wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
which being executed with great vigor, especially by the Poles, caused considerable confusion, which the Spanish general endeavored to remedy by closing to the assailed flank."
## Positions.
West of Ocaña town, Aréizaga placed José Pascual de Zayas y Chacón's Vanguard and Rivas's cavalry. From Ocaña t... | 1,200 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
up Vigodet.
The Royal Guard and one brigade of Dessolles stood north of Ocaña, facing across a deep ravine. The next unit to the east was Louis Rey's brigade of Dessolles. Gazan and Girard of the V Corps, Leval and Werlé of IV Corps, and the cavalry completed the line to the east. Soult massed 30 canno... | 1,201 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
and Poles began to edge rearward. Soult ordered up Girard's division to support the wavering IV Corps battalions.
While this was going on, Milhaud's dragoons, supported by Woirgard and Paris, moved rapidly toward the vulnerable Spanish right flank. Screened by olive groves, they suddenly appeared in fr... | 1,202 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
divisions collapsed one after another and bolted for the rear. At this crisis, Dessolles and the Royal Guard dashed across the ravine and burst into Ocaña, severing the Spanish left from their disintegrating center and right. As the Spanish army streamed away to the south, only Zayas's division remained... | 1,203 |
157712 | Battle of Ocaña | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Ocaña | Battle of Ocaña
orthern Spanish army was beaten a week later at the Battle of Alba de Tormes. The way was open for the French conquest of Andalusia.
# Bibliography.
- Glover, Michael. "The Peninsular War 1807-1814." London: Penguin, 2001.
- Napier, William. "History of the war in the Peninsula and the south of Franc... | 1,204 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve is the evening or entire day before Christmas Day, the festival commemorating the birth of Jesus. Christmas Day is observed around the world, and Christmas Eve is widely observed as a full or partial holiday in anticipation of Christmas Day. Together, both days are considered ... | 1,205 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
was morning – the first day." Many churches still ring their church bells and hold prayers in the evening; for example, the Nordic Lutheran churches. Since tradition holds that Jesus was born at night (based in Luke 2:6-8), Midnight Mass is celebrated on Christmas Eve, traditionally at midnight, in commem... | 1,206 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Eve around the world, including the gathering of family and friends, the singing of Christmas carols, the illumination and enjoyment of Christmas lights, trees, and other decorations, the wrapping, exchange and opening of gifts, and general preparation for Christmas Day. Legendary Christmas gift-bearing f... | 1,207 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
traditions.
## Western churches.
Roman Catholics and high church Anglicans traditionally celebrate Midnight Mass, which begins either at or sometime before midnight on Christmas Eve. This ceremony, which is held in churches throughout the world, celebrates the birth of Christ, which is believed to have ... | 1,208 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Mass"). In the Philippines, the custom has expanded into the nine-day "Simbang Gabi", when Filipinos attend dawn Masses (traditionally beginning around 04:00 to 05:00 PST) from 16 December, continuing daily until Christmas Eve. In 2009 Vatican officials scheduled the Midnight Mass to start at 10 pm so tha... | 1,209 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
and are sometimes not placed in the scene until the week following Christmas to account for their travel time to Bethlehem. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord.
... | 1,210 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
In candlelight services, while singing "Silent Night", each member of the congregation receives a candle and passes along their flame which is first received from the Christ Candle.
Lutherans traditionally practice Christmas Eve Eucharistic traditions typical of Germany and Scandinavia. "Krippenspiele" (... | 1,211 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Day (Christmette) can still be found in some regions. In eastern and middle Germany, congregations still continue the tradition of "Quempas singing": separate groups dispersed in various parts of the church sing verses of the song "He whom shepherds once came Praising" ("Quem pastores laudavere") responsi... | 1,212 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
personal candles) are lit. Other churches have late evening services perhaps at 11 pm, so that the church can celebrate Christmas Day together with the ringing of bells at midnight. Others offer Christmas Day services as well.
The annual "Nine Lessons and Carols", broadcast from King's College, Cambridge... | 1,213 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
devout Byzantine Christians who are physically capable of doing so. In some traditions, nothing is eaten until the first star appears in the evening sky, in commemoration of the Star of Bethlehem. The liturgical celebration begins earlier in the day with the celebration of the Royal Hours, followed by the... | 1,214 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
for the Feast of the Nativity is composed of Great Compline, Matins and the First Hour. The Byzantine services of Christmas Eve are intentionally parallel to those of Good Friday, illustrating the theological point that the purpose of the Incarnation was to make possible the Crucifixion and Resurrection. ... | 1,215 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
of Theophany (Epiphany), and the two Great Feasts are considered one celebration.
In some Orthodox cultures, after the Vesperal Liturgy the family returns home to a festive meal, but one at which Orthodox fasting rules are still observed: no meat or dairy products (milk, cheese, eggs, etc.) are consumed ... | 1,216 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
the one being greeted responds: "Glorify Him!" (the opening words of the Canon of the Nativity that was chanted the night before during the Vigil). This greeting, together with many of the hymns of the feast, continue to be used until the leave-taking of the feast on 29 December.
The first three days of ... | 1,217 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Christians observe a festal period of twelve days, during which no one in the Church fasts, even on Wednesdays and Fridays, which are normal fasting days throughout the rest of the year. During this time one feast leads into another: 25–31 December is the afterfeast of the Nativity; 2–5 January is the for... | 1,218 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
with wine or Bulgaria's traditional alcoholic beverage rakia, in the past "olovina" (a type of homemade rye beer). The meals used to be put on top of hay, directly on the floor, together with a ploughshare or a coulter.
### France.
In French-speaking places, Réveillon is a long dinner eaten on Christmas... | 1,219 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Eve feast and attend the Midnight Mass. In various cultures, a festive dinner is traditionally served for the family and close friends in attendance, when the first star (usually Sirius) arrives on the sky.
### Poland.
A similar tradition ("Wigilia", or 'Christmas Vigil') exists in Poland. The number of... | 1,220 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
12 is also found today to remember the 12 disciples. It is obligatory to try a portion of all of them. Some traditions specify that the number of guests cannot be odd.
In Poland, gifts are unwrapped on the Christmas Eve, as opposed to the Christmas Day.
### Lithuania.
Lithuanian Christmas Eve blends pa... | 1,221 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
star. No products made from meat, milk and alcohol are allowed during the Kūčios. In all, 12 dishes are served, each of them are rustic, made from grains, fish, dried fruit or mushrooms including "kūčiukai," Small bread biscuits with poppy seed milk are served. After the dinner is over the table is left u... | 1,222 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Light of the World. Next to it is a round loaf of bread symbolizing Christ Bread of Life. Hay is often displayed either on the table or as a decoration in the room, reminiscent of the manger in Bethlehem. The twelve dishes (which differ by nationality or region) symbolize the Twelve Apostles.
The Holy Me... | 1,223 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
fruits. Other typical dishes are borscht, Varenyky, and dishes made of fish, phaseolus and cabbage.
### Serbia.
In accordance with the Christmas traditions of the Serbs, their festive meal has a copious and diverse selection of foods, although it is prepared according to the rules of fasting.
As well a... | 1,224 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or "Christkindl", and the date of giving gifts changed from 6 December to Christmas Eve. It is the night when Santa Claus makes his rounds delivering gifts to good children. Many trace the custom of giving gifts to the Magi who brought gifts for the... | 1,225 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
traditionally exchanged on the evening of 24 December. Children are commonly told that presents were brought either by the Christkind (German for Christ child), or by the Weihnachtsmann. Both leave the gifts, but are in most families not seen doing so. In Germany, the gifts are also brought on 6 December ... | 1,226 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Quebec, Romania, Uruguay, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the Czech Republic, Christmas presents are opened mostly on the evening of the 24th – following German tradition, this is also the practice among the British Royal Family since it was introduced by Queen Vict... | 1,227 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
day ("Día de Los Tres Reyes Magos"), though in some other countries, like Argentina and Uruguay, people receive presents both around Christmas and on the morning of Epiphany day.
In Belgium and the Netherlands Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas and his companion Zwarte Piet deliver presents to children and ad... | 1,228 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
Mass or Vespers and the giving and receiving of presents. Along with Easter, Christmastime is one of the most important periods on the Christian calendar, and is often closely connected to other holidays at this time of year, such as Advent, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, St. Nicholas Day, St. St... | 1,229 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
is a name given to Christmas Eve by Jewish scholars in the 17th century.
### In contemporary American-Jewish culture.
With Christmas Day a work holiday throughout the United States, there is a space of unfilled free time during which much of American commerce and society is not functioning, and which ca... | 1,230 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
and watching a movie at the theater or at home, stereotypically a rerun of "It's a Wonderful Life".
Since the 1980s a variety of social events for young Jews have sprung up, and become popular, on Christmas Eve. These include the Matzo Ball, The Ball, and a number of local events organized by Jewish comm... | 1,231 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
and 1915 there was an unofficial Christmas truce, particularly between British and German troops. The truce began on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1914, when German troops began decorating the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for Christmas. They began by placing candles on trees, t... | 1,232 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
recently killed soldiers could be brought back behind their lines by burial parties. Funerals took place as soldiers from both sides mourned the dead together and paid their respects. At one funeral in No Man's Land, soldiers from both sides gathered and read a passage from Psalm 23. The truce occurred in... | 1,233 |
157627 | Christmas Eve | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas%20Eve | Christmas Eve
rised the world with a reading of the Creation from the Book of Genesis as they orbited the moon. Madalyn Murray O'Hair, an atheist activist, filed a lawsuit under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The trial court dismissed the lawsuit, which was upheld on appeal.
In 1969, the United State... | 1,234 |
157716 | Dressing Up the Idiot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dressing%20Up%20the%20Idiot | Dressing Up the Idiot
Dressing Up the Idiot
Dressing Up the Idiot (1997) was the only album by the band Prunella Scales.
# Track listing.
- 1. "Crisp"
- 2. "Deadman"
- 3. "Freak Machine"
- 4. "When"
- 5. "Fifty Tons of Life"
- 6. "Don't Let the Flowers Die"
- 7. "Toms River"
- 8. "TV is King"
- 9. "Had to Lo... | 1,235 |
157716 | Dressing Up the Idiot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dressing%20Up%20the%20Idiot | Dressing Up the Idiot
diot
Dressing Up the Idiot (1997) was the only album by the band Prunella Scales.
# Track listing.
- 1. "Crisp"
- 2. "Deadman"
- 3. "Freak Machine"
- 4. "When"
- 5. "Fifty Tons of Life"
- 6. "Don't Let the Flowers Die"
- 7. "Toms River"
- 8. "TV is King"
- 9. "Had to Look"
- 10. "Talk ... | 1,236 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
Battle of Marengo
The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy. Near the end of the day, the French overcame Gen. Michael von Melas's surprise attack, driving the Austrians out of I... | 1,237 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
(FML) Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz at Montebello on 9 June, the French closed in on the Austrian army, which had massed in Alessandria. Deceived by a local double agent, Bonaparte dispatched large forces to the north and south, but the Austrians launched a surprise attack on 14 June against the main Fr... | 1,238 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
had taken Castel Ceriolo, and its advance guard moved south to attack Lannes’ flank. Melas renewed the main assault and the Austrians broke the central French position. By 2:30 pm the French were withdrawing and Austrian dragoons seized the Marengo farm. Bonaparte had by then arrived with the reserve,... | 1,239 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
arrival around 5:30 pm stabilized the French position, as the 9th Light Infantry Regiment delayed the Austrian advance down the main road and the rest of the army reformed north of Cascina Grossa. As the pursuing Austrian troops arrived, a mix of musketry and artillery fire concealed the surprise atta... | 1,240 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
grip on power after the coup. It would be followed by a propaganda campaign that sought to rewrite the story of the battle three times during Napoleon's rule.
# Background.
The Battle of Marengo was the victory that sealed the success of Bonaparte's Italian campaign of 1800 and is best understood in... | 1,241 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
the main Austrian supply route eastward along the south bank of the Po river. Bonaparte hoped that Melas' preoccupation with the Siege of Genoa, held by Gen. André Masséna, would prevent the Austrians from responding to his offensive. However, Genoa surrendered on 4 June, freeing a large number of Aus... | 1,242 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
their positions near Nice and Genoa to Alessandria on the main Turin-Mantua road.
## Austrian plans and preliminary French moves.
The Austrians planned to fight their way out eastward but--using a local double agent, usually known by his cover of François Toli--attempted to deceive Bonaparte into th... | 1,243 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
from Montebello of 13 June in a war council. The senior generals of the Austrian army strongly approved this plan, as the alternative would have meant that the army would have had to retreat along the River Po and leave Piedmont to the enemy without a fight. Nonetheless, by abandoning the San Giuliano... | 1,244 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
Boudet's division (6,000 men) south to Novi Ligure and Divisional General Jean François Cornu de La Poype (3,500 men) north on the other bank of the Po. Further north, from Vercelli to Lake Maggiore, were stationed the divisions of Antoine de Béthencourt and Joseph Chabran and, further to the rear, no... | 1,245 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
divisions along the Fontanone stream. Austrian headquarters debated building a bridge to the north to outflank the French, but the lack of pontoons and time forced the Austrians to cross the River Bormida and then launch a single, direct assault across the Fontanone bridge.
# Prelude.
## Battlefield... | 1,246 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
small stream, the Fontanone, passed between Marengo and the Bormida. The First Consul had established his headquarters at Torre Garofoli, which was further to the east. This headquarters, nowadays visitable, is situated in the street: "Strada Comunale Cerca" coordinates N44°53'37.01" E 8°48'14.12"
##... | 1,247 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
were moved to winter quarters in better-supplied areas. Long distances from the home bases, from which the regiments drew reinforcements, meant that troop transports had to endure miserable conditions, so only about 15% reached the field army. The army of March 1800 was scarcely larger than at the con... | 1,248 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
In the north Ott commanded Friedrich Heinrich von Gottesheim's advance guard plus Joseph von Schellenberg and Ludwig von Vogelsang's divisions. In the south was Feldmarschallleutnant Andreas O'Reilly von Ballinlough's division. Melas himself took control of the center, with the divisions of Karl Josep... | 1,249 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
of limited combat value. In establishing the Army of the Reserve in France, Bonaparte's first move was to overhaul the supply system to provide the troops with regular food and decent uniforms. Lacking the large superiority in infantry and artillery enjoyed in many
Republican campaigns, the core of B... | 1,250 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
south of Marengo, the corps of Victor (Jacques-Antoine de Chambarlhac de Laubespin and Gaspard Amédée Gardanne's divisions), supported on the left by François Étienne de Kellermann's cavalry and, further to the northeast, by the corps of Lannes (François Watrin's division, Mainoni's brigade) together ... | 1,251 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
being not easily crossed elsewhere). Poor Austrian staff work prevented any rapid development of their attack and the entire army had to file through a narrow bridgehead. The movement began about 6 am with the first shots fired around 8 am, but the attack was not fully developed until 9 am.
The 1,200... | 1,252 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
by GdD Gardanne's French infantry deployed in front of the Fontanone stream. On the Austrian left, 7,500 men under FML Peter Ott waited for the road to clear before heading for the village of Castel Ceriolo well to the north of the French positions. This move threatened either an envelopment of the Fr... | 1,253 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
village and the line of the Fontanone until about noon, with both flanks in the air. First, at 8 am, Melas hurled FML Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak's division (four battalions) at Victor's defenses, supported by Frimont's advance guard battery along the stream. Forced into a funnel by the bad ground and... | 1,254 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
grenadier division was sent in to attack Marengo village. Melas also committed a serious tactical blunder, detaching "Generalmajor" (GM) Nimptsch's brigade of 2,300 hussars and two artillery batteries back over the Bormida bridge to block the corps of General Louis Gabriel Suchet, which was mistakenly... | 1,255 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
was not a diversionary attack to cover the anticipated retreat by Melas. His subordinates had brought their troops up in support of Victor's corps. Lannes's corps had deployed on the crucial right flank. GM Friedrich Joseph Anton von Bellegarde’s part of Kaim's division had crossed the Fontanone north... | 1,256 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
at its southern end to envelop Victor's flank. On the right, GdB Pierre Champeaux was killed trying to stop the progress of Ott's column. A small part of the 6ème Légère (6th Light Infantry Regiment) occupied Castel Ceriolo to the north, but soon Ott's lead units took it around 11:30 am and began putt... | 1,257 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
Jean-Charles Monnier's division and the Consular Guard were committed to extend and shore up the French right, rather than to try to hold Marengo where Victor's men were running short of ammunition.
### Austrian breakout across the Fontanone.
Toward 12:30 pm Lannes moved the rest of his force to fac... | 1,258 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
Although Rivaud retook the village, O’Reilly had taken Stortiglione by 2:00 pm, and in the north, Ott prepared to send FML Joseph von Schellenberg’s column to support Gottesheim. After securing the Fontanone bridge, Pilatti's cavalry crossed but were again charged and defeated by Kellermann. However, ... | 1,259 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
by Frimont, Ott defeated Monnier and forced two-thirds of his command to retreat to the northeast. About the same time, Marengo had fallen to the Austrians, forcing Napoleon's men into a general retreat. As Austrian troops crossed the Fontanone, their guns bombarded the French infantry in the vines. I... | 1,260 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
French fell back c. 3 km and attempted to regroup to hold the village of San Giuliano. With the French outnumbered and driven from their best defensive position, the battle was as good as won by the Austrians. Melas, who was slightly wounded, and 71, handed over command to his chief-of-staff, General ... | 1,261 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
sector. On the Austrian right wing, O'Reilly wasted time hunting down a 300-man French detachment led by Achille Dampierre (which was finally captured) and moved southeast. This took his troops out of supporting distance from the Austrian main body. On the Austrian left, Ott hesitated to press hard ag... | 1,262 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
his force (6,000 men and 9 guns of Boudet's division) was not far behind. The story goes that, asked by Bonaparte what he thought of the situation, Desaix replied: "This battle is completely lost. However, there is time to win another."
The French were fast to bring up and deploy the fresh troops in ... | 1,263 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
There he had placed GdB Louis Charles de Guénand's brigade on the north side while most of the remaining French army (Monnier and Lannes) were forming up north from there. The Austrians deployed three artillery batteries on the north side of the road supported by a dragoon regiment. GdB Auguste de Mar... | 1,264 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
by Desaix. The 9ème Légère halted to face the main Austrian advance and Marmont's guns blasted the Austrians with grapeshot at close range. Further back, an Austrian ammunition limber exploded. In the temporary heightening of confusion, Lattermann's formation was charged on its left flank by Kellerman... | 1,265 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
and carried them away. As the mob of terrified cavalry stampeded past them, the exhausted Austrian infantry of the main body lost heart, provoking a wild rush to the rear. The gun teams fled, pursued by French cavalry, while their whole infantry line advanced westward. The second grenadier brigade und... | 1,266 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
troops advancing northwest from the centre, but managed to fight his way back to the Bormida bridgehead.
The Austrians fell back into Alessandria, having lost about half the forces they had committed. The Austrians had lost heavily in the 12 hours of fighting: 15 colours, 40 guns, almost 8,000 taken ... | 1,267 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
the battle, Melas entered into negotiations (the Convention of Alessandria) which led to the Austrians evacuating northwestern Italy west of the Ticino river, and suspending military operations in Italy.
Bonaparte's position as First Consul was strengthened by the successful outcome of the battle and... | 1,268 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
to the war, was minimised by Bonaparte who, from then on, would pose as a saviour of the fatherland, and even of the Republic. He rejected offers from Louis XVIII, who had considered the Consulate to be a mere transition towards the restoration of the king. Thanks to the victory at Marengo, Napoleon c... | 1,269 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
himself at Marengo. Melas, trapped in Alessandria with his hopes of breaking through to the east shattered, sent the same evening to Vienna a message in which he explained that the "charge of Kellermann had broken the soldiers and this sudden and terrible change of fortunes finished by smashing the co... | 1,270 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
with Jean-Baptiste Bessières's: "The "chef de brigade" Bessières, in front of the reckless grenadiers of the guard, executed a charge with as much activity as valour and penetrated the line of the enemy cavalry; this resulted in the entire rout of the army."
Another piece of work which attempted to j... | 1,271 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
conversion." However, it is known that Desaix's arrival, while definitely expected, was not certain before the retreat. The bulletin explains that Desaix's forces were waiting in reserve with artillery pieces, which in reality was false, because they arrived late in the battle. Several participants to... | 1,272 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
often obliged to concentrate and even to retreat", and General Thévenet: "There is no doubt that a part of the French army was repelled up to the Scrivia".
# Legacy.
## Marengo museum.
The Museum of Marengo "Museo della Battaglia di Marengo" is located in Via della Barbotta, Spinetta Marengo, Aless... | 1,273 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
site of the battle. On 5 May 1805, a ceremony took place on the field of Marengo. Napoleon, dressed in the uniform he wore on 14 June 1800, together with Empress Joséphine seated on a throne placed under a tent, oversaw a military parade. Then, Chasseloup gave Napoleon the founding stone, on which was... | 1,274 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
to the pyramid. In the event, the project was abandoned in 1815 and the stones recovered by the peasants. The column erected in 1801 was also removed, only to be restored in 1922.
Napoleon ordered that several ships of the French Navy be named Marengo, including "Sceptre (1780)", "Jean-Jacques Rousse... | 1,275 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
refugees with their Vine and Olive Colony, was named in honour of this battle. Since then, numerous settlements were named Marengo in Canada and the United States (see places named Marengo).
Presently, a museum of the battle exists on the outskirts of Alessandria. Re-enactments are also organised eve... | 1,276 |
157671 | Battle of Marengo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Marengo | Battle of Marengo
useum of the battle exists on the outskirts of Alessandria. Re-enactments are also organised every year to commemorate the event.
# External links.
- Battle of Marengo Maps
- The Battle of Marengo – A Bicentennial Review "An overview of the battle, including short summaries for beginning students a... | 1,277 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
Battle of Montmirail
The Battle of Montmirail (11 February 1814) was fought between a French force led by Emperor Napoleon and two Allied corps commanded by Fabian Wilhelm von Osten-Sacken and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg. In hard fighting that lasted until evening, French troops including the Impe... | 1,278 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
Battle of Champaubert on 10 February, he found himself in the midst of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's widely-spread Army of Silesia. Leaving a small force in the east to watch Blücher, Napoleon turned the bulk of his army to the west in an attempt to destroy Sacken. Unaware of the size of Napoleon... | 1,279 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
see the Battle of Château-Thierry as Napoleon launched an all-out pursuit.
# Background.
On 1 February 1814, Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher commanding 80,000 Allied soldiers from his own Army of Silesia and Austrian Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg's Army ... | 1,280 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
Within a few days the cautious Schwarzenberg began pulling Wittgenstein's troops to the south. Believing the war was almost over, Blücher pressed rapidly west after a smaller French force under Marshal Jacques MacDonald. Unknown to the Prussian field marshal, on 5 February Schwarzenberg switched Se... | 1,281 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
was too weak to stop Army of Silesia, Napoleon was compelled to deal with Blücher first. While sending out patrols to determine the precise whereabouts of the Prussian field marshal's army, Napoleon sent Marshal Auguste de Marmont with 8,000 troops to Sézanne. On 8 February these were joined by par... | 1,282 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
consisting of his own corps, a force under Etienne Maurice Gérard and cavalry, would hold Nogent-sur-Seine. Marshal Nicolas Oudinot with 20,000 men including the newly formed VII Corps, a 5,000-man Young Guard division, National Guards and a cavalry force under Pierre Claude Pajol was instructed to... | 1,283 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
near La Ferté-sous-Jouarre and 19,000 under Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, Peter Mikhailovich Kaptzevich and Friedrich von Kleist at Champaubert, Vertus and Bergères-lès-Vertus. However, Blücher's army was spread across a front of and Napoleon might count on the help of the 10,000 men under MacDonald... | 1,284 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
near Nogent, Schwarzenberg asked his colleague Blücher to send Kleist's corps south to help. Obligingly, the Prussian field marshal ordered Kleist, Kaptzevich and Olsufiev to converge on Sézanne on 10 February. Riding with Kleist and Kaptzevich, Blücher led them south from Vertus toward Fère-Champe... | 1,285 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
day as a French prisoner and his corps was nearly destroyed. The 1,500 survivors were formed into three or four "ad hoc" battalions.
# Battle.
## Advance to contact.
Blücher was near Fère-Champenoise when heard that Olsufiev's corps was wrecked; he immediately ordered Kleist and Kaptzevich to un... | 1,286 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
clear the highway between there and Vertus. Blücher neglected to mention anything to Sacken about escaping over the Marne.
Napoleon ordered MacDonald to move east from Trilport. At 7:00 pm, the emperor instructed Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty with two divisions of cavalry to march wes... | 1,287 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
Joseph Lagrange's division and the I Cavalry Corps. Using his central position, Napoleon hoped to smash Sacken and Yorck while they were isolated from Blücher. Accordingly, he ordered MacDonald to retake Château-Thierry and its vital bridge while Marmont kept an eye on Blücher.
Yorck sent a dispat... | 1,288 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
commander's leading elements were clashing with French patrols east of Viels-Maisons. The French had driven Sacken's Cossacks under Akim Akimovich Karpov out of Montmirail early that morning. At 9:00 am Yorck reached Viffort and was skirmishing with French cavalry. With the La Ferté-sous-Jouarre br... | 1,289 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
Château-Thierry.
Sacken would have none of it. Against the advice of his own staff who urged him to move closer to Yorck, the Russian commander deployed his army corps with its main weight to the south. Strictly following his orders, Sacken determined to smash his way east through Montmirail. At t... | 1,290 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
was variously given as 18,000 men and 90 guns by David G. Chandler, 14,000 soldiers and 80 guns by George Nafziger, and 18,000 soldiers by Francis Loraine Petre. Prussian staff officer Karl Freiherr von Müffling credited the Russians with 20,000 troops while another German officer counted 16,300 me... | 1,291 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
3rd Dragoon Division. Artillery chief Alexey Petrovich Nikitin directed three batteries of 12-pound cannons and four batteries of 6-pounders. Tallisin was acting corps commander in place of Alexei Grigorievich Scherbatov who was ill. The cavalry corps was directed by Ilarion Vasilievich Vasilshikov... | 1,292 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
division. The infantry numbered 4,133 men from Claude Marie Meunier's 1st Young Guard Division, 2,840 soldiers from Philibert Jean-Baptiste Curial's 2nd Young Guard Division, 4,796 men from Louis Friant's 1st Old Guard Division, 3,878 soldiers from Claude-Étienne Michel's 2nd Old Guard Division and... | 1,293 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
the French left flank. On the northern fringe of the forest was the village of Marchais-en-Brie with a north-south stream a little to the west. Farther north was the east-west highway. Napoleon placed Ricard's division in columns east of Marchais. Two of Ricard's battalions were detached and posted... | 1,294 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
the Château-Thierry road was Nansouty who had overall command of the Guard cavalry divisions.
Sacken posted Tallisin's corps to the south with the 7th Division on the right and the 18th Division in the center. On the north, but still south of the highway was Lieven's corps with the 10th Division i... | 1,295 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
36 guns on the west side of the ravine. According to one account, Lieven's corps was in reserve west of the village of L'Épine-aux-Bois. Vasilshikov's cavalry was arranged to the left of Lieven's infantry near the highway.
## Combat.
Sacken created a 2,360-man task force under General-major Heide... | 1,296 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
struggle for Marchais raged for two hours, with the Russians retaining control of the village. Napoleon ordered an artillery bombardment while he waited for Michel's Old Guard division to march forward from Montmirail. At 2:00 pm the emperor ordered an attack on Sacken's left flank. Four of Friant'... | 1,297 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
contact with Yorck's Prussians.
To break the connection with Yorck, Napoleon ordered a new attack straight down the highway by Nansouty with all three of his divisions, Colbert, Desnouettes and Laferrière. This charge broke up some Russian formations, forcing the soldiers to scatter into the Viels... | 1,298 |
157686 | Battle of Montmirail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montmirail | Battle of Montmirail
Lorenz von Pirch's 1st Infantry Brigade and Heinrich Wilhelm von Horn's 7th Infantry Brigade arrived at Fontenelle-en-Brie on the Château-Thierry highway. Because of the poor condition of the roads, the Prussians only had brigade Batteries Nrs. 2 and 3 armed with 6-pounders. The heavier cannons wer... | 1,299 |
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