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116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
of that name, ceased publication in 1993. Since this time Holyoke has not had its own daily news source but has been served by the weekly Holyoke Sun, managed by Turley Publications, which began publication in 1995.
Since 2004 the area has also been covered by the bilingual monthly "El Sol Latino"; published independently out of Amherst, it covers the news of the Pioneer Valley's Puerto Rican community, with considerable coverage given to Holyoke. The Republican also publishes a free Spanish-language weekly known as El Pueblo Latino, with distribution mainly in Springfield and Holyoke. Historically Holyoke has had numerous non-English news publications. Between 1874 and 1910 more than twelve | 11,500 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
French newspapers were published. Many of these were printed for only a matter of weeks, while the best documented, the weekly La Justice, was published from 1909 to 1964, being biweekly in its last six years. Another prominent example was the Polish language "Gwiazda", or "Polish Weekly-Star", among the best documented of at least four such publications.
## Radio and television.
Holyoke is served by , including its own WCCH, Holyoke Community College's radio station, Mount Holyoke College's WMHC of South Hadley, and WMUA of UMass Amherst. A Christian radio station WREA also broadcasts Spanish-language religious programming from a studio in downtown Holyoke.
In addition to television stations | 11,501 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
serving the Springfield market, the city is also home to Holyoke Media, a public-access media non-profit.
## Film.
In its history many smaller productions have been filmed in Holyoke, as well a handful of notable pictures including the neo-noir film "Malice" (1993) and mystery horror drama "The Reincarnation of Peter Proud" (1975). The city served as a filming location for the 1977 bodybuilding documentary "Pumping Iron", as Mountain Park then held bodybuilding championships at its Clambake Pavilion. The Holyoke Merry-Go-Round was also the setting of a music video sequence in the 2007 British documentary "Young@Heart", chronicling a New England chorus of elders from Northampton who cover classic | 11,502 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
and contemporary rock songs.
# Infrastructure.
## Healthcare.
The Holyoke Medical Center offers comprehensive health services, was named a top hospital by The Leapfrog Group in 2016, and in 2018 received multiple awards for its stroke care from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, and the American Heart Association. The city's Providence Behavioral Health Hospital offers a number of programs for psychiatric health as well, with emphasis on new substance abuse treatment programs. It has been affiliated with the Sisters of Providence of Holyoke, who have operated medical facilities in the city since they first received their charter | 11,503 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
in 1892.
The Soldiers' Home in Holyoke is one of two state-operated veterans healthcare facilities in the Commonwealth, offering longterm residential care as well as outpatient services to Massachusetts veterans. In 2018, the facility received high marks from the Department of Veterans Affairs, showing improved safety measures for elderly residents and no deficiencies in provided care.
## Telecom and public fiber.
Since September 1997, the city's municipal utility, Holyoke Gas & Electric, has provided fiber optic high-speed internet service to municipal agencies, as well as commercial and industrial businesses. This network would also play a decisive role in the location of the Massachusetts | 11,504 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
Green High Performance Computing Center in the city, due to its 1gbps service offered to commercial customers, and a dedicated link exceeding 10gbps for the facility's educational affiliates, on specialized networks such as Internet2.
The municipal fiber line network has also served as an internet service provider to other area towns, including commercial customers in Chicopee, Metro Center Springfield, and Greenfield (until 2017), as well as network operator to residential customers in Leverett. With renewed public interest in net neutrality, civic groups have rallied for the city to offer a limited or complete rollout of this fiber-to-the-home service in Holyoke and Chicopee, however despite | 11,505 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
orders by the council to further explore this measure, no immediate plan for residential service has been given by the municipal utility as of 2018.
## Transportation.
### Highways.
Interstate highways serving Greater Holyoke include:
- – North to Northampton, Hatfield, Greenfield, and South to Springfield, Hartford.
- – South to Chicopee, and Springfield.
Immediately south of Holyoke is the Massachusetts Turnpike, accessible from exit 14 on I-91 South:
- – East to Worcester and Boston, and West to Stockbridge, and Albany
U.S. Highways serving Greater Holyoke include:
- – Running from Ingleside to Smith's Ferry, connecting West Springfield to Easthampton and Northampton.
- – Running | 11,506 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
from South Hadley via the Joseph E. Muller Bridge to Westfield, Massachusetts.
Massachusetts highways in the area include:
- – A minor freeway bypassing downtown Holyoke, connecting Chicopee to South Hadley via the Willimansett Bridge and the Vietnam Memorial Bridge.
- – A minor freeway connecting Easthampton over Mount Tom, through downtown via Appleton Street and Main Street in South Holyoke to Chicopee via I-391.
### Bus and rail.
Several buses from the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority operate in the city including the Paper City Express with a route across town as well as routes to South Hadley, Westfield, Northampton, Amherst, and Springfield, connecting with Peter Pan Buslines at | 11,507 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
the Holyoke Transportation Center.
Passenger rail service returned to Holyoke in August 2015, after being absent since 1967. Amtrak's "Vermonter" stops at the Holyoke station once a day in each direction, and a New Haven–Springfield Shuttle pilot program will commence in Spring 2019 linking Holyoke to adjacent stations in Northampton and Springfield, as far north as Greenfield and south as New Haven, Connecticut, with two trains operating in the morning and the evening. The planned route will link provide service to commuters working in as far north as Greenfield and as far south as New Haven, Connecticut, with connections to New York City. The evaluation period of this pilot service will tentatively | 11,508 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
end in 2021 based on the results of the program.
Freight rail service is provided to the city's industrial and warehouse railways in Springdale, South Holyoke, and The Flats by the Pioneer Valley Railroad, with connections to Pan Am Southern to Springfield and Greenfield, and a line to Westfield with connections to Southampton and the CSX system. The PVRR also provides annual fall foliage passenger rides from the Holyoke Heritage State Park to Westfield, and an annual Santa Train at the park.
### Cycling and walking.
Taken in its entirety, Holyoke has a moderate Walk Score of 55, however walkability is highly variable between neighborhoods. For example, whereas the rural neighborhood of Rock | 11,509 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
Valley is entirely car-dependent with a score of 3, the downtown area, with its grid central to stores, residences, and businesses, yields a Walk Score of 84.
In an effort to make the mixed industrial and residential area around the canals more accessible, the city has in recent years constructed the eponymous Canalwalk, a series of walkways linking the downtown to The Flats and South Holyoke.
# Environment.
Despite its industrial history, Holyoke contains no Superfund sites. One of the greatest producers of pollution in the area was the former Mount Tom Station, a coal plant in Smith's Ferry. Citizens cited higher rates of asthma, attributing them to the plant and after many years of discussion | 11,510 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
it was finally shuttered in December 2014. In October 2016 ground was broken at the site for the construction of a new solar farm.
## Flora and fauna.
Due to a combination of MassWildlife's Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, as well as public health protections for the watershed of the Holyoke Water Works, much of the city's area west of Interstate 91 is designated for limited development and often requires additional permitting. Of the city's 14,605 acres, approximate 8,105 along the Metacomet Ridge and Mount Tom Range have been identified as core habitat for the more than 242 species of vertebrates extant in the city's boundaries, and of this area about 52% of its acreage is | 11,511 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
managed by municipal, state, and federal agencies, with sustainable development plans in place to encourage development within the city's dense grid to the east. Of the wildlife identified in Holyoke, there are 29 species of fish, 21 of amphibians, 18 of reptiles, at least 160 species of birds including ruby-throated hummingbirds and bald eagles, as well as 42 species of mammals such as black bears and moose. In recent years the area has seen a growing black bear population, with the occasional individual wandering into the downtown center.
# Global outreach.
Holyoke has in the past established sister city relationships with cities abroad, including-
- Svaliava, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine | 11,512 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
(1997)
- Tralee, Ireland (2017)
Less formal relationships, representing symbolic and technical exchanges have also been established with the following cities-
- Montreal, Quebec, Canada (1888), on January 26, 1888, a delegation from Montreal was received by Mayor Delaney. Arriving by train, they comprised 200 members of "Le Canadien" and "La Trappeur" snowshoe clubs, as well as Laurent-Olivier David MP, former Mayor and folklorist Honoré Beaugrand, and Québecois poet laureate Louis Fréchette. In the midst of an evening snowstorm, they were greeted by 10,000 residents and a grand fireworks display. Throughout the night, several French and English speeches were made at city hall, before an | 11,513 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
audience including reporters from several Franco-American newspapers, with a speech by Delaney lamenting the tragic Precious Blood Church fire, and a tribute by Beaugrand honoring President Cleveland.
- Beijing, Qing China (1906), in May 1906, Chen Jintao, regarded as China's first foreign scholar, was sent to the city on assignment to study its budding paper-making industry and infrastructure, reporting back to the Chinese government after a month of observation. He would be received not only by mill owners but the city government itself, including city engineer James Tighe who would show him the infrastructure of the Holyoke Reservoir System. Chen, possibly a member of the Tongmenghui, would | 11,514 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
go on to serve numerous important roles in both the Qing and Republic of China governments, including Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for the latter.
- Dublin, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1906), on November 9, 1906, two Irish envoys were received by Mayor Avery, Richard Hazleton MP, and Tom Kettle MP, both Irish nationalist home-rule advocates touring the United States for the cause. Avery was granted the chairman's position at the meeting held at Saint Jerome's Institute, and over the course of the evening several speeches were made by the guests and others in the Irish community describing the realities of British rule and progress made toward independence, with parallels | 11,515 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
drawn between the independence of the United States. Some $700, about $20,000 in 2017 US Dollars, was raised by the crowd for the Irish Parliamentary Party by the end of the evening.
- Apremont-la-Forêt, Meuse, France (1919), at the end of World War I, in honor of the fallen of the 104th Infantry, the city provided this village a new waterworks, public bath, and a community center under relief efforts led by Belle Skinner. In honor of these contributions, the village renamed its town square Place d'Holyoke and its main street Rue Belle Skinner. In 1930 a former supply route built by soldiers of the regiment was dedicated in Massachusetts as the Apremont Highway in a joint ceremony between Holyoke | 11,516 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
and Westfield.
- San Juan, Puerto Rico (2018), in the wake of Hurricane Maria many Puerto Ricans sought refuge with family in Holyoke, with more than 235 additional students enrolling in Holyoke public schools in the year following the natural disaster; on April 27, 2018, a key to the city was presented to San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz by Mayor Alex Morse to honor that "in such a time of despair [she] provided a beacon of hope and opportunity for Puerto Ricans" in the city's community, and for her leadership in the wake of Hurricane Maria.
# See also.
- List of mill towns in Massachusetts
# External links.
- City of Holyoke official website
- Greater Holyoke Chamber of Commerce
- Holyoke | 11,517 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
students enrolling in Holyoke public schools in the year following the natural disaster; on April 27, 2018, a key to the city was presented to San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz by Mayor Alex Morse to honor that "in such a time of despair [she] provided a beacon of hope and opportunity for Puerto Ricans" in the city's community, and for her leadership in the wake of Hurricane Maria.
# See also.
- List of mill towns in Massachusetts
# External links.
- City of Holyoke official website
- Greater Holyoke Chamber of Commerce
- Holyoke Innovation District, official site, operated by the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative
- Holyokemass.com – History and genealogy of Holyoke, Massachusetts | 11,518 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
Ibn Juzayy
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi al-Gharnati Al-Hanbali (in Arabic, محمد ابن احمد ابن جزي الكلبي الغرناطي) was a scholar, writer of poetry, history, and law from Al-Andalus. He is mainly known as the writer to whom Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his travels. He is also the author of the tafsir "al-Tashil li Ulum al-Tanzil (This is his father's (Abu al-Qasim) tafsir)". Ibn Juzayy was the son of Abú-l-Qásim Muhammad Ibn Juzayy (the panegyrist of Abú-l-Hayyáy Yúsuf of Granada) who died in the Battle of Rio Salado in 1340.
Ibn Juzayy wrote the Rihla of Ibn Battuta in 1352-55. It is clear that he copied passages from previous works such as the description of Medina from the | 11,519 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
Rihla of Ibn Jubayr and the description of Palestine by Mohammed al-Abdari al-Hihi.
His father, Imām Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Juzayy al-Kalbī al-Gharnāṭī al-Mālikī (693/1294 – 741/1340), wrote many religious works such as his "al-Qawanin al-Fiqhiyyah" or "The Laws of Jurisprudence" a comparative manual of the jurisprudence of the four Sunni madhhabs (Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi`i, Hanbali) with emphasis on the Maliki school and notices of the views of the Ẓāhirī school and others. His father is also noted for his tafsir of the Qur'an, his book on legal theory "Taqrīb al-Wuṣūl ‘ilā ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl" or "The Nearest of Paths to the Knowledge of the Fundamentals of Islamic Jurisprudence", which | 11,520 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
he wrote for his son, as well as his treatise on Sufism based on the Qur'an, "The Refinement of the Hearts". It is a mistake to say that one of Abū al-Qāsim ibn Juzayy's teachers was Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd (the grandson) Averroes (1126 – 1198), the author of "Bidāyat al-Mujtahid" and grandson of Abu Al-Walid Muhammad bin Rushd al-Jadd (the grandfather) (d. 1126), the noted Maliki Qadi.
He died in Fez in 1357 two years after the completion of the Rihla of Ibn Battuta.
# Bibliography.
- Ibn Juzayy, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, "Tasfiyat al-qulub fi al-wusul ila hadrat 'Allam al-Ghuyub / li-Ibn Juzayy al-Gharnati ; dirasat wa-tahqiq Munir al-Qadiri Bu Dashish ; taqdim Ahmad al-Tawfiq. al-Tab'ah 1.'' [Casablanca | 11,521 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
: s.n.], 1998
- M. Isabel Calero Secall, RULERS AND QĀDĪS: THEIR RELATIONSHIP DURING THE NASRID KINGDOM, in: Journal Islamic Law and Society, Volume 7, Number 2 / June, 2000
- Ibn al-Khatib, al-Ihata fi akhbar Gharnata, ed. M. Inan, 4 vols. (Cairo, 1973-77), I, 157-62;
- Ibn al-Khatib, al-Katiba al-kamina, ed. Ihsan Abbas,(Beirut, 1983), 138-43
- Ibn al-Khatib, al-Lamha al-badriyya fi l-dawla al-nasriyya, ed. Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib, 3rd ed. (Beirut, 1978), 116-18
- Al-Maqqari "Nafh al-tib min ghusn al-Andalus al-ratib", ed. I. 'Abbas, Beirut, 1968, t. 8, pp. 40-54
- F.Velazquez Basanta, Retrato jatibiano de Abu Bakr Ya'far Ahmad ibn Yuzayy, otro poeta y qadi al-yama'a de Granada. Anales | 11,522 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
d. Ihsan Abbas,(Beirut, 1983), 138-43
- Ibn al-Khatib, al-Lamha al-badriyya fi l-dawla al-nasriyya, ed. Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib, 3rd ed. (Beirut, 1978), 116-18
- Al-Maqqari "Nafh al-tib min ghusn al-Andalus al-ratib", ed. I. 'Abbas, Beirut, 1968, t. 8, pp. 40-54
- F.Velazquez Basanta, Retrato jatibiano de Abu Bakr Ya'far Ahmad ibn Yuzayy, otro poeta y qadi al-yama'a de Granada. Anales de la Universidad de Cadiz, IX-X (1992-93), 39-51
- Maria Arcas Campoy, Un tratado de derecho comparado: el Kitàb al-Qawànìn de Ibn Juzayy, pp. 49-57, In: Atti del XIII Congresso dell'Union Européenne d'Arabisants et d'Islamisants (Venezia 1986)he was the one who Ibn Battuta dedicated his life and works to. | 11,523 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
Ai Iijima
# Life and career.
Born as in Tokyo, Japan, Iijima described a troubled early life in her autobiography. She was raped in her early teens and had an abortion. She ran away from home as a teenager, later stating, "I hated my parents, to the point where I would rather be coached by bums to sleep in parks wrapped in newspaper blankets." In order to make a living during this time, Iijima worked in karaoke establishments, snack bars, Ginza hostess clubs, and in "enjo kōsai" (paid dating).
## Early career.
Iijima's adult video (AV) debut was "All That Sexy Venus" for the Tairiku Shobo Company's FOXY label in April 1992. She quickly became the top AV actress of the time, appearing in over | 11,524 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
100 films. She entered mainstream media as a hostess on the nighttime television program, "Gilgamesh Night", where she became known as the "T-Back Queen", for her practice of turning her rear to the camera, lifting her skirt and flashing her G-string, known in Japan as a "T-Back". In addition to adult videos in the early 1990s, Iijima also acted in a number of softcore V-cinema works including the August 1992 comedy (with Hitomi Shiraishi), and the erotic suspense comedy , released in January 1993 by Japan Home Video. One of the top AV models by the age of 20, with admitted breast implants, a nose job, eyebrow work and bottom work as well, she decided to leave the porn business, intent on a | 11,525 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
career in mainstream entertainment.
After ending her career in adult videos, Iijima released a musical single in July 1993 and soon became a regular on daytime TV talk shows. Before long, she became one of the most successful "tarento" to make the transition from pornography into mainstream entertainment. In December 1993, she debuted in mainstream film playing an angel come down to earth in the Toei Company fantasy . She even provided the story for her own manga series, "Time Traveler Ai", in which she was featured as the main character. Publicly, Iijima became known for her outspokenness and ability to speak frankly about her past and her personal life. Privately, a friend says, "At first | 11,526 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
glance, Ai appears really rough around the edges, but she's actually really sensitive, and she always thinks of others in ways like giving them little presents. She's that type."
Iijima also worked in video games as well. In 1995, she also voice acted for the main protagonist of the video game "Magical Pop'n". In 1997, she released a video game for the Sega Saturn called "Good Island Cafe". The game operates like an interactive movie, where players can make clips in black and white, and watch an interview with her. The game is entirely in Japanese.
## "Platonic Sex".
In 2000, Iijima published "Platonic Sex", a semi-autobiographical novel about a young girl who leaves home to escape her parents | 11,527 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
and ends up as an adult movie star. The book was a best-seller, selling over 1.7 million copies. By 2004, the book had been translated into Korean, Chinese, Spanish and Italian. She visited Taiwan where her book was a best-seller on a promotional tour in February 2001 and was "besieged by journalists" at the airport. Iijima had been popular in Taiwan since the early 1990s when her adult videos began to be imported and she remained a celebrity there for her entire career.
Her novel became the basis for a toned down three-hour television series starring Mari Hoshino which was broadcast by Fuji Television in two parts in September 2001. Another adaptation of the novel with Saki Kagami in the lead | 11,528 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
role was released as an R15 rated theatrical film by Toho in October 2001 titled "Platonic Sex". This version had Iijima credited as and . Iijima's catchphrase, "watashi teki ni" ("my way"), became well known due to the popularity of the book and the movies.
It was also at this time that Iijima became involved in campaigns to educate the public about HIV/AIDS, a cause that few Japanese celebrities were willing to undertake. Iijima continued her activities for this cause in public forums and in her blog for the rest of her life.
## Later career.
By 2002, Iijima had become a regular on several TV shows. With her pornographic video past a decade away, Iijima was so well known as a mainstream | 11,529 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
TV celebrity that many younger members of her audience were unaware that she had once been one of the top AV actresses. Items from her early career began going for high prices, and an unauthorized 2002 box-set release of her adult videos sold very well, until her lawyers took it off the market.
Iijima's acceptance into the mainstream gave her access to the highest levels of Japanese society, including once having dinner with Junichiro Koizumi, who was Japan's Minister of Health and Welfare at the time. Iijima claims that on this occasion, the future Prime Minister discussed the sex life of dragonflies with her.
In November 2004, Iijima was invited to speak about her past at the Foreign Correspondents' | 11,530 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
Club of Japan. Later the same month, she participated in a United Nations program in Tokyo on AIDS awareness in the week leading up to World AIDS Day on December 1, 2004. She made cameo appearances in the 2005 horror film "The Curse (Noroi)" and the September 2006 police show parody.
## Retirement.
After the difficulties of her early life, Iijima's career in mainstream entertainment had been remarkably free of trouble for over a decade until she was victimized by an embezzler at her talent agency, who took about 100 million yen from her. Late in 2006, she took two weeks off from her position as a panelist on the Sunday morning TV variety show, "Sunday Japon". She later revealed in her blog | 11,531 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
that she was suffering from health problems, causing rumors of her possible retirement from show business to circulate in the press. In March 2007, when asked by the host of "Sunday Japon" whether rumors of her retirement were true, Iijima replied, "Yes, I have been wanting to quit for some time. I will announce my future plans next week."
Iijima's farewell appearance was at the end of March 2007 on the TV program KinSuma, on which she had been a regular for five years. It was described as "a teary two-hour sayonara party complete with speeches, bouquets and lots of blubbering". However, when psychic Fujiko Kimura confronted Iijima on the program, telling her not to retire and suggesting that | 11,532 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
there was more behind the retirement announcement than had been made public, Iijima "seemed to admit as much and was reduced to tears." Whatever the circumstances leading to the decision, Ai Iijima's retirement at the age of 34 brought an end to what has been called "one of the more remarkable careers in the cutthroat Japanese entertainment world".
## Death.
On December 24, 2008 at about 3:30 p.m. (JST), Iijima was found dead in her 21st floor Tokyo apartment, not far from Shibuya Crossing. She was found lying face-down on the floor when medics forced their way into her place. She had been dead for about seven days, police said. On March 3, 2007, "Sports Nippon" had reported that Ai Iijima | 11,533 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
was suffering from hay fever, pyelitis (ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney), cystitis, and acute backache. She had written in her blog that she had kidney problems and inflammation of the urinary tract and bladder. In February 2009, police announced that the pathology examination showed she had died of pneumonia, and that there was no suggestion of either suicide or murder.
On March 1, 2009, a memorial service for Iijima was held at the Tokyo Prince Hotel with 700 friends and relatives attending. Later in the day, some 1500 people offered prayers as the service was opened to the public. All proceeds for the day went to the Japan Foundation for | 11,534 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
dney), cystitis, and acute backache. She had written in her blog that she had kidney problems and inflammation of the urinary tract and bladder. In February 2009, police announced that the pathology examination showed she had died of pneumonia, and that there was no suggestion of either suicide or murder.
On March 1, 2009, a memorial service for Iijima was held at the Tokyo Prince Hotel with 700 friends and relatives attending. Later in the day, some 1500 people offered prayers as the service was opened to the public. All proceeds for the day went to the Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention. Iijima was given a posthumous Special Award at the 9th Takeshi Kitano Entertainment Awards for 2009. | 11,535 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
CFB North Bay
Canadian Forces Base North Bay, also CFB North Bay, is an air force base located at the City of North Bay, Ontario about north of Toronto. The base is subordinate to 1 Canadian Air Division, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and is the centre for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) operations in Canada, under the Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters, also in Winnipeg. It is also home to the 1 Air Force, Detachment 2 of the United States Air Force.
22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay is the most important military base in Canada with respect to the continental air defence of North America and the country's air sovereignty. It is also home to one of the most unusual military installations | 11,536 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
in North America, the NORAD Underground Complex, a bunker the size of a shopping centre, 60 storeys beneath the surface of the Earth.
On 1 April 1993, all air bases in Canada were redesignated as wings; the base was renamed 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. This is abbreviated as 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Today, although this designation still stands, the base is often referred to simply as "22 Wing", and the Base Commander as the "Wing Commander".
North Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, | 11,537 |
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from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding VIPs flying in the country (e.g., the Pope), to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the country on behalf of the National Research Council of Canada, relaying the reports to a study at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, British Columbia. In 2000, it resumed UFO reporting, provided to researcher Chris Rutkowski at the University of Manitoba.
In 2010, North Bay's operations | 11,538 |
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centre took the first steps towards transitioning from air to aerospace defence, commencing preparations for Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite. Sapphire functions as a contributing sensor in the United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), performing surveillance of objects orbiting at 6,000 to 40,000 kilometres altitude, and delivering data on those objects (called Resident Space Objects, or RSOs) to the Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC), in North Bay's operations centre. The SSOC, in turn, coordinates with the Joint Space Operations Center, in Vandenberg, California. On 25 February 2013, Sapphire was launched from a site in India, and underwent technical testing and | 11,539 |
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checks, expected to begin its duties in July 2013. Due to various technical delays, the satellite's FOC (Final Operational Certification) wasn't achieved until 30 January 2014. By end of that year it had delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects.
22 Wing/CFB North Bay has two unique properties among air bases in Canada. It is the only Canadian air base that does not have flying units (as of August 1992, when the last flying squadron departed), and the only air base in the country that does not have an airfield (base assets such as control tower, fuel depot and hangars were demolished or sold following the 1992 departure).
# Activities at North Bay 1920–1945.
## Pre–Second World | 11,540 |
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War.
North Bay's first contact with the air force took place on 9 October 1920, when a Government of Canada Felixstowe F.3 flying boat overflew the (then) town during the first crossing of Canada by aircraft. (North Bay was not incorporated as a city until 1925.) The F.3's pilots were Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Leckie, of Toronto, and Major Basil Deacon Hobbs, of Sault Ste. Marie. The trans-Canada expedition was an epic venture, lasting 11 days and requiring six aircraft. The third leg was flown non-stop from the Canadian capital, Ottawa, to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, with North Bay as a checkpoint.
Leckie's and Hobbs's encounter with North Bay was fleeting. They arrived without warning, approaching | 11,541 |
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out of the east, catching residents unaware. Few had seen an aircraft before; the effect was electrifying, akin to the Space Shuttle appearing suddenly over the city today. Leckie steered for the downtown. Over the Canadian Pacific Railway station he dropped a signal to be telegraphed to the Air Board in Ottawa, "Making a good 50 miles per hour", then with a wave to lunchtime onlookers, the pilots swung their F.3 out over nearby Lake Nipissing, onwards to Sault Ste. Marie.
The overflight planted interest in local politicians, businessmen and community leaders towards aviation, particularly the establishment of an air station at North Bay. In the summer of 1921, a Government of Canada Curtiss | 11,542 |
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HS-2L flying boat, taking on exploration and aerial survey work, landed at North Bay, on Lake Nipissing. The HS-2L landed on Lake Nipissing and Trout Lake (on the eastern periphery of North Bay) in 1922, for further aerial surveying as well as cargo and passenger transport. These flights amplified this interest and a campaign to the federal government for an aerodrome commenced.
On 1 January 1923, the Department of National Defence (DND) took over responsibility and control over military and (until 2 November 1936) civil aviation in Canada. Over the next decade-and-half Canadian Air Force (as of 1 April 1924, "Royal Canadian Air Force") Squadron Leader John Henry Tudhope, a South African-born | 11,543 |
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First World War fighter pilot, almost single-handedly laid down the network of aviation in Canada, exploring and surveying the country for the construction of aerodromes and establishment of air routes for the Trans-Canada Air Lines system, essentially a national air highway network. Considering that Canada was nearly the size of Europe and mostly raw, primal wilderness, Tudhope's undertaking was staggering. In 1930, S/L Tudhope received the McKee Trophy for his endeavours, the premier aviation award in Canada.
In 1928, Tudhope stopped twice at North Bay, and again in 1931 and 1932. Based on his exploration and survey work in the Northern Ontario region, in June 1933 DND set up a headquarters | 11,544 |
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in North Bay to supervise construction of emergency landing fields for the Ottawa to Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay) portion of the Trans-Canada Airway system. An 18-man unit operated out of the Dominion Rubber Company building, leased on Oak Street, downtown North Bay, which served as their headquarters, supply depot and living quarters. Unemployed men in each local district were hired as labour. Despite the primal ruggedness of Northern Ontario, by July 1936, eight airfields had been hacked out of the wilderness, at Reay, Diver, Emsdale, South River, Ramore, Porquis Junction, Gilles Depot and Tudhope (named after the squadron leader), and the unit was disbanded. Most of these airfields have | 11,545 |
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since been abandoned to the wild. Ironically, although the nucleus of the operation, and recommended by S/L Tudhope in June 1936, North Bay was not considered as a site for an aerodrome.
The first air force aircraft to land at North Bay arrived 17 to 23 May 1930. Eight Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) flying boats stopped temporarily at Trout Lake during flights west. Two were en route to Winnipeg; two to Lake Athabasca, Saskatchewan; four to Northern Saskatchewan. This plus the landing field construction described above prompted local politicians, businessmen and community leaders to intensify their years-long campaign to the Canadian government for an airport. At issue was money; who would | 11,546 |
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finance the project. On 21 March 1938, their perseverance paid off. The Canadian government approved expenditure of funds to build an airport at North Bay. The Province of Ontario and City of North Bay would provide the land. It would be a Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) facility; TCA was the country's government-operated air line (and forerunner of Air Canada).
On 27 April 1938, work began. The first unofficial landing by two area residents in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth took place on 4 July 1938, in the midst of construction. The first official landing occurred 30 September 1938, by Squadron Leader Robert Dodds, RCAF, to inspect the work. A Royal Flying Corps fighter pilot during the First World | 11,547 |
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War, and close associate of Squadron Leader Tudhope during the latter's exploration and survey of Canada, Dodds had been seconded by DND to the Department of Transport as Inspector of Airways and Aerodromes for the country. On 28 November 1938, the long sought after airport was ready to receive aircraft; due to bad weather regular passenger service at the facility did not begin until May 1939.
## Second World War.
Despite a common, popular misconception that Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was formed during the Second World War, the air base didn't exist until 1951.
In October 1939, the Canadian government announced that North Bay's fledgling airport, open less than 12 months, | 11,548 |
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was in contention as a British Empire Air Training Plan site. The BEATP (eventually renamed the "British Commonwealth Air Training Plan", or "BCATP") was the biggest international military aircrew training operation in history. There were more aircrew training schools in Britain, but the BCATP taught and evaluated 131,553 pilot, navigator, observer, wireless (radio) operator, air gunner, wireless air gunner and flight engineer recruits from around the world, plus 5,296 graduates from Royal Air Force (RAF) schools.
North Bay's location presented an allure for air training. It was far from major built-up areas and its skies uncluttered by air traffic, altogether a reasonably safe arena for young | 11,549 |
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aircrew hopefuls attempting to learn the tricky art of military flying. In 1940 a small glass "greenhouse" was constructed atop the airport's administration building in anticipation of air traffic control, necessary to handle the sudden proliferation of aircraft. But the government decided not to include North Bay in the training scheme.
The airport's sole service to the air force over the next two years was essentially like a roadside truckstop, providing fuel, rest and meals to aircrew flying across the country. By 1942 so many aircraft were stopping at North Bay that No. 124 Squadron, RCAF, set up a seven-man detachment at the airport. Under the command of a Flying Officer (today's rank, | 11,550 |
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Lieutenant), two aeroengine mechanics, an electrician and an airframe mechanic re-fuelled, serviced and repaired the aircraft. A driver and vehicle mechanic saw to the detachment's staff car, aircraft towing tractor and fuel truck. The staff car was eventually replaced by a more practical "Truck, Panel, Delivery".
The biggest impact on the airport during the war was delivered by the Royal Air Force (RAF). In November 1940 a grand, dangerous experiment had been conducted. Masses of new, desperately needed aircraft shipped from Canada and Newfoundland for the war effort in Britain were being lost in the Atlantic Ocean, their cargo vessels sunk by German U-boats. To reduce these losses an idea | 11,551 |
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was proposed to ferry aircraft instead—fly them over the ocean. It was a breath-taking proposal. In 1940 transoceanic flying was raw and new. Aircrew had no navigation aids to steer by except the sun, moon and stars. Search and rescue beyond the coasts of North America, Ireland and Britain was nonexistent. Mechanical and electrical breakdowns in aircraft were common. In an emergency there was nowhere to land except the North Atlantic.
Nevertheless, on the evening of 10 November 1940, the experiment began; seven twin-engine Lockheed Hudson light bombers lifted off from Gander, Newfoundland en route for Britain. The odds were deemed so poor that only four of the bombers were expected to succeed. | 11,552 |
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Yet the following morning, engines sucking their last gallons of fuel, all seven bombers arrived safely in Northern Ireland.
Inspired, the Royal Air Force commenced large-scale ferrying of aircraft. A training school for ferry aircrews was set up at Dorval, Quebec, outside Montreal, but by 1942 Dorval's airspace had become crowded with military aircraft. A new training site was set up at North Bay, taking advantage of the uncluttered skies and freedom from major built-up areas that had made the airport an ideal BEATP/BCATP candidate.
On 1 June 1942, ground around the airport was cleared and tents set up for RAF Ferry Command's Trans-Atlantic Training Unit. Five Hudson bombers arrived shortly | 11,553 |
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afterwards. Over the next three years, the unit—renamed No. 313 Ferry Training Unit in 1943—taught hundreds of aircrew, in three to four-week courses, the techniques and procedures of transatlantic flying, and how to solve in-flight problems and emergencies. The size of the unit isn't known. However, although a formal air base hadn't been established, the RAF expanded the airport dramatically. A new double hangar was built (still in use today), as well as a Works and Stores Building (i.e., Supply), guard house, salvage store, recreation building, hospital, fire station and fire protective system, coal compound and general purpose building.
The Canadian Department of Transport added water and | 11,554 |
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power supply systems, plus provided clearing and grading for the hangars, aprons and roads.
In 1943, three air traffic controllers were posted to the airport—the first ATC at North Bay—to coordinate airfield flying operations from the glass "greenhouse" built atop the admin building in 1940.
Nine more Hudsons joined the original five, along with two North American B-25 Mitchell bombers and a de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane. Avro Lancaster heavy bombers, de Havilland Mosquitos and Douglas Dakota transports were taken on in 1944.
The RAF personnel melded seamlessly into North Bay. They loved the fresh wildness of the region, an exotic experience for many of the British. Area citizens welcomed | 11,555 |
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them as part of the community. The Unit responded in kind, such as aiding blood donor drives, entering a team in the local softball league, and participated in shooting where they won and golf competitions, earning a consolation prize.
In September 1945, with the war over, the RCAF detachment disbanded. No. 313 Ferry Training Unit followed suit in October. Their facilities were donated to the Canadian government. Mass flying finished, the air traffic controllers were posted out and North Bay's airport returned to its sleepy, low-key pre-war state, and so it would remain until birth of the air base in 1951.
Despite the thousands of military flights transiting through North Bay and training | 11,556 |
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for trans-oceanic flying, there were only 11 crashes, with only one being fatal. On 28 April 1945, a No. 313 Ferry Training Unit B-25 Mitchell crashed, killing pilots Flying Officer Leslie William Laurence Davies of England and Flight Sergeant William Gribbin of Scotland. Both men are buried in North Bay cemeteries. This was also the first fatal crash of an aircraft, civilian or military, at North Bay's airport and in the North Bay area.
# RCAF Station North Bay.
Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was founded on 1 September 1951, part of the expansion of Canada's air defences in face of the rising threat of nuclear air attack from the Soviet Union. Canada, by virtue of its geography, | 11,557 |
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was presented with an unpleasant situation. No sooner had the Second World War ended than friction between the Soviet Union and Western countries began, rapidly heated up, and spread around the globe, raising the spectre of a Third World War. Called the "Cold War", both sides had weapons pointed at each other—by 1949 nuclear weapons. The main adversaries were the Soviet Union and the United States. Canada lay between the two, meaning Soviet bombers would cross Canadian territory to strike at the United States, while U.S. fighters would swarm Canada to shoot them down. Whether the country liked it or not, in a war it would become a major nuclear battleground. For this reason, plus its long-standing | 11,558 |
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friendship with the United States, Canada embarked on a nationwide development of its air defences, dovetailed with America's expansion of its own defences (which included building and manning numerous air defence radar sites on Canadian soil). North Bay's air force base was a piece of this development.
A massive building campaign began in 1951 around North Bay's tiny airport, including construction of an additional, larger double hangar; a proper control tower; air traffic control radio and radar systems; and fuel, oil, lubricant and weapons facilities for military aircraft; plus improvements to the runways, taxiways and aprons. In fact, North Bay was outfitted with a 10,000-foot runway, one | 11,559 |
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of the longest in Canada, for reasons other than air defence: during war, the base was also a designated recovery site for American bombers returning damaged and/or short of fuel from nuclear strikes on the Soviet Union. A side effect of having this runway, decades later North Bay was selected as an emergency site for NASA's Space Shuttle, and periodically, due to the long runway and relatively isolated location, free of air traffic and built-up areas, plus security offered by the military, NASA used North Bay's airfield for research into different fields of aviation.
Across Airport Road, the main route to the airfield from the City of North Bay, the rugged Northern Ontario terrain was cleared | 11,560 |
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and the support infrastructure for the station built—headquarters, barracks, dining hall, messes, hospital, gym, motor pool, supply, firehall, RCAF police guardhouse, Protestant and Roman Catholic chapels, married quarters for air force families, and much more. The majority of facilities donated to the airfield by the British when the Royal Air Force departed at the end of the Second World War were demolished and replaced.
The base had the biggest impact on the community since the linking of railways with North Bay in the early 20th century. Construction, services and contracts for the base infused millions of dollars into the community, and by the end of November 1953 the RCAF station was | 11,561 |
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the leading employer in the area: 1,018 military personnel plus over 160 civilians. This status would continue for four decades, until the departure of the last flying squadron from North Bay in 1992 and subsequent downsizing of the air base. At its peak, the air base had a strength of about 2,200 military and civilian personnel. (Base strength, as of June 2011, was 540 Regular Force, 77 Reserve Force, 34 United States Air Force and over 100 civilian personnel.)
## No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit.
The air base's "raison d'etre" was (and still is) air defence. On 1 October 1951, one month after RCAF Station North Bay's official birth, No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational | 11,562 |
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Training Unit was formed at the base. No. 3 AW(F)OTU was a state-of-the-art school teaching military flying, interception and fighter combat in all weather conditions, day or night—cutting edge techniques in 1951. Students came from as far away as New Zealand. The instructors were among the world's elite in air defence. The unit's second Officer Commanding (OC) was Wing Commander Edward Crew, Royal Air Force. Crew was replaced in 1954 by another Englishman, Wing Commander Robert Braham. Crew and Braham also commanded RCAF Station North Bay for brief periods. No. 3 AW(F)OTU transferred to RCAF Station Cold Lake in mid-1955.
Among No. 3 AW(F)OTU's instructors were the first Americans to serve | 11,563 |
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at North Bay's air base: USAF Major John Eiser and Captain B. Delosier, arriving 9 January 1952. Americans have continued to serve at North Bay in one military capacity or another into the 21st Century.
## Fighter squadrons.
The sole purpose of the air force base at North Bay is air defence, to monitor and protect the skies. At first this was limited to around North Bay, then expanded to the Northern Ontario area of Canada, then east, central and Arctic Canada, and finally all of Canada, the latter an area the size of Europe. Between the base's birth in 1951 to 1964, as well as the operational training unit, it was home to a succession of combat units devoted to this purpose.
Five fighter | 11,564 |
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interceptor squadrons served at North Bay. In succession, 430 Squadron (5 November 1951 to 27 September 1952), 445 Squadron (1 April to 31 August 1953), 419 Squadron (15 March 1954 to 1 August 1957), 433 Squadron (15 October 1955 to 1 August 1961) and 414 Squadron (1 August 1957 to 30 June 1964).
430 Squadron flew Canadair Sabre Mark II fighters, plus T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-driven North American Harvards for training. While at North Bay, the squadron was commanded by James "Stocky" Edwards, a highly decorated and an extraordinarily skilled fighter pilot with an impressive wartime career.
North Bay's next fighter unit, 445 Squadron, was the first in the world armed with | 11,565 |
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the Avro CF-100 Canuck interceptor. The CF-100 was one of two combat aircraft designed and built entirely in Canada, and the only one to enter air force service. It had the ability to hunt other aircraft in any weather, night or day, making the CF-100 the preeminent interceptor among global air forces when it began service with the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1952. Nos. 419, 433 and 414 Squadrons also flew CF-100 interceptors. CF-100s also flew with the RCAF in Europe on NATO deployments.
North Bay's last fighter unit, 414 Squadron, was re-armed with the CF-101 Voodoo in 1962, flying the jet fighters in air defence until the squadron was disbanded in 1964. The Voodoo was faster and better armed | 11,566 |
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than the CF-100, making it better suited than the CF-100 to catch and, if necessary, destroy the Soviet air force's newest strategic bombers, such as the Tupolev TU-95 "Bear".
In addition to its fighter squadrons, from September 1956 – September 1960, North Bay operated a CF-100 Staging Detachment at Lakehead Airport in Fort William, Ontario. A pair of CF-100 interceptors from the base were deployed, or "staged", at the Lakehead to defend the Northwest Ontario and Manitoba regions of the country.
In 1960 the staging detachment was changed from a fighter to a TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) unit. RCAF Station North Bay also operated a second TACAN unit at Kapuskasing, in Northern Ontario. "TACAN" | 11,567 |
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is a radio navigation beacon that helps military aircrew determine their location and direction of flight. In the 1950s and 1960s it was an indispensable aid when traversing the vast Canadian wilderness landscape. Flight computers in aircraft then were Stone Age compared to today, and navigation-assistance systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) did not exist. To get lost over Canada presented airmen with the prospect of running out of fuel and having to eject or crash-land in some of the wildest territory in North America. Wrecks and bodies were sometimes not found for weeks, months or years; some have never been found. To give an idea of the roughness of the Canadian wilderness: | 11,568 |
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even though authorities knew the general location, it took four years to find a rocket pod full of live rockets that had jettisoned from a jet fighter in 1958 when a switch malfunctioned.
Both of North Bay's TACAN units were disbanded in the 1960s, but TACAN sites are still found throughout the country today, some providing assistance to civilian as well as military aviators.
A concern for northern and bush operations in Canada was in identifying the Magnetic North Pole, benchmark for all land, sea and air compasses in the northern hemisphere. The exact position of the Magnetic North Pole was not pinpointed until flyers from 22 Wing in 1948 plotted the exact position. At that point, 22 Wing | 11,569 |
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was a photographic flying unit stationed at CFB Rockcliffe, Ontario, mapping and charting the country, separate from and unrelated to the air base at North Bay.
## 131 Composite Unit and the temporary end of military flying at North Bay.
414 Squadron, North Bay's last fighter squadron, was disbanded in June 1964, partly due to government cuts to the RCAF, and partly due to a change in the strategy for the air defence of North America, that Soviet nuclear-weapon armed bombers should be stopped as far from the North American landmass as possible. Better to fight the war (especially one of nuclear weapons) over the ocean rather than over home territory; North Bay was deemed too far from the coast | 11,570 |
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for its fighters to be useful in this strategy.
414 Squadron's departure left 131 Composite Unit as the sole flying unit at the base. Formed on 1 July 1962, 131 Composite Unit was a "catch-all" organization that flew two-seat T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-engine Beech C-45 Expeditor and Douglas C-47/CC-129 Dakota transports. As well as hauling cargo and personnel, the unit provided targets for training of RCAF interceptor aircrews, and were used by pilots and navigators on the Northern NORAD Region headquarters staff, at the base, to maintain their flying skills.
131 Composite Unit was disbanded in November 1967. For the next five years, except for occasional visits by aircraft | 11,571 |
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from other air force bases, all military flying at North Bay ceased. One of the hangars, once packed with jet interceptors, was converted into an ice arena for the City of North Bay. The only air defence activity at the base in this five-year period was in NORAD's famous Underground Complex (described below).
# Air Defence Ground Units and installations at North Bay.
Air defence ground units are those air defence organizations not equipped with aircraft. The majority are devoted to searching for, identifying, and keeping track of aircraft in the sky, and coordinating with fighters to intercept aircraft that either cannot be identified; are suspicious; require assistance; participating in criminal | 11,572 |
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activity; intruding in sovereign airspace; or have been declared hostile.
Surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons like the BOMARCs in Canada during the 1960s and early 1970s are also considered air defence ground units. SAMs of course are used only in war, or if an isolated attack (such as the 9/11 attacks) is made during peacetime.
In war, the air defence ground units monitoring the skies may use surface-to-air missiles as well as fighters to intercept and shoot down hostile aircraft and any air-to-surface missiles (ASMs) launched by those aircraft (especially since ASMs launched against countries or a continent are usually nuclear-tipped, aimed to destroy cities, military bases and industrial | 11,573 |
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installations).
Today, CFB North Bay is responsible for the air defence of all of Canada's skies, and, in concert with the United States, the skies over the Canadian-U.S. portion of the North American continent, an airspace about twice the size of Europe. The seeds of this important work were sown over 60 years ago in a tiny radar unit, crammed into a small clutch of trucks.
## 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit.
North Bay's first air defence ground unit was 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit (abbreviated as "6 AC&WU"). Created on 4 February 1952, just four months after the base was born, the unit was equipped with Second World War-vintage British Air Ministry Experimental System (AMES) 11C | 11,574 |
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radar equipment. Intended to be mobile, to move and operate wherever the air force needed it, 6 AC&WU worked inside a handful of van-size trucks. It stood sentinel over the skies in a circle of about 120 miles (200 kilometers) centered on the base at North Bay; its assignments were to detect all aircraft entering this area; evaluate who they were and if they posed a threat; provide early warning to RCAF Station North Bay of hostile, suspicious and unidentified aircraft; and guide the air station's jet fighters by radio to intercept these aircraft.
6 AC&WU's strength comprised three officers and 32 Other Ranks. The latter including 19 airwomen, the first time in Royal Canadian Air Force history | 11,575 |
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women were allowed to work in air defence.
In March 1952 it was decided that 6 AC&WU would not be using its mobility, and the ground air defence unit was transferred out of its trucks into a building on the base.
"Ground Controlled Interception", or "GCI", was a major function of the base, providing air force personnel in a ground station, like a radar site or an air defence command and control centre with the systems to guide fighters to intercept an aircraft. The ground control is done by radio. The usual method is the ground controller and the interceptor's aircrew talk to each other. In the past, on occasion — such as with the CF-101 Voodoo interceptor — the information could sometimes | 11,576 |
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be transmitted to the fighter by datalink. Datalink sends information to the fighter's crew by the press of a button at a console in the ground station rather than a controller speaking to the aircrew, loosely similar to how WiFi sends data to computers today. Datalink has the advantage that, since no words are spoken, an enemy can't eavesdrop into the radio frequency and listen to what the ground controller and aircrew are doing and planning. Despite this advantage, the majority of GCI practiced by air forces around the world was (and still is) done by the ground controller and the aircrew talking over the radio.
On 15 April 1952, 6 AC&WU carried out the first GCI at North Bay, a training | 11,577 |
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session to evaluate the unit's people and radar equipment. The unit's ground controllers guided a No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit jet interceptor against one of the operational training unit's twin-engine C-45 Expeditor transports. From the success of this and subsequent training, on 15 May 1952, 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit began around-the-clock air defence operations, working with 430 Squadron Sabre jet fighters for the defence of the North Bay area. It was the first small step in North Bay's gradual expansion to overseeing the air defence of the entire country.
6 AC&WU continued as part of the base until 1 December 1952, when it was reassigned to a new, large | 11,578 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
radar station being built at Falconbridge, Ontario, about 65 miles (105 kilometres) west of North Bay. Renamed "33 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron Detachment", the unit remained at North Bay for seven more months, defending the area, until the end of May 1953, when Falconbridge was finally ready to assume control of air defence in its region of Canada. (Falconbridge watched a circle of sky about 400 miles in diameter, about 640 kilometres, a dramatic improvement over 6 AC&WU.)
## Ground Observer Corps.
Between June 1953 and May 1960, two Ground Observer Corps groups operated in North Bay: 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit and 50 Ground Observer Corps Detachment. 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit | 11,579 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
was set up in a leased commercial building in the heart of the City of North Bay. Commanded by an RCAF squadron leader, and manned by RCAF personnel as well as seven paid civilian employees, it oversaw Ground Observer Corps Detachments and Observation Posts in Ontario at North Bay, Brockville, London and Peterborough, and at Winnipeg, Manitoba.
The Ground Observer Corps (GObC) was a Canada-wide organization created by the RCAF to assist in defence of the nation against a Soviet nuclear air attack. Established on 1 October 1952, and headed by Air Defence Command, 50,000 civilian GObC volunteers from every walk of life, from housewives to Jesuit priests, watched the skies with binoculars and | 11,580 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
reported aircraft sightings by telephone to filter centres. Some GObC volunteers also set up sound-detection equipment at their own expense to search for the sound of aircraft engines at night, bad weather, and during heavy cloud cover, when visual sightings were impossible.
The filter centres were sprinkled across the country. Commanded by air force officers and manned by civilian volunteers in addition to a small air force and paid civilian staff, as their name implies the centres filtered the reports of aircraft telephoned in from observers. Those aircraft determined by a filter centre to be of interest were plotted on a giant table painted with a map of the centre's area of responsibility. | 11,581 |
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The plots were small, vertical, coloured pegs fitted with letters and numbers; the colours of the pegs, letters and numbers were a filter centre code that told centre personnel such things as the aircraft's status—for example, if it was a friendly civilian aircraft, or a military flight, or an aircraft that could not be identified. As an aircraft of interest flew across the filter centre's area, its plot was moved across the map table so that filter centre personnel could track its progress.
If an aircraft of interest was deemed hostile or suspicious, or could not be unidentified, it was reported by the filter centre to a radar station nearest the problem aircraft. The radar station's crew | 11,582 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
scrambled jet fighters from an air force base, and guided the jets by GCI to intercept the target, to find out what the problem was or, if necessary, shoot the aircraft down. (Throughout the Cold War and afterwards Canadian air defences were only called upon to shoot down an aircraft once—CF-18s engaged a runaway MANTRA science balloon, 28 August 1998. Although travelling at an altitude of 120,000 to 125,000 feet, tens of thousands of feet above the world's air traffic, the errant balloon would pose a threat of mid-air collision once it began to descend. Therefore, the order was given to blow it out of the sky. Its altitude was miles above any jet fighter's limit, yet CF-18s from Bagotville | 11,583 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
gave it their best shot (literally). About a thousand rounds were fired. The pilots hit the balloon and its scientific package repeatedly, but not fatally, and the balloon traversed the Atlantic Ocean, eventually alighting on Åland Island, Finland.)
While 6 AC&WU had defended airspace in the vicinity of a single city, 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit was watching the skies over all of Ontario, part of Manitoba and a slice of western Quebec, an area larger than France, Belgium and the Netherlands combined. The scope of the Unit's operations is illustrated by one 1958 air defence exercise that involved 14,000 civilian volunteers and military personnel and over 60 aircraft.
50 Ground Observer Corps | 11,584 |
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Detachment and its filter centre belonged to 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit. Opened on 30 June 1953 by Air Vice Marshal Arthur James, Commander of the RCAF's Air Defence Command, the Detachment and its centre were installed in a converted ex-movie theatre in the Sibbett Building, a well-known downtown North Bay City landmark, and were responsible for surveillance of the skies and providing early warning of hostile aircraft in north-central Ontario, an area roughly the size of England, Scotland and Wales. Along with an RCAF Commanding Officer, a small RCAF staff, and 1 or 2 paid civilians, a large contingent of unpaid civilian volunteers were employed at the Detachment and its centre, hired through | 11,585 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
newspaper advertisements and recruiting drives at such places as movie theatres and department stores. Despite the heavy reliance on civilian volunteers, the Detachment and centre were round-the-clock operations, and trained exhaustively how to respond to a Soviet air attack, such as in the military exercise mentioned above.
The problem with the Ground Observer Corps and its filter centres is that they largely mirrored the air defences of the Battle of Britain, 1940. They relied heavily on "eyeball" reports of aircraft, a particular conundrum if an air attack was made at night, in bad weather, or dense cloud cover when visibility was severely hampered or nonexistent. In the filter centres, | 11,586 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
aircraft movements were marked by plots hand-pushed atop giant map tables. In an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons this process was achingly slow and woefully unreliable. In May 1960 the Corps and its filter centres south of the 55th Parallel (including those in North Bay) were disbanded, rendered obsolete by NORAD's new computerized SAGE system and the (then) state-of-the-art Distant Early Warning, Mid-Canada Line and Pinetree Line radar networks. The Ground Observer Corps north of the 55th Parallel was retained for four more years, due to the value to NORAD and RCAF Air Defence Command of observations phoned or radioed in of aircraft spotted crossing the north. In January 1964 the northern | 11,587 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
operations were ended, and the Ground Observer Corps finally disbanded.
# NORAD and the Underground Complex.
The Underground Complex is the most extraordinary military installation ever built in Canada. During the Cold War, Canada was in an unenviable geographic position, lying directly between the Cold War's principal adversaries, the Soviet Union and United States. This meant if the war turned "hot", Canada would become a major nuclear battleground: to reach their American targets—cities, military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace. Meanwhile, U.S. interceptors would swarm the airspace to shoot the attackers down.
Thus | 11,588 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
by default Canada was the air defence "front trenches" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, | 11,589 |
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performing the same defence duties.
The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere.
By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air defence command and control centre was deemed the most important piece of the NORAD "pie", with respect to bombers. (North Bay was never involved in ballistic missile defence.) Its early warning of and reaction against a Soviet nuclear air attack were critical for the survival | 11,590 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
of the U.S.-Canadian portion of the North American continent. As one air force officer put it: "(regarding a bomber attack) We lose North Bay, we lose the continent." Ergo, the centre was a prime target for a Soviet nuclear strike. To minimize the possibility of its destruction, planners decided to build the facility underground. It would be the only subterranean regional command and control centre in NORAD.
Following a cross-Canada survey of candidate sites, North Bay was selected for the following reasons:
- 1. An air force base existed, eliminating the need to build one.
- 2. The City of North Bay was a crossroad of rail, highway and telecommunications.
- 3. The geology comprised a 2.6 | 11,591 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
billion year old rock formation altered 1.5 billion years ago by the Grenville Metamorphic Event into granite, one of the hardest rock types on the planet, excellent armour against a nuclear strike.
- 4. Trout Lake, on the eastern edge of the city, presented an abundant source of water needed to cool the complex.
## Construction of the Underground Complex.
Construction of the Underground Complex (UGC) took four years, August 1959 to September 1963: 1 1/2 years for excavation; 2 1/2 years to build and outfit the centre. The cost was $51,000,000. One-third was paid by Canada, two-thirds by the U.S. Situated 60 storeys beneath the surface of the Earth (600 feet, 183 meters)—deeper underground | 11,592 |
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than most of the buildings in Toronto are tall—the facility was specially designed to withstand a 4-megaton nuclear blast, 267 times more powerful than the bomb dropped at Hiroshima.
Because its subterranean location complicated access by firefighting vehicles and personnel, the complex was fashioned from fire-retardant and fireproof materials, making it one of the most fire-safe structures in the country.
The complex (which still exists) comprises two sections. The "Main Installation" is a three-storey, figure-eight-shaped building inside a 430-foot-long (131 meter), 230-foot-wide (70.1 meter), 5.4-storey high (54 feet, 16.5 meter) cave. The "Power Cavern", which provides life support and | 11,593 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
utility services to the complex, is a 401-foot-long (122.23 meter), 50-foot-wide (15.24 meter), 2.7-storey high (27 foot, 8.23 meter) chamber.
Access to the complex is via a 6,600-foot-long (2,012 meter) North Tunnel from the air base, and a 3,150-foot-long (960 meter) South Tunnel from the city. The tunnels meet; the idea was if a nuclear weapon struck the air base the blast would shoot down the North Tunnel and out the South Tunnel, minimizing blast damage to the complex and its structures. In fact, the three-storey Main Installation is mounted off the ground on specially designed pillars (not springs) to reduce seismic shock—on 1 January 2000, North Bay was hit by an earthquake registering | 11,594 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
5.2 on the Richter magnitude scale, yet occupants in the Main Installation did not feel a thing.
As an added measure against damage from a nuclear blast, as well as for the security of the installation, the complex is situated behind three 19-ton steel bank vault-type doors. The doors are normally kept open, and shut in times of emergency. Despite weighing as much as a medium-size bulldozer, each door is so well balanced it can be moved effortlessly by a 12-year-old child.
## Features of the Underground Complex.
Air defence operations officially began in the UGC on 1 October 1963, and continued around-the-clock, unabated for 43 years until October 2006. There was nothing like it in NORAD | 11,595 |
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(the Cheyenne Mountain Complex did not officially open until 1966) or in Canada, and it attracted worldwide interest. Its opening was reported in newspapers throughout the United States; it was the subject of numerous engineering publications; and visitors included the commander of the Japanese Air Self Defense Force, commander of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia In its heyday about 700 Canadian and American military and civilian personnel worked in the centre, in day jobs and shift work. As well as air defence facilities, the Main Installation encompassed a barber shop, small medical centre, gym, cafeteria, chaplain's office, and other amenities for the | 11,596 |
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complex's personnel (important since the complex was designed to seal up in time of war), plus a command post, intelligence centre, briefing rooms, a telephone switching network large enough to handle a town of 30,000 people, and a national civil defence warning centre.
When sealed up, the Underground Complex could support 400 people for upwards of four weeks cut off from the outside world. Since Canada would be the front line for the air defence of North America if the Cold War turned "hot", it was crucial to ensure that air defence operations would continue as long as possible. A critical factor was electrical power. The complex gets its power from the outside civilian hydro-electric grid. | 11,597 |
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In the event of a power failure, such as the August 2003 blackout that hobbled the northeast United States and Canada, two banks of 194 batteries automatically switch on and provide electricity to the complex while an electrical generator is readied to take the load. Once a generator is running, it can power the complex without stopping as long as it has fuel. The generator can also power key air base buildings on the Earth's surface. Originally the complex had six 750-kilowatt generators. These were replaced in the 1990s by three 1.2-megawatt generators. Both types of generators could run on diesel or natural gas. If the Cold War had turned "hot", and the complex sealed airtight and forced | 11,598 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
to use its generators for electrical power, the facility's NORAD commander faced a harrowing choice. The original 750-kilowatt generators devoured air voraciously; in the sealed up environment of the complex, instead of weeks the generators would have cut life support for the complex's personnel to a mere few hours, as the machines sucked away the breathable atmosphere. The commander could limit use of the generators to prolong his personnel's survival, but a nuclear air attack would have demanded maximum power from all of the generators to support the complex's air defence computers and electronics in order to repel the invaders, i.e. the commander and his personnel would be dead in hours. | 11,599 |
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