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621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
Reference ellipsoid
In geodesy, a reference ellipsoid is a mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid, the truer figure of the Earth, or other planetary body.
Because of their relative simplicity, reference ellipsoids are used as a preferred surface on which geodetic network comput... | 13,400 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
a rotating self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of a flattened ("oblate") ellipsoid of revolution, generated by an ellipse rotated around its minor diameter; a shape which he termed an oblate spheroid.
In geophysics, geodesy, and related areas, the word 'ellipsoid' is understoo... | 13,401 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
semi-minor axis of the ellipse, "b", becomes the distance from the centre to either pole. These two lengths completely specify the shape of the ellipsoid.
In geodesy publications, however, it is common to specify the semi-major axis (equatorial radius) "a" and the flattening "f", defined as
That i... | 13,402 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
values of "a" and "b" as well as different assumed positions of the center and different axis orientations relative to the solid Earth. Starting in the late twentieth century, improved measurements of satellite orbits and star positions have provided extremely accurate determinations of the earth's ... | 13,403 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
Earth's Moon is even less elliptical, with a flattening of less than 1/825, while Jupiter is visibly oblate at about 1/15 and one of Saturn's triaxial moons, Telesto, is highly flattened, with "f" between 1/3 to 1/2 (meaning that the polar diameter is between 50% and 67% of the equatorial.
# Coordi... | 13,404 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
Airy-0. It is possible for many different coordinate systems to be defined upon the same reference ellipsoid.
The longitude measures the rotational angle between the zero meridian and the measured point. By convention for the Earth, Moon, and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +18... | 13,405 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
from the "geocentric (geographic) latitude", which is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line from the center of the ellipsoid. For non-Earth bodies the terms "planetographic" and "planetocentric" are used instead.
The coordinates of a geodetic point are customarily stated as geodetic lat... | 13,406 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
the polar radius (semi-minor axis), respectively. "N" is the "radius of curvature in the prime vertical".
In contrast, extracting "φ", "λ" and "h" from the rectangular coordinates usually requires iteration. A straightforward method is given in an OSGB publication and also in web notes. More sophis... | 13,407 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
of GPS and will therefore be geocentric, e.g., WGS 84.
# Other celestial bodies.
Reference ellipsoids are also useful for geodetic mapping of other planetary bodies including planets, their satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei. Some well observed bodies such as the Moon and Mars now have quite p... | 13,408 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
used to define its ellipsoid. The Earth's Moon is effectively spherical, having almost no bulge at its equator. Where possible, a fixed observable surface feature is used when defining a reference meridian.
For gaseous planets like Jupiter, an effective surface for an ellipsoid is chosen as the equ... | 13,409 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
ellipsoid may have no useful value, so sometimes a spherical reference is used instead and points identified by planetocentric latitude and longitude. Even that can be problematic for non-convex bodies, such as Eros, in that latitude and longitude don't always uniquely identify a single surface loca... | 13,410 |
621182 | Reference ellipsoid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference%20ellipsoid | Reference ellipsoid
ee also.
- Earth ellipsoid
- Earth radius of curvature
- Meridian arc
# References.
- P. K. Seidelmann (Chair), et al. (2005), “Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements: 2003,” "Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy", 91, pp. 203–215.
- Web ... | 13,411 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
Happy Together (song)
"Happy Together" is a song by American rock band the Turtles from their third studio album "Happy Together" (1967). The song was written by Garry Bonner and Alan Gordon, arranged by Chip Douglas, and produced by Joe Wissert.
Released as a single in February 1967, the song k... | 13,412 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
members of the Magicians. It had been rejected a dozen times before it was offered to the Turtles, and the demo acetate was worn out."
The song was arranged by Chip Douglas. Turtles singer Mark Volman said, “Chip was, besides being a really fine bass player and excellent singer, also a great arra... | 13,413 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
Boys conceptual pop" with a "sparse, acoustic guitar and handclap arrangement". She felt that the Turtles had combined their "pop, folk, psychedelia, and Zombies-style harmony expertise into one song", and noted the song's contradiction of being a "rock & roll song with a martial beat" but which c... | 13,414 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
percussion
## Additional personnel.
- Andy Cahan – organ
- Alan Gordon – songwriting
- Gary Bonner – songwriting
# In popular culture.
Jim Bessman reported for Billboard that the "key usage in the acclaimed movie" Adaptation. is "as a means of juxtaposing a soundtrack song against the story'... | 13,415 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
"American Idol" on February 19, 2008, by David Cook, and on February 20, 2008, by Brooke White: both performances were released as live singles on the iTunes Store in 2008. On May 5, 2011, it was sung in a group performance by the top 5 contestants on the show's tenth season. On January 21, 2015, ... | 13,416 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
2005, in markets outside of the United States, Heineken included the song in a beer commercial that starred Jennifer Aniston and Brian Thomas Smith.
In New Zealand, Toyota used the song for its promotion of the Toyota RAV4 in 2006.
The song was featured in the first trailer for the 2019 film, ""... | 13,417 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
home games during a 2nd half timeout break.
In July of 2019, the song was used in juxtaposition to the "guns and murder" in the trailer for the game "Borderlands 3".
The films "Happy Together" and "Imagine Me & You" are both named after the song.
# Cover versions.
"Happy Together" has been cov... | 13,418 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
those by Mel Tormé, the Piano Guys, Weezer, Petula Clark, Simple Plan, Caterina Valente, the Dollyrots, Blue Meanies, Donny Osmond, Odyssey, Tahiti 80, Filter, Flobots, Tally Hall, and Johnny Panic whose version samples the original. Frank Alamo covered the song in 1967 in a French version entitle... | 13,419 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
five million performances on American radio, the 44th most-performed song in the United States of the 20th century, placing it in the same league as "Yesterday" by the Beatles and "Mrs. Robinson" by Simon and Garfunkel. Frank Zappa's performance on "Fillmore East – June 1971" included Turtles voca... | 13,420 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
remake of the song for the last Flo & Eddie album "Rock Steady with Flo & Eddie" (1981).
Hugo Montenegro's cover version was released as a single in 1969 from his album "Good Vibrations", and reached number 29 on the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart.
The song has been covered by B. E. Taylor for... | 13,421 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
performed a cover version of the song live at several of their concerts. The cover was described by Doug MacCash of The Times-Picayune as "fierce yet faithful", taking "that chunk of 50-year-old bubblegum and chew[ing] it into grungy rock n roll glory". In January 2019, the song was included on th... | 13,422 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
in 1967, five years before federal sound copyright was established, the group sought to establish that such recordings were covered under common law copyright, a nebulous form of copyright held at the state level, in the hopes of earning royalties from Sirius XM (as they did not write the song, th... | 13,423 |
621166 | Happy Together (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy%20Together%20(song) | Happy Together (song)
rm of copyright held at the state level, in the hopes of earning royalties from Sirius XM (as they did not write the song, they could only receive performance royalties). The Court of Appeals had previously ruled that such a common law copyright may exist for the sale of recordings in New York in ... | 13,424 |
621220 | Lilydale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilydale | Lilydale
Lilydale
Lilydale, Lily Dale, Lillydale or Lillydale may refer to:
- Australia
- Lilydale, Tasmania, a small town in Northern Tasmania
- Lilydale, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway line, a suburban electric railway in Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway station, a railway ... | 13,425 |
621220 | Lilydale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilydale | Lilydale
nia
- Lilydale, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway line, a suburban electric railway in Melbourne, Australia
- Lilydale railway station, a railway station in Melbourne, Australia
- Lillydale Lake, a lake in Australia
- Canada
- Lilydale, Nova Scotia
- South Africa
- Lillydale... | 13,426 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
Australian Graduate School of Management
The Australian Graduate School of Management (AGSM) is a postgraduate management and business school that is part of the UNSW Business School at University of New South Wales (UNSW), in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The School offe... | 13,427 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
1999, the AGSM and the Graduate School of Business of the University of Sydney merged under the AGSM brand. In November 2005, the universities demerged their business schools and the AGSM reverted to wholly UNSW ownership.
One year later, UNSW merged the AGSM with the UNSW Facu... | 13,428 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
offering. In June 2014, Professor Julie Cogin was appointed Director of AGSM, following the elevation of Professor Styles to Dean of the UNSW Business School.
# Programs.
The AGSM offers a full-time MBA program in Sydney which generally takes 16 months to complete. Additionall... | 13,429 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
MBA Program in Australia and Asia, "Forbes" bi-annual survey 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007
- #1 MBA (Executive) Program in Australia, "Financial Times" (UK) 2001-2007
- #1 MBA in Australia, "Forbes" magazine (2015)
- #8 in Asia Pacific in the 2013/14 QS Global 200 Business Schools R... | 13,430 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
including additional teaching and study spaces. The University Library houses a wide selection of books, journals and other academic resources. AGSM also has a central Sydney city campus where executive education programs and training are delivered and satellite facilities in Br... | 13,431 |
621227 | Australian Graduate School of Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Management | Australian Graduate School of Management
a number of clubs focusing on disciplines such as marketing, finance, corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship. The part-time program has approximately 1,000 students at any point in time.
# Notable alumni.
There are over 16,500 alumni of the AGSM MBA and MBT progr... | 13,432 |
621233 | Philip Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip%20Smith | Philip Smith
Philip Smith
Philip or Phil Smith may refer to:
- Philip A. Smith (1933–2007), President of Providence College 1994–2005
- Philip Edward Smith (1884–1970), endocrinologist
- Philip Hubert Smith, British automotive engineer and technical author
- Philip Smith (British Army officer) (died 1894)
- Phili... | 13,433 |
621233 | Philip Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip%20Smith | Philip Smith
Philip Smith (Northern Ireland politician) (born 1967), member of the Northern Ireland Assembly
- Phillip Hagar Smith (1905–1987), electrical engineer
- Phil Smith (Australian footballer) (1946–2010), Australian rules player
- Phil Smith (basketball) (1952–2002), American basketball player
- Phil Smith... | 13,434 |
621233 | Philip Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip%20Smith | Philip Smith
ican basketball player
- Phil Smith (footballer, born 1885) (1885–?), English football player for Chelsea and Burnley
- Phil Smith (footballer, born 1979), English football goalkeeper for Swindon, Portsmouth and Aldershot
- Phil Smith, guitarist for The Lovin' Spoonful
- Philip Smith (producer), New Ze... | 13,435 |
621230 | Tolerant sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolerant%20sequence | Tolerant sequence
Tolerant sequence
In mathematical logic, a tolerant sequence is a sequence
of formal theories such that there are consistent extensions
of these theories with each formula_5 interpretable in formula_6. Tolerance naturally generalizes from sequences of theories to trees of theories. Weak interpretab... | 13,436 |
621230 | Tolerant sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolerant%20sequence | Tolerant sequence
cept, together with its dual concept of cotolerance, was introduced by Japaridze in 1992, who also proved that, for Peano arithmetic and any stronger theories with effective axiomatizations, tolerance is equivalent to formula_7-consistency.
# See also.
- Interpretability
- Cointerpretability
- Int... | 13,437 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
List of state leaders in 1988
# Africa.
- Algeria
- President - Chadli Bendjedid, President of Algeria (1979–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Abdelhamid Brahimi, Prime Minister of Algeria (1984–1988)
- 2. Kasdi Merbah, Prime Minister of Algeria (1988–1989)
- Angola
- Communist Party L... | 13,438 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Botswana (1980–1998)
- Burkina Faso
- Head of State - Blaise Compaoré, Head of State of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
- Burundi
- President - Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Adrien Sibomana, Prime Minister of Burundi (1988–1993)
- Cameroon
- Presiden... | 13,439 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (1978–1989)
- Congo
- Communist Party Leader - Denis Sassou Nguesso, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Congolese Labor Party (1979–1991)
- President - Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of Congo (1979–1992)
- Prime Ministe... | 13,440 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Atef Sedky, Prime Minister of Egypt (1986–1996)
- Equatorial Guinea
- President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
- Prime Minister - Cristino Seriche Bioko, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (1982–1992)
- Ethiopia
- Communist Party Lead... | 13,441 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Sir Dawda Jawara, President of The Gambia (1970–1994)
- Ghana
- Head of State - Jerry Rawlings, Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council of Ghana (1981–2001)
- Guinea
- President - Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–2008)
- Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State - João Ber... | 13,442 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of State - Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- Nominal Head of State - Mifta al-Usta Umar, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1984–1990)
- Head of Government - Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir, General Secretary of the General People's Commit... | 13,443 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister - Mamadou Dembelé, Prime Minister of Mali (1986–1988)
- Mauritania
- Head of State - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Head of State of Mauritania (1984–2005)
- Prime Minister - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Prime Minister of Mauritania (1984–1992)
- Mauritius
- Monarch - Eli... | 13,444 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte (1976–1991)
- Morocco
- Monarch - Hassan II, King of Morocco (1961–1999)
- Prime Minister - Azzedine Laraki, Prime Minister of Morocco (1986–1992)
- Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognized state)
- President -... | 13,445 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister - Mário da Graça Machungo, Prime Minister of Mozambique (1986–1994)
- Niger
- Head of State - Ali Saibou, President of the Supreme Military Council of Niger (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Hamid Algabid, Prime Minister of Niger (1983–1988)
- 2. Mamane Oumarou, Prime... | 13,446 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Helena (1988–1991)
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- President - Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Celestino Rocha da Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (1988–1991)
- Senegal
- President - Abdou Diouf, President of Senegal (19... | 13,447 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Somalia (1987–1990)
- South Africa
- President - P. W. Botha, State President of South Africa (1984–1989)
- Bophuthatswana (unrecognized state)
- President - Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana (1968–1994)
- Ciskei (unrecognized state)
- President - Lennox Se... | 13,448 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Nations mandate administered by South Africa)
- Administrator-General - Louis Pienaar, Administrator-General of South West Africa (1985–1990)
- Chairman of the Government -
- 1. Jan de Wet, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1987–1988)
- ... | 13,449 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of South West Africa (1988)
- 6. Andrew Matjila, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988–1989)
- Sudan
- Head of State - Ahmed al-Mirghani, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Sudan (1986–1989)
- Prime Minister - Sadiq al-Mahdi, Prime Ministe... | 13,450 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
- Prime Minister - Hédi Baccouche, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1987–1989)
- Uganda
- President - Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister - Samson Kisekka, Prime Minister of Uganda (1986–19... | 13,451 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Zambia (1985–1989)
- Zimbabwe
- President - Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)
# Asia.
- Afghanistan
- Communist Party Leader - Mohammad Najibullah, General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (1986–1990)
- President - Mohammad Na... | 13,452 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President of Bangladesh (1983–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1986–1988)
- 2. Moudud Ahmed, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1988–1989)
- Bhutan
- Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1972–2006)... | 13,453 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Council of Burma (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Maung Maung Kha, Prime Minister of Burma (1977–1988)
- 2. Tun Tin, Prime Minister of Burma (1988)
- 3. Saw Maung, Prime Minister of Burma (1988–1992)
- China (People's Republic of China)
- "De facto" leader - Deng Xiaoping, Paramou... | 13,454 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Hong Kong (1987–1992)
- India
- President - R. Venkataraman, President of India (1987–1992)
- Prime Minister - Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1984–1989)
- Indonesia
- President - Suharto, President of Indonesia (1967–1998)
- Iran
- Supreme Leader - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khom... | 13,455 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
- Yitzhak Shamir, Prime Minister of Israel (1986–1992)
- Japan
- Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
- Prime Minister - Noboru Takeshita, Prime Minister of Japan (1987–1989)
- Jordan
- Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan (1952–1999)
- Prime Minister - Zaid al-Rifai, Prime ... | 13,456 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Leader - Kim Il-sung, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers' Party (1949–1994)
- President - Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (1972–1994)
- Head of Government -
- 1. Ri Kun-mo, Premier of the Council of Ministers of North Korea (1986–1988)
- 2. Yon Hyong... | 13,457 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of South Korea (1988–1990)
- Kuwait
- Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (1977–2006)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978–2003)
- Laos
- Communist Party Leader - Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretar... | 13,458 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Minister -
- Selim Hoss, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (1987–1990) (rival administration after 1988)
- Michel Aoun, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (1988–1990)
- Macau (overseas province of Portugal)
- Governor - Carlos Montez Melancia, Governor of M... | 13,459 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Party (1984–1990)
- Head of State - Jambyn Batmönkh, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural of Mongolia (1984–1990)
- Premier - Dumaagiin Sodnom, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1984–1990)
- Nepal
- Monarch - Birendra, King of Nepal (1972–2001)
- Prim... | 13,460 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Khan Junejo, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1985–1988)
- 2. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988)
- 3. Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990)
- Philippines
- President - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (1986–1992)
- Qatar
- Monarch - Sheikh ... | 13,461 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Singapore (1959–1990)
- Sri Lanka
- President - J. R. Jayewardene, President of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
- Prime Minister - Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
- Syria
- President - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (1971–2000)
- Prime Minister - Mahmoud Zuabi... | 13,462 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(1980–1988)
- 2. Chatichai Choonhavan, Prime Minister of Thailand (1988–1991)
- Turkey
- President - Kenan Evren, President of Turkey (1982–1989)
- Prime Minister - Turgut Özal, Prime Minister of Turkey (1983–1989)
- United Arab Emirates
- President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahya... | 13,463 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
-
- 1. Phạm Hùng, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1987–1988)
- 2. Võ Văn Kiệt, Acting Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1988)
- 3. Đỗ Mười, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1988–1991)
- North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic)
- President - Ali... | 13,464 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Yemen (1986–1990)
- Prime Minister - Yasin Said Numan, Prime Minister of South Yemen (1986–1990)
# Europe.
- Albania
- Communist Party Leader - Ramiz Alia, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1985–1991)
- Head of State - Ramiz Alia, Chairman of the Presidium of the People'... | 13,465 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Badia i Batalla (1972–1993)
- Prime Minister - Josep Pintat-Solans, Head of Government of Andorra (1984–1990)
- Austria
- President - Kurt Waldheim, Federal President of Austria (1986–1992)
- Chancellor - Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1986–1997)
- Belgium
- Monarch ... | 13,466 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cyprus
- President -
- 1. Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (1977–1988)
- 2. George Vasiliou, President of Cyprus (1988–1993)
- Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
- President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
- Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu... | 13,467 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister - Poul Schlüter, Prime Minister of Denmark (1982–1993)
- Finland
- President - Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland (1981–1994)
- Prime Minister - Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of Finland (1987–1991)
- France
- ... | 13,468 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Council of State of East Germany (1976–1989)
- Premier - Willi Stoph, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1976–1989)
- West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
- President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of West Germany (1984–1994)
- Chancellor - Helmut ... | 13,469 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1956–1988)
- 2. Károly Grósz, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1988–1989)
- Head of State -
- 1. Károly Németh, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1987–1988)
- 2. Brunó Ferenc Straub, Chairman of the P... | 13,470 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Iceland (1988–1991)
- Ireland
- President - Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976–1990)
- Prime Minister - Charles Haughey, Taoiseach of Ireland (1987–1992)
- Italy
- President - Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy (1985–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Giovan... | 13,471 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
- Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1984–1995)
- Malta
- President - Paul Xuereb, Acting President of Malta (1987–1989)
- Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta (1987–19... | 13,472 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
"see under North America"
- Aruba (constituent country)
- "see under North America"
- Norway -
- Monarch - Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
- Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway (1986–1989)
- Poland
- Communist Party Leader - Wojciech Jaruzelski, Secre... | 13,473 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
- Romania
- Communist Party Leader - Nicolae Ceauşescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
- President - Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of Romania (1967–1989)
- Premier - Constantin Dăscălescu, Chairman of th... | 13,474 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
- Head of State -
- 1. Andrei Gromyko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1985–1988)
- 2. Mikhail Gorbachev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1988–1991)... | 13,475 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Federal Council:
- Otto Stich (1983–1995, President), Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1983–1998), Elisabeth Kopp (1984–1989), Arnold Koller (1986–1999), Flavio Cotti (1986–1999), René Felber (1987–1993), Adolf Ogi (1987–2000)
- United Kingdom
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom... | 13,476 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(1985–1990)
- Bailiff - Sir Peter Crill, Bailiff of Jersey (1986–1995)
- Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant Governor - Laurence New, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (1985–1990)
- Chief minister - Miles Walker, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (1986–1996)
- Gib... | 13,477 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Vatican City (1984–1990)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
- Secretary of State - Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1979–1990)
- Yugoslavia
- Communist Party Leader -
- 1. Boško Krunić, President of the Presidium of the League of Co... | 13,478 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Anguilla (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Geoffrey Owen Whittaker, Governor of Anguilla (1987–1989)
- Chief Minister - Emile Gumbs, Chief Minister of Anguilla (1984–1994)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-G... | 13,479 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(1973–present)
- Governor-General -
- 1. Sir Gerald Cash, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1979–1988)
- 2. Sir Henry Milton Taylor, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Lynden Pindling, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1967–1992)
- Barbados
- Monarch - Eli... | 13,480 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Belize (1984–1989)
- Bermuda (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- 1. John Morrison, Viscount Dunrossil, Governor of Bermuda (1983–1988)
- 2. Sir Desmond Langley, Governor of Bermuda (1988–1992)
- Premier - John Swan, Premier of Bermuda (1982–1995)
- British Virgin Islands ... | 13,481 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cayman Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Alan James Scott, Governor of the Cayman Islands (1987–1992)
- Costa Rica
- President - Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (1986–1990)
- Cuba
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro, First secretary of the Communist Party of ... | 13,482 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of the Dominican Republic (1986–1996)
- El Salvador
- President - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (1984–1989)
- Grenada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Paul Scoon, Governor-General of Grenada (1978–1992)
- Prime Minist... | 13,483 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Célestin, Prime Minister of Haiti (1988)
- Honduras
- President - José Azcona del Hoyo, President of Honduras (1986–1990)
- Jamaica
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Florizel Glasspole, Governor-General of Jamaica (1973–1991)
- Prime M... | 13,484 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Antilles (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - René Römer, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (1983–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Dominico Martina, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–1988)
- 2. Maria Liberia Peters, Prime Minister of the N... | 13,485 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Clement Arrindell, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1981–1995)
- Prime Minister - Kennedy Simmonds, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1980–1995)
- Saint Lucia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (... | 13,486 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of the General Council - Marc Plantegenest, President of the General Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1984–1994)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General -
- 1. Sir Joseph Lambert Eusta... | 13,487 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1986–1991)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Michael J. Bradley, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1987–1993)
- Chief Minister -
- 1. Advisory Council, Acting Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islan... | 13,488 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Farrelly, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (1987–1995)
# Oceania.
- American Samoa (unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor - A. P. Lutali, Governor of American Samoa (1985–1989)
- Australia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–... | 13,489 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
(external territory of Australia)
- Administrator -
- 1. W.N. Syrette, Acting Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988)
- 2. M. Jopling, Acting Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988)
- 3. Dawn Laurie, Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988-1990)
- Council Chairm... | 13,490 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Fiji
- President - Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, President of Fiji (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Prime Minister of Fiji (1987–1992)
- French Polynesia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Jean Montpezat, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polyn... | 13,491 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Micronesia -
- President - John Haglelgam, President of Micronesia (1987–1991)
- Nauru
- President - Hammer DeRoburt, President of Nauru (1986–1989)
- New Caledonia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner -
- 1. Clément Bouhin, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1987–1988)
... | 13,492 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Cook Islands (Associated state of New Zealand)
- Queen's Representative - Sir Tangaroa Tangaroa, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (1984–1990)
- Prime Minister - Pupuke Robati, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1987–1989)
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
- Premier - ... | 13,493 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
administered by the USA)
- President -
- 1. Lazarus Salii, President of Palau (1985–1988)
- 2. Thomas Remengesau, Sr., Acting President of Palau (1988–1989)
- Papua New Guinea
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Kingsford Dibela... | 13,494 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Islands
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General -
- 1. Sir Baddeley Devesi, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1978–1988)
- 2. Sir George Lepping, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1988–1994)
- Prime Minister - Ezekiel Aleb... | 13,495 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Tuvalu (1981–1989)
- Vanuatu
- President - Ati George Sokomanu, President of Vanuatu (1984–1989)
- Prime Minister - Walter Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (1979–1991)
- Wallis and Futuna (French overseas territory)
- Administrator-Superior -
- 1. Gérard Lambotte, Administrator Superi... | 13,496 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
le Malo of Western Samoa (1962–present)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Va'ai Kolone, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1985–1988)
- 2. Tofilau Eti Alesana, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1988–1998)
# South America.
- Argentina
- President - Raúl Alfonsín, President of Argentina (1983–1989)... | 13,497 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
Borja Cevallos, President of Ecuador (1988–1992)
- Falkland Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- 1. Gordon Wesley Jewkes, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1985–1988)
- 2. William Hugh Fullerton, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1988–1992)
- Chief Executive -
- 1. Br... | 13,498 |
621237 | List of state leaders in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20state%20leaders%20in%201988 | List of state leaders in 1988
of Guyana (1985–1992)
- Paraguay
- President - Alfredo Stroessner, President of Paraguay (1954–1989)
- Peru
- President - Alan García, President of Peru (1985–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- 1. Guillermo Larco Cox, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1987–1988)
- 2. Armando Vi... | 13,499 |
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