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116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
State University is the largest of the nine schools comprising the state university system in Massachusetts (the five University of Massachusetts campuses are a separate system), with 7,500 undergraduates and 2,500 graduate students; its five campuses encompass and include 33 buildings. The Salem State Foundation hosts an annual lecture series, featuring high-profile speakers from around the world. was originally built in the 1950s and in January 2014 a $18,600,000 project was announced with development.
The university was founded in 1854 as the Salem Normal School (for teacher training) based on the educational principles espoused by Horace Mann, considered to be the "Father of American Public | 11,000 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Education."
Salem State University enrolls over 10,000 undergraduate and graduate students representing 27 states and 57 foreign countries, and is one of the largest state universities in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The university also offers Continuing Education courses for credit or non-credit. Situated on five campuses totaling . Currently, the university houses 2,000 students in its five residence facilities. In 2013 the $74 million, 122,000-square-foot library is going to open on the Salem State University campus. The new library will have more than 150 public computers and 1,000 seats of study space, from tables and desks to lounge chairs scattered throughout the building.
On | 11,001 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
July 28, 2010 Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick signed into law a bill that transforms Salem State College into Salem State University.
Salem State University plans to build a $36 to $42 million dorm for 350 to 400 students. Construction starts in the spring of 2014. In April 2014, Salem State University announced a $25,000,000 fund, and at the time of the announcement, there was already $15,000,000 committed from donations and the money will be used for a variety of things from expanding international study programs, more faculty, brand new computers, scholarships and continued support of professional development for the staff.
## Primary and secondary education.
Public elementary | 11,002 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
schools include the Bates, Carlton, Horace Mann, Nathaniel Bowditch, Saltonstall and Witchcraft Heights schools. Collins Middle School is located on Highland Avenue.
Nathaniel Bowditch School, and Salem High School are located on Wilson Street. Salem Academy Charter School and Bentley Academy Charter School are also public schools. The Bowditch School has grades K-8. Private schools are also located in the city, including two independent, alternative schools, The Phoenix School and the Greenhouse School.
In late 2007 and early 2008, the city's public school system garnered regional and even national attention after officials announced a $4.7 million budget shortfall that threatened the jobs | 11,003 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
of teachers and other staff members. The Massachusetts General Court passed legislation, and residents raised enough money, that averted teacher layoffs. Several dozen support workers were still laid off. Police were investigating what happened to the money in a search for criminal violations of the law.
Salem also once had a very strong Roman Catholic school system. Once home to almost a dozen schools, the last school in the city, St. Joseph School, closed in July 2009 after over 100 years of providing Catholic education. St. James High School, St. Chretienne Academy, St. Chretienne Grammar School and St. Mary's School closed in 1971, St. James Grammar School closed in 1972, St. Thomas the | 11,004 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Apostle School closed in 1973, St. Anne School closed in 1976, St. John the Baptist School closed in 1977 and St. Joseph High School closed in 1980.
# Tourism.
"See also: Chestnut Street District and Salem Maritime National Historic Site"
## Historic homes.
The Pickman House, built circa 1664, abuts the Witch Memorial and Burying Point Cemetery, the second oldest burying ground in the United States.
The Gedney House is a historic house museum built circa 1665 and is the 2nd oldest house in Salem.
One of the most popular houses in Salem is The Witch House, the only structure in Salem with direct ties to the Salem witch trials of 1692. The Witch House is owned and operated by the City of | 11,005 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Salem as a historic house museum.
Hamilton Hall is located on Chestnut Street, where many grand mansions can be traced to the roots of the Old China Trade. Hamilton Hall was built in 1805 by Samuel McIntire and is considered one of his best pieces. It was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1970.
## Witch-related tourism.
In recent years, tourism has been an occasional source of debate in the city, with some residents arguing the city should downplay witch tourism and market itself as a more upscale cultural center. In 2005, the conflict came to a head over plans by the cable television network TV Land to erect a bronze statue of Elizabeth Montgomery, who | 11,006 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
played the comic witch "Samantha" in the 1960s series "Bewitched". A few special episodes of the series were actually filmed in Salem, and TV Land said that the statue commemorated the 35th anniversary of those episodes. The statue was sculpted by StudioEIS under the direction of brothers Elliott and Ivan Schwartz. Many felt the statue was good fun and appropriate to a city that promotes itself as "The Witch City", and contains a street named "Witch Way". Others objected to the use of public property for what was transparently commercial promotion.
There is also a memorial to the victims of the infamous Witch Trials at Proctor's Ledge, the execution site from that time. The memorial is "meant | 11,007 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
to be a place of reflection" for the city, a reminder that we are capable of these things. This according to
## Other tourist attractions.
In 2000, the replica tall ship "Friendship of Salem" was finished and sailed to Salem Harbor, where she sits today. The "Friendship of Salem" is a reconstruction of a three-masted East Indiaman trading ship, originally built in 1797, which traveled the world over a dozen times and returned to Salem after each voyage with goods from all over the world. The original was taken by the British during the War of 1812, then stripped and sold in pieces.
In 2006, with the assistance of a 1.6 million dollar grant and additional funds provided by the City of Salem, | 11,008 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Mayor Driscoll launched "The Nathaniel Bowditch", a 92-foot catamaran with a top speed of 30 knots which makes the trip between Salem and Boston in just under an hour.
- Waterfront redevelopment - The first step in the redevelopment was in 2006, when the State of Massachusetts gave Salem $1,000,000. Bowditch, who was born in Salem and had a home on North Street, is considered the founder of modern maritime navigation. His book, "Bowditch's American Practical Navigator", first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned U.S. naval vessel.
The original "Fame" was a fast Chebacco fishing schooner that was reborn as a privateer when war broke out in the summer of 1812. She | 11,009 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
was arguably the first American privateer to bring home a prize, and she made 20 more captures before being wrecked in the Bay of Fundy in 1814.
The new "Fame" is a full-scale replica of this famous schooner. Framed and planked of white oak and trunnel-fastened in the traditional manner, the replica of Fame was launched in 2003. She is now based at Salem's Pickering Wharf Marina, where she takes the paying public for cruises on Salem Sound.
Salem Harborwalk opened in July 2010 to celebrate the rebirth of the Salem waterfront as a source of recreation for visitors as well as the local community. The walkway extends from the area of the Salem Fire Station to the Salem Waterfront Hotel.
The | 11,010 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Peabody Essex Museum is a leading museum of Asian art and culture and early American maritime trade and whaling; its collections of Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese art, and in particular Chinese export porcelain, are among the finest in the country. Founded in 1799, it is the oldest continuously operating museum in the United States. The museum owns and exhibits a number of historic houses in downtown Salem. In 2003, it completed a massive $100 million renovation and expansion, designed by architect Moshe Safdie, and moved a 200-year-old 16-room Chinese home from Xiuning County in southeastern China to the grounds of the museum.
In 2011, the Peabody Essex Museum announced it had raised | 11,011 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
$550 million with plans to raise an additional $100 million by 2016. The Boston Globe reported this was the largest capital campaign in the museum's history vaulting the Peabody Essex into the top tier of major art museums. The Peabody Essex Museum trustees co-chairs Sam Byrne and Sean Healey with board president Robert Shapiro led the campaign.$200 to $250 million will fund the museum's 175,000-square-foot expansion bringing the total square footage to 425,000 square feet.
The Misery Islands is a nature reserve located in Salem Sound that was established in 1935. It is managed by the Trustees of Reservations. The islands' name come from shipbuilder Robert Moulton who was stranded on the islands | 11,012 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
during a winter storm in the 1620s. The islands, in the past, have been home to a club with a golf course and about two dozen cottages. The islands are now uninhabited.
The Pioneer Village, created in 1930, was America's first living-history museum. The site features a three-acre re-creation of a Puritan village and allows visitors the opportunity to participate in activities from the lives of Salem's earliest English settlers.
The Old Salem Jail, an active correctional facility until 1991, once housed captured British soldiers from the War of 1812. It contains the main jail building (built in 1813, renovated in 1884), the jail keeper's house (1813) and a barn (also about 1813). The jail was | 11,013 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
shuttered in 1991 when Essex County opened its new facility in Middleton. In 2010, a $12 million renovation was completed. One feature of the reconstruction is the jail keeper's house, a three-story brick, Federal-period building originally built in 1813. The project went into a long phase of stagnation when in 1999 the county government was dissolved, resulting in the sale of Salem Jail by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to the City of Salem for $1. The Old Salem Jail complex was renamed 50 Saint Peter Street and is now private property, with private residences.
Salem Willows is an oceanfront neighborhood and amusement park. It is named for the European white willow trees planted there in | 11,014 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
1801 to form a shaded walk for patients convalescing at a nearby smallpox hospital. The area became a public park in 1858, and in the twentieth century became a summer destination for residents of Boston's North Shore, many of whom escaped the heat of the city on newly popular streetcars. The beaches are also a common place to watch the 4th of July fireworks since you can see three sets of fireworks; Salem, Beverly, and Marblehead. The Willows also has a famous popcorn stand, Hobbs, which is known around the North Shore as one of the best places to get popcorn and ice cream.
In 1855, located on 210 Essex Street, was founded the Salem Five Cents Bank, one of the oldest still functioning American | 11,015 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
banks.
# Points of interest.
- Crowninshield-Bentley House (c. 1727–30)
- Gedney House (c. 1665), one of the oldest homes in Salem; located on High Street and Summer Street
- House of the Seven Gables (1668)
- John Tucker Daland House (1851)
- Joseph Story House
- White-Lord House (1811) 31 Washington Square
- Gardner-Pingree House (1804) Built by Samuel McIntire. Owned by Captain Joseph White who was murdered in the home in 1830 by his nephew Stephen White.
- Chestnut Street District, also known as the McIntire Historic District, greatest concentration of 17th and 18th century domestic structures in the U.S.
- First Church in Salem, Unitarian Universalist, founded in 1629.
- John | 11,016 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Hodges House (1788) Built for the founder of the Salem East India Marine Society who founded what is now the Peabody Essex Museum.
- Derby House (1762) First brick house built in Salem after another man had died of a cold who lived in a brick home. Home of America's first millionaire ranked the 10th richest in history.
- Misery Islands
- Nathaniel Bowditch House (c. 1805), home of the founder of modern navigation
- Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace (c. 1730–45)
- Peabody Essex Museum (1799), oldest continually operated museum in America
- Phillips Library
- Pickering House (c. 1651), Broad Street
- Pioneer Village (c. 1930), Forest River Park
- Ropes Mansion (late 1720s)
- Salem Athenaeum
- | 11,017 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Salem Common
- Salem Maritime National Historic Site, the only remaining intact waterfront from the U.S. age of sail
- Salem Willows Park (1858), a small oceanfront amusement park
- Stephen Phillips House (1800 & 1821)
- Winter Island, park and historic point of the U.S. Coast Guard in WW2 for U-boat patrol
- The Witch House, the home of the Salem witch trials investigator Jonathan Corwin, and the only building still standing in Salem with direct ties to the witch trials
# Notable people.
- Nehemiah Adams (1806–1878), clergyman and author
- Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), inventor of the telephone
- Frank Weston Benson (1862–1951), impressionist artist
- John Prentiss Benson (1865–1947), | 11,018 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
architect and maritime artist
- William Bentley (1759–1819), Unitarian minister, Salem diarist
- Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838), mathematician and navigator; Nathaniel Bowditch School is named in his honor
- Rick Brunson, NBA player and coach
- William Mansfield Buffum (1832-1905), member of Arizona Territorial Legislature
- Timothy Burgess, entomologist and zoologist
- Laurie Cabot, Witchcraft high priestess and author
- Robert Ellis Cahill (1934–2005), sheriff, historian and author
- Joseph Hodges Choate (1832-1917), lawyer and diplomat
- Roger Conant (c.1592–1679), founder of Salem
- Crowninshield family, Boston Brahmins who later helped settle Salem
- Frederick M. Davenport (1866-1956), | 11,019 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
US Congressman
- Elias Hasket Derby (1739–1799), merchant, first millionaire
- Elias Hasket Derby Jr. (1766-1826) General of Second Corp Cadets, Engineer of extending the smuggling tunnels in Salem, inventor of first broadcloth loom in America
- Joseph Dixon (1799–1869) Inventor of the SLR, high temperature crucibles, the Dixon-Ticonderoga Pencil, and anti-counterfeiting methods.
- Joseph Horace Eaton (1815–1896), artist and military officer
- Ephraim Emerton (1851–1935), medievalist historian and Harvard chair
- John Endecott (1588–1665), governor
- Thomas Gardner (c.1592–1674), co-founder of Salem
- John Hathorne (1641–1717), the "Hanging Judge" in Salem witch trials
- William Hathorne | 11,020 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
(c. 1576–1650), early businessman and political leader
- Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864), iconic author of "The Scarlet Letter" and "The House of the Seven Gables"
- Mary Tileston Hemenway (1820 – 1894) Sponsor of the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition.
- Harriet Lawrence Hemenway (1858–1960) Founder of Massachusetts Audubon Society.
- Jeff Juden, Major League Baseball pitcher
- Frederick W. Lander (1821–1862), Civil War general, wagon trail and railroad surveyor, poet
- John Larch (1914–2005), actor
- Dudley Leavitt (1720–1762), early Harvard-educated Congregational minister, Leavitt Street named for him
- Mary Lou Lord, singer-songwriter; grew up in Salem
- Samuel McIntire | 11,021 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
(1757–1811), architect and woodcarver
- Rob Oppenheim (born 1980), professional golfer
- Charles Grafton Page (1812–1868), electrical inventor
- George Swinnerton Parker (1866–1952), founder of Parker Brothers
- Samuel Parris (1653–1720), minister
- Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880), mathematician and logician, director of U.S. Coast Survey from 1867–74
- Jerathmiel Peirce (1747-1827), half-owner of the Friendship of Salem and owner of the Peirce-Nichols House
- Annie Stevens Perkins (born 1868), writer
- Thomas Handasyd Perkins Haitian slave trader up to Slave Revolt, opium dealer, owned Perkins & Co.
- Samuel Phillips (1690–1771), first pastor of the South Church in Andover.
- Timothy | 11,022 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
Pickering (1745–1829), secretary of state to Washington and Adams, aide de camp to Washington
- Benjamin Pickman, Jr. (1763–1843), early Salem merchant for whom Pickman Street is named
- Dudley Leavitt Pickman (1779–1846), state legislator
- Ernest R. Redmond (1883-1966), Army officer and Chief of National Guard; educated in Salem and became real estate agent; served on Mexican border in 1916 during Pancho Villa Expedition
- Sarah Parker Remond (1826–1894), abolitionist
- Aaron Richmond (1895–1965), impresario and artist manager
- Brian St. Pierre, quarterback, Boston College and NFL
- Samuel Sewall (1652–1730), magistrate
- Samuel Skelton (c. 1584–1634), first pastor of First Church | 11,023 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
in Salem, original Puritan church in North America
- Joseph Story (September 18, 1779 – September 10, 1845) Associate Superior Court Justice
- Steve Thomas, former host of PBS's "This Old House"
- Lydia Louisa Anna Very (1823–1901), American author and illustrator
- Bob Vila, craftsman
- Thomas A. Watson (1854-1934), assistant to Alexander Graham Bell; his name was the first phrase ever uttered over a telephone
- Daniel Webster, politician and orator
- Jack Welch, former chairman and CEO of General Electric; grew up in Salem and attended Salem High School
- Roger Williams (1603–1683), theologian
# Sister cities.
- - Oroville, California (United States) 2007
- - Ōta, Tokyo (Japan) | 11,024 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
1991
# References.
- Perley, Sidney. History of Salem, Massachusetts in Three Volumes. Full images at University of Virginia eText Center and the Salem Witch Trial Documentary Archive and Transcription Project.
- 1795 Map of Salem.
- Saunders, Jonathan P. 1832 Map of Salem.
- Beer, D.G. 1872 Atlas of Essex County Map of Salem. Plate 118.
- Walker, George H. 1884 Atlas of Essex County Salem South. Plate 16. Salem-Jail-to-hold-first-open-houseSalem North. Plate 17.
- Various Salem Atlases.
- Hopkins, C.M. Atlas of Salem, Massachusetts. Published in 1874.
- Sanborn Map Co. Map of Salem Showing Area Destroyed by Fire June 25, 1914.
- Atlas of Salem for 1890-1903 Index Map. Page selection.
- | 11,025 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
1897 Atlas of Salem Massachusetts Index Map.
- Walker. 1911 Atlas of Salem, Massachusetts.
- Salem 1906-1938 Index or Key Map.
- Vital Records of Salem, Massachusetts to 1849. Published 1916, 1918, 1924, 1925. Transcribed and put online by John Slaugher.
# Further reading.
- Goff, John, "Looking at Salem's beginnings: The White and Gardner family contributions", "Salem Gazette", GateHouse News Service story, December 29, 2007
- National Park Service, "Salem Maritime Salem Maritime National Historic Site: Official Map and Guide", United States Department of the Interior
- Smith-Dalton, Maggi (Salem History Society) "Stories & shadows from Salem's past : Naumkeag notations,"American Chronicles | 11,026 |
116759 | Salem, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem,%20Massachusetts | Salem, Massachusetts
istoric Site: Official Map and Guide", United States Department of the Interior
- Smith-Dalton, Maggi (Salem History Society) "Stories & shadows from Salem's past : Naumkeag notations,"American Chronicles Series, Charleston, SC : History Press, 2010.https://www.worldcat.org/title/stories-shadows-from-salems-past-naumkeag-notations/oclc/642511300&referer=brief_results
- Vickers, Daniel, and Vince Walsh. "Young men and the sea: The sociology of seafaring in eighteenth‐century Salem, Massachusetts," "Social history" (1999) 24#1 pp: 17-38.
- Wagner, E.J., "A Murder in Salem", "Smithsonian" magazine, November 2010
# External links.
- salemweb.com
- salemwomenshistory.com
- The Cabot Family | 11,027 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
Hampden, Massachusetts
Hampden is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 5,139 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The namesake of Hampden is John Hampden, an English patriot.
# Overview.
Hampden is a small, New England town in Western Massachusetts. It is, for the most part, a commuter town. The town is home to businesses such as Village Food Mart, Monson Savings Bank, La Cucina Restaurant, It's All About Me, Bilton's Farm Market, Compusign, Mountain View Restaurant, and Reid's Corner.
# History.
The Hampden-Wilbraham region was once known as Minnechaug ("berry land" or "berry hill") to the Nipmuc | 11,028 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
Indians. They sold it to William Pynchon of Springfield in 1674, and the area then became known as Springfield Mountain, but it was not settled (as South Wilbraham) until about 1741. The first European settlers were the Stebbins and Hitchcock families. The first sawmill was erected on the Scantic in the vicinity of the V.F.W. building.
The "Rattlesnake Incident of 1761" is thought to have occurred on farmland in what is now Hampden on August 7 of that year, when 22-year-old Timothy Merrick was killed by a snakebite while mowing his father's field — an event immortalized by "On Springfield Mountain", among the earliest ballads ever written in North America, and the basis for the modern folk | 11,029 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
song "Rattlesnake Mountain".
The settlement was built on the banks of the Scantic River. The first grist and saw mills required the waters of the Scantic to provide them with power. Since their businesses had to be near the river, so also did the owners need to be close to their mills. So many of the earliest homes were built bordering the river or its tributaries.
During the first hundred years as South Wilbraham, Hampden was an agricultural town with Wilbraham as the "mother" town.
At the time of separation from Wilbraham in 1878, industries were becoming active in Hampden. There is every evidence that Hampden could have well turned into one of the many New England factory or industrial | 11,030 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
towns.
Several factors, however, changed the destiny of the town. The lack of transportation to deliver the materials manufactured was probably the greatest deterrent. When the proposed railroad from Stafford to Springfield failed, quarries and mills were forced to use limited facilities, thereby slowing the delivery of goods.
Fires leveled some of the largest mills — the Lacowsic in 1892, the Ravine in 1904 — and with the lack of marketing, other businesses failed. The advent of automobiles enabled men to find occupations outside of the town. By 1906, the population was half what it had been a decade earlier.
There was then the trend back to agriculture, with many orchards developed throughout | 11,031 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
the area, with the herds of milk-producing cows, and with farmers growing their many crops.
At about this time, numerous summer type vacation homes were built for Springfield residents who vacationed in Hampden. From these, many year-round homes developed.
Now the mills and quarries, orchards and cows are about gone, and Hampden has become a residential town.
Hampden erected one of the first World War One monuments, only months after the conclusion of the War, in January 1920, which still stands on the village green.
H.P. Lovecraft's experience traveling through Hampden inspired his 1928 supernatural horror story "The Dunwich Horror". The fictional town of Dunwich is based on Hampden and | 11,032 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
the surrounding area.
In August 1955, Hampden was hit by Hurricane Diane. Flooding was the major damage. Most bridges were washed away.
Since 2000, Hampden residents have acquired over of open space and park land, including the peak of Minnechaug Mountain, one of the higher hills in town. A trailhead and parking lot on South Road was created. Minnechaug Mountain trails can also be accessed from Old Coach Road, and, except for the fall Turkey Shoot season, from the VFW parking lot on Main St.
In September 2004, an arson fire hit Laughing Brook Wildlife Sanctuary (located on Main Street in Hampden). The building was dedicated to author Thornton Burgess after his death. The headquarters building | 11,033 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
was burnt down, but original Burgess' home on the property was untouched by the fire, and still stands.
After a week of rain and an extremely hard rain on the early morning of October 9, 2005, the Scantic River and many of its tributaries overflowed their banks. Many homes, and businesses were flooded. The VFW bridge was washed away.
# Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and 0.05% is water. Hampden is located at the eastern edge of the Connecticut River Valley. Hills rise up to over above sea level, from the valley elevation of . The highest peaks are Pine Mt. and Rattlesnake Peak, both at . The town has no large bodies | 11,034 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
of water, but has several brooks which eventually drain into the Connecticut River.
Hampden is located on the Connecticut border, just north of Tolland County. It is bordered on the north by Wilbraham, on the east by Monson, on the south by Stafford, Connecticut and Somers, Connecticut, and on the west by East Longmeadow. From the town's center, Hampden is southeast of downtown Springfield, north-northeast of Hartford, Connecticut and west-southwest of Boston.
## Transportation.
Hampden is one of sixteen towns in Massachusetts that has no numbered highways or state routes. Of these, half are on islands, and one is the North Shore town of Nahant. Of the rest, Hampden is the easternmost town | 11,035 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
to have this distinction. The town does not have stoplights. The nearest state route, Route 83, misses the town by less than a tenth of a mile. The town lies south of two exits of Interstate 90, and approximately east of Interstate 91. There are no means of mass transportation in the town. The nearest rail service is in Springfield, and the nearest national air service is at Bradley International Airport in Connecticut.
## Climate.
Winters are variable, sometimes fairly mild, with days in the 30s, and sometimes rather cold. A record cold temperature of -40 degrees Fahrenheit (-40 °C) was recorded at the Hampden Post Office, and at other points in the village of Hampden, on an early morning | 11,036 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
in January, 1960. In late July, 2006, the temperature reached 100 degrees on a hot afternoon. These are the known recent extremes of temperature in Hampden. On March 14, 1995, after several snowstorms and little melting, a snow depth of 28" was recorded. However, some winters there is little snow. In the summer there are hot and humid periods, which alternate with warm and dry periods.
# Demographics.
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,109 people, 1,887 households, and 1,467 families residing in the town. The population density was 260.7 people per square mile (100.64/km²). There were 1,937 housing units at an average density of 98.82 per square mile (38.16/km²). The racial makeup of the | 11,037 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
town was 96.70% White, 0.50% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population.
There were 1,887 households out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.3% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the town, the population was spread out with 23.7% | 11,038 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 18.1% from 25 to 44, 35.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.1 years.
The median income for a household in the town was $81,130, and the median income for a family was $86,848.
According to the 2000 Census, males had a median income of $49,320 versus $30,870 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,690. About 1.4% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.
# Government.
Hampden's government consists of various elected and appointed boards. There is a three-member Board of Selectmen/Board of | 11,039 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
Health, Planning Board, Conservation Committee, Board of Assessors, Park and Recreation Board, and various other boards and committees common to town governments throughout New England. Hampden's Board of Selectmen is currently composed of Selectman chair John Flynn and Selectman Don Davenport, who is also the chair of the Board of Health.
# Library.
The Hampden Public Library opened in 1891. For a short time in 2005 and 2006, the town library and senior center were closed down after budget increases were voted for the school district within the main budget, but the existing library and senior center funding was put on a property tax increase override vote, which failed. Because of this, although | 11,040 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
residents could read and research at neighboring libraries, town residents could no longer borrow books from many libraries in other towns. The library and senior center were reopened in the summer of 2006. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Hampden spent 0.85% ($76,862) of its budget on its public library—some $14 per person.
# Education.
Green Meadows Elementary School opened in 1956. In 1956, Hampden joined with the neighboring town of Wilbraham in a unified school district for grades 9-12. The two towns built Minnechaug Regional High School in Wilbraham, which opened in 1959. Thorton W. Burgess Middle School was built in 1967, and in 2018, was shut down due to decreased enrollment.
# Places | 11,041 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
of worship.
Hampden has three churches of the following faiths: Baptist, Roman Catholic, and Federated which is the (combined United Church of Christ, Congregational and United Methodist).
The Roman Catholic church is named St.Mary's. The Baptist Church is named Bethlehem Church and has particularly grown in attendance in recent years, and moved to a new location. The Federated church is named Federated Community Church.
# Notable people.
- Jack Arute, racing announcer and host on SiriusXM
- Thornton W. Burgess, Conservationist and Author
- Albert Payson Terhune, author and journalist
# See also.
- Great Hampden
# Points of interest.
- The former site of Laughing Brook Wildlife Sanctuary, | 11,042 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
which was home of author Thornton Burgess.
- Minnechaug Mountain: Hiking trails and nature walks on a town owned reserve. Parking at the trailhead on South Rd.
- Algonquin Trail: Also known as the old "Boy Scout Trail", or the "Ridge Trail", it traverses the town from north to south. Goes through the Minnechaug Mtn. reserve. It is fragmented in some areas, but as of 2008, it is being marked and improved, and should connect with other regional trail systems through the towns of Wilbraham, MA, and Somers, CT, sometime in the future.
- Mountain View (also known as Snappy's, Sullivan's, and Sully's): A popular restaurant to Hampden and Springfield area residents during the summer (also in late | 11,043 |
116798 | Hampden, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampden,%20Massachusetts | Hampden, Massachusetts
ct with other regional trail systems through the towns of Wilbraham, MA, and Somers, CT, sometime in the future.
- Mountain View (also known as Snappy's, Sullivan's, and Sully's): A popular restaurant to Hampden and Springfield area residents during the summer (also in late spring). It includes an indoor diner and an outdoor order window, complete with picnic tables.
- Hollow Road: A notorious, thought-to-be haunted road between Hampden and the neighboring town of Wilbraham, MA. The road is closed on the Wilbraham side.
- Rock-A-Dundee Road: An allegedly haunted road. The road has long been the setting of numerous local urban legends and ghost stories
# External links.
- Town of Hampden | 11,044 |
511889 | Lake Abaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Abaya | Lake Abaya
Lake Abaya
Lake Abaya (Abaya Hayk in Amharic) is a lake in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It is located in the Main Ethiopian Rift, east of the Guge Mountains.
The town of Arba Minch lies on its southwestern shore, and the southern shores are part of the Nechisar National Park. Just to the south is Lake Chamo. Savanna, known for its wildlife and birdlife, surrounds the lake, which is also fished by local people. According to the Ethiopian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 412 tonnes of fish are landed each year, which the department estimates is 69% of its sustainable amount.
Lake Abaya is 60 kilometers long and 20 wide, with a surface area of | 11,045 |
511889 | Lake Abaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Abaya | Lake Abaya
1162 square kilometers. There are a number of islands in this lake, the largest being Aruro; others include Gidicho, Welege, Galmaka, and Alkali. The lake is red due to a high load of suspended sediments.
The lake is fed by three medium-sized rivers. First there is the Bilate which rises on the southern slopes of Mount Gurage, then runs mostly southward to drain into Lake Abaya at its northern shore. Second, there is the Gidabo, which rises on the western slopes of the Bale Mountains, then also runs mostly southwards to drain into Lake Abaya at its northeastern tip after having passed the Gidabo flood plains. A third river is the Gelana, which rises at the western escarpment of the Rift Valley | 11,046 |
511889 | Lake Abaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Abaya | Lake Abaya
northwest of Bule Hora Town. Tributary streams also rise on the eastern and northern slopes of the Amaro Mountains. The Gelana then flows northwards through the "Gelana Graben" in the middle between both mountain ranges before it enters the Bore swamps and finally drains on the eastern side into the lake.
The only outflow of the lake is through the lower reaches of Kulfo River directly below an alluvial fan at an elevation of 1,190 m (at ). The riverbed acts as an spillway in the case of high lake levels and discharges the excess water into Lake Chamo. Usually, the lake level oscillates somewhat, in 2017 it was at 1,175 m, 15 m below the overflow level. In the last 50 years, the lake level | 11,047 |
511889 | Lake Abaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Abaya | Lake Abaya
vel oscillates somewhat, in 2017 it was at 1,175 m, 15 m below the overflow level. In the last 50 years, the lake level oscillated only ±1.5 m around a mean value which is well below the overflow level. Consequently, the maximum depth of the lake changes only slightly from year to year, in the year 2002 the lake had a maximum depth of 13.1 meters.
In 1896 Lake Abaya was renamed "Lake Margherita" after the Queen Margherita of Savoy, wife of King Humbert I of Italy by the Italian explorer Vittorio Bottego who first explored the region. The name "Lake Margherita" (Lago Margherita) is still used in Italy.
# See also.
- Rift Valley lakes
# External links.
- ILEC database entry for Lake Abaya | 11,048 |
511892 | Gerrit P. Judd | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit%20P.%20Judd | Gerrit P. Judd
Gerrit P. Judd
Gerrit Parmele Judd (April 23, 1803 – July 12, 1873) was an American physician and missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaii who later renounced his American citizenship and became a trusted advisor and cabinet minister to King Kamehameha III.
# Life.
Judd was born April 23, 1803 in Paris, Oneida County, New York, the son of Elnathan Judd and his wife Betsey Hastings. On his mother's side, he was descended from Thomas Hastings, who came from the East Anglian area of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634.
He was educated as a physician at the medical college in Fairfield, New York. He married Laura Fish (1804–1872) on September 20, 1827 in Clinton, Oneida County, New York.
The | 11,049 |
511892 | Gerrit P. Judd | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit%20P.%20Judd | Gerrit P. Judd
couple sailed to Hawaii (then known as the 'Sandwich Islands') that same year, on the ship "Parthian", the third company from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
He was assigned to the mission at Honolulu on the island of Oahu, as a missionary physician, and continued in that employment fifteen years.
# Work.
In 1842 he resigned from the mission and became an advisor and translator to King Kamehameha III.
He also became involved in the civil concerns of the islands, and was the King’s Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 1843 to March 1845, Minister of Interior from March 1845 to February 1846, Minister of Finance from April 1846 to September 1853, and in the House | 11,050 |
511892 | Gerrit P. Judd | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit%20P.%20Judd | Gerrit P. Judd
of Representatives from 1858 to 1859. He was commissioned in 1849 as Minister Plenipotentiary to England, France and the United States.
He was one of the founders of the Punahou School for children of the missionaries in 1841. He founded Hawaii's first medical school in 1870, and was the author of one of the first medical texts written in Hawaiian, "Anatomia : he palapala ia e hoike ai i ke ano o ko ke kanaka kino", in 1838.
In 1850 Judd purchased from King Kamehameha the land which became the Kualoa Ranch on the Windward Coast of Oahu. His descendants still own and operate the ranch today.
Judd died July 12, 1873 in Honolulu and was buried in the Oahu Cemetery.
# Legacy.
They had nine | 11,051 |
511892 | Gerrit P. Judd | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit%20P.%20Judd | Gerrit P. Judd
children:
- 1. Gerrit Parmele II born March 8, 1829, died November 13, 1839, buried in Oahu Cemetery.
- 2. Elizabeth Kinau born July 5, 1831 died August 9, 1918. Married September 29, 1857 to Samuel Gardner Wilder (1831–1888) from Leominster, Massachusetts, six children.
- 3. Helen Seymour born August 27, 1833 and died April 2, 1911.
- 4. Charles Hastings born September 8, 1835 (twin) died April 18, 1890. Married November 1, 1859 to Emily Catherine Cutts (1840–1921), four children. Worked in the Guano and farming businesses, and held several posts in the Kingdom.
- 5. Laura Fish born September 8, 1835 (twin) died November 22, 1888 at San Francisco, California. Married February 22, 1861 | 11,052 |
511892 | Gerrit P. Judd | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit%20P.%20Judd | Gerrit P. Judd
to Joshua Gill Dickson (1830–1880), four children.
- 6. Albert Francis born January 7, 1838 died May 20, 1900. Married April 4, 1872 to Agnes Hall Boyd (1844–1934) nine children. Last child Lawrence M. Judd became Governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1929–1934.
- 7. Alan Wilkes born April 20, 1840 and died March 26, 1875.
- 8. Sybil Augusta born March 16, 1843 and died September 10, 1906. Married February 27, 1862 to Henry Alpheus Peirce Carter (1837–1891), seven children. Son Charles Lunt was a member of the Committee of Safety, and son George Robert was Governor of the Territory of Hawaii (1903–1907).
- 9. Juliet Isabelle born March 28, 1846 and died June 27, 1857.
Judd's life was the | 11,053 |
511892 | Gerrit P. Judd | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit%20P.%20Judd | Gerrit P. Judd
basis of the novel "The White King". A biography, "Dr. Judd, Hawaii’s Friend" which was written by his great-grandson Gerrit P. Judd IV (1915–1971) and published in 1960. His papers were kept under restricted access at the Bishop Museum until his great-grandson Albert Francis Judd III died in 2006.
# Further reading.
- Buckminster, Lydia N.H., The Hastings Memorial, A Genealogical Account of the Descendants of Thomas Hastings of Watertown, Mass. from 1634 to 1864, Boston: Samuel G. Drake Publisher (an undated NEHGS photoduplicate of the 1866 edition).
- Judd IV, Gerrit P., Dr. Judd, Hawaii's friend, A biography of Gerrit Parmele Judd (1803–1873), Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1960.
# | 11,054 |
511892 | Gerrit P. Judd | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit%20P.%20Judd | Gerrit P. Judd
awaii’s Friend" which was written by his great-grandson Gerrit P. Judd IV (1915–1971) and published in 1960. His papers were kept under restricted access at the Bishop Museum until his great-grandson Albert Francis Judd III died in 2006.
# Further reading.
- Buckminster, Lydia N.H., The Hastings Memorial, A Genealogical Account of the Descendants of Thomas Hastings of Watertown, Mass. from 1634 to 1864, Boston: Samuel G. Drake Publisher (an undated NEHGS photoduplicate of the 1866 edition).
- Judd IV, Gerrit P., Dr. Judd, Hawaii's friend, A biography of Gerrit Parmele Judd (1803–1873), Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1960.
# External links.
- Descendants of Thomas Hastings website | 11,055 |
511893 | John McCarthy (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20McCarthy%20(journalist) | John McCarthy (journalist)
John McCarthy (journalist)
John Patrick McCarthy (born 27 November 1956) is a British journalist, writer and broadcaster, and one of the hostages in the Lebanon hostage crisis. McCarthy was the United Kingdom's longest-held hostage in Lebanon, where he was a prisoner for more than five years.
# Career.
He attended Lochinver House School, then Haileybury College, Hertfordshire, and read American Studies at the University of Hull.
McCarthy was a journalist working for United Press International Television News at the time of his kidnap by Islamic Jihad terrorists in Lebanon in April 1986, and was held in captivity until his release on 8 August 1991. He shared a cell with the Irish hostage Brian | 11,056 |
511893 | John McCarthy (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20McCarthy%20(journalist) | John McCarthy (journalist)
Keenan for several years. While a prisoner, he learned that his girlfriend, Jill Morrell, was actively campaigning for his release, launching a group called "Friends of John McCarthy".
By the time of McCarthy's release, his mother Sheila had died of cancer, unaware of his fate. Following his release, he co-authored, with Jill Morrell, a memoir of his years in captivity, entitled "Some Other Rainbow". Their relationship ended four years later, and he later married Anna Ottewill, a photographer, and they have a daughter.
In 1995 John McCarthy sailed around the coast of Britain with Sandi Toksvig, making a BBC documentary TV series and a book of the experience. McCarthy had attended university | 11,057 |
511893 | John McCarthy (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20McCarthy%20(journalist) | John McCarthy (journalist)
with Toksvig's brother, Nick. He co-presented the BBC Radio 4 programme "Excess Baggage", also with Sandi Toksvig. On 29 March 2014, McCarthy hosted the ceremony for the "I Do To Equal Marriage" event which celebrated the introduction of same-sex marriage in England and Wales. Toksvig renewed her vows to her civil partner at the event.
# Honours and affiliations.
He is Patron of Freedom from Torture (formerly the Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture), and has been awarded an Honorary D.Litt from his "alma mater", the University of Hull where a students' union bar (now an ice cream ‘parlour’) is named after him.
He was appointed a CBE in 1992.
# Media references.
- The set | 11,058 |
511893 | John McCarthy (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20McCarthy%20(journalist) | John McCarthy (journalist)
of Series 1 of "Drop the Dead Donkey", first aired in 1990, included a copy of a "Wanted" poster with McCarthy's photograph released during the campaign on his behalf. It is displayed on the wall in the news room and is frequently in shot, but not mentioned in the programme.
- The 1993 HBO film "Hostages", starring Colin Firth as McCarthy, was a fictionalised account of the Lebanon hostage crisis.
- A critically acclaimed film version of the two men's kidnapping and incarceration was made in 2003. Titled "Blind Flight", the British film was directed by John Furse starring Ian Hart as Keenan and Linus Roache as McCarthy.
- In 2006 McCarthy collaborated with the composer Adam Gorb and the librettist | 11,059 |
511893 | John McCarthy (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20McCarthy%20(journalist) | John McCarthy (journalist)
Ben Kaye to create "Thoughts Scribbled on a Blank Wall", an exploration of the mental torture he underwent during his long incarceration. Commissioned by JAM (John Armitage Memorial), the work premiered in Fleet Street to critical acclaim in 2007 and was described by BBC Radio 3's Sean Rafferty as "Powerful stuff. A protest Cantata, the first of a genre." "Thoughts Scribbled on a Blank Wall" was scheduled for CD release in 2011.
- The Stiff Little Fingers song "Beirut Moon" was inspired by McCarthy's ordeal. It criticised the government for not acting to free him and was subsequently withdrawn from sale.
- A major Sky Arts series, "Art of Faith", presented by McCarthy, was broadcast in 2008. | 11,060 |
511893 | John McCarthy (journalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20McCarthy%20(journalist) | John McCarthy (journalist)
jor Sky Arts series, "Art of Faith", presented by McCarthy, was broadcast in 2008. The series, produced by Illuminations, was an exploration of the art and architecture of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. In 2009, production of a follow up series of "Art of Faith" began, featuring Buddhism, Hinduism and religions of the Tao.
# Books.
## Books about McCarthy.
- "An Evil Cradling"; by Brian Keenan (McCarthy is a main character) Penguin Books
# See also.
- Le Commodore Hotel Beirut
- Lebanese Civil War
- Lebanon hostage crisis
- Terry Waite
# External links.
- BBC: Beirut hostage John McCarthy freed
- John McCarthy Official Website Corporate Speaking
- Bio at Jeremy Hicks Associates | 11,061 |
511901 | IBM 1442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM%201442 | IBM 1442
IBM 1442
IBM 1442 was a combination IBM card reader and card punch. It read and punched 80-column IBM-format punched cards and was used on the IBM 1440, the IBM 1130, the IBM 1800 and System/360 and was an option on the IBM System/3.
# Overview.
The 1442 could read up to 400 cards per minute. Cards were read and punched one column at a time and binary cards were permitted. Cards were read using photocells, illuminated by fiber optics, unlike the IBM 1402, which still used wire brushes to read cards. It was even possible to create (but not read, except in Binary Mode) "IBM Doilies," cards with every possible hole punched. Few other pieces of IBM equipment could do this without sustaining damage.
There | 11,062 |
511901 | IBM 1442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM%201442 | IBM 1442
were two output hoppers, or stackers, located in the photo on the left lower side. One could program to select the output hopper for each card read, so it was possible to read cards and separate them into two groups. Cards were placed in the top hopper ("face down, nine-edge leading") and a plate was added on the top of the cards. They were read thru and came out to one of the left lower hoppers.
The 1442 did not print on the top of the cards; it just punched what characters the columns contained. An older unit record machine, the IBM 557 interpreter, could be used off-line for this function.
# Models.
Not all models had both read and punch features.
## Reader/Punch models.
- The 1442 Model | 11,063 |
511901 | IBM 1442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM%201442 | IBM 1442
1 read cards at 80 cards per minute (cpm) and punched at 50 to 270 cpm, depending on the number of columns punched. One stacker was standard and a second was optional.
- The 1442 Model 2 read cards at 400 cpm and punched from 91 to 360 cpm. Two stackers were standard.
- The 1442 Model 6 attached to an IBM System/3 or IBM 1130, read 300 cpm and punched 80 columns per second.
- The 1442 Model 7 attached to an IBM System/3 or IBM 1130, read 400 cpm and punched 180 columns per second.
## Reader models.
The following units were not designed to punch cards:
- The 1442 Model 3 attached to an IBM 1410 or IBM 7010 computer system. It read cards at 400 cpm. The punch speed was not specified. One | 11,064 |
511901 | IBM 1442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM%201442 | IBM 1442
stacker was standard on the Model 3.
- The 1442 Model 4 attached to an IBM 1440 computer system. It read cards at 400 cpm, and, like the Model 3, had no punch feature.
## Punch only.
- The 1442 Model 5 was a punch-only device that attached to an IBM 2922 Programmable Terminal. It had one stacker and could punch at a maximum rate of 91 cpm.
# 2501/1442 combination.
The 1442 has two weaknesses for those wanting more throughput:
- Maximum input speed is 400 cards per minute
- The 1442 needs attention for every column of data.
By combining the higher speed IBM 2501 card reader and a punch-only IBM 1442, the 1442's limitations are overcome:
- faster input
- the 2501 is buffered/doesn't | 11,065 |
511901 | IBM 1442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM%201442 | IBM 1442
a maximum rate of 91 cpm.
# 2501/1442 combination.
The 1442 has two weaknesses for those wanting more throughput:
- Maximum input speed is 400 cards per minute
- The 1442 needs attention for every column of data.
By combining the higher speed IBM 2501 card reader and a punch-only IBM 1442, the 1442's limitations are overcome:
- faster input
- the 2501 is buffered/doesn't need attention per column.
# See also.
- IBM 2501
- IBM 2540
# External links.
- http://ibm1130.org/hw/punchcard
- Photo courtesy of Mike Ross of corestore.com
- IBM 1442 Card Read-Punch Models 1 and 2 IBM 1442 Card Reader Models 3 and 4
- 1442 card reader restoration at the Center for Technology & Innovation | 11,066 |
511900 | Best boy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best%20boy | Best boy
Best boy
In a film crew there are two kinds of best boy: best boy electric and best boy grip. They are assistants to their department heads, the gaffer (in charge of electricals) and the key grip (lighting and rigging), respectively. In short, the best boy acts as the foreman for his department. A woman who performs the duties of a best boy may be called best girl.
# Job responsibilities.
Best boys are responsible for the day-to-day operation of the lighting or grip department. Their many responsibilities include the hiring, scheduling, and management of crew; the renting, ordering, inventory, and returning of equipment; workplace safety and maintaining discipline within their department; | 11,067 |
511900 | Best boy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best%20boy | Best boy
completing timecards and other paperwork; stocking of expendables; loading and unloading production trucks; planning and implementing the lighting or rigging of locations and/or sound stages; coordinating with rigging crews and additional photography units (if applicable); handling relations with the other production departments; overseeing the application of union rules (where relevant); and serving as the day-to-day representative of the department with the unit production manager and coordinator of their department.
The best boy also commonly accompanies or stands in for the key grip or gaffer during technical scouts. During shooting, the best boy may also cover for the key grip or gaffer | 11,068 |
511900 | Best boy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best%20boy | Best boy
when he or she is on break or otherwise away from the set.
On films with very small crews, the electric (lighting) department often consists of only a gaffer, a best boy, and a few electricians. The grip department may include only a key grip, a best boy, and a few grips. Large-scale productions such as major films commonly include full-time rigging and second unit crews, and in total may hire many dozens of grips or electricians at one time.
# Etymology.
It's unclear why this term came to be used as a job title on film sets. As OED says, "It has been suggested that it originated as a term for a master's most able apprentice, or alternatively that it was transferred from earlier use for a | 11,069 |
511900 | Best boy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best%20boy | Best boy
member of a ship's crew, but confirmatory evidence for either of these theories appears to be lacking." The earliest known appearance of the phrase in print is 1931 from the "Albuquerque Journal": "Among the electricians .. the department head is the gaffer, his first assistant is the best boy."
As the gaffer is sometimes credited as the chief lighting technician, the best boy electric is sometimes credited as the assistant chief lighting technician.
The title is accepted for use in credits by the BBC.
The end credits of the 1980 comedy film "Airplane!" named the Best Boy, then the next line was "Worst Boy", naming Adolf Hitler in that position.
# Usage outside English.
Many French language | 11,070 |
511900 | Best boy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best%20boy | Best boy
The title is accepted for use in credits by the BBC.
The end credits of the 1980 comedy film "Airplane!" named the Best Boy, then the next line was "Worst Boy", naming Adolf Hitler in that position.
# Usage outside English.
Many French language films made in Canada use "Best Boy" in the credits. The term has been known to appear in the credits of some French films made in France, but it has not been known to appear in Belgian or Swiss films.
The German film "Auf der anderen Seite" ("The Edge of Heaven"), which takes place in Germany and Turkey, uses the term "Best Boy" in its German credits. German TV and film crews regularly use the term, because no equivalent phrase exists in German. | 11,071 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC, "Yevreysky antifashistsky komitet", ЕАК) was organized by the Jewish Bund (labor union) leaders Henryk Erlich and Victor Alter, upon an initiative of Soviet authorities, in fall 1941; both were released from prison in connection with their participation. Following their re-arrest, in December 1941, the Committee was reformed on Joseph Stalin's order in Kuibyshev in April 1942 with the official support of the Soviet authorities. It was designed to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet fight against Nazi Germany, particularly from the West. In 1952, as part of the persecution | 11,072 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
of Jews in the last year part of Stalin's rule (for example, the "Doctors' plot"), most prominent members of the JAC were arrested on trumped-up spying charges, tortured, tried in secret proceedings, and executed in the basement of Lubyanka Prison. Stalin and elements of the KGB were worried about their influence and connections with the West. They were officially rehabilitated in 1988.
# Activities.
Solomon Mikhoels, the popular actor and director of the Moscow State Jewish Theatre, was appointed the JAC chairman. The JAC's newspaper in Yiddish was called "Eynigkayt" ( "Unity", Cyrillic: "Эйникейт").
The JAC broadcast pro-Soviet propaganda to foreign audiences, assuring them of the absence | 11,073 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
of antisemitism in the Soviet Union. In 1943, Mikhoels and Itzik Feffer, the first official representatives of the Soviet Jewry allowed to visit the West, embarked on a seven-month tour to the United States, Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom to increase their support for the Lend-Lease. In the US, they were welcomed by a National Reception Committee chaired by Albert Einstein and by B.Z. Goldberg, Sholem Aleichem's son-in-law, and American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The largest pro-Soviet rally ever in the United States was held on July 8 at the Polo Grounds, where 50,000 people listened to Mikhoels, Feffer, Fiorello H. La Guardia, Sholem Asch, and Chairman of World Jewish Congress | 11,074 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise. Among others, they met Chaim Weizmann, Charlie Chaplin, Marc Chagall, Paul Robeson and Lion Feuchtwanger.
In addition to the funds for the Soviet war effort – US$16 million raised in the US, $15 million in England, $1 million in Mexico, $750,000 in Mandatory Palestine – other help was also contributed: machinery, medical equipment, medicine, ambulances, clothes. On July 16, 1943, "Pravda" reported: "Mikhoels and Feffer received a message from Chicago that a special conference of the Joint initiated a campaign to finance a thousand ambulances for the needs of the Red Army." The visit also evoked the American public to the necessity of entering the European war.
# | 11,075 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
Persecution.
Towards the end and immediately after the war, the JAC became involved in documenting the Holocaust. This ran contrary to the official Soviet policy to present it as atrocities against all Soviet citizens, not acknowledging the specific genocide of the Jews.
Committee members had international contacts especially in the USA at the outset of the Cold War and this may have contributed to them later being accused of treason and espionage.
The contacts with American Jewish organizations resulted in the plan to publish "The Black Book of Soviet Jewry" simultaneously in the US and the Soviet Union, documenting the Holocaust and participation of Jews in the resistance movement. The | 11,076 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
Black Book was indeed published in New York City in 1946, but no Russian edition appeared. The typeface galleys were broken up in 1948, when the political situation of Soviet Jewry deteriorated.
In January 1948, Mikhoels was killed in Minsk by Ministry of State Security agents who staged the murder as a car accident. The members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee were arrested. They were charged with disloyalty, bourgeois nationalism, cosmopolitanism, and planning to set up a Jewish republic in Crimea to serve US interests.
In January 1949, the Soviet mass media launched massive propaganda campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", unmistakably aimed at Jews. Markish observed at the time: | 11,077 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
"Hitler wanted to destroy us physically, Stalin wants to do it spiritually." On 12 August 1952, at least thirteen prominent Yiddish writers were executed in the event known as the "Night of the Murdered Poets" ("Ночь казненных поэтов").
# List of notable JAC members.
The size of JAC fluctuated with time. According to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ("200 Years Together"), it grew to have about 70 members.
- Solomon Mikhoels (Chairman), the actor-director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater
- Solomon Lozovsky (Secretary), a former Soviet vice-minister of Foreign Affairs and the head of the Soviet Information Bureau
- Shakne Epshtein (Secretary and editor of the "Eynikeyt" newspaper)
- Itzik Feffer, | 11,078 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
a poet
- Ilya Ehrenburg, a writer
- Eli Falkovich, a writer
- Solomon Bregman, a deputy minister of State Control
- Aaron Katz, a General of the Stalin Military Academy
- Boris Shimeliovich, the Chief Surgeon of the Red Army and director of Botkin Hospital
- Joseph Yuzefovich, a historian
- Leib Kvitko, a poet
- Peretz Markish, a poet
- Isaak Nusinov, a linguist and literature critic
- David Bergelson, a writer
- David Hofstein, a poet
- Benjamin Zuskin, an actor
- Ilya Vatenberg, an editor
- Shlomo Shleifer, Chief Rabbi of Moscow
- Emilia Teumin, an editor
- Leon Talmy, a journalist, translator
- Khayke Vatenberg-Ostrowskaya, a translator
- Lina Stern, a biochemist, physiologist | 11,079 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
and humanist and the first female full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Israel Fisanovich, submarine commander, Hero of the Soviet Union
# See also.
- History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
- Yevsektsiya
- Doctors' plot
- History of anti-Semitism
- Vasily Grossman
- Polina Zhemchuzhina
- Jewish Bolshevism
- Jewish left
# Further reading.
- "Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee" (by Joshua Rubenstein)
- The Black Book (Chornaya Kniga), compiled and edited by: Vasily Grossman and Ilya Erenburg
# External links.
- Memorandum concerning the Jewish Antifascist Committee sent to Mikhail Suslov in June 1946 (Library of | 11,080 |
511890 | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish%20Anti-Fascist%20Committee | Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
nt to Mikhail Suslov in June 1946 (Library of Congress archives)
- JAC case (in Russian language) at International Democracy Fund Archives
- Stalin's secret pogrom: Commies who became politically incorrect (By Chuck Morse)
- Beyond the Pale: The history of Jews in Russia
- Group photo of the members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
- Stalin’s Bureaucracy in Action: The Creation and Destruction of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee Shimon Redlich, "War, Holocaust and Stalinism: A Documented Study of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR", Luxembourg: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995. Reviewed by Theodore H. Friedgut
- JAC and its end
- JAC, Soviet repressions and its demise | 11,081 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
Tully, Queensland
Tully is a town and locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It is adjacent to the Bruce Highway, approximately south of Cairns by road and north of Townsville. At the , Tully had a population of 2,436, and at the , the population was 2,390.
The Tully River (previously known as the Mackay River) was named after Surveyor-General William Alcock Tully in the 1870s. The town of Tully was named after the river when it was surveyed during the erection of the sugar mill in 1924. During the previous decade, a settlement known as Banyan had grown up on the other side of Banyan Creek.
Tully is one of the larger towns of the Cassowary Coast Region. The economic | 11,082 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
base of the region is agriculture: sugar cane and bananas are the dominant crops. The sugar cane grown at the many farms in the district is processed locally at the Tully Sugar Mill, and the raw sugar produced is shipped elsewhere for further refining.
# History.
The Tully River area was slowly settled once Cardwell, to the south, was established. The river was renamed in 1872 in honour of William Alcock Tully, then under-secretary for public lands and chief commissioner of crown lands in Queensland. The first settlers were the nephews of James Tyson, who raised beef cattle. It was not until the government constructed a sugar mill in 1925 that the town began to develop.
Tully was originally | 11,083 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
within the Cardwell Division, which became the Shire of Cardwell in 1903. The first headquarters for the division/shire were in older town of Cardwell. In 1929, the decision was taken to relocate the shire council's headquarters to the newer but more populous town of Tully. The first council meeting held in Tully was on 27 June 1929. A new shire chambers was built in 1930 on the south-east corner of Bryant and Morris Streets.
Tully remained the administrative centre for the Shire of Cardwell, until the shire was amalgamated into the Cassowary Coast Region in 2008. The regional council has its headquarters in Innisfail.
In March 2015, a farm at Tully tested positive for the soil-borne Panama | 11,084 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
disease. Follow-up testing confirmed the results. One of the strains of the disease affects all types of bananas and has previously only been detected in the Northern Territory. Harvesting continued on the property with strict protocols allowing the farm to continue to operate and distribute product without posing a threat.
## Heritage listings.
Tully has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
- 17 Mars Street: Tully State School
- 69 Bryant Street: Tully Court House
# Climate.
Tully has a tropical rainforest climate. With an average annual rainfall exceeding , and the highest-ever annual rainfall in a populated area of Australia ( in 1950), Tully is arguably the wettest town in | 11,085 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
Australia. However, a rivalry exists between Tully and the nearby town of Babinda for that title, which Babinda mostly wins. Although Tully's average rainfall is less than that of Babinda, a giant gumboot (the "Golden Gumboot") was erected in Tully in 2003, as a monument to the town's high rainfall. It also serves as a museum, documenting past floods, as well as displaying the rainfall for the current year.
## Cyclone Yasi.
Buildings in Tully were badly damaged by Cyclone Yasi on 3 February 2011. According to residents, Tully was "...a scene of mass devastation". An unknown number of homes were completely destroyed as intense winds, estimated at , battered the area. Many other homes not destroyed | 11,086 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
sustained severe façade and or roof damage. As daybreak came, reports from the town stated that about 90 percent of the structures along the main avenue sustained extensive damage.
# Amenities.
The Cassowary Coast Regional Council operates the Dorothy Jones Library at 34 Bryant Street, Tully.
The Tully branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the CWA Hall at 5 Plumb Street.
# Transport.
Tully railway station is a prominent station on the main North Coast Railway Line, situated just over halfway between Townsville and Cairns. By 10 December 1924, Tully was connected with both Townsville and Innisfail.
# Schools.
## Tully State High School.
Tully State High School | 11,087 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
has serviced students in the Tully district (comprising Cardwell, Kennedy, Mission Beach, Wongaling Beach, Tully, Feluga, El Arish and various other small centres) since its establishment in 1964. Tully State High School has an enrolment of approximately 630 students. As of 2016, Richard Graham is the principal of the school.
Tully State High School has been accredited as a Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, Science and Technology and is also one of only a few Reef Guardian schools. The campus is situated on extensive grounds, 38 hectares, and includes an aquaculture centre, a worm farm, an arboretum, a herd of cattle and several sports fields.
The high school was partially destroyed by | 11,088 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
Cyclone Yasi in 2011. B Block was completely destroyed and G Block was damaged. Both have since been rebuilt.
## Tully State School.
Tully State School caters to the educational needs of the town's primary school children. When erected in 1924, it was known as Banyan Provisional and has since gone through a number of name changes: Tully Provisional (1925); Tully State School (1926); Tully State Rural School (1934); Tully State Rural and High School (1951); and reverted to Tully State School in 1964. The school's current motto is "Work well and succeed".
## St. Clare's Parish School.
St. Clare's Parish School is a Catholic primary school which was erected in 1928.
# Sport.
Tully Tigers, | 11,089 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
is the local Rugby League club. One of their most famous juniors is former Cowboys forward Peter Jones. Tully was once one of the biggest sporting hubs in Far North Queensland, but since the economic crisis has hit, they are looking for more and more ways to support their clubs.
Tully is the last place reclusive All Black rugby player Keith Murdoch has been sighted.
# Attractions.
The Golden Gumboot is in the park on corner of Butler Street and Hort Street. Built in 2003, the Gumboot is 6.1 metres long and 7. 9 metres high; the height corresponds to highest annual rainfall in a populated area of Australia, which occurred in Tully in 1950. There is an internal spiral staircase to the top of | 11,090 |
511885 | Tully, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tully,%20Queensland | Tully, Queensland
lack rugby player Keith Murdoch has been sighted.
# Attractions.
The Golden Gumboot is in the park on corner of Butler Street and Hort Street. Built in 2003, the Gumboot is 6.1 metres long and 7. 9 metres high; the height corresponds to highest annual rainfall in a populated area of Australia, which occurred in Tully in 1950. There is an internal spiral staircase to the top of the boot which provides views of the town. A fibreglass green tree frog is climbing the side of the boot. There is a museum beside the boot with the history of the town's floods.
# See also.
- Kareeya Hydro Power Station
# External links.
- University of Queensland: Queensland Places: Tully
- Tully Sugar Limited | 11,091 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
Daisy (advertisement)
"Daisy", sometimes known as "Daisy Girl" or "Peace, Little Girl", was a controversial political advertisement aired on television during the 1964 United States presidential election by incumbent president Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign. Though only aired once (by the campaign), it is considered to be an important factor in Johnson's landslide victory over Barry Goldwater and an important turning point in political and advertising history. It remains one of the most controversial political advertisements ever made.
# Synopsis.
The advertisement begins with a little girl (three-year-old Monique M. Corzilius) standing in a meadow with chirping birds, picking the petals of | 11,092 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
a daisy while counting each one—repeating some numbers and counting some in the wrong order. After she reaches "nine", she pauses, as if trying to remember the next number, and a male voice is then heard saying "ten", at the start of a missile launch countdown. Seemingly in response to the countdown, the girl turns her head toward a point off-screen, and then the scene freezes. As the countdown continues, a zoom of the video still focuses on the girl's right eye until her pupil fills the screen, eventually blacking it out as the countdown simultaneously reaches zero. The blackness is instantly replaced by the bright flash and thunderous sound of a nuclear explosion, featuring video footage of | 11,093 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
a detonation similar in appearance to the near surface burst Trinity test of 1945. The scene then cuts to footage of a mushroom cloud and then to a final cut of a slowed close-up section of the incandescence in the nuclear explosion.
A voiceover from Johnson plays over all three pieces of nuclear detonation footage, stating emphatically, "These are the stakes. To make a world in which all of God's children can live, or to go into the dark. We must either love each other, or we must die." At the end of the voiceover, the explosion footage is replaced by white letters on a black screen, with another voiceover (sportscaster Chris Schenkel) reading the words on the screen, "Vote for President Johnson | 11,094 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
on November 3rd", then adding, "The stakes are too high for you to stay home."
Though regarded as a negative ad against Johnson's opponent, Barry Goldwater, Goldwater is never mentioned in the ad.
# Background.
In the 1964 election, Republican Barry Goldwater campaigned on a right-wing message of cutting social programs and pursuing aggressive military action. Goldwater's campaign suggested a willingness to use nuclear weapons in situations when others would find that unacceptable, something which Johnson sought to capitalize on. For example, Johnson used Goldwater's speeches to imply that he would willingly wage a nuclear war, quoting Goldwater: "by one impulse act you could press a button | 11,095 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
and wipe out 300 million people before sundown." In turn, Goldwater defended himself by accusing Johnson of making the accusation indirectly, and contending that the media blew the issue out of proportion. While Johnson wished to de-escalate the Vietnam War, Goldwater was a supporter and even suggested the use of nuclear weapons if necessary. The attack ad was designed to capitalize on these comments. It was not the only ad developed at this time, though it is the best-remembered. One was called "Girl with Ice Cream Cone", and it also talked about the risk of nuclear proliferation. Another was called "KKK for Goldwater", and it portrayed Goldwater as being racist, by noting that Alabama KKK | 11,096 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
leader Robert Creel supported him, and "Confessions of a Republican" also noted the KKK ties. Another notable ad of the Johnson campaign, "Eastern Seaboard", took aim at Goldwater's statement: "Sometimes I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the eastern seaboard and let it float out to sea." Bob Mann, author of "Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds: LBJ, Barry Goldwater and the Ad That Changed American Politics", wrote: "were it not for the 'Daisy Girl' spot, 'Eastern Seaboard' might today be considered the most effective presidential attack ad."
# Creation.
The Daisy ad was created by a partnership between the Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) advertising agency and Tony Schwartz, | 11,097 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
a sound designer and media consultant whom they hired to work on the project. The DDB team consisted of Art Director Sid Myers, Producer Aaron Ehrlich, Senior Copywriter Stan Lee and Junior Copywriter Gene Case. The concept, using the counting of a child leading into a launch pad countdown and ultimately to a nuclear explosion, is Schwartz's; he had used it two years prior in an anti-nuclear public service announcement he created for the United Nations. Casting and filming were done by DDB without Schwartz. The credit for the visual elements of the ad is disputed, with both Schwartz and the DDB team claiming credit.
# Broadcast and impact.
"Daisy" aired only once, during a September 7, 1964, | 11,098 |
511882 | Daisy (advertisement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy%20(advertisement) | Daisy (advertisement)
telecast of "David and Bathsheba" on "The NBC Monday Movie". Johnson's campaign was widely criticized for using the prospect of nuclear war, as well as for the implication that Goldwater would start one, to frighten voters. The ad was immediately pulled, but the point was made, appearing on the nightly news and on conversation programs in its entirety. Jack Valenti, who served as a special assistant to Johnson, later suggested that pulling the ad was a calculated move, arguing that "it showed a certain gallantry on the part of the Johnson campaign to withdraw the ad." Johnson's line "We must either love each other, or we must die" echoes W. H. Auden's poem "September 1, 1939" in which line 88 | 11,099 |
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