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116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
place on the corner of College Highway and Granville Road, as did the "Southwick Inn".
As horse travel lost out to the automobile, blacksmith stalls were replaced with gas stations. Further business expanded away from the original town square. Family stores competed with an A&P grocery located in the heart of the village. A telegram and postal office separated into a Bell Telephone Company office, complete with its own staff of operators and relocated to newer facilities just north of the center. Southwick's many one-room schoolhouses were replaced by the Consolidated School built in 1928 directly south of the center. A police and fire station was built just east of the center. Until the mid-1970s, | 10,900 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
anyone could walk from the town center to clothing stores such as Smith's Department Store & Adams Shoes, food stores such as Jones Market & Cantell's, doctor's offices, barber shops, banks such as Woronoco Savings and Third National, and two family-owned drugstores: Southwick Pharmacy and Community Drugs, complete with their own lunch counters.
Modernization spurred further change and growth outward from Southwick Center. Business and civic endeavors sought more space for inventory and parking. A few of the historically significant buildings, such as the aforementioned Meeting Hall, have been torn down or relocated to such tourist attractions as Old Sturbridge Village or the Eastern States | 10,901 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
Exposition to serve as museums of the region's rich history.
Today, the original town square still has the Congregational church, a gift shop and the Inn. All are still in use and have retained their original appearance. Concerned citizens strive to preserve Southwick's heritage.
# Geography.
As described above, Southwick is the southernmost town in western Massachusetts, as a result of the "jog" in the Massachusetts-Connecticut border. (See History of Massachusetts: Connecticut border) Southwick is bordered on the north by Westfield, on the east by Agawam, Massachusetts, and Suffield, Connecticut, on the south by Suffield and Granby, Connecticut, and on the west by Granby and by Granville, | 10,902 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
Massachusetts.
U.S. Route 202 (College Highway) crosses the town, leading north from the town center to Westfield and south to Granby, Connecticut. Massachusetts Route 57 crosses Southwick east to west, leading east to downtown Springfield and west into the Berkshires.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Southwick has a total area of , of which are land and , or 2.63%, are water.
The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail (a hiking trail) passes through wetlands near Harts Pond before ascending over Provin Mountain, a trap rock ridge and cliffline that forms the eastern border of Southwick. Provin Mountain is part of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches | 10,903 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
from Long Island Sound to near the Vermont border.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,835 people, 3,318 households, and 2,418 families residing in the town. The population density was 285.4 people per square mile (110.2/km²). There were 3,533 housing units at an average density of 114.1 per square mile (44.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.41% White, 0.51% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72% of the population.
There were 3,318 households out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married | 10,904 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the town, the population was spread out with 26.5% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $52,296, and the median income | 10,905 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
for a family was $64,456. Males had a median income of $41,863 versus $30,889 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,756. About 3.8% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.
# Education.
Southwick has three schools that serve the towns of Southwick, Granville and Tolland, all headed by Superintendent Jennifer C. Willard, Ed.D. The Woodland Elementary School serves Pre-Kindergarten through second-grade students. The Powder Mill School serves third through sixth graders. The Southwick Regional School serves seventh through twelfth graders. A vote in May 2012 in Southwick approved | 10,906 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
a $62M school renovation and construction project that was completed in 2015.
The Granville Village School was shut down in 2017, only a few years after Granville was admitted to the district, the school board with almost unanimous support voted to shut down the Granville Village School. This move met huge position from students and parents, who protested the action. The protesters were, however, unsuccessful.
# Media.
## TV media.
- NBC – WWLP
- CBS – WSHM-LD
- ABC – WGGB
## Newspaper media.
- "The Republican" (Daily)
- "The Westfield News" (Daily)
- "Saturday News (Saturday)"
# Government.
## Board of Selectmen (Select Board).
- Russell Fox, Chairman
- Doug Moglin, Vice Chairman
- | 10,907 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
Joseph Deedy, Clerk
## Library.
The Southwick Free Public Library was established in 1892. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Southwick spent 2.03% ($316,544) of its budget on its public library—some $33 per person.
# Notable people.
- Amasa Holcomb, first telescope fabricator and manufacturer in the United States
- Matthew Laflin, (1803–1897) an American businessman, philanthropist, and a founder of Chicago
- Rebecca Lobo, television basketball analyst and former player in the professional Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)
- Jerri Nielsen, physician
# External links.
- Town of Southwick official website
- "MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report: Southwick", Massachusetts | 10,908 |
116805 | Southwick, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwick,%20Massachusetts | Southwick, Massachusetts
16,544) of its budget on its public library—some $33 per person.
# Notable people.
- Amasa Holcomb, first telescope fabricator and manufacturer in the United States
- Matthew Laflin, (1803–1897) an American businessman, philanthropist, and a founder of Chicago
- Rebecca Lobo, television basketball analyst and former player in the professional Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)
- Jerri Nielsen, physician
# External links.
- Town of Southwick official website
- "MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report: Southwick", Massachusetts Historical Commission, 1982
- The Southwick Jog: Take Back the Notch! - a tongue-in-cheek write-up of this Connecticut-Massachusetts border curiosity | 10,909 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
Ludlow, Massachusetts
Ludlow is a New England town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 21,103 as of the 2010 census, and it is considered part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located just northeast of Springfield across the Chicopee River, it is one of the city's suburbs. It has a sizable and visible Portuguese and Polish community.
# History.
Although plans were drawn up for settlement as early as 1685, within the original boundaries of Springfield, Massachusetts, Ludlow was settled in 1751 as Stony Hill Parish. However, the town was later renamed Ludlow and incorporated as a separate entity in 1774, just before the breakout of the American | 10,910 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
Revolution. For much of its early history the town was agrarian and today many of Ludlow's street names are derived from the names of these farming families (e.g. Chapin Street, Miller Street, Alden Street, Fuller Street). Ludlow was home to many sawmills and gristmills, utilizing the power from several sources of water nearby, the Chicopee River, Broad Brook, Higher Brook, and Stony Brook. Before the Civil War, the town began to develop into a mill town. This included the manufacturing of glass bottles by the many glassware companies, including John Sikes. The District was renamed from Stony Hill to Ludlow for reasons unknown to this day. Then Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thomas Hutchinson | 10,911 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
renamed the town from the District of Stony Hill to Ludlow. The town of Ludlow was possibly named after Roger Ludlow, one of the founders of the Connecticut Colony or named after Ludlow, a town in England.
In 1868, the largest mill was opened and operated by the Ludlow Company (The Ludlow Clock Tower is depicted on the town seal), who produced jute yarns, twine, and webbing. This company helped shape the town by providing housing, a library, schools, playgrounds, and even a clubhouse for the increasingly diverse community. In the 20th century, this company moved to India and is now known as Ludlow Jute and Specialties of Mumbai.
In the early 20th century Ludlow developed from a mill town into | 10,912 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
a streetcar suburb of Springfield, Massachusetts, with a trolley line running over the bridge from Indian Orchard. Ludlow also had two railroads that traversed the town: the Springfield, Athol and North-eastern Railroad and the Hamden Railroad. The Hamden Railroad was closed and Interstate 90 was constructed over its former tracks. The Springfield, Athol, and Northeastern Railroad was reduced in length in the late 1930s as a result of the creation of Quabbin Reservoir. The train station for this line was at the corner of Winsor Street and Sewall Street and was the last station from Boston when the railroad closed in the 1950s. The train station was demolished in 1960. In 1981, the Stony Brook | 10,913 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
Power Plant was constructed in the town providing 517 Megawatts of electricity to 24 municipalities. In 1983, the plant became the first combined-cycle power plant in Massachusetts.
Ludlow's population boomed in the 1950s with the creation of Interstate 90, known in Massachusetts as the Massachusetts Turnpike. John F. Thompson, who was Speaker of the House of Representatives in the Massachusetts General Court at the time, was influential in gaining an exit on the Turnpike for Ludlow (now Exit 7) and subsequently the Turnpike influenced the growth of Ludlow as a suburb of Springfield. Since the 1950s, the development of numerous subdivisions has added to Ludlow's growth.
# Geography.
According | 10,914 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and (3.83%) is water. Ludlow is bordered by Chicopee on the west, Granby on the north, Belchertown on the northeast, Palmer on the east, Wilbraham on the south, and Springfield on the southwest.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 21,209 people residing in the town. The population density was 752.1 people per square mile (290.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.78% White, 2.19% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, and 1.09% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.47% of the population.
# Culture.
Portuguese-Americans make | 10,915 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
up 21% of the population of the town. The Portuguese church Our Lady of Fatima puts on an annual Festa, which is one of the most significant cultural events for Portuguese-Americans in the country. Ludlow is also home to many who are of Polish and French Canadian descent. Soccer is an extremely popular sport in Ludlow. The town's high school soccer team is the most dominant in Western Mass and has been ranked in the top 20 high school programs nationally by the NSCAA and has won many state championships as well, including the most recent one in 2018. The town is also home to the amateur Gremio Lusitano, and the Western Mass Pioneers and Western Mass Lady Pioneers professional soccer teams. The | 10,916 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
Pioneers play in the USL Second Division while the Lady Pioneers compete in the USL W-League. Both teams play their home games at Lusitano Stadium in Ludlow. In 1996, the National Soccer Hall of Fame added Ludlow to its soccer history display.
# Education.
The town is served by three public elementary schools, East Street School, Chapin Street School, and Veterans Park Elementary School. Previously students attended elementary school based on their residence, but starting with the 2009-2010 school year a reorganization plan took effect in which preschool, Kindergarten and First Grade attend East Street, grades 2-3 attend Chapin Street, and grades 4-5 attend Veterans Park. There is one public | 10,917 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
middle school, Paul R. Baird Middle School, and Ludlow High School is the town's only public high school.
The town also features St. John the Baptist, a private school serving grades K-8 affiliated with St. Elizabeth Parish. The nearest vocational high school is Pathfinder High School in Palmer.
The nearest community colleges are Springfield Technical Community College and Holyoke Community College. The nearest state universities are the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Westfield State University. The nearest private colleges from the center of Ludlow are Western New England University, American International College, and Springfield College, all in Springfield.
# Transportation.
Ludlow | 10,918 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
is located at exit 7 on I-90, known as the Massachusetts Turnpike. State Highway 21 connects Ludlow to Springfield and Belchertown, and there are local bus routes to Springfield.
Bradley International Airport is 23 miles away and Logan International Airport is 77 miles away in Boston. There are bus stops along Center St., Winsor St. and East St. that connect Ludlow to Springfield.
The town once had a train station and almost featured two railroads. The first railroad was the Springfield, Athol and North-eastern Railroad which connected between Boston and New York. There was a spur of the railroad going to Athol but was cut off by the formation of the Quabbin Reservoir in the late 1930s. Ludlow | 10,919 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
was the last stop until 1960 when the train station shut down. The train later shut down shortly thereafter. The second railroad was an unopened bypass for the Springfield and Albany Railroad called the Hampden Bypass. It was built in the 1910s but the funding collapsed and never opened. The at grade was later used as the Massachusetts Turnpike from the Chicopee border to the Minnechaog Mountain curve about where Miller and East streets are today and continued onto Palmer. Several of the concrete structures still remain in the less populated areas of Ludlow.
# Notable people.
- Marco Alvan, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu instructor
- Chester W. Chapin, (1798-1883) businessman and a Massachusetts state | 10,920 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
representative
- Nicole Fiorentino, (1979-) bass guitarist for the band Smashing Pumpkins
- Gabriel Gonzaga, (1979-) UFC fighter
- Dean Lombardi, (1958-) former general manager of the Los Angeles Kings and the San Jose Sharks of the NHL
- Tom Matera, (1981-) World Wrestling Entertainment star, known as Antonio Thomas
- Mike Mushok, (1969-) guitarist from the rock band Staind
- Gretchen Palmer, (1961-) actress,
- Fred Pereira, (1954-) professional soccer player
- Elisha K. Root, (1808-1865) industrialist and inventor of the die-casting technique
- John F. Thompson, (1920–1965) Massachusetts state representative who served as House Speaker
- Maura West, (1972-) actress, known for her | 10,921 |
116800 | Ludlow, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlow,%20Massachusetts | Ludlow, Massachusetts
abriel Gonzaga, (1979-) UFC fighter
- Dean Lombardi, (1958-) former general manager of the Los Angeles Kings and the San Jose Sharks of the NHL
- Tom Matera, (1981-) World Wrestling Entertainment star, known as Antonio Thomas
- Mike Mushok, (1969-) guitarist from the rock band Staind
- Gretchen Palmer, (1961-) actress,
- Fred Pereira, (1954-) professional soccer player
- Elisha K. Root, (1808-1865) industrialist and inventor of the die-casting technique
- John F. Thompson, (1920–1965) Massachusetts state representative who served as House Speaker
- Maura West, (1972-) actress, known for her role in the soap opera "As the World Turns
# See also.
- List of mill towns in Massachusetts | 10,922 |
116806 | Rancho Calaveras, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancho%20Calaveras,%20California | Rancho Calaveras, California
Rancho Calaveras, California
Rancho Calaveras is a census-designated place (CDP) in Calaveras County, California, United States. The population was 5,325 at the 2010 census, up from 4,182 at the 2000 census.
# Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which 99.65% of it is land, and 0.35% is water.
# Demographics.
## 2010.
The 2010 United States Census reported that Rancho Calaveras had a population of 5,325. The population density was 633.5 people per square mile (244.6/km²). The racial makeup of Rancho Calaveras was 4,645 (87.2%) White, 48 (0.9%) African American, 102 (1.9%) Native American, 87 (1.6%) Asian, 13 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 195 | 10,923 |
116806 | Rancho Calaveras, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancho%20Calaveras,%20California | Rancho Calaveras, California
(3.7%) from other races, and 235 (4.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 670 persons (12.6%).
The Census reported that 5,316 people (99.8% of the population) lived in households, 9 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 1,937 households, out of which 680 (35.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,275 (65.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 162 (8.4%) had a female householder with no spouse present, 98 (5.1%) had a male householder with no spouse present. There were 110 (5.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 18 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 301 | 10,924 |
116806 | Rancho Calaveras, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancho%20Calaveras,%20California | Rancho Calaveras, California
households (15.5%) were made up of individuals and 107 (5.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74. There were 1,535 families (79.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.03.
The population was spread out with 1,287 people (24.2%) under the age of 18, 337 people (6.3%) aged 18 to 24, 1,148 people (21.6%) aged 25 to 44, 1,845 people (34.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 708 people (13.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.
There were 2,147 housing units at an average density of 255.4 per square | 10,925 |
116806 | Rancho Calaveras, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancho%20Calaveras,%20California | Rancho Calaveras, California
mile (98.6/km²), of which 1,937 were occupied, of which 1,695 (87.5%) were owner-occupied, and 242 (12.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.2%. 4,519 people (84.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 797 people (15.0%) lived in rental housing units.
## 2000.
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,182 people, 1,470 households, and 1,221 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 494.4 people per square mile (190.9/km²). There were 1,561 housing units at an average density of 184.5 per square mile (71.2/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.02% White, 0.86% Black or African American, 1.24% | 10,926 |
116806 | Rancho Calaveras, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancho%20Calaveras,%20California | Rancho Calaveras, California
Native American, 1.48% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 2.80% from other races, and 4.47% from two or more races. 10.14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,470 households out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.4% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 16.9% were non-families. 12.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the CDP, the population was spread out with 28.3% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from | 10,927 |
116806 | Rancho Calaveras, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancho%20Calaveras,%20California | Rancho Calaveras, California
25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,247, and the median income for a family was $53,017. Males had a median income of $50,614 versus $31,280 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,444. About 3.5% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.
# Politics.
In the state legislature, Rancho Calaveras is in , and , Federally, Rancho Calaveras is in .
Locally, | 10,928 |
116806 | Rancho Calaveras, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancho%20Calaveras,%20California | Rancho Calaveras, California
y 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,247, and the median income for a family was $53,017. Males had a median income of $50,614 versus $31,280 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,444. About 3.5% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.
# Politics.
In the state legislature, Rancho Calaveras is in , and , Federally, Rancho Calaveras is in .
Locally, Rancho Calaveras is represented by Calaveras County Supervisor Darren Spellman who won election November 2, 2010 with 60.1% of Rancho Calaveras voter approval. | 10,929 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
Russell, Massachusetts
Russell is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,775 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
# Geography.
Russell is in western Hampden County, bordered by Granville to the south, Blandford to the west, Huntington to the north, Montgomery to the northeast and Westfield to the southeast. The main village, Russell, is in the northwest part of town and is a census-designated place. The village of Woronoco is in the eastern part of town. Both villages are along the Westfield River and are connected by U.S. Route 20, which leads southeast to Westfield and northwest to Lee. Interstate | 10,930 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
90, the Massachusetts Turnpike, crosses the center of Russell, but has no exits in the town.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Russell has a total area of , of which are land and , or 2.39%, are water.
The town has two very different sections: South Quarter is mainly uplands at elevations from along the rim of a plateau west of the Connecticut River Valley, while the rest of the town is a deep valley along the swift Westfield River.
The South Quarter uplands end at an escarpment near the southeastern border of the town, the edge of a rift valley originating in the Mesozoic Era when Europe and North America separated. The Connecticut River still follows this rift valley, | 10,931 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
known as the Pioneer Valley for its early settlement by English Puritans. The escarpment between the South Quarter uplands and the valley is forested—too steep to farm—and dissected by streams that have eroded ravines back into the uplands.
Along the Westfield River valley, during the Pleistocene epoch, continental glaciers scraped away soil and steepened cliffs on hills around the valley, particularly on Mounts Tekoa and Shatterack east of the river, and on Turtle Bend Mountain standing in the middle of the valley. Although none of these peaks actually rises much above the surrounding plateau, their precipitous slopes make them appear impressively high from the valley.
As continental glaciers | 10,932 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
receded northward, a glacial moraine dammed the Connecticut River below Hartford, producing Lake Hitchcock, with an arm extending northwest along the Westfield River. Gravel banks large enough to be commercially valuable were deposited in Russell where the river entered the erstwhile lake.
The river has three widely separated cascades within the town, dropping about in total that figured in the township's industrial development, below.
# History.
Russell was originally part of the Pocumtuc (also called Deerfield) nation, who spoke an Algonquian language. Like most native peoples, they were decimated by smallpox, then their participation in King Philip's War 1675-76 proved their undoing as | 10,933 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
victory by colonial forces led to the dispersal of remnants of this tribe west into New York and north into Canada.
Although the way was open for settlement beyond the Pioneer Valley lowlands, the thin, rocky soil and hilly topography of uplands to the west delayed settlement until about 1725, when there was no more promising land left to settle in the valley. Because river valleys in the hilly areas were subject to cold air pockets and late frosts—especially during the Little Ice Age that persisted until the late 19th century—most early settlement was in uplands in and near South Quarter. Relatively unproductive soils and small fields were not conducive to growing cash crops, so farming was | 10,934 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
more of a subsistence nature. Most of what was consumed on these farms was homemade or bartered for.
The upland farm population peaked around 1800, when more productive farmland opened up beyond the Appalachian Mountains in western New York and the Northwest Territory — today's Great Lakes states. Employment opportunities became significant by about 1825 as the first (water power-dependent) Industrial Revolution unfolded in New England. The cash income gave farmsteads access to manufactured goods and imported food such as cane sugar from the West Indies in lieu of local maple products. Farming became more of a part-time occupation and a growing number of farms were abandoned, gradually reverting | 10,935 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
to forest until only stonewalls and cellar holes remain.
The Industrial Revolution led to development in the Westfield River valley, as the water power potential of the three cascades was developed for industrial use. Three villages developed around mills at the cascades, and the easy grades along the valley were utilized for a railroad route across the Berkshires' of relief.
A small upstream village near the Huntington border was called Crescent Mills. Texxon still operates a mill there that makes special fabrics for shoes. The middle settlement and the town's administrative center is called Russell Village. Westfield River Paper Company manufactured glassine and other specialty papers there | 10,936 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
until it was decommissioned and then bought for a proposed biomass electric plant utilizing local cordwood. Russell Village was a virtually self-sufficient community as late as the 1950s, with several stores, a barbershop, and several restaurants; then increasing automobile ownership brought the greater commercial offerings in Westfield and other Pioneer Valley cities within reach.
The lower industrial village was named Woronoco after a local tribe, and the local cascades were once called Salmon Falls, presumably because Atlantic salmon were observed and captured there. Strathmore Paper Company manufactured high-quality bond papers at this location until it was taken over by International Paper | 10,937 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
and then decommissioned. Strathmore was originally purchased by Horace A. Moses in 1904. Moses, later co-founder of Junior Achievement, was a visionary social engineer as well as an industrialist who developed Woronoco as a model company town with housing of a notably high standard and buildings accommodating a wide variety of community activities. The factory, and the town it created, were based upon his journey to the factory town of Strathmore, Scotland. Moses also developed a estate around Russell Pond in South Quarter, where he raised both award-winning apples and prized hunting dogs. He later sold off sections of the estate to the Hampden Council of the Boy Scouts of America. Today, the | 10,938 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
Horace A. Moses Scout Reservation contains many buildings original to Moses and his staff, including his summer home, which is known simply as "The Manor House". The property is thought to be one of the last homes of the rare Scottish thistle, which Moses imported from Scotland in the 1930s.
In 1965 Russell joined with neighboring towns to form Gateway Regional School District that now educates some 1,300 students at an annual cost to taxpayers of about $15,000 per student. With very little industrial and commercial property to share this tax burden, Russell has one of the highest tax rates per unit assessed value in the state.
Westfield River Paper Company shut down operations in 1994, while | 10,939 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
Strathmore Paper was purchased by International Paper Co. and ceased operations in 1999. This left the town with no industrial tax base other than the small Texxon plant in Crescent Mills. Retail operations are also very limited, with residents mostly commuting to Westfield and West Springfield to shop.
In the 1990s Mennonites moved from western Pennsylvania to Russell where they established a church, a furniture factory/showroom called "Country Woodcraft" and a bakery shop called "Bread Basket". On September 11 of every year since 2003 the Mennonite Youth Chorus from Russell has offered songs of remembrance for victims of the terrorist attack at the Ground Zero site of the World Trade Center | 10,940 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
in New York City.
In 2004 a biomass generating plant was proposed to take advantage of the former Westfield River Paper Co. site along the Westfield River with access to water, the former Boston and Albany Railroad line, and abundant supplies of waste wood in rejuvenating forests as a byproduct of real estate development, logging and forestry work to remove defective trees and less valuable species. The biomass proposal proved highly controversial. Although it would have created a number of jobs and lightened the tax burden, opponents raised concerns of truck traffic through town, air pollution, water withdrawals and thermal pollution of water returned to the river after use for cooling purposes.
As | 10,941 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
of 2010, political issues in Russell largely revolve around the tax base and economy.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,775 people, 656 households, and 498 families residing in the town. The population density was 100.9 people per square mile (39/km²). There were 699 housing units at an average density of 39.7 per square mile (15.3/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.7% White, 0.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.
There were 656 households out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples | 10,942 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 16.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.7 and the average family size was 3.0.
In the town, the population was spread out with 25% under the age of 18 and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.4 years. The town is 49.2% male and 50.8% female.
The median income for a household in the town was $57,308 and the median income for a family was $58,498. About 7.1% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.7% of those under age | 10,943 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.
# Education.
There are no schools in town. Students attend Littleville Elementary School, Gateway Regional Middle School, Gateway Regional Junior High School, and Gateway Regional High School in Huntington.
# Notable people.
- Clarissa Chapman Armstrong, missionary in Hawaii, born in Russell
- Reuben Atwater Chapman, chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, born in Russell
- Joel Doolittle, justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, born in Russell
# See also.
- List of mill towns in Massachusetts
# External links.
- "MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report: Russell" Massachusetts Historical Commission, 1982.
- "Town of Russell, Massachusetts | 10,944 |
116804 | Russell, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell,%20Massachusetts | Russell, Massachusetts
. Students attend Littleville Elementary School, Gateway Regional Middle School, Gateway Regional Junior High School, and Gateway Regional High School in Huntington.
# Notable people.
- Clarissa Chapman Armstrong, missionary in Hawaii, born in Russell
- Reuben Atwater Chapman, chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, born in Russell
- Joel Doolittle, justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, born in Russell
# See also.
- List of mill towns in Massachusetts
# External links.
- "MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report: Russell" Massachusetts Historical Commission, 1982.
- "Town of Russell, Massachusetts Draft Open Space and Recreation Plan" Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, 2007. | 10,945 |
511868 | Lake Naivasha | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Naivasha | Lake Naivasha
Lake Naivasha
Lake Naivasha is a freshwater lake in Kenya, outside the town of Naivasha in Nakuru County, which lies north west of Nairobi. It is part of the Great Rift Valley. The name derives from the local Maasai name "Nai'posha", meaning "rough water" because of the sudden storms which can arise.
# Location.
Lake Naivasha is at the highest elevation of the Kenyan Rift valley at in a complex geological combination of volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits from a larger Pleistocene era lake.
Apart from transient streams, the lake is fed by the perennial Malewa and Gilgil rivers. There is no visible outlet, but since the lake water is relatively fresh it is assumed to have an underground | 10,946 |
511868 | Lake Naivasha | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Naivasha | Lake Naivasha
outflow.
The lake has a surface area of 139 km²,
and is surrounded by a swamp which covers an area of 64 square km, but this can vary largely depending on rainfall. It is situated at an altitude of 1,884 metres (6,180 ft).
The lake has an average depth of 6 m (20 ft), with the deepest area being at Crescent Island, at a maximum depth of 30 m (100 ft).
Njorowa Gorge used to form the lake's outlet, but it is now high above the lake and forms the entrance to Hell's Gate National Park.
The town of Naivasha (formerly East Nakuru) lies on the north-east edge of the lake.
# Ecology.
The lake is home to a variety of types of wildlife including over 400 different species of bird and a sizeable | 10,947 |
511868 | Lake Naivasha | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Naivasha | Lake Naivasha
population of hippos. The fish community in the lake has been highly variable over time, influenced by changes in climate, fishing effort and the introduction of invasive species. The most recent shift in the fish population followed the accidental introduction of common carp in 2001. Nine years later, in 2010, common carp accounted for over 90% of the mass of fish caught in the lake.
There are two smaller lakes in the vicinity of Lake Naivasha: Lake Oloiden and Lake Sonachi (a green crater lake). The Crater Lake Game Sanctuary lies nearby, while the lake shore is known for its population of European immigrants and settlers.
# History.
Between 1937 and 1950, the lake was used as a landing | 10,948 |
511868 | Lake Naivasha | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Naivasha | Lake Naivasha
place for flying boats on the Imperial Airways passenger and mail route from Southampton in Britain to South Africa. It linked Kisumu and Nairobi. Joy Adamson, the author of "Born Free", lived on the shores of the lake in the mid-1960s. On the shores of the lake is Oserian ("Djinn Palace"), which gained notoriety in the Happy Valley days between the two world wars. It now forms part of the Oserian flower farm. In 1999, the Lake Naivasha Riparian Association received the Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award for its conservation efforts regarding the Lake Naivasha Ramsar site.
# Agriculture and Industry.
Floriculture forms the main industry around the lake. However, the largely unregulated use | 10,949 |
511868 | Lake Naivasha | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Naivasha | Lake Naivasha
of lake water for irrigation is reducing the level of the lake and is the subject of concern in Kenya.
Fishing in the lake is also another source of employment and income for the local population. The lake varies in level greatly and almost dried up entirely in the 1890s. Lake levels in general follow the rainfall pattern in the catchment area.
In 1981, the first geothermal plant for Lake Naivasha was commissioned and by 1985, a total of 45 MW of electricity was being generated in the area.
The water level for Lake Naivasha reached a low of 0.6 m depth in 1945,
but the water level rose again, with minor drops, to reach a maximum depth of nearly 6 m in 1968. There was another major decline | 10,950 |
511868 | Lake Naivasha | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Naivasha | Lake Naivasha
5 MW of electricity was being generated in the area.
The water level for Lake Naivasha reached a low of 0.6 m depth in 1945,
but the water level rose again, with minor drops, to reach a maximum depth of nearly 6 m in 1968. There was another major decline of the water level in 1987, when the depth reached 2.25 m above the lake bottom. The decline of the lake water level in 1987 increased concern in the future of geothermal industry, and it was speculated that Lake Naivasha underground water might be feeding the geothermal reservoir at Olkaria. Hence, the decline in the lake water would affect the future of the geothermal industry.
# External links.
- AFP-TV report about the lake drying up | 10,951 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Salem, Massachusetts
Salem () is a historic coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, located in the North Shore region. It was one of the most significant seaports in early American history.
Salem is a residential and tourist area that is home to the famous House of Seven Gables, Salem State University, Pioneer Village, the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, the Salem Willows Park, and the Peabody Essex Museum. It also features historic residential neighborhoods in the Federal Street District and the Charter Street Historic District.
Much of the city's cultural identity reflects its role as the location of the infamous Salem witch trials of 1692, as featured in Arthur Miller's "The | 10,952 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Crucible". Police cars are adorned with witch logos, a public elementary school is known as Witchcraft Heights, and the Salem High School athletic teams are named the Witches; Gallows Hill was originally believed to be the site of numerous public hangings, and it is currently used as a playing field for various sports.
In 2012, the Retailers Association of Massachusetts chose Salem for their inaugural "Best Shopping District" award. On January 10, 2013, President Barack Obama signed executive order HR1339, designating Salem as the birthplace of the U.S. National Guard. The city's population was 41,340 at the 2010 census.
# General history.
Salem is located at the mouth of the Naumkeag River | 10,953 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
at the former site of an Indian village and trading center. Colonists settled the area in 1626 when a company of fishermen arrived from Cape Ann led by Roger Conant. Conant's leadership provided the stability to survive the first two years, but John Endecott replaced him by order of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Conant graciously stepped aside and was granted of land in compensation. These "New Planters" and the "Old Planters" agreed to cooperate, in large part due to the diplomacy of Conant and Endecott. In recognition of this peaceful transition to the new government, the name of the settlement was changed to Salem, a hellenized form of the Hebrew word for "peace" (שלום, "shalom").
In 1628, | 10,954 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Endecott ordered that the Great House be moved from Cape Ann, reassembling it on Washington Street north of Church Street. Francis Higginson wrote that "we found a faire house newly built for the Governor" which was remarkable for being two-stories high. A year later, the Massachusetts Bay Charter was issued creating the Massachusetts Bay Colony with Matthew Craddock as its governor in London and Endecott as its governor in the colony. John Winthrop was elected Governor in late 1629, and arrived with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, one of the many events that began the Puritan Great Migration.
In 1639, Endecott was one of the signers on the building contract for enlarging the meeting house in Town | 10,955 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
House Square for the first church in Salem. This document remains part of the town records at City Hall. He was active in the affairs of the town throughout his life. Samuel Skelton was the first pastor of the First Church of Salem, which is the original Puritan church in America. Endecott already had a close relationship with Skelton, having been converted by him, and Endecott considered him as his spiritual father.
One of the most widely known aspects of Salem is its history of witchcraft allegations which started with Abigail Williams, Betty Parris, and their friends playing with a Venus glass (mirror) and egg. The infamous Salem witch trials began in 1692, and 19 people were executed by | 10,956 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
hanging as a result of the false accusations; Giles Corey was pressed to death for refusing to plead innocent or guilty, thus avoiding the noose and instead dying an innocent man. Salem is also significant in legal history as the site of the Dorothy Talbye Trial, where a mentally ill woman was hanged for murdering her daughter because Massachusetts made no distinction at the time between insanity and criminal behavior.
William Hathorne was a prosperous businessman in early Salem and became one of its leading citizens. He led troops to victory in King Philip's War, served as a magistrate on the highest court, and was chosen as the first speaker of the House of Deputies. He was a zealous advocate | 10,957 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
of the personal rights of freemen against royal emissaries and agents. His son Judge John Hathorne came to prominence in the late 17th century when witchcraft was a serious felony. Judge Hathorne is the best known of the witch trial judges, and he became known as the "Hanging Judge" for sentencing accused witches to death.
# American Revolution.
On February 26, 1775, patriots raised the drawbridge at the North River on North Street, preventing British Colonel Alexander Leslie and his 300 troops of the 64th Regiment of Foot from seizing stores and ammunition hidden in North Salem. Both parties came to an agreement and no blood was shed that day, but war broke out at Lexington and Concord soon | 10,958 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
after. A group of prominent merchants with ties to Salem published a statement retracting what some interpreted as Loyalist leanings and professing their dedication to the American cause, including Francis Cabot, William Pynchon, Thomas Barnard, E. A. Holyoke, and William Pickman.
During the American Revolutionary War, the town became a center for privateering. The documentation is incomplete, but about 1,700 Letters of Marque were granted during that time, issued on a per-voyage basis. Nearly 800 vessels were commissioned as privateers and are credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships. Privateering resumed during the War of 1812.
# Trade with the Pacific and Africa.
Following | 10,959 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
the American Revolution, many ships used as privateers were too large for short voyages in the coasting trade, and their owners determined to open new avenues of trade to distant countries. The young men of the town, fresh from service on the armed ships of Salem, were eager to embark in such ventures. Captain Nathaniel Silsbee, his first mate Charles Derby, and second mate Richard J. Cleveland were not yet twenty years old when they set sail on a nineteen-month voyage that was perhaps the first from the newly independent America to the East Indies. In 1795, Captain Jonathan Carnes set sail for Sumatra in the Malay Archipelago on his secret voyage for pepper; nothing was heard from him until | 10,960 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
eighteen months later, when he entered with a cargo of pepper in bulk, the first to be so imported into the country, and which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent. The "Empress of China", formerly a privateer, was refitted as the first American ship to sail from New York to China. By 1790, Salem had become the sixth largest city in the country, and a world-famous seaport—particularly in the China Trade, along with exporting codfish to Europe and the West Indies, importing sugar and molasses from the West Indies, tea from China, and products depicted on the city seal from the East Indies – in particular Sumatran pepper. Salem ships also visited Africa – Zanzibar in particular, | 10,961 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Russia, Japan, and Australia.
The neutrality of the United States was tested during the Napoleonic Wars. After the Chesapeake–Leopard affair, President Thomas Jefferson was faced with a decision to make regarding the situation at hand. In the end, he chose an economic option: the Embargo Act of 1807. Jefferson essentially closed all the ports overnight, putting a damper on the seaport town of Salem. The embargo of 1807 was the starting point on the path to the War of 1812 with Great Britain. Both Great Britain and France imposed trade restrictions in order to weaken each other's economies. This also had the effect of disrupting American trade and testing the United States' neutrality. As time | 10,962 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
went on, harassment of American ships by the British Navy increased. This included impressment and seizures of American men and goods.
"The Salem–India Story" by Vanita Shastri narrates the adventures of the Salem seamen who connected the far corners of the globe through trade. This period (1788–1845) marks the beginning of U.S. international relations, long before the 21st century wave of globalization. It reveals the global trade connections that Salem had established with faraway lands, which were a source of livelihood and prosperity for many. Charles Endicott, master of Salem merchantman "Friendship", returned in 1831 to report Sumatran natives had plundered his ship, murdering the first | 10,963 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
officer and two crewmen. Following public outcry, President Andrew Jackson ordered the "Potomac" on the First Sumatran Expedition, which departed New York City on August 19, 1831. This also led to the mission of diplomatist Edmund Roberts, who negotiated a treaty with Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman on September 21, 1833. In 1837, the sultan moved his main place of residence to Zanzibar and welcomed Salem citizen Richard Waters as a United States consul of the early years.
# Legacy of the East Indies and Old China Trade.
The Old China Trade left a significant mark in two historic districts, Chestnut Street District, part of the Samuel McIntire Historic District containing 407 buildings, | 10,964 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
and the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, consisting of 12 historic structures and about 9 acres (36,000 m²) of land along the waterfront in Salem. Elias Hasket Derby was among the wealthiest and most celebrated of post-Revolutionary merchants in Salem. Derby was also the owner of the Grand Turk, the first New England vessel to trade directly with China and second to sail from the United States after the "Empress of China". Thomas H. Perkins was his supercargo and established strong ties with the Chinese and garnered the Forbes fortune through his illegal opium sales.
Salem was incorporated as a city on March 23, 1836, and adopted a city seal in 1839 with the motto ""Divitis Indiae usque | 10,965 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
ad ultimum sinum"", Latin for "To the rich East Indies until the last lap." Nathaniel Hawthorne was overseer of Salem's port from 1846 until 1849. He worked in the U.S. Customs House across the street from the port near Pickering Wharf, his setting for the beginning of "The Scarlet Letter". In 1858, an amusement park was established at Juniper Point, a peninsula jutting into the harbor. Prosperity left the city with a wealth of fine architecture, including Federal-style mansions designed by one of America's first architects, Samuel McIntire, for whom the city's largest historic district is named. These homes and mansions now comprise the greatest concentrations of notable pre-1900 domestic structures | 10,966 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
in the United States.
Shipping declined throughout the 19th century. Salem and its silting harbor were increasingly eclipsed by nearby Boston and New York City. Consequently, the city turned to manufacturing. Industries included tanneries, shoe factories, and the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company. More than 400 homes were destroyed in the Great Salem Fire of 1914, leaving 3,500 families homeless from a blaze that began in the Korn Leather Factory at 57 Boston Street. The historic concentration of Federal architecture on Chestnut Street were spared from destruction by fire, in which they still exist to this day. A memorial plaque currently exists where the Korn Leather Factory once stood, on what | 10,967 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
is now a Walgreens store.
# Air Station and the National Guard.
Coast Guard Air Station Salem was established on February 15, 1935 when the U.S. Coast Guard established a new seaplane facility in Salem because there was no space to expand the Gloucester Air Station at Ten Pound Island. Coast Guard Air Station Salem was located on Winter Island, an extension of Salem Neck which juts out into Salem Harbor. Search and rescue, hunting for derelicts, and medical evacuations were the station's primary areas of responsibility. During its first year of operation, Salem crews performed 26 medical evacuations. They flew in all kinds of weather, and the radio direction capabilities of the aircraft were | 10,968 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
of significant value in locating vessels in distress.
During World War II (1939–45), air crews from Salem flew neutrality patrols along the coast, and the Air Station roster grew to 37 aircraft. Anti-submarine patrols were flown on a regular basis. In October 1944, Air Station Salem was officially designated as the first Air-Sea Rescue station on the eastern seaboard. The Martin PBM Mariner, a hold-over from the war, became the primary rescue aircraft. In the mid-1950s, helicopters came, as did Grumman HU-16 Albatross amphibious flying boats (UFs).
The air station's missions included search and rescue, law enforcement, counting migratory waterfowl for the U.S. Biological Survey, and assisting | 10,969 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
icebound islands by delivering provisions.
The station's surviving facilities are part of Salem's Winter Island Marine Park. Salem Harbor was deep enough to host a seadrome with three sea lanes, offering a variety of take-off headings irrespective of wind direction unless there was a strong steady wind from the east. This produced large waves that swept into the mouth of the harbor, making water operations difficult. When the seadrome was too rough, returning amphibian aircraft would use Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Beverly. Salem Air Station moved to Cape Cod in 1970.
In 2011, the City of Salem finalized plans for the Winter Island Park and squared off against residents who are against bringing | 10,970 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
two power generating windmills to the tip of Winter Island. The Renewable Energy Task Force, along with Energy and Sustainability Manager, Paul Marquis, have recommended the construction of a 1.5-megawatt power turbine at the tip of Winter Island, which is the furthest point from residences and where the winds are the strongest.
The nearly 30-acre park has been open to the public since the early 1970s. In 2011, a master plan was developed with help from the planning and design firm, Cecil Group of Boston and Bioengineering Group of Salem. The City of Salem paid $45,000 in federal money. In the long term, the projected cost to rehabilitate just the barracks was $1.5 million. But in the short | 10,971 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
term, there are multiple lower-cost items, like a proposed $15,000 kayak dock or $50,000 to relocate and improve the bathhouse. This is a very important project since Fort Pickering guarded Salem Harbor as far back as the 17th century.
## Designation as National Guard Birthplace.
In 1637, the first muster was held on Salem Common, where for the first time a regiment of militia drilled for the common defense of a multi-community area, thus laying the foundation for what became the Army National Guard. In 1637, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered the organization of the Colony's militia companies into the North, South and East Regiments. The colonists adopted the English | 10,972 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
militia system, which obligated all males between the ages of 16 and 60 to possess arms and participate in the defense of the community.
On August 19, 2010, Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick signed HB1145, "An Act Designating the City of Salem as the Birthplace of the National Guard." This was later approved by the U.S. House of Representatives in March 2012, and was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 10, 2013. This executive order designated the City of Salem, Mass., as the birthplace of the U.S. National Guard.
Each April, the Second Corps of Cadets gather in front of St. Peter's Episcopal Church, where the body of their founder, Stephen Abbott, is buried. They lay | 10,973 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
a wreath, play "Taps" and fire a 21-gun salute. In another annual commemoration, soldiers gather at Old Salem Armory to honor soldiers who were killed in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. On April 14, 2012, Salem celebrated the 375th anniversary of the first muster on Salem Common, with more than 1,000 troops taking part in ceremonies and a parade.
# World record for Federal furniture.
In 2011, a mahogany side chair with carving done by Samuel McIntire sold at auction for $662,500. The price set a world record for Federal furniture. McIntire was one of the first architects in the United States, and his work represents a prime example of early Federal-style architecture. Elias Hasket Derby, | 10,974 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Salem's wealthiest merchant and thought to be America's first millionaire, and his wife, Elizabeth Crowninshield, purchased the set of eight chairs from McIntire.
The Samuel McIntire Historic District is one of the largest concentrations of 17th and 18th century domestic structures in America. It includes McIntire commissions such as the Peirce-Nichols House and Hamilton Hall. The Witch House or Jonathan Corwin House (circa 1642) is also located in the district. Samuel McIntire's house and workshop were located at 31 Summer Street in what is now the Samuel McIntire Historic District.
# Film, literature, and television in Salem.
- The 2015 single "Spirit of Salem" by Majungas was inspired | 10,975 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
by Salem's October tourist attraction—Haunted Happenings.
- In June 1970, "Bewitched" filmed on location in Salem.
- "The Europeans", an Academy Award-nominated adaptation of the Henry James novel, starring Lee Remick, filmed in 1978 and was released in 1979.
- "Three Sovereigns for Sarah", PBS drama starring Vanessa Redgrave, 1985
- "Hocus Pocus", Disney's Halloween comedy-drama film starring Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Kathy Najimy. The daytime scenes were filmed in Salem while the nighttime scenes were filmed at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California.
- The Travel Channel, "Places of Mystery: Witch City," 2000; "Ghost Adventures," 2010
- In 2007, PBS's aired a documentary | 10,976 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
titled "Hand of God" regarding the sexual abuse and cover up of a Salem priest serving at St. James Church in the 1960s.
- In 2008, scenes from the film "Bride Wars" were filmed here.
- An episode of the TLC series "What Not to Wear" was filmed in Salem in 2009.
- The 2012 Rob Zombie movie "The Lords of Salem" was set and filmed in Salem.
- Some interior and street scenes for 2013's "American Hustle" were filmed on Federal St. in Salem, outside the Essex Superior Court House and Old Granite Courthouse.
- The WGN America Salem (TV series) is set in the city during the Salem Witch Trials.
# Geography.
Salem is located at (42.516845, -70.898503). According to the United States Census Bureau, | 10,977 |
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the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 55.09%, is water. Salem lies on Massachusetts Bay between Salem Harbor, which divides the city from much of neighboring Marblehead to the southeast, and Beverly Harbor, which divides the city from Beverly along with the Danvers River, which feeds into the harbor. Between the two harbors lies Salem Neck and Winter Island, which are divided from each other by Cat Cove, Smith Pool (located between the two land causeways to Winter Island), and Juniper Cove. The city is further divided by Collins Cove and the inlet to the North River. The Forest River flows through the south end of town, along with Strong Water Brook, which feeds Spring Pond | 10,978 |
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at the town's southwest corner. The town has several parks, as well as conservation land along the Forest River and Camp Lion, which lies east of Spring Pond.
The city is divided by its natural features into several small neighborhoods. The Salem Neck neighborhood lies northeast of downtown, and North Salem lies to the west of it, on the other side of the North River. South Salem is south of the South River, lying mostly along the banks of Salem Harbor southward. Downtown Salem lies northeast of Boston, southwest of Gloucester and Cape Ann, and southeast of Lawrence, the other county seat of Essex County. Salem is bordered by Beverly to the north, Danvers to the northwest, Peabody to the west, | 10,979 |
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Lynn to the south, Swampscott to the southeast, and Marblehead to the southeast. The town's water rights extend along a channel into Massachusetts Bay between the water rights of Marblehead and Beverly.
# Transportation.
## Roads.
The connection between Salem and Beverly is made across the Danvers River and Beverly Harbor by three bridges, the Kernwood Bridge to the west, and a railroad bridge and the Essex Bridge, from the land between Collins Cove and the North River, to the east. The Veterans Memorial Bridge carries Massachusetts Route 1A across the river. Route 1A passes through the eastern side of the city, through South Salem towards Swampscott. For much of its length in the city, it | 10,980 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
is coextensive with Route 114, which goes north from Marblehead before merging with Route 1A, and then heading northwest from downtown towards Lawrence. Route 107 also passes through town, entering from Lynn in the southwest corner of the city before heading towards its intersection with Route 114 and terminating at Route 1A. There is no highway access within the city; the nearest highway access to Route 128 is along Route 114 in neighboring Peabody.
## Rail.
Salem has a station on the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail. The railroad lines are also connected to a semi-abandoned portion of freight lines which lead into Peabody, and a former line into Marblehead has been converted | 10,981 |
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into a bike path.
## Bus.
Several MBTA Bus routes pass through the city.
## Airports.
The nearest small airport is Beverly Municipal Airport, and the nearest national and international service can be reached at Boston's Logan International Airport.
## The Salem Ferry.
The "Nathaniel Bowditch" is a high-speed catamaran that travels from Salem to Boston in 50 minutes from May to October and had its maiden voyage on June 22, 2006. The Salem Ferry is named after Nathaniel Bowditch, who was from Salem and wrote the "American Practical Navigator". Ridership increased every year from 2006 to 2010, when it peaked with 89,000, but in 2011 service was cut back because of the dramatic rise in fuel | 10,982 |
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prices. The Salem Ferry is docked at lthe Derby Waterfront District.
The ferry was purchased by the City of Salem with the use of grant money that covered 90 percent of the $2.1 million purchase price. Because of the cutback in service during the 2011 season, Mayor Kim Driscoll is now seeking a new operator who can run the ferry seven days a week from May to October.
For the 2012 season Boston Harbor Cruises will be taking over the running of the Salem Ferry with seven-day service and a Monday to Friday 7 a.m. commuter ferry to Boston. The Salem Ferry will be running seven days a week for the 2012 season starting the first weekend in June and going through to Halloween.
Boston Harbor Cruises, | 10,983 |
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the contractor that operates the city's commuter ferry to Boston, runs their largest and fastest vessel between Salem and Hingham for the last two weekends in October. The company's high-speed ferry service to Provincetown concludes in October, freeing up its 600-passenger boat for service between Salem and Hingham. The ferry ride between Hingham and Salem takes one hour. With traffic, especially around Halloween, the drive between Salem and Hingham could be three hours or more.
For the 2013 season, service is expected to start in the last week of May. The Salem City councilors approved a five-year contract with Boston Harbor Cruises to operate the city's commuter ferry from 2013 to 2017. Also | 10,984 |
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new for the 2013 season, Boston Harbor Cruises will offer a 20 percent discount to Salem residents for non-commuter tickets. The City of Salem has approved a seasonal restaurant with a liquor license at The Salem Ferry dock to be operated by Boston Harbor Cruises. The plan is to build a building plus patio seating.
The latest data from 2015 point to 61,000 riders, with around 11,000 being commuters, according to Boston Harbor Cruises, which runs the Salem Ferry.
## Salem bike sharing program.
In Salem, there is a program called Salem Spins, that offers bicycles, free of charge, for use around the city. The program started in 2011 with a fleet of 20 bicycles and is split between two hubs, | 10,985 |
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at Salem State University and downtown, near the Hawthorne Hotel. In 2011, Salem was awarded $25,000 from the Green Communities grant program, which went toward the purchase of the bike fleet. Fees are charged to a participant's credit card only if they return the bike late or damaged. Right now, Salem Spins is open only to people over the age of 18. But the city is considering changing that, Marquis said, as well as producing a bike map for participants and offering a "seasonal pass" where bikes could be used for more than one day at a time.
## Electric car charge program.
Salem has eight stations where drivers can charge their electric cars. Four are located at the Museum Place Mall near | 10,986 |
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the Peabody Essex Museum and the other four are in the South Harbor garage across the street from the Salem Waterfront Hotel. The program started in January 2013 and will be free of charge for two years, allowing people to charge their electric cars and other electric vehicles for up to six hours. This program was paid for by a grant from the state of Massachusetts due to Salem's status as a Massachusetts Green Community.
# Healthcare.
## North Shore Medical Center (NSMC).
North Shore Medical Center (NSMC) is located in Salem and is the second largest community hospital system in Massachusetts. It offers comprehensive medical and surgical services and includes emergency/trauma departments, | 10,987 |
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advanced cardiac surgery, and a birthplace. It includes NSMC Salem Hospital and NSMC Union Hospital, as well as outpatient care and urgent care. NSMC's medical staff includes nearly 600 affiliated physicians representing primary care, family practice and 50 additional sub-specialties.
The Salem NSMC is a general medical and surgical hospital, which has 395 beds. The hospital had 19,467 admissions in the latest year for which data are available. It performed 4,409 annual inpatient and 7,955 outpatient surgeries. Its emergency department had 90,149 visits in 2012. The helipad at North Shore Medical Center is a helicopter transportation hub, with multiple daily flights to hospitals all over Boston.
Captain | 10,988 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
John Bertram (1796–1882) lived in Salem and is the founder of Salem Hospital, which was later renamed North Shore Medical Center (NSMC). In 1873, Captain John Bertram gave a gift of $25,000 in cash, plus a brick mansion on Charter Street to create Salem Hospital. From the original building on Charter Street, Salem Hospital moved to the current location on Highland Avenue in 1917. After John Bertram died in March 1882, his widow donated their home, a mansion built in the High Style Italianate with brick and brownstone for materials at 370 Essex Street, and this became the Salem Public Library. In addition, the John Bertram House is now a home for the elderly.
# Waterfront redevelopment.
The | 10,989 |
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first step in the redevelopment was in 2006, when the State of Massachusetts gave Salem $1,000,000. The bulk of the money - $750,000 - was earmarked for acquisition of the Blaney Street landing, the private, site off Derby Street used by the ferry, and Salem Harbor. Another $200,000 was approved for the design of the new Salem wharf, a large pier planned for the landing, which officials said could be used by small cruise ships, commercial vessels and fishing boats. In June 2012, the $1.75 million was awarded by the state of Massachusetts and will launch a first phase of dredging and construction of a extension of the pier; a harborwalk to improve pedestrian access; and other lighting, landscaping | 10,990 |
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and paving improvements. Dredging will allow the city to attract other ferries, excursion vessels and cruise ships of up to .
In October 2010, Mayor Driscoll announced that the city would formally acquire the Blaney Street parcel from Dominion Energy, paving the way for the Salem Wharf project. The City of Salem secured $1.25 million from the Massachusetts Seaport Advisory Council and $2.5 million in federal grant dollars to move forward with the construction of the project. The city acquired the parcel with the help of a $1.7 million grant received from the Seaport Advisory Council.
The City of Salem's plans call for a total build-out of the current Blaney Street pier, known as the Salem | 10,991 |
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Wharf project. When finished, the Blaney Street pier will be home to small to medium-sized cruise ships, commercial vessels and the Salem Ferry. This project is fully engineered and permitted.
In 2010, in early phase work to be finished for the 2011 season, a contractor was running underground utility cables and erecting an interim terminal building that will be used by the Salem Ferry, replacing the current trailer. The building will have an indoor bathroom — a first at the ferry landing — along with a waiting room and possibly an outdoor area with awnings. Also new for 2011 is a paved lot with about 140 parking spaces replacing the existing dirt parking lot.
Also in 2011, construction crews | 10,992 |
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were building a long seawall at the Blaney Street landing, which runs from the edge of the ferry dock back toward Derby Street and along an inner harbor. This is one of the early and key pieces of the Salem Pier, which the city hopes to have completed by 2014 and is the key to eventually bring cruise ships to Salem.
At the end of the 2011 season of the Salem Ferry, in the late fall of 2011, after the ferry season ended, contractors were to start building the first section of the T-shaped, pier. Work on that phase was scheduled to be completed by the fall of 2012. As of April 2011, the City of Salem had secured half of the $20 million and still needed to secure about $10 million in state and | 10,993 |
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federal funds to complete this waterfront pier.
# Salem Harbor Power Station.
In May 2011, after years of legal battles, protests, and one recent fatal accident, the owner of the Salem Harbor Power Station announced it will close down the facility permanently. Salem Harbor Station was a 60-year-old power plant that was owned by Dominion of Virginia. With the approval of ISO New England, the 60-year-old coal and oil-fired plant closed for good in June 2014.
The City of Salem was awarded a $200,000 grant from the Clean Energy Center prior to the closure of the plant. This grant money is being used to plan for the eventual re-use of the property. The City of Salem reached out to state and federal | 10,994 |
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officials to ask for their cooperation and assistance in planning for the future and to provide money, in an effort to clean up the 62-acre site.
Footprint Power, a startup New Jersey-based energy company, announced on June 29, 2012, that it had signed an agreement to acquire Salem Harbor Station from Dominion Energy of Virginia. Footprint Power planned to demolish the 63-acre waterfront site that has towering smokestacks, a coal pile, and oil tanks. A city study estimated cleanup costs at more than $50 million. The final plan was to develop a new state-of-the-art natural gas plant on one-third of the original site, reportedly along the Fort Avenue side near the city's ferry landing. The remainder | 10,995 |
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of the waterfront property eventually will be used for commercial and industrial redevelopment, the company said. "The transition will not only stabilize our property tax base, but also provide cleaner, more efficient and reliable energy." Footprint said its plans are consistent with the recommendations of a city study completed earlier that year on the future use of the power plant site. The City of Salem required Footprint to demolish the existing plant and stacks. "We will restore some 30 to 40 acres of our waterfront to its vibrant and prosperous past." Mayor Kim Driscoll said she had not "detailed" talks yet with Footprint, but is encouraged by discussions so far. Beginning in December | 10,996 |
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2013, there were many appeals under way from various groups who did not want the plant rebuilt. The main opponent that fought in court was the Conservation Law Foundation, a leading environmental advocacy group intent on blocking the plant from being built.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2010, there were 41,340 people, 19,130 households, and 9,708 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,986.0 people per square mile (1,926.1/km²). There were 18,175 housing units at an average density of 2,242.7 per square mile (866.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White, 4.9% African American, 0.22% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 6.74% from other | 10,997 |
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races, and 2.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.6% of the population (9.1% Dominican, 2.9% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Mexican, 0.3% Guatemalan). Non-Hispanic Whites were 75.9% of the population in 2010, compared to 95.9% in 1980.
There were 17,492 households out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the city, the population | 10,998 |
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was spread out with 20.2% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $44,033, and the median income for a family was $55,635. Males had a median income of $38,563 versus $31,374 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,857. About 6.3% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Education.
## Salem State University.
Salem | 10,999 |
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