wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
of that name, ceased publication in 1993. Since this time Holyoke has not had its own daily news source but has been served by the weekly Holyoke Sun, managed by Turley Publications, which began publication in 1995.
Since 2004 the area has also been covered by the bilingual monthly "El Sol Latin... | 11,500 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
French newspapers were published. Many of these were printed for only a matter of weeks, while the best documented, the weekly La Justice, was published from 1909 to 1964, being biweekly in its last six years. Another prominent example was the Polish language "Gwiazda", or "Polish Weekly-Star", a... | 11,501 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
serving the Springfield market, the city is also home to Holyoke Media, a public-access media non-profit.
## Film.
In its history many smaller productions have been filmed in Holyoke, as well a handful of notable pictures including the neo-noir film "Malice" (1993) and mystery horror drama "The... | 11,502 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
and contemporary rock songs.
# Infrastructure.
## Healthcare.
The Holyoke Medical Center offers comprehensive health services, was named a top hospital by The Leapfrog Group in 2016, and in 2018 received multiple awards for its stroke care from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program ... | 11,503 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
in 1892.
The Soldiers' Home in Holyoke is one of two state-operated veterans healthcare facilities in the Commonwealth, offering longterm residential care as well as outpatient services to Massachusetts veterans. In 2018, the facility received high marks from the Department of Veterans Affairs, ... | 11,504 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
Green High Performance Computing Center in the city, due to its 1gbps service offered to commercial customers, and a dedicated link exceeding 10gbps for the facility's educational affiliates, on specialized networks such as Internet2.
The municipal fiber line network has also served as an intern... | 11,505 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
orders by the council to further explore this measure, no immediate plan for residential service has been given by the municipal utility as of 2018.
## Transportation.
### Highways.
Interstate highways serving Greater Holyoke include:
- – North to Northampton, Hatfield, Greenfield, and South ... | 11,506 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
from South Hadley via the Joseph E. Muller Bridge to Westfield, Massachusetts.
Massachusetts highways in the area include:
- – A minor freeway bypassing downtown Holyoke, connecting Chicopee to South Hadley via the Willimansett Bridge and the Vietnam Memorial Bridge.
- – A minor freeway connec... | 11,507 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
the Holyoke Transportation Center.
Passenger rail service returned to Holyoke in August 2015, after being absent since 1967. Amtrak's "Vermonter" stops at the Holyoke station once a day in each direction, and a New Haven–Springfield Shuttle pilot program will commence in Spring 2019 linking Holy... | 11,508 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
end in 2021 based on the results of the program.
Freight rail service is provided to the city's industrial and warehouse railways in Springdale, South Holyoke, and The Flats by the Pioneer Valley Railroad, with connections to Pan Am Southern to Springfield and Greenfield, and a line to Westfield... | 11,509 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
Valley is entirely car-dependent with a score of 3, the downtown area, with its grid central to stores, residences, and businesses, yields a Walk Score of 84.
In an effort to make the mixed industrial and residential area around the canals more accessible, the city has in recent years constructe... | 11,510 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
it was finally shuttered in December 2014. In October 2016 ground was broken at the site for the construction of a new solar farm.
## Flora and fauna.
Due to a combination of MassWildlife's Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, as well as public health protections for the watershed of ... | 11,511 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
managed by municipal, state, and federal agencies, with sustainable development plans in place to encourage development within the city's dense grid to the east. Of the wildlife identified in Holyoke, there are 29 species of fish, 21 of amphibians, 18 of reptiles, at least 160 species of birds in... | 11,512 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
(1997)
- Tralee, Ireland (2017)
Less formal relationships, representing symbolic and technical exchanges have also been established with the following cities-
- Montreal, Quebec, Canada (1888), on January 26, 1888, a delegation from Montreal was received by Mayor Delaney. Arriving by train, th... | 11,513 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
audience including reporters from several Franco-American newspapers, with a speech by Delaney lamenting the tragic Precious Blood Church fire, and a tribute by Beaugrand honoring President Cleveland.
- Beijing, Qing China (1906), in May 1906, Chen Jintao, regarded as China's first foreign schol... | 11,514 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
go on to serve numerous important roles in both the Qing and Republic of China governments, including Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for the latter.
- Dublin, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1906), on November 9, 1906, two Irish envoys were received by Mayor Avery, Richard Hazle... | 11,515 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
drawn between the independence of the United States. Some $700, about $20,000 in 2017 US Dollars, was raised by the crowd for the Irish Parliamentary Party by the end of the evening.
- Apremont-la-Forêt, Meuse, France (1919), at the end of World War I, in honor of the fallen of the 104th Infantr... | 11,516 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
and Westfield.
- San Juan, Puerto Rico (2018), in the wake of Hurricane Maria many Puerto Ricans sought refuge with family in Holyoke, with more than 235 additional students enrolling in Holyoke public schools in the year following the natural disaster; on April 27, 2018, a key to the city was p... | 11,517 |
116799 | Holyoke, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts | Holyoke, Massachusetts
students enrolling in Holyoke public schools in the year following the natural disaster; on April 27, 2018, a key to the city was presented to San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz by Mayor Alex Morse to honor that "in such a time of despair [she] provided a beacon of hope and opportunity for Puerto R... | 11,518 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
Ibn Juzayy
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi al-Gharnati Al-Hanbali (in Arabic, محمد ابن احمد ابن جزي الكلبي الغرناطي) was a scholar, writer of poetry, history, and law from Al-Andalus. He is mainly known as the writer to whom Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his travels. He is also the author of the... | 11,519 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
Rihla of Ibn Jubayr and the description of Palestine by Mohammed al-Abdari al-Hihi.
His father, Imām Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Juzayy al-Kalbī al-Gharnāṭī al-Mālikī (693/1294 – 741/1340), wrote many religious works such as his "al-Qawanin al-Fiqhiyyah" or "The Laws of Jurisprudence" a comparative ... | 11,520 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
he wrote for his son, as well as his treatise on Sufism based on the Qur'an, "The Refinement of the Hearts". It is a mistake to say that one of Abū al-Qāsim ibn Juzayy's teachers was Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd (the grandson) Averroes (1126 – 1198), the author of "Bidāyat al-Mujtahid" and grandson of Abu Al-Walid Muh... | 11,521 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
: s.n.], 1998
- M. Isabel Calero Secall, RULERS AND QĀDĪS: THEIR RELATIONSHIP DURING THE NASRID KINGDOM, in: Journal Islamic Law and Society, Volume 7, Number 2 / June, 2000
- Ibn al-Khatib, al-Ihata fi akhbar Gharnata, ed. M. Inan, 4 vols. (Cairo, 1973-77), I, 157-62;
- Ibn al-Khatib, al-Katiba al-kamina... | 11,522 |
512038 | Ibn Juzayy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn%20Juzayy | Ibn Juzayy
d. Ihsan Abbas,(Beirut, 1983), 138-43
- Ibn al-Khatib, al-Lamha al-badriyya fi l-dawla al-nasriyya, ed. Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib, 3rd ed. (Beirut, 1978), 116-18
- Al-Maqqari "Nafh al-tib min ghusn al-Andalus al-ratib", ed. I. 'Abbas, Beirut, 1968, t. 8, pp. 40-54
- F.Velazquez Basanta, Retrato jatibiano de... | 11,523 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
Ai Iijima
# Life and career.
Born as in Tokyo, Japan, Iijima described a troubled early life in her autobiography. She was raped in her early teens and had an abortion. She ran away from home as a teenager, later stating, "I hated my parents, to the point where I would rather be coached by bums to sleep in ... | 11,524 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
100 films. She entered mainstream media as a hostess on the nighttime television program, "Gilgamesh Night", where she became known as the "T-Back Queen", for her practice of turning her rear to the camera, lifting her skirt and flashing her G-string, known in Japan as a "T-Back". In addition to adult videos ... | 11,525 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
career in mainstream entertainment.
After ending her career in adult videos, Iijima released a musical single in July 1993 and soon became a regular on daytime TV talk shows. Before long, she became one of the most successful "tarento" to make the transition from pornography into mainstream entertainment. In... | 11,526 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
glance, Ai appears really rough around the edges, but she's actually really sensitive, and she always thinks of others in ways like giving them little presents. She's that type."
Iijima also worked in video games as well. In 1995, she also voice acted for the main protagonist of the video game "Magical Pop'n... | 11,527 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
and ends up as an adult movie star. The book was a best-seller, selling over 1.7 million copies. By 2004, the book had been translated into Korean, Chinese, Spanish and Italian. She visited Taiwan where her book was a best-seller on a promotional tour in February 2001 and was "besieged by journalists" at the ... | 11,528 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
role was released as an R15 rated theatrical film by Toho in October 2001 titled "Platonic Sex". This version had Iijima credited as and . Iijima's catchphrase, "watashi teki ni" ("my way"), became well known due to the popularity of the book and the movies.
It was also at this time that Iijima became involv... | 11,529 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
TV celebrity that many younger members of her audience were unaware that she had once been one of the top AV actresses. Items from her early career began going for high prices, and an unauthorized 2002 box-set release of her adult videos sold very well, until her lawyers took it off the market.
Iijima's acce... | 11,530 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
Club of Japan. Later the same month, she participated in a United Nations program in Tokyo on AIDS awareness in the week leading up to World AIDS Day on December 1, 2004. She made cameo appearances in the 2005 horror film "The Curse (Noroi)" and the September 2006 police show parody.
## Retirement.
After th... | 11,531 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
that she was suffering from health problems, causing rumors of her possible retirement from show business to circulate in the press. In March 2007, when asked by the host of "Sunday Japon" whether rumors of her retirement were true, Iijima replied, "Yes, I have been wanting to quit for some time. I will annou... | 11,532 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
there was more behind the retirement announcement than had been made public, Iijima "seemed to admit as much and was reduced to tears." Whatever the circumstances leading to the decision, Ai Iijima's retirement at the age of 34 brought an end to what has been called "one of the more remarkable careers in the ... | 11,533 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
was suffering from hay fever, pyelitis (ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney), cystitis, and acute backache. She had written in her blog that she had kidney problems and inflammation of the urinary tract and bladder. In February 2009, police announced that the p... | 11,534 |
512036 | Ai Iijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ai%20Iijima | Ai Iijima
dney), cystitis, and acute backache. She had written in her blog that she had kidney problems and inflammation of the urinary tract and bladder. In February 2009, police announced that the pathology examination showed she had died of pneumonia, and that there was no suggestion of either suicide or murder.
On... | 11,535 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
CFB North Bay
Canadian Forces Base North Bay, also CFB North Bay, is an air force base located at the City of North Bay, Ontario about north of Toronto. The base is subordinate to 1 Canadian Air Division, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and is the centre for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) operation... | 11,536 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
in North America, the NORAD Underground Complex, a bunker the size of a shopping centre, 60 storeys beneath the surface of the Earth.
On 1 April 1993, all air bases in Canada were redesignated as wings; the base was renamed 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. This is abbreviated as 22 Wing/CFB North ... | 11,537 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding VIPs flying in the country (e.g., the Pope), to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for child... | 11,538 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
centre took the first steps towards transitioning from air to aerospace defence, commencing preparations for Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite. Sapphire functions as a contributing sensor in the United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), performing surveillance of objects orbiting at 6,000 ... | 11,539 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
checks, expected to begin its duties in July 2013. Due to various technical delays, the satellite's FOC (Final Operational Certification) wasn't achieved until 30 January 2014. By end of that year it had delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects.
22 Wing/CFB North Bay has two unique properties ... | 11,540 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
War.
North Bay's first contact with the air force took place on 9 October 1920, when a Government of Canada Felixstowe F.3 flying boat overflew the (then) town during the first crossing of Canada by aircraft. (North Bay was not incorporated as a city until 1925.) The F.3's pilots were Lieutenant-Colonel ... | 11,541 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
out of the east, catching residents unaware. Few had seen an aircraft before; the effect was electrifying, akin to the Space Shuttle appearing suddenly over the city today. Leckie steered for the downtown. Over the Canadian Pacific Railway station he dropped a signal to be telegraphed to the Air Board in ... | 11,542 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
HS-2L flying boat, taking on exploration and aerial survey work, landed at North Bay, on Lake Nipissing. The HS-2L landed on Lake Nipissing and Trout Lake (on the eastern periphery of North Bay) in 1922, for further aerial surveying as well as cargo and passenger transport. These flights amplified this in... | 11,543 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
First World War fighter pilot, almost single-handedly laid down the network of aviation in Canada, exploring and surveying the country for the construction of aerodromes and establishment of air routes for the Trans-Canada Air Lines system, essentially a national air highway network. Considering that Cana... | 11,544 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
in North Bay to supervise construction of emergency landing fields for the Ottawa to Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay) portion of the Trans-Canada Airway system. An 18-man unit operated out of the Dominion Rubber Company building, leased on Oak Street, downtown North Bay, which served as their headquarters, s... | 11,545 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
since been abandoned to the wild. Ironically, although the nucleus of the operation, and recommended by S/L Tudhope in June 1936, North Bay was not considered as a site for an aerodrome.
The first air force aircraft to land at North Bay arrived 17 to 23 May 1930. Eight Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) fly... | 11,546 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
finance the project. On 21 March 1938, their perseverance paid off. The Canadian government approved expenditure of funds to build an airport at North Bay. The Province of Ontario and City of North Bay would provide the land. It would be a Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) facility; TCA was the country's gover... | 11,547 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
War, and close associate of Squadron Leader Tudhope during the latter's exploration and survey of Canada, Dodds had been seconded by DND to the Department of Transport as Inspector of Airways and Aerodromes for the country. On 28 November 1938, the long sought after airport was ready to receive aircraft; ... | 11,548 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
was in contention as a British Empire Air Training Plan site. The BEATP (eventually renamed the "British Commonwealth Air Training Plan", or "BCATP") was the biggest international military aircrew training operation in history. There were more aircrew training schools in Britain, but the BCATP taught and ... | 11,549 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
aircrew hopefuls attempting to learn the tricky art of military flying. In 1940 a small glass "greenhouse" was constructed atop the airport's administration building in anticipation of air traffic control, necessary to handle the sudden proliferation of aircraft. But the government decided not to include ... | 11,550 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
Lieutenant), two aeroengine mechanics, an electrician and an airframe mechanic re-fuelled, serviced and repaired the aircraft. A driver and vehicle mechanic saw to the detachment's staff car, aircraft towing tractor and fuel truck. The staff car was eventually replaced by a more practical "Truck, Panel, D... | 11,551 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
was proposed to ferry aircraft instead—fly them over the ocean. It was a breath-taking proposal. In 1940 transoceanic flying was raw and new. Aircrew had no navigation aids to steer by except the sun, moon and stars. Search and rescue beyond the coasts of North America, Ireland and Britain was nonexistent... | 11,552 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
Yet the following morning, engines sucking their last gallons of fuel, all seven bombers arrived safely in Northern Ireland.
Inspired, the Royal Air Force commenced large-scale ferrying of aircraft. A training school for ferry aircrews was set up at Dorval, Quebec, outside Montreal, but by 1942 Dorval's ... | 11,553 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
afterwards. Over the next three years, the unit—renamed No. 313 Ferry Training Unit in 1943—taught hundreds of aircrew, in three to four-week courses, the techniques and procedures of transatlantic flying, and how to solve in-flight problems and emergencies. The size of the unit isn't known. However, alth... | 11,554 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
power supply systems, plus provided clearing and grading for the hangars, aprons and roads.
In 1943, three air traffic controllers were posted to the airport—the first ATC at North Bay—to coordinate airfield flying operations from the glass "greenhouse" built atop the admin building in 1940.
Nine more H... | 11,555 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
them as part of the community. The Unit responded in kind, such as aiding blood donor drives, entering a team in the local softball league, and participated in shooting where they won and golf competitions, earning a consolation prize.
In September 1945, with the war over, the RCAF detachment disbanded. ... | 11,556 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
for trans-oceanic flying, there were only 11 crashes, with only one being fatal. On 28 April 1945, a No. 313 Ferry Training Unit B-25 Mitchell crashed, killing pilots Flying Officer Leslie William Laurence Davies of England and Flight Sergeant William Gribbin of Scotland. Both men are buried in North Bay ... | 11,557 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
was presented with an unpleasant situation. No sooner had the Second World War ended than friction between the Soviet Union and Western countries began, rapidly heated up, and spread around the globe, raising the spectre of a Third World War. Called the "Cold War", both sides had weapons pointed at each o... | 11,558 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
friendship with the United States, Canada embarked on a nationwide development of its air defences, dovetailed with America's expansion of its own defences (which included building and manning numerous air defence radar sites on Canadian soil). North Bay's air force base was a piece of this development.
... | 11,559 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
of the longest in Canada, for reasons other than air defence: during war, the base was also a designated recovery site for American bombers returning damaged and/or short of fuel from nuclear strikes on the Soviet Union. A side effect of having this runway, decades later North Bay was selected as an emerg... | 11,560 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
and the support infrastructure for the station built—headquarters, barracks, dining hall, messes, hospital, gym, motor pool, supply, firehall, RCAF police guardhouse, Protestant and Roman Catholic chapels, married quarters for air force families, and much more. The majority of facilities donated to the ai... | 11,561 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
the leading employer in the area: 1,018 military personnel plus over 160 civilians. This status would continue for four decades, until the departure of the last flying squadron from North Bay in 1992 and subsequent downsizing of the air base. At its peak, the air base had a strength of about 2,200 militar... | 11,562 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
Training Unit was formed at the base. No. 3 AW(F)OTU was a state-of-the-art school teaching military flying, interception and fighter combat in all weather conditions, day or night—cutting edge techniques in 1951. Students came from as far away as New Zealand. The instructors were among the world's elite ... | 11,563 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
at North Bay's air base: USAF Major John Eiser and Captain B. Delosier, arriving 9 January 1952. Americans have continued to serve at North Bay in one military capacity or another into the 21st Century.
## Fighter squadrons.
The sole purpose of the air force base at North Bay is air defence, to monitor ... | 11,564 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
interceptor squadrons served at North Bay. In succession, 430 Squadron (5 November 1951 to 27 September 1952), 445 Squadron (1 April to 31 August 1953), 419 Squadron (15 March 1954 to 1 August 1957), 433 Squadron (15 October 1955 to 1 August 1961) and 414 Squadron (1 August 1957 to 30 June 1964).
430 Squ... | 11,565 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
the Avro CF-100 Canuck interceptor. The CF-100 was one of two combat aircraft designed and built entirely in Canada, and the only one to enter air force service. It had the ability to hunt other aircraft in any weather, night or day, making the CF-100 the preeminent interceptor among global air forces whe... | 11,566 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
than the CF-100, making it better suited than the CF-100 to catch and, if necessary, destroy the Soviet air force's newest strategic bombers, such as the Tupolev TU-95 "Bear".
In addition to its fighter squadrons, from September 1956 – September 1960, North Bay operated a CF-100 Staging Detachment at Lak... | 11,567 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
is a radio navigation beacon that helps military aircrew determine their location and direction of flight. In the 1950s and 1960s it was an indispensable aid when traversing the vast Canadian wilderness landscape. Flight computers in aircraft then were Stone Age compared to today, and navigation-assistanc... | 11,568 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
even though authorities knew the general location, it took four years to find a rocket pod full of live rockets that had jettisoned from a jet fighter in 1958 when a switch malfunctioned.
Both of North Bay's TACAN units were disbanded in the 1960s, but TACAN sites are still found throughout the country t... | 11,569 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
was a photographic flying unit stationed at CFB Rockcliffe, Ontario, mapping and charting the country, separate from and unrelated to the air base at North Bay.
## 131 Composite Unit and the temporary end of military flying at North Bay.
414 Squadron, North Bay's last fighter squadron, was disbanded in ... | 11,570 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
for its fighters to be useful in this strategy.
414 Squadron's departure left 131 Composite Unit as the sole flying unit at the base. Formed on 1 July 1962, 131 Composite Unit was a "catch-all" organization that flew two-seat T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-engine Beech C-45 Expeditor and Dou... | 11,571 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
from other air force bases, all military flying at North Bay ceased. One of the hangars, once packed with jet interceptors, was converted into an ice arena for the City of North Bay. The only air defence activity at the base in this five-year period was in NORAD's famous Underground Complex (described bel... | 11,572 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
activity; intruding in sovereign airspace; or have been declared hostile.
Surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons like the BOMARCs in Canada during the 1960s and early 1970s are also considered air defence ground units. SAMs of course are used only in war, or if an isolated attack (such as the 9/11 attack... | 11,573 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
installations).
Today, CFB North Bay is responsible for the air defence of all of Canada's skies, and, in concert with the United States, the skies over the Canadian-U.S. portion of the North American continent, an airspace about twice the size of Europe. The seeds of this important work were sown over 6... | 11,574 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
radar equipment. Intended to be mobile, to move and operate wherever the air force needed it, 6 AC&WU worked inside a handful of van-size trucks. It stood sentinel over the skies in a circle of about 120 miles (200 kilometers) centered on the base at North Bay; its assignments were to detect all aircraft ... | 11,575 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
women were allowed to work in air defence.
In March 1952 it was decided that 6 AC&WU would not be using its mobility, and the ground air defence unit was transferred out of its trucks into a building on the base.
"Ground Controlled Interception", or "GCI", was a major function of the base, providing air... | 11,576 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
be transmitted to the fighter by datalink. Datalink sends information to the fighter's crew by the press of a button at a console in the ground station rather than a controller speaking to the aircrew, loosely similar to how WiFi sends data to computers today. Datalink has the advantage that, since no wor... | 11,577 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
session to evaluate the unit's people and radar equipment. The unit's ground controllers guided a No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit jet interceptor against one of the operational training unit's twin-engine C-45 Expeditor transports. From the success of this and subsequent training, on... | 11,578 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
radar station being built at Falconbridge, Ontario, about 65 miles (105 kilometres) west of North Bay. Renamed "33 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron Detachment", the unit remained at North Bay for seven more months, defending the area, until the end of May 1953, when Falconbridge was finally ready to as... | 11,579 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
was set up in a leased commercial building in the heart of the City of North Bay. Commanded by an RCAF squadron leader, and manned by RCAF personnel as well as seven paid civilian employees, it oversaw Ground Observer Corps Detachments and Observation Posts in Ontario at North Bay, Brockville, London and ... | 11,580 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
reported aircraft sightings by telephone to filter centres. Some GObC volunteers also set up sound-detection equipment at their own expense to search for the sound of aircraft engines at night, bad weather, and during heavy cloud cover, when visual sightings were impossible.
The filter centres were sprin... | 11,581 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
The plots were small, vertical, coloured pegs fitted with letters and numbers; the colours of the pegs, letters and numbers were a filter centre code that told centre personnel such things as the aircraft's status—for example, if it was a friendly civilian aircraft, or a military flight, or an aircraft th... | 11,582 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
scrambled jet fighters from an air force base, and guided the jets by GCI to intercept the target, to find out what the problem was or, if necessary, shoot the aircraft down. (Throughout the Cold War and afterwards Canadian air defences were only called upon to shoot down an aircraft once—CF-18s engaged a... | 11,583 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
gave it their best shot (literally). About a thousand rounds were fired. The pilots hit the balloon and its scientific package repeatedly, but not fatally, and the balloon traversed the Atlantic Ocean, eventually alighting on Åland Island, Finland.)
While 6 AC&WU had defended airspace in the vicinity of ... | 11,584 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
Detachment and its filter centre belonged to 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit. Opened on 30 June 1953 by Air Vice Marshal Arthur James, Commander of the RCAF's Air Defence Command, the Detachment and its centre were installed in a converted ex-movie theatre in the Sibbett Building, a well-known downtown North... | 11,585 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
newspaper advertisements and recruiting drives at such places as movie theatres and department stores. Despite the heavy reliance on civilian volunteers, the Detachment and centre were round-the-clock operations, and trained exhaustively how to respond to a Soviet air attack, such as in the military exerc... | 11,586 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
aircraft movements were marked by plots hand-pushed atop giant map tables. In an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons this process was achingly slow and woefully unreliable. In May 1960 the Corps and its filter centres south of the 55th Parallel (including those in North Bay) were disbanded, rendered o... | 11,587 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
operations were ended, and the Ground Observer Corps finally disbanded.
# NORAD and the Underground Complex.
The Underground Complex is the most extraordinary military installation ever built in Canada. During the Cold War, Canada was in an unenviable geographic position, lying directly between the Cold... | 11,588 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
by default Canada was the air defence "front trenches" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences... | 11,589 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
performing the same defence duties.
The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North... | 11,590 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
of the U.S.-Canadian portion of the North American continent. As one air force officer put it: "(regarding a bomber attack) We lose North Bay, we lose the continent." Ergo, the centre was a prime target for a Soviet nuclear strike. To minimize the possibility of its destruction, planners decided to build ... | 11,591 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
billion year old rock formation altered 1.5 billion years ago by the Grenville Metamorphic Event into granite, one of the hardest rock types on the planet, excellent armour against a nuclear strike.
- 4. Trout Lake, on the eastern edge of the city, presented an abundant source of water needed to cool the... | 11,592 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
than most of the buildings in Toronto are tall—the facility was specially designed to withstand a 4-megaton nuclear blast, 267 times more powerful than the bomb dropped at Hiroshima.
Because its subterranean location complicated access by firefighting vehicles and personnel, the complex was fashioned fro... | 11,593 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
utility services to the complex, is a 401-foot-long (122.23 meter), 50-foot-wide (15.24 meter), 2.7-storey high (27 foot, 8.23 meter) chamber.
Access to the complex is via a 6,600-foot-long (2,012 meter) North Tunnel from the air base, and a 3,150-foot-long (960 meter) South Tunnel from the city. The tun... | 11,594 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
5.2 on the Richter magnitude scale, yet occupants in the Main Installation did not feel a thing.
As an added measure against damage from a nuclear blast, as well as for the security of the installation, the complex is situated behind three 19-ton steel bank vault-type doors. The doors are normally kept o... | 11,595 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
(the Cheyenne Mountain Complex did not officially open until 1966) or in Canada, and it attracted worldwide interest. Its opening was reported in newspapers throughout the United States; it was the subject of numerous engineering publications; and visitors included the commander of the Japanese Air Self D... | 11,596 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
complex's personnel (important since the complex was designed to seal up in time of war), plus a command post, intelligence centre, briefing rooms, a telephone switching network large enough to handle a town of 30,000 people, and a national civil defence warning centre.
When sealed up, the Underground Co... | 11,597 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
In the event of a power failure, such as the August 2003 blackout that hobbled the northeast United States and Canada, two banks of 194 batteries automatically switch on and provide electricity to the complex while an electrical generator is readied to take the load. Once a generator is running, it can po... | 11,598 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
to use its generators for electrical power, the facility's NORAD commander faced a harrowing choice. The original 750-kilowatt generators devoured air voraciously; in the sealed up environment of the complex, instead of weeks the generators would have cut life support for the complex's personnel to a mere... | 11,599 |
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