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116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
Brimfield, Massachusetts
Brimfield is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 3,609 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
# History.
Brimfield was first settled in 1706 and was officially incorporated in 1731. Brimfield was originally part of Hampshire County, Massachusetts.
The original Hampshire County included territory that is now in modern-day Hampden County, Franklin County, and Berkshire County as well as small parts of modern-day Worcester County.
# Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (1.45%) is water. Brimfield is | 10,700 |
116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
located in Western Massachusetts. Brimfield is bordered by Sturbridge on the east, Holland and Wales on the south, Monson and Palmer on the west, and Warren on the north. U.S. Route 20 and Route 19 both run through Brimfield. Interstate 90 cuts through the northern portion of the town in two sections.
Brimfield is located away from Springfield, away from Worcester, away from Hartford, away from Boston, from Albany, away from Pittsfield and from New York City.
# Education.
Brimfield Elementary School, serving grades K-6, has its own school committee, part of School Union 61. Brimfield students attend Tantasqua Regional Junior High School (grades 7-8) and Tantasqua Regional High School in Sturbridge. | 10,701 |
116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
Union 61 and the Tantasqua district share administrators, including the superintendent, and both include Brimfield, Brookfield, Holland, Sturbridge, and Wales.
# Library.
The Brimfield Public Library was established by the dog tax. This had been allowed to accumulate in the town treasury until it amounted to $709.19, when, on April 9, 1877, the town voted to devote it to establishing a free public library; and a room was specially fitted up for it in the new town house, which was built in 1879. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Brimfield spent 0.98% ($79,593) of its budget on its public library—some $21 per person.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,339 people, 1,250 households, | 10,702 |
116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
and 886 families residing in the town. The population density was 96.2 people per square mile (37.1/km²). There were 1,396 housing units at an average density of 40.2 per square mile (15.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.69% White, 0.51% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.72% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.
There were 1,250 households out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were | 10,703 |
116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.21.
In the town, the population was spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $50,181, and the median income for a family was $59,943. Males had a median income of $44,000 versus $26,695 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,711. | 10,704 |
116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
About 2.2% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.
# Points of interest.
- Brimfield Antique Show – Brimfield is the site of the largest outdoor antiques show in New England. It takes place three times each year, for six days in May, July, and September.
- The Brimfield Trail is part of a planned trail system running from Palmer to Franklin. Currently a 2-mile section is open for walking and bicycling (fat tire) on the flood control land of the East Brimfield Dam.
# Notable people.
- William Eaton, military adventurer during the Barbary Wars.
- Erastus Fairbanks, former governor of Vermont | 10,705 |
116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
and a founder of the Republican Party.
- John Wells Foster, geologist, paleontologist and Massachusetts politician.
- Samuel Hitchcock was an attorney and judge in Vermont.
- Charles McEwen Hyde, early missionary in Hawaii, originally ordained in Brimfield
- Erasmus D. Keyes, military General who led the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War.
- Richard Nelson Frye, scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies.
- Nathaniel Raymond, human rights investigator and anti-torture advocate.
- Fitz Henry Warren, Iowa State Senator and United States Minister to Guatemala.
- Tabitha Brown, Mother of Oregon & founder of Tualatin Academy
# External links.
- Town of Brimfield official | 10,706 |
116793 | Brimfield, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brimfield,%20Massachusetts | Brimfield, Massachusetts
nder of the Republican Party.
- John Wells Foster, geologist, paleontologist and Massachusetts politician.
- Samuel Hitchcock was an attorney and judge in Vermont.
- Charles McEwen Hyde, early missionary in Hawaii, originally ordained in Brimfield
- Erasmus D. Keyes, military General who led the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War.
- Richard Nelson Frye, scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies.
- Nathaniel Raymond, human rights investigator and anti-torture advocate.
- Fitz Henry Warren, Iowa State Senator and United States Minister to Guatemala.
- Tabitha Brown, Mother of Oregon & founder of Tualatin Academy
# External links.
- Town of Brimfield official website | 10,707 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
Sunderland, Massachusetts
Sunderland is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States, part of the Pioneer Valley. The population was 3,684 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Sunderland was first settled in 1713 and was officially incorporated in 1718. It was first known as Swampfield, a name which is now honored by Swampfield Road, but the name was changed to attract more residents. It was renamed in honor of Charles Spencer, the Earl of Sunderland. Historically, the land was largely used for farming. Before the incorporation of Leverett in 1774, that town was a part of Sunderland's territory.
# Geography and transportation.
According | 10,708 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.53%, is water. Sunderland is located in the Pioneer Valley on the east bank of the Connecticut River, which drains the town. Mount Toby, a prominent conglomerate mountain with a firetower lookout, stands at the east border of the town and is traversed by the Robert Frost Trail. The mountain, surrounded by Mount Toby State Forest, is known for its waterfalls, scenic vista, and biologically diverse ecosystem. Sunderland is home to the Buttonball Tree, an American sycamore famous for its size and age.
Sunderland lies on the southern edge of Franklin County, north of Hampshire County. Sunderland is bordered | 10,709 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
by Montague to the north, Leverett to the east, Amherst and Hadley to the south, and Whately and Deerfield to the west. (Because of the river, there is no direct access between Sunderland and Whately.) From its town center just east of the Connecticut River, Sunderland is south of the county seat of Greenfield, north of Springfield, and west of Boston. Most of the town's population lies in the western part of town, along the river, though there is a small village north of Mount Toby.
There is no interstate within town, with the nearest being Interstate 91 to the west of the town. Route 116 passes through the town, coming from Amherst and passing into Deerfield along the Sunderland Bridge. The | 10,710 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
bridge is the only road crossing of the Connecticut River between the General Pierce Bridge between Greenfield and Montague to the north, and the Calvin Coolidge Bridge between Hadley and Northampton to the south, a distance of . Route 47 also passes through the western part of town, crossing Route 116 and heading north before terminating at Route 63 in Montague. Route 63 passes through the town for a short distance in the northeast corner of town. Alongside Route 63, the New England Central Railroad passes through the town, carrying the Amtrak "Vermonter" line through town towards Vermont. There is, however, no stop for the train within the town. The town is served by a route of the Franklin | 10,711 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
Regional Transit Authority (FRTA) bus line, between Amherst and Greenfield, and a route of the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (PVTA) bus line, between Amherst and South Deerfield. The nearest general aviation airport is the Turners Falls Airport in Montague, with the nearest national air service being at Bradley International Airport in Connecticut.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,777 people, 1,633 households, and 765 families residing in the town. The population density was 262.5 people per square mile (101.3/km²). There were 1,668 housing units at an average density of 115.9 per square mile (44.8/km²). There were 1,633 households out of which 22.5% had children under | 10,712 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.1% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.93.
The median income for a household in the town was $37,147, and the median income for a family was $53,021. Males had a median income of $36,779 versus $30,526 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,024. About 4.2% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and none | 10,713 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
of those age 65 or over.
# Government.
In July 2009 at a high turnout election the town voted to not allow taxes to rise more than 2.5%. The vote was required by state law because towns are not allowed to raise taxes by more than 2.5% a year without voter approval. The town requested more money for education to ameliorate cuts in state funding because of the recession. In 2009 the town adopted a 0.75% sales tax on meals and hotels, bringing the total including the state sales tax to 7%.
# Education.
Sunderland is a member of the Frontier Regional and Union 38 School Districts, which also includes Conway, Whately and Deerfield. Each town operates its own elementary school, with Sunderland | 10,714 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
Elementary School serving the town's students from preschool through sixth grades. All four towns send seventh through twelfth grade students to Frontier Regional School in Deerfield. Frontier's athletics teams are nicknamed the Redhawks, and the team colors are red and blue. There are many art programs available during and after school at Frontier. There are several private schools in the area, including the Bement School (a coeducational boarding school serving students from kindergarten through ninth grades), the Eaglebrook School (a private boys' school for grades 6–9), and the Deerfield Academy, a private prep school.
# Commerce.
Sunderland boasts a Dunkin' Donuts, a Subway, seasonal | 10,715 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
businesses Smiarowski Cremey and Sugarloaf Frostie Cremey, multiple salons, a self-service laundry, a Greenfield Cooperative Bank, a yoga studio, two liquor stores (Billy's Beverages and the Spirit Shoppe),and three convenience stores. There are several eateries, including Bubs BarBBQ, Dove's Nest Restaurant (serving breakfast and lunch) Frontier Pizza, Goten Steak House of Japan, Bridgeside Grille, Dimo's Restaurant, Wild Roots Cafe (offering organic breakfast and lunch) and the upscale Blue Heron Restaurant which is located at the site of the old town hall. All restaurants are located along Amherst Road (Rt. 116). Sunderland is also the home of the seasonal Mike's Maze Corn Maze. ""Cooks Source"" | 10,716 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
magazine is based in Sunderland.
# Housing and development.
The town makes use of an agricultural preservation restriction program. The development rights to farmland are bought up for 80% of the assessed value of the land. This allows farming to continue on the land but prevents residential and commercial development of the land. Such actions have resulted in negative economic consequences, and this is something that economists are becoming increasingly concerned about. According to the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, between 1980 and 2003, the nation's largest overall percentage increase in housing prices occurred in Massachusetts. The cost of rental housing has grown similarly. | 10,717 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
A recent study by the National Low Income Housing Coalition rated Massachusetts as being the least affordable state in which to rent an apartment in 2003.
The town, however, has a significant number of rental housing units that are home to many students from the neighboring colleges. These rental units are affordable to low and moderate income residents, but are not qualified as "affordable" under Chapter 40B, the state's stringent affordable housing law which requires deed restrictions to assure affordability in perpetuity. Sunderland has more rental units per capita than nearly every other municipality in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the market rates of these units are lower than | 10,718 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
the vast majority of unit rates proposed in the proposed Sugarbush Meadows rental complex.
## Sugarbush Meadows complex controversy.
A new 150-rental unit development called Sugarbush Meadows complex has been proposed by Amherst developer Scott Nielsen. It would permanently designate 25 percent of its units for low-income or subsidized housing. Nielsen proposes to build the apartment complex off Plumtree Road. The project is a , a state category covering low-income housing that encourages the building of "affordable" housing to help ameliorate Massachusetts' high cost of homes. The plan has been heavily resisted by the town after a series of very tense public meetings of the town's zoning | 10,719 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
board.
In November 2009 an appeals hearing was held concerning the Sunderland Zoning Board of Appeal's rejection of the building application. The Housing Appeals Committee on June 21, 2010, overturned the decision and directed the zoning board to issue a comprehensive permit. It justified its decision by saying "One indication of the housing need in this case, however, is that only 0.4 % of the total housing in Sunderland is low and moderate income housing." This percentage reflects only the units with long-term deed restrictions under Chapter 40B, and discounts the reality that 51% of Sunderland's existing overall housing stock is affordable rental units.
# Recreation.
According to the 2007 | 10,720 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
Annual Report, upwards of 40 programs and events were made available to the residents of Sunderland through the support of the Recreation Department. Events and programs include craft lessons, UMass ice hockey and football events, adult and youth sports, an annual Easter Egg Hunt, hikes, dance lessons, and many other activities in Sunderland and the surrounding areas. The town holds annual fall festivals in mid-October and a Memorial Day parade and ceremony.
The Mount Toby state reservation is on the northern edge of Sunderland, hosting a large trail network that is open to hiking, mountain biking, skiing, snowmobiling, and hunting. The Sunderland Boat Ramp on the Connecticut River allows for | 10,721 |
116785 | Sunderland, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,%20Massachusetts | Sunderland, Massachusetts
programs include craft lessons, UMass ice hockey and football events, adult and youth sports, an annual Easter Egg Hunt, hikes, dance lessons, and many other activities in Sunderland and the surrounding areas. The town holds annual fall festivals in mid-October and a Memorial Day parade and ceremony.
The Mount Toby state reservation is on the northern edge of Sunderland, hosting a large trail network that is open to hiking, mountain biking, skiing, snowmobiling, and hunting. The Sunderland Boat Ramp on the Connecticut River allows for swimming, fishing, and boating.
# See also.
- Pioneer Valley
- Robert Frost Trail (Massachusetts)
# External links.
- Town of Sunderland official website | 10,722 |
116803 | Montgomery, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery,%20Massachusetts | Montgomery, Massachusetts
Montgomery, Massachusetts
Montgomery is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 838 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
# History.
Montgomery was first settled in 1767 and was officially incorporated in 1780. The town was named after General Richard Montgomery, who died in the Battle of Quebec. It took land from Westfield, Southampton, and unincorporated land that is now Huntington. A small town, it grew bigger when Interstate 90 was built in 1957 and has served as an outer commuter town to Springfield.
# Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of | 10,723 |
116803 | Montgomery, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery,%20Massachusetts | Montgomery, Massachusetts
which is land and (0.86%) is water. Montgomery is bordered by Southampton to the northeast, Westfield to the southeast, Russell to the southwest, and Huntington to the northwest. Its border with the towns of Huntington and Southampton make up a portion of the Hampden-Hampshire county border. The center of Montgomery lies west-northwest of Springfield and west of Boston. Thus, like most of Western Massachusetts, it is closer to two other states' capitals – Hartford and Albany – than its own.
The town of Montgomery lies atop a high plain, reaching into neighboring Huntington, framed by Lizzie Mountain to the northeast and Tekoa and Shatterack Mountains to the south and west, respectively. The | 10,724 |
116803 | Montgomery, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery,%20Massachusetts | Montgomery, Massachusetts
latter two mountains rise from the banks of the Westfield River, whose banks make up a portion of the town's border with Russell. Within the town, the Moose Meadow Brook runs from north to south, with the Westfield Reservoir atop the plain and the smaller Tekoa Reservoir near the bottom of the slope of its namesake mountain. Several other small brooks run through the town.
Other than a short stretch, less than long, of Interstate 90, located at the southern tip of town between Westfield and Russell, the town has no state or federal roads crossing through it. There are only nine roads which enter or exit the town's borders, four of which dead-end either just inside or outside of town. Along | 10,725 |
116803 | Montgomery, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery,%20Massachusetts | Montgomery, Massachusetts
the banks of the Westfield River lie railroad tracks, which carry CSX and Amtrak trains between Springfield and Pittsfield, on their way westward. There is no other public transportation within town. The nearest general aviation airport is Barnes Municipal Airport in Westfield, the nearest national service can be found at Bradley International Airport in Connecticut, and the nearest full-service international airport is Logan International Airport in Boston.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 654 people, 253 households, and 200 families residing in the town. The population density was 43.4 people per square mile (16.8/km²). There were 257 housing units at an average density | 10,726 |
116803 | Montgomery, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery,%20Massachusetts | Montgomery, Massachusetts
of 17.1 per square mile (6.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.01% White, 0.31% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population.
There were 253 households, of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.9% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the town, the population was spread out with | 10,727 |
116803 | Montgomery, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery,%20Massachusetts | Montgomery, Massachusetts
22.9% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 34.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $59,063, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $46,406 versus $37,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,942. About 1.0% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
Montgomery is a town without its own zip code and uses | 10,728 |
116803 | Montgomery, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery,%20Massachusetts | Montgomery, Massachusetts
were 104.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $59,063, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $46,406 versus $37,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,942. About 1.0% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
Montgomery is a town without its own zip code and uses Huntington (01050) and Westfield (01085) for zip codes.
# See also.
- Gateway Regional School District
# External links.
- Gateway Regional High School
- "MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report: Montgomery" Massachusetts Historical Commission, 1982. | 10,729 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
Blandford, Massachusetts
Blandford is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,233 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the home of the Blandford Ski Area.
# History.
Blandford was first settled in 1735 primarily by Scots-Irish settlers and was officially incorporated on November 10, 1741. Because of these Scots-Irish families, Blandford was originally called "New Glasgow" after Glasgow, Scotland, but was renamed "Blandford" at the time of incorporation. While the petition of incorporation from the settlers asked that the town be named "Glasgow", William Shirley, the newly appointed governor | 10,730 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
of the province of Massachusetts, ignored their request and named the town "Blandford" after the ship that brought him from England.
The name change came at a cost to the townspeople. The people of Glasgow, Scotland, had promised the settlers a gift of a church bell if they named the town after their city. With the town now named Blandford, the bell was never sent. Today, Glasgow Road near the center of Blandford is a silent reminder of these events.
Settlement came to Blandford and other "hilltowns" some 75 years after the more fertile alluvial lowlands along the Connecticut River were cultivated with tobacco and other commodity crops. In contrast, farming in the hilltowns was of a hardscrabble | 10,731 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
subsistence nature due to thin, rocky soil following Pleistocene glaciation and a slightly cooler climate, although upland fields were sometimes less subject to unseasonal frosts. Initial settlement in the nearby Pioneer Valley was by English Puritans, whereas Blandford's Scots-Irish settlers were Presbyterian, and their English was still somewhat influenced by Gaelic. Thus there were significant ethnic, religious, economic, and linguistic differences between these adjacent regions of settlement.
Hugh Black was the first settler to arrive in the fall of 1735. James Baird came shortly thereafter. After these two arrived, several other families soon followed, including Reed, McClintock, Taggart, | 10,732 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
Brown, Anderson, Hamilton, Wells, Blair, Stewart, Montgomery, Boies, Ferguson, Campbell, Wilson, Sennett, Young, Knox and Gibbs. Most of these families first settled in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, in 1727 before coming to Blandford.
But not all of these families were Scots-Irish. For example, the Boies was a family of French origin, originally named Du Bois, who were prominent during the reign of Louis XIV. They were driven from France during the Huguenot persecutions to the northern part of Ireland. In Ireland the spelling of their name changed from Du Bois to the Boies before descendants of the family eventually migrated to the United States and settled in Blandford.
The first meeting house | 10,733 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
(used both as a church and for town government meetings) was erected in 1740, paid for by certain men—Jacob Lawton, Francis Wells, John Faye, and Francis Brindley (referred to as the proprietors)—who owned the land sold to the settlers. The agreement to build it stipulated that it should have glass windows, though those were not supplied until 12 years later. For 13 years the building had no floor except for a few loose boards, the earth and rocks. The seats were blocks, boards and common benches. The pulpit was nothing but a square box. In 1759 it was voted "to make a pulpit for the minister and to build seats". In 1786 the house was first plastered. It was not until 1805, 65 years after it | 10,734 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
was commenced, that the meeting house was completed.
In keeping with its Scottish heritage, the church was originally Presbyterian, unlike the Congregational churches that were in most new settlements. Its first pastor was William McClenathan, 1744 to 1747. But the roots of the church were said to have dated back to 1735, when in Hopkinton the settlers then preparing to move to Blandford created "the religious organization which flourished contemporaneously with the early settlement in the wilderness."
King George's War (1744–1748; third of the four French & Indian Wars) led to conflict between the settlers and local Native Americans. In 1744 four garrisons were built due to growing tension | 10,735 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
and fears of the settlers. In 1746, Rev. William McClenathan went to Hartford and Adam Knox went to Northampton to procure soldiers. The tense situation extended into 1749. In spring, the settlers, except for four families, fled to neighboring towns. Upon returning in the fall the townspeople built three new forts. These forts were used through 1750 as a place for common shelter at night, and settlers went armed to their work and church. Fortunately no serious confrontations appear to have occurred between the settlers and the Natives in this period.
The settlers were so poor that they frequently asked for assistance from the men that had sold them their land, and often petitioned the General | 10,736 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
Court for money grants and remission of taxes. Among the various forms of relief provided, the court once gave 40 bushels of salt to the town.
But the townspeople also found relief in other ways. In 1757, due to a conflict between Rev. Morton and the town, a church council meeting was held. The town agreed to pay the tavern owned by Mr. Root where the meeting was held for "Each Meal of Vittles", lodging and "the strong Drink that the Council drink while they are Hear on our Business."
"Strong drink" was apparently not confined to just church council meetings. At town-meetings those attending frequently took a recess of an hour for the purpose of refreshing themselves at the tavern. Tradition | 10,737 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
says that in those times the man who could drink the most and walk the straightest was a hero. And family gatherings were noted as typically having a liberal standing supply. Along with other parts of the country, by 1840 drinking alcoholic beverages had fallen out of favor and total abstinence took hold "more or less" in Blandford.
While alcohol may have been common, attitudes toward religion were very traditional. The leaders of the Presbyterian church music were chosen at town meetings and were encouraged to conduct it in "the good old way". In 1771 the question was raised whether the singing should be carried on with the beat and was rejected. Caleb Taylor, of Westfield, was the first singing-master, | 10,738 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
and when he named the tune and sang with the beat, many were so shocked at what they termed the "indecency of the method" that they left the church.
Eventually the community decided to leave behind the suggestive beat of Presbyterian music and converted in 1800 to the more conservative Congregational Church. The reason: "from the inconvenience attending to its first form".
Blandford was actively involved in the American Revolutionary War, providing both men and material throughout to the American cause. When the first alarm came from Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1775, site of the Battle of Lexington, 36 men from Blandford and the neighboring town of Chester set out, under the command of Captain | 10,739 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
John Ferguson of Blandford, to assist their fellow patriots.
During the Revolutionary War, General Henry Knox led a detachment of troops that hauled cannon from Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain over the Berkshires and through Blandford, eventually on to Boston to bluff the British into withdrawing from the city. His route is now called the Henry Knox Trail.
Blandford was opposed to the War of 1812, and sent Jedediah Smith as a delegate to the Northampton Convention. Approximately 65 men from Blandford served in several regiments in the Civil War, notably the 1st Cavalry and various Massachusetts regiments such as the 27th, 31st, 37th, 46th, among others.
Population density in Blandford | 10,740 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
and other hilltowns was limited by outmigration by about 1800 as more productive land in western New York and the Northwest Territory became available. However, emigrants were typically young men and women, while the older generation and usually one or two children usually remained in place and farms were not yet abandoned. Then the Industrial Revolution drew additional workers away from hilltown farms, especially after 1850 when steam engines fueled by local wood or by coal began to replace water power. Hilltown farms began to be abandoned about this time and slowly reverted to forest, leaving stone walls and cellar holes behind as farm buildings rotted away. In other cases farming became a | 10,741 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
part-time way of life and industrial wages enabled buying manufactured goods, whereas previously virtually everything used on subsistence farms was homemade or bartered for.
As a result of these factors, by 1880 the population of Blandford had fallen to 979 from 1,418 only 30 years earlier. But even in 1879 Blandford remained an active, if declining, community.
Blandford Center, the site of the early settlements, in 1879 had a population of about 300 with two churches, one hotel, two stores, a post office, a school, fairgrounds and two cemeteries, with a focus on agriculture. Due to poor soils, production of grain was limited and hay the primary crop. Instead of raising crops, farmers purchased | 10,742 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
large quantities of grain for stock raising and manufactured butter and cheese. Agriculture was noted as having limited profitability.
Three miles away stood North Blandford, once a substantial manufacturing location due to its excellent water power provided by numerous mountain streams. In the 1850s there were several woolen mills, paper mills, tanneries and other manufacturers. By 1879 that had declined which lead to the Waite & Son cattle-card factory, Diamond Cheese Factory, and two small tanneries. In addition, North Blandford had a church, school, two stores, post office and a population of about 300 as well.
Cheese and butter making were important businesses in Blandford throughout | 10,743 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
the 19th century. Their introduction was attributed to Amos Collins, a Connecticut merchant, who had settled in Blandford in 1807. He was so successful that by the time he left Blandford in 1816, Collins had gained a comfortable fortune.
By 1879 the town was known to be rich in minerals such as carbonate of lime, chromate of iron, steatite, crystallized actinolite, mamillary chalcedony, kyanite, rose quartz, mica, sulphuret of iron and others. One story was that John Baird discovered lead and silver ore near the north line of town around 1795. Due to a "superstitious belief" he did not pursue his discoveries, did not reveal their location, and the secret died with him. After his death many | 10,744 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
fruitless efforts were undertaken to try to locate it.
Blandford sits along an important travel corridor. The Eighth Massachusetts Turnpike Association, laid out in 1800, passed through Blandford onto Chester, as did the Eleventh Turnpike Association running from the south line of the state to Becket via the Pittsfield Road. Today the Massachusetts Turnpike, Interstate 90, bisects the town, although there is no exit.
Not just turnpikes passed through Blandford, so did trolleys – though briefly. In 1912 electrified street railways (trolley car lines) covered Massachusetts, connecting towns and densely blanketing urban areas like Boston as in virtually all major American cities. They offered | 10,745 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
inexpensive, frequent and fast transportation, with some lines that connected urban areas (interurbans) regularly exceeding . Thousands and thousands of miles of these lines were built at huge expense over a few decades across the United States but would soon be made obsolete by inexpensive autos, namely the Ford Model T. By the late 1940s few of these lines remained. Tiny remnants of this once huge network still exist as the street-level portions of the T, Boston's subway system.
The last significant line built in Massachusetts, by the Berkshire Street Railway, was from East Lee to Huntington via Blandford, opening August 15, 1917. The Berkshire suspended service on this route in October 1918 | 10,746 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
for the winter months. It was never reopened when a request for operating subsidies from local communities was rejected. Today, the right of way for this line, including the ties for the rails, the bases of the wooden poles that carried the overhead electric lines, viaducts for carrying the trolleys over streams and gullies, and foundations for its buildings, can still be found in the forest—most easily around North Blandford.
# Geography.
The town is located near the eastern edge of the Berkshire Hills, above an ancient rift zone where the Connecticut River Valley is downfaulted about . The town's elevations range from about above sea level along streams approaching the Westfield River (a | 10,747 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
major tributary of the Connecticut) to hilltops as high as . Elevations increase to the west with expansive views eastward across the Connecticut River Valley as far as Mount Monadnock in southern New Hampshire. Local relief is as high as near streams flowing into the Westfield River, but away from these streams the town is characterised by rolling uplands.
Abandoned fields and pastures have reverted to forests of beech, birch, maple, hemlock, pine and oak. Land reserved for woodlots and never cleared was repeatedly logged; however, logging has fallen off in recent decades so forests are reclaiming some old growth qualities and animal species that have been absent or rare for some 200 years | 10,748 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
are returning.
Blandford has significant water resources in its streams and ponds. The city of Springfield has reserved the upper watershed of the Little River, a tributary of the Westfield, as the city's main water supply, Cobble Mountain Reservoir.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town of Blandford has a total area of , of which are land and , or 3.48%, are water. All of the town except for its southwest corner is part of the Westfield River watershed, although the river itself passes north and east of the town. The southwest corner of Blandford drains via Otis Reservoir to the Farmington River, which like the Westfield is a tributary of the Connecticut River.
The Blandford town | 10,749 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
center is in the east-central part of the town, along Massachusetts Route 23. Via MA 23 and U.S. Route 20, Blandford is west of Springfield, the largest city in western Massachusetts. Pittsfield is to the northwest via local roads.
# Points of interest.
## Porter Memorial Library (Massachusetts).
The Porter Memorial Library is a public library, established in 1891. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Blandford spent 1.46% ($35,908) of its budget on its public library—some $28 per person.
## Other points of interest.
- Blandford is home to the Blandford Ski Area, a small ski mountain opened by the Springfield Ski Club and since 2017 owned by Ski Butternut Ski Resort. 2015–16 marks its 80th | 10,750 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
year of operation. In 2017-2018 season it was not open due to renovations.
- The Blandford Fairgrounds plays host to the annual Labor Day weekend Blandford Fair. Home to old fashioned agricultural exhibits and competitions, a fun filled midway, and many musical acts each year. This fair is made possible by the hard work of many volunteers each year.
- South of the fairgrounds is an historic white church building, that has just recently began to host services.
- The oldest cemetery adjacent to Route 23 includes gravesites for original settlers, some born in Ireland.
- The Blandford Club, a private nine-hole golf course with tennis facilities, was established in 1909 and recently celebrated | 10,751 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
100 years of operation. It is located at 17 North Street, right past the historic White Church of Blandford.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,214 people, 456 households, and 350 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.5 people per square mile (9.1/km²). There were 526 housing units at an average density of 10.2 per square mile (3.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.76% White, 0.49% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.25% Asian, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.33% of the population.
There were 456 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.4% were married | 10,752 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. Of all households 19.5% were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the town, the population was spread out with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $52,935, and the median income | 10,753 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
for a family was $59,375. Males had a median income of $37,708 versus $32,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,285. About 1.7% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Notable people.
- George Ashmun, born in Blandford, United States congressman from Massachusetts
- Winifred E. Lefferts (also known as Winifred Lefferts Arms), painter, designer and philanthropist
- Charles A. Taggart, awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Civil War
# See also.
- Gateway Regional School District
# External links.
- "MHC Reconnaissance Town Survey Report: Blandford" Massachusetts | 10,754 |
116792 | Blandford, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blandford,%20Massachusetts | Blandford, Massachusetts
median income of $37,708 versus $32,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,285. About 1.7% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Notable people.
- George Ashmun, born in Blandford, United States congressman from Massachusetts
- Winifred E. Lefferts (also known as Winifred Lefferts Arms), painter, designer and philanthropist
- Charles A. Taggart, awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Civil War
# See also.
- Gateway Regional School District
# External links.
- "MHC Reconnaissance Town Survey Report: Blandford" Massachusetts Historical Commission, 1982. | 10,755 |
511850 | Petra (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petra%20(disambiguation) | Petra (disambiguation)
Petra (disambiguation)
Petra is the Nabataean kingdom capital's archeological site, carved in the desert rock of (Trans)Jordan.
Petra, PETRA or Petria may also refer to :
- Petra papyri, AKA Petra archive, a corpus of papyrus documents in Greek from to the sixth century AD that were discovered there
# Places and jurisdictions.
## Mediterranean.
- Greece
- Petra (Corinthia), a town of ancient Corinthia
- Petra (Elis), a town of ancient Elis
- Petra, Boeotia, a village and community of the Aliartos municipality
- Petra, Lesbos, a village and former municipality on the island of Lesbos
- Petra, Pieria, a former municipality in Pieria regional unit
- Petra, Preveza, a village in Preveza | 10,756 |
511850 | Petra (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petra%20(disambiguation) | Petra (disambiguation)
regional unit
- Other
- Petra in Aegypto, a Hellenistic city and former bishopric in Aegyptus Primus, now Hagar-En-Nauatiyeh (Egypt) and a Latin Catholic titular see
- Petra, Cyprus, a former intercommunal village in Northern Cyprus
- Petra, Majorca, a town in Balearic Spain
## Elsewhere.
- Black Sea
- Petra, Lazica, alias "Petra in Lazica", a Roman fortress, settlement and former bishopric in Colchis, modern Georgia, now a Latin Catholic titular see
- Petra, a village in Bâcleș Commune, Mehedinţi County, Romania
- Other
- Petra, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in the US
# People.
- Petra (given name)
# Fictional characters.
- Petra (comics), in Marvel Comics
- Petra Strorm, | 10,757 |
511850 | Petra (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petra%20(disambiguation) | Petra (disambiguation)
in John Wyndham's novel "The Chrysalids"
- Petra, in ""
- Petra Arkanian, in a book series by Orson Scott Card
- Petra Andalee, the protagonist that appears in Blue Balliett's "Chasing Vermeer" and "The Wright 3"
- Queen Petra of Siphnos, a queen from "Goddess of Yesterday"
- Petra Ral, a character from the "Attack On Titan " anime series
- Petra, in the webcomic "Okashina Okashi – Strange Candy"
- Petra Venj, the main story agent in the "House of Wolves" expansion for Bungie's "Destiny"
- Petra, a character from .
- Petra, a character from Horizon Zero Dawn.
- Petra Solano, a character from TV series Jane The Virgin
# Arts and entertainment.
- Petra (band), a Christian rock band
- | 10,758 |
511850 | Petra (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petra%20(disambiguation) | Petra (disambiguation)
"Petra" (album), their debut album
- "Petra" (film), a 2018 Spanish film
- "Petra" (sculpture), a 2010 sculpture by Marcel Walldorf
# Business.
- Petra Airlines, a former airline based in Amman, Jordan
- Petra Bank, bankrupt Jordanian bank
- Petra (agency), the Jordanian news agency
- Petra (beer), a Jordanian brand of beer
- PETRA (Positron-Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator), a particle accelerator
- Petra Diamonds, a diamond mining company
- SS "Petra", a West German merchant ship
# Other uses.
- Petra (dog), a dog on the British children's TV program "Blue Peter"
- Petra High School, an independent school in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
- Petra (swan), an animal who become famous in 2006 | 10,759 |
511850 | Petra (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petra%20(disambiguation) | Petra (disambiguation)
ordanian brand of beer
- PETRA (Positron-Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator), a particle accelerator
- Petra Diamonds, a diamond mining company
- SS "Petra", a West German merchant ship
# Other uses.
- Petra (dog), a dog on the British children's TV program "Blue Peter"
- Petra High School, an independent school in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
- Petra (swan), an animal who become famous in 2006 for falling in love with a pedalo
- "Petria (brachiopod)", a brachiopod genus
- Petra, database system used by the UK Citizens Advice Bureau from 2011
# See also.
- Petra tou Romiou, a sea stack in Pafos, Cyprus
- Pietra (disambiguation)
- Peter (name)
- Petroleum
- Petrus (disambiguation)
- Peta- | 10,760 |
511864 | Fillmore, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fillmore,%20New%20York | Fillmore, New York
Fillmore, New York
Fillmore is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Hume, Allegany County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 603. It was originally known as "The Mouth of the Creek" but was named for President Millard Fillmore in 1850. The former village of Fillmore dissolved its incorporation and is now simply a named hamlet southeast of the town center of Hume. Fillmore is the mailing address of the Hungarian Scout Camp, the main campsite of the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, although the camp is technically within the neighboring town of Granger. Fillmore is also the site of the Most Holy Family Monastery which was designated a | 10,761 |
511864 | Fillmore, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fillmore,%20New%20York | Fillmore, New York
rian Scout Association in Exteris, although the camp is technically within the neighboring town of Granger. Fillmore is also the site of the Most Holy Family Monastery which was designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in February, 2017.
# Geography.
Fillmore is located where Cold Creek joins the Genesee River, at about above sea level, at the junction of County Road 4 and New York State Route 19 and New York State Route 19A. The hamlet is southeast of the town center of Hume and north of Houghton on Route 19 and south of Rossburg (another hamlet in the town of Hume) on Route 19A.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Fillmore CDP has a total area of . | 10,762 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
Hygroscopy
Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules from the surrounding environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature. This is achieved through either absorption or adsorption with the adsorbing substance becoming physically changed somewhat. This could be an increase in volume, boiling point, viscosity, or other physical characteristic or property of the substance, as water molecules can become suspended between the substance's molecules in the process.
# Etymology and pronunciation.
The word "hygroscopy" () uses combining forms of "hygro-" and "-scopy". Unlike any other "-scopy" word, it no longer refers to a viewing or imaging mode. It did begin | 10,763 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
that way, with the word "hygroscope" referring in the 1790s to measuring devices for humidity level. These hygroscopes used materials, such as certain animal hairs, that appreciably changed shape and size when they became damp. Such materials were then said to be "hygroscopic" because they were suitable for making a hygroscope. Eventually, though, the word "hygroscope" ceased to be used for any such instrument in modern usage. But the word "hygroscopic" (tending to retain moisture) lived on, and thus also "hygroscopy" (the ability to do so). Nowadays an instrument for measuring humidity is called a hygrometer ("hygro-" + "-meter").
# Overview.
Hygroscopic substances include cellulose fibers | 10,764 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
(such as cotton and paper), sugar, caramel, honey, glycerol, ethanol, wood, methanol, sulfuric acid, many fertilizer chemicals, many salts (like calcium chloride, bases like sodium hydroxide etc.), and a wide variety of other substances.
If a compound absorbs enough moisture so that it dissolves, then it is classed as hydrophilic.
Zinc chloride and calcium chloride, as well as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (and many different salts), are so hygroscopic that they readily dissolve in the water they absorb: this property is called deliquescence. Not only is sulfuric acid hygroscopic in concentrated form but its solutions are hygroscopic down to concentrations of 10% v/v or below. A | 10,765 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
hygroscopic material will tend to become damp and cakey when exposed to moist air (such as the salt inside salt shakers during humid weather).
Because of their affinity for atmospheric moisture, hygroscopic materials might require storage in sealed containers. When added to foods or other materials for the express purpose of maintaining moisture content, such substances are known as humectants.
Materials and compounds exhibit different hygroscopic properties, and this difference can lead to detrimental effects, such as stress concentration in composite materials. The volume of a particular material or compound is affected by ambient moisture and may be considered its coefficient of hygroscopic | 10,766 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
expansion (CHE) (also referred to as CME, or coefficient of moisture expansion) or coefficient of hygroscopic contraction (CHC)—the difference between the two terms being a difference in sign convention.
Differences in hygroscopy can be observed in plastic-laminated paperback book covers—often, in a suddenly moist environment, the book cover will curl away from the rest of the book. The unlaminated side of the cover absorbs more moisture than the laminated side and increases in area, causing a stress that curls the cover toward the laminated side. This is similar to the function of a thermostat's bi-metallic strip. Inexpensive dial-type hygrometers make use of this principle using a coiled | 10,767 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
strip. Deliquescence is the process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution. Deliquescence occurs when the vapour pressure of the solution that is formed is less than the partial pressure of water vapour in the air.
While some similar forces are at work here, it is different from capillary attraction, a process where glass or other solid substances attract water, but are not changed in the process (e.g., water molecules do not become suspended between the glass molecules).
# Engineering properties.
The amount of moisture held by hygroscopic materials is usually proportional to the relative humidity. Tables containing | 10,768 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
this information can be found in many engineering handbooks and is also available from suppliers of various materials and chemicals.
Hygroscopy also plays an important role in the engineering of plastic materials. Some plastics are hygroscopic while others are not.
# Biology.
The seeds of some grasses have hygroscopic extensions that bend with changes in humidity, enabling them to disperse over the ground. An example is Needle-and-Thread, "Hesperostipa comata". Each seed has an awn that twists several turns when the seed is released. Increased moisture causes it to untwist, and, upon drying, to twist again, thereby drilling the seed into the ground.
Thorny dragons collect moisture in the | 10,769 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
dry desert via nighttime condensation of dew that forms on their skin and is channeled to their mouths in hygroscopic grooves between the spines of their skin. Water also collects in these grooves when it rains. Capillary action allows the lizard to suck in water from all over its body.
# Deliquescence.
Deliquescence, like hygroscopy, is also characterized by a strong affinity for water and tendency to absorb moisture from the atmosphere if exposed to it. Unlike hygroscopy, however, deliquescence involves absorbing sufficient water to form an aqueous solution. Most deliquescent materials are salts, including calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, ferric chloride, carnallite, | 10,770 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, ferric ammonium citrate, ammonium nitrate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Owing to their very high affinity for water, these substances are often used as desiccants, also an application for concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids. These compounds are used in the chemical industry to remove the water produced by chemical reactions.
# Polymers.
Many engineering polymers are hygroscopic, including nylon, ABS, polycarbonate, cellulose, and poly(methyl methacrylate).
Other polymers, such as polyethylene and polystyrene, do not normally absorb much moisture, but are able to carry significant moisture on their surface when exposed to liquid | 10,771 |
116790 | Hygroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy
ir surface when exposed to liquid water.
Type-6 nylon can absorb up to 9.5% of its weight in moisture.
# Applications in baking.
The use of different substances' hygroscopic properties in baking are often used to achieve differences in moisture content and, hence, crispiness. Different varieties of sugars are used in different quantities to produce a crunchy, crisp cookie (UK: biscuit) versus a soft, chewy cake. Sugars such as honey, brown sugar, and molasses are examples of sweeteners used to create more moist, chewy cakes.
# See also.
- Efflorescent
- Hydrophile
- Hydrophobe
# External links.
- Video of Deliquescense of Calcium Chloride
- The movement of hygroscopic organic salts | 10,772 |
511875 | Deborah Spungen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deborah%20Spungen | Deborah Spungen
Deborah Spungen
Deborah Spungen (born 1937) is the mother of Nancy Spungen, who was the girlfriend of punk rocker Sid Vicious. Deborah became known for her autobiography "And I Don't Want to Live This Life" which details life with her late daughter.
Her autobiography tells how she raised Nancy (1958–1978), describing her as disturbed from a young age, and also covers her own life following Nancy's murder in regard to her and her family's treatment by the judicial system and the press. She began the Philadelphia-based non-profit organization FMV, Families of Murder Victims, soon after Nancy's death in order to cope with her tragedy, and later obtained a Master's Degree in Social Work from Bryn | 10,773 |
511875 | Deborah Spungen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deborah%20Spungen | Deborah Spungen
n FMV, Families of Murder Victims, soon after Nancy's death in order to cope with her tragedy, and later obtained a Master's Degree in Social Work from Bryn Mawr College.
# Biography.
Deborah Spungen, born into a Jewish family in Philadelphia, has been the owner of a natural foods store, a direct mail consultant, a member of the Philadelphia Crime and Elderly Coalition, and founded the Philadelphia chapter of Parents of Murdered Children.
In 1998, she wrote another book, "Homicide: The Hidden Victims".
Spungen's husband, Frank died on July 2, 2010 at the age of 76. In addition to Nancy, the couple had two other children, Susan and David.
# External links.
- Parents of Murdered Children | 10,774 |
116807 | Three Rivers, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three%20Rivers,%20Massachusetts | Three Rivers, Massachusetts
Three Rivers, Massachusetts
Three Rivers is a village and former census-designated place (CDP) in the city of Palmer in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is named for the confluence of the Ware and Quaboag rivers, which form the Chicopee River.
# Geography.
Three Rivers is located at (42.179053, -72.363807).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 8.8 km² (3.4 mi²), of which 8.3 km² (3.2 mi²) is land and 0.5 km² (0.2 mi²) (5.60%) is water.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,939 people, 1,203 households, and 795 families residing in the CDP. The | 10,775 |
116807 | Three Rivers, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three%20Rivers,%20Massachusetts | Three Rivers, Massachusetts
population density was 354.6/km² (918.4/mi²). There were 1,309 housing units at an average density of 157.9/km² (409.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.41% White, 0.34% African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.44% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.05% of the population.
There were 1,203 households out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. | 10,776 |
116807 | Three Rivers, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three%20Rivers,%20Massachusetts | Three Rivers, Massachusetts
The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,528, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $31,582 versus $22,533 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,810. About 7.7% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including | 10,777 |
116807 | Three Rivers, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three%20Rivers,%20Massachusetts | Three Rivers, Massachusetts
and over, there were 86.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,528, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $31,582 versus $22,533 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,810. About 7.7% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.0% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.
Three Rivers, MA (01080) is known as the "Polka Capital of New England" Featuring some of the regions top Polka bands on display at the well known Pulaski park, MA over the 19th century and their culture of food and music carries through today.
# See also.
- List of mill towns in Massachusetts | 10,778 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
Rowe, Massachusetts
Rowe is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 393 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
# History.
Rowe was the site of fishing and foraging for local Native American tribes. The area was first visited by white settlers in 1744, and was the site of a fort to guard against raids. In 1762, the town lands were purchased by the Rev. Cornelius Jones, who named it "Myrifield" after the Greek word for "thousand". The town had enough settlers by 1785 to have it incorporated as a town, renamed by the Massachusetts General Court after John Rowe, a prominent Boston merchant.
The town of | 10,779 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
Rowe grew around mills on the river, but also had other industries, including sulfur, talc and soapstone mining. This was nowhere more evident than in the now abandoned settlement at the Davis Mine. In the late 1880s, with the addition of the railroad along the river, the area had become somewhat of a small resort town. But, by the advent of the 1900s, most industry had begun to dry up, leaving the town fairly rural until the 1950s. At that point, with the "baby boom" underway, Rowe became the site of Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station, the first nuclear power plant in New England, near the Sherman Dam along the Vermont border. The plant was in operation from 1960 to 1992, and the plant is now | 10,780 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
completely decommissioned, with the nuclear waste set to be transported to Yucca Mountain's containment facilities upon their completion in 2020.
# Neighborhoods.
The following are locally known neighborhood/village areas within the Rowe town borders:
- Camp Rowe
- Davis
- Monroe Bridge
- Rowe
- Zoar
# Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.41%, is water. Rowe lies along the northern border of Franklin County and Massachusetts, bordered by Windham County, Vermont, to the north and Berkshire County to the west. The town is bordered by Whitingham, Vermont, to the north, Heath to the east, Charlemont to the south, | 10,781 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
and Florida and Monroe to the west. Rowe is located west-northwest of Greenfield, north-northwest of Springfield, and west-northwest of Boston.
Rowe lies along the eastern bank of the Deerfield River, which is dammed near the Vermont border to form the Sherman Reservoir. The town has two other large bodies of water, the Upper Bear Swamp Reservoir and Pelham Lake, which feeds Pelham Brook, a tributary of the river. The town is hilly, with two main ridges on either side of Pelham Brook. Near the southwest corner of town is Negus Mountain, along the western ridge, and along the eastern ridge lies Todd Mountain and Adams Mountain, the highest point in town. Much of the land southeast of Pelham | 10,782 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
Lake is part of Pelham Lake Park, which extends to the mountains. There are also two small units of Monroe State Forest in town.
Rowe is one of a handful of small towns in Massachusetts which has no state highways. (Nearly half of these towns are on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, with the majority of the rest in central and western Massachusetts.) The nearest state highways are Massachusetts Route 8A, which runs through neighboring Heath, and Route 2 (the Mohawk Trail), which runs through Charlemont and Florida. The nearest expressway, Interstate 91, passes through the center of the county, near the junction of the Deerfield River and the Connecticut River. A short section of railroad tracks | 10,783 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
leading westward to the Hoosac Tunnel passes through the southwest corner of town, but the town is otherwise not served by rail, bus or air service. The nearest bus and small air service is in North Adams, the nearest Amtrak service is in Pittsfield, and the nearest national air service can be reached at Albany International Airport in New York.
# Demographics.
At the 2000 census, there were 351 people, 154 households and 105 families residing in the town. By population, Rowe ranks 24th out of the 26 cities and towns in Franklin County, and 344th out of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts. The population density was 14.9 per square mile (5.8/km²), which ranks 24th in the county and 345th | 10,784 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
in the Commonwealth. There were 209 housing units at an average density of 8.9 per square mile (3.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 99.72% White, 0.28% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.
There were 154 households of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.75.
19.7% of the population were under the age of | 10,785 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 21.1% from 25 to 44, 36.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males.
The median household income was $41,944 and the median family income was $53,750. Males had a median income of $32,143 compared with $28,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,134. None of the families and 2.8% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 3.1% of those over 64.
# Government.
Rowe employs the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a board of selectmen.
The | 10,786 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
town has a police station, which also patrols neighboring Monroe, as well as a fire station, a library connected to the regional library network, and a post office, all of which are located near the Town Hall at the center of town. The nearest hospital, North Adams Regional Hospital, is located in North Adams.
On the state level, Rowe is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as part of the Second Berkshire district, represented by Paul Mark, which covers central Berkshire County, as well as portions of Hampshire and Franklin Counties. In the Massachusetts Senate, the town is part of the Berkshire, Hampshire and Franklin district, represented by Ben Downing, which includes | 10,787 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
all of Berkshire County and the western portions of Hampshire and Franklin Counties. The town is patrolled by the Second (Shelburne Falls) Station of Troop "B" of the Massachusetts State Police.
On the national level, Rowe is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 1st congressional district, and has been represented by Richard Neal of Springfield since January 2013. Massachusetts is represented in the United States Senate by senior Senator Elizabeth Warren and junior Senator Ed Markey
# Education.
Rowe's school system is a sub-system in the nine-town Mohawk Trail Regional School District, which serves much of western Franklin County. Town students | 10,788 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
attend the Rowe Elementary School from pre-kindergarten through sixth grades, and all students in the district attend Mohawk Trail Regional High School in Buckland. There is a private academy in neighboring Charlemont, and other private and religious schools in nearby North Adams.
The nearest community college, Greenfield Community College, is located in Greenfield. The nearest state college is Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts in North Adams, and the nearest state university is the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The nearest private college is Williams College in Williamstown, with several others located southeast in the Northampton area.
# Points of interest.
The Rowe Center is | 10,789 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
a Unitarian Universalist organization that began in 1924. It offers a variety of summer camp options for youth, as well as adult workshops and spiritual retreats. The summer camp was founded by Reverend Anita Pickett in 1924 for young people.
The Rowe Historical Society, located at 282 Zoar Road, operates the Kemp-McCarthy Museum. Information on the museum, its collections and the calendar of special events is available at www.rowehistoricalsociety.org.
The former mining village, and current ghost town, of Davis, Massachusetts, is located in the eastern part of town, near Pelham Lake.
# External links.
- Town of Rowe official website
- Rowe Historical Society
- History of Rowe, Massachusetts, | 10,790 |
116780 | Rowe, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowe,%20Massachusetts | Rowe, Massachusetts
that began in 1924. It offers a variety of summer camp options for youth, as well as adult workshops and spiritual retreats. The summer camp was founded by Reverend Anita Pickett in 1924 for young people.
The Rowe Historical Society, located at 282 Zoar Road, operates the Kemp-McCarthy Museum. Information on the museum, its collections and the calendar of special events is available at www.rowehistoricalsociety.org.
The former mining village, and current ghost town, of Davis, Massachusetts, is located in the eastern part of town, near Pelham Lake.
# External links.
- Town of Rowe official website
- Rowe Historical Society
- History of Rowe, Massachusetts, by Percy Whiting Brown (1921) | 10,791 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
Agawam, Massachusetts
Agawam is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 28,438 at the 2010 census. Agawam sits on the western side of the Connecticut River, directly across from Springfield, Massachusetts. It is considered part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is contiguous with the Knowledge Corridor area, the 2nd largest metropolitan area in New England. Agawam contains a subsection, Feeding Hills.
The Six Flags New England amusement park is located in Agawam, on the banks of the Connecticut River.
Agawam's ZIP code of 01001 is the lowest number in the continental United States (not counting codes used for specific government buildings | 10,792 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
such as the IRS).
# Etymology.
The Native American village originally sited on the west bank of the Connecticut River was known as Agawam, or Agawanus, Aggawom, Agawom, Onkowam, Igwam, and Auguam. It is variously speculated to mean "unloading place" and "fishcuring place", perhaps in reference to fish at Agawam Falls being unloaded from canoes for curing on the flats at the mouth of the Westfield River.
Ipswich, Massachusetts, was also known as Agawam during much of the 17th century, after the English name for the Agawam tribe of northeastern Massachusetts.
# History.
On May 15, 1636, William Pynchon purchased land on both sides of the Connecticut River from the local Pocomtuc Indians known | 10,793 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
as Agawam, which included present-day Springfield, Chicopee, Longmeadow, and West Springfield, Massachusetts. The purchase price for the Agawam portion was 10 coats, 10 hoes, 10 hatchets, 10 knives, and 10 fathoms of wampum. Agawam and West Springfield separated from Springfield to become the parish of Springfield in 1757; Agawam and West Springfield split in 1800. Agawam incorporated as a town on May 17, 1855.
In 1771, John Porter moved to Agawam and founded a gin distillery nine years later. After he died, his grandson, Harry, continued to work the business as the H. Porter Distilling Company. The plant was sold in 1917, and during Prohibition, the main products produced in the building were | 10,794 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
potato chips and cider. After the Volstead Act was repealed, the mill began producing gin again but closed permanently in 1938. The building, on Main Street near River Road, served as Agawam's Department of Public Works garage until it fell into disrepair.
Agawam furnished 172 men who fought in the American Civil War, 22 of whom died in battle or of disease.
The original town hall, built in 1874 at the corner of Main and School Streets, housed the town government divisions as the current one does today, as well as the original town library located in the building's Tower Room. A small school building was located near the premises and held grades one through three. The building was demolished | 10,795 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
in 1938, and the property is now the site of Benjamin Phelps Elementary School.
The Feeding Hills town hall, built in 1906, was almost identical to the Agawam town hall and was located at the corner of Springfield and South Westfield Streets. The building was demolished in 1950, and the Clifford M. Granger Elementary School opened in 1946 now occupies that land.
May 29, 1930, and June 1, 1931, saw "grand openings" of Bowles Agawam Airport with the latter date including a visit from 100 biplanes of the United States Army Air Corps Eastern Air Arm. A scheduled air service operated out of Bowles for approximately one year, before ending. The airport continued to operate as a civil airport until | 10,796 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
1982. A pari-mutuel horse racing track, including grandstand and stables, was built adjacent to Bowles Airport. Seabiscuit won the Springfield Handicap at Agawam in track record time in October 1935. The racetrack operated until pari-mutuel betting was outlawed by referendum in Hampden County in November 1938. The airport also had plans in the early 1960s to become a commercial airport and host airlines for the city of Springfield, but plans were shelved. The airport and racetrack were demolished in the late 1980s and the area is now an industrial park.
# Geography.
Agawam is located at (42.071961, -72.644097). The city borders West Springfield, Massachusetts, to the north, Southwick, Massachusetts, | 10,797 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
to the west, Longmeadow, Massachusetts, to the east, Springfield, Massachusetts, to the northeast, and Suffield, Connecticut, to the south. Westfield, Massachusetts, also borders to the northwest.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of of which is land and (4.09%) is water.
The highest point in Agawam is the -tall Provin Mountain, a ridge that, along with the southern part of East Mountain, forms the western boundary of the city. Both are traversed by the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail and are part of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border.
Agawam has a subsection known as Feeding | 10,798 |
116791 | Agawam, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agawam,%20Massachusetts | Agawam, Massachusetts
Hills that runs along the border of Southwick and Westfield, Massachusetts, and Suffield, Connecticut. Its border with Agawam was mainly determined by Line Street, and its ZIP code is 01030.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2010, there were 28,144 people, 11,260 households, and 7,462 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,210.9 people per square mile (467.6/km²). There were 11,659 housing units at an average density of 501.6 per square mile (193.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.71% White, 0.91% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.98% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any | 10,799 |
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