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Luckily a crisis never arose during the Underground Complex's 43 years that called for such a choice to be made.
The Underground Complex is colloquially referred to as "The Hole". Although officially titled the Combat Centre/Direction Centre (CC/DC) Installation when it began air defence operations, during its construction it was known as the "SAGE Installation, North Bay", a term still often used today. Canada and the United States combined are roughly twice the size of Europe—a Battle of Britain-style air defence network was too slow and unwieldy to protect such vast airspace in an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons. SAGE was a massive computer system that linked the ground elements | 11,600 |
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of Canadian and American air defence—such as command and control centres, radar sites, and headquarters—providing high speed detection of aircraft, assistance in their rapid identification, and, when required, aiding quick Ground Controlled Interception of unknown, suspicious and hostile aircraft. Also, the SAGE system enabled the different NORAD regions and NORAD headquarters to interact seamlessly in their air defence activities and crises.
The Underground Complex's SAGE computer equipment comprised a pair of computers, nicknamed "Bonnie and Clyde", plus Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas. Combined, "Bonnie and Clyde" weighed 275 tons (245.5 metric tonnes); encompassed 11,900 | 11,601 |
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square feet of floor space (.273 acres, 1,105.5 square meters—the floorspace of a dozen small houses); and had a (then) staggering memory capacity of about 256K. When the Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas are included, total floor space used by SAGE was 18,810 sq ft (1,747.5 sq m – equal in size to about 20 small homes).
In 1982–1983, the SAGE computer system was replaced throughout NORAD by the "Regional Operations Control Centre/Sector Operations Control Centre" computer system. This long-winded term is abbreviated "ROCC/SOCC". It was a faster, more versatile and, in particular, substantially smaller system. North Bay's ROCC/SOCC total computer components took up the floor | 11,602 |
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space equal to about two houses versus 20 for SAGE. North Bay's SAGE computer system was also tied into Canada's BOMARC nuclear-tipped air defence missiles. Cost to convert systems in North Bay was $96,000,000.
The ROCC/SOCC system remained in use in North Bay until air defence operations were moved out of the Underground Complex, in October 2006.
Due to its important, sensitive role in the security of Canada and North America, working in the Underground Complex was limited to very few people. Over its 43-year span in air defence operations only about 17,000 Canadian and American military personnel and civilians served in the UGC. Of this number approximately 15,500 were Canadians, out of | 11,603 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
nearly a million men and women over the same timeframe who were members of Canada's Department of National Defence.
## The NORAD Regions at North Bay.
The Canada-United States portion of North America is colossal, about twice the size of Europe. To enable thorough, in-depth air defence operations over such a vast territory, NORAD divided its organization into divisions and regions. Each division and region was responsible to NORAD Headquarters in Colorado Springs for watching over and protecting the air sovereignty in their geographic chunk of Canada and/or the United States.
The Underground Complex was home to three successive NORAD regions. Each region was the largest in NORAD's organization. | 11,604 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
The first was the "Northern NORAD Region (NNR)", created with the formation of NORAD in 1957. Originally set up at Air Defence Command, at RCAF Station St. Hubert, an air base just south of Montreal, Quebec, the NNR was transferred to North Bay in 1962–1963 to operate in the, then, brand new Underground Complex. The NNR's area of responsibility comprised the north, Atlantic and east-central airspaces of Canada, the frontline "trenches" of North America with respect to the Soviet Union, as well as the northern two-thirds of the State of Maine.
American NORAD regions oversaw air security for the rest of Canada. Because of the severe nature of the Cold War, everything that flew into the Northern | 11,605 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
NORAD Region had to be detected and identified within two minutes by Underground Complex air defence personnel. If an aircraft was still unknown at two minutes, fighters were scrambled to intercept it, to find out why the aircraft could not be identified. If necessary, the fighters would force the aircraft to land at the nearest airfield, and the aircraft met by authorities. If hostile, the aircraft would be shot down.
From receiving notification from North Bay to scramble, the jet fighters had to be airborne within five minutes. Under certain conditions, 15 minutes or even one hour was permitted, but five minutes was the norm. To meet this requirement, jet fighters were positioned at air force | 11,606 |
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bases across Canada and in Maine, fully fuelled and fully armed, 24 hours a day/seven days per week. They, and their pilots, were housed in special Quick Reaction Alert hangars (abbreviated "QRA") at the end of runways. When North Bay contacted an air base for a scramble, simultaneously air traffic control on that base would halt and/or move aside all activity on the airfield. The fighter pilots would strap into and start their jets and the QRA's doors opened, then the jets would taxi out to the runway and take off.
In effect, the total time from Northern NORAD Region detecting an aircraft to jet fighters taking off was seven minutes. Anything longer without an excellent reason was deemed unacceptable, | 11,607 |
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and could result in disciplining by NORAD authorities of everyone involved in the operation.
In July 1969, NORAD underwent a continent-wide revamping of its organization. The Northern NORAD Region was redesignated as the "22nd NORAD Region (22nd NR)", but its area of responsibility: north, Atlantic and east-central Canada and northern Maine—remained unaltered.
On 1 July 1983, the SAGE computer network at North Bay was officially switched off, and air defence operations taken over by the Underground Complex's Regional Operations Control Center/Sector Operations Control Center (ROCC/SOCC) computer system. The ROCC/SOCC system was incorporated throughout NORAD, as well as in North Bay, and caused | 11,608 |
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another wholesale re-arranging of North America's air defences. In particular to Canada, the 22nd NORAD Region was replaced by the "Canadian NORAD Region (CANR)", Maine was transferred to an American NORAD centre, and the Underground Complex given responsibility for monitoring and protection of the airspace of the entire country. Canadian Forces Base North Bay had become the most important air base in Canada, with respect to the defence of the country and the continent.
The Canadian NORAD Region still exists. Its headquarters moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, in April 1997, but air defence operations remained in North Bay.
In October 2006, Canadian NORAD Region air defence operations moved out | 11,609 |
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of the Underground Complex into a new state-of-the-art installation built on the Earth's surface, named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building after a Canadian serviceman who was killed in the crash of a United States Air Force AWACS patrol plane, in 1995.
# BOMARC.
North Bay's Underground Complex was also the command and control centre for two CIM-10 BOMARC surface-to-air missile squadrons in Canada. From 28 December 1961 – 31 March 1972, 446 Surface-to-Air Missile Squadron operated five miles (eight kilometres) north of the City of North Bay, at the site of a former RCAF radio station. The second squadron, 447 Surface-to-Missile Squadron, operated from a newly constructed site at La Macaza, Quebec. | 11,610 |
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Each site was equipped with 29 BOMARC missiles: 28 for combat and a 29th for training purposes. The BOMARC was tipped with a 10-kiloton W-40 nuclear warhead (the bomb used at Hiroshima was 15 kilotons). In the event of a Soviet air attack on North America, some or all of the 56 missiles would have been launched into the air raids, and their nuclear warheads detonated, to destroy as many of the bombers as possible, while crippling surviving aircraft or "cooking" their bombs (rendering their nuclear devices inoperable) such that they could not complete their missions. The skies of central to eastern Canada would have been awash in Hiroshima-level detonations.
The BOMARCs were deployed in the | 11,611 |
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United States as well as Canada. While U.S. missiles were controlled strictly by American authorities, the Canadian BOMARCs were an international affair. The missiles were under Canadian government control, the warheads controlled by the United States. Permission was required from both governments for a launch. To activate a missile for launch, a Canadian and American officer at the BOMARC site, and a Canadian and American officer in the Underground Complex simultaneously turned keys. To launch, the Canadian and American officers in the UGC, at separate consoles, pressed a button at the same time. The missile would then be guided by a controller at a SAGE console in the UGC, until 10 miles (16 | 11,612 |
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kilometres) from its target(s), then the BOMARC's homing system would take over and steer the missile until detonation. No BOMARCs were launched in Canada; squadron personnel from North Bay and La Macaza fired missiles (non-nuclear warhead) at the Santa Rosa Island Test Facility, Florida.
Due to the nuclear nature of the missiles all potential Bomarc personnel underwent Human Reliability Program tests to weed out those with "hidden idiosyncrasies, repressions, emotional disturbances, psychosomatic traits and even latent homosexuality". Their "family, friends, past history, schooling, religion and travel experiences were also gone into".
From 1961 to the end of 1963, the BOMARCs were not equipped | 11,613 |
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with their warheads due to government indecision as to whether to equip the Canadian military with nuclear weapons. In late 1963, nuclear weapons were finally approved by the federal government, and the warheads distributed to the sites between 31 December 1963 and early 1964. They were to remain under American control; therefore, a section of each site was fenced off and declared American territory. Here the warheads were stored and serviced when not on installed in the BOMARCs. Canadians were not permitted to enter the area; when time came to load it onto a missile, a small, special gate was opened in the American section and the warhead pushed through into the Canadian side. In 1972, during | 11,614 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
the disbanding of the BOMARC squadrons and closing of the two sites, the warheads were removed from Canada.
The missile site was sold to Canadore College, which used it as a flight and aircraft maintenance training centre.
# Canadian Forces Base North Bay.
RCAF Station North Bay was renamed the Canadian Forces Base North Bay (abbreviated "CFB North Bay") on 1 April 1966 as part of the Canadian government's plan to merge the country's air force, army, and navy into a single entity: the Canadian Armed Forces. This plan, called "Unification," came into effect on 1 February 1968. The word "Armed" was eventually removed, and the country's military became the "Canadian Forces," a term that continues | 11,615 |
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to be used, even though in 2011 the air and sea elements were individually renamed as the "Royal Canadian Air Force" and "Royal Canadian Navy."
From December 1967 until August 1972, there were no flying units at CFB North Bay. The airfield portion of the base, at one time a thriving fighter station, fell largely into disuse. For example, one of its main hangars, employed to service and house heavily armed jet interceptors, was converted into an ice rink and saw year-round use by hockey leagues, figure skating clubs, and various other civilian entities in and around the City of North Bay.
## 414 (Electronic Warfare) Squadron.
414 Squadron returned to CFB North Bay in August 1972. Deployed | 11,616 |
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as an electronic warfare unit, the squadron trained flying and ground air defence personnel to fight a war when an enemy has disrupted radar systems and radio communications. Specializing in the jamming, interference, and "stealing of radar and radio signals," the unit earned considerable renown, even notoriety, for its abilities. Its services were frequently requested by the navy and American armed forces.
Regarding the stealing of radar, the 414 Squadron personnel would electronically find and lock onto the radar set of a jet or a ground station, and take control of it. In stealing a radio communication frequency, 414 would pretend to be a fighter pilot or ground controller, and disrupt the | 11,617 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
air defence by doing things such as sending fighters in a wrong direction. A superb example of such stealing took place during a huge air exercise at Cold Lake, Alberta. A swarm of American and Canadian aircraft were divided into two teams. One team received command, control, and warnings of an enemy from a United States Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) jet, whose radar could monitor the entire battlefield. The crew of a 414 Squadron aircraft, the other team, was unable to break into the AWACS's air defence radio frequencies, but instead managed to contact the pilot and convince him that the AWACS had to return immediately to their home base at Tinker, Oklahoma. Off the | 11,618 |
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AWACS flew, leaving their team to fend for themselves.
In July 1992, 414 Squadron was split into two units and posted to the east and west coasts of Canada. It was the last military flying unit in North Bay. Thereafter, all of the base's airfield facilities were either demolished or sold, and CFB North Bay became the only air base in Canada not to have any military flying whatsoever.
## Closing the base.
414 Squadron's departure had a dramatic after-effect. The loss of the squadron meant the loss of a Canadian Forces Base, North Bay's sole military activity, and a crucial loss for Canada's and North America's air defence. After discussions, the Canadian government determined that neither | 11,619 |
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concern warranted continuing to operate the base. A governmental move then gathered momentum to shut down CFB North Bay altogether and transfer NORAD operations to the air base in Winnipeg.
## 22 Wing.
On 1 April 1993, all Canadian air bases were dubbed "wings" to restore an air force cachet to the installations, lost when the Canadian government lumped the army, navy and air force into a single military force in 1968. North Bay's base became "22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay", abbreviated as "22 Wing/CFB North Bay". It is often referred to simply as "22 Wing". The number "22" was chosen for North Bay to honour the old 22nd NORAD Region.
There had been four previous 22 Wings. 22 (Fighter) | 11,620 |
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Wing/Sector, January to July 1944, flew Hawker Typhoon fighter bombers in support of the D-Day invasion and Allied campaign in Normandy. 22 (Photographic) Wing, 1947–1949, based at Rockcliffe, Ontario, photographed, surveyed and mapped approximately one-third of the country, and discovered the precise location of the Magnetic North Pole, pivotal to all air and sea navigation in the northern hemisphere. 22 (Auxiliary) Wing, 1953–1957, a Reserve unit in London, Ontario, initially flew Second World War-vintage North American Mustang fighters in air defence of central and eastern Ontario. In 1956 its aircraft were removed, too old and slow to catch and shoot down the newest Soviet bombers, and the | 11,621 |
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auxiliary wing became an air defence radar unit that provided surveillance, early warning, and Ground Controlled Interception guidance to fighters in the London area. None of these three 22 Wings had any direct or indirect connection with North Bay.
The fourth, prior 22 Wing evolved out of a unit called the "Radar Control Wing". The Radar Control Wing was created by the air force in 1987 to run day-to-day air defence operations in the Underground Complex for the Canadian NORAD Region. When an extraordinary event occurred or was about to occur, such as the approach to Canada of Soviet bombers, the Radar Control Wing alerted the Canadian NORAD Region, and the region's general and selected members | 11,622 |
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of his staff would man a command post on the second floor of the Underground Complex. The Radar Control Wing and command post would then coordinate their efforts to handle the situation. For example, regarding Soviet bombers, while the Radar Control Wing saw to such activities as intercepting the aircraft and coordinating with civilian air traffic control in the area of the interception to avoid running into airliners, the command post would advise and consult with NORAD Headquarters in Colorado Springs, arrange an AWACS aircraft to assist, if deemed useful, and talk with the adjacent American NORAD region if it looked like the intercepted aircraft would enter their area, too.
When the Radar | 11,623 |
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Control Wing was created, it was given command of the Sector Operations Control Centre East, which watched the eastern half of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Manitoba border, and the Sector Operations Control Centre West, which oversaw Canadian skies from Manitoba to the Pacific Ocean.
In June 1989, the wing was renamed "22 Radar Control Wing". Simultaneously, the eastern control centre was renamed 21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron and the western centre became 51 Aerospace Control & Warning Squadron. Although it resided on CFB North Bay, and the base provided such things as pay, clothing and medical services, 22 Radar Control Wing was an entirely separate entity from the base | 11,624 |
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with its own commander and staff of personnel.
In 1992, CFB North Bay and 22 Radar Control Wing were amalgamated under a single commander and command staff, but the base was still officially CFB North Bay. The wing and the base remained as separate organizations until united into 22 Wing/CFB North Bay in April 1993.
## Near-death of the base, massive reductions and their effects on North Bay.
As well as divesting the base of the airfield following 414 Squadron's departure in 1992, the Canadian government embarked on the wholesale demolition of CFB North Bay's non-airfield buildings and facilities, and dramatically slashed the numbers of civilian and military base personnel. Finally, the Canadian | 11,625 |
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government announced it was closing the base, and the destruction of the base and reduction of its personnel accelerated.
This decision to close the base was monumental from a military standpoint since North Bay was the nerve center for the air defence of the country, and intricately tied into the United States in the air defence network of the continent. Somehow this huge, complex, deeply entrenched system for national and continental air defence would have to be transposed en masse to another base, yet no other base in Canada had the means in place to receive the system.
From the non-military perspective, the decision had a seismic effect on the civilian community. CFB North Bay was the | 11,626 |
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adjoining city's biggest industry. Between hiring employees from the community, contracting work on the base (such as roofing upgrades to its buildings), making purchases in local businesses, plus the money spent by its personnel and their family members, CFB North Bay infused tens of millions of dollars into the community annually. Already, due to the drop off of income from reductions to the base and its number of personnel, dozens of restaurants, shops and other businesses had folded. Exacerbating the situation the City of North Bay was being hit by another financial hammer—massive cutbacks to its fifth largest industry, the railways. Therefore, the base's closing was perceived by the community | 11,627 |
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as catastrophic, and North Bay political, business and civic leaders launched a vocal, dogged, energetic campaign to persuade the Canadian government to reverse the decision. They succeeded. On 8 May 1998, Minister of National Defence the Honourable Art Eggleton visited North Bay and announced that the base would stay open indefinitely.
Despite the reprieve, the Minister stated that drastic cuts to the base were to continue. Manpower on the base, once numbering 2,200 military and civilian employees, was 530 when the announcement was made; the Minister remarked that another 100 personnel would be cut, and the base's infrastructure, at one time well over 100 buildings, was to be chopped to five, | 11,628 |
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plus the air defence centre.
# Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century.
22 Wing/CFB North Bay has continued as the centre for the air defence of the country, and partner with the United States in NORAD guarding the air sovereignty of the continent. In the late 1990s plans were enacted for a new air defence facility to replace the aging Underground Complex. The complex's air defence electronic, communications and computer systems—the leading edge of early 1980s technology—had become antiquated, struggling to cope with the demands and crises of an Internet Age world. Moreover, the cost of operating the decades-old, shopping centre-size subterranean complex was | 11,629 |
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rapidly becoming prohibitive.
On 20 August 2003, Prime Minister the Right Honourable Jean Chrétien turned soil inaugurating the construction of a new above ground complex. Three years later, 12 October 2006, 43 years and 11 days after the Underground Complex's birth, a brand new, state-of-the-art surface installation was opened by Minister of National Defence, the Honorable Gordon O'Connor, officially taking the baton of air defence operations from the Underground Complex. The new installation was named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building, in honour of a Canadian Forces Air Defence Technician who was killed in the crash of a Boeing E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, | 11,630 |
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call sign Yukla 27, at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on 22 September 1995. The aircraft ingested birds into two of its four engines during takeoff; all 24 crew members were killed.
## End of Air Defence Operations in the Underground Complex.
On 26 October 2006, the Base Commander Colonel Rick Pitre led a parade of personnel in a ceremonial march-out of the Underground Complex, symbolically closing out all military operations in the Underground Complex for good. Since then the UGC has been maintained in "warm storage". All of its furniture, effects and equipment were removed except for the environmental controls, equipment and machinery in the Power Cavern. The Power Cavern (life support | 11,631 |
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for the Underground Complex) has continued to provide heat, ventilation, air conditioning and other utility operations to prevent the complex from falling into decay. It is hoped that the complex will be leased or bought; it is one of the most secure, fire-safe facilities in the country, endowed with precision environmental controls ideal, altogether ideal for uses such as an archives storage.
One option that arose: after three years of visits and discussions with DND and the base the Canadian motion picture company Alcina Pictures shot part of a science fiction movie in the Underground Complex. The low budget production, called "The Colony", stars Laurence Fishburne, Bill Paxton and Kevin | 11,632 |
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Zegers. In 2007, the base began entertaining the idea of using the UGC as a site for motion picture and television productions as a means to help offset its operating cost. Maintaining the UGC in warm storage required an outlay of $1,500 per day, with no foreseeable sale or lease of the site on the horizon, and many visitors had remarked about the Dr. Strangelove/mad scientist's lair look of the complex. The Ontario Media Development Corporation was subsequently contacted by the base, and representatives given a comprehensive tour. "The Colony" resulted, but, the requirements of security, logistics and other operations of the base for the movie proved staggering. The Underground Complex will | 11,633 |
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not be used in this capacity again.
In 2005, the Main Installation and Power Cavern were designated as Federal Heritage Buildings, "Control Building 55" and "Power Cavern 53", on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.
## NORAD Air Defence organization today.
In 2000, the air defence aspect at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay was given the title "Canadian Air Defence Sector", abbreviated as "CADS". As a result, NORAD air defence in Canada in the 21st Century is organized as follows:
Canada and the United States are divided into three NORAD Regions: the Alaskan NORAD Region, the Continental U.S. NORAD Region and the Canadian NORAD Region. Headquarters of the Canadian NORAD Region | 11,634 |
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is in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Canadian NORAD Region operations center, which watches the skies and reacts to problems in the air, is the Canadian Air Defence Sector, at North Bay. The CADS was originally situated in the Underground Complex; as described above it moved above ground in October 2006, into the building named after Sergeant David L. Pitcher.
CADS is just one of many parts of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. 21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron is the unit in CADS that carries out the air sovereignty of Canada. 51 Aerospace Control and Warning Operational Training Squadron is the operational training unit in CADS. It trains and tests military personnel in the various | 11,635 |
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jobs and duties of air defence, as well as such non-air defence activities as first-aid and small arms handling.
## North Bay Air Defence Operations in the 21st Century.
The end of the Cold War on Christmas Day 1991 stirred many arguments in Canada and internationally that an era of global safety from major threats had arrived, and entities like NORAD were no longer needed. However the al-Qaeda attacks of 11 September 2001 (colloquially known as the "9/11" attacks) against New York City and Washington, D.C. proved the necessity of continued surveillance and defence of North American skies, that attacks to the continent can come from anywhere, at any time, and in a least expected manner.
In | 11,636 |
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another vivid example, on 11 September 2001, a Korean Air Flight 85 Boeing 747 en route to New York City from Seoul, Korea, headed to Anchorage, Alaska, for a refuelling stop, was ordered to land at Whitehorse, Yukon Territory. First, while making towards Anchorage, the crew had sent a text message to its airline including the letters "HJK", code for hijack, which prompted a scramble of two F-15s.
F-15s from Elmendorf Air Force Base by the Alaskan NORAD Region to intercept the jet, and Alaskan air traffic control to ask the Korean Air pilots via coded questions if they had been hijacked. During this exchange, the Korean pilots, supposedly on the instructions of ATC, set their transponder to | 11,637 |
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7500, which officially declared themselves hijacked. The Alaskan NORAD Region advised ATC they would shoot down the airliner if it flew near any significant ground targets, such as a city. ATC ordered the Korean crew to fly to Whitehorse instead, avoiding all populated centers in Alaska.
When the airliner and F-15s entered Canadian airspace they also entered the Canadian NORAD Region, thus came under the watch and control of the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien gave his permission to the Canadian NORAD Region Commander in Winnipeg: if the situation warranted North Bay could order the F-15s to shoot down Korean Air Flight 85. Fortunately | 11,638 |
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the airliner landed without incident at Whitehorse. Royal Canadian Mounted Police boarded the aircraft; their investigation and interrogation of the pilots revealed no hijack, the incident apparently resulting from misunderstandings in the communications between the crew and Alaskan ATC.
22 Wing/CFB North Bay has been a participant in Operation Noble Eagle (abbreviated "ONE") since the operation was created by the United States on 14 September 2001, as a result of 9/11. ONE's purpose is to watch for and defend against similar air threats. For example, on 5 February 2006 the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay provided air defence security over the Windsor, Ontario-Detroit, | 11,639 |
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Michigan area, in support of Super Bowl XL, played in Detroit, and on 10 April 2012, a Korean Air Boeing 777 that had taken off from Vancouver International Airport was intercepted by F-15s under North Bay's control and diverted to 19 Wing/Canadian Forces Base Comox, British Columbia, after a bomb threat was reported against the airliner. The USAF F-15s had been scrambled from Portland, Oregon, in NORAD's Western Air Defense Sector (Continental U.S. NORAD Region), instead of RCAF CF-18s from Canada because the United States Air Force fighters were closer to the Korean airliner. Since NORAD is bi-national, Canadian and American interceptors routinely work with each other's NORAD air defence centers.
North | 11,640 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
Bay has also provided air defence security for many events unrelated to Operation Noble Eagle, such as the 2002 G8 Summit at Kananaskis, Alberta, the 2010 G8/G20 Summit at Huntsville and Toronto, Ontario and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. For the latter, for the first time in its history, in order to meet any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters.
In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and | 11,641 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18 and American F-15 fighters controlled by the CADS at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay.
On 30 January 2014, North Bay officially added space surveillance to its operations. In 2010 its NORAD operations had taken the first steps to prepare for this new responsibility, forming a Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC) that would act as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network. Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite, had been originally | 11,642 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
slated for a Russian rocket, but the washing machine-size craft was allocated to India in 2008–09. In 2010 two Indian rockets carrying commercial payloads went out of control and exploded, setting back scheduled launches—including Sapphire—years. After a continuous string of postponements the satellite was finally launched in February 2013. For the year of 2014, following its Final Operational Certification on 30 January, Sapphire delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects to the surveillance network.
In 2017, the Canadian Broadcast Museum Foundation announced that it was in negotiations to take over the underground bunker as a storage repository for the country's audiovisual broadcasting | 11,643 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
archives.
# Miscellaneous.
## 22 Wing Band.
The 22 Wing Band was formed in 1990. It performs mainly in military functions but also public and charity events.
## Air Cadets.
While all regular-force flying units have moved away from the base, the civilian North Bay airfield is still home to a cadet gliding operation training air cadets as glider pilots.
# References.
## Bibliography.
- Christie, Carl. "Ocean Bridge". Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. .
- Clearwater, Dr. John. "Canadian Nuclear Weapons". Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998. .
- Dunmore, Spencer. "Above and Beyond". Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996. .
- Dunmore, Spencer. "Wings for Victory". Toronto: McClelland | 11,644 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
and Stewart, 1994. .
- Ellis, Frank H. "Canada's Flying Heritage". Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1954.
- Futrell, Robert Frank."Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1964." "History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I: 1945–1955". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, 1971.
- Gunning, Cuth. "North Bay: The Lean Years, 1929–1939". North Bay: C. Gunning publisher, 1996. .
- Milberry, Larry. "The Avro CF-100". Toronto: CANAV Books, 1981. .
- Milberry, Larry and Hugh Halliday. "The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945". Toronto: CANAV Books, 1990. .
- Pickett, James. "Into the Sausage Machine: The History of | 11,645 |
511989 | CFB North Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20North%20Bay | CFB North Bay
Halliday. "The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945". Toronto: CANAV Books, 1990. .
- Pickett, James. "Into the Sausage Machine: The History of 22 Wing". North Bay: Twenty-Second Wing, 1994. .
- Robinson, Douglas H. 'The Zeppelin in Combat". Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd, 1994. .
- Sutherland, Alice Gibson. "Canadian's Aviation Pioneers". Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1978. .
- Wilson, Gordon A.A. "NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat". Toronto: Dundurn Press, Toronto, 2011. .
- Wise, Sydney F. "Canadian Airmen in the First World War". Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980. .
# External links.
- Department of National Defence Canada – CFB North Bay (22 Wing) | 11,646 |
512049 | Admiral Nakhimov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Admiral%20Nakhimov | Admiral Nakhimov
Admiral Nakhimov
Admiral Nakhimov may refer to:
- Russian Admiral Pavel Nakhimov
- "Admiral Nakhimov" (film), a 1947 Soviet film directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin
- Ships named after the admiral:
- , a Russian armoured cruiser
- Former name of the
- "Admiral Nakhimov", a
- "Admiral Nakhimov", a
- , formerly "Kalinin", a "Kirov-class battlecruiser | 11,647 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
USS Colhoun (DD-85)
USS "Colhoun" (DD-85/APD-2) was a in the United States Navy during World War I and later redesignated APD-2 in World War II. She was the first Navy ship named for Edmund Colhoun.
Launched in 1918, she remained on convoy duty for the final few months of World War I, and she then operated out of the Atlantic for several years until being decommissioned in 1922. Returning to service in 1940 as a high-speed troop transport, "Colhoun" was dispatched to support the Guadalcanal campaign early in World War II. While unloading supplies to the island on 31 August 1942, she was attacked by aircraft of the Empire of Japan, and sunk with the loss of 51 men.
# Design and construction.
"Colhoun" | 11,648 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
was one of 111 s built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919. She, along with 25 of her sisters, were constructed at Fore River Shipyard shipyards in Quincy, Massachusetts using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem Steel.
She had a standard displacement of an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . On trials, "Harding" reached a speed of . She was armed with four /50 caliber guns and twelve torpedo tubes. She had a regular crew complement of 100 officers and enlisted men. She was driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers.
Specifics on "Colhoun"s performance are not known, but she was one of the group of "Wickes"-class destroyers | 11,649 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
designed by Bethlehem Steel, built from a different design than the 'Liberty type' destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works, which used Parsons or Westinghouse turbines. The non-'Liberty' type destroyers deteriorated badly in service, and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy. Actual performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy, with most only able to make at instead of the design standard of at . The class also suffered problems with turning and weight.
"Colhoun" was the first commissioned in the U.S. Navy named for Edmund Colhoun. The second was a commissioned in 1944.
# Service history.
"Colhoun" | 11,650 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
was launched on 21 February 1918 from Fore River Shipyard and sponsored by Helen A. Colhoun, the daughter of Edmund Ross Colhoun. She was commissioned on 13 June 1918 under the command of Commander B. B. Wygant. Reporting to the United States Atlantic Fleet, she was assigned as a convoy escort between New York City and ports in Europe, escorting ships carrying troops and supplies supporting World War I from 30 June and 14 September 1918. On 18 November 1918, she reported to New London, Connecticut to assist in tests of sound equipment which was under development at the time. On 1 January 1919, she was rushed to assist the troop transport which had run aground off Fire Island, New York. "Colhoun" | 11,651 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
assisted in transporting 194 of the troops off of the ship, who had been returning from Europe, to their destination port in Hoboken, New Jersey.
On 1 December 1919, she was placed in reduced commission at Philadelphia Navy Yard, and then underwent an overhaul at Norfolk Navy Yard. Between 1919 and 1922, "Colhoun" remained assigned to the Atlantic Fleet on reserve status, based out of Charleston, South Carolina. She took part in sporadic fleet exercises and large maneuvers, as well as taking several midshipman cruises through the Caribbean and along the east coast. In mid-1922, she returned to Philadelphia Naval Yard and was decommissioned on 28 June.
"Colhoun" was towed to Norfolk Navy Yard | 11,652 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
on 5 June 1940, and began conversion to a high-speed transport. She was recommissioned into the fleet on 11 December 1940, and received the hull classification symbol of APD-2. Following this, she underwent a year of training exercises between Norfolk and the Caribbean, where she was during the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the entry of the U.S. into World War II.
## World War II.
With the war underway, she sailed for the Pacific to join the U.S. Pacific Fleet. There, she joined Transport Squadron 12 based out of Pearl Harbor, and began conducting anti-submarine warfare exercises there for a time. She arrived in Nouméa, New Caledonia on 21 July 1942. With a shortage of combat ships at the beginning | 11,653 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
of the war, "Colhoun" served a dual role as both a high-speed transport and an anti-submarine warfare vessel. In this role, she began preparations for the invasion of the Solomon Islands. On 7 August 1942, she carried units of the 1st Marine Raider Battalion in the initial assault landings which began the Guadalcanal Campaign and continued to serve as both transport and antisubmarine vessel in support of the invasion.
On the morning of 30 August 1942, "Colhoun" ported at Kukum Point and unloaded stores for the U.S. Marine Corps garrison on Guadalcanal, and then exited the harbor to undertake anti-submarine patrols. Just before 12:00, an air raid siren was issued and "Colhoun" moved out to sea. | 11,654 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
A second alert was received at 14:00. Shortly thereafter, a lookout spotted a formation of Japanese aircraft approaching using the sun as cover. The Japanese aircraft, using clouds as cover, dove and released three bombs against "Colhoun", two splashing nearby and one striking the after searchlight platform and a nearby boat. The bomb blew the after davits down and forward, blocking the after engine room hatches, and starting a fire from the diesel oil spilled by the boat.
"Colhoun" attempted to return fire with her anti-aircraft batteries, but the Japanese aircraft remained obscured by clouds. A second dive launched five or six bombs on her starboard side, knocking down the foremast and blowing | 11,655 |
512040 | USS Colhoun (DD-85) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Colhoun%20(DD-85) | USS Colhoun (DD-85)
ocking down the foremast and blowing two and one gun off the ship. A lubrication oil cooler pump in the after engine room was blown through the bulkhead into the forward engine room. Another two bombs scored direct hits on the after deck house, killing all of the men there. An order was given to abandon ship, and several tank lighters arrived quickly from Guadalcanal to assist in taking in survivors. "Colhoun" sank at . Fifty-one men were killed and 18 wounded in her sinking. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 11 September 1942. She received one battle star for her service in World War II.
# References.
## Sources.
- Roll of Honor
# External links.
- NavSource.org Photos | 11,656 |
512042 | Matthew Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew%20Fox | Matthew Fox
Matthew Fox
Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Charlie Salinger on "Party of Five" (1994–2000) and Jack Shephard on the supernatural drama series "Lost" (2004–2010), the latter of which earned him Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Fox has also performed in ten feature films, including "We Are Marshall" (2006), "Vantage Point" (2008), "Alex Cross" (2012), "Emperor" (2012) and "Bone Tomahawk" (2015).
# Early life.
Fox was born in Abington, Pennsylvania, the son of Loretta B. (née Eagono) and Francis G. Fox. One of his paternal great-great-great-grandfathers was Union General George Meade. His father was from | 11,657 |
512042 | Matthew Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew%20Fox | Matthew Fox
a "very blue-blood" Pennsylvania family of mostly English descent, while his mother was of half Italian and half British and Irish ancestry. When Fox was a year old, he moved to Wyoming with his parents and siblings, Francis, Jr. (b. 1961) and Bayard (b. 1969). They settled in Crowheart, Wyoming, on the Wind River Indian Reservation. His mother was a teacher, and his father, who had been a consultant for an oil company, raised longhorn cattle and horses, and grew barley for Coors beer. Matthew attended Deerfield Academy for one year as a post-graduate and graduated with the class of 1984. He attended Columbia University, graduating with a B.A. in economics in 1989.
# Career.
At the age of | 11,658 |
512042 | Matthew Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew%20Fox | Matthew Fox
25, Fox made his debut on an episode of "Wings". That same year, he also starred on a short-lived dramatic series, "Freshman Dorm". Still not a familiar face on the small screen, he continued to be cast in supporting roles, including the role of Charlie in the CBS Schoolbreak Special series, "If I Die Before I Wake" before he made his big screen debut in "My Boyfriend's Back" (1993).
In 1994, Fox was cast in a starring role as Charlie Salinger, the eldest of five siblings who lose both parents in a car accident on the 1994-2000 teen drama "Party of Five", co-starring with Scott Wolf, Neve Campbell, Jennifer Love Hewitt, and Lacey Chabert. In 1996, "People Magazine" named Fox one of the 50 Most | 11,659 |
512042 | Matthew Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew%20Fox | Matthew Fox
Beautiful People in the World. After "Party of Five" was cancelled following its sixth season, Fox starred in another TV series, "Haunted", in 2002.
From September 2004 until May 2010, Fox played the role of the dedicated yet troubled surgeon, Dr. Jack Shephard, on "Lost". He initially auditioned for the role of James "Sawyer" Ford. However, co-creator J. J. Abrams thought he would be better for the role of Jack, a role originally slated to be for the pilot episode only.
Fox was nominated for a Golden Globe, won the 2005 Satellite Award, and shared the 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series", for his role in "Lost".
On December 2, 2006, | 11,660 |
512042 | Matthew Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew%20Fox | Matthew Fox
he hosted "Saturday Night Live" with musical guests Tenacious D. In 2006, Fox co-starred with Matthew McConaughey in the sports drama, "We Are Marshall". He also played a bit part in the action film "Smokin' Aces" and starred in the 2008 thriller, "Vantage Point". In May 2008, Fox starred as Racer X in the movie "Speed Racer".
Fox has repeatedly stated that he is "done with television" after "Lost".
In 2011, he starred in the stage play "In a Forest, Dark and Deep" with Olivia Williams in London's West End.
Fox co-starred in "Alex Cross" (2012), as the villain, Michael "The Butcher" Sullivan/"Picasso". Fox developed an extremely muscular physique for the role and shed most of his body fat.
He | 11,661 |
512042 | Matthew Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew%20Fox | Matthew Fox
appeared very briefly in the 2013 film "World War Z" which starred Brad Pitt.
He starred in the film "Extinction" released in July 2015, directed by Miguel Ángel Vivas, in adaptation of the Juan de Dios Garduño's bestseller book "Y pese a todo."
# Personal life.
Fox is a keen photographer. A bonus disc released with The Complete First Series of "Lost" includes features "The Art of Matthew Fox", showing pictures he took of the cast and crew while on set.
On August 28, 2011, Fox was accused of assaulting a female bus driver in Cleveland, Ohio. Prosecutors decided not to charge Fox. In May 2012, the bus driver withdrew a civil suit, after her lawyer withdrew and revealed that she "intentionally | 11,662 |
512042 | Matthew Fox | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew%20Fox | Matthew Fox
e starred in the film "Extinction" released in July 2015, directed by Miguel Ángel Vivas, in adaptation of the Juan de Dios Garduño's bestseller book "Y pese a todo."
# Personal life.
Fox is a keen photographer. A bonus disc released with The Complete First Series of "Lost" includes features "The Art of Matthew Fox", showing pictures he took of the cast and crew while on set.
On August 28, 2011, Fox was accused of assaulting a female bus driver in Cleveland, Ohio. Prosecutors decided not to charge Fox. In May 2012, the bus driver withdrew a civil suit, after her lawyer withdrew and revealed that she "intentionally failed and refused to provide full and timely cooperation and information." | 11,663 |
512061 | 8th Golden Raspberry Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Golden%20Raspberry%20Awards | 8th Golden Raspberry Awards
8th Golden Raspberry Awards
The 8th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on April 10, 1988, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the film industry had to offer in 1987. "Leonard Part 6" was the biggest "winner" with three awards out of five nominations. Although he did not attend the ceremony, actor/producer/co-writer Bill Cosby later accepted all his awards on "The Late Show". The list of nominees follows, with recipients marked in bold.
# See also.
- 1987 in film
- 60th Academy Awards
- 41st British Academy Film Awards
- 45th Golden Globe Awards
# External links.
- Official summary of awards
- Nomination and award listing at the Internet Movie Database | 11,664 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
Richard Overy
Richard James Overy (born 23 December 1947) is a British historian who has published extensively on the history of World War II and Nazi Germany. In 2007 as "The Times" editor of "Complete History of the World", he chose the 50 key dates of world history.
# Life and career.
After being educated at Caius College, Cambridge and awarded a research fellowship at Churchill College, Overy taught history at Cambridge from 1972 to 1979, as a fellow of Queens' College and from 1976 as a university assistant lecturer. In 1980 he moved to King's College London, where he became professor of modern history in 1994. He was appointed to a professorship at the University of Exeter in 2004.
In | 11,665 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
the late 1980s, Overy was involved in a historical dispute with Timothy Mason that mostly played out over the pages of "Past & Present" over the reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Mason had contended that a "flight into war" had been imposed on Adolf Hitler by a structural economic crisis, which confronted Hitler with the choice of making difficult economic decisions or aggression. Overy argued against Mason's thesis, maintaining that though Germany was faced with economic problems in 1939, the extent of these problems cannot explain aggression against Poland, and that the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership. For Overy, the | 11,666 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
problem with Mason's thesis was that it rested on assumptions in a way not shown by records, information was passed on to Hitler about the "Reich"'s economic problems. Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserves of neighbouring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan. Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason. Finally, Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the German state felt they could master the economic problems of rearmament; | 11,667 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
as one civil servant put it in January 1940 "we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past, that here too, if one or other raw material became extremely scarce, ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix". Recently, another British historian, Adam Tooze, has argued for a similar position as Mason's in his book "The Wages of Destruction".
His work on World War II has been praised as "highly effective (in) the ruthless dispelling of myths" (A. J. P. Taylor), "original and important" ("New York Review of Books") and "at the cutting edge" ("Times Literary Supplement".)
# Awards and honours.
- 1977 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
- 2000 Fellow of the society
- | 11,668 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
2003 Fellow of King's College
- 2001 Samuel Eliot Morison Prize of the Society for Military History
- 2004 Wolfson History Prize, "The Dictators: Hitler's Germany; Stalin's Russia"
- 2005 Hessell-Tiltman Prize, "The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia"
# In media.
- Overy was featured in the 2006 BBC docudrama "".
- KGNU's Claudia Cragg – interview with Overy on 'Countdown To War' for Remembrance Day (Veteran's Day) 2010.
# Publications.
- "William Morris, Viscount Nuffield" (1976), .
- "The Air War: 1939–1945" (1980), .
- "The Nazi Economic Recovery, 1932–1938" (1982), .
- "Goering: The "Iron Man"" (1984), .
- "All Our Working Lives" (with Peter Pagnamenta, 1984), .
- | 11,669 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
"The Origins of The Second World War" edited by Patrick Finney, Edward Arnold: London, Hodder Education Publishers (1997), .
- Co-written with Timothy Mason: "Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939" pp. 200–240 in "Past and Present", Number 122, February 1989, reprinted as "Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and the War in 1939" in "The Origins of The Second World War" (1997).
- "The Road To War" (with Andrew Wheatcroft, 1989), .
- "The Inter-War Crisis, 1919–1939" (1994), .
- "War and Economy in the Third Reich" (1994), .
- "Why the Allies Won" (1995), .
- "The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich" (1996), .
- "The Times Atlas of the Twentieth Century" (ed., 1996), | 11,670 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
.
- "Bomber Command, 1939–45" (1997), .
- "Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow" (1997), .
- "The Times History of the 20th Century" (1999), .
- "The Battle" (2000), (republished as "The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality").
- "Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945" (2001), (republished as "Interrogations: Inside the Minds of the Nazi Elite").
- "Germany: A New Social and Economic History. Vol. 3: Since 1800" (ed. with Sheilagh Ogilvie, 2003), .
- "The Times Complete History of the World" (6th ed., 2004), .
- "The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia" (2004), .
- "Collins Atlas of Twentieth Century History" (2005), .
- "Imperial War Museum's Second World | 11,671 |
512056 | Richard Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Overy | Richard Overy
ors: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia" (2004), .
- "Collins Atlas of Twentieth Century History" (2005), .
- "Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 1: Blitzkrieg" (2008), .
- "Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 2: Axis Ascendant" (2008), .
- "1939: Countdown to War" (2009), .
- "The Morbid Age: Britain Between the Wars" (2009), .
- "The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945" (2013), (later published as "The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945", ).
# External links.
- Official register of fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge
- Biography of Richard Overy, University of Exeter
- Google Scholar List of publications by Overy | 11,672 |
512071 | New River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River | New River
New River
New River may refer to:
# Waterways.
## Caribbean.
- Nuevo River (Puerto Rico)
- Rio Nuevo (Jamaica)
## Europe.
- New River (England), a man-made watercourse in England
- New River (Fens), a man-made watercourse in the English Fenlands
## New Zealand.
- New River / Kaimata in the West Coast region of New Zealand
- An alternative name for the Oreti River in New Zealand, most commonly used for its estuary
## North America.
- New River (Mexico–United States) ("Rio Nuevo" in Spanish), which flows from the Mexicali Valley in Baja California into the Salton Sea in California
- New River (Trinity River), a tributary of the Trinity River in northern California
- New River (Broward | 11,673 |
512071 | New River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River | New River
County, Florida), a channel which drains the Everglades through Fort Lauderdale in South Florida
- New River (Carrabelle River), a tributary of the Carrabelle River in Florida
- New River (Santa Fe River), a tributary of the Santa Fe River in northern Florida
- New River (Chattahoochee River), in Georgia
- New River (Withlacoochee River), in Georgia
- New River (Louisiana), in Ascension Parish
- New River (Michigan)
- New River (New Hampshire), a tributary of the Ellis River on Mount Washington
- New River (North Carolina), which flows into the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern North Carolina
- New River (Kanawha River), a tributary of the Ohio River via the Kanawha River, in North Carolina, | 11,674 |
512071 | New River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River | New River
Virginia, and West Virginia
- New River (Oregon), in southwestern Oregon, parallels the Pacific Ocean between Coos Bay and Port Orford
- New River (South Carolina), which flows into the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern South Carolina near the Savannah River
- New River (Tennessee), a tributary of the Cumberland River in Tennessee
## South and Central America.
- New River (Belize), a river that flows north into Chetumal Bay
- New River (South America), claimed by Suriname and Guyana
- New River Triangle, the area of dispute
# Other uses.
- New River, Arizona, a region in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area
- Bradford County, Florida, named New River County from 1858 through 1861
- | 11,675 |
512071 | New River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River | New River
a region in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area
- Bradford County, Florida, named New River County from 1858 through 1861
- New River Tunnel, in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
- Marine Corps Air Station New River, near Jacksonville, North Carolina
- New River Valley, in Virginia
- New River Community College, in Virginia
- New River Coalfield, in West Virginia
- New River Gorge Bridge, in West Virginia
- New River Gorge National River, protecting a portion of the river in West Virginia
- New River Trail State Park, in Virginia
- New River (ward), London Borough of Hackney
- "New River" (album)
# See also.
- New (disambiguation)
- Xinhe (disambiguation), Chinese for 'New River' (新河) | 11,676 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
African Great Lakes
The African Great Lakes () are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. They include Lake Victoria, the third-largest fresh water lake in the world by area, Lake Tanganyika, the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth, and Lake Malawi, the world's eighth-largest fresh water lake by area. Collectively, they contain 31,000 km (7400 cu mi) of water, which is more than either Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes. This total constitutes about 25% of the planet's unfrozen surface fresh water. The large rift lakes of Africa are the ancient home of great biodiversity, and 10% of the world's fish | 11,677 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
species live there.
Countries in the African Great Lakes region (sometimes also called "Greater Lakes region") include Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.
The Great Lakes area, where colonial era borders cut through ethnic groups, has in the last 20 years been a crucible of conflict that has launched multiple uprisings and invasions. The United Nations, the United States, and several European countries have special envoys or representatives to the Great Lakes region. Local populations recently have denounced the presence of these 'agency' groups like the UN, saying they often do not actually prevent attacks or protect local villages, but | 11,678 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
are posted for whitewashing purposes or to safeguard western envoys, citizens and their business interests.
They have also been accused by both local and other African nations of participating in human rights abuses and rampant gender based exploitation and trafficking.
# Lakes and drainage basins.
The following are included on most lists of the African Great Lakes, grouped by drainage basin. The exact number of lakes considered part of the African Great Lakes varies by list, and may include smaller lakes in the rift valleys, especially if they are part of the same drainage basin as the larger lakes, such as Lake Kyoga.
## Drains into the White Nile river.
- Lake Victoria
- Lake Albert
- | 11,679 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
Lake Edward
## Drain into the Congo River.
- Lake Tanganyika
- Lake Kivu
## Drains into the Zambezi via the Shire River.
- Lake Malawi
## Endorheic basin.
- Lake Turkana
# African Great Lakes Region.
The African Great Lakes region consists of countries that surround the African Great Lakes. It comprises Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.
The Bantu Swahili language is the most commonly spoken language in the African Great Lakes region. It also serves as a national or official language of four nations in the region: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Due to the high population density of an | 11,680 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
estimated 107 million people, and the agricultural surplus in the region, the area became organized into a number of small states. The most powerful of these monarchies were Buganda, Bunyoro, Rwanda, and Burundi. Unusual for sub-Saharan Africa, the traditional borders were largely maintained by the colonial powers, however the national borders were often drawn to divide monarchies that the colonials did not favor or to keep preferred groups in relative dominance over groups perceived as less euro-centric.
Being the long sought after source of the Nile, the region had long been of interest to Europeans. The first Europeans to arrive in the region in any numbers were missionaries who had limited | 11,681 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
success in converting the locals, but did open the region to later colonization. The increased contact with the rest of the world led to a series of devastating epidemics affecting both humans and livestock. While seen as a region with great potential after independence, the region has in recent decades been marred by civil war and conflict, from which only Tanzania has escaped. According to the UNHCR, Tanzania hosted the most Congolese refugees of the region. The worst affected areas have been left in great poverty.
# Climate.
The highlands are relatively cool, with average temperatures ranging between and and abundant rainfall. Major drainage basins include those of the Congo-Zaire, Nile, | 11,682 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
and Zambezi rivers, which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean, respectively.
Forests are dominant in the lowlands of the Congo-Zaire Basin, while grasslands and savannas are most common in the southern and eastern highlands. Temperatures in the lowlands average about . Around Lake Turkana, the climate is hot and very dry. A short rainy season in October is followed by a longer one from April to May.
# Flora and fauna.
The Western Rift Valley lakes are freshwater and home to an extraordinary number of endemic species. More than 1,500 cichlid fish species live in the lakes, as well as other fish families. The lakes are also important habitats for a number of amphibian | 11,683 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
species. Nile crocodiles are numerous. Mammals include elephants, gorillas and hippopotamus.
The Lake Turkana area is home to hundreds of species of birds endemic to Kenya. The flamingo wades in its shallows. The East African rift system also serves as a flyway for migrating birds, bringing in hundreds more. The birds are essentially supported by plankton masses in the lake, which also feed the fish there.
Vegetation ranges from rainforest to savanna grasses. In some lakes, rapidly growing invasive plants, like the surface-choking water hyacinth and shore-clogging papyrus, are problems. Water hyacinth have thus far affected only Lake Victoria.
# Geology.
Until 12 million years ago, the bountiful | 11,684 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
waters of the equatorial plateau either flowed west into the Congo River system or east to the Indian Ocean. Creation of the Great Rift Valley changed that. A rift is a weak place in Earth's crust due to the separation of two tectonic plates, often accompanied by a graben, or trough, in which lake water can collect. This rift began when East Africa, impelled by currents in the mantle, began separating from the rest of Africa, moving to the northeast. The basins that resulted from the geological uplifts filled with water that now flowed north.
Lake Victoria is not actually within the Rift Valley. It occupies a depression between the Eastern and Western Rifts, formed by the uplift of the rifts | 11,685 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
to either side.
# Archaeology.
Around two to three million years ago, Lake Turkana was larger and the area more fertile, making it a center for early hominids. Richard Leakey led numerous anthropological excavations in the area, which yielded many important discoveries of hominin remains. The two-million-year-old Skull 1470 was found in 1972. It was originally thought to be "Homo habilis", but some anthropologists have assigned it to a new species, "Homo rudolfensis", named after the lake (previously known as Lake Rudolf). In 1984, the Turkana Boy, a nearly complete skeleton of a "Homo erectus" boy was discovered. More recently, a 3,500,000-year-old skull was discovered there, named "Kenyanthropus | 11,686 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
platyops", which means "The Flat-Faced Man of Kenya".
# Economy.
Fishing—primarily of tilapia species but also of Nile perch—provides the main livelihood. With four Great Lakes on its borders, Uganda ranks as one of the world's largest producers of freshwater fish. The climate and rich volcanic soils in the highlands also sustain intensely cultivated croplands.
The economies of the Great Lakes region states have different structures and are at various stages of development. The GDP real growth rate ranges from 5.1 percent in Burundi to 6.4 in DRC. GDP per capita fluctuates between $700 in DRC and Burundi and $1,900 in Uganda.
# See also.
- 2005 Lake Tanganyika earthquake
- 2008 Lake Kivu | 11,687 |
512047 | African Great Lakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African%20Great%20Lakes | African Great Lakes
vides the main livelihood. With four Great Lakes on its borders, Uganda ranks as one of the world's largest producers of freshwater fish. The climate and rich volcanic soils in the highlands also sustain intensely cultivated croplands.
The economies of the Great Lakes region states have different structures and are at various stages of development. The GDP real growth rate ranges from 5.1 percent in Burundi to 6.4 in DRC. GDP per capita fluctuates between $700 in DRC and Burundi and $1,900 in Uganda.
# See also.
- 2005 Lake Tanganyika earthquake
- 2008 Lake Kivu earthquake
- East African Plateau
- Great Lakes refugee crisis
- List of lakes
- List of lakes by area
- Rift Valley lakes | 11,688 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
Neutrality Patrol
On September 3, 1939, the British and French declarations of war on Germany initiated the Battle of the Atlantic. The United States Navy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) established a combined air and ship patrol of the United States Atlantic coast, including the Caribbean, on September 4. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared the United States' neutrality on September 5, and declared the naval patrol a Neutrality Patrol. Roosevelt's initiation of the Neutrality Patrol, which in fact also escorted British ships, as well as orders to U.S. Navy destroyers first to actively report U-boats, then "shoot on sight", meant American neutrality was honored more in the breach than observance.
# | 11,689 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
Neutrality Zone.
On September 4, 1939, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) ordered the Atlantic Squadron to establish a combined air and ship patrol to observe and report the movements of ships of warring nations within a line extending east from Boston to 65 degrees west and thence south to the 19th parallel and seaward around the Leeward and Windward Islands. The concept of a naval Neutrality Patrol within that zone was presented to a Conference of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics convened in Panama on September 25. After considerable debate, the conference agreed the Declaration of Panama on October 2, 1939, to extend the neutrality zone southwesterly parallel to the northeastern | 11,690 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
coast of South America approximately offshore.
# Organization.
Battleships , , and with the aircraft carrier (with aircraft squadrons VB-4, VF-4, VS-41, and VS-42 embarked) formed a reserve force at Hampton Roads to support the following patrols:
- Patrol Zero: Destroyer division 18 of , , , and were assigned patrol station zero from Newfoundland south to the 40th parallel.
- Patrol One: Destroyers and were assigned patrol station one along a northwest-southeast line off Georges Bank.
- Patrol Two: Destroyers and , with aircraft of patrol squadron VP-54 and seaplane tender , operated from Newport, Rhode Island, between the 38th and 43rd parallels.
- Patrol Three: Destroyers , , , and patrolled | 11,691 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
between the 34th and 38th parallels with aircraft of VP-52 and VP-53.
- Patrol Six: Destroyers and patrolled the Florida Strait and Yucatán Channel.
- Patrols Seven and Eight: Cruisers and with destroyers , , , and patrolled the eastern Caribbean south of the 23rd parallel with aircraft of VP-33 and VP-51 supported by seaplane tenders , , and . "Gannet" and "Thrush" established a seaplane base in Puerto Rico.
- Patrol Nine: Cruisers and patrolled within of the coast between Newport and Cape Hatteras.
# Communications.
The CNO orders of September 4 directed the patrols to report the movements of ships of warring nations in cipher. U.S. Navy ships were initially instructed to avoid making | 11,692 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
any report while in the vicinity of such ships to avoid performance of unneutral radio direction finding service or the impression that an unneutral service was being performed. On October 9, President Roosevelt instructed the navy to transmit reports promptly in plain English; and the Neutrality Patrol was instructed on October 20 to report contacts with plain-language radio transmissions.
# New bases.
Neutrality Patrols began operating from Bermuda following the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. The base was commissioned on April 7, 1941; and Carrier Division 3 (USS "Ranger", , and ) began using the base the following day. By mid-June cruisers , , and were patrolling from Trinidad south along | 11,693 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
the coast of Brazil.
# Convoy escort.
At the beginning of 1941, President Roosevelt secretly organized a protection-of-shipping task force 24, given the designation of Support Force, United States Atlantic Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral Arthur L. Bristol. Ships, planes, funding, and personnel were assigned in January and February, and operations began in March. Admiral Bristol remained in Washington, but material for the various bases was assembled and shipped from Naval Air Station Quonset Point. Admiral Bristol insisted that all records be destroyed when an operation was completed. His staff believed he was following Presidential instructions to avoid revealing operations which | 11,694 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
might not have public-opinion approval. Efforts to document Support Force operations after the war were discouraged to avoid damaging world opinion as to the integrity of United States' neutrality.
To augment the fleet units already engaged in the Neutrality Patrol which President Roosevelt had placed around the eastern seaboard and Gulf ports, the United States Navy recommissioned 77 destroyers and light minelayers which had lain in reserve at either Philadelphia or San Diego. In Newfoundland on August 9, 1941, President Roosevelt agreed to provide American destroyers as escorts for the Canada to Iceland portion of HX convoys and westbound ON convoys. ineffectively engaged on September 4; | 11,695 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
and on September 11 President Roosevelt declared Axis ships entered the neutrality zone at their own risk, and ordered the U.S. Navy to attack any vessel threatening ships under American escort. HX 150 sailed September 16, 1941, as the first convoy with American escort. ON 18 sailed September 24 as the first westbound convoy with American escort. The was torpedoed while escorting Convoy SC 48 on October 17, 1941. The destroyer "Reuben James" was torpedoed and sunk on October 31, 1941, while escorting Convoy HX 156 with a loss of 100 lives.
# Results.
The Neutrality Patrol was a major focus of one of the world's largest navies for the first third of the Second World War. The Atlantic Squadron | 11,696 |
512063 | Neutrality Patrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality%20Patrol | Neutrality Patrol
s.
# Results.
The Neutrality Patrol was a major focus of one of the world's largest navies for the first third of the Second World War. The Atlantic Squadron in that period consisted of three battleships, four heavy cruisers, 29 destroyers, and one aircraft carrier; and their primary mission was confirmed by its being redesignated the Patrol Squadron on 1 November 1940. The Neutrality Patrol enhanced effectiveness of Allied patrols within the declared neutrality zone. On 12 July 1940, Assistant CNO Robert L. Ghormley was ordered to Britain to standardize shipboard communications between British and American warships.
# Further reading.
- Neutrality (Declaration of Panama), 3 October 1939 | 11,697 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
USS "Jacob Jones" (DD-130), named for Commodore Jacob Jones USN (1768–1850), was a . "Jacob Jones" was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, New Jersey on 21 February 1918, launched on 20 November 1918 by Mrs. Cazenove Doughton, great-granddaughter of Commodore Jones and commissioned on 20 October 1919, Lieutenant Commander Paul H. Bastedo in command. She was sunk by a German submarine in 1942 during World War II.
# Service history.
"Jacob Jones" was decommissioned on 24 June 1922 and placed in reserve until recommissioned on 1 May 1930, and was assigned to Neutrality Patrol duties out of Charleston, South Carolina on 4 April 1940.
## Inter-war | 11,698 |
512052 | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Jacob%20Jones%20(DD-130) | USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)
period.
After fitting out at Philadelphia, "Jacob Jones" sailed 4 December for shakedown in the Atlantic Ocean. She arrived at Pensacola, Florida on 22 December to continue her training and departed on 3 January 1920 for the Pacific Ocean. Arriving at San Diego on 26 January, she operated along the California coast on anti-aircraft and firing exercises. She entered Mare Island Navy Yard 17 August for repairs and overhaul and assumed a reserve status. Returning to duty with Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet, 18 June 1921, she operated out of San Diego until decommissioning 24 June 1922.
Recommissioned 1 May 1930, "Jacob Jones" trained in coastal waters from Alaska to Mexico as a plane guard for | 11,699 |
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