wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
the Navy's budding aircraft carriers. Following Battle Fleet maneuvers during August, she entered Mare Island in November for repairs. The destroyer sailed 4 February 1931 for Panama, where she resumed plane guard duty for . "Jacob Jones" transited the Panama Canal on 22 March, and sailed for m... | 11,700 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
1932 she departed the Caribbean to begin 13 months of plane guard duty and torpedo practice along the California coast. She returned to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba on 1 May 1933 for general drill and battle problem exercises, and on 26 May she sailed for Norfolk, Virginia to undergo self-up... | 11,701 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
exercises at Guantanamo Bay during September. She retired from the Caribbean late in November and entered Norfolk Navy Yard 3 December 1934 for several months of upkeep.
In May 1935, "Jacob Jones" embarked midshipmen from the Naval Academy for an Atlantic training cruise. She returned to Norfo... | 11,702 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
she participated in joint Army-Navy coastal maneuvers; and, following her annual inspection at Norfolk, she participated in minesweeping training during February 1937. In March, she trained officers of the 5th Fleet Reserve and in June she resumed training cruises for midshipmen. She continued ... | 11,703 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
Presidential Regatta in September, "Jacob Jones" prepared to sail for Europe to join Squadron 40-T in the Mediterranean Sea. Organized in September 1936 to protect and evacuate Americans from Spain during the civil war, the squadron remained in the western Mediterranean. Departing Norfolk 26 Oc... | 11,704 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
Norfolk on 14 October.
Resuming her coastal operations, "Jacob Jones" conducted plane screening patrols from Norfolk to Newport, Rhode Island and in December she escorted the submarine during its Caribbean shakedown.
## World War II.
After two months of upkeep and inspection at Norfolk, "Jac... | 11,705 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
Hemisphere." In June, after two months of duty with the Neutrality Patrol, "Jacob Jones" returned to training midshipmen.
In September, "Jacob Jones" departed Norfolk for New London, Connecticut, where her crew underwent intensive ASW sound school training. Returning briefly to Norfolk on 6 De... | 11,706 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
summer.
On 30 September 1941, she departed Guantanamo with Destroyer Division 54 to prepare for escort duty in the North Atlantic. "Jones" received two months of upkeep and inspection at Norfolk and on 1 December 1941, departed for convoy escort training along the New England coast. Clearing B... | 11,707 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
and commenced a depth charge attack. Losing contact with the submarine, she escorted her ships to the convoy and returned to Argentia on 5 January.
Sailing from Argentia on 14 January 1942, "Jacob Jones" joined Convoy HX 169, which was headed for Iceland. The convoy encountered a violent storm... | 11,708 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
seas and fierce winds separated the ships, and "Jacob Jones" continued toward Argentia with one Norwegian merchantman. She detected and attacked another submarine on 2 February 1942, but her depth charges yielded no visible results.
Arriving at Argentia on 3 February, she departed the followin... | 11,709 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
"Jacob Jones", Lieutenant Commander Hugh Black in command, departed New York on 22 February for this duty. While passing the swept channel off Ambrose Light Ship, "Jones" made a possible submarine contact and attacked immediately. For five hours, "Jones" ran twelve attack patterns, dropping som... | 11,710 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
and search the area between Barnegat Light and Five Fathom Bank. Shortly after her departure, she received orders to concentrate her patrol activity in waters off Cape May and the Delaware Capes. At 1530 she spotted the burning wreckage of tanker , torpedoed the previous day east of Barnegat Li... | 11,711 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
light of dawn 28 February 1942, the undetected fired a spread of torpedoes at the unsuspecting destroyer. The torpedoes were not detected and two or three struck the destroyer's port side in rapid succession.
According to her survivors, the first torpedo struck just aft of the bridge and cause... | 11,712 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
the keel plates and shafts and destroyed the after crew's quarters. Only the midships section was left intact.
All but 25 or 30 officers and men, including Lieutenant Commander Black, were killed by the explosions. The survivors, including a badly wounded, "practically incoherent" signal offic... | 11,713 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
fts. Within an hour of the initial explosion "Jacob Jones" plunged bow first into the Atlantic; as her shattered stern disappeared, her depth charges exploded, killing several survivors on a nearby raft (as had happened to in 1917).
At 0810, an Army observation plane sighted the liferafts and ... | 11,714 |
512080 | What Do You Know, Deutschland? | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%20Do%20You%20Know,%20Deutschland? | What Do You Know, Deutschland?
What Do You Know, Deutschland?
What Do You Know, Deutschland? is the second studio album by German industrial band KMFDM, released in December 1986 by Z and Skysaw Records.
# Background.
"What Do You Know, Deutschland?" was recorded from 1983–86, with some tracks recorded before En Esc... | 11,715 |
512080 | What Do You Know, Deutschland? | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%20Do%20You%20Know,%20Deutschland? | What Do You Know, Deutschland?
in the United States without "Zip". "Zip" was later released on the compilation album Agogo.
A remastered reissue of "What Do You Know, Deutschland?" was released September 12, 2006, featuring new liner notes and photos of the band.
# Reception.
Vincent Jeffries of Allmusic said many o... | 11,716 |
512080 | What Do You Know, Deutschland? | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%20Do%20You%20Know,%20Deutschland? | What Do You Know, Deutschland?
h industrial grit to keep KMFDM fans interested in, if not awed by its dark intentions".
# Track listings.
## Z Records release (1986).
"Me I Funk" is a partial cover of T. Rex's "Ballrooms of Mars" from The Slider.
## SkySaw Records release (1987).
This version was released by Wax T... | 11,717 |
512118 | Buckingham County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckingham%20County | Buckingham County
Buckingham County
Buckingham County may refer to:
- Buckingham County, Virginia, United States
- Buckingham Land District, formerly Buckingham County, Tasmania, Australia
- County of Buckingham (South Australia)
- Buckinghamshire, ceremonial county, England, United Kingdom | 11,718 |
512093 | Sedimentation equilibrium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation%20equilibrium | Sedimentation equilibrium
Sedimentation equilibrium
Sedimentation equilibrium in a solution or suspension of different particles, such as molecules, exists when the rate of transport of each material in any one direction due to sedimentation equals the rate of transport in the opposite direction due to diffusion. Sedi... | 11,719 |
512093 | Sedimentation equilibrium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation%20equilibrium | Sedimentation equilibrium
g analytical sedimentation equilibrium analysis for Molecular Weight of proteins and their interacting mixtures is the avoidance of need for derivation of a frictional coefficient, otherwise required for interpretation of dynamic sedimentation.
It was discovered for large particles by Jean Ba... | 11,720 |
512081 | Scott Wolf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott%20Wolf | Scott Wolf
Scott Wolf
Scott Richard Wolf (born June 4, 1968) is an American actor. He is known for the television series "Party of Five" as Bailey Salinger, as Jake Hartman in "Everwood" and Chad Decker in "V".
# Personal life.
Wolf was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother, Susan (née Levy), is retired, and his... | 11,721 |
512081 | Scott Wolf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott%20Wolf | Scott Wolf
Milano in 1993, but they separated after a year and a half. In 2002, he began dating Kelley Marie Limp, an alumna of MTV's "", after meeting her through mutual friend Joel Goldman in New York City. They married on May 29, 2004, before temporarily living in Santa Monica, California. They have three children, ... | 11,722 |
512081 | Scott Wolf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott%20Wolf | Scott Wolf
er born 2014, and the family resides in Park City, Utah.
# Career.
Wolf is known for his role as Bailey Salinger on "Party of Five". On both "Everwood" and the short-lived "The Nine", he portrayed a doctor, and he portrayed Dr. Scott Clemmens on NBC's "The Night Shift". He made guest appearances as himself... | 11,723 |
512121 | Follow focus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follow%20focus | Follow focus
Follow focus
A follow focus is a focus control mechanism used in filmmaking with film cameras and in television production with professional video cameras. It is ergonomic rather than strictly necessary; in other words it does not contribute to the basic functionality of a camera but instead helps the ope... | 11,724 |
512121 | Follow focus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follow%20focus | Follow focus
fail to adjust quickly enough to sudden changes. The job of the focus puller then is to adjust the focus onto different subjects as well as maintain focus during movement of the camera relative to the subject.
The mechanism works through a set of gears on the follow focus that are attached to teeth on the... | 11,725 |
512121 | Follow focus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follow%20focus | Follow focus
degrees) would be impossible. Sometimes, such a "focus pull" would even be difficult with a follow focus, so an L-shaped metal rod called a speed crank can be attached in the provided square hole at the center of the wheel. Thus, the hand merely has to spin the rod, which turns the wheel. If it is necessar... | 11,726 |
512121 | Follow focus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follow%20focus | Follow focus
the distance from the lens to the subject, allowing for accurate marking of the disk.
Some autofocus lenses with a focus ring (such as those on most consumer and prosumer camcorders) are not "true" manual focus lenses—meaning that turning the ring does not directly adjust the elements inside the lens, but... | 11,727 |
512121 | Follow focus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follow%20focus | Follow focus
istance from the lens to the subject, allowing for accurate marking of the disk.
Some autofocus lenses with a focus ring (such as those on most consumer and prosumer camcorders) are not "true" manual focus lenses—meaning that turning the ring does not directly adjust the elements inside the lens, but rath... | 11,728 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons [1996] ICJ 2 is a landmark international law case, where the International Court of Justice gave an advisory opinion stating... | 11,729 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Nations General Assembly requested another opinion in December 1994, accepted by the Court in January 1995. As well as determining the illegality of nuclear weapon use, the court discussed the proper role of international judicial bodies, the ICJ'... | 11,730 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
in an armed conflict was raised on 30 June 1950, by the Dutch representative to the International Law Commission (ILC) J.P.A. François, who suggested this "would in itself be an advance". In addition, the Polish government requested this issue to ... | 11,731 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
the "WHO Nuclear Weapons case", between 1993 and 1996. The ICJ fixed 10 June 1994 as the time limit for written submissions, but after receiving many written and oral submissions, later extended this date to 20 September 1994. After considering th... | 11,732 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
submitted to the Court on 19 December 1994, was adopted by 78 states voting in favour, 43 against, 38 abstaining and 26 not voting.
The General Assembly had considered asking a similar question in the autumn of 1993, at the instigation of the Non... | 11,733 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
of the pleadings, the largest number ever to join in proceedings before the Court. Of the five declared nuclear weapon states only the People's Republic of China did not participate. Of the three "threshold" nuclear-weapon states only India partic... | 11,734 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Mexico, Iran, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Qatar, Russian Federation, San Marino, Samoa, Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Costa Rica, United Kingdom, United States, Zimbabwe; as did the WHO. The secretariat of the UN did not... | 11,735 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
by specific United Nations organisations, and is inherently non-binding under the Statute of the court.
The fifteen judges asked to give their advisory opinion regarding the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons were:
## Court's analy... | 11,736 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
of the possession of nuclear weapons.
The court then considered the legality of the possession, as opposed to actual use, of nuclear weapons. The Court looked at various treaties, including the UN Charter, and found no treaty language that specif... | 11,737 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
force, regardless of the weapons employed. The Charter neither expressly prohibits, nor permits, the use of any specific weapon, including nuclear weapons. A weapon that is already unlawful "per se", whether by treaty or custom, does not become la... | 11,738 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
provisions relating to the threat or use of force, the Court will now turn to the law applicable in situations of armed conflict"). In particular, with respect to "the argument [that] has been advanced that nuclear weapons should be treated in the... | 11,739 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
would also apply to nuclear weapons, but the Court was unable to adopt this argument ("The Court does not find any specific prohibition of recourse to nuclear weapons in treaties expressly prohibiting the use of certain weapons of mass destruction... | 11,740 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
prohibition of the use of such weapons, but they do not constitute such a prohibition by themselves" (paragraph 62). Also, regarding "regional" treaties prohibiting resource, namely those of Tlatelolco (Latin America) and Rarotonga (South Pacific)... | 11,741 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
provided insufficient evidence that the possession of nuclear weapons had come to be universally regarded as illegal.
Ultimately, the court was unable to find an "opinio juris" (that is, legal consensus) that nuclear weapons are illegal to posses... | 11,742 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
applying to war. For instance, it is illegal for a combatant specifically to target civilians and certain types of weapons that cause indiscriminate damage are categorically outlawed. All states seem to observe these rules, making them a part of c... | 11,743 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
1. The court decided to comply with the request for an advisory opinion;
- 2. The court replied that "There is in neither customary nor conventional international law any specific authorization of the threat or use of nuclear weapons";
- 3. The ... | 11,744 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
of nuclear weapons should also be compatible with the requirements of the international law applicable in armed conflict, particularly those of the principles and rules of humanitarian law, as well as with specific obligations under treaties and o... | 11,745 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence, in which the very survival of a State would be at stake"
- 7. The court replied that "There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a con... | 11,746 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
of a State would be at stake". However, three of the seven "dissenting" judges (namely, Judge Shahabuddeen of Guyana, Judge Weeramantry of Sri Lanka, and Judge Koroma of Sierra Leone) wrote separate opinions explaining that the reason they were di... | 11,747 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
did not conclude definitively and categorically, under the existing state of international law at the time, whether in an extreme circumstance of self-defence in which the very survival of a State would be a stake, the threat or use of nuclear wea... | 11,748 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Kingdom’s Nuclear Deterrent" in which they state that the renewal is fully compatible with the United Kingdom's treaty commitments and international law. These arguments are summarised in a question and answer briefing published by UK Permanent Re... | 11,749 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Greenpeace and given by Philippe Sands QC and Helen Law, also of Matrix Chambers, on 13 November 2006. The opinion addressed
With regards to the "jus ad bellum", Sands and Law found that
The phrase "very survival of the state" is a direct quote ... | 11,750 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
of charges of malicious damage at Greenock Sheriff Court. The three women had boarded the "Maytime" a barge moored in Loch Goil and involved in scientific work connected with of the Vanguard Class submarines berthed in the nearby Gareloch, and cau... | 11,751 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
judicial body. The High Court was asked to answer four questions:
- 1. In a trial under Scottish criminal procedure, is it competent to lead evidence as to the content of customary international law as it applies in the United Kingdom?
- 2. Does... | 11,752 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
or theft?
- 4. Is it a general defence to a criminal charge that the offence was committed in order to prevent or bring to an end the commission of an offence by another person?
The four collective answers given by Lord Prosser, Lord Kirkwood an... | 11,753 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
International humanitarian law
- List of International Court of Justice cases
- The Martens Clause
- Mutual assured destruction
- Nuclear warfare
- Nuclear weapons convention
- Humanitarian Initiative
- Parliamentarians for Nuclear Non-Prol... | 11,754 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
United Nations General Assembly A/RES/49/75/K: Request for an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons 90th plenary meeting 15 December 1994.
- Weiss, Peter; "Notes on a Misu... | 11,755 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Declaration of Judge Shi
- Declaration of Judge Vereshchetin
- Declaration of Judge Ferrari Bravo
- Separate Opinions of individual judges:
- Separate Opinion of Judge Guillaume
- Separate Opinion of Judge Ranjeva
- Separate Opinion of Judge... | 11,756 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Review of the Red Cross" 21.
- Condorelli, Luigi; "Nuclear Weapons: A Weighty Matter for the International Court of Justice" (1997) 316 "International Review of the Red Cross" 9, 11.
- Ginger, Ann Fagan; "Looking at the United Nations through Th... | 11,757 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
the International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons" (1999) 247, 249.
- Holdstock, Dougaylas; and Waterston, Lis; "Nuclear weapons, a continuing threat to health," 355(9214) The Lancet 1544 (29 April 2000).
- Jeutner, Valentin; "Irresolvable ... | 11,758 |
512075 | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory%20opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
ty Press 2017), .
- McNeill, John; "The International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion in the Nuclear Weapons Cases--A First Appraisal" (1997) 316 "International Review of the Red Cross" 103, 117.
- Mohr, Manfred; "Advisory Opinion of the Inter... | 11,759 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
Defender (1981 video game)
Defender is an arcade video game developed and released by Williams Electronics in 1981. A horizontally scrolling shoot 'em up, the game is set on an unnamed planet where the player must defeat waves of invading aliens while protecting astronauts. Development was l... | 11,760 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
game's audio-visuals and gameplay. It is frequently listed as one of Jarvis' best contributions to the video game industry and one of the most difficult video games. Though not the first game to scroll horizontally, it created the genre of purely horizontal scrolling shooters. It inspired the... | 11,761 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
flying either to the left or right. A joystick controls the ship's elevation, and five buttons control its horizontal direction and weapons. The object is to destroy alien invaders, while protecting astronauts on the landscape from abduction. Humans that are abducted return as mutants that at... | 11,762 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
A ship is lost if it is hit by an enemy or its projectiles, or if a hyperspace jump goes wrong (as they randomly do). After exhausting all ships, the game ends.
# Development.
"Defender" was Williams Electronics' first attempt at developing a new video game; the company's earlier game was a... | 11,763 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
for its electronic games. As a result, the staff was afforded a large amount of creative freedom.
## Initial development.
Space was a popular setting for video games at the time, and Jarvis felt the abstract setting would help obscure simple graphics that lacked realism. Initially, Jarvis s... | 11,764 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
"Defender"s proposed specifications were problematic. "Asteroids" displays vector graphics on a special monitor, while the staff planned to use pixel graphics on a conventional monitor. The team experimented with recreating the game with pixel graphics, but also abandoned it because they felt... | 11,765 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
environment was made longer than the screen, with the visible area scrolling horizontally. Expanding on the idea, they envisioned a version of "Space Invaders" rotated 90 degrees. By changing the orientation of "Space Invaders" design, the ship moved up and down while flying horizontally. Lar... | 11,766 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
They examined other games and concluded that survival was a necessary component to implement. To achieve this, they devised enemies to present a threat, the first of which was the "Lander". Jarvis enjoyed violent, action entertainment, and wanted the game to have those elements. However, he f... | 11,767 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
The landscape is depicted as a line only a pixel wide, primarily because the hardware was not powerful enough to generate anything more detailed.
## Later development.
By July, development was behind schedule and Jarvis's superior began to pressure him to finish the game in time for an upco... | 11,768 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
algorithm to generate unique explosions for destroyed enemies. The new elements re-invigorated Jarvis, who felt the project began to show promise.
Development then shifted focus to the enemies. Landers were given the ability to capture humans, and a new enemy was devised from the mechanic: "... | 11,769 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
were added next. More enemies were added to create different gameplay elements. "Swarmers" and "Pods" were designed to attack the spaceship as opposed to the astronauts. "Baiters" were included to add pressure to the player by preventing them from lingering. The enemies quickly follow the spa... | 11,770 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
to play—for the game, and began working on it that night. Early the next morning, the team created the final EPROM chips for the mode and installed them in cabinets. The chips, however, did not work and the designers made additional attempts to correct the problem. Once the attract mode was o... | 11,771 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
The developers decided it was best to be prepared for players that might exceed their expectations and added more levels that repeated.
## Hardware.
The game features amplified monaural sound and pixel graphics on a CRT monitor. A Motorola 6809 central processing unit handles the graphics a... | 11,772 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
reasoned that using advanced technology would better establish them as good designers and chose a color monitor. The developers estimated that the game would require 4 colors, but instead chose hardware that could display each pixel in 16 colors. At the time, the designers believed that was m... | 11,773 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
language. The switch allowed them to display more on-screen objects at a lower cost.
The game's control scheme uses a two-way joystick and five buttons. Jarvis designed the controls to emulate both "Space Invaders" and "Asteroids" simultaneously. The player's left hand manipulates the joysti... | 11,774 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
the game was slow to gain popularity. "Defender" did not attract much attention at the 1980 AMOA show. In retrospect, Jarvis believed many passersby were intimidated by its complexity. The game, however, was well received in arcades, and crowds gathered around the cabinet during its first nig... | 11,775 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
over US$1 billion. Williams employee Larry Demar was surprised at the game's popularity, stating that it was the only game he'd seen able to earn that quantity of quarters. Six months after its release, the game was one of the top earners in the United States video game industry. Mark Stearny... | 11,776 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
Matt Barton and Bill Loguidice of Gamasutra stated the audio-visuals and gameplay's depth balanced the excessive difficulty. They praised the game's "catch and rescue" feature, as well as the minimap. Cuciz also praised the minimap, stating that the game is impossible without it and that it a... | 11,777 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
good game for your Atari, this qualifies. "Defender" lovers have a few gripes, but I would recommend this one to any VCS owner."
"Next Generation" ranked the arcade version as number 13 on their 1996 "Top 100 Games of All Time", saying that its balanced play difficulty makes gamers keep comi... | 11,778 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
The editors described its design as very "elegant" despite a lack of narrative and characters.
"Defender" is often described as one of the most difficult games in the industry. "Softline" in 1983 wrote that it "remains one of the hardest arcade games ever developed. Initial attempts lasting ... | 11,779 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
similar comments. Sellers described "Defender"'s difficulty as "humbling", saying that few could play it with proficiency. He further stated, however, that players would continue to play despite the difficulty. Author David Ellis attributes the game's success to its challenging design. Its di... | 11,780 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
The magazine was more critical, however, stating that "The game's appeal does not justify its unreasonable cost" of being shipped on ROM cartridge. David H. Ahl of "Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games" said in 1983 that the Atari 5200 version was "a substantial challenge to the most seaso... | 11,781 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
that watched along with the press of Atlantic City; the media attention spurred other players to attempt the same feat. Expert players exploited software bugs to extend the length of their play time. "Defender" was the focus of the first Twin Galaxies video game contest. Players in 32 cities ... | 11,782 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
of play.
Professor Jim Whitehead listed "Defender" as the first horizontally scrolling shooting game, and describes it as a breakthrough title for its use of full 2D motion, multiple goals, and complex gameplay that provides players with several methods to play. James Hague of Dadgum Games c... | 11,783 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
Stearny described it as the most important space game in the early 1980s. He commented that its realism and technological advances pushed developers to create more popular games, citing "Gorf" and "Phoenix" as examples. Vince listed the game as a classic title that introduced new technology, ... | 11,784 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
ready for more difficult games, which spurred developers to create more complex game designs.
Jarvis's contributions to the game's development are often cited among his accolades. Author John Vince considered him as one of the originators of "high-action" and "reflex-based" arcade games, cit... | 11,785 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
in the arcade game industry. Sellers echoed similar comments. After the success of "Defender", Williams expanded their business by building a new facility and hired more employees. Before the expansion, Jarvis could work in isolation. But the influx of people created an environment he was unh... | 11,786 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
deadline. Vid Kidz titled the game "Stargate", and developed it as a sequel to "Defender". It features new elements and improved the original's performance. Some home ports of "Stargate" were released under the title "Defender II" for trademark purposes.
Williams released a "Defender"-themed... | 11,787 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
not widely distributed.
Atari released "Defender 2000" in 1995 for the Atari Jaguar console. It was written by Jeff Minter, who had previously updated "Tempest" as "Tempest 2000".
A 2002 remake, published simply as "Defender", features 3D graphics and a third-person viewpoint. It was releas... | 11,788 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
Commodore 64, "Invasion of the Body Snatchas!" (1983) for the ZX Spectrum, "Dropzone" (1984) for the Atari 8-bit family, and for the BBC Micro "Defender" (1982) renamed to "Planetoid" (1984) to avoid litigation. One of Jeff Minter's early games was a clone called "Andes Attack" for the VIC-20... | 11,789 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
"New Sensations", Manilla Road's song "Defender" on their 1982 album "Metal", Buckner & Garcia's song "The Defender" on their 1982 album "Pac-Man Fever", and the Beastie Boys' song "Body Movin'" on their 1998 album "Hello Nasty". Nerdcore rapper mc chris mentions "Defender" in the chorus of h... | 11,790 |
512076 | Defender (1981 video game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defender%20(1981%20video%20game) | Defender (1981 video game)
der" include Aphex Twin (on "Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount" and "Bucephalus Bouncing Ball"), and Limp Bizkit (used to censor swearing on the clean version of "My Generation"). The game figured prominently and somewhat incongruously in the music video for the Sheena Easton song "Almos... | 11,791 |
512125 | Jeremy London | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20London | Jeremy London
Jeremy London
Jeremy Michael London (born November 7, 1972) is an American actor. He is best known for his regular roles on "Party of Five", "7th Heaven", and "I'll Fly Away", a starring role in the 1995 comedy film "Mallrats", as well as a notable supporting role in the Civil War epic "Gods and Generals... | 11,792 |
512125 | Jeremy London | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20London | Jeremy London
brother, Jason, is older by 27 minutes and is also an actor. Jeremy has worked mostly in television while Jason has opted for a career in feature films. The two have acted alongside each other only once – in the February 3, 2003 episode of the WB's "7th Heaven", entitled "Smoking." They have also competed... | 11,793 |
512125 | Jeremy London | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20London | Jeremy London
1995 he played T.S. Quint in Kevin Smith's second film, "Mallrats".
In 1995, he joined the cast of the hit Fox series "Party of Five", playing Griffin Holbrook for three seasons, after serving as a recurring guest star. He then went on to play a young minister named Chandler Hampton on "7th Heaven" from ... | 11,794 |
512125 | Jeremy London | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20London | Jeremy London
2006. They divorced five years later. They have a son named Lyrik.
London married Juliet Reeves on June 3, 2014 and they have one son named Wyatt who was born in June 2014.
London was a cast member during the fourth season of "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", which aired on Vh1 from December 2010 to Janu... | 11,795 |
512125 | Jeremy London | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy%20London | Jeremy London
June 3, 2014 and they have one son named Wyatt who was born in June 2014.
London was a cast member during the fourth season of "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", which aired on Vh1 from December 2010 to January 2011, and depicted his treatment for addiction at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, Cali... | 11,796 |
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
Seram Island
Seram (formerly spelled Ceram; also Seran or Serang) is the largest and main island of Maluku province of Indonesia, despite Ambon Island's historical importance. It is located just north of the smaller Ambon Island and a few other surrounding islands, such as Haruku, Geser, Nusalaut, Banda a... | 11,797 |
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
which has been twisted around by 80° in the last 8 million years by the relatively faster movement of the Papua microplate. Meanwhile, along with the northward push of the Australian Plate, this has resulted in the uplift that gives north-central Seram peaks of over 3000m. On the island, there are importan... | 11,798 |
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
on Seram Island itself and 191,306 on the lesser islands (majority on Ambon Island), the entirety of Seram Bagian Barat Regency and Seram Bagian Timur Regency.
# Ecology.
Seram Island is remarkable for its high degree of localised bird endemism. There are 117 species of birds on the island, 14 are endemi... | 11,799 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.