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human
If $x + \frac{1}{x} = \sqrt{3}$, then find $x^{18}$.
gpt
Solution 1: We can rewrite the given equation as $x^2 - \sqrt{3} x + 1 = 0$, so by the quadratic formula, \[x = \frac{\sqrt{3} \pm \sqrt{3 - 4}}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3} \pm i}{2},\]which means $x = e^{\pi i/6}$ or $x = e^{11 \pi i/6}$. If $x = e^{\pi i/6}$, then \[x^{18} = e^{3 \pi i} = -1,\]and if $x = e^{11 \pi i/6}$, t...
human
Let $\mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}.$ Find $\mathbf{A}^{20} - 2 \mathbf{A}^{19}.$
gpt
First, we can write $\mathbf{A}^{20} - 2 \mathbf{A}^{19} = \mathbf{A}^{19} (\mathbf{A} - 2 \mathbf{I}).$ We can compute that \[\mathbf{A} - 2 \mathbf{I} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} - 2 \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 3 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix} .\]Then \[\mathbf{A} (...
human
Convert the point $(6,2 \sqrt{3})$ in rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates. Enter your answer in the form $(r,\theta),$ where $r > 0$ and $0 \le \theta < 2 \pi.$
gpt
We have that $r = \sqrt{6^2 + (2 \sqrt{3})^2} = 4 \sqrt{3}.$ Also, if we draw the line connecting the origin and $(6,2 \sqrt{3}),$ this line makes an angle of $\frac{\pi}{6}$ with the positive $x$-axis. [asy] unitsize(0.6 cm); draw((-1,0)--(8,0)); draw((0,-1)--(0,4)); draw(arc((0,0),4*sqrt(3),0,30),red,Arrow(6)); dr...
human
Let point $O$ be the origin of a three-dimensional coordinate system, and let points $A,$ $B,$ and $C$ be located on the positive $x,$ $y,$ and $z$ axes, respectively. If $OA = \sqrt[4]{75}$ and $\angle BAC = 30^\circ,$ then compute the area of triangle $ABC.$
gpt
Let $b = OB$ and $c = OC.$ [asy] import three; size(250); currentprojection = perspective(6,3,2); triple A, B, C, O; A = (3,0,0); B = (0,4,0); C = (0,0,2); O = (0,0,0); draw(O--(5,0,0)); draw(O--(0,5,0)); draw(O--(0,0,3)); draw(A--B--C--cycle); label("$A$", A, S); label("$B$", B, S); label("$C$", C, NW); label("$...
human
Compute $\arccos (\cos 7).$ All functions are in radians.
gpt
Since $\cos (7 - 2 \pi) = \cos 7$ and $0 \le 7 - 2 \pi \le \pi,$ $\arccos (\cos 7) = \boxed{7 - 2 \pi}.$
human
Find the $2 \times 2$ matrix $\mathbf{M}$ such that $\mathbf{M} \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 21 \end{pmatrix}$ and $\mathbf{M} \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ -17 \end{pmatrix}.$
gpt
Dividing both sides of $\mathbf{M} \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 21 \end{pmatrix}$ by 3, we get \[\mathbf{M} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix}.\]This tells us that the first column of $\mathbf{M}$ is $\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix}.$ Since $...
human
If $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ are two unit vectors, with an angle of $\frac{\pi}{3}$ between them, then compute the volume of the parallelepiped generated by $\mathbf{a},$ $\mathbf{b} + \mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{a},$ and $\mathbf{b}.$
gpt
The volume of the parallelepiped generated by $\mathbf{a},$ $\mathbf{b} + \mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{a},$ and $\mathbf{b}$ is given by \[|\mathbf{a} \cdot ((\mathbf{b} + \mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{a}) \times \mathbf{b})|.\]In general, $\mathbf{u} \cdot (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}) = \mathbf{v} \cdot (\mathbf{w} \times ...
human
A line is parameterized by \[\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} + t \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix}.\]A second line is parameterized by \[\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix} + u \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}.\]Find the point ...
gpt
For the first line, \[\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} + t \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 - t \\ 3 + 5t \end{pmatrix}.\]For the second line, \[\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix} + u \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 4 \en...
human
The quantity $\tan 7.5^\circ$ can be expressed in the form \[\tan 7.5^\circ = \sqrt{a} - \sqrt{b} + \sqrt{c} - d,\]where $a \ge b \ge c \ge d$ are positive integers. Find $a + b + c + d.$
gpt
From the half-angle formula, \[\tan 7.5^\circ = \tan \frac{15^\circ}{2} = \frac{1 - \cos 15^\circ}{\sin 15^\circ}.\]Since $\cos 15^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{6}}{4}$ and $\sin 15^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}{4},$ \begin{align*} \tan 7.5^\circ &= \frac{1 - \frac{\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{6}}{4}}{\frac{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{...
human
Find all values of $x$ so that $\arccos x > \arcsin x.$
gpt
We know that $\arccos x$ is a decreasing function, and $\arcsin x$ is an increasing function. Furthermore, they are equal at $x = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},$ when $\arccos \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = \arcsin \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\pi}{4}.$ Therefore, the solution to $\arccos x > \arcsin x$ is $x \in \boxed{\left[ -1, \frac{1}...
human
Let triangle $ABC$ be a right triangle with right angle at $C.$ Let $D$ and $E$ be points on $\overline{AB}$ with $D$ between $A$ and $E$ such that $\overline{CD}$ and $\overline{CE}$ trisect $\angle C.$ If $\frac{DE}{BE} = \frac{8}{15},$ then find $\tan B.$
gpt
Without loss of generality, set $CB = 1$. Then, by the Angle Bisector Theorem on triangle $DCB$, we have $CD = \frac{8}{15}$. [asy] unitsize(0.5 cm); pair A, B, C, D, E; A = (0,4*sqrt(3)); B = (11,0); C = (0,0); D = extension(C, C + dir(60), A, B); E = extension(C, C + dir(30), A, B); draw(A--B--C--cycle); draw(C--...
human
Evaluate \[\log_{10}(\tan 1^{\circ})+\log_{10}(\tan 2^{\circ})+\log_{10}(\tan 3^{\circ})+\cdots+\log_{10}(\tan 88^{\circ})+\log_{10}(\tan 89^{\circ}).\]
gpt
We have that \[\tan (90^\circ - x) = \frac{\sin (90^\circ - x)}{\cos (90^\circ - x)} = \frac{\cos x}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{\tan x}.\]Then \[\log_{10} \tan x + \log_{10} \tan (90^\circ - x) = \log_{10} (\tan x \tan (90^\circ - x)) = \log_{10} 1 = 0.\]Summing over $x = 1^\circ,$ $2^\circ,$ $\dots,$ $44^\circ,$ the sum reduc...
human
If $\|\mathbf{v}\| = 4,$ then find $\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{v}.$
gpt
We have that $\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{v} = \|\mathbf{v}\|^2 = \boxed{16}.$
human
Find the sum of the solutions to \[\frac{1}{\sin x} + \frac{1}{\cos x} = 2 \sqrt{2}\]in the interval $0 \le x \le 2 \pi.$
gpt
Let $a = \cos x$ and $b = \sin x,$ so \[\frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} = 2 \sqrt{2}.\]Then \[a + b = 2ab \sqrt{2}.\]Squaring both sides, we get \[a^2 + 2ab + b^2 = 8a^2 b^2.\]Since $a^2 + b^2 = \cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1,$ $2ab + 1 = 8a^2 b^2,$ or \[8a^2 b^2 - 2ab - 1 = 0.\]This factors as $(2ab - 1)(4ab + 1) = 0,$ so $ab = \f...
human
Determine the number of solutions to \[2\sin^3 x - 5 \sin^2 x + 2 \sin x = 0\]in the range $0 \le x \le 2 \pi.$
gpt
The given equation factors as \[\sin x (2 \sin x - 1)(\sin x - 2) = 0,\]so $\sin x = 0,$ $\sin x = \frac{1}{2},$ or $\sin x = 2.$ The solutions to $\sin x = 0$ are $x = 0,$ $x = \pi,$ and $x = 2 \pi.$ The solutions to $\sin x = \frac{1}{2}$ are $x = \frac{\pi}{6}$ and $x = \frac{5 \pi}{6}.$ The equation $\sin x = 2$...
human
In triangle $ABC,$ $\angle C = \frac{\pi}{2}.$ Find \[\arctan \left( \frac{a}{b + c} \right) + \arctan \left( \frac{b}{a + c} \right).\]
gpt
From the addition formula for tangent, \begin{align*} \tan \left( \arctan \left( \frac{a}{b + c} \right) + \arctan \left( \frac{b}{a + c} \right) \right) &= \frac{\frac{a}{b + c} + \frac{b}{a + c}}{1 - \frac{a}{b + c} \cdot \frac{b}{a + c}} \\ &= \frac{a(a + c) + b(b + c)}{(a + c)(b + c) - ab} \\ &= \frac{a^2 + ac + b^...
human
Given $\|\mathbf{v}\| = 4,$ find $\|-3 \mathbf{v}\|.$
gpt
Let $\mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix},$ so \[\left\| \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} \right\| = 4.\]Then $x^2 + y^2 = 16.$ Hence, \[\|-3 \mathbf{v} \| = \left\| -3 \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} \right\| = \left\| \begin{pmatrix} -3x \\ -3y \end{pmatrix} \right\| = \sqrt{(-3x)^2 + (-3y)^2} ...
human
If $\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty}\cos^{2n}\theta = 5$, what is the value of $\cos{2\theta}$?
gpt
From the formula for an infinite geometric series, \[\sum_{n = 0}^\infty \cos^{2n} \theta = 1 + \cos^2 \theta + \cos^4 \theta + \dotsb = \frac{1}{1 - \cos^2 \theta} = 5.\]Hence, $\cos^2 \theta = \frac{4}{5}.$ Then \[\cos 2 \theta = 2 \cos^2 \theta - 1 = \boxed{\frac{3}{5}}.\]
human
In parallelogram $ABCD$, let $O$ be the intersection of diagonals $\overline{AC}$ and $\overline{BD}$. Angles $CAB$ and $DBC$ are each twice as large as angle $DBA$, and angle $ACB$ is $r$ times as large as angle $AOB$. Find $r.$
gpt
Let $\theta = \angle DBA.$ Then $\angle CAB = \angle DBC = 2 \theta.$ [asy] unitsize(3 cm); pair A, B, C, D, O; D = (0,0); A = (1,0); B = extension(D, D + dir(30), A, A + dir(45)); O = (B + D)/2; C = 2*O - A; draw(A--B--C--D--cycle); draw(A--C); draw(B--D); label("$A$", A, S); label("$B$", B, NE); label("$C$", C,...
human
Let $O$ be the origin. There exists a scalar $k$ so that for any points $A,$ $B,$ $C,$ and $D$ such that \[3 \overrightarrow{OA} - 2 \overrightarrow{OB} + 5 \overrightarrow{OC} + k \overrightarrow{OD} = \mathbf{0},\]the four points $A,$ $B,$ $C,$ and $D$ are coplanar. Find $k.$
gpt
From the given equation, \[3 \overrightarrow{OA} - 2 \overrightarrow{OB} = -5 \overrightarrow{OC} - k \overrightarrow{OD}.\]Let $P$ be the point such that \[\overrightarrow{OP} = 3 \overrightarrow{OA} - 2 \overrightarrow{OB} = -5 \overrightarrow{OC} - k \overrightarrow{OD}.\]Since $3 + (-2) = 1,$ $P$ lies on line $AB.$...
human
Compute \[\begin{vmatrix} 1 & \cos (a - b) & \cos a \\ \cos(a - b) & 1 & \cos b \\ \cos a & \cos b & 1 \end{vmatrix}.\]
gpt
We can expand the determinant as follows: \begin{align*} \begin{vmatrix} 1 & \cos (a - b) & \cos a \\ \cos(a - b) & 1 & \cos b \\ \cos a & \cos b & 1 \end{vmatrix} &= \begin{vmatrix} 1 & \cos b \\ \cos b & 1 \end{vmatrix} - \cos (a - b) \begin{vmatrix} \cos (a - b) & \cos b \\ \cos a & 1 \end{vmatrix} + \cos a \begin{...
human
The side of a triangle are 2, 2, and $\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}.$ Enter the angles of the triangle in degrees, separated by commas.
gpt
By the Law of Cosines, the cosine of one of the angles is \[\frac{2^2 + 2^2 - (\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2})^2}{2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2} = \frac{4 \sqrt{3}}{8} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},\]so this angle is $\boxed{30^\circ}.$ The other two angles must be equal, so they are $\boxed{75^\circ, 75^\circ}.$
human
Let $S$ be the set of complex numbers of the form $x + yi,$ where $x$ and $y$ are real numbers, such that \[\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \le x \le \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}.\]Find the smallest positive integer $m$ such that for all positive integers $n \ge m,$ there exists a complex number $z \in S$ such that $z^n = 1.$
gpt
Note that for $0^\circ \le \theta \le 360^\circ,$ the real part of $\operatorname{cis} \theta$ lies between $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ and $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ if and only if $30^\circ \le \theta \le 45^\circ$ or $315^\circ \le \theta \le 330^\circ.$ The 15th roots of unity are of the form $\operatorname{cis} (24^\circ k),$...
human
Let \[\mathbf{M} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & -2 \\ a & 2 & b \end{pmatrix}.\]If $\mathbf{M} \mathbf{M}^T = 9 \mathbf{I},$ then enter the ordered pair $(a,b).$ Note: For a matrix $\mathbf{A},$ $\mathbf{A}^T$ is the transpose of $\mathbf{A},$ which is generated by reflecting the matrix $\mathbf{A}$ over the m...
gpt
We have that \[\mathbf{M} \mathbf{M}^T = \mathbf{M} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & -2 \\ a & 2 & b \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & a \\ 2 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & -2 & b \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 9 & 0 & a + 2b + 4 \\ 0 & 9 & 2a - 2b + 2 \\ a + 2b + 4 & 2a - 2b + 2 & a^2 + b^2 + 4 \end{pmatrix}.\]We want this...
human
The domain of the function $f(x) = \arcsin(\log_{m}(nx))$ is a closed interval of length $\frac{1}{2013}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are positive integers and $m>1$. Find the the smallest possible value of $m+n.$
gpt
The function $f(x) = \arcsin (\log_m (nx))$ is defined when \[-1 \le \log_m (nx) \le 1.\]This is equivalent to \[\frac{1}{m} \le nx \le m,\]or \[\frac{1}{mn} \le x \le \frac{m}{n}.\]Thus, the length of the interval is $\frac{m}{n} - \frac{1}{mn} = \frac{m^2 - 1}{mn},$ giving us the equation \[\frac{m^2 - 1}{mn} = \frac...
human
The following line is parameterized, so that its direction vector is of the form $\begin{pmatrix} a \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}.$ Find $a.$ [asy] unitsize(0.4 cm); pair A, B, L, R; int i, n; for (i = -8; i <= 8; ++i) { draw((i,-8)--(i,8),gray(0.7)); draw((-8,i)--(8,i),gray(0.7)); } draw((-8,0)--(8,0),Arrows(6)); draw(...
gpt
The line passes through $\begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix}$ and $\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix},$ so its direction vector is proportional to \[\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}.\]To get a $y$-coordinate of $-1,$ we can multiply...
human
The matrix \[\begin{pmatrix} a & 3 \\ -8 & d \end{pmatrix}\]is its own inverse, for some real numbers $a$ and $d.$ Find the number of possible pairs $(a,d).$
gpt
Since $\begin{pmatrix} a & 3 \\ -8 & d \end{pmatrix}$ is its own inverse, \[\begin{pmatrix} a & 3 \\ -8 & d \end{pmatrix}^2 = \begin{pmatrix} a & 3 \\ -8 & d \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a & 3 \\ -8 & d \end{pmatrix} = \mathbf{I}.\]This gives us \[\begin{pmatrix} a^2 - 24 & 3a + 3d \\ -8a - 8d & d^2 - 24 \end{pmatrix}...
human
Suppose that $wz = 12-8i$, and $|w| = \sqrt{13}$. What is $|z|$?
gpt
Since $wz = 12-8i$, we have \[|wz| = |12-8i| = |4(3-2i)| = 4|3-2i| = 4\sqrt{3^2 + (-2)^2} = 4\sqrt{13}.\]Since $|wz| = |w|\cdot |z|$, we have $|w|\cdot |z| = 4\sqrt{13}$. Finally, since we are given that $|w| = \sqrt{13}$, we have $|z| = \boxed{4}$.
human
Let $\mathbf{A}$ be a matrix such that \[\mathbf{A} \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -15 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}.\]Find $\mathbf{A}^5 \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix}.$
gpt
Note that \[\mathbf{A} \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -15 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix} = -3 \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix}.\]Then \begin{align*} \mathbf{A}^2 \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix} &= \mathbf{A} \mathbf{A} \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix} \\ &= \mathbf{A} \left( -3 \begin{pmatr...
human
In triangle $ABC,$ $\sin A = \frac{3}{5}$ and $\cos B = \frac{5}{13}.$ Find $\cos C.$
gpt
We have that \[\cos^2 A = 1 - \sin^2 A = \frac{16}{25},\]so $\cos A = \pm \frac{4}{5}.$ Also, \[\sin^2 B = 1 - \cos^2 B = \frac{144}{169}.\]Since $\sin B$ is positive, $\sin B = \frac{12}{13}.$ Then \begin{align*} \sin C &= \sin (180^\circ - A - B) \\ &= \sin (A + B) \\ &= \sin A \cos B + \cos A \sin B \\ &= \frac{3}...
human
Let $\mathbf{A}$ be a $2 \times 2$ matrix, with real entries, such that $\mathbf{A}^3 = \mathbf{0}.$ Find the number of different possible matrices that $\mathbf{A}^2$ can be. If you think the answer is infinite, then enter "infinite".
gpt
Let $\mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}.$ Then \begin{align*} \mathbf{A}^3 &= \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \\ &= \begin{pmatrix} a^2 + bc & ab + bd \\ ac + cd & bc + d^2 \end{pmatrix} \begin...
human
The area of the parallelogram generated by the vectors $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ is 8. Find the area of the parallelogram generated by the vectors $2 \mathbf{a} + 3 \mathbf{b}$ and $\mathbf{a} - 5 \mathbf{b}.$
gpt
Since the area of the parallelogram generated by the vectors $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ is 8, \[\|\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{b}\| = 8.\]Then the area of the parallelogram generated by the vectors $2 \mathbf{a} + 3 \mathbf{b}$ and $\mathbf{a} - 5 \mathbf{b}$ is \[\|(2 \mathbf{a} + 3 \mathbf{b}) \times (\mathbf{a} - 5 ...
human
If $\mathbf{a},$ $\mathbf{b},$ and $\mathbf{c}$ are vectors such that $\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b} = -3,$ $\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{c} = 4,$ and $\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{c} = 6,$ then find \[\mathbf{b} \cdot (7 \mathbf{c} - 2 \mathbf{a}).\]
gpt
Expanding the dot product, we get \begin{align*} \mathbf{b} \cdot (7 \mathbf{c} - 2 \mathbf{a}) &= 7 \mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{c} - 2 \mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b} \\ &= 7 \cdot 6 - 2 \cdot (-3) = \boxed{48}. \end{align*}
human
Find the number of complex numbers $z$ satisfying $|z| = 1$ and \[\left| \frac{z}{\overline{z}} + \frac{\overline{z}}{z} \right| = 1.\]
gpt
Since $|z| = 1,$ $z = e^{i \theta}$ for some angle $\theta.$ Then \begin{align*} \left| \frac{z}{\overline{z}} + \frac{\overline{z}}{z} \right| &= \left| \frac{e^{i \theta}}{e^{-i \theta}} + \frac{e^{-i \theta}}{e^{i \theta}} \right| \\ &= |e^{2i \theta} + e^{-2i \theta}| \\ &= |\cos 2 \theta + i \sin 2 \theta + \cos ...
human
Compute the smallest positive value of $x,$ in degrees, for which the function \[f(x) = \sin \frac{x}{3} + \sin \frac{x}{11}\]achieves its maximum value.
gpt
The function $f(x) = \sin \frac{x}{3} + \sin \frac{x}{11}$ achieves its maximum value when $\sin \frac{x}{3} = \sin \frac{x}{11} = 1,$ which means $\frac{x}{3} = 360^\circ a + 90^\circ$ and $\frac{x}{11} = 360^\circ b + 90^\circ$ for some integers $a$ and $b.$ Then \[x = 1080^\circ a + 270^\circ = 3960^\circ b + 990^\...
human
Line segment $\overline{AB}$ is extended past $B$ to $P$ such that $AP:PB = 10:3.$ Then \[\overrightarrow{P} = t \overrightarrow{A} + u \overrightarrow{B}\]for some constants $t$ and $u.$ Enter the ordered pair $(t,u).$ [asy] unitsize(1 cm); pair A, B, P; A = (0,0); B = (5,1); P = interp(A,B,10/7); draw(A--P); d...
gpt
Since $AP:PB = 10:3,$ we can write \[\frac{\overrightarrow{P} - \overrightarrow{A}}{10} = \frac{\overrightarrow{P} - \overrightarrow{B}}{7}.\]Isolating $\overrightarrow{P},$ we find \[\overrightarrow{P} = -\frac{3}{7} \overrightarrow{A} + \frac{10}{7} \overrightarrow{B}.\]Thus, $(t,u) = \boxed{\left( -\frac{3}{7}, \fra...
human
There exists a scalar $k$ such that for any vectors $\mathbf{a},$ $\mathbf{b},$ and $\mathbf{c}$ such that $\mathbf{a} + \mathbf{b} + \mathbf{c} = \mathbf{0},$ the equation \[k (\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{a}) + \mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c} + \mathbf{c} \times \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{0}\]holds. Find $k.$
gpt
Since $\mathbf{a} + \mathbf{b} + \mathbf{c} = \mathbf{0},$ $\mathbf{c} = -\mathbf{a} - \mathbf{b}.$ Substituting, we get \[k (\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{a}) + \mathbf{b} \times (-\mathbf{a} - \mathbf{b}) + (-\mathbf{a} - \mathbf{b}) \times \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{0}.\]Expanding, we get \[k (\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{a}) -...
human
A reflection takes $\begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 7 \end{pmatrix}$ to $\begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}.$ Which vector does the reflection take $\begin{pmatrix} -4 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}$ to?
gpt
The midpoint of $(-1,7)$ and $(5,-5)$ is \[\left( \frac{-1 + 5}{2}, \frac{7 - 2}{2} \right) = (2,1).\]This tells us that the vector being reflected over is a scalar multiple of $\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}.$ We can then assume that the vector being reflected over is $\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}.$ [a...
human
In triangle $ABC,$ $D$ lies on $\overline{BC}$ extended past $C$ such that $BD:DC = 3:1,$ and $E$ lies on $\overline{AC}$ such that $AE:EC = 5:3.$ Let $P$ be the intersection of lines $BE$ and $AD.$ [asy] unitsize(0.8 cm); pair A, B, C, D, E, F, P; A = (1,4); B = (0,0); C = (6,0); D = interp(B,C,3/2); E = interp(A,...
gpt
From the given information, \[\frac{\overrightarrow{D} - \overrightarrow{B}}{3} = \overrightarrow{D} - \overrightarrow{C}.\]Isolating $\overrightarrow{D},$ we get \[\overrightarrow{D} = \frac{3}{2} \overrightarrow{C} - \frac{1}{2} \overrightarrow{B}.\]Also, \[\overrightarrow{E} = \frac{3}{8} \overrightarrow{A} + \frac{...
human
Compute $\cos \left( \arcsin \frac{5}{13} \right).$
gpt
Consider a right triangle where the opposite side is 5 and the hypotenuse is 13. [asy] unitsize (0.3 cm); draw((0,0)--(12,0)--(12,5)--cycle); label("$12$", (6,0), S); label("$13$", (6,5/2), NW); label("$5$", (12,5/2), E); label("$\theta$", (5,1)); [/asy] Then $\sin \theta = \frac{5}{13},$ so $\theta = \arcsin \frac...
human
A curve is described parametrically by \[(x,y) = (2 \cos t - \sin t, 4 \sin t).\]The graph of the curve can be expressed in the form \[ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 = 1.\]Enter the ordered triple $(a,b,c).$
gpt
Since $x = 2 \cos t - \sin t$ and $y = 4 \sin t,$ \begin{align*} ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 &= a (2 \cos t - \sin t)^2 + b (2 \cos t - \sin t)(4 \sin t) + c (4 \sin t)^2 \\ &= a (4 \cos^2 t - 4 \cos t \sin t + \sin^2 t) + b (8 \cos t \sin t - 4 \sin^2 t) + c (16 \sin^2 t) \\ &= 4a \cos^2 t + (-4a + 8b) \cos t \sin t + (a - 4b +...
human
If $\cos \theta = \frac{2}{3},$ then find $\cos 2 \theta.$
gpt
From the double angle formula, \[\cos 2 \theta = 2 \cos^2 \theta - 1 = 2 \left( \frac{2}{3} \right)^2 - 1 = \boxed{-\frac{1}{9}}.\]
human
Complex numbers $a,$ $b,$ $c$ form an equilateral triangle with side length 18 in the complex plane. If $|a + b + c| = 36,$ find $|ab + ac + bc|.$
gpt
Note that given complex numbers $a$ and $b$ in the plane, there are two complex numbers $c$ such that $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ form an equilateral triangle. They are shown as $c_1$ and $c_2$ below. [asy] unitsize(1 cm); pair A, B; pair[] C; A = (2,-1); B = (0,0); C[1] = rotate(60,B)*(A); C[2] = rotate(60,A)*(B); draw(C[1...
human
Compute $\tan \left (\operatorname{arccot} \frac{4}{7} \right).$
gpt
Consider a right triangle where the adjacent side is 4 and the opposite side is 7. [asy] unitsize (0.5 cm); draw((0,0)--(4,0)--(4,7)--cycle); label("$4$", (2,0), S); label("$7$", (4,7/2), E); label("$\theta$", (0.8,0.5)); [/asy] Then $\cot \theta = \frac{4}{7},$ so $\theta = \operatorname{arccot} \frac{4}{7}.$ Hen...
human
Triangles $ABC$ and $AEF$ are such that $B$ is the midpoint of $\overline{EF}.$ Also, $AB = EF = 1,$ $BC = 6,$ $CA = \sqrt{33},$ and \[\overrightarrow{AB} \cdot \overrightarrow{AE} + \overrightarrow{AC} \cdot \overrightarrow{AF} = 2.\]Find the cosine of the angle between vectors $\overrightarrow{EF}$ and $\overrightar...
gpt
We can write \begin{align*} 2 &= \overrightarrow{AB} \cdot \overrightarrow{AE} + \overrightarrow{AC} \cdot \overrightarrow{AF} \\ &= \overrightarrow{AB} \cdot (\overrightarrow{AB} + \overrightarrow{BE}) + \overrightarrow{AC} \cdot (\overrightarrow{AB} + \overrightarrow{BF}) \\ &= \overrightarrow{AB} \cdot \overrightarr...
human
Simplify \[\frac{\tan 30^\circ + \tan 40^\circ + \tan 50^\circ + \tan 60^\circ}{\cos 20^\circ}.\]
gpt
In general, from the angle addition formula, \begin{align*} \tan x + \tan y &= \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} + \frac{\sin y}{\cos y} \\ &= \frac{\sin x \cos y + \sin y \cos x}{\cos x \cos y} \\ &= \frac{\sin (x + y)}{\cos x \cos y}. \end{align*}Thus, \begin{align*} \frac{\tan 30^\circ + \tan 40^\circ + \tan 50^\circ + \tan 60^...
human
Let $\mathbf{u}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ be unit vectors, and let $\mathbf{w}$ be a vector such that $\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{w}$ and $\mathbf{w} \times \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{v}.$ Compute $\mathbf{u} \cdot (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}).$
gpt
From $\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{w}$ and $\mathbf{w} \times \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{v},$ \[(\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{u}) \times \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{v}.\]Expanding, we get \[(\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v}) \times \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{v}.\]We know that $\...
human
Find all angles $\theta,$ $0 \le \theta \le 2 \pi,$ with the following property: For all real numbers $x,$ $0 \le x \le 1,$ \[x^2 \cos \theta - x(1 - x) + (1 - x)^2 \sin \theta > 0.\]
gpt
Taking $x = 0,$ we get $\sin \theta > 0.$ Taking $x = 1,$ we get $\cos \theta > 0.$ Hence, $0 < \theta < \frac{\pi}{2}.$ Then we can write \begin{align*} &x^2 \cos \theta - x(1 - x) + (1 - x)^2 \sin \theta \\ &= x^2 \cos \theta - 2x (1 - x) \sqrt{\cos \theta \sin \theta} + (1 - x)^2 \sin \theta + 2x (1 - x) \sqrt{\c...
human
What is the period of $y = \tan x + \cot x$?
gpt
The graphs of both $\tan x$ and $\cot x$ have period $\pi.$ This means that the graph of $y = \tan x + \cot x$ repeats after an interval of $\pi,$ but this does not necessarily show that the period is $\pi.$ We can write \[y = \tan x + \cot x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} + \frac{\cos x}{\sin x} = \frac{\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x...
human
Let $A = (-4,0,6),$ $B = (-5,-1,2),$ and $C = (-6,-1,3).$ Compute $\angle ABC,$ in degrees.
gpt
From the distance formula, we compute that $AB = 3 \sqrt{2},$ $AC = \sqrt{14},$ and $BC = \sqrt{2}.$ Then from the Law of Cosines, \[\cos \angle ABC = \frac{(3 \sqrt{2})^2 + (\sqrt{2})^2 - (\sqrt{14})^2}{2 \cdot 3 \sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2}} = \frac{1}{2}.\]Therefore, $\angle ABC = \boxed{60^\circ}.$