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569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary res... | 1,100 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
"cultural", or "sociocultural" anthropology; and archaeology; plus anthropological linguistics. These fields frequently overlap but tend to use different methodologies and techniques.
European countries with overseas colonies tended to practice more ethnology (a term coined and defined by Adam F. Kollár i... | 1,101 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of "Homo sapiens" has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early an... | 1,102 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline. During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and produ... | 1,103 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people "make sense" of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the "relationships" among individuals and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and... | 1,104 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures i... | 1,105 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.
The study of kinshi... | 1,106 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).
Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology, including the industrialized (and de-industrialized) West. Cultures in ... | 1,107 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.
## Archaeological.
Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives o... | 1,108 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology ... | 1,109 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
and film.
#### Art.
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, o... | 1,110 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.
#### Media.
Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and so... | 1,111 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media, and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 199... | 1,112 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the prod... | 1,113 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, Bronisław Malinowski, and his French compatriot, ... | 1,114 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.
#### Political economy.
Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but no... | 1,115 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
the "original affluent society" did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the c... | 1,116 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within t... | 1,117 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short, why does so much planned development fail?
##... | 1,118 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.
#### Feminist.
Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural... | 1,119 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Femini... | 1,120 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
and transpersonal.
#### Medical.
Medical anthropology is an interdisciplinary field which studies "human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation". It is believed that William Caudell was the first to discover the field of medical anthropology. Currently, research in medical an... | 1,121 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as "cultural psychiatry" and "transcultural psychiatry" or "ethnopsychiatry".
#### Nutritional.
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with th... | 1,122 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.
#### Psychological.
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology... | 1,123 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.
#### Cognitive.
Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the c... | 1,124 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.
#### Transpersonal.
Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states of consciousness and culture. As with transpersonal psychology, the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and transperso... | 1,125 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, ... | 1,126 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese... | 1,127 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
Public.
Public anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky, a professor at Hawaii Pacific University, to "demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline – illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public ... | 1,128 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively sh... | 1,129 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
with a variety of emphases. These include techno-anthropology, digital ethnography, cyberanthropology, and virtual anthropology.
#### Ecological.
Ecological anthropology is defined as the "study of cultural adaptations to environments". The sub-field is also defined as, "the study of relationships betwee... | 1,130 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate... | 1,131 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manus... | 1,132 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product, created by the human community that worships it.
### Urban.
Urban anthropology is concerned with issues o... | 1,133 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
homes. There are two main approaches to urban anthropology: examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political fa... | 1,134 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields... | 1,135 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
to cultural differences. After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture plays in shaping human biology.
### Evolutionary.
Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between... | 1,136 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.
### Forensic.
Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often... | 1,137 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology. It is the study of ancient humans, as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints. Genetics and morphology of specimens are crucially important to this field. Markers on specimens, such as enamel fractures and... | 1,138 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
around the globe.
In 1989, a group of European and American scholars in the field of anthropology established the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) which serves as a major professional organization for anthropologists working in Europe. The EASA seeks to advance the status of anthropol... | 1,139 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
paleontology, anatomy, music theory, art history, sociology and so on, belonging to professional societies in those disciplines as well.
## List of major organizations.
- American Anthropological Association
- American Ethnological Society
- Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red, AIBR
- Mo... | 1,140 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
and Ireland
- Society for anthropological sciences
- Society for Applied Anthropology
- USC Center for Visual Anthropology
# Ethics.
As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well as the researchers th... | 1,141 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
notions from it, consciously or not. (See, for example, Gough, Pels and Salemink, but cf. Lewis 2004).
- That ethnographic work is often ahistorical, writing about people as if they were "out of time" in an "ethnographic present" (Johannes Fabian, "Time and Its Other").
## Cultural relativism.
As part o... | 1,142 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
than another culture.
Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutrition... | 1,143 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
involvement with the U.S. government, in particular, has caused bitter controversy within the discipline. Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I, and after the war he published a brief expose and condemnation of the participation of several American archaeologists in espionage in M... | 1,144 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.
Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years h... | 1,145 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The "Principles of Professional Responsibility" issued by the American Anthropological Associati... | 1,146 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The "Christian Science Monitor" reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the "Human Terrain System" (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working wit... | 1,147 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology an... | 1,148 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
traditions. After the war, enough British and American anthropologists borrowed ideas and methodological approaches from one another that some began to speak of them collectively as 'sociocultural' anthropology.
## Basic trends.
There are several characteristics that tend to unite anthropological work. O... | 1,149 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compili... | 1,150 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or m... | 1,151 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past. Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural trad... | 1,152 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made.
Some authors argue tha... | 1,153 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.
Now there exist many works focusing on peoples and topics very close to the author's "home". It is also argued that other fields of study, like History and Sociology, on t... | 1,154 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
Research Center of Contemporary Societies).
Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a... | 1,155 |
569 | Anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology | Anthropology
ingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.
# See also.
- Outline of anthropology
- Anthropological science fiction
- Christian anthropology, a sub-field of theology
- Engaged theory
- Ethnobiolog... | 1,156 |
157704 | Battle of Neuwied (1797) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neuwied%20(1797) | Battle of Neuwied (1797)
Battle of Neuwied (1797)
The Battle of Neuwied (18 April 1797) saw Lazare Hoche lead part of the French Army of Sambre-et-Meuse against Franz von Werneck's Austrian army. The French attack surprised their enemies and broke through their lines. Aside from 1,000 men killed and wounded, Austrian ... | 1,157 |
157704 | Battle of Neuwied (1797) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neuwied%20(1797) | Battle of Neuwied (1797)
part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
# The battle.
The battle opened with an Austrian cannonade causing an attack by the French right wing on the Austrian left wing under Pál Kray. After several attacks against the key position on the Austrian right near the village of Bendorff, the French ... | 1,158 |
157704 | Battle of Neuwied (1797) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neuwied%20(1797) | Battle of Neuwied (1797)
guns of François Joseph Lefebvre, managed to dislodge the Austrians from the village of Zolenberg, causing the final defeat of the Austrian left wing.
As the French right wing attacked the Austrian left wing, Hoche launched a second assault, this time on the Austrian center. After an artillery... | 1,159 |
157704 | Battle of Neuwied (1797) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neuwied%20(1797) | Battle of Neuwied (1797)
this, Hoche launched the grenadiers of Grenier and several squadrons of dragoons and Ney's hussars against Kray. Ney with some 500 hussars proceeded to Dierdorf where he engaged the Austrian reserve of 6,000 for four hours until the rest of the French army caught up. During a counterattack by A... | 1,160 |
157704 | Battle of Neuwied (1797) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neuwied%20(1797) | Battle of Neuwied (1797)
orse fell and he was captured. Under this attack the Austrian left collapsed and in the pursuit the hussars captured 4,000 men and two colors. On their part of the battlefield the French left wing under Jean Étienne Championnet succeeded in driving the Austrians out of Altenkirchen and Kerathh.... | 1,161 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
Bohemond I of Antioch
Bohemond I (3 March 1111) was the Prince of Taranto from 1089 to 1111 and the Prince of Antioch from 1098 to 1111. He was a leader of the First Crusade, which was governed by a committee of nobles. The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch arguably outlasted those of England... | 1,162 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
legendary giant.
His parents were related within the degree of kinship that made their marriage invalid under canon law. In 1058, Pope Nicholas II strengthened existing canon law against consanguinity and, on that basis, Guiscard repudiated Alberada in favour of a then more advantageous marriage ... | 1,163 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
Robert's vassals who were present to proclaim her eldest son, the thirteen-year-old Roger Borsa, Robert's heir, claiming that the half-Lombard Roger would be the ruler most acceptable to the Lombard nobles in Southern Italy. Robert's nephew, Abelard of Hauteville, was the only baron to protest, be... | 1,164 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
since the local garrison outnumbered his army. He withdrew to Butrinto to await the arrival of his father's forces. After Robert Guiscard arrived in the latter half of May, they laid siege to Durazzo (present-day Durrës). The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos came to the rescue of the town but,... | 1,165 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
with the command of his army in the Balkans. Bohemond defeated the Byzantines at Ioannina and at Arta, taking control of most of Macedonia and Thessaly; however, the six-month siege of Larissa was unsuccessful. Supply and pay problems (and the gifts promised to deserters by the Byzantines) undermi... | 1,166 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
taken seriously ill, was forced to return to Italy in December 1084.
## Succession crisis.
Robert Guiscard died at Cephalonia on 17 July 1085. Orderic Vitalis, William of Malmesbury and other contemporaneous writers accused his widow, Sikelgaita, of having poisoned Robert to secure Apulia for he... | 1,167 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
their father's tomb at Venosa to reach a compromise. Under the terms of their agreement, Bohemond received Taranto, Oria, Otranto, Brindisi and Gallipoli, but acknowledged Roger Borsa's suzerainty.
Bohemond renewed the war against his brother in the autumn of 1087. The ensuing civil war prevented... | 1,168 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
Italy to Constantinople. It is possible that Bohemond had religious reasons for joining the First Crusade. It is equally likely that he saw in the First Crusade the chance to gain a lordship in the Middle East. Lilie details that Bohemond's "father's second marriage deprived him of future prospect... | 1,169 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
While Godfrey declined his offer taking Constantinople was never far from Bohemond's mind, as seen in his later attempt to take over the Byzantine Empire.
He gathered a Norman army, which would have been one of the smaller crusade forces with 500 knights and about 2500-3500 infantry soldiers, alo... | 1,170 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
Sea to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084 when attacking the Byzantine Empire. He was careful to observe the correct attitude towards Alexius along this route, which was mainly keeping his soldiers from plundering Byzantine villages en route to Constantinople.
When... | 1,171 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
that he could get a position by proving his loyalty. Bohemond's best chance at gaining a favorable position was to be loyal to Alexios, which he attempted to prove while the crusaders were camped around Constantinople. Bohemond, proficient in Greek, was able to be a conduit between Alexios and the... | 1,172 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
Alexios (1082-1085). There Bohemond became familiar with various Byzantine and Muslim strategies, including an encircling strategy used by Turkish Forces at the siege of Nicaea. Mounted archers would encircle the crusader force, who would be unable to retaliate using close combat weaponry. Bohemon... | 1,173 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly – he was so tall in stature that he overto... | 1,174 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and... | 1,175 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave w... | 1,176 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
intended as a preparation for Bohemond's eastern principality. Bohemond was the first to take up a position before Antioch (October 1097) and he played a considerable part in the siege, in gathering supplies, beating off Ridwan of Allepo's attempt to relieve the city from the east, and connecting ... | 1,177 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
did not press to end the siege until May 1098 when learning of the approach of Kerbogha with a relief army to aid Antioch. He then proposed to the other crusade leaders that the leader to take Antioch should be put in charge of the city as Alexios' representative Tetigus had left in February 1098.... | 1,178 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
took the initiative in his strategy to leave the city and attack Kerbogha's forces, leading to a victory for the crusaders.
Bohemond then wanted to take control of Antioch for himself, but there were some problems he had to face first. Raymond of Toulouse, a prominent crusade leader, did not want... | 1,179 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
came to take it from him. Raymond of Toulouse decided to give up Antioch to Bohemond in January 1099, as he other crusaders moved south to the capture of Jerusalem.
After the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders, Bohemond went to Jerusalem at Christmas 1099 to fulfill his crusade vows. While there ... | 1,180 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
found a principality in Antioch, he had to face two great forces—the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of Syria. Against these two forces he would ultimately fail.
# Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire.
... | 1,181 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
the chance to extend his domain northwards, in August 1100 Bohemond marched north with only 300 knights and a small force of foot soldiers. Failing to send scouting parties, they were ambushed by the Turks and completely encircled at the Battle of Melitene. Bohemond managed to send one soldier to ... | 1,182 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
When Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuk overlord of the Emir, heard of the proposed payment, he threatened to attack unless given half the ransom. Bohemond proposed instead a ransom of 130,000 dinars paid just to the Emir. The bargain was concluded, and Ghazi and Bohemond exchanged oaths of friendship. Ra... | 1,183 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
to gain supplies and compelled him to pay tribute. Meanwhile, Raymond had established himself in Tripoli with the aid of Alexius, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south. Early in 1104, Baldwin and Bohemond passed Aleppo to move eastward and attack Harran.
Whilst leading the c... | 1,184 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
his "crusade" against the Byzantine empire was to gain the backing and indulgences of Pope Paschal II. Either way, he enthralled audiences across France with gifts of relics from the Holy Land and tales of heroism while fighting the infidel, gathering a large army in the process. Henry I of Englan... | 1,185 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed Hugh, count of Troyes, and wished to avoid ano... | 1,186 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
and Constantinople when it came to preserving the Principality of Antioch. He thought that defending Antioch against Alexios would not be enough, since he was greatly outnumbered by the Byzantine army. Instead, Bohemond decided to go on the offensive and attack the Byzantine Empire at its core in ... | 1,187 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
and their strength, and decided on a war of attrition rather than face them head on. While the Normans laid siege to Dyrrhachium, Alexios blockaded the Norman camp until Bohemond was forced to negotiate.
Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace, all his ambitions destroyed. Under the Treaty ... | 1,188 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
applied to Bohemond himself. Antioch was left in Norman hands with Bohemond's nephew Tancred.
Bohemond was buried at Canosa in Apulia, in 1111.
# Bohemond I in literature and media.
The anonymous "Gesta Francorum" was written by one of Bohemond's followers. "The Alexiad" of Anna Comnena is a pr... | 1,189 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
and "Geschichte das Königreichs Jerusalem" (1898) may also be consulted for his history. The only major biography that exists in English is "Tancred : a study of his career and work in their relation to the First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine" by Robert L... | 1,190 |
157674 | Bohemond I of Antioch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch | Bohemond I of Antioch
al novel concerning the life of Bohemund and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemond also appears in the historical novel "Silver Leopard" by F. Van Wyck Mason (1955), the short story "The Track of Bohemond" in the collection "The Road of Azrael" by Robert E. Howard (1979... | 1,191 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
Battle of Ocaña
The Battle of Ocaña was fought on 19 November 1809 between French forces under Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, Duke of Dalmatia and King Joseph Bonaparte and the Spanish army under Juan Carlos de Aréizaga, which suffered its greatest single defeat in the Peninsular War. General Juan... | 1,192 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
campaign.
# Background.
## Maneuvers.
The Spanish campaign in the autumn of 1809 called for their armies to lunge at Madrid from both north and south. They called for assistance from Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Wellington, but after experiencing a lack of cooperation from the Spanish during the Talave... | 1,193 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
thoroughly alerted French concentrated and moving to intercept the Spanish army.
## Spanish Army.
Aréizaga commanded 51,000 men in eight infantry and four cavalry divisions, with 60 cannon manned by 1,500 artillerists. Other authorities give the Spanish 60,000 or 56,500 men
- Spanish infantry
- 1st ... | 1,194 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
4th Division: F. Castejon (6,400)
- 8 bns. of 1/Malaga, 5/Seville, 2/Loxa, Bujalance, Xeres, 3/Cordova, Velez Malaga Cazadores.
- 5th Division: N. Zerain (5,900)
- 7 bns. of Barbastro Cazadores, 2/Espana, 2/Seville, 2/Madrid, Provincial of Granada, 3/Walloon Guards.
- 6th Division: N. Jacome (7,600)... | 1,195 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
y Armijo, Spanish cavalry (5,800)
- 1st Division: Juan Bernuy
- Rey, Infante, Almanza, Estremadura Carabineers and Lancers, Madrid Vols.
- 2nd Division: Jose Rivas
- Pavia, 1st and 2nd Estremadura Hussars, Toledo Cazadores.
- 3rd Division: Miguel March
- Montesa, Reyna, Santiago, Principe, Cordova... | 1,196 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
IV Corps Horace Sébastiani
- Division: Jean Leval
- 2 battalions each of Dutch brigade, 2nd Nassau, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt "Erbprinz" Regts., 1 bn. Frankfurt.
- Division: François Werlé
- 2 bns. each of 4th, 7th and 9th Poles.
- Five artillery batteries.
- Cavalry:
- 3rd Dutch Hussar, Polish "Vis... | 1,197 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
Milhaud (1,800)
- 5th, 12th, 16th, 20th, 21st Dragoon Regiments.
- Division: Antoine Paris d'Illins (1,000)
- 10th and 26th Chasseur, Westphalian Light Horse Regts.
- Division: Charles Victor Woirgard (Beauregard) (1,500)
- 10th Hussar, 21st Chasseur, 13th and 22nd Dragoon Regts.
- Royal Guard cav... | 1,198 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
attempted to clear a route of retreat for the Spanish army. The French deployed with Paris's light cavalry in the front line and Milhaud's dragoons in the second line. Paris charged, broke the Spanish first line, and was checked when Freire brought up his reserves. At this juncture, Milhaud's dragoons a... | 1,199 |
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