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human
The set of vectors $\left\{ \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ k \end{pmatrix} \right\}$ is linearly dependent. Find all possible values of $k.$ Enter all the possible values, separated by commas.
gpt
Since the set $\left\{ \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ k \end{pmatrix} \right\}$ is linearly dependent, there exist non-zero constants $c_1$ and $c_2$ such that \[c_1 \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} + c_2 \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ k \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}.\]Then ...
human
Find the $3 \times 3$ matrix $\mathbf{M}$ such that \[\mathbf{M} \mathbf{v} = -4 \mathbf{v}\]for all three-dimensional vectors $\mathbf{v}.$
gpt
Taking $\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{i},$ we get that the first column of $\mathbf{M}$ is \[\mathbf{M} \mathbf{i} = -4 \mathbf{i} = \begin{pmatrix} -4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}.\]Similarly, the second column of $\mathbf{M}$ is $-4 \mathbf{j},$ and the third column of $\mathbf{M}$ is $-4 \mathbf{k}.$ Therefore, \[\mathbf{M} = \b...
human
There are $2n$ complex numbers that satisfy both $z^{28} - z^{8} - 1 = 0$ and $|z| = 1$. These numbers have the form $z_{m} = \cos\theta_{m} + i\sin\theta_{m}$, where $0\leq\theta_{1} < \theta_{2} < \dots < \theta_{2n} < 360$ and angles are measured in degrees. Find the value of $\theta_{2} + \theta_{4} + \dots + \thet...
gpt
From the equation $z^{28} - z^8 - 1 = 0,$ $z^{28} - z^8 = 1,$ or \[z^8 (z^{20} - 1) = 1.\]Then $|z^8| |z^{20} - 1| = 1.$ Since $|z| = 1,$ $|z^{20} - 1| = 1.$ So if $w = z^{20},$ then $w$ lies on the circle centered at 1 with radius 1. But $|w| = |z^{20}| = |z|^{20} = 1,$ so $w$ also lies on the circle centered at th...
human
Let $P$ be the plane passing through the origin with normal vector $\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}.$ Find the matrix $\mathbf{R}$ such that for any vector $\mathbf{v},$ $\mathbf{R} \mathbf{v}$ is the reflection of $\mathbf{v}$ through plane $P.$
gpt
Let $\mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{pmatrix},$ and let $\mathbf{p}$ be the projection of $\mathbf{p}$ onto plane $P.$ Then $\mathbf{v} - \mathbf{p}$ is the projection of $\mathbf{v}$ onto the normal vector $\mathbf{n} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}.$ [asy] import three; size(160); curren...
human
The line $y = 3x - 11$ is parameterized by the form \[\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} r \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + t \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ k \end{pmatrix}.\]Enter the ordered pair $(r,k).$
gpt
Taking $t = 0,$ we find $\begin{pmatrix} r \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$ lies on the line, so for this vector, \[3r - 11 = 1.\]Solving, we find $r = 4.$ Taking $t = 1,$ we get \[\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ k \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 8 \\ k + 1 \end{pm...
human
In triangle $ABC,$ $M$ is the midpoint of $\overline{BC},$ $AB = 12,$ and $AC = 16.$ Let $E$ be on $\overline{AC},$ and $F$ be on $\overline{AB},$ and let $G$ be the intersection of $\overline{EF}$ and $\overline{AM}.$ If $AE = 2AF,$ then find $\frac{EG}{GF}.$ [asy] unitsize(0.3 cm); pair A, B, C, E, F, G, M; real ...
gpt
Let $x = AF,$ so $AE = 2x.$ Then $BF = 12 - x$ and $CE = 16 - 2x.$ [asy] unitsize(0.3 cm); pair A, B, C, E, F, G, M; real x = 4; B = (0,0); C = (18,0); A = intersectionpoint(arc(B,12,0,180),arc(C,16,0,180)); M = (B + C)/2; F = interp(A,B,x/12); E = interp(A,C,2*x/16); G = extension(E,F,A,M); draw(A--B--C--cycle); ...
human
The polynomial $$P(x)=(1+x+x^2+\ldots+x^{17})^2-x^{17}$$has 34 complex zeros of the form $z_k=r_k\left[\cos(2\pi\alpha_k) +i\sin(2\pi\alpha_k)\right]$, $k=1,2,3,\ldots,34$, with $0<\alpha_1\le\alpha_2\le\alpha_3\le\dots\le\alpha_{34}<1$ and $r_k>0$. Find $\alpha_1+\alpha_2+\alpha_3+\alpha_4+\alpha_5.$
gpt
Note that for $x\ne1$, \begin{align*} P(x)&=\left(\frac{x^{18}-1}{x-1}\right)^2-x^{17} \end{align*}so \begin{align*} \cr (x-1)^2P(x)&=(x^{18}-1)^2-x^{17}(x-1)^2\cr &=x^{36}-2x^{18}+1-x^{19}+2x^{18}-x^{17}\cr &=x^{36}-x^{19}-x^{17}+1\cr &=x^{19}(x^{17}-1)-(x^{17}-1)\cr &=(x^{19}-1)(x^{17}-1). \end{align*}Then \[P(x)=\fr...
human
What is the period of $y = \tan \frac{x}{2}$?
gpt
The graph of $y=\tan \frac{x}{2}$ passes through one full period as $\frac{x}{2}$ ranges from $-\frac{\pi}{2}$ to $\frac{\pi}{2},$ which means $x$ ranges from $-\pi$ to $\pi.$ Thus, the period is $\pi - (-\pi) = \boxed{2 \pi}.$ The graph of $y=\tan \frac{x}{2}$ is shown below: [asy]import TrigMacros; size(400); re...
human
Compute $\arcsin 1.$ Express your answer in radians.
gpt
Since $\sin \frac{\pi}{2} = 1,$ $\arcsin 1 = \boxed{\frac{\pi}{2}}.$
human
The solid $S$ consists of the set of all points $(x,y,z)$ such that $|x| + |y| \le 1,$ $|x| + |z| \le 1,$ and $|y| + |z| \le 1.$ Find the volume of $S.$
gpt
By symmetry, we can focus on the octant where $x,$ $y,$ $z$ are all positive. In this octant, the condition $|x| + |y| = 1$ becomes $x + y = 1,$ which is the equation of a plane. Hence, the set of points in this octant such that $|x| + |y| \le 1$ is the set of points bound by the plane $x + y = 1,$ $x = 0,$ and $y = ...
human
Let $x,$ $y,$ and $z$ be angles such that \begin{align*} \cos x &= \tan y, \\ \cos y &= \tan z, \\ \cos z &= \tan x. \end{align*}Find the largest possible value of $\sin x.$
gpt
From $\cos x = \tan y,$ \[\cos^2 x = \tan^2 y = \frac{\sin^2 y}{\cos^2 y} = \frac{1 - \cos^2 y}{\cos^2 y} = \frac{1}{\cos^2 y} - 1.\]Since $\cos y = \tan z,$ $\cos^2 x = \cot^2 y - 1.$ Then \[1 + \cos^2 x = \cot^2 z = \frac{\cos^2 z}{\sin^2 z} = \frac{\cos^2 z}{1 - \cos^2 z}.\]Since $\cos z = \tan x,$ \[1 + \cos^2 x =...
human
If $\begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} = 5,$ then find \[\begin{vmatrix} a - c & b - d \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}.\]
gpt
Since $\begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} = 5,$ $ad - bc = 5.$ Then \[\begin{vmatrix} a - c & b - d \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} = (a - c)d - (b - d)c = ad - bc = \boxed{5}.\](Why does this make sense geometrically?)
human
Let $P$ be a point in coordinate space, where all the coordinates of $P$ are positive. The line between the origin and $P$ is drawn. The angle between this line and the $x$-, $y$-, and $z$-axis are $\alpha,$ $\beta,$ and $\gamma,$ respectively. If $\cos \alpha = \frac{1}{3}$ and $\cos \beta = \frac{1}{5},$ then dete...
gpt
Let $O$ be the origin, and let $P = (x,y,z).$ Let $X$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $P$ to the $x$-axis. Then $\angle POX = \alpha,$ $OP = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2},$ and $OX = x,$ so \[\cos \alpha = \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}}.\][asy] unitsize(1 cm); draw((0,0)--(3,0)--(3,2)--cycle); label("$P = (x,y,z)$...
human
What is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that all the roots of $z^4 - z^2 + 1 = 0$ are $n^{\text{th}}$ roots of unity?
gpt
Multiplying the equation $z^4 - z^2 + 1 = 0$ by $z^2 + 1$, we get $z^6 + 1 = 0$. Multiplying this equation by $z^6 - 1 = 0$, we get $z^{12} - 1 = 0$. Therefore, every root of $z^4 - z^2 + 1 = 0$ is a $12^{\text{th}}$ root of unity. We can factor $z^{12} - 1 = 0$ as \[(z^6 - 1)(z^6 + 1) = (z^6 - 1)(z^2 + 1)(z^4 - z^2...
human
Find the integer $n,$ $-90 < n < 90,$ such that $\tan n^\circ = \tan 1000^\circ.$
gpt
Since the tangent function has period $180^\circ,$ \[\tan 1000^\circ = \tan (1000^\circ - 6 \cdot 180^\circ) = \tan (-80^\circ),\]so $n = \boxed{-80}.$
human
The solutions to $z^4 = -16i$ can be expressed in the form \begin{align*} z_1 &= r_1 (\cos \theta_1 + i \sin \theta_1), \\ z_2 &= r_2 (\cos \theta_2 + i \sin \theta_2), \\ z_3 &= r_3 (\cos \theta_3 + i \sin \theta_3), \\ z_4 &= r_4 (\cos \theta_4 + i \sin \theta_4), \end{align*}where $r_k > 0$ and $0^\circ \le \theta_k...
gpt
First, we can write $z^4 = -16i = 16 \operatorname{cis} 270^\circ.$ Therefore, the four roots are \begin{align*} &2 \operatorname{cis} 67.5^\circ, \\ &2 \operatorname{cis} (67.5^\circ + 90^\circ) = 2 \operatorname{cis} 157.5^\circ, \\ &2 \operatorname{cis} (67.5^\circ + 180^\circ) = 2 \operatorname{cis} 247.5^\circ, \...
human
Let $\mathbf{M} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 7 \\ -3 & -1 \end{pmatrix}.$ There exist scalars $p$ and $q$ such that \[\mathbf{M}^2 = p \mathbf{M} + q \mathbf{I}.\]Enter the ordered pair $(p,q).$
gpt
Since $\mathbf{M}^2 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 7 \\ -3 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 7 \\ -3 & -1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -17 & 7 \\ -3 & -20 \end{pmatrix},$ we seek $p$ and $q$ such that \[\begin{pmatrix} -17 & 7 \\ -3 & -20 \end{pmatrix} = p \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 7 \\ -3 & -1 \end{pmatrix} + q \begin{pmatri...
human
Compute $(2 \cos 20^\circ + 2i \sin 20^\circ)^6.$ Enter your answer in rectangular form.
gpt
We can write \begin{align*} (2 \cos 20^\circ + 2i \sin 20^\circ) &= 2^6 (\cos 20^\circ + i \sin 20^\circ)^6 \\ &= 64 (\cos 20^\circ + i \sin 20^\circ)^6. \end{align*}By DeMoivre's Theorem, \[(\cos 20^\circ + i \sin 20^\circ)^6 = \cos 120^\circ + i \sin 120^\circ = -\frac{1}{2} + i \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},\]so the resu...
human
A ray of light passing through the point $A = (-3,9,11),$ reflects off the plane $x + y + z = 12$ at $B,$ and then passes through the point $C = (3,5,9).$ Find the point $B.$ [asy] import three; size(180); currentprojection = perspective(6,3,2); triple A, B, C; A = (0,-0.5,0.5*1.5); B = (0,0,0); C = (0,0.8,0.8*1.5...
gpt
Let $D$ be the reflection of $A$ in the plane. Then $D,$ $B,$ and $C$ are collinear. [asy] import three; size(180); currentprojection = perspective(6,3,2); triple A, B, C, D, P; A = (0,-0.5,0.5*1.5); B = (0,0,0); C = (0,0.8,0.8*1.5); D = (0,-0.5,-0.5*1.5); P = (A + D)/2; draw(surface((-1,-1,0)--(-1,1,0)--(1,1,0)-...
human
Let $\mathbf{a} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$ and $\mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} -5 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}.$ Find the area of the triangle with vertices $\mathbf{0},$ $\mathbf{a},$ and $\mathbf{b}.$
gpt
The area of the triangle formed by $\mathbf{0},$ $\mathbf{a},$ and $\mathbf{b}$ is half the area of the parallelogram formed by $\mathbf{0},$ $\mathbf{a},$ $\mathbf{b},$ and $\mathbf{a} + \mathbf{b}.$ [asy] unitsize(0.8 cm); pair A, B, O; A = (3,1); B = (-5,2); O = (0,0); draw(O--A,Arrow(6)); draw(O--B,Arrow(6)); d...
human
Let $O$ and $H$ denote the circumcenter and orthocenter of triangle $ABC,$ respectively. If $AO = AH,$ then enter all possible values of $\angle A$ (in degrees), separated by commas.
gpt
Let $O$ be the origin. Then $\overrightarrow{H} = \overrightarrow{A} + \overrightarrow{B} + \overrightarrow{C},$ so \begin{align*} AH^2 &= \|\overrightarrow{B} + \overrightarrow{C}\|^2 \\ &= (\overrightarrow{B} + \overrightarrow{C}) \cdot (\overrightarrow{B} + \overrightarrow{C}) \\ &= \overrightarrow{B} \cdot \overri...
human
A translation of the plane takes $-3 + 2i$ to $-7 - i.$ Find the complex number that the translation takes $-4 + 5i$ to.
gpt
This translation takes $z$ to $z + w,$ where $w$ is a fixed complex number. Thus, \[-7 - i = (-3 + 2i) + w.\]Hence, $w = -4 - 3i.$ Then the translation takes $-4 + 5i$ to $(-4 + 5i) + (-4 - 3i) = \boxed{-8 + 2i}.$
human
Find the sum of all angles $x \in [0^\circ, 360^\circ]$ that satisfy \[\sin^5 x - \cos^5 x = \frac{1}{\cos x} - \frac{1}{\sin x}.\]
gpt
We can write the right-hand side as \[\sin^5 x - \cos^5 x = \frac{\sin x - \cos x}{\sin x \cos x},\]so $\sin x \cos x (\sin^5 x - \cos^5 x) = \sin x - \cos x,$ or \[\sin x \cos x (\sin^5 x - \cos^5 x) - (\sin x - \cos x) = 0.\]We can factor to get \[\sin x \cos x (\sin x - \cos x)(\sin^4 x + \sin^3 x \cos x + \sin^2 x ...
human
For some complex number $\omega$ with $|\omega| = 2,$ there is some real $\lambda > 1$ such that $\omega,$ $\omega^2,$ and $\lambda \omega$ form an equilateral triangle in the complex plane. Find $\lambda.$
gpt
Note that $\omega,$ $\omega^2,$ and $\lambda \omega$ form an equilateral triangle if and only if 1, $\omega,$ and $\lambda$ form an equilateral triangle. Given 1 and $\lambda > 1,$ there are two complex numbers $\omega$ such that 1, $\omega,$ and $\lambda$ form an equilateral triangle. Both complex numbers $\omega$ h...
human
Given that $\theta$ and $\phi$ are acute angles such that $\tan \theta = \frac{1}{7}$ and $\sin \phi = \frac{1}{\sqrt{10}},$ find $\theta + 2 \phi,$ measured in radians.
gpt
Note that \[\cos^2 \phi = 1 - \sin^2 \phi = \frac{9}{10}.\]Since $\phi$ is acute, $\cos \phi = \frac{3}{\sqrt{10}}.$ Then \[\tan \phi = \frac{\sin \phi}{\cos \phi} = \frac{1}{3},\]so \[\tan 2 \phi = \frac{2 \tan \phi}{1 - \tan^2 \phi} = \frac{2 \cdot \frac{1}{3}}{1 - (\frac{1}{3})^2} = \frac{3}{4},\]and \[\tan (\theta...
human
Find the value of $x$ between 0 and 180 such that \[\tan (120^\circ - x^\circ) = \frac{\sin 120^\circ - \sin x^\circ}{\cos 120^\circ - \cos x^\circ}.\]
gpt
From the sum-to-product formula, \[\sin 120^\circ - \sin x^\circ = 2 \sin \frac{120^\circ - x^\circ}{2} \cos \frac{120^\circ + x^\circ}{2}\]and \[\cos 120^\circ - \cos x^\circ = -2 \sin \frac{120^\circ + x^\circ}{2} \sin \frac{120^\circ - x^\circ}{2},\]so \begin{align*} \tan (120^\circ - x^\circ) &= \frac{\sin 120^\cir...
human
We define two sequences of vectors $(\mathbf{v}_n)$ and $(\mathbf{w}_n)$ as follows: First, $\mathbf{v}_0 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{w}_0 = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}.$ Then for all $n \ge 1,$ $\mathbf{v}_n$ is the projection of $\mathbf{w}_{n - 1}$ onto $\mathbf{v}_0,$ and $\mathbf{w}...
gpt
Since $\mathbf{v}_n$ is always a projection onto $\mathbf{v}_0,$ \[\mathbf{v}_n = a_n \mathbf{v}_0\]for some constant $a_n.$ Similarly, \[\mathbf{w}_n = b_n \mathbf{w}_0\]for some constant $b_n.$ [asy] unitsize(1.5 cm); pair[] V, W; V[0] = (1,3); W[0] = (4,0); V[1] = (W[0] + reflect((0,0),V[0])*(W[0]))/2; W[1] = (V...
human
When the vectors $\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$ and $\begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}$ are both projected onto the same vector $\mathbf{v},$ the result is $\mathbf{p}$ in both cases. Find $\mathbf{p}.$
gpt
Note that the vector $\mathbf{p}$ must lie on the line passing through $\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$ and $\begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}.$ This line can be parameterized by \[\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + t \left( \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \ri...
human
The matrix \[\begin{pmatrix} \frac{4}{29} & -\frac{10}{29} \\ -\frac{10}{29} & \frac{25}{29} \end{pmatrix}\]corresponds to projecting onto a certain vector $\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}.$ Find $\frac{y}{x}.$
gpt
Note that the projecting the vector $\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}$ onto itself results in itself, so \[\begin{pmatrix} \frac{4}{29} & -\frac{10}{29} \\ -\frac{10}{29} & \frac{25}{29} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}.\]Then $\frac{4}{29} x - \frac{10}{29} ...
human
Find the degree measure of the least positive angle $\theta$ for which \[\cos 5^\circ = \sin 25^\circ + \sin \theta.\]
gpt
From the given equation, \begin{align*} \sin \theta &= \cos 5^\circ - \sin 25^\circ \\ &= \cos 5^\circ - \cos 65^\circ. \end{align*}By the sum-to-product formula, \begin{align*} \cos 5^\circ - \cos 65^\circ &= -2 \sin 35^\circ \sin (-30^\circ) \\ &= \sin 35^\circ. \end{align*}Thus, the smallest such $\theta$ is $\boxed...
human
Find the matrix $\mathbf{M}$ if it satisfies $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{i} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \\ -8 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{j} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 5 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix},$ and $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{k} = \begin{pmatrix} 7 \\ -1 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}.$
gpt
In general, for a matrix $\mathbf{M},$ $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{i},$ $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{j},$ and $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{k}$ are equal to the first, second, and third columns of $\mathbf{M},$ respectively. Therefore, \[\mathbf{M} = \boxed{\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 7 \\ 3 & 5 & -1 \\ -8 & -2 & 4 \end{pmatrix}}.\]
human
How many times do the graphs $r = 4 \cos \theta$ and $r = 8 \sin \theta$ intersect?
gpt
For $r = 4 \cos \theta,$ \begin{align*} x &= r \cos \theta = 4 \cos^2 \theta = 2 \cos 2 \theta + 2, \\ y &= r \sin \theta = 4 \sin \theta \cos \theta = 2 \sin 2 \theta. \end{align*}Hence, \[(x - 2)^2 + y^2 = 4 \cos^2 2 \theta + 4 \sin^2 2 \theta = 4.\]Thus, the graph of $r = 4 \cos \theta$ is the circle centered at $(2...
human
Compute $\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ 5 & -3 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 8 & -2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}.$
gpt
We have that \[\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ 5 & -3 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 8 & -2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} (2)(8) + (0)(1) & (2)(-2) + (0)(1) \\ (5)(8) + (-3)(1) & (5)(-2) + (-3)(1) \end{pmatrix} = \boxed{\begin{pmatrix} 16 & -4 \\ 37 & -13 \end{pmatrix}}.\]
human
Let $O$ and $H$ be the circumcenter and orthocenter of triangle $ABC$, respectively. Let $a$, $b$, and $c$ denote the side lengths, and let $R$ denote the circumradius. Find $OH^2$ if $R = 7$ and $a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 29$.
gpt
If $O$ is the origin, then we know $$H = \overrightarrow{A} + \overrightarrow{B} + \overrightarrow{C}.$$Therefore \begin{align*} OH^2 &= |\overrightarrow{OH}|^2 \\ &= |\overrightarrow{A} + \overrightarrow{B} + \overrightarrow{C}|^2 \\ &= (\overrightarrow{A} + \overrightarrow{B} + \overrightarrow{C}) \cdot (\overrightar...
human
In triangle $ABC,$ $D$ is on $\overline{AB}$ such that $AD:DB = 3:2,$ and $E$ is on $\overline{BC}$ such that $BE:EC = 3:2.$ If lines $DE$ and $AC$ intersect at $F,$ then find $\frac{DE}{EF}.$
gpt
Let $\mathbf{a}$ denote $\overrightarrow{A},$ etc. Then from the given information \[\mathbf{d} = \frac{2}{5} \mathbf{a} + \frac{3}{5} \mathbf{b}\]and \[\mathbf{e} = \frac{2}{5} \mathbf{b} + \frac{3}{5} \mathbf{c}.\][asy] unitsize(0.6 cm); pair A, B, C, D, E, F; A = (2,5); B = (0,0); C = (6,0); D = interp(A,B,3/5); ...
human
Find the $3 \times 3$ matrix $\mathbf{M}$ such that for a $3 \times 3$ matrix $\mathbf{N},$ $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{N}$ is the result of swapping the first row and second row of $\mathbf{N},$ and doubling the third row of $\mathbf{N}.$ In other words, \[\mathbf{M} \begin{pmatrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{p...
gpt
Let $\mathbf{r}_1,$ $\mathbf{r}_2,$ $\mathbf{r}_3$ be the row vectors of $\mathbf{M},$ and let $\mathbf{c}_1,$ $\mathbf{c}_2,$ $\mathbf{c}_3$ be the column vectors of $\mathbf{N},$ so \[\mathbf{M} \mathbf{N} = \begin{pmatrix} -\mathbf{r}_1- \\ -\mathbf{r}_2- \\ -\mathbf{r}_3- \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} | & | & | \\ ...
human
In three-dimensional space, find the number of lattice points that have a distance of 3 from the origin. Note: A point is a lattice point if all its coordinates are integers.
gpt
Let the point be $(x,y,z).$ Each coordinate can only be 0, $\pm 1,$ $\pm 2,$ or $\pm 3.$ Checking we find that up to sign, the only possible combinations of $x,$ $y,$ and $z$ that work are either two 0s and one 3, or one 1 and two 2s. If there are two 0s and one 3, then there are 3 ways to place the 3. Then the 3 c...
human
If $\sin x = 3 \cos x,$ then what is $\sin x \cos x$?
gpt
We know that $\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1.$ Substituting $\sin x = 3 \cos x,$ we get \[9 \cos^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1,\]so $10 \cos^2 x = 1,$ or $\cos^2 x = \frac{1}{10}.$ Then \[\sin x \cos x = (3 \cos x)(\cos x) = 3 \cos^2 x = \boxed{\frac{3}{10}}.\]
human
Let $a,$ $b,$ $c$ be the roots of $x^3 + px + q = 0.$ Compute the determinant \[\begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\ b & c & a \\ c & a & b \end{vmatrix}.\]
gpt
We can expand the determinant as follows: \begin{align*} \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\ b & c & a \\ c & a & b \end{vmatrix} &= a \begin{vmatrix} c & a \\ a & b \end{vmatrix} - b \begin{vmatrix} b & a \\ c & b \end{vmatrix} + c \begin{vmatrix} b & c \\ c & a \end{vmatrix} \\ &= a(bc - a^2) - b(b^2 - ac) + c(ab - c^2) \\ ...
human
Let $A = (-1,1,2),$ $B = (1,2,3),$ and $C = (t,1,1),$ where $t$ is a real number. Find the smallest possible area of triangle $ABC.$
gpt
Let $\mathbf{a} = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix},$ and $\mathbf{c} = \begin{pmatrix} t \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}.$ Then the area of triangle $ABC$ is given by \begin{align*} \frac{1}{2} \|(\mathbf{b} - \mathbf{a}) \times (\mathbf{c} - \mathbf{a})\| &=...
human
Find the area of the triangle with vertices $(6,5,3),$ $(3,3,1),$ and $(15,11,9).$
gpt
Let $\mathbf{u} = \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 5 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix},$ $\mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 3 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix},$ and $\mathbf{w} = \begin{pmatrix} 15 \\ 11 \\ 9 \end{pmatrix}.$ Then \[\mathbf{v} - \mathbf{u} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}\]and \[\mathbf{w} - \mathbf{u} = \begin{pmatrix} 9 \\ 6 \\ 6...
human
For a positive constant $c,$ in spherical coordinates $(\rho,\theta,\phi),$ find the shape described by the equation \[\rho = c.\](A) Line (B) Circle (C) Plane (D) Sphere (E) Cylinder (F) Cone Enter the letter of the correct option.
gpt
In spherical coordinates, $\rho$ is the distance from a point to the origin. So if this distance is fixed, then we obtain a sphere. The answer is $\boxed{\text{(D)}}.$ [asy] import three; import solids; size(180); currentprojection = perspective(6,3,2); currentlight = (1,0,1); draw((-1,0,0)--(-2,0,0)); draw((0,-1...
human
For a constant $c,$ in spherical coordinates $(\rho,\theta,\phi),$ find the shape described by the equation \[\theta = c.\](A) Line (B) Circle (C) Plane (D) Sphere (E) Cylinder (F) Cone Enter the letter of the correct option.
gpt
In spherical coordinates, $\theta$ denotes the angle a point makes with the positive $x$-axis. Thus, for a fixed angle $\theta = c,$ all the points lie on a plane. The answer is $\boxed{\text{(C)}}.$ Note that we can obtain all points in this plane by taking $\rho$ negative. [asy] import three; import solids; size...
human
If \[\tan x = \frac{2ab}{a^2 - b^2},\]where $a > b > 0$ and $0^\circ < x < 90^\circ,$ then find $\sin x$ in terms of $a$ and $b.$
gpt
We can construct a right triangle with legs $a^2 - b^2$ and $2ab.$ Then by Pythagoras, the hypotenuse is \[\sqrt{(a^2 - b^2)^2 + (2ab)^2} = \sqrt{a^4 + 2a^2 b^2 + b^4} = a^2 + b^2.\][asy] unitsize(1.5 cm); pair A, B, C; A = (2,1.8); B = (0,0); C = (2,0); draw(A--B--C--cycle); draw(rightanglemark(A,C,B,5)); label("...
human
If $\cos \theta = \frac{1}{3},$ find $\cos 5 \theta.$
gpt
By DeMoivre's Theorem, \begin{align*} \cos 5 \theta + i \sin 5 \theta &= (\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)^5 \\ &= \cos^5 \theta + 5i \cos^4 \theta \sin \theta - 10 \cos^3 \theta \sin^2 \theta - 10i \cos^2 \theta \sin^3 \theta + 5 \cos \theta \sin^4 \theta + i \sin^5 \theta. \end{align*}Equating real parts, we get \[\cos 5...
human
Find $x.$ [asy] unitsize(0.7 cm); pair A, B, C, D, O; O = (0,0); A = 4*dir(160); B = 5*dir(160 + 180); C = 8*dir(20); D = 4*dir(20 + 180); draw(A--B); draw(C--D); draw(A--C); draw(B--D); label("$4$", (A + O)/2, SW); label("$10$", (C + O)/2, SE); label("$4$", (D + O)/2, NW); label("$5$", (B + O)/2, NE); label("$8$"...
gpt
Let $\theta = \angle AOC = \angle BOD.$ Then by the Law of Cosines on triangle $BOD,$ \[\cos \theta = \frac{4^2 + 5^2 - 8^2}{2 \cdot 4 \cdot 5} = -\frac{23}{40}.\]Then by the Law of Cosines on triangle $AOC,$ \begin{align*} x^2 &= 4^2 + 10^2 - 2 \cdot 4 \cdot 10 \cos \theta \\ &= 4^2 + 10^2 - 2 \cdot 4 \cdot 10 \cdot ...
human
Let $A,$ $B,$ $C$ be the angles of a non-right triangle. Compute \[\begin{vmatrix} \tan A & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \tan B & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & \tan C \end{vmatrix}.\]
gpt
Expanding the determinant, we get \begin{align*} \begin{vmatrix} \tan 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \tan B & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & \tan C \end{vmatrix} &= \tan A \begin{vmatrix} \tan B & 1 \\ 1 & \tan C \end{vmatrix} - \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \tan C \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} 1 & \tan B \\ 1 & 1 \end{vmatrix} \\ &= \tan A(\tan B...
human
Let $l,$ $m,$ and $n$ be real numbers, and let $A,$ $B,$ $C$ be points such that the midpoint of $\overline{BC}$ is $(l,0,0),$ the midpoint of $\overline{AC}$ is $(0,m,0),$ and the midpoint of $\overline{AB}$ is $(0,0,n).$ Find \[\frac{AB^2 + AC^2 + BC^2}{l^2 + m^2 + n^2}.\]
gpt
Let $D = (l,0,0),$ $E = (0,m,0),$ and $F = (0,0,n).$ Then triangle $DEF$ is the medial triangle of triangle $ABC.$ [asy] unitsize(0.5 cm); pair A, B, C, D, E, F; A = (2,5); B = (0,0); C = (9,0); D = (B + C)/2; E = (A + C)/2; F = (A + B)/2; draw(A--B--C--cycle); draw(D--E--F--cycle); label("$A$", A, N); label("$B$...
human
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be the hyperbola $y^2 - x^2 = 1$. Given a point $P_0$ on the $x$-axis, we construct a sequence of points $(P_n)$ on the $x$-axis in the following manner: let $\ell_n$ be the line with slope 1 passing passing through $P_n$, then $P_{n+1}$ is the orthogonal projection of the point of intersection of $\...
gpt
Let $P_n = (x_n, 0)$. Then the $\ell_n$ meet $\mathcal{C}$ at $(x_{n+1}, x_{n+1} - x_n)$. Since this point lies on the hyperbola, we have $(x_{n+1} - x_n)^2 - x_{n+1}^2 = 1$. Rearranging this equation gives \[ x_{n+1} = \frac{x_n^2 - 1}{2x_n}. \]Choose a $\theta_0 \in (0, \pi)$ with $\cot\theta_0 = x_0$, and define $\t...
human
A paper equilateral triangle $ABC$ has side length 12. The paper triangle is folded so that vertex $A$ touches a point on side $\overline{BC}$ a distance 9 from point $B$. Find the square of the length of the line segment along which the triangle is folded. [asy] import cse5; size(12cm); pen tpen = defaultpen + 1.337;...
gpt
Let $P$ and $Q$ be the points on $\overline{AB}$ and $\overline{AC}$, respectively, where the paper is folded. Let $x = BP.$ Then $PA = PA' = 12 - x,$ so by the Law of Cosines on triangle $PBA',$ \[x^2 - 9x + 81 = (12 - x)^2.\]Solving, we find $x = \frac{21}{5},$ so $PA = \frac{39}{5}.$ Let $y = CQ.$ Then $QA = QA'...