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621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
Reference ellipsoid
In geodesy, a reference ellipsoid is a mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid, the truer figure of the Earth, or other planetary body.
Because of their relative simplicity, reference ellipsoids are used as a preferred surface on which geodetic network computations are performed and point coordinates such as latitude, longitude, and elevation are defined.
In the context of standardization and geographic applications, a "geodesic reference ellipsoid" is the mathematical model used as foundation by Spatial reference system or Geodetic datum definitions.
# Ellipsoid parameters.
In 1687 Isaac Newton published the Principia in which he included a proof that | 13,400 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
a rotating self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of a flattened ("oblate") ellipsoid of revolution, generated by an ellipse rotated around its minor diameter; a shape which he termed an oblate spheroid.
In geophysics, geodesy, and related areas, the word 'ellipsoid' is understood to mean 'oblate ellipsoid of revolution', and the older term 'oblate spheroid' is hardly used. For bodies that cannot be well approximated by an ellipsoid of revolution a triaxial (or scalene) ellipsoid is used.
The shape of an ellipsoid of revolution is determined by the shape parameters of that ellipse. The semi-major axis of the ellipse, "a", becomes the equatorial radius of the ellipsoid: the | 13,401 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
semi-minor axis of the ellipse, "b", becomes the distance from the centre to either pole. These two lengths completely specify the shape of the ellipsoid.
In geodesy publications, however, it is common to specify the semi-major axis (equatorial radius) "a" and the flattening "f", defined as
That is, "f" is the amount of flattening at each pole, relative to the radius at the equator. This is often expressed as a fraction 1/"m"; "m" = 1/"f" then being the "inverse flattening". A great many other ellipse parameters are used in geodesy but they can all be related to one or two of the set "a", "b" and "f".
A great many ellipsoids have been used to model the Earth in the past, with different assumed | 13,402 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
values of "a" and "b" as well as different assumed positions of the center and different axis orientations relative to the solid Earth. Starting in the late twentieth century, improved measurements of satellite orbits and star positions have provided extremely accurate determinations of the earth's center of mass and of its axis of revolution; and those parameters have been adopted also for all modern reference ellipsoids.
The ellipsoid WGS-84, widely used for mapping and satellite navigation has "f" close to 1/300 (more precisely, 1/298.257223563, by definition), corresponding to a difference of the major and minor semi-axes of approximately (more precisely, 21.3846858 km). For comparison, | 13,403 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
Earth's Moon is even less elliptical, with a flattening of less than 1/825, while Jupiter is visibly oblate at about 1/15 and one of Saturn's triaxial moons, Telesto, is highly flattened, with "f" between 1/3 to 1/2 (meaning that the polar diameter is between 50% and 67% of the equatorial.
# Coordinates.
A primary use of reference ellipsoids is to serve as a basis for a coordinate system of latitude (north/south), longitude (east/west), and ellipsoidal height.
For this purpose it is necessary to identify a "zero meridian", which for Earth is usually the Prime Meridian. For other bodies a fixed surface feature is usually referenced, which for Mars is the meridian passing through the crater | 13,404 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
Airy-0. It is possible for many different coordinate systems to be defined upon the same reference ellipsoid.
The longitude measures the rotational angle between the zero meridian and the measured point. By convention for the Earth, Moon, and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +180° For other bodies a range of 0° to 360° is used.
The latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an angle from −90° to +90°, where 0° is the equator. The common or "geodetic latitude" is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line that is normal to the reference ellipsoid. Depending on the flattening, it may be slightly different | 13,405 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
from the "geocentric (geographic) latitude", which is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line from the center of the ellipsoid. For non-Earth bodies the terms "planetographic" and "planetocentric" are used instead.
The coordinates of a geodetic point are customarily stated as geodetic latitude "ϕ" and longitude "λ" (both specifying the direction in space of the geodetic normal containing the point), and the ellipsoidal height "h" of the point above or below the reference ellipsoid along its normal. If these coordinates are given, one can compute the "geocentric rectangular coordinates" of the point as follows:
where
and "a" and "b" are the equatorial radius (semi-major axis) and | 13,406 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
the polar radius (semi-minor axis), respectively. "N" is the "radius of curvature in the prime vertical".
In contrast, extracting "φ", "λ" and "h" from the rectangular coordinates usually requires iteration. A straightforward method is given in an OSGB publication and also in web notes. More sophisticated methods are outlined in geodetic system.
# Historical Earth ellipsoids.
Currently the most common reference ellipsoid used, and that used in the context of the Global Positioning System, is the one defined by WGS 84.
Traditional reference ellipsoids or "geodetic datums" are defined regionally and therefore non-geocentric, e.g., ED50. Modern geodetic datums are established with
the aid | 13,407 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
of GPS and will therefore be geocentric, e.g., WGS 84.
# Other celestial bodies.
Reference ellipsoids are also useful for geodetic mapping of other planetary bodies including planets, their satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei. Some well observed bodies such as the Moon and Mars now have quite precise reference ellipsoids.
For rigid-surface nearly-spherical bodies, which includes all the rocky planets and many moons, ellipsoids are defined in terms of the axis of rotation and the mean surface height excluding any atmosphere. Mars is actually egg shaped, where its north and south polar radii differ by approximately , however this difference is small enough that the average polar radius is | 13,408 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
used to define its ellipsoid. The Earth's Moon is effectively spherical, having almost no bulge at its equator. Where possible, a fixed observable surface feature is used when defining a reference meridian.
For gaseous planets like Jupiter, an effective surface for an ellipsoid is chosen as the equal-pressure boundary of one bar. Since they have no permanent observable features, the choices of prime meridians are made according to mathematical rules.
Small moons, asteroids, and comet nuclei frequently have irregular shapes. For some of these, such as Jupiter's Io, a scalene (triaxial) ellipsoid is a better fit than the oblate spheroid. For highly irregular bodies, the concept of a reference | 13,409 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
ellipsoid may have no useful value, so sometimes a spherical reference is used instead and points identified by planetocentric latitude and longitude. Even that can be problematic for non-convex bodies, such as Eros, in that latitude and longitude don't always uniquely identify a single surface location.
# See also.
- Earth ellipsoid
- Earth radius of curvature
- Meridian arc
# References.
- P. K. Seidelmann (Chair), et al. (2005), “Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements: 2003,” "Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy", 91, pp. 203–215.
- Web address: https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE
- "OpenGIS Implementation Specification | 13,410 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
ee also.
- Earth ellipsoid
- Earth radius of curvature
- Meridian arc
# References.
- P. K. Seidelmann (Chair), et al. (2005), “Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements: 2003,” "Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy", 91, pp. 203–215.
- Web address: https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE
- "OpenGIS Implementation Specification for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 1: Common architecture", Annex B.4. 2005-11-30
- Web address: http://www.opengeospatial.org
# External links.
- Geographic coordinate system
- Coordinate systems and transformations (SPENVIS help page)
- Coordinate Systems, Frames and Datums | 13,411 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
Happy Together (song)
"Happy Together" is a song by American rock band the Turtles from their third studio album "Happy Together" (1967). The song was written by Garry Bonner and Alan Gordon, arranged by Chip Douglas, and produced by Joe Wissert.
Released as a single in February 1967, the song knocked the Beatles' "Penny Lane" out of the number one slot on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and remained atop the chart for three weeks. It was the group's only chart-topper in the United States. "Happy Together" also reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1967 and number 2 on the Canadian Top Singles chart in Canada.
# Background.
The song was written by Garry Bonner and Alan Gordon, former | 13,412 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
members of the Magicians. It had been rejected a dozen times before it was offered to the Turtles, and the demo acetate was worn out."
The song was arranged by Chip Douglas. Turtles singer Mark Volman said, “Chip was, besides being a really fine bass player and excellent singer, also a great arranger, who did most of the arrangements on ‘Happy Together.’ He is very instrumental in what would be thought of as the production.”
# Composition.
"Happy Together" was originally published in the key of E minor in common time with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. Kaylan's vocals span from B to F# in the song.
# Critical reception.
Denise Sullivan of Allmusic called the song "serious, Beatles/Beach | 13,413 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
Boys conceptual pop" with a "sparse, acoustic guitar and handclap arrangement". She felt that the Turtles had combined their "pop, folk, psychedelia, and Zombies-style harmony expertise into one song", and noted the song's contradiction of being a "rock & roll song with a martial beat" but which came very close to "bubblegum" pop (yet "rises above it"). She concluded that the song is "pop perfection" and "a most sublime slice of pop heaven".
# Personnel.
- Howard Kaylan – lead vocals
- Mark Volman – vocals
- Al Nichol – lead guitar, piano, backing vocals
- Jim Tucker – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
- Chip Douglas – bass guitar, orchestra arrangement, backing vocals
- John Barbata – drums, | 13,414 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
percussion
## Additional personnel.
- Andy Cahan – organ
- Alan Gordon – songwriting
- Gary Bonner – songwriting
# In popular culture.
Jim Bessman reported for Billboard that the "key usage in the acclaimed movie" Adaptation. is "as a means of juxtaposing a soundtrack song against the story's mood, à la 'As Time Goes By' in "Casablanca"". Bessman goes on to say that "the song's inclusion in Adaptation has also spurred the solo side of Kaylan's career."
Bessman also notes the use of the song in "Freaky Friday" (2003; featured both the Turtles version and a cover by Simple Plan) and two episodes of "The Simpsons ("The Way We Weren't" and "Trilogy of Error").
It was performed on the show | 13,415 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
"American Idol" on February 19, 2008, by David Cook, and on February 20, 2008, by Brooke White: both performances were released as live singles on the iTunes Store in 2008. On May 5, 2011, it was sung in a group performance by the top 5 contestants on the show's tenth season. On January 21, 2015, the song was featured on the TV series "Stalker" arranged and performed by the band SPiN. On Season 4, Episode 7 of the Showtime show Billions aired on April 28th, 2019, it was mentioned by Taylor Mason that the song is not in fact a love song, but rather a song about a relationship that never actually happens - the key to unlocking this realization being the word "imagine" in the very beginning.
In | 13,416 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
2005, in markets outside of the United States, Heineken included the song in a beer commercial that starred Jennifer Aniston and Brian Thomas Smith.
In New Zealand, Toyota used the song for its promotion of the Toyota RAV4 in 2006.
The song was featured in the first trailer for the 2019 film, "".
In Stephen King's novel "Gerald's Game", the psychotic burglar, necrophile, and cannibal Raymond Andrew Joubert is described to the protagonist Jessie Burlingame as singing this song in the back of a police cruiser after being apprehended breaking into a mausoleum.
"Happy Together" is the official song of football club Melbourne City FC. The song is also played at Belmont University Men's Basketball | 13,417 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
home games during a 2nd half timeout break.
In July of 2019, the song was used in juxtaposition to the "guns and murder" in the trailer for the game "Borderlands 3".
The films "Happy Together" and "Imagine Me & You" are both named after the song.
# Cover versions.
"Happy Together" has been covered by artists as diverse as Hugh Montenegro (US AC #29, 1969), Tony Orlando and Dawn (US #79, 1972), T.G. Sheppard (who would take his version into the country Top 10 in early 1979), the Nylons (US #75, AC #16, 1987), and the most successful cover by Captain & Tennille (US #53, AC #27, 1980), Jason Donovan had the most successful cover version in the UK reaching #10.
Non-charting versions include | 13,418 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
those by Mel Tormé, the Piano Guys, Weezer, Petula Clark, Simple Plan, Caterina Valente, the Dollyrots, Blue Meanies, Donny Osmond, Odyssey, Tahiti 80, Filter, Flobots, Tally Hall, and Johnny Panic whose version samples the original. Frank Alamo covered the song in 1967 in a French version entitled "Heureux Tous Les Deux (Happy Together)". In 1967 the Quelli covered the song in an Italian version entitled "Per vivere insieme". Spanish flamenco duo Las Grecas made a cover called "Los dos tan felices" (We both so happy) in their album "Tercer Album" (1976) and there is also a Spanish cover, sung by Roberto Jordán, called "Juntos y Felices". In 1999, BMI named "Happy Together", with approximately | 13,419 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
five million performances on American radio, the 44th most-performed song in the United States of the 20th century, placing it in the same league as "Yesterday" by the Beatles and "Mrs. Robinson" by Simon and Garfunkel. Frank Zappa's performance on "Fillmore East – June 1971" included Turtles vocalists Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman and bassist Jim Pons.
Florence Henderson performed the song in season 1 of "The Muppet Show" in 1976. Miley Cyrus covered the song on the Backyard Sessions YouTube series.
Norwegian comedy group Prima Vera recorded a version with altered lyrics titled "Så Lykkelig I Sverige" (So Happy in Sweden) from their album "Brakara" (1978).
Kaylan and Volman also did a reggae | 13,420 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
remake of the song for the last Flo & Eddie album "Rock Steady with Flo & Eddie" (1981).
Hugo Montenegro's cover version was released as a single in 1969 from his album "Good Vibrations", and reached number 29 on the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart.
The song has been covered by B. E. Taylor for his album, "Love Never Fails" (2006).
The song has also been sung by the Red Army Choir and the Leningrad Cowboys.
In 2007 the song was used as a sample on the song "Ooh Ooh Baby" from Britney Spears' album "Blackout".
In 2014, Wim Leys, a Belgian Flemish Singer released a Dutch version: "Vannacht Zijn We Samen" on his Album "Peper & Zout" (Pepper & Salt).
In 2002 and 2018, American rock band Weezer | 13,421 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
performed a cover version of the song live at several of their concerts. The cover was described by Doug MacCash of The Times-Picayune as "fierce yet faithful", taking "that chunk of 50-year-old bubblegum and chew[ing] it into grungy rock n roll glory". In January 2019, the song was included on their surprise cover album
In 2019, American artists Gerard Way and Ray Toro recorded a cover version for the Netflix Original series "The Umbrella Academy".
# Copyright lawsuit.
Flo & Eddie, legal successors to the Turtles, filed a lawsuit in the New York Court of Appeals against Sirius XM Radio to establish common law copyright on their original recording of "Happy Together." As the song was recorded | 13,422 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
in 1967, five years before federal sound copyright was established, the group sought to establish that such recordings were covered under common law copyright, a nebulous form of copyright held at the state level, in the hopes of earning royalties from Sirius XM (as they did not write the song, they could only receive performance royalties). The Court of Appeals had previously ruled that such a common law copyright may exist for the sale of recordings in New York in the 2005 ruling "Capitol Records, Inc. v. Naxos of America, Inc.".
On December 20, 2016, the Court ruled that no such common law copyright exists in New York for public performances of a sound recording, and that Flo & Eddie could | 13,423 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
rm of copyright held at the state level, in the hopes of earning royalties from Sirius XM (as they did not write the song, they could only receive performance royalties). The Court of Appeals had previously ruled that such a common law copyright may exist for the sale of recordings in New York in the 2005 ruling "Capitol Records, Inc. v. Naxos of America, Inc.".
On December 20, 2016, the Court ruled that no such common law copyright exists in New York for public performances of a sound recording, and that Flo & Eddie could not claim royalties.
# External links.
- [ Allmusic.com Happy Together]
- The Turtles Official website
- Singer Howard Kaylan's website
- Bonner-Gordon songs website | 13,424 |
621220 | Lilydale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilydale | Lilydale
Lilydale
Lilydale, Lily Dale, Lillydale or Lillydale may refer to:
- Australia
- Lilydale, Tasmania, a small town in Northern Tasmania
- Lilydale, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway line, a suburban electric railway in Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway station, a railway station in Melbourne, Australia
- Lillydale Lake, a lake in Australia
- Canada
- Lilydale, Nova Scotia
- South Africa
- Lillydale, Mpumalanga, a town in South Africa
- United States
- Lilydale, Chicago
- Lilly Dale, Indiana, an unincorporated community
- Lilydale, Minnesota, a town south of St. Paul
- Lily Dale, New York, a spiritualist community in western New York
- Lillydale, | 13,425 |
621220 | Lilydale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilydale | Lilydale
nia
- Lilydale, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway line, a suburban electric railway in Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway station, a railway station in Melbourne, Australia
- Lillydale Lake, a lake in Australia
- Canada
- Lilydale, Nova Scotia
- South Africa
- Lillydale, Mpumalanga, a town in South Africa
- United States
- Lilydale, Chicago
- Lilly Dale, Indiana, an unincorporated community
- Lilydale, Minnesota, a town south of St. Paul
- Lily Dale, New York, a spiritualist community in western New York
- Lillydale, Monroe County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
- Lillydale, Wyoming County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community | 13,426 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
Australian Graduate School of Management
The Australian Graduate School of Management (AGSM) is a postgraduate management and business school that is part of the UNSW Business School at University of New South Wales (UNSW), in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The School offers general management, executive and leadership development programs.
AGSM offers MBA, MBA (Executive), MBT degrees and executive education programs in Australia, in Hong Kong, and online. For many years the school's MBA program has been ranked by the "Financial Times" as the best in Australia.
# History.
In 1977, UNSW established the AGSM as New South Wales' second school of postgraduate management studies. In January | 13,427 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
1999, the AGSM and the Graduate School of Business of the University of Sydney merged under the AGSM brand. In November 2005, the universities demerged their business schools and the AGSM reverted to wholly UNSW ownership.
One year later, UNSW merged the AGSM with the UNSW Faculty of Commerce and Economics, creating the Faculty of Business (later the Australian School of Business).
In mid-2007, the faculties physically combined, and moved into UNSW's newly renovated Heffron Building, which UNSW renamed the Australian School of Business Building.
In 2011 Professor Chris Styles was appointed as Deputy Dean and Director AGSM, and the Master of Business & Technology program was added to AGSM | 13,428 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
offering. In June 2014, Professor Julie Cogin was appointed Director of AGSM, following the elevation of Professor Styles to Dean of the UNSW Business School.
# Programs.
The AGSM offers a full-time MBA program in Sydney which generally takes 16 months to complete. Additionally, students can complete a part-time AGSM Executive MBA program throughout Australia, an AGSM Graduate Certificate in Change Management, and a range of executive education programs. In 2015 a new "MBAX" suite of online programs were launched.
# Rankings.
Rankings of the AGSM's MBA program include the following:
- #1 MBA Program in Australia, "Financial Times" (UK) 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007
- #1 | 13,429 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
MBA Program in Australia and Asia, "Forbes" bi-annual survey 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007
- #1 MBA (Executive) Program in Australia, "Financial Times" (UK) 2001-2007
- #1 MBA in Australia, "Forbes" magazine (2015)
- #8 in Asia Pacific in the 2013/14 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report
# Campus and facilities.
The main campus is located at the University of New South Wales in Randwick, a suburb of Sydney. The AGSM building houses teaching facilities, administrative services, a common room, computer labs and syndicate rooms. It also has accommodation facilities for students in the part-time program and for visitors. Students have access to the facilities of the Business School on the same campus | 13,430 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
including additional teaching and study spaces. The University Library houses a wide selection of books, journals and other academic resources. AGSM also has a central Sydney city campus where executive education programs and training are delivered and satellite facilities in Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Hong Kong.
# Student body.
The full-time MBA program has one intake per year, usually with over 50 students. The student body organises a number of clubs focusing on disciplines such as marketing, finance, corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship. The part-time program has approximately 1,000 students at any point in time.
# Notable alumni.
There are over 16,500 alumni of | 13,431 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
a number of clubs focusing on disciplines such as marketing, finance, corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship. The part-time program has approximately 1,000 students at any point in time.
# Notable alumni.
There are over 16,500 alumni of the AGSM MBA and MBT programs. Notable alumni include:
- Myles Baron-Hay, CEO, Sydney Swans
- Gavin Bell, CEO, Freehills
- Bruce Buchanan, CEO, Jetstar Airways
- Andrew Roberts, CEO, Multiplex (company)
- Fiona Scott MP, Member for Lindsay
- Lucy Turnbull, Director of Turnbull & Partners Pty. Ltd; former Lord Mayor of Sydney
- Dr Matthew Miles, CEO, MS Research Australia
# External links.
- AGSM MBA website
- AGSM executive programs | 13,432 |
621233 | Philip Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip%20Smith | Philip Smith
Philip Smith
Philip or Phil Smith may refer to:
- Philip A. Smith (1933–2007), President of Providence College 1994–2005
- Philip Edward Smith (1884–1970), endocrinologist
- Philip Hubert Smith, British automotive engineer and technical author
- Philip Smith (British Army officer) (died 1894)
- Philip Smith (criminal) (born 1965), British spree killer
- Philip Smith (footballer) (1885–1918), footballer
- Philip Smith (musician) (born 1952), American trumpeter
- Philip Smith (theater owner) (died 1961), American theater owner
- Philip Smith (VC) (1829–1906), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
- Philip Smith, Baron Smith of Hindhead, Conservative member of the British House of Lords
- | 13,433 |
621233 | Philip Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip%20Smith | Philip Smith
Philip Smith (Northern Ireland politician) (born 1967), member of the Northern Ireland Assembly
- Phillip Hagar Smith (1905–1987), electrical engineer
- Phil Smith (Australian footballer) (1946–2010), Australian rules player
- Phil Smith (basketball) (1952–2002), American basketball player
- Phil Smith (footballer, born 1885) (1885–?), English football player for Chelsea and Burnley
- Phil Smith (footballer, born 1979), English football goalkeeper for Swindon, Portsmouth and Aldershot
- Phil Smith, guitarist for The Lovin' Spoonful
- Philip Smith (producer), New Zealand film and television producer and writer
- Phil Smith (Australian politician) (born 1938), Australian politician and | 13,434 |
621233 | Philip Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip%20Smith | Philip Smith
ican basketball player
- Phil Smith (footballer, born 1885) (1885–?), English football player for Chelsea and Burnley
- Phil Smith (footballer, born 1979), English football goalkeeper for Swindon, Portsmouth and Aldershot
- Phil Smith, guitarist for The Lovin' Spoonful
- Philip Smith (producer), New Zealand film and television producer and writer
- Phil Smith (Australian politician) (born 1938), Australian politician and teacher
- Philip F. Smith (1932–2017), Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard
- Philip S. Smith, American entrepreneur
- Philip E. Smith (born 1934), U.S. Air Force fighter pilot
- Philip Alan Smith (1920–2010), bishop of New Hampshire in the Episcopal Church | 13,435 |
621230 | Tolerant sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolerant%20sequence | Tolerant sequence
Tolerant sequence
In mathematical logic, a tolerant sequence is a sequence
of formal theories such that there are consistent extensions
of these theories with each formula_5 interpretable in formula_6. Tolerance naturally generalizes from sequences of theories to trees of theories. Weak interpretability can be shown to be a special, binary case of tolerance.
This concept, together with its dual concept of cotolerance, was introduced by Japaridze in 1992, who also proved that, for Peano arithmetic and any stronger theories with effective axiomatizations, tolerance is equivalent to formula_7-consistency.
# See also.
- Interpretability
- Cointerpretability
- Interpretability logic
# References.
- | 13,436 |
621230 | Tolerant sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolerant%20sequence | Tolerant sequence
cept, together with its dual concept of cotolerance, was introduced by Japaridze in 1992, who also proved that, for Peano arithmetic and any stronger theories with effective axiomatizations, tolerance is equivalent to formula_7-consistency.
# See also.
- Interpretability
- Cointerpretability
- Interpretability logic
# References.
- G.Japaridze, "The logic of linear tolerance". Studia Logica 51 (1992), pp. 249–277.
- G.Japaridze, "A generalized notion of weak interpretability and the corresponding logic". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 61 (1993), pp. 113–160.
- G.Japaridze and D. de Jongh, "The logic of provability". Handbook of Proof Theory. S.Buss, ed. Elsevier, 1998, pp. 476–546. | 13,437 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
List of state leaders in 1988
# Africa.
- Algeria
- President - Chadli Bendjedid, President of Algeria (1979–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Abdelhamid Brahimi, Prime Minister of Algeria (1984–1988)
- 2. Kasdi Merbah, Prime Minister of Algeria (1988–1989)
- Angola
- Communist Party Leader - José Eduardo dos Santos, Secretary of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party (1979–1991)
- President - José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–2017)
- Benin
- Communist Party Leader - Mathieu Kérékou, Secretary of the Popular Revolutionary Party of Benin (1979–1990)
- President - Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin (1972–1991)
- Botswana
- President - Quett Masire, President | 13,438 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Botswana (1980–1998)
- Burkina Faso
- Head of State - Blaise Compaoré, Head of State of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
- Burundi
- President - Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Adrien Sibomana, Prime Minister of Burundi (1988–1993)
- Cameroon
- President - Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
- Cape Verde
- President - Aristides Pereira, President of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Pedro Pires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
- Central African Republic
- President - André Kolingba, President of the Central African Republic (1981–1993)
- Chad
- President - Hissène Habré, President of Chad (1982–1990)
- Comoros
- President | 13,439 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (1978–1989)
- Congo
- Communist Party Leader - Denis Sassou Nguesso, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Congolese Labor Party (1979–1991)
- President - Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of Congo (1979–1992)
- Prime Minister - Ange-Édouard Poungui, Prime Minister of Congo (1984–1989)
- Côte d'Ivoire
- President - Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire (1960–1993)
- Djibouti
- President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (1977–1999)
- Prime Minister - Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1978–2001)
- Egypt
- President - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–2011)
- Prime Minister | 13,440 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Atef Sedky, Prime Minister of Egypt (1986–1996)
- Equatorial Guinea
- President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
- Prime Minister - Cristino Seriche Bioko, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (1982–1992)
- Ethiopia
- Communist Party Leader - Mengistu Haile Mariam, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (1984–1991)
- President - Mengistu Haile Mariam, President of Ethiopia (1977–1991)
- Prime Minister - Fikre-Selassie Wogderess, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1987–1989)
- Gabon
- President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–2009)
- Prime Minister - Léon Mébiame, Prime Minister of Gabon (1975–1994)
- The Gambia
- President | 13,441 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Sir Dawda Jawara, President of The Gambia (1970–1994)
- Ghana
- Head of State - Jerry Rawlings, Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council of Ghana (1981–2001)
- Guinea
- President - Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–2008)
- Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State - João Bernardo Vieira, Chairman of the Council of State of Guinea-Bissau (1984–1999)
- Kenya
- President - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya (1978–2002)
- Lesotho
- Monarch - Moshoeshoe II, King of Lesotho (1970–1990)
- Head of Government - Justin Lekhanya, Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho (1986–1991)
- Liberia
- President - Samuel Doe, President of Liberia (1980–1990)
- Libya
- "De facto" Head | 13,442 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of State - Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- Nominal Head of State - Mifta al-Usta Umar, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1984–1990)
- Head of Government - Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (1987–1990)
- Madagascar
- President - Didier Ratsiraka, President of Madagascar (1975–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Désiré Rakotoarijaona, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1977–1988)
- 2. Victor Ramahatra, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1988–1991)
- Malawi
- President - Hastings Banda, President for Life of Malawi (1966–1994)
- Mali
- President - Moussa Traoré, President of Mali (1968–1991)
- | 13,443 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister - Mamadou Dembelé, Prime Minister of Mali (1986–1988)
- Mauritania
- Head of State - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Head of State of Mauritania (1984–2005)
- Prime Minister - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Prime Minister of Mauritania (1984–1992)
- Mauritius
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Mauritius (1968–1992)
- Governor-General - Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, Governor-General of Mauritius (1986–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius (1982–1995)
- Mayotte (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect -
- 1. Akli Khider, Prefect of Mayotte (1986–1988)
- 2. Daniel Limodin, Prefect of Mayotte (1988–1990)
- President of the General Council | 13,444 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte (1976–1991)
- Morocco
- Monarch - Hassan II, King of Morocco (1961–1999)
- Prime Minister - Azzedine Laraki, Prime Minister of Morocco (1986–1992)
- Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognized state)
- President - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–2016)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (1985–1988)
- 2. Mahfoud Ali Beiba, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (1988–1993)
- Mozambique
- Communist Party Leader - Joaquim Chissano, President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (1986–1990)
- President - Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
- | 13,445 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister - Mário da Graça Machungo, Prime Minister of Mozambique (1986–1994)
- Niger
- Head of State - Ali Saibou, President of the Supreme Military Council of Niger (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Hamid Algabid, Prime Minister of Niger (1983–1988)
- 2. Mamane Oumarou, Prime Minister of Niger (1988–1989)
- Nigeria
- Head of State - Ibrahim Babangida, President of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of Nigeria (1985–1993)
- Rwanda
- President - Juvénal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda (1973–1994)
- Saint Helena and Dependencies (British overseas territory)
- Governor -
- 1. Francis Eustace Baker, Governor of Saint Helena (1984–1988)
- 2. Robert F Stimson, Governor of Saint | 13,446 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Helena (1988–1991)
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- President - Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Celestino Rocha da Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (1988–1991)
- Senegal
- President - Abdou Diouf, President of Senegal (1981–2000)
- Seychelles
- President - France-Albert René, President of Seychelles (1977–2004)
- Sierra Leone
- President - Joseph Saidu Momoh, President of Sierra Leone (1985–1992)
- Somalia
- Communist Party Leader - Siad Barre, Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (1976–1991)
- President - Siad Barre, President of Somalia (1969–1991)
- Prime Minister - Muhammad Ali Samatar, | 13,447 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Somalia (1987–1990)
- South Africa
- President - P. W. Botha, State President of South Africa (1984–1989)
- Bophuthatswana (unrecognized state)
- President - Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana (1968–1994)
- Ciskei (unrecognized state)
- President - Lennox Sebe, President of Ciskei (1973–1990)
- Transkei (unrecognized state)
- President - Tutor Nyangelizwe Vulindlela Ndamase, President of Transkei (1986–1994)
- Prime Minister - Bantu Holomisa, Prime Minister of Transkei (1987–1994)
- Venda (unrecognized state)
- President -
- 1. Patrick Mphephu, President of Venda (1969–1988)
- 2. Frank N. Ravel, President of Venda (1988–1990)
- South West Africa (League | 13,448 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Nations mandate administered by South Africa)
- Administrator-General - Louis Pienaar, Administrator-General of South West Africa (1985–1990)
- Chairman of the Government -
- 1. Jan de Wet, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1987–1988)
- 2. Moses Katjikuru Katjiuongua, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988)
- 3. Andrew Matjila, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988)
- 4. Dirk Mudge, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988)
- 5. Andreas Shipanga, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity | 13,449 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of South West Africa (1988)
- 6. Andrew Matjila, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988–1989)
- Sudan
- Head of State - Ahmed al-Mirghani, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Sudan (1986–1989)
- Prime Minister - Sadiq al-Mahdi, Prime Minister of the Sudan (1986–1989)
- Swaziland
- Monarch - Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
- Prime Minister - Sotsha Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (1986–1989)
- Tanzania
- President - Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of Tanzania (1985–1995)
- Prime Minister - Joseph Warioba, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1985–1990)
- Togo
- President - Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (1967–2005)
- Tunisia
- | 13,450 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
- Prime Minister - Hédi Baccouche, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1987–1989)
- Uganda
- President - Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister - Samson Kisekka, Prime Minister of Uganda (1986–1991)
- Zaire
- President - Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire (1965–1997)
- Head of Government -
- 1. Mabi Mulumba, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1987–1988)
- 2. Sambwa Pida Nbagui, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1988)
- 3. Kengo Wa Dondo, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1988–1990)
- Zambia
- President - Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia (1964–1991)
- Prime Minister - Kebby Musokotwane, | 13,451 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Zambia (1985–1989)
- Zimbabwe
- President - Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)
# Asia.
- Afghanistan
- Communist Party Leader - Mohammad Najibullah, General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (1986–1990)
- President - Mohammad Najibullah, President of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1981–1988)
- 2. Mohammad Hasan Sharq, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1988–1989)
- Bahrain
- Monarch - Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain (1961–1999)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present)
- Bangladesh
- President | 13,452 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President of Bangladesh (1983–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1986–1988)
- 2. Moudud Ahmed, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1988–1989)
- Bhutan
- Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1972–2006)
- Brunei
- Monarch - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)
- Prime Minister - Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Burma
- President -
- 1. San Yu, President of Burma (1981–1988)
- 2. Sein Lwin, President of Burma (1988)
- 3. Aye Ko, Acting President of Burma (1988)
- 4. Maung Maung, President of Burma (1988)
- 5. Saw Maung, Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration | 13,453 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Council of Burma (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Maung Maung Kha, Prime Minister of Burma (1977–1988)
- 2. Tun Tin, Prime Minister of Burma (1988)
- 3. Saw Maung, Prime Minister of Burma (1988–1992)
- China (People's Republic of China)
- "De facto" leader - Deng Xiaoping, Paramount leader (late 1970s - early 1990s)
- Communist Party Leader - Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (1987–1989)
- President -
- 1. Li Xiannian, President of China (1983–1988)
- 2. Yang Shangkun, President of China (1988–1993)
- Premier - Li Peng, Premier of the State Council of China (1987–1998)
- Hong Kong (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir David Wilson, Governor | 13,454 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Hong Kong (1987–1992)
- India
- President - R. Venkataraman, President of India (1987–1992)
- Prime Minister - Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1984–1989)
- Indonesia
- President - Suharto, President of Indonesia (1967–1998)
- Iran
- Supreme Leader - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (1979–1989)
- President - Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, President of Iran (1981–1989)
- Prime Minister - Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Prime Minister of Iran (1981–1989)
- Iraq
- President - Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq (1979–2003)
- Prime Minister - Saddam Hussein, Prime Minister of Iraq (1979–1991)
- Israel
- President - Chaim Herzog, President of Israel (1983–1993)
- Prime Minister | 13,455 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Yitzhak Shamir, Prime Minister of Israel (1986–1992)
- Japan
- Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
- Prime Minister - Noboru Takeshita, Prime Minister of Japan (1987–1989)
- Jordan
- Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan (1952–1999)
- Prime Minister - Zaid al-Rifai, Prime Minister of Jordan (1985–1989)
- Kampuchea
- Communist Party Leader - Heng Samrin, Secretary-General of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (1981–1991)
- Head of State - Heng Samrin, Chairman of the Council of State of Kampuchea (1979–1992)
- Premier - Hun Sen, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Kampuchea (1985–present)
- North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
- Communist Party | 13,456 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Leader - Kim Il-sung, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers' Party (1949–1994)
- President - Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (1972–1994)
- Head of Government -
- 1. Ri Kun-mo, Premier of the Council of Ministers of North Korea (1986–1988)
- 2. Yon Hyong-muk, Premier of the Council of Ministers of North Korea (1988–1992)
- South Korea (Republic of Korea)
- President -
- 1. Chun Doo-hwan, President of South Korea (1980–1988)
- 2. Roh Tae-woo, President of South Korea (1988–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Kim Chung-yul, Prime Minister of South Korea (1987–1988)
- 2. Lee Hyun-jae, Prime Minister of South Korea (1988)
- 3. Kang Young-Hoon, Prime Minister | 13,457 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of South Korea (1988–1990)
- Kuwait
- Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (1977–2006)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978–2003)
- Laos
- Communist Party Leader - Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1975–1992)
- President -
- Souphanouvong, President of Laos (1975–1991)
- Phoumi Vongvichit, Acting President of Laos (1986–1991)
- Premier - Kaysone Phomvihan, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (1975–1991)
- Lebanon
- President -
- 1. Amin Gemayel, President of Lebanon (1982–1988)
- 2. Selim Hoss, Acting President of Lebanon (1988–1989)
- Prime | 13,458 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Minister -
- Selim Hoss, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (1987–1990) (rival administration after 1988)
- Michel Aoun, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (1988–1990)
- Macau (overseas province of Portugal)
- Governor - Carlos Montez Melancia, Governor of Macau (1987–1990)
- Malaysia
- Monarch - Sultan Iskandar, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (1984–1989)
- Prime Minister - Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981–2003)
- Maldives
- President - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–present)
- Mongolia
- Communist Party Leader - Jambyn Batmönkh, General secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary | 13,459 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Party (1984–1990)
- Head of State - Jambyn Batmönkh, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural of Mongolia (1984–1990)
- Premier - Dumaagiin Sodnom, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1984–1990)
- Nepal
- Monarch - Birendra, King of Nepal (1972–2001)
- Prime Minister - Marich Man Singh Shrestha, Prime Minister of Nepal (1986–1990)
- Oman
- Monarch - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
- Pakistan
- President -
- 1. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, President of Pakistan (1978–1988)
- 2. Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan (1988–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Muhammad | 13,460 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Khan Junejo, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1985–1988)
- 2. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988)
- 3. Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990)
- Philippines
- President - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (1986–1992)
- Qatar
- Monarch - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1972–1995)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (1970–1995)
- Saudi Arabia
- Monarch - Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)
- Prime Minister - Fahd, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)
- Singapore
- President - Wee Kim Wee, President of Singapore (1985–1993)
- Prime Minister - Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of | 13,461 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Singapore (1959–1990)
- Sri Lanka
- President - J. R. Jayewardene, President of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
- Prime Minister - Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
- Syria
- President - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (1971–2000)
- Prime Minister - Mahmoud Zuabi, Prime Minister of Syria (1987–2000)
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- President -
- 1. Chiang Ching-kuo, President of Taiwan (1978–1988)
- 2. Lee Teng-hui, President of Taiwan (1988–2000)
- Premier - Yu Kuo-hwa, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (1984–1989)
- Thailand
- Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Prem Tinsulanonda, Prime Minister of Thailand | 13,462 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(1980–1988)
- 2. Chatichai Choonhavan, Prime Minister of Thailand (1988–1991)
- Turkey
- President - Kenan Evren, President of Turkey (1982–1989)
- Prime Minister - Turgut Özal, Prime Minister of Turkey (1983–1989)
- United Arab Emirates
- President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Emir of Abu Dhabi, President of the United Arab Emirates (1971–2004)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Emir of Dubai, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1979–1990)
- Vietnam
- Communist Party Leader - Nguyễn Văn Linh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1986–1991)
- Head of State - Võ Chí Công, Chairman of the State Council of Vietnam (1987–1992)
- Premier | 13,463 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
-
- 1. Phạm Hùng, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1987–1988)
- 2. Võ Văn Kiệt, Acting Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1988)
- 3. Đỗ Mười, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1988–1991)
- North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic)
- President - Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of North Yemen (1978–2012)
- Prime Minister - Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime Minister of North Yemen (1983–1990)
- South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)
- Communist Party Leader - Ali Salim al-Beidh, Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist Party (1986–1990)
- Head of State - Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council of South | 13,464 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Yemen (1986–1990)
- Prime Minister - Yasin Said Numan, Prime Minister of South Yemen (1986–1990)
# Europe.
- Albania
- Communist Party Leader - Ramiz Alia, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1985–1991)
- Head of State - Ramiz Alia, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1982–1991)
- Premier - Adil Çarçani, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1981–1991)
- Andorra
- Monarchs -
- French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Louis Deblé (1984–1989)
- Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc | 13,465 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Badia i Batalla (1972–1993)
- Prime Minister - Josep Pintat-Solans, Head of Government of Andorra (1984–1990)
- Austria
- President - Kurt Waldheim, Federal President of Austria (1986–1992)
- Chancellor - Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1986–1997)
- Belgium
- Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
- Prime Minister - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium (1981–1992)
- Bulgaria -
- Communist Party Leader - Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1954–1989)
- Head of State - Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria (1971–1989)
- Premier - Georgi Atanasov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1986–1990)
- | 13,466 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cyprus
- President -
- 1. Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (1977–1988)
- 2. George Vasiliou, President of Cyprus (1988–1993)
- Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
- President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
- Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1985–1994)
- Czechoslovakia
- Communist Party Leader - Miloš Jakeš, General Secretary of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1987–1989)
- President - Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia (1975–1989)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Lubomír Štrougal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1970–1988)
- 2. Ladislav Adamec, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1988–1989)
- Denmark
- | 13,467 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister - Poul Schlüter, Prime Minister of Denmark (1982–1993)
- Finland
- President - Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland (1981–1994)
- Prime Minister - Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of Finland (1987–1991)
- France
- President - François Mitterrand, President of France (1981–1995)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Jacques Chirac, Prime Minister of France (1986–1988)
- 2. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France (1988–1991)
- East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
- Communist Party Leader - Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1971–1989)
- Head of State - Erich Honecker, Chairman of the | 13,468 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Council of State of East Germany (1976–1989)
- Premier - Willi Stoph, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1976–1989)
- West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
- President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of West Germany (1984–1994)
- Chancellor - Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1998)
- West Berlin (Western Allies-occupied free city)
- Governing Mayor - Eberhard Diepgen, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1984–1989)
- Greece
- President - Christos Sartzetakis, President of Greece (1985–1990)
- Prime Minister - Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (1981–1989)
- Hungary
- Communist Party Leader -
- 1. János Kádár, General Secretary | 13,469 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1956–1988)
- 2. Károly Grósz, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1988–1989)
- Head of State -
- 1. Károly Németh, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1987–1988)
- 2. Brunó Ferenc Straub, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1988–1989)
- Premier -
- 1. Károly Grósz, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1987–1988)
- 2. Miklós Németh, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1988–1990)
- Iceland
- President - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland (1980–1996)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Þorsteinn Pálsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1987–1988)
- 2. Steingrímur Hermannsson, | 13,470 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Iceland (1988–1991)
- Ireland
- President - Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976–1990)
- Prime Minister - Charles Haughey, Taoiseach of Ireland (1987–1992)
- Italy
- President - Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy (1985–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Giovanni Goria, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1987–1988)
- 2. Ciriaco De Mita, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1988–1989)
- Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
- Regent - Hereditary Prince Hans-Adam, Regent of Liechtenstein (1984–1989)
- Prime Minister - Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
- Luxembourg
- | 13,471 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
- Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1984–1995)
- Malta
- President - Paul Xuereb, Acting President of Malta (1987–1989)
- Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta (1987–1996)
- Monaco
- Monarch - Rainier III, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
- Head of Government - Jean Ausseil, Minister of State of Monaco (1985–1991)
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
- Netherlands (constituent country)
- Prime Minister - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
- Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
- | 13,472 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
"see under North America"
- Aruba (constituent country)
- "see under North America"
- Norway -
- Monarch - Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
- Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway (1986–1989)
- Poland
- Communist Party Leader - Wojciech Jaruzelski, Secretary-General of the Polish United Workers' Party (1981–1989)
- President - Wojciech Jaruzelski, President of Poland (1985–1990)
- Premier -
- 1. Zbigniew Messner, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1985–1988)
- 2. Mieczysław Rakowski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1988–1989)
- Portugal
- President - Mário Soares, President of Portugal (1986–1996)
- Prime Minister - Aníbal | 13,473 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
- Romania
- Communist Party Leader - Nicolae Ceauşescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
- President - Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of Romania (1967–1989)
- Premier - Constantin Dăscălescu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1982–1989)
- San Marino
- Captains-Regent -
- 1. Rossano Zafferani and Gian Franco Terenzi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1987–1988)
- 2. Umberto Barulli and Rosolino Martelli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1988)
- 3. Luciano Cardelli and Reves Salvatori, Captains Regent of San Marino (1988–1989)
- Soviet Union
- Communist Party Leader - Mikhail Gorbachev, General | 13,474 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
- Head of State -
- 1. Andrei Gromyko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1985–1988)
- 2. Mikhail Gorbachev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1988–1991)
- Premier - Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
- Spain
- Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
- Prime Minister - Felipe González, President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
- Sweden
- Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
- Prime Minister - Ingvar Carlsson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1986–1991)
- Switzerland
- | 13,475 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Federal Council:
- Otto Stich (1983–1995, President), Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1983–1998), Elisabeth Kopp (1984–1989), Arnold Koller (1986–1999), Flavio Cotti (1986–1999), René Felber (1987–1993), Adolf Ogi (1987–2000)
- United Kingdom
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
- Prime Minister - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
- Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Alexander Boswell, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1985–1990)
- Bailiff - Sir Charles Frossard, Bailiff of Guernsey (1982–1992)
- Jersey (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant-Governor - Sir William Pillar, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey | 13,476 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(1985–1990)
- Bailiff - Sir Peter Crill, Bailiff of Jersey (1986–1995)
- Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant Governor - Laurence New, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (1985–1990)
- Chief minister - Miles Walker, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (1986–1996)
- Gibraltar (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir Peter Terry, Governor of Gibraltar (1985–1989)
- Chief Minister -
- 1. Adolfo Canepa, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1987–1988)
- 2. Joe Bossano, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1988–1996)
- Vatican City
- Monarch - Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
- President of the Governorate - Cardinal Sebastiano Baggio, President of the Governorate | 13,477 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Vatican City (1984–1990)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
- Secretary of State - Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1979–1990)
- Yugoslavia
- Communist Party Leader -
- 1. Boško Krunić, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1987–1988)
- 2. Stipe Šuvar, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1988–1989)
- Head of State -
- 1. Lazar Mojsov, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1987–1988)
- 2. Raif Dizdarević, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1988–1989)
- Premier - Branko Mikulić, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1986–1989)
# North America.
- | 13,478 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Anguilla (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Geoffrey Owen Whittaker, Governor of Anguilla (1987–1989)
- Chief Minister - Emile Gumbs, Chief Minister of Anguilla (1984–1994)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Wilfred Jacobs, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (1967–1993)
- Prime Minister - Vere Bird, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1976–1994)
- Aruba (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - Felipe Tromp, Governor of Aruba (1986–1992)
- Prime Minister - Henny Eman, Prime Minister of Aruba (1986–1989)
- The Bahamas
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas | 13,479 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(1973–present)
- Governor-General -
- 1. Sir Gerald Cash, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1979–1988)
- 2. Sir Henry Milton Taylor, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Lynden Pindling, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1967–1992)
- Barbados
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Hugh Springer, Governor-General of Barbados (1984–1990)
- Prime Minister - Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, Prime Minister of Barbados (1987–1994)
- Belize
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, Governor-General of Belize (1981–1993)
- Prime Minister - Manuel Esquivel, Prime Minister | 13,480 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Belize (1984–1989)
- Bermuda (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- 1. John Morrison, Viscount Dunrossil, Governor of Bermuda (1983–1988)
- 2. Sir Desmond Langley, Governor of Bermuda (1988–1992)
- Premier - John Swan, Premier of Bermuda (1982–1995)
- British Virgin Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Mark Herdman, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (1986–1991)
- Chief Minister - Lavity Stoutt, Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands (1986–1995)
- Canada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
- Governor General - Jeanne Sauvé, Governor General of Canada (1984–1990)
- Prime Minister - Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada (1984–1993)
- | 13,481 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cayman Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Alan James Scott, Governor of the Cayman Islands (1987–1992)
- Costa Rica
- President - Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (1986–1990)
- Cuba
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro, First secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965–2011)
- President - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
- Premier - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
- Dominica
- President - Sir Clarence Seignoret, President of Dominica (1983–1993)
- Prime Minister - Eugenia Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (1980–1995)
- Dominican Republic
- President - Joaquín Balaguer, President | 13,482 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of the Dominican Republic (1986–1996)
- El Salvador
- President - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (1984–1989)
- Grenada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Paul Scoon, Governor-General of Grenada (1978–1992)
- Prime Minister - Herbert Blaize, Prime Minister of Grenada (1984–1989)
- Guatemala
- President - Vinicio Cerezo, President of Guatemala (1986–1991)
- Haiti
- President -
- 1. Henri Namphy, Chairman of the National Council of Haiti (1986–1988)
- 2. Leslie Manigat, President of Haiti (1988)
- 3. Henri Namphy, President of Haiti (1988)
- 4. Prosper Avril, President of Haiti (1988–1990)
- Prime Minister - Martial | 13,483 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Célestin, Prime Minister of Haiti (1988)
- Honduras
- President - José Azcona del Hoyo, President of Honduras (1986–1990)
- Jamaica
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Florizel Glasspole, Governor-General of Jamaica (1973–1991)
- Prime Minister - Edward Seaga, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1980–1989)
- Mexico
- President -
- 1. Miguel de la Madrid, President of Mexico (1982–1988)
- 2. Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico (1988–1994)
- Montserrat (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Christopher J. Turner, Governor of Montserrat (1987–1990)
- Chief Minister - John Osborne, Chief Minister of Montserrat (1978–1991)
- Netherlands | 13,484 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Antilles (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - René Römer, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (1983–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Dominico Martina, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–1988)
- 2. Maria Liberia Peters, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (1988–1993)
- Nicaragua
- President - Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (1985–1990)
- Panama
- "De facto" leader - Manuel Noriega, Commandant of the Panamanian Defense Forces (1983–1989)
- President -
- 1. Eric Arturo Delvalle, President of Panama (1985–1988)
- 2. Manuel Solís, Acting President of Panama (1988–1989)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of | 13,485 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Clement Arrindell, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1981–1995)
- Prime Minister - Kennedy Simmonds, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1980–1995)
- Saint Lucia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
- Governor-General -
- 1. Vincent Floissac, Acting Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1987–1988)
- 2. Stanislaus A. James, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1988–1996)
- Prime Minister - John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (1982–1996)
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect - Jean-René Garnier, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1987–1988)
- President | 13,486 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of the General Council - Marc Plantegenest, President of the General Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1984–1994)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General -
- 1. Sir Joseph Lambert Eustace, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1985–1988)
- 2. Henry Harvey Williams, Acting Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1988–1989)
- Prime Minister - James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1984–2000)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- President - Noor Hassanali, President of Trinidad and Tobago (1987–1997)
- Prime Minister - A. N. R. Robinson, | 13,487 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1986–1991)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Michael J. Bradley, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1987–1993)
- Chief Minister -
- 1. Advisory Council, Acting Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1986–1988)
- 2. Oswald Skippings, Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1988–1991)
- United States of America
- President - Ronald Reagan, President of the United States (1981–1989)
- Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor - Rafael Hernández Colón, Governor of Puerto Rico (1985–1993)
- United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Alexander | 13,488 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Farrelly, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (1987–1995)
# Oceania.
- American Samoa (unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor - A. P. Lutali, Governor of American Samoa (1985–1989)
- Australia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Ninian Stephen, Governor-General of Australia (1982–1989)
- Prime Minister - Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia (1983–1991)
- Christmas Island (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator - A.D. Taylor, Administrator of Christmas Island (1986-1990)
- Assembly Chairman - Gordon Bennett, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly (1985–1988)
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 13,489 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(external territory of Australia)
- Administrator -
- 1. W.N. Syrette, Acting Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988)
- 2. M. Jopling, Acting Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988)
- 3. Dawn Laurie, Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988-1990)
- Council Chairman - Parson bin Yapat, Chairman of the Cocos Islands Council (1983-1993)
- Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
- Administrator -
- 1. John Alexander Matthew, Administrator of Norfolk Island (1985–1988)
- 2. William McFadyen Campbell, Acting Administrator of Norfolk Island (1988–1989)
- Head of Government - John Terence Brown, President of the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island (1986–1989)
- | 13,490 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Fiji
- President - Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, President of Fiji (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Prime Minister of Fiji (1987–1992)
- French Polynesia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Jean Montpezat, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (1987–1992)
- President of the Government - Alexandre Léontieff, President of the Government of French Polynesia (1987–1991)
- Guam (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Joseph Franklin Ada, Governor of Guam (1987–1995)
- Kiribati
- President - Ieremia Tabai, President of Kiribati (1983–1991)
- Marshall Islands
- President - Amata Kabua, President of the Marshall Islands (1979–1996)
- | 13,491 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Micronesia -
- President - John Haglelgam, President of Micronesia (1987–1991)
- Nauru
- President - Hammer DeRoburt, President of Nauru (1986–1989)
- New Caledonia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner -
- 1. Clément Bouhin, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1987–1988)
- 2. Bernard Grasset, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1988–1991)
- President of the Government - Dick Ukeiwé, President of the Executive Council of New Caledonia (1984–1988)
- New Zealand
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Paul Reeves, Governor-General of New Zealand (1985–1990)
- Prime Minister - David Lange, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1984–1989)
- | 13,492 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cook Islands (Associated state of New Zealand)
- Queen's Representative - Sir Tangaroa Tangaroa, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (1984–1990)
- Prime Minister - Pupuke Robati, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1987–1989)
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
- Premier - Sir Robert Rex, Premier of Niue (1974–1992)
- Tokelau (dependent territory of New Zealand)
- Administrator -
- 1. Tim Francis, Administrator of Tokelau (1984–1988)
- 2. Neil Walter, Administrator of Tokelau (1988–1990)
- Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor - Pedro Tenorio, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (1982–1990)
- Palau (United Nations Trust Territory | 13,493 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
administered by the USA)
- President -
- 1. Lazarus Salii, President of Palau (1985–1988)
- 2. Thomas Remengesau, Sr., Acting President of Palau (1988–1989)
- Papua New Guinea
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Kingsford Dibela, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (1983–1989)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Paias Wingti, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1985–1988)
- 2. Rabbie Namaliu, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1988–1992)
- Pitcairn Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Robin Byatt, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (1987–1990)
- Magistrate - Brian Young, Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands (1984–1991)
- Solomon | 13,494 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Islands
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General -
- 1. Sir Baddeley Devesi, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1978–1988)
- 2. Sir George Lepping, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1988–1994)
- Prime Minister - Ezekiel Alebua, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (1986–1989)
- Tonga
- Monarch - Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965–2006)
- Prime Minister - Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake, Prime Minister of Tonga (1965–1991)
- Tuvalu
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Tupua Leupena, Governor-General of Tuvalu (1986–1990)
- Prime Minister - Tomasi Puapua, Prime Minister of | 13,495 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Tuvalu (1981–1989)
- Vanuatu
- President - Ati George Sokomanu, President of Vanuatu (1984–1989)
- Prime Minister - Walter Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (1979–1991)
- Wallis and Futuna (French overseas territory)
- Administrator-Superior -
- 1. Gérard Lambotte, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1987–1988)
- 2. Roger Dumec, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1988–1990)
- President of the Territorial Assembly -
- 1. Falakiko Gata, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (1987–1988)
- 2. Manuele Lisiahi, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (1988–1989)
- Western Samoa
- Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o | 13,496 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
le Malo of Western Samoa (1962–present)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Va'ai Kolone, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1985–1988)
- 2. Tofilau Eti Alesana, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1988–1998)
# South America.
- Argentina
- President - Raúl Alfonsín, President of Argentina (1983–1989)
- Bolivia
- President - Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President of Bolivia (1985–1989)
- Brazil
- President - José Sarney, President of Brazil (1985–1990)
- Chile
- President - Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile (1973–1990)
- Colombia
- President - Virgilio Barco Vargas, President of Colombia (1986–1990)
- Ecuador
- President -
- 1. León Febres Cordero, President of Ecuador (1984–1988)
- 2. Rodrigo | 13,497 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Borja Cevallos, President of Ecuador (1988–1992)
- Falkland Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- 1. Gordon Wesley Jewkes, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1985–1988)
- 2. William Hugh Fullerton, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1988–1992)
- Chief Executive -
- 1. Brian Cummings, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (1987–1988)
- 2. Colin Redston, Acting Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (1988)
- 3. Rex Browning, Acting Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (1988)
- 4. David G. P. Taylor, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (1988–1989)
- Guyana
- President - Desmond Hoyte, President of Guyana (1985–1992)
- Prime Minister - Hamilton Green, Prime Minister | 13,498 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Guyana (1985–1992)
- Paraguay
- President - Alfredo Stroessner, President of Paraguay (1954–1989)
- Peru
- President - Alan García, President of Peru (1985–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Guillermo Larco Cox, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1987–1988)
- 2. Armando Villanueva, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1988–1989)
- Suriname
- "De facto" Leader - Dési Bouterse, Chairman of the National Military Council (1980–1988)
- President -
- 1. Fred Ramdat Misier, Acting President of Suriname (1982–1988)
- 2. Ramsewak Shankar, President of Suriname (1988–1990)
- Prime Minister - Jules Wijdenbosch, Prime Minister of Suriname (1987–1988)
- Uruguay
- President | 13,499 |
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