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511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
reads, "We must love one another or die." The words "children" and "the dark" also occur in Auden's poem.
Johnson's majority in the 1964 election was the largest since James Monroe's virtually uncontested 1820 re-election.
The ad has been used or referenced in multiple political campaigns since. In 1984, Walter Mondale's unsuccessful presidential campaign used ads with a similar theme to "Daisy". Mondale's advertisements cut between footage of children and footage of ballistic missiles and nuclear explosions, over the song, "Teach Your Children", by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. In 1996, Bob Dole's unsuccessful presidential campaign used a short clip of "Daisy" in its "The Threat" ad. The | 11,100 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
ad was also re-made in 2010 by the American Values Network and was aimed at getting voters to ask their senators to ratify the New START program. In 2016, Hillary Clinton enlisted Monique Luiz to participate in a sequel of the ad used in her unsuccessful campaign against Donald Trump.
Another child actress, Birgitte Olsen, mistakenly claimed she was the child actress in the commercial, and has maintained that position for years.
# See also.
- Anti-war movement
- Attack ad
- Bill Moyers
- Children's interests (rhetoric)
- Comparative advertising
- Culture during the Cold War
- Fearmongering
- Political psychological rationalization
Cultural references
- "Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming"
- | 11,101 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
he New START program. In 2016, Hillary Clinton enlisted Monique Luiz to participate in a sequel of the ad used in her unsuccessful campaign against Donald Trump.
Another child actress, Birgitte Olsen, mistakenly claimed she was the child actress in the commercial, and has maintained that position for years.
# See also.
- Anti-war movement
- Attack ad
- Bill Moyers
- Children's interests (rhetoric)
- Comparative advertising
- Culture during the Cold War
- Fearmongering
- Political psychological rationalization
Cultural references
- "Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming"
- "Fail-Safe"
- "Sunset (Bird of Prey)"
# External links.
- "Daisy: The Complete History of an Infamous & Iconic Ad" | 11,102 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
Jean Erdman
Jean Erdman (born February 20, 1916) is an American dancer and choreographer of modern dance as well as an avant-garde theater director.
# Biography.
## Early years and background.
Erdman's father, John Piney Erdman, a doctor of divinity and missionary from New England, settled in Honolulu as a minister at the non-denominational Protestant Church of the Crossroads where he preached, in both English and Japanese, to a multi-ethnic congregation. Her mother, Marion Dillingham Erdman, was a member of one of the founding industrialist families of Hawaii.
Erdman's earliest dance experience was the hula. She attended the Punahou School in Honolulu where she learned, as a form of physical | 11,103 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
education, Isadora Duncan interpretive dance. Reflecting on her early dance training Erdman said these two influences taught her that dancing is an "expression of something meaningful to the dancer, not a mere series of lively steps."
From Hawaii, Erdman went to Miss Hall's School for Girls in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, from which she graduated in 1934. She was troubled by the attitude towards dancing that caused her to be disciplined for teaching the hula to her classmates. Later, at Sarah Lawrence College, which she attended from 1934 to 1937, she was able to explore more freely her multiple interests in theater, dance, and aesthetic philosophy.
At Sarah Lawrence she encountered her two | 11,104 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
greatest influences: Joseph Campbell and Martha Graham. Campbell, a professor of comparative literature who later became an authority on mythology, was her tutorial advisor. This began a dialogue about the process of individual psycho-spiritual transformation and the nature of art that was to continue throughout their lives. Erdman was also interested in the modern dance technique she learned in Martha Graham's classes at Sarah Lawrence and at the Bennington College Summer School of Dance that she attended during the summers of 1935–44.
In 1937 Erdman joined her parents and younger sister on a trip around the world during which she saw the traditional dance and theater of many countries including | 11,105 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
Bali, Java and India. Speaking of her experiences on this trip and of her later study of world dance cultures inspired by it Erdman said, "by studying and analyzing the traditional dance styles of the world, I discovered that the particular dance of each culture is the perfect expression of that culture's world view and is achieved by deliberate choices drawn from the unlimited possibilities of movement". Shortly after Erdman returned to New York, she married Campbell on May 5, 1938, and following a brief honeymoon began rehearsal as a member of the Martha Graham Dance Company.
## Career.
Erdman distinguished herself as a principal dancer in Graham's company in solo roles such as the Ideal | 11,106 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
Spectator in "Every Soul is a Circus", the Speaking Fate in "Punch and the Judy" and the One Who Speaks in "Letter to the World", Graham's ode to the American poet, Emily Dickinson. Dance critic Margaret Lloyd of "The Christian Science Monitor" praised the "felicitous humor" Erdman brought to her role as the Speaking Fate and called her "irreplaceable" in the 1941 revival of Letter to the World.
Working with Graham, Erdman had re-shaped the role, originally played by actress Margaret Meredith, from that of a static seated figure to a moving, integrated element in the groundbreaking dance-theater work. In "The Complete Guide to Modern Dance", historian Don McDonagh writes of the "profound effect" | 11,107 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
that these speaking roles had on Erdman. He attributes her many explorations of the dynamic between word and movement to these early experiences.
As all female Graham dancers of the period Erdman was required to study choreography with Louis Horst, Graham's musical director. Horst presented lecture-demonstrations on his principles in pre-classic dance forms, and his students demonstrated his ideas through their own compositions. Her first solo, "The Transformations of Medusa", which premiered at the Bennington College's Summer Festival of the Arts in 1942, began as an assignment for his class. The final version, with a commissioned score by Horst, remained in her repertory through the 1990s. | 11,108 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
Erdman's performance of this dance was the subject of Maya Deren's unfinished 1949 film, "Medusa".
Originally an exploration of primitive style or archaic style, "The Transformations of Medusa" developed from a short study of the two-dimensional form into a complete dance of three sections. Erdman described the yearlong evolution of the piece as the process through which she came to understand that every posture contains "a whole state of being or attitude toward life." The dance evolved as she attuned herself to the physical sensations of the stylized positions and followed where they led her. It was Campbell, informed by his deep well of mythological imagery, who identified the dance character | 11,109 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
in the first short study as Medusa, the beautiful Greek priestess of Athena who became the hideous snake-headed gorgon. Erdman developed the second and third sections following the development of the mythological archetype.
In 1943, at the urging of Campbell and composer, John Cage, Erdman and fellow Graham Company member, Merce Cunningham, presented a joint concert sponsored by the Arts Club of Chicago. Cunningham's solos included "Totem Ancestor", "In the Name of the Holocaust", and "Shimmera", all with scores by Cage.
The two collaborative duets were, "Credo in US", a dramatic dance with a text by Cunningham and a commissioned score by Cage, and "Ad Lib" with a commissioned score by Gregory | 11,110 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
Tucker. According to Erdman, "Ad Lib" "was considered rather shocking because it incorporated improvisations. At that time it was not considered acceptable to perform improvs in public. That was for the privacy of your studio."
Erdman's other important works of the 1940s were "Daughters of the Lonesome Isle" (1945) and "Ophelia" (1946) with commissioned scores by John Cage on prepared and standard piano respectively, "Passage" (1946), "Hamadryad" (1948) to Debussy's "Syrinx", "The Perilous Chapel" (1949), and "Solstice" (1950), both with commissioned scores by Lou Harrison. Of "The Perilous Chapel" which featured a moving sculptural set by Carlus Dyer and was selected as one of the Best New | 11,111 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
Works of the Season by "Dance Magazine", Doris Hering wrote, "When the dance was over one realized that by means of purely physical and visual elements, Miss Erdman had succeeded in giving a moving picture of the experience of an artist through phases of isolation and realization."
Other dance critics of the time noted her unique approach to dance making. "New York Times" dance critic John Martin remarked, "that Erdman's movement is perhaps as near to being non-associative as movement can be, yet it is freely creative. The method of composition, though naturally without story content, avoids any connotation of being merely decorative, much as non-objective painting avoids it, and manages to | 11,112 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
be just as strongly evocative."
Reporting on a group concert at the 92nd St YM/YWHA in which Erdman participated Edwin Denby wrote in the "New York Herald Tribune", "Miss Erdman's (approach) is a more original and refreshing one to encounter. There was a lightness in the rhythm, a quality of generosity and spaciousness in the movement that struck me as a dance should, as a poetic presence." Walter Terry also writing for the "Tribune" commented, "(Her dance) attracts through rare beauty of pattern, through gently shaded dynamics and through that intangible essence we call quality. It does not appeal directly to the intellect nor to the emotions, but rather it seems to carry its message on its | 11,113 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
own short-wave system to the senses themselves."
From 1950-54, she toured the US annually with her company. From 1954-55 she toured India and Japan as a solo artist, the first dancer to do so since World War II. The report she filed with U.S. State Department helped initiate cultural exchange programs with India and many countries in the Far East.
From 1955-60, she toured extensively as a solo artist throughout the U.S. Notable works from her repertory of that period include "Portrait of a Lady" created to jazz recordings that were layered by John Cage into his eight-track commissioned score, "Dawn Song", a lyrical solo with commissioned score by Alan Hovhaness, "Fearful Symmetry" (1956; an | 11,114 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
allegory in six visions inspired by William Blake's poem, "The Tyger") to Ezra Laderman's "Sonata for Violoncello", in which Erdman emerged from and interacted with a metal sculpture by Carlus Dyer, and "Four Portraits" from Duke Ellington's "Shakespeare Album" (1958), a suite of comic portrayals of Shakespearean heroines.
In 1960, Erdman reorganized and renamed her dance company to reflect her explorations of the inter-relationship of movement, music, visual arts and spoken text. As noted above this interest began much earlier for Erdman. As early as 1946, John Martin noted, "She is keenly alert to modern experiments in the other arts music, poetry, visual design and employs them freely."
Her | 11,115 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
musical collaborations with composer Ezra Laderman which had begun in 1956 with "Duet for Flute and Dancer", inspired by Erdman's interpretation of Debussy's solo flute composition "Syrinx" in her 1948 solo "Hamadryad" and culminating in the 1957 group work "Harlequinade", featuring dancer Donald McKayle, were the subject of a feature story in "Time" magazine in April 1957.
In the theater Erdman had choreographed a production of Jean-Paul Sartre's "The Flies" (1947) for the Vassar Experimental Theatre, the Broadway production of Jean Giraudoux's "The Enchanted" (1950) and collaborating with writer William Saroyan and composer Alan Hovhaness, she directed and choreographed "Otherman or The Beginning | 11,116 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
of a New Nation" (1954) at Bard College. The newly named Jean Erdman Theater of Dance toured the U.S. and gave concerts in New York City. Among the notable works of this period are "Twenty Poems" (1960), a cycle of E. E. Cummings's poems for eight dancers and one actor with a commissioned score by Teiji Ito, performed in the round at the Circle in the Square Theatre in Greenwich Village and "The Castle", an exploration of improvised and structured movement with jazz clarinetist-saxophonist Jimmy Giuffre at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (1970).
In 1962 with the aid of a grant from the Ingram Merrill Foundation, Erdman began what was to become her best-known work, "The Coach with the Six Insides", | 11,117 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
an adaptation of James Joyce's, "Finnegans Wake". The title is a line from the text found in episode 11.3.359. She became acquainted with the novel during the four and a half year period that her husband collaborated with Henry Morton Robinson to write "A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake" (1944).
While Joyce's story is told from the perspective of the male barkeeper Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, Erdman's work a combination of dance, mime, and Joycean stream of consciousness language focuses on the female psyche, as seen through the many incarnations of the main female character Anna Livia Plurabelle. She danced all the aspects of Anna Livia from young woman, to old crone, to the rain itself that | 11,118 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
becomes the River Liffey flowing through the heart of Dublin. Teiji Ito was the musical director and composed the musical score on a vast array of instruments from around the world including among others, Japanese bass drums, Tibetan cymbals, a violin and an accordion.
"The Coach with the Six Insides" premiered at the Village South Theatre in Greenwich Village on November 26, 1962. It ran for 114 performances and received the Obie and Vernon Rice Awards for Outstanding Achievement in theater. Following the first New York season it began a world tour including engagements in Spoleto, Paris, Dublin and Tokyo. Three other North American tours as well as another New York season in 1967 followed. | 11,119 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
In 1964 the work was featured on the CBS's "Camera Three" series and in 1966 WNET Channel 13 produced an interview with both Erdman and Campbell, "A Viewer's Guide to the Coach with the Six Insides". Many dance historians continue to regard "The Coach with the Six Insides" as "the most successful—and celebrated—attempt to unite dance and words."
Other theater productions Erdman choreographed during this period include the Helen Hayes Repertory production of "Hamlet" (1964), the Lincoln Center Repertory production of Federico García Lorca's "Yerma" (1962) and the New York Shakespeare Festival production of the rock-opera "Two Gentlemen of Verona" (1971-72), which ran on Broadway for two years | 11,120 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
and for which Erdman received the Drama Desk Award and a Tony nomination.
Erdman was an active teacher throughout her career. In 1948 she opened her own studio where she taught a style-neutral, concept-based technique she developed by combining her study of world dance with anatomical principles. She described it as, "a basic dance training that would, in its most elementary form give the novice an essential experience of the art form, and in more complex variations create a professional dance artist with a completely articulate instrument capable of responding in movement to any choreographic impulse."
From 1949-51 she directed the modern dance department at Teachers College of Columbia University. | 11,121 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
In the summers from 1949 to 1955 she was the artist in residence and head of the dance department at the University of Colorado in Boulder. From 1954–57 she was the chairman of the dance department at Bard College. She was founding director of the dance program at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts and taught there from 1966-71.
In the 1980s, Erdman began reviving her early dance repertory and presenting it annually at The Open Eye. These performances culminated in the NEA-funded Jean Erdman Retrospective at the Hunter Playhouse in 1985, New York City. "New York Times" dance critic Anna Kisselgoff wrote, "anyone wishing to know something about where modern dance is today can find the roots in this | 11,122 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
retrospective." From 1987–93, Erdman served as artistic director of an NEA funded project to create a three volume video archive of these early dance works, "Dance and Myth: The World of Jean Erdman".
## Personal life.
Erdman and Campbell had no children. For most of their forty-nine years of marriage they shared a two-room apartment in Greenwich Village in New York City. In the 1980s they also purchased an apartment in Honolulu and divided their time between the two cities. Campbell died in 1987. In 1990, Erdman became the founding president of the Joseph Campbell Foundation and continues as its president emerita. Since 1995 Erdman has lived exclusively in Hawaii.
# Filmography.
- "Invocation: | 11,123 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
Maya Deren" (1987)
- "The Hero's Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell" (1987)
- "Dance and Myth - The World of Jean Erdman" (1990)
# Awards and nominations.
- Awards
- 1972: Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography - "The Two Gentlemen of Verona"
- 1963: Obie Award - Special Citation - "The Coach with the Six Insides"
- 1963: Vernon Rice Award for Outstanding Achievement in Theatre - "The Coach with the Six Insides"
- 1993: Heritage Award from the National Dance Association for contributions to dance education
- 1995 Sacred Dance Guild Honorary Lifetime Member awarded at Kalani Honua, Big Island Hawaii
Nominations
- 1972: Tony Award for Best Choreography - "The Two Gentlemen | 11,124 |
511878 | Jean Erdman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Erdman | Jean Erdman
s"
- 1963: Vernon Rice Award for Outstanding Achievement in Theatre - "The Coach with the Six Insides"
- 1993: Heritage Award from the National Dance Association for contributions to dance education
- 1995 Sacred Dance Guild Honorary Lifetime Member awarded at Kalani Honua, Big Island Hawaii
Nominations
- 1972: Tony Award for Best Choreography - "The Two Gentlemen of Verona"
# External links.
- Jean Erdman Papers, 1925-2001 - The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
- "Modern Innovator Erdman Honored"
- "The Grande Dame of Dance"
- "Dance: A Survey of Jean Erdman Choreography Since '42" - "New York Times"
- "Dance: Jean Erdman's Works at the Open Eye" - "New York Times" | 11,125 |
511906 | Raymond Radiguet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20Radiguet | Raymond Radiguet
Raymond Radiguet
Raymond Radiguet (18 June 1903 – 12 December 1923) was a French novelist and poet whose two novels were noted for their explicit themes, and unique style and tone.
# Early life.
Radiguet was born in Saint-Maur, Val-de-Marne, close to Paris, the son of a caricaturist. In 1917, he moved to the city. Soon he would drop out of the Lycée Charlemagne, where he studied, in order to pursue his interests in journalism and literature.
# Career.
In early 1923, Radiguet published his first and most famous novel, "Le Diable au corps" ("The Devil in the Flesh"). The story of a young married woman who has an affair with a 16-year-old boy while her husband is away fighting at the front | 11,126 |
511906 | Raymond Radiguet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20Radiguet | Raymond Radiguet
provoked scandal in a country that had just been through World War I. Though Radiguet denied it, it was established later that the story was in large part autobiographical.
His second novel, "Le bal du Comte d'Orgel", also dealing with adultery, was only published posthumously in 1924. In addition to his two novels, Radiguet's works include a few poetry volumes and a play.
## Associations.
He associated himself with the Modernist set, befriending Pablo Picasso, Max Jacob, Jean Hugo, Juan Gris and especially Jean Cocteau, who became his mentor. Radiguet also had several well-documented relationships with women. An anecdote told by Ernest Hemingway has an enraged Cocteau charging Radiguet (known | 11,127 |
511906 | Raymond Radiguet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20Radiguet | Raymond Radiguet
in the Parisian literary circles as ""Monsieur Bébé"" – Mister Baby) with decadence for his tryst with a model: ""Bébé est vicieuse. Il aime les femmes."" ("Baby is depraved. He likes women." [Note the use of the feminine adjective.]) Radiguet, Hemingway implies, employed his sexuality to advance his career, being a writer "who knew how to make his career not only with his pen but with his pencil."
## Literary reactions.
In 1945, Steadman and Blake write that admirers of his first novel "include the most discriminating of critics." Aldous Huxley is quoted as declaring that Radiguet had attained the literary control that others required a long career to reach. François Mauriac said that "Le | 11,128 |
511906 | Raymond Radiguet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20Radiguet | Raymond Radiguet
Diable au corps" is "unretouched and seems shocking, but nothing so resembles cynicism as clairvoyance. No adolescent before Radiguet has delivered to us the secret of that age: we have all falsified it."
# Death.
On 12 December 1923, Radiguet died at age 20 in Paris of tuberculosis, which he contracted after a trip he took with Cocteau. Cocteau, in an interview with "The Paris Review" stated that Radiguet had told him three days before his death that, "In three days, I am going to be shot by the soldiers of God." In reaction to this death Francis Poulenc wrote, "For two days I was unable to do anything, I was so stunned".
In her 1932 memoir, "Laughing Torso", British artist Nina Hamnett | 11,129 |
511906 | Raymond Radiguet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20Radiguet | Raymond Radiguet
describes Radiguet's funeral:
"The church was crowded with people. In the pew in front of us was the negro band from Le Boeuf sur le Toit. Picasso was there, Brâncuși and so many celebrated people that I cannot remember their names. Radiguet's death was a terrible shock to everyone. Coco Chanel, the celebrated dressmaker, arranged the funeral. It was most wonderfully done. Cocteau was too ill to come." ... "Cocteau was terribly upset and could not see anyone for weeks afterwards. I wrote to him in February and asked him if I could come and see him. He wrote me a charming letter:
25 fevrier 1924brCHERE NINAbrJe suis toujours malade et sans courage.brTelephonez un matin".brDe coeur,brJEAN COCTEAU
# | 11,130 |
511906 | Raymond Radiguet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20Radiguet | Raymond Radiguet
Bibliography.
- "Les Joues en feu" (1920) – poetry, translated by Alan Stone as "Cheeks on Fire: Collected Poems"
- "Devoirs de vacances" (1921) – poetry (English translation "Holiday Homework")
- "Les Pelican" (1921) – drama, translated by Michael Benedikt and George Wellworth as "The Pelicans"
- "Le Diable au corps" (1923) – novel, translated by Kay Boyle as "The Devil in the Flesh"
- "Le Bal du comte d'Orgel" (1924) – novel, translated by Malcolm Cowley as "The Count's Ball"
- "Oeuvres completes" (1952) – translated as Complete Works
- "Regle du jeu" (1957) – translated as "Game Rule"
- "Vers Libres & Jeux Innocents, Le Livre a Venir " (1988) – translated as "About Free & Games Innocents, | 11,131 |
511906 | Raymond Radiguet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20Radiguet | Raymond Radiguet
he Book is Coming"
# Film adaptations.
In 1947 Claude Autant-Lara released his film "Le diable au corps", based on Radiguet's novel, and starring Gérard Philipe. Coming just after World War II, the movie caused controversy in its turn. Among the other cinematic versions of Radiguet's story, the heavily adapted version by Marco Bellocchio, "Il diavolo in corpo" (1986), was notable as being among the first mainstream films to show unsimulated sex.
# Further reading.
- Ivry, Benjamin (1996). "Francis Poulenc". Phaidon Press Limited.
- Steadman, Christina and Blake, William: "Modern Women in Love", Garden City Publishing Co., New York, 1947 (first ed. Dryden Press, New York City, 1945) p. 3 | 11,132 |
511912 | Wellsville, New York (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wellsville,%20New%20York%20(disambiguation) | Wellsville, New York (disambiguation)
Wellsville, New York (disambiguation)
Wellsville, New York is a village and a town in Allegany County, New York, United States.
- Wellsville (town), New York
- Wellsville (village), New York
# See also.
- Wellsville (disambiguation) | 11,133 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
Naval gunfire support
Naval gunfire support (NGFS) (also known as shore bombardment) is the use of naval artillery to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range. NGFS is one of a number of disciplines encompassed by the term "naval fires". Modern naval gunfire support is one of the three main components of amphibious warfare assault operations support, along with aircraft and ship-launched land-attack missiles. Shipborne guns have been used against shore defences since medieval naval warfare.
# Tactics.
NGFS is classified into two types: direct fire, where the ship has line of sight with the target (either visually or through the use of radar), | 11,134 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
and indirect fire, which, to be accurate, requires an artillery observer to adjust fire.
When on the gun line, ships are particularly vulnerable to attack from aircraft coming from a landward direction and flying low to avoid radar detection, or from submarines due to a predictable and steady (non-evasive) course.
# History.
## Early history.
An early use of shore bombardment was during the Siege of Calais in 1347 when Edward III of England deployed ships carrying bombardes and other artillery.
An early type of vessel designed for the purpose of shore bombardment was the bomb vessel, which came into use during the 17th century. These were small ships whose main armament was one or two large | 11,135 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
mortars, that fired explosive shells at a high angle. They were typically poor sailing craft that were of limited use outside their specialized role. However, small vessels armed with large mortars saw use as late as the American Civil War, when the Union Navy used them in several attacks on coastal fortifications.
During the 18th century, another special class of vessel known as floating battery were devised for shore bombardment. An early use of them was by the French and Spanish during the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779–1782). During the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy commissioned several vessels of the and . These carried either naval long guns or carronades. Floating batteries were used | 11,136 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
by both the French and British during the Crimean War, and by both sides during the American Civil War.
## World War I.
In World War I the principal practitioner of naval bombardment (the term used prior to the Second World War for what was later designated naval gunfire support – NGS) was Britain's Royal Navy (RN); and the main theatres in which RN ships fired against targets ashore were the Aegean—Dardanelles/Gallipoli, and later the Salonika Front—and along the Belgian coast. In the Aegean the enemy coastal defences (forts, shore-batteries etc.) were fairly unsophisticated; however, on the Gallipoli peninsula these still proved to be difficult targets for the navies low angle firing guns. | 11,137 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
Here, the fortresses outline tended to blend into the hillside making identification difficult and the guns themselves presented small targets. Mobile howitzers on the plateau presented even greater problems, since these were higher still, and being completely shielded from view proved almost impervious to naval bombardment. For RN ships bombarding German targets along the Belgian Coast the situation was altogether different from the autumn of 1915 until the enemy withdrawal in October 1918.
For this role, the Royal Navy frequently made use of specially designed vessels known as monitors. They carried extremely heavy armament for their size, often a single turret from a decommissioned battleship. | 11,138 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
A broad beamed hull designed for stability, and a shallow draft to allow close approach to the shore however made them slow vessels that were unsuitable for naval combat. Two s were fitted with BL 18 inch Mk I naval guns, the largest guns ever used by the Royal Navy.
The Germans constructed an extensive, well-equipped and well-coordinated system of gun-batteries etc. to defend the coast—and especially the ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge. Those ports, and the canals linking them to Bruges, were of major importance to the U-boat campaign in the North Sea and English Channel—and for that reason were frequently bombarded by RN monitors operating from Dover and Dunkirk.
The RN continually advanced | 11,139 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
their technology and techniques necessary to conduct effective bombardments in the face of the German defenders—firstly refining spotting/correction by aircraft (following initial efforts during the Dardanelles/Gallipoli campaign), then experimenting with night-bombardment and moving on to adopt Indirect Fire (in which a ship can accurately engage an unseen target, which may be several miles inland) as the norm for day- and night-firings.
Finally, in the summer of 1918, monitors were equipped with Gyro Director Training (GDT) gear—which effectively provided the Director with a gyro-stabilised Artificial Line of Sight, and thereby enabled a ship to carry out Indirect Bombardment while underway. | 11,140 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
This was a very significant advance, which basically established a firm foundation for naval bombardment as practiced by the RN and USN during the Second World War.
Between 1919–39 all RN battleships/battlecruisers and all new-construction cruisers were equipped with Admiralty Fire Control Tables and GDT gear, and from the early 1930s (probably earlier) were required to carry out 'live' bombardment practice once in each commission. In 1939, therefore, the RN was quite well prepared for this particular aspect of joint warfare.
## World War II.
The practice reached its zenith during World War II, when the availability of man-portable radio systems and sophisticated relay networks allowed forward | 11,141 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
observers to transmit targeting information and provide almost instant accuracy reports—once troops had landed. Battleships, cruisers and destroyers would pound shore installations, sometimes for days, in the hope of reducing fortifications and attriting defending forces. Obsolete battleships unfit for combat against other ships were often used as floating gun platforms expressly for this purpose. However, given the relatively primitive nature of the fire control computers and radar of the era combined with the high velocity of naval gunfire, accuracy depended upon designated observer aircraft until troops landed and were able to radio back reports to the ship.
The solution was to engage in | 11,142 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
longer bombardment periods—up to two weeks, in some cases—saturating target areas with fire until a lucky few shells had destroyed the intended targets. This alerted an enemy that he was about to be attacked. In the Pacific War this mattered less, as the defenders were usually expecting their island strongholds to be invaded at some point and had already committed whatever combat resources were available. Bombardment periods were usually shorter in the European theatre, where surprise was more often valued, reinforcement far more likely, and ships' guns were responding to the movements of mobile defenders, not whittling away at static fortifications.
Naval gunfire could reach as far as inland, | 11,143 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
and was often used to supplement land-based artillery. The heavy-calibre guns of some eighteen battleships and cruisers were used to stop German Panzer counterattacks at Salerno. Naval gunfire was used extensively throughout Normandy, although initially the surprise nature of the landings themselves precluded a drawn-out bombardment which could have reduced the Atlantic Wall defences sufficiently, a process that fell to specialist armoured vehicles instead.
## Post-war.
Naval gunfire support played a critical role in the Korean War; the conflict was ideal for this type of service, with much of the fighting taking place along the coast of the Korean Peninsula. The battleship and light cruiser | 11,144 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
provided heavy support, along with numerous light cruisers and destroyers. In particular were so-called "Trainbuster" patrols, working with spotter aircraft to destroy North Korean supply trains, as well as railway bridges and tunnels.
In the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa naval gunfire support was provided by the Indian Navy's cruisers, destroyers and frigates in support of Indian Army Operations.
Task Unit 70.8.9, the US Naval Gunfire Support Unit, was made up of destroyers, armed with 5"/38 or 5"/54 guns, and continuously patrolled the coast of South Vietnam to provide NGFS at short notice. If greater firepower was required then larger gunned cruisers were called in for reinforcements, along | 11,145 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
with the battleship USS "New Jersey" for a single tour of duty. NGFS was controlled by the United States Marines Corps First Air-Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (ANGLICO) who provided spotters, usually airborne in light aircraft but sometimes on foot, in all military regions.
In the 1982 Falklands War, the British used NGFS in support of the advance of the British Army and Royal Marines.
In the 1983 actions in Lebanon, fire support was provided on several occasions by destroyers, cruisers, and "New Jersey" assigned to coastal patrol. They supported the US Marines as well as the Lebanese Army.
During Operation Desert Storm the battleships and fired Tomahawk cruise missiles along with their main | 11,146 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
battery guns against Iraqi targets in the Euphrates Delta. This was the last firing of battleship guns during war, as well as the first use of drone aircraft to observe targets and give targeting corrections
In the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, NGFS was used in support of operations on the Al-Faw Peninsula in the early stages of the war by Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy frigates.
# United States.
Naval gunfire is still used for many of its traditional purposes. In the United States Marine Corps, artillery units have several Naval Gunfire Liaison Officers (NGLO, pronounced "no-glow") in each battalion to maintain close contact with the Navy for amphibious operations. The NGLO is responsible | 11,147 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
for the Shore Fire Control Party and works in the Fire Control Center with other liaison officers to coordinate naval gunfire with close air support, mortars and artillery. The NGLO joins the others in the planning of fire missions in support of the Marine Infantry Regiment.
Additionally, the United States Marine Corps maintains three active (1st, 2nd, & 5th) and three reserve (3rd, 4th & 6th) ANGLICO units. ANGLICO members are temporarily assigned to combat units of the United States and foreign nations that lack inherent fire support capability, such as naval gunfire. The ships equipped with the large caliber guns of the early and middle of the 20th century have all been decommissioned. The | 11,148 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
last battleship, , was decommissioned in 1992 and struck in 2006. The aircraft carrier and sea to land missile have been used instead. Naval guns used on modern ships are smaller caliber weapons, generally with more advanced targeting systems. It is unlikely that the large caliber guns will make a return and much of the traditional role of Naval Gunfire has been taken over by naval air power and missiles.
Within the U.S. there was a long debate over the role naval gunfire support should play in warfare. This took on a greater sense of urgency with the removal of the last two battleships from the NVR. In 2007, a thesis report submitted to the Joint Forces Staff College/Joint Advanced Warfighting | 11,149 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
School by Shawn A. Welch, a Colonel in the Army National Guard's Corps of Engineers analyzed the current capacity for naval gunfire support (NGS) and made several conclusions based on the progress made since the retirement of the last two "Iowa"-class battleships. Welch's thesis report, which earned the National Defense Universities award for Best Thesis in 2007, estimated that the full force of DD(X) destroyers needed to replace the decommissioned "Iowa"s would not arrive until 2020–2025 at the earliest, and anotes that the U.S. Navy had not accurately assessed the capabilities of its large caliber gun ships since 1990. The report notes that the Navy has consistently scaled back or outright | 11,150 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
cancelled programs intended to replace naval gunfire support capacity, in the process making no significant gains for offshore fire support since the retirement of the last "Iowa"-class battleship in 1992. This failure by the navy to meet Congressional mandates to improve naval gunfire support caused a rift with the United States Marine Corps and to a lesser extent the United States Army; in the case of the former, the concern is great enough that several three and four star generals in the Marine Corps have openly admitted to the press their concern over the absence of any effective ship based gunfire support, and two separate Commandants of the Marine Corps have testified before the Senate | 11,151 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
Armed Service Committee on the risks faced by the Marines in the absence of any effective naval gunfire support.
# Continued naval gunfire support training.
Despite the reduction in calibre size to guns, even ground-based NATO forces' artillery observers (FOs) and Forward Air Controllers (FACs) are taught the rudiments of calling in and adjusting naval gunfire. With the exception of a few procedures, the controlling principles are quite similar in both land and naval bombardment. While the ground-based FO starts his adjustment mission by saying, "Adjust Fire", the naval gunfire spotter says, "Fire Mission"; from that point on the procedures are almost identical.
Shore Fire Control Parties | 11,152 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
participate in field operations, often with a Marine artillery battery to provide simulated naval gunfire support. When available, Marine spotters will call the fire missions for naval ships undergoing their gunnery qualification tests, to provide both parties the opportunity to practice their skills.
One use of naval gunfire in modern operations is to provide Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) for Close Air Support. Well-timed salvos provide covering fire for sorties and prevent enemy troops and batteries from effectively using anti-aircraft weapons.
# See also.
- Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company
- Field artillery team
- 148 (Meiktila) Commando Forward Observation Battery Royal Artillery
- | 11,153 |
511891 | Naval gunfire support | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval%20gunfire%20support | Naval gunfire support
When available, Marine spotters will call the fire missions for naval ships undergoing their gunnery qualification tests, to provide both parties the opportunity to practice their skills.
One use of naval gunfire in modern operations is to provide Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) for Close Air Support. Well-timed salvos provide covering fire for sorties and prevent enemy troops and batteries from effectively using anti-aircraft weapons.
# See also.
- Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company
- Field artillery team
- 148 (Meiktila) Commando Forward Observation Battery Royal Artillery
- Donald M. Weller
# References.
- U.S Marine Corps: An Annotated Bibliography of Naval Gunfire Support | 11,154 |
511916 | 2004 Nokia Brier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%20Nokia%20Brier | 2004 Nokia Brier
2004 Nokia Brier
The 2004 Nokia Brier was held from March 6 to 14 at Saskatchewan Place in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The Nova Scotia team skipped by Mark Dacey defeated the Alberta team of Randy Ferbey in dramatic fashion in the final game played on March 14. Ferbey's team was attempting to become Canadian champion for the fourth consecutive year.
# Round robin standings.
Nova Scotia finished first as they defeated Alberta 8–7 in draw 13. Most of the draws were televised live on TSN.
# Round robin results.
All draw times are listed in Central Standard Time (UTC−6).
## Draw 1.
"Saturday, March 6, 1:00 pm"
## Draw 2.
"Saturday, March 6, 6:00 pm"
## Draw 3.
"Sunday, March 7, 9:00 am"
## | 11,155 |
511916 | 2004 Nokia Brier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%20Nokia%20Brier | 2004 Nokia Brier
Draw 4.
"Sunday, March 7, 1:30 pm"
## Draw 5.
"Sunday, March 7, 6:30 pm"
## Draw 6.
"Monday, March 8, 9:00 am"
## Draw 7.
"Monday, March 8, 1:30 pm"
## Draw 8.
"Monday, March 8, 6:30 pm"
## Draw 9.
"Tuesday, March 9, 9:00 am"
## Draw 10.
"Tuesday, March 9, 1:30 pm"
## Draw 11.
"Tuesday, March 9, 6:30 pm"
## Draw 12.
"Wednesday, March 10, 9:00 am"
## Draw 13.
"Wednesday, March 10, 1:30 pm"
## Draw 14.
"Wednesday, March 10, 6:30 pm"
## Draw 15.
"Thursday, March 11, 9:00 am"
## Draw 16.
"Thursday, March 11, 1:30 pm"
## Draw 17.
"Thursday, March 11, 6:30 pm"
# Tiebreaker.
"Friday, March 12, 9:00 am"
# Playoffs.
The Brier uses the page playoff system, where the top | 11,156 |
511916 | 2004 Nokia Brier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%20Nokia%20Brier | 2004 Nokia Brier
four teams with the best records at the end of round-robin play meet in the playoff rounds. The first and second place teams play each other, with the winner advancing directly to the final. The winner of the other page playoff game between the third and fourth place teams plays the loser of the first/second playoff game in the semi-final. The winner of the semi-final moves on to the final.
Normally the 3 versus 4 page playoff game is played before the 1 versus 2 playoff game on Friday. However, since a tiebreaker was played this year on the same day to decide fourth place, the 1 versus 2 game was played first.
## Page playoffs.
Game one of the page playoffs was between Mark Dacey's team | 11,157 |
511916 | 2004 Nokia Brier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%20Nokia%20Brier | 2004 Nokia Brier
from Nova Scotia (first overall) versus Randy Ferbey's team from Alberta (second overall).
"Friday, March 12, 1:30 pm"
Game two of the page playoffs was between Brad Gushue's team from Newfoundland and Labrador (third overall) versus Jay Peachey's team from British Columbia (fourth overall).
"Friday, March 12, 6:30 pm"
## Semifinal.
The semifinal was played between Mark Dacey's team from Nova Scotia and Jay Peachey's team from British Columbia.
"Saturday, March 13, 1:00 pm"
## Final.
The final was played and televised on the CBC across Canada. Ferbey led 8–4 after the 7th end but Dacey's team put themselves back into the game with a big 3 point 8th end. Forcing Alberta to take a single | 11,158 |
511916 | 2004 Nokia Brier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%20Nokia%20Brier | 2004 Nokia Brier
in the 9th, Dacey was 2 down coming home but had last rock advantage. A couple of errors by Ferbey's team and some good shot making, gave Nova Scotia 3 points in the 10th end and the championship.
"Sunday, March 14, 6:00 pm"
# Statistics.
## Top 5 player percentages.
"Round Robin only"
## Team percentages.
"Round Robin only"
# Qualifying.
## Alberta.
@ Hinton
- 1. Randy Ferbey
- 2. Kurt Balderston
- 3. Kevin Martin
- 4. John Morris
- 5. Rob Armitage
## British Columbia.
@ Nanaimo
- 1. Jay Peachey
- 2. Scott Decap
- 3. Brian Miki
- 4. Wes Craig
## Manitoba.
@ Brandon
- 1. Brent Scales
- 2. Jeff Stoughton
- 3. Murray Woodward
- 4. Dave Boehmer
## New Brunswick.
@ Fredericton
- | 11,159 |
511916 | 2004 Nokia Brier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%20Nokia%20Brier | 2004 Nokia Brier
1. Russ Howard
- 2. Terry Odishaw
- 3. Mike Flannery
- 4. Mike Kennedy
## Northern Ontario.
@ Sault Ste. Marie
- 1. Rob Gordon
- 2. Jeff Currie
- 3. Denis Malette
- 4. Al Harnden
## Ontario.
@ Owen Sound
- 1. Mike Harris
- 2. Glenn Howard
- 3. Phil Daniel
- 4. Peter Corner
## Nova Scotia.
@ Kentville
- 1. Mark Dacey
## Newfoundland and Labrador.
@ Goose Bay
- 1. Brad Gushue
- 2. Mark Noseworthy
- 3. Keith Ryan
- 4. John Boland
## Prince Edward Island.
@ Summerside
- 1. Mike Gaudet
- 2. John Likely
- 3. Peter MacDonald
- 4. Andrew Robinson
## Saskatchewan.
@ Moose Jaw
- 1. Bruce Korte
- 2. Brad Heidt
- 3. Doug Harcourt
- 4. Joel Jordison
## Yukon/Northwest | 11,160 |
511916 | 2004 Nokia Brier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%20Nokia%20Brier | 2004 Nokia Brier
Ste. Marie
- 1. Rob Gordon
- 2. Jeff Currie
- 3. Denis Malette
- 4. Al Harnden
## Ontario.
@ Owen Sound
- 1. Mike Harris
- 2. Glenn Howard
- 3. Phil Daniel
- 4. Peter Corner
## Nova Scotia.
@ Kentville
- 1. Mark Dacey
## Newfoundland and Labrador.
@ Goose Bay
- 1. Brad Gushue
- 2. Mark Noseworthy
- 3. Keith Ryan
- 4. John Boland
## Prince Edward Island.
@ Summerside
- 1. Mike Gaudet
- 2. John Likely
- 3. Peter MacDonald
- 4. Andrew Robinson
## Saskatchewan.
@ Moose Jaw
- 1. Bruce Korte
- 2. Brad Heidt
- 3. Doug Harcourt
- 4. Joel Jordison
## Yukon/Northwest Territories.
@ Whitehorse
- 1. Brian Wasnea
- 2. Peter O'Driscoll
- 3. Chad Cowan
- 4. Paul Delorey | 11,161 |
511919 | Lake Ngami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Ngami | Lake Ngami
Lake Ngami
Lake Ngami is an endorheic lake in Botswana north of the Kalahari Desert. It is seasonally filled by the Taughe River, an effluent of the Okavango River system flowing out of the western side of the Okavango Delta. It is one of the fragmented remnants of the ancient Lake Makgadikgadi. Although the lake has shrunk dramatically beginning from 1890, it remains an important habitat for birds and wildlife, especially in flood years.
Lake Ngami had many famous visitors during the 19th (and into the 20th) century. In 1849 David Livingstone described it as a "shimmering lake, some long and 20 [30 km] wide". Livingstone also made a few cultural notes about the people living in this area; | 11,162 |
511919 | Lake Ngami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Ngami | Lake Ngami
he noticed they had a story similar to that of the Tower of Babel, except that the builders' heads were "cracked by the fall of the scaffolding" ("Missionary Travels", chap. 26). Charles John Andersson (who published "Lake Ngami; or, Explorations and Discoveries during Four Years' Wanderings in the Wilds of Southwestern Africa" in 1856) and Frederick Thomas Green also visited the area in the early 1850s. Frederick Lugard led a British expedition to the lake in 1896. Arnold Weinholt Hodson passed through the area on his journey from Serowe to Victoria Falls in 1906.
Ngami Lacuna, a methane lake on Saturn's moon Titan is named after this lake.
# External links.
- Read local weekly news from | 11,163 |
511919 | Lake Ngami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Ngami | Lake Ngami
ad a story similar to that of the Tower of Babel, except that the builders' heads were "cracked by the fall of the scaffolding" ("Missionary Travels", chap. 26). Charles John Andersson (who published "Lake Ngami; or, Explorations and Discoveries during Four Years' Wanderings in the Wilds of Southwestern Africa" in 1856) and Frederick Thomas Green also visited the area in the early 1850s. Frederick Lugard led a British expedition to the lake in 1896. Arnold Weinholt Hodson passed through the area on his journey from Serowe to Victoria Falls in 1906.
Ngami Lacuna, a methane lake on Saturn's moon Titan is named after this lake.
# External links.
- Read local weekly news from The Ngami Times. | 11,164 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
Mutual Defense Assistance Act
The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949. For US Foreign policy, it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era, and initially to Europe. The Act followed Truman's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act (the Marshall Plan), on April 3, 1948, which provided non-military, economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe.
The 1949 Act was amended and reauthorized on July 26, 1950. In 1951, the Economic Cooperation Act and Mutual Defense Assistance Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act, and its newly created independent agency, the Mutual Security | 11,165 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
Administration, to supervise all foreign aid programs, including both military assistance programs and non-military, economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies.
About the same time, the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951, also known or referred to as the Battle Act, (65 Stat. 644; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq.) was also passed; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor, Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama. Strong motivation for this 'control' act also came from export control concerns, following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances; export | 11,166 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy. This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt, if permitted, would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US. This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States. The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations. The act covered a wide range of materials needed for | 11,167 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
the production of weapons, and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction.
As the Cold War developed, these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism. They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies, while other programs provided non-military economic assistance. In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People's Republic of China, and other areas, with the development of specific country missions, including ones in Austria (1947–50), China (1946–48), Ireland (1948–51), and Trieste (1947–52).
## the World War II aftermath and | 11,168 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
the Cold War.
In the euphoria of the end of World War II, western arsenals dropped down to a dangerous level of weakness and being worn-out. Public funds were, by priority, allocated to reconstruction. Even the US arsenal showed obvious signs of shortages and decay.
Military officials began calling for the introduction of a new defense legislation in 1947, arguing that depleted inventories of surplus World War II-vintage armaments, piecemeal planning of new armaments and restrictions on presidential authority threatened current and future efforts to arm allied nations. New legislation became a necessity by mid-1948 with the negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty and the necessity to provide | 11,169 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
military aid to strengthen the connectional defenses, having in mind a global resistance to Communist expansion of the signatories.
Truman sent a first bill to Congress on 25 July 1949, the day he ratified the North Atlantic Treaty but congressional opposition forced submission of a new legislation, which specified the recipients and the amounts of assistance. Administration planners believed the MDAA's immediate effects would be to raise the morale of friendly nations and prove US reliability and resolve to meet Communist worldwide threats. The MDAA also institutionalized the concept of specific military aid programs, a result ensured by adoption of similar legislation in 1950 and an increase | 11,170 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
in annual spending on military aid to $5.222 billion after the outbreak of the Korean War - the very first large scale test of the validity and practicability of the concept, if excepting the logistical support allowed to France during the Indochina War.
# Revival of the US armed forces modernization program.
- US Army.
- US Air Force.
see also Wikisource : declassified Defense document
- US Navy.
# Mutual Assistance Program.
The Mutual Defense Assistance Act created the "Mutual Assistance Program," which became an integral component in the federal government's policy of containment of Soviet expansion. This program differed from the World War II-era Lend-Lease program in that it never | 11,171 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
needed refunding from the country that benefits any military assistance. Between 1950 and 1967, $33.4 billion in arms and services and $3.3 billion worth of surplus weaponry were provided under the program.
### NATO.
On 4 April 1949, the foreign ministers from 12 countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty at the Departmental Auditorium in Washington D.C.: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. Provision for enlargement was however given by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which states that membership is open to any "European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty | 11,172 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area".
- Belgium and the Netherlands
- Denmark and Norway
- France :
- Germany
- Greece
- Italy
- Portugal
- Spain
- Turkey
## Asia.
- Indochinese Peninsula after independence : Vietnam, Laos, ..
- Iran
- Japan:
## Non aligned countries.
The MDAA caused both a great deal of friction with the non-aligned countries and opportunities to tighten geopolitical relations with the western free world and especially the United States.
- India and Pakistan:
- Indonesia
- Yugoslavia:
# Controversy.
After disagreements with General Charles de Gaulle regarding the US leadership role within the NATO Alliance and following the support | 11,173 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
given by successive US Governments to right-wing military regimes in accordance with the stated Communist Containment policy - such as the Spain's Francoist State and Portugal's New Order or the Greek Regime of the Colonels, in the wake of the Vietnam War protests, left-wing public opinion in the USA and in Europe raised the question of the MAPs being used as instruments of some form of "political US imperialism". The quite enigmatic role played by the CIA within the frame of those programs also fed the controversy, which reached its peak with the overthrow and murder of Chilean President Salvador Allende after an alleged CIA-sponsored military coup in 1973 - a controversy still not resolved.
# | 11,174 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
Bibliography.
## General.
- Lawrence S. Kaplan: "A Community of Interests: NATO and the Military Assistance Program, 1948–1951" (1980);
- Chester J. Pach, Jr.: "Arming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945–1950 " (1991);
- Ronald E. Powaski: "Toward an entangling alliance: American isolationism, internationalism, and Europe, 1901-1950" (1991);
- Collective: "Organizing the world: the United States and regional cooperation in Asia and Europe" Galia Press-Barnathan (2003):
- further related bibliography ( incl. texts, digests, extracts ) on US international politic and diplomacy at : 0-313-27274-3&id=ZDAoVZqHwocC&hl=en&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1 | 11,175 |
511917 | Mutual Defense Assistance Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual%20Defense%20Assistance%20Act | Mutual Defense Assistance Act
world: the United States and regional cooperation in Asia and Europe" Galia Press-Barnathan (2003):
- further related bibliography ( incl. texts, digests, extracts ) on US international politic and diplomacy at : 0-313-27274-3&id=ZDAoVZqHwocC&hl=en&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1 Books.google.be Library
## NATO.
- "Vox" the Belgian armed forces magazine
## Central America.
- Carlos Caballero Jurado and Nigel Thomas : "Central American Wars 1959-1980" (illustrated by Simon McCouaig) Osprey Publishing MEN-AT-ARM Serie n°221, 1990
## Related bibliography.
- Alejandro de Quesada : "The Bay of Pigs - Cuba 1961" ( illustrated by Stephen Walsh ) - Osprey Publishing - Elite Serie n°166, 2009. | 11,176 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
J. S. Woodsworth
James Shaver Woodsworth (July 29, 1874 – March 21, 1942) was a pioneer in the Canadian social democratic movement. Following more than two decades ministering to the poor and the working class, J. S. Woodsworth left the Methodist Church to sponsor the Social Gospel movement as he felt the Church was much more concerned with profit than it was with helping the underprivileged of Manitoba. He was arrested in Winnipeg, Manitoba, for supporting the protesters at the Winnipeg General Strike, but never charged. Woodsworth was elected as a Member of Parliament for the Federated Labour Party of British Columbia in 1921. Woodsworth's greatest triumph in life was in 1933, when he founded | 11,177 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
and became leader of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, Canada's first Socialist party, which evolved into today's New Democratic Party.
# Childhood.
The oldest of six children, James Shaver Woodsworth was born in Etobicoke Applewood Farm, near Toronto, Ontario, to Esther Josephine Shaver and James Woodsworth. His father was a Methodist minister, and his strong faith was a powerful factor in shaping his later life. His grandfather, Harold Richard Woodsworth, had opposed William Lyon Mackenzie in the 1837 Rebellions.
# Early ministry.
The Woodsworth family moved to Brandon, Manitoba, in 1882, where his father became a Superintendent of Methodist Missions in western Canada. Following | 11,178 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
in his father's footsteps, J. S. Woodsworth was ordained as a Methodist minister in 1896 and spent two years as a circuit preacher in Manitoba before going to study at Victoria College in the University of Toronto and at Oxford University in England. While studying at Oxford University in 1899, he became interested in social welfare work. During his stay, the Second Boer War broke out, and Woodsworth was immersed in discussions about the moral values of imperialism. In 1902, following his return to Canada, he took a position as minister at Grace Church in Winnipeg, and in 1903, married Lucy Staples.
In this role, he worked with the poor immigrants in Winnipeg and preached a social gospel that | 11,179 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
called for the Kingdom of God "here and now". It was not long, however, before Woodsworth became restless as a minister. He had difficulty accepting Methodist dogma, and questioned the wisdom of the Church's emphasis on individual salvation without considering the social context in which an individual lived. In a statement of explanation presented to the Manitoba Methodist Church Conference in 1907, he cited concerns with matters such as baptism, tests for those entering the Church, and fasting as a religious exercise. He tendered his resignation, but it was refused and he was offered the opportunity to assume the Superintendency of All People's Mission in Winnipeg's North End. For six years | 11,180 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
he worked with the poor and immigrant families, and during this time, he wrote and campaigned for compulsory education, juvenile courts, the construction of playgrounds, and other initiatives in support of social welfare.
# Early social activism.
As a Mission worker, Woodsworth had the opportunity to see first hand the appalling circumstances in which many of his fellow citizens lived, and began writing the first of several books decrying the failure to provide workers with a living wage and arguing for the need to create a more egalitarian and compassionate state. In 1909, his "Strangers Within Our Gates" was published, followed in 1911 by "My Neighbour". In Strangers Within Our Gates, Woodsworth | 11,181 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
elaborated on concerns related to immigration, and expressed sympathy for the difficulties new immigrants to Canada faced but also offered eugenic interpretations of human abilities and worth based on race. The organization of the book reflects Woodsworth's "hierarchy" with early chapters focusing on "Great Britain", "the United States", "Scandinavians," "Germans," and later chapters focusing on the "Italians," "Levantine races," and "Orientals," ending with a chapter titled "the Negro and the Indian" (see table of contents).
Woodsworth left All People's in 1913 to accept an appointment as Secretary of the Canadian Welfare League. During this time he travelled extensively throughout the three | 11,182 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
Canadian prairie provinces, investigating social conditions, and writing and presenting lectures on his findings. By 1914, he had become a socialist and an admirer of the British Labour Party.
In 1916, during World War I, he was asked to support the National Services Registration, better known as "conscription". As church ministers were being asked to preach about the duty of men to serve in the military, Woodsworth decided to publish his objections. As a pacifist, he was morally opposed to the Church being used as a vehicle of recruitment, and was fired from his position with the Bureau of Social Research, where he was working at the time. In 1917, he received his final pastoral posting to | 11,183 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
Gibson's Landing, British Columbia. Woodsworth resigned from the Church in 1918 because of its support of the war. "I thought that as a Christian minister, I was a messenger of the Prince of Peace", he is quoted as saying. His resignation was accepted.
# Political involvement.
Woodsworth and his family remained in British Columbia, where, despite his slight stature, he took work as a stevedore. He joined the union, helped organize the Federated Labour Party of British Columbia, and wrote for a labour newspaper.
In 1919, he set out on a tour of Western Canada, arriving in Winnipeg just as the Winnipeg General Strike was underway. He immediately began presenting addresses at strike meetings. | 11,184 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
When the Royal Canadian Mounted Police charged into a crowd of strikers demonstrating in the centre of Winnipeg, killing one person and injuring 30, Woodsworth led the campaign of protest, and soon became involved in organising the Manitoba Independent Labour Party (ILP).
Woodsworth briefly returned to British Columbia in 1920 to campaign as a Federated Labour Party candidate in Vancouver. He received 7444 votes, but was not elected to the provincial legislature.
He became editor of the "Western Labour News". A week after the editor of the strike bulletin was arrested and charged with seditious libel, Woodsworth found himself in the same position, but was released on bail after five days' | 11,185 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
imprisonment, and the charges were never filed. These events were instrumental in establishing Woodsworth's credentials with the labour movement and in propelling him to a twenty-year tenure in public office. They also affirmed his beliefs in the importance of social activism.
In December 1921, Woodsworth ran for election to the House of Commons in the riding of [electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of Winnipeg Centre (later renamed Winnipeg North Centre) under the banner of the Independent Labour Party on a platform modelled on that of the British Labour Party, with the slogan "Human Needs before Property Rights." He was elected and served until his death. The first bill he proposed concerned | 11,186 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
unemployment insurance and, even though he was informed by the Clerk of the House of Commons that bills involving federal spending had to be presented by the government, he nonetheless continued to press his case for better labour legislation.
He also pursued constitutional reform such as bringing in the Single Transferable Vote system for federal elections. Fourteen years later, the government set up a committee to discuss constitutional reforms (but the First past the post electoral system was not replaced).
Woodsworth was an unflagging advocate for the worker, the farmer, and the immigrant.
In 1929, Woodsworth was a keynote speaker at the annual conference of the Student Christian Movement | 11,187 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
of Canada, a fledgling social justice movement founded in 1921, and inspired Stanley Knowles, then 21, who later became ordained and helped found the New Democratic Party.
Rejecting violent revolution and any association with the new Communist Party of Canada, Woodsworth became a master of parliamentary procedure and used the House of Commons as a public platform. He sat with the Progressive Party of Canada and was a leader of its radical faction, the Ginger Group.
When the Canadian Liberal Party nearly lost the 1925 election, Woodsworth was able to bargain his vote in the House for a promise from the Liberal government to enact an old age pension plan. Introduced in 1927, the plan is the | 11,188 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
cornerstone of Canada's social security system. In 1932, Woodsworth toured Europe as a member of the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva.
# Formation of the CCF.
When the Great Depression struck, Woodsworth and the ILP joined with various other labour and socialist groups in 1932 to found a new socialist party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), with Woodsworth as its first leader. Woodsworth said: "I am convinced that we may develop in Canada a distinctive type of Socialism. I refuse to follow slavishly the British model or the American model or the Russian model. We in Canada will solve our problems along our own lines."
In 1933, the CCF became the official opposition in British | 11,189 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
Columbia and, in 1934, the party achieved the same result in Saskatchewan. In the 1935 election, seven CCF Members of Parliament were elected to the House of Commons and the party captured 8.9 percent of the popular vote. The CCF, however, was never able to seriously challenge Canada's party system, which was then dominated by the Liberals and Conservatives. In particular, the enormous prestige of the long-time Liberal Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, prevented the CCF from displacing the Liberals as the main party of the left, as had happened in Britain, Australia and New Zealand.
In 1939, the majority of CCF members refused to support Woodsworth's opposition to Canada's entry | 11,190 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
into World War II. During the debate on the declaration of war, Mackenzie King said: "There are few men in this Parliament for whom I have greater respect than the leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. I admire him in my heart, because time and again he has had the courage to say what lays on his conscience, regardless of what the world might think of him. A man of that calibre is an ornament to any Parliament."
Nevertheless, Woodsworth was almost alone in his opposition to the war, he was the only Member of Parliament to vote against the bill, and his days as a party leader were over. He was re-elected to the House in 26 March 1940, but suffered a stroke in the fall and, over | 11,191 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
the next 18 months, his health deteriorated. He died in Vancouver, British Columbia in early 1942, and his ashes were scattered in the Strait of Georgia.
Woodsworth's daughter, Grace MacInnis, followed in his footsteps as a CCF politician.
# Woodsworth's legacy.
Woodsworth strongly influenced Canadian social policy, and many of the social concepts he pioneered are represented in contemporary programs such as social assistance, pensions, and medicare, which are deemed to be fundamentally important in Canadian society today. While the party for which he was central founder, today called the New Democratic Party, has largely abandoned Woodsworth's vision of a socialist Canada, Woodsworth's memory | 11,192 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
is still held in great respect within the party as well as across Canada.
Woodsworth College of the University of Toronto, and J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School in Ottawa, Ontario (closed in 2005) are named after him. There is also a housing co-operative in downtown Toronto named after him. There is also a J.S. Woodsworth Senior Public School in Scarborough, Toronto. In Winnipeg a chrome coloured sixteen-story Manitoba provincial office building built in 1973 is named after him. The Ontario Woodsworth Memorial Foundation merged with the Douglas-Coldwell Foundation in 1987.
The Woodsworth home at 60 Maryland Street in Winnipeg, Manitoba is now the location of the Centre for Christian Studies. | 11,193 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
CCS purchased Woodsworth House from the Woodsworth Historical Society in 1998, with a commitment to keep the Woodsworth name and to continue to display photographs of Woodsworth and reminders of his commitment to the social gospel and social justice.
In 2004, a CBC contest rated Woodsworth as the 100th Greatest Canadian of all time.
In October 2010, the town of Gibsons, British Columbia announced that it would be naming a street in a new subdivision after Woodsworth. Woodsworth lived in Gibsons for a short time, beginning in 1917.
# External links.
- Douglas-Coldwell Foundation biography
- Saskatchewan NDP History
- University of Toronto J.S. Woodsworth Tour
- Civilization.ca (now historymuseun.ca) | 11,194 |
511907 | J. S. Woodsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20S.%20Woodsworth | J. S. Woodsworth
he social gospel and social justice.
In 2004, a CBC contest rated Woodsworth as the 100th Greatest Canadian of all time.
In October 2010, the town of Gibsons, British Columbia announced that it would be naming a street in a new subdivision after Woodsworth. Woodsworth lived in Gibsons for a short time, beginning in 1917.
# External links.
- Douglas-Coldwell Foundation biography
- Saskatchewan NDP History
- University of Toronto J.S. Woodsworth Tour
- Civilization.ca (now historymuseun.ca) - The History of Canada's Public Pensions
- Grace MacInnis' personal recollections
- Ontario Plaques - James Shaver Woodsworth 1874-1942
- "Woodsworth, James Shaver" in "The Canadian Encyclopedia" | 11,195 |
511918 | USS O'Hare (DD-889) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O'Hare%20(DD-889) | USS O'Hare (DD-889)
USS O'Hare (DD-889)
USS "O'Hare" (DD/DDR-889) was a of the United States Navy, named for Lieutenant Commander Edward "Butch" O'Hare, Medal of Honor recipient, who was shot down at Tarawa on 27 November 1943.
"O'Hare" was laid down at the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas on 27 January 1945; launched on 22 June 1945, sponsored by Mrs. Selma O'Hare, the mother of Lieutenant Commander O'Hare, and commissioned on 29 November 1945.
# Service history.
## 1946–1963.
In February 1946, following shakedown, "O'Hare" became an active unit of the Navy. After spending 1946 in operations ranging from New Brunswick down to the Florida Keys, she embarked her first group of midshipmen for a | 11,196 |
511918 | USS O'Hare (DD-889) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O'Hare%20(DD-889) | USS O'Hare (DD-889)
cruise to Latin America during the summer of 1947. Departing Norfolk, Virginia, early in May 1948 she sailed to the Mediterranean temporarily serving under the United Nations' flag as an evacuation ship off Haifa, Israel, from 24 June through July, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Several goodwill visits took place before departure for home in September at the conclusion of this first deployment with the Sixth Fleet.
Eight additional such tours of duty, prior to the end of 1962, permitted ship's company to gain a great deal of familiarity with the area. Midshipman cruises and NATO maneuvers added new vistas and dimensions to her training exercises as did several rescue operations. Twice in | 11,197 |
511918 | USS O'Hare (DD-889) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O'Hare%20(DD-889) | USS O'Hare (DD-889)
1952 this destroyer received commendations for her efforts after ships had collided at sea, while in 1957 and again in 1961 aviators from the carriers and respectively were plucked from the sea. Meanwhile, to update and increase her value to the Navy, "O'Hare" was converted during 1953 to a radar picket ship (DDR-889) and in 1958 received installation of the electronic data system. The next major modification, in 1963, a FRAM Mk I overhaul, restored her original designation.
## 1963–1973.
The increasing tempo and scope of the Vietnam War brought "O'Hare" an assignment to WestPac duty. Steaming from Norfolk, on 1 June 1966, she assumed station as a gun support ship along the coast of Vietnam | 11,198 |
511918 | USS O'Hare (DD-889) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20O'Hare%20(DD-889) | USS O'Hare (DD-889)
on 15 July, firing missions in all four Corps areas in the South. "O'Hare" served as plane guard for aircraft carriers on "Yankee Station" in the Gulf of Tonkin, participated in "Sea Dragon" operations, patrolled on search and rescue duties off North Vietnam. "O'Hare" returned home on 17 December via the Suez Canal, completing a circumnavigation of the world. In March 1968, along with from Mayport, "O'Hare" deployed to the Indian Ocean via Africa and made 17 port calls in the Middle East. In January 1969 with Destroyer Squadron 32 (DesRon 32) she again deployed to the Mediterranean.
"O'Hare" deployed to Vietnam on 1 December 1972, remaining on gunfire support duty there until the cease fire | 11,199 |
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