y = 1$. But since $0 \leq y \leq \frac{\pi}{2}$, the maximum of $\sin y$ is 1 and the minimum of $\cos y$ is 0, so we must have $\sin y = 1$, so $y = \frac{\pi}{2}$ and $x = 2007,$ so $x+y = \boxed{2007 + \frac\pi 2}$.
human
Given $a \neq 0,$ solve for $x$ in \[\begin{vmatrix} x + a & x & x \\ x & x + a & x \\ x & x & x + a \end{vmatrix} = 0.\]Give your answer in terms of $a.$
gpt
We can expand the determinant as follows: \begin{align*} \begin{vmatrix} x + a & x & x \\ x & x + a & x \\ x & x & x + a \end{vmatrix} &= (x + a) \begin{vmatrix} x + a & x \\ x & x + a \end{vmatrix} - x \begin{vmatrix} x & x \\ x & x + a \end{vmatrix} + x \begin{vmatrix} x & x + a \\ x & x \end{vmatrix} \\ &= (x + a)(...
human
Find the number of solutions to the equation \[\tan (5 \pi \cos \theta) = \cot (5 \pi \sin \theta)\]where $\theta \in (0, 2 \pi).$
gpt
From the given equation, \[\tan (5 \pi \cos \theta) = \frac{1}{\tan (5 \pi \sin \theta)},\]so $\tan (5 \pi \cos \theta) \tan (5 \pi \sin \theta) = 1.$ Then from the angle addition formula, \begin{align*} \cot (5 \pi \cos \theta + 5 \pi \sin \theta) &= \frac{1}{\tan (5 \pi \cos \theta + 5 \pi \sin \theta)} \\ &= \frac{...
human
Rational Man and Irrational Man both buy new cars, and they decide to drive around two racetracks from time $t = 0$ to $t = \infty.$ Rational Man drives along the path parameterized by \begin{align*} x &= \cos t, \\ y &= \sin t, \end{align*}and Irrational Man drives along the path parameterized by \begin{align*} x &= ...
gpt
Rational Man's racetrack is parameterized by $x = \cos t$ and $y = \sin t.$ We can eliminate $t$ by writing \[x^2 + y^2 = \cos^2 t + \sin^2 t = 1.\]Thus, Rational Man's racetrack is the circle centered at $(0,0)$ with radius 1. Irrational Man's racetrack is parameterized by $x = 1 + 4 \cos \frac{t}{\sqrt{2}}$ and $y ...
human
If $\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w} = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -2 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix},$ then find $(\mathbf{v} + \mathbf{w}) \times (\mathbf{v} + \mathbf{w}).$
gpt
The cross product of any vector with itself is $\mathbf{0} = \boxed{\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}}.$ We can also see this by expanding: \begin{align*} (\mathbf{v} + \mathbf{w}) \times (\mathbf{v} + \mathbf{w}) &= \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w} + \mathbf{w} \times \mathbf{v} + \...
human
Find all real numbers $k$ for which there exists a nonzero, 2-dimensional vector $\mathbf{v}$ such that \[\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 8 \\ 2 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \mathbf{v} = k \mathbf{v}.\]Enter all the solutions, separated by commas.
gpt
Let $\mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}$. Then \[\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 8 \\ 2 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 8 \\ 2 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x + 8y \\ 2x + y \end{pmatrix},\]and \[k \mathbf{v} = k \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \b...
human
A regular 12-gon is inscribed in a circle of radius 12. The sum of the lengths of all sides and diagonals of the 12-gon can be written in the form \[a + b \sqrt{2} + c \sqrt{3} + d \sqrt{6},\]where $a$, $b$, $c$, and $d$ are positive integers. Find $a+b+c+d$.
gpt
Let the 12-gon be $ABCDEFGHIJKL,$ and let $O$ be the center, so $OA = 12.$ [asy] unitsize (3 cm); pair O = (0,0); int i, j; for (i = 0; i <= 11; ++i) { for (j = i + 1; j <= 11; ++j) { draw(dir(30*i)--dir(30*j)); }} label("$A$", dir(0), dir(0)); label("$B$", dir(30), dir(30)); label("$C$", dir(60), dir(60)); label...
human
The number \[\text{cis } 75^\circ + \text{cis } 83^\circ + \text{cis } 91^\circ + \dots + \text{cis } 147^\circ\]is expressed in the form $r \, \text{cis } \theta$, where $r > 0$ and $0^\circ \le \theta < 360^\circ$. Find $\theta$ in degrees.
gpt
First, we note that the angle measures form an arithmetic sequence whose average is $111^\circ$. We have that \begin{align*} &\text{cis } 75^\circ + \text{cis } 83^\circ + \text{cis } 91^\circ + \dots + \text{cis } 147^\circ \\ &= \frac{\text{cis } 75^\circ + \text{cis } 83^\circ + \text{cis } 91^\circ + \dots + \tex...
human
The vertices of a cube have coordinates $(0,0,0),$ $(0,0,4),$ $(0,4,0),$ $(0,4,4),$ $(4,0,0),$ $(4,0,4),$ $(4,4,0),$ and $(4,4,4).$ A plane cuts the edges of this cube at the points $P = (0,2,0),$ $Q = (1,0,0),$ $R = (1,4,4),$ and two other points. Find the distance between these two points.
gpt
Let $\mathbf{p} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{q} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix},$ and $\mathbf{r} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 4 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}.$ Then the normal vector to the plane passing through $P,$ $Q,$ and $R$ is \[(\mathbf{p} - \mathbf{q}) \times (\mathbf{p} - \mathbf{r}) = \...
human
If $A$ is an angle such that $\tan A + \sec A = 2,$ enter all possible values of $\cos A,$ separated by commas.
gpt
We can write the equation as \[\frac{\sin A}{\cos A} + \frac{1}{\cos A} = 2,\]so $\sin A + 1 = 2 \cos A.$ Then $\sin A = 2 \cos A - 1.$ Squaring both sides, we get \[\sin^2 A = 4 \cos^2 A - 4 \cos A + 1.\]Since $\cos^2 A + \sin^2 A = 1,$ \[1 - \cos^2 A = 4 \cos^2 A - 4 \cos A + 1,\]which simplifies to $5 \cos^2 A - 4...
human
Find the distance between the planes $x - 3y + 3z = 8$ and $2x - 6y + 6z = 2.$
gpt
We can write the equation of the second plane as $x - 3y + 3z = 1.$ Note that $(1,0,0)$ is a point on this plane. (Also, note that both plane have the same normal vector, so they are parallel.) Therefore, from the formula for the distance between a point and a plane, the distance between the two planes is \[\frac{|1...
human
Find the volume of the region given by the inequality \[|x + y + z| + |x + y - z| + |x - y + z| + |-x + y + z| \le 4.\]
gpt
Let \[f(x,y,z) = |x + y + z| + |x + y - z| + |x - y + z| + |-x + y + z|.\]Note that \begin{align*} f(-x,y,z) &= |-x + y + z| + |-x + y - z| + |-x - y + z| + |x + y + z| \\ &= |-x + y + z| + |x - y + z| + |x + y - z| + |x + y + z| \\ &= f(x,y,z). \end{align*}Similarly, we can prove that $f(x,-y,z) = f(x,y,-z) = f(x,y,z)...
human
The vectors $\mathbf{a} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix},$ and $\mathbf{c} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 1 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}$ are mutually orthogonal. There exist scalars $p,$ $q,$ and $r$ such that \[\begin{pmatrix} -4 \\ 7 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} = p \mathb...
gpt
One way to solve for $p,$ $q,$ and $r$ is to write $p \mathbf{a} + q \mathbf{b} + r \mathbf{c}$ as a three-dimensional vector, set the components to $\begin{pmatrix} -4 \\ 7 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix},$ and then solve the linear system. But we can also take advantage of the fact that $\mathbf{a} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 ...
human
One line is parameterized by \[\begin{pmatrix} -1 + s \\ 3 - ks \\ 1 + ks \end{pmatrix}.\]Another line is parameterized by \[\begin{pmatrix} t/2 \\ 1 + t \\ 2 - t \end{pmatrix}.\]If the lines are coplanar (i.e. there is a plane that contains both lines), then find $k.$
gpt
First, we check if the two lines can intersect. For the two lines to intersect, we must have \begin{align*} -1 + s &= \frac{t}{2}, \\ 3 - ks &= 1 + t, \\ 1 + ks &= 2 - t. \end{align*}Adding the second equation and third equation, we get $4 = 3,$ contradiction. Thus, the two lines cannot intersect. So for the two lin...
human
Determine the number of angles between 0 and $2 \pi,$ other than integer multiples of $\frac{\pi}{2},$ such that $\sin \theta,$ $\cos \theta$, and $\tan \theta$ form a geometric sequence in some order.
gpt
We divide into cases. Case 1: $\sin \theta \tan \theta = \cos^2 \theta.$ The equation becomes $\sin^2 \theta = \cos^3 \theta,$ which we can write as $1 - \cos^2 \theta = \cos^3 \theta.$ Letting $x = \cos \theta,$ we get \[x^3 + x^2 - 1 = 0.\]Let $f(x) = x^3 + x^2 - 1.$ Clearly $x = -1$ is not a root. If $-1 < x \l...
human
Let $z_1$, $z_2$, $z_3$, $\dots$, $z_{12}$ be the 12 zeroes of the polynomial $z^{12} - 2^{36}$. For each $j$, let $w_j$ be one of $z_j$ or $iz_j$. Find the maximum possible value of the real part of \[\sum_{j = 1}^{12} w_j.\]
gpt
The $z_j$ are equally spaced on the circle, centered at the origin, with radius $2^3 = 8.$ In other words, they are of the form \[8 \cos \frac{2 \pi j}{12} + 8i \sin \frac{2 \pi j}{12}.\][asy] unitsize(1 cm); int i; draw(Circle((0,0),2)); draw((-2.2,0)--(2.2,0)); draw((0,-2.2)--(0,2.2)); for (i = 0; i <= 11; ++i) {...
human
The points $A = (3,-4,2),$ $B = (5,-8,5),$ $C = (4,-3,0),$ and $D = (6,-7,3)$ in space form a flat quadrilateral. Find the area of this quadrilateral.
gpt
Let $\mathbf{a} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ -4 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -8 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{c} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ -3 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix},$ and $\mathbf{d} = \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ -7 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}.$ Note that \[\mathbf{b} - \mathbf{a} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -4 \\ 3 \end{pma...
human
Given quadrilateral $ABCD,$ side $\overline{AB}$ is extended past $B$ to $A'$ so that $A'B = AB.$ Points $B',$ $C',$ and $D'$ are similarly constructed. [asy] unitsize(1 cm); pair[] A, B, C, D; A[0] = (0,0); B[0] = (2,0); C[0] = (1.5,2); D[0] = (0.2,1.5); A[1] = 2*B[0] - A[0]; B[1] = 2*C[0] - B[0]; C[1] = 2*D[0] - ...
gpt
Since $B$ is the midpoint of $\overline{AA'},$ \[\overrightarrow{B} = \frac{1}{2} \overrightarrow{A} + \frac{1}{2} \overrightarrow{A'}.\]Since $C$ is the midpoint of $\overline{BB'},$ \begin{align*} \overrightarrow{C} &= \frac{1}{2} \overrightarrow{B} + \frac{1}{2} \overrightarrow{B'} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{1}{...
human
Find the integer $n,$ $-90 \le n \le 90,$ such that $\sin n^\circ = \cos 456^\circ.$
gpt
Since the cosine function has period $360^\circ,$ \[\cos 456^\circ = \cos (456^\circ - 360^\circ) = \cos 96^\circ.\]Since $\cos x = \sin (90^\circ - x)$ for all angles $x,$ \[\cos 96^\circ = \sin (90^\circ - 96^\circ) = \sin (-6^\circ),\]so $n = \boxed{-6}.$
human
Two rays with common endpoint $O$ form a $30^\circ$ angle. Point $A$ lies on one ray, point $B$ on the other ray, and $AB=1$. What is the maximum possible length of $\overline{OB}$?
gpt
By the Law of Sines applied to triangle $OAB$, $$\frac{OB}{\sin\angle OAB}=\frac{AB}{\sin\angle AOB}.$$With $AB = 1$ and $\angle AOB = 30^\circ$, we have \[\frac{OB}{\sin \angle OAB} = \frac{1}{\sin 30^\circ} = 2,\]so so $OB=2\sin\angle OAB$. Thus, $OB \le \boxed{2}$, with equality if and only if $\angle OAB=90^\circ$...
human
Let $\theta$ be the smallest acute angle for which $\sin \theta,$ $\sin 2 \theta,$ $\sin 3 \theta$ form an arithmetic progression, in some order. Find $\cos \theta.$
gpt
We take cases, based on which of $\sin \theta,$ $\sin 2 \theta,$ $\sin 3 \theta$ is the middle term. Case 1: $\sin \theta$ is the middle term. In this case, \[2 \sin \theta = \sin 2 \theta + \sin 3 \theta.\]We can write this as $2 \sin \theta = 2 \sin \theta \cos \theta + (3 \sin \theta - 4 \sin^3 \theta),$ so \[2 \s...
human
In triangle $ABC,$ $a = 7,$ $b = 9,$ and $c = 4.$ Let $I$ be the incenter. [asy] unitsize(0.8 cm); pair A, B, C, D, E, F, I; B = (0,0); C = (7,0); A = intersectionpoint(arc(B,4,0,180),arc(C,9,0,180)); I = incenter(A,B,C); draw(A--B--C--cycle); draw(incircle(A,B,C)); label("$A$", A, N); label("$B$", B, SW); label(...
gpt
We know that $I$ lies on the angle bisectors $\overline{AD},$ $\overline{BE},$ and $\overline{CF}.$ [asy] unitsize(0.8 cm); pair A, B, C, D, E, F, I; B = (0,0); C = (7,0); A = intersectionpoint(arc(B,4,0,180),arc(C,9,0,180)); I = incenter(A,B,C); D = extension(A, I, B, C); E = extension(B, I, C, A); F = extension(C,...
human
Find all real numbers $k$ such that \[\left\| k \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix} \right\| = 2 \sqrt{13}.\]Enter all the solutions, separated by commas.
gpt
We have that \begin{align*} \left\| k \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix} \right\| &= \left\| \begin{pmatrix} 2k \\ -3k \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix} \right\| \\ &= \left\| \begin{pmatrix} 2k - 4 \\ -3k - 7 \end{pmatrix} \right\| \\ &= \sqrt{(2k - 4)^2 + (...
human
The expression $\cos x + \cos 3x + \cos 7x + \cos 9x$ can be written in the equivalent form \[a \cos bx \cos cx \cos dx\]for some positive integers $a,$ $b,$ $c,$ and $d.$ Find $a + b + c + d.$
gpt
By sum-to-product, \[\cos x + \cos 9x = 2 \cos 5x \cos 4x\]and \[\cos 3x + \cos 7x = 2 \cos 5x \cos 2x.\]Then \begin{align*} \cos x + \cos 3x + \cos 7x + \cos 9x &= 2 \cos 5x \cos 4x + 2 \cos 5x \cos 2x \\ &= 2 \cos 5x (\cos 2x + \cos 4x). \end{align*}Again by sum-to-product, \[2 \cos 5x (\cos 2x + \cos 4x) = 4 \cos 5x...
human
When the vectors $\mathbf{a} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}$ and $\mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 3 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$ are both projected onto the same vector $\mathbf{v},$ the result is $\mathbf{p}$ in both cases. Furthermore, the vectors $\mathbf{a},$ $\mathbf{b},$ and $\mathbf{p}$ are collinear. F...
gpt
First, we find the line passing through $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}.$ This line can be parameterized by \[\mathbf{p} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} + t \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 3 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} + t \...
human
Points $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$, and $E$ are located in 3-dimensional space with $AB= BC= CD= DE= EA= 2$ and $\angle ABC = \angle CDE = \angle DEA = 90^\circ$. The plane of triangle $ABC$ is parallel to $\overline{DE}$. What is the area of triangle $BDE$?
gpt
In coordinate space, let $D = (0,0,1)$ and $E = (0,0,-1).$ Since $CD = EA = 2,$ $C$ lies on a circle centered at $D$ with radius 2, and $A$ lies on a circle centered at $E$ with radius 2. Furthermore, $\angle CDE = \angle DEA = 90^\circ,$ so these circles lies in planes that are perpendicular to $\overline{DE}.$ [as...
human
Let $\mathrm {P}$ be the product of the roots of $z^6+z^4+z^3+z^2+1=0$ that have a positive imaginary part, and suppose that $\mathrm {P}=r(\cos{\theta^{\circ}}+i\sin{\theta^{\circ}})$, where $0<r$ and $0\leq \theta <360$. Find $\theta$.
gpt
First, we factor the given polynomial. The polynomial has almost all the powers of $z$ from 1 to $z^4,$ which we can fill in by adding and subtracting $z.$ This allows us to factor as follows: \begin{align*} z^6 + z^4 + z^3 + z^2 + 1 &= (z^6 - z) + z^4 + z^3 + z^2 + z + 1 \\ &= z(z^5 - 1) + z^4 + z^3 + z^2 + z + 1 \\ ...
human
Among all triangles $ABC,$ find the maximum value of $\sin A + \sin B \sin C.$
gpt
We can write \begin{align*} \sin B \sin C &= \frac{1}{2} (\cos (B - C) - \cos (B + C)) \\ &= \frac{1}{2} (\cos (B - C) - \cos (180^\circ - A)) \\ &= \frac{1}{2} (\cos (B - C) + \cos A). \end{align*}Then \begin{align*} \sin A + \sin B \sin C &= \sin A + \frac{1}{2} \cos A + \frac{1}{2} \cos (B - C) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{5}}...
human
In triangle $ABC,$ the side lengths $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ satisfy $a + 2b + 2c = a^2$ and $a + 2b - 2c = -3.$ Find the largest angle of the triangle, in degrees. Note: $a$ is the side length opposite $\angle A,$ etc.
gpt
Multiplying the given equations, we get \[(a + 2b + 2c)(a + 2b - 2c) = -3a^2.\]We can write the left-hand side as $((a + 2b) + 2c)((a + 2b) - 2c),$ so by difference of squares, \[(a + 2b)^2 - (2c)^2 = -3a^2.\]Then $a^2 + 4ab + 4b^2 - 4c^2 = -3a^2,$ so \[4a^2 + 4ab + 4b^2 - 4c^2 = 0,\]or $a^2 + ab + b^2 = c^2.$ Then by...
human
Simplify \[\frac{\tan^3 75^\circ + \cot^3 75^\circ}{\tan 75^\circ + \cot 75^\circ}.\]
gpt
We can write \begin{align*} \frac{\tan^3 75^\circ + \cot^3 75^\circ}{\tan 75^\circ + \cot 75^\circ} &= \frac{(\tan 75^\circ + \cot 75^\circ)(\tan^2 75^\circ - \tan 75^\circ \cot 75^\circ + \cot^2 75^\circ)}{\tan 75^\circ + \cot 75^\circ} \\ &= \tan^2 75^\circ - \tan 75^\circ \cot 75^\circ + \cot^2 75^\circ \\ &= \tan^2...
human
Find the minimum value of $\sin^4 x + \cos^4 x.$
gpt
We know that $\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1.$ Squaring this equation, we get \[\sin^4 x + 2 \sin^2 x \cos^2 x + \cos^4 x = 1,\]so \begin{align*} \sin^4 x + \cos^4 x &= 1 - 2 \sin^2 x \cos^2 x \\ &= 1 - 2 (\sin^2 x)(1 - \sin^2 x) \\ &= 2 \sin^4 x - 2 \sin^2 x + 1 \\ &= 2 \left( \sin^2 x - \frac{1}{2} \right)^2 + \frac{1}{2}....
human
Let $a$ and $b$ be nonnegative real numbers such that \[\sin (ax + b) = \sin 29x\]for all integers $x.$ Find the smallest possible value of $a.$
gpt
First, let $a$ and $b$ be nonnegative real numbers such that \[\sin (ax + b) = \sin 29x\]for all integers $x.$ Let $a' = a + 2 \pi n$ for some integer $n.$ Then \begin{align*} \sin (a' x + b) &= \sin ((a + 2 \pi n) x + b) \\ &= \sin (ax + b + 2 \pi n x) \\ &= \sin (ax + b) \\ &= \sin 29x \end{align*}for all integers ...
human
The vectors $\mathbf{a},$ $\mathbf{b},$ and $\mathbf{c}$ satisfy $\|\mathbf{a}\| = \|\mathbf{b}\| = 1,$ $\|\mathbf{c}\| = 2,$ and \[\mathbf{a} \times (\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{c}) + \mathbf{b} = \mathbf{0}.\]If $\theta$ is the angle between $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{c},$ then find all possible values of $\theta,$ in d...
gpt
Solution 1. By the vector triple product, $\mathbf{u} \times (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}) = (\mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{w}) \mathbf{v} - (\mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{v}) \mathbf{w},$ so \[(\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{c}) \mathbf{a} - (\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{a}) \mathbf{c} + \mathbf{b} = \mathbf{0}.\]Since $\mathbf{a} \cdot...
human
A square with side length 1 is rotated about one vertex by an angle of $\alpha,$ where $0^\circ < \alpha < 90^\circ$ and $\cos \alpha = \frac{4}{5}.$ Find the area of the shaded region that is common to both squares. [asy] unitsize(3 cm); pair A, B, C, D, Bp, Cp, Dp, P; A = (0,0); B = (-1,0); C = (-1,-1); D = (0,-1...
gpt
Let the squares be $ABCD$ and $AB'C'D',$ as shown. Let $P$ be the intersection of $\overline{CD}$ and $\overline{B'C'}.$ [asy] unitsize(3 cm); pair A, B, C, D, Bp, Cp, Dp, P; A = (0,0); B = (-1,0); C = (-1,-1); D = (0,-1); Bp = rotate(aCos(4/5))*(B); Cp = rotate(aCos(4/5))*(C); Dp = rotate(aCos(4/5))*(D); P = exten...
human
Let $\mathbf{D}$ be the $2 \times 2$ matrix corresponding to the dilation, centered at the origin, with scale factor 7. Find $\det \mathbf{D}.$
gpt
We have that \[\mathbf{D} = \begin{pmatrix} 7 & 0 \\ 0 & 7 \end{pmatrix},\]so $\det \mathbf{D} = \boxed{49}.$
human
Among all pairs of real numbers $(x, y)$ such that $\sin \sin x = \sin \sin y$ with $-10 \pi \le x, y \le 10 \pi$, Oleg randomly selected a pair $(X, Y)$. Compute the probability that $X = Y$.
gpt
The function $\sin x$ is increasing on the interval $\left[ -\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2} \right],$ so it is increasing on the interval $[-1,1].$ Hence, \[\sin \sin x = \sin \sin y\]implies $\sin x = \sin y.$ In turn, $\sin x = \sin y$ is equivalent to $y = x + 2k \pi$ or $y = (2k + 1) \pi - x$ for some integer $k.$ ...
human
Find $\cot (-60^\circ).$
gpt
We have that \[\cot (-60^\circ) = \frac{1}{\tan (-60^\circ)}.\]Then \[\tan (-60^\circ) = -\tan 60^\circ = -\sqrt{3},\]so \[\frac{1}{\tan (-60^\circ)} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} = \boxed{-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}}.\]
human
Find the number of different complex numbers $z$ with the properties that $|z|=1$ and $z^{6!}-z^{5!}$ is a real number.
gpt
Since $|z| = 1,$ we can write $z = \operatorname{cis} \theta,$ where $0^\circ \le \theta < 360^\circ.$ Then \[z^{6!} - z^{5!} = \operatorname{cis} (720 \theta) - \operatorname{cis} (120 \theta)\]is a real number. In other words, $\sin 720 \theta - \sin 120 \theta = 0.$ From the sum-to-product formulas, \[2 \cos 420 ...
human
In coordinate space, $A = (1,2,3),$ $B = (5,3,1),$ and $C = (3,4,5).$ Find the orthocenter of triangle $ABC.$
gpt
Let $D,$ $E,$ $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from $A,$ $B,$ and $C,$ respectively. Let $H$ be the orthocenter. [asy] unitsize (0.6 cm); pair A, B, C, D, E, F, H; A = (2,5); B = (0,0); C = (8,0); D = (A + reflect(B,C)*(A))/2; E = (B + reflect(C,A)*(B))/2; F = (C + reflect(A,B)*(C))/2; H = extension(A,D,B,E); draw...