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1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
around Australia. This has also ended the need for maintaining long-term storage and retrieval systems. The new system speeds up the clearing process, with cheques being able to be cleared at the end of the next weekday after being presented, as opposed to up to the six weekdays under the old system.
## Direct entry.
Direct entry (also called CS2) is used to transfer funds between Australian bank accounts. Clearing and settling is regulated by APCA as the Bulk Electronic Clearing System (BECS).
Direct entry uses BSB and account number to identify the bank and accounts to debit and credit. Some common uses of the direct entry system include:
- Setting up monthly direct debits to pay recurring | 14,700 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
bills such as credit card bills
- Transferring funds to other bank accounts, also known as third party transfers
- Payment of wages and salaries
- Government tax refunds and payments
Participants of BECS exchange direct entry or DE files at intervals through the day. Net positions are usually cleared daily.
## EFTPOS.
EFTPOS (Electronic Fund Transfer Point of Sale) and ATM transactions (also called CS3) occur over the EFT network. Clearing and settling of EFTPOS and ATM transactions are regulated by the APCA as the Consumer Electronic Clearing System (CECS). Between 2005 and 2015, ATM withdrawals have dropped by 11.5% but increased 5.1% in value.
## Credit card.
Several credit card systems | 14,701 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
are active in Australia including MasterCard, Visa, Diners Club and American Express. The Bankcard scheme is no longer in use.
## BPAY.
BPAY is a bill payment system used in Australia, which is regulated by the four major banks and not by APCA. As of January 2015, the BPAY payments system covered more than 156 participating Australian banks, credit unions and financial institutions. More than 45,000 business accept payments using BPAY and each month approximately 30 million bills are paid to the value of $24 billion.
## High value payments.
High value payments (also known as CS4) are regulated by APCA under the Regulations for High Value Clearing System Framework. The main high value payment | 14,702 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
systems in Australia are:
- Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication Payment Delivery System (SWIFT PDS)
- Clearing House Electronic Subregister System (CHESS): CHESS is an automated share transfer and settlement system developed by the Australian Securities Exchange. For a CHESS transaction, an interbank request is sent to RITS via SWIFT FIN, the service which sends financial information from one financial institution to another. When RITS notifies CHESS of settlement of the gross amount across ESAs, CHESS finalises the transaction by transferring share holdings at the participant level.
- Financial Transactions Recording and Clearance System (FINTRACS)
- Reserve Bank | 14,703 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
Information and Transfer System (RITS) is used by banks and other approved institutions to settle their payment obligations on a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) basis. Final and irrevocable settlement is achieved by the simultaneous crediting and debiting of Exchange Settlement Accounts (ESAs) held at the Reserve Bank.
## New Payments Platform.
The New Payments Platform (NPP) is open access infrastructure for fast payments in Australia. The NPP was developed via industry collaboration to enable households, businesses and government agencies to make simply addressed payments, with near real-time funds availability to the recipient, on a 24/7 basis. Each payment message is capable of carrying | 14,704 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
much richer remittance information than other systems. The NPP infrastructure supports the independent development of ‘overlay’ services to offer innovative payment services to end-users.
# Regulation.
Regulation of the financial system in Australia is split mainly between the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) and Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA).
ASIC has responsibility for market integrity and consumer protection and the regulation of certain financial institutions (including investment banks and finance companies or NBFI). The general regulatory position is that a legal person carrying on a financial services business in Australia must either hold | 14,705 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
an Australian financial services licence issued to that person by ASIC or fall within a licensing exemption.
APRA is responsible for the licensing and prudential supervision of ADIs (banks, building societies, credit unions, friendly societies and participants in certain credit card schemes and certain purchaser payment facilities), life and general insurance companies and superannuation funds. APRA has issued capital adequacy guidelines for banks which are consistent with the Basel II guidelines. All financial institutions regulated by APRA are required to report on a periodic basis to APRA. Certain financial intermediaries, such as investment banks (which do not otherwise operate as ADIs) | 14,706 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
are neither licensed nor regulated under the Banking Act and are not subject to the prudential supervision of APRA. They may be required to obtain licences under the Corporations Act 2001 or other Commonwealth or state legislation, depending on the nature of their business activities in Australia.
Most investment banks are registered under the "Financial Sector (Collection of Data) Act 2001". This Act requires registered financial corporations to provide statistical information to APRA.
The Reserve Bank of Australia is the country's central bank, with responsibility for most payment systems and setting of monetary policy.
Since 1996 the provision of credit to individuals for personal, household | 14,707 |
1214837 | Financial system in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20system%20in%20Australia | Financial system in Australia
ion of credit to individuals for personal, household or domestic purposes has been regulated by the Uniform Consumer Credit Code, which has been implemented in all Australian states and territories.
Businesses providing financial products and services are required to identify and monitor customers using a risk-based approach, develop and maintain a compliance program, report suspicious matters and certain cash transactions and file annual compliance reports.
- Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
- Australian Securities Exchange
- Australian Payments Clearing Association
# See also.
- Economy of Australia
- Banking in Australia
- Non bank financial institutions in Australia | 14,708 |
1214850 | IK Start | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IK%20Start | IK Start
IK Start
IK Start is a Norwegian football club from the town of Kristiansand that currently plays in 1. divisjon, the second tier of the Norwegian football league system. The club was founded on 19 September 1905. The club's current head coach is Jóhannes Harðarson. The team plays in yellow jerseys, black shorts and socks at home, and black jerseys, yellow shorts and socks away.
They play their home matches at Sør Arena, the club's own football stadium, opened in 2007. Before moving to Sør Arena, IK Start played their games at Kristiansand Stadion. The team's official supporter club was called "Tigerberget", until 2017, when the IK Start board decided to no longer have an official supporter | 14,709 |
1214850 | IK Start | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IK%20Start | IK Start
club.
Start's style of playing is often described as 'makrellfotball' (mackerel football), meaning the whole team is in constant, coordinated motion. Another feature of their playing style is the so-called 'Start-vippen' (Start-tip), where the ball at a free-kick is tipped up by one player before hit by another.
# History.
Start were Norwegian champions in 1978 and 1980. They participated in the European Cup in 1979 and 1981, as well as being qualified for the UEFA Champions League 2006–07. The years since 1995 have been turbulent, but recent investments have given greater expectations for the future. In 2004 they won the Norwegian 1. divisjon and were promoted to the top flight.
In 2005 | 14,710 |
1214850 | IK Start | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IK%20Start | IK Start
they reached second place, following Vålerenga, after a strong comeback season in the Tippeligaen. For this, Start earned a place in the UEFA Cup 2006.
In 2006, after beating Skála of the Faroe Islands in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Cup, and Drogheda United of Ireland in the second qualifying round (after penalties), they reached the first round of the UEFA Cup, where they were knocked out by Ajax of the Netherlands.
2007 was a bad year for Start, with problems working as a team and management issues. It led to a disappointing 13th place, leading to Start's relegation to 1. divisjon. In 2008 the club got financial problems. The local government saved the club from bankruptcy. The | 14,711 |
1214850 | IK Start | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IK%20Start | IK Start
financial difficulties has plagued Start for several seasons, due to the financial crisis and the Norwegian footballteams overspending, Start being no exception. The last couple of seasons, Start has downsized and saved money, for example by changing the turf on Sør Arena, the hopes being that the savings will keep the wheels turning in Start.
Ahead of the 2009 season, Knut Tørum was appointed head coach of Start. The next two seasons, Start was positioned at the lower half of Tippeligaen although achieving some strong results, like being the only team to beat Rosenborg in 2009, at Rosenborgs homeground Lerkendal, delaying their gold celebration. On 22 June 2011, Start had 13 points in 12 matches, | 14,712 |
1214850 | IK Start | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IK%20Start | IK Start
and Tørum decided to resign hours before a cup-match against Strømsgodset, a match Start won without Tørum. Mons Ivar Mjelde replaced Tørum as head coach, but was not able to save Start from relegation. Start started the 2012 1. divisjon in strong fashion, leading the division and winning important matches and won promotion at the end of the season.
Start defeated Stabæk 4-1 on 4 July 2015. From 12 July 2015 to 18 September 2016, Start played 39 consecutive games without a win in Tippeligaen. This is the longest run without winning a single game across any top division in Europe.
# Achievements.
- Eliteserien:
- Norwegian Cup:
- 1. divisjon:
# Current squad.
"As of 22 June 2019."
# External | 14,713 |
1214850 | IK Start | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IK%20Start | IK Start
atch against Strømsgodset, a match Start won without Tørum. Mons Ivar Mjelde replaced Tørum as head coach, but was not able to save Start from relegation. Start started the 2012 1. divisjon in strong fashion, leading the division and winning important matches and won promotion at the end of the season.
Start defeated Stabæk 4-1 on 4 July 2015. From 12 July 2015 to 18 September 2016, Start played 39 consecutive games without a win in Tippeligaen. This is the longest run without winning a single game across any top division in Europe.
# Achievements.
- Eliteserien:
- Norwegian Cup:
- 1. divisjon:
# Current squad.
"As of 22 June 2019."
# External links.
- Menigheden – official fan club | 14,714 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
Grafton Correctional Centre
The Grafton Intake and Transient Centre, formerly the Grafton Correctional Centre and the Grafton Gaol, is a heritage-listed medium security prison for males and females, is located in , Clarence Valley Council, New South Wales, Australia. The centre is operated by Corrective Services NSW an agency of the Department of Attorney General and Justice of the Government of New South Wales. The centre detains sentenced and unsentenced felons under New South Wales and/or Commonwealth legislation. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
# History.
The current Grafton Gaol complex is the third gaol to be constructed to serve the town | 14,715 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
of Grafton. Correctional facilities were first established in Grafton in 1862 under the supervision of the Office of the Sheriff accommodating up to 48 inmates. A second complex was established but did not contain the required number of cells, was floodprone and unhygienic.
A permanent facility was not established until 1893. During the early 1890s, the design of public buildings was not automatically given to the Government Architect, but was open to competition. Sydney architect Henry Austin Wilshire won the Grafton Gaol competition with a design following trends already evident in the gaols designed by the Colonial Architect. The design consisted of a square compound, with brick walls, with | 14,716 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
an elaborate gatehouse, featuring a machicolated parapet, a sandstone archway and elaborate panelled doors. The gaol was built by the Holloway Bros. and proclaimed on 8 September 1893. Prisoners were transferred to the new facility in November of the same year.
By 1924, the gaol had been reclassified as a maximum security prison; reverted to medium security by about 1945. After 1942, increasing tensions in the state's prisons and a number of serious assaults on prison officers led to Grafton Gaol being used to house the most intractable prisoners.
Riots at Bathurst and problems at other correctional facilities during the 1970s resulted in the appointment of Justice John Nagle to conduct a | 14,717 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
Royal Commission to oversee reforms to the Australian penal system. As best described by Justice Nagle during proceedings of the Nagle Royal Commission (1976–1978):
Accepting the Nagle Report in 1978, the Wran Labor government began prison reform under the leadership of Dr Tony Vinson.
The Grafton Gaol was officially abolished by proclamation from 18 December 1991, and was converted to a Periodic Detention Centre in the same proclamation. The remaining prisoners were removed and the new centre received its first detainees on 8 May 1992. The gaol's name was changed to the Grafton Correctional Centre.
# Recent developments.
Inmates from the centre make padded, waterproof "Street Swags", distributed | 14,718 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
by national charities to alleviate the hardship of homelessness.
In June 2010 an inmate was found bleeding to death in his cell. He died several days later in a Brisbane hospital. Serving time for traffic offences, a coronial inquest heard that threats were made against the prisoner's life by his cellmate whose sleep was disturbed by snoring. Prison officials were criticised when CCTV footage revealed that the inmate's calls for help were ignored by prison officers and the officers failed to render first aid.
In 2011 there was contention over the future of Grafton Correctional Centre, with some suggesting its closure or privatisation. The women's wing was shut in November 2011, with female | 14,719 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
inmates transferred to the Mid North Coast Correctional Centre. In June 2012 the O'Farrell government decided to downgrade the facility and the centre now houses up to 64 inmates who are taken into custody or are currently in custody and need to attend court in the Northern Rivers region.
# Historic features.
Grafton Gaol Complex originally consisted of a square compound, with brick walls, with one elaborate gatehouse providing access for staff, visitors and prisoners alike. The gatehouse features a machicolated parapet, a sandstone archway and elaborate panelled doors. A Range building was constructed within the compound, adjacent to the gatehouse to provide facilities for the prison officers | 14,720 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
and visitors. A sterile zone separated the cell ranges from the prison walls. Male and female prisoners were completely segregated with separate cell ranges, exercise yards, bath houses and hospital facilities. The (former) male cell range is largely intact. Workshop and kitchen facilities were incorporated in a new range adjacent to the male cell block. The Prison Governor's residence (now Administration block) was located outside the compound wall, adjacent to the main gatehouse. This building features polychromatic brickwork, tuck pointing and some sandstone detailing. Brick, with a sandstone trim and terracotta tiles, all characteristic materials of the Federation period, were used throughout | 14,721 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
the complex, the level of detail depending on the function of the building. The complex has been extended to one side. New watch towers have been built however elements of the original towers remain intact.
# Heritage listing.
The Grafton Gaol complex is significant as it demonstrates the development of the philosophy regarding prison architecture in NSW and the confinement of prisoners in the late nineteenth century. It is one of few gaol complexes designed by private architects in Australia. It is one of few known examples of the work of Henry Wiltshire. It continues the features of gaol design developed by the Colonial (later Government) Architects branch. It is one of the few public buildings | 14,722 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
designed by competition in the late nineteenth century; its design utilises characteristic materials of the Federation period. Its construction is related to the growth and expansion of Grafton.
Grafton Correctional Centre was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
# Notable prisoners.
- Nathan Baggaleya former Olympic sprint canoer, jailed between 2009 and 2011 for dealing ecstasy
- Darcy Duganan Australian bank robber and New South Wales' most notorious prison escape artist. Dugan spent 44 years in various prisons in New South Wales including Grafton Correctional Centre.
- Len Lawsona convicted rapist and murderer, died in Grafton Correctional Centre in | 14,723 |
1214861 | Grafton Correctional Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton%20Correctional%20Centre | Grafton Correctional Centre
ggaleya former Olympic sprint canoer, jailed between 2009 and 2011 for dealing ecstasy
- Darcy Duganan Australian bank robber and New South Wales' most notorious prison escape artist. Dugan spent 44 years in various prisons in New South Wales including Grafton Correctional Centre.
- Len Lawsona convicted rapist and murderer, died in Grafton Correctional Centre in 2003, serving life imprisonment.
- Sebastian Ryallan Australian soccer player, jailed for only 2 days for engaging in a sexual act with a 13-year-old girl.
- Kevin Simmondsa thief and gaol escapee, found hanged in Grafton Gaol in 1966, serving life for manslaughter
# See also.
- Punishment in Australia
# External links.
- at | 14,724 |
1214875 | Stoke Bruerne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoke%20Bruerne | Stoke Bruerne
Stoke Bruerne
Stoke Bruerne is a small village and civil parish in South Northamptonshire, England about north of Milton Keynes and south of Northampton.
# History.
Stoke Bruerne is mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 as "Stoche" meaning "an outlying farmstead or hamlet". The form "Stokbruer" is used in 1254 being a suffix by the "Briwere" family of the Manor House. The village is fairly typical for this area of south Northamptonshire containing many traditional stone and thatched cottages. The village's main claim to fame is its situation on the Grand Union Canal making it a favourite destination for tourists. The population is split 196 male and 199 female in 169 households (2001 census).
The | 14,725 |
1214875 | Stoke Bruerne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoke%20Bruerne | Stoke Bruerne
parish is part of Tove Ward, named after the River Tove, of the district council of South Northamptonshire.
The nearby country estate of Stoke Park along Shutlanger Road is occasionally open to the public in August, but all that remains of the main house are the two east and west wings known as Stoke Park Pavilions.
In December 2008, the conservation project won the East Midlands' Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) Award, alongside Foxton Locks, another major canal restoration project in Leicestershire, near Market Harborough.
# Culture and tourism.
## Walks.
Many public footpaths cross the area around Stoke Bruerne. One such walk, taking in Grafton Regis, was the subject of a "Daily | 14,726 |
1214875 | Stoke Bruerne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoke%20Bruerne | Stoke Bruerne
Telegraph" article. Other walks in and around Northampton are mentioned in the County Council Right of way site.
## Canal Museum.
The village is home to one of the three museums owned and run by Canal & River Trust. The others are at Ellesmere Port and Gloucester Docks.
## Blisworth tunnel.
About half a mile north of the village is the south portal of Blisworth tunnel - accessible by a walk along the old towpath (on the eastern side of the canal - north of the village, the western side is either private property or inaccessible.) The tunnel is long and is the longest wide, freely navigable tunnel in Europe. The tunnel was awarded a Transport Trust 'Red Wheel' in recognition of its industrial | 14,727 |
1214875 | Stoke Bruerne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoke%20Bruerne | Stoke Bruerne
heritage and importance on 22-August-2014 (30th anniversary of the reopening of the tunnel in 1984). The Red Wheel is on the blacksmith's forge in Stoke Bruerne.
## Facilities.
There are two canalside public houses, The Boat Inn, and The Navigation, both serving a variety of meals and drinks. There is a restaurant/takeaway, The Spice of Bruerne, various bed and breakfast facilities and tearooms. The village attracts many visitors all year round and especially during the summer months. There are parking restrictions at all times, except for residents, on village roads which are all marked with double yellow lines. There is, however, a pay and display car park close to the Museum (charge £3 | 14,728 |
1214875 | Stoke Bruerne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoke%20Bruerne | Stoke Bruerne
or 50p after 6pm). The parking restrictions are strictly enforced. A variety of boat trips may be booked from the canalside. Most of the time there is plenty of activity on the canal with boats going through the locks regularly and plenty going in and out of the tunnel.
The village has a cricket club. Its ground is named after the late George Edward Tarry who donated the field to the village in the late 20th century. The pavilion is dedicated to his wife Elizabeth Fay Tarry, who died in the late 1960s.
# Conservation area consultation.
In November 2007 the area of the village and surroundings, including Stoke Park, were the subject of an extensive conservation consultation by South Northants | 14,729 |
1214875 | Stoke Bruerne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoke%20Bruerne | Stoke Bruerne
Council. Extensive additional documentation, including maps, pictures and historical documentation, is available from the South Northants Council's Planning website.
# Railway.
Stoke Bruerne had its own railway station, part of the Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway (SMJR) and misnamed Stoke Bruern. This ran close to the village over Blisworth tunnel near the south portal. The station building has been converted to a private house and is along the road to Blisworth just outside the village. The line of the railway, and station platform, are still visible and the Blisworth road has a railway bridge still in position near the former station. The railway ran east to join the West | 14,730 |
1214875 | Stoke Bruerne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoke%20Bruerne | Stoke Bruerne
r the south portal. The station building has been converted to a private house and is along the road to Blisworth just outside the village. The line of the railway, and station platform, are still visible and the Blisworth road has a railway bridge still in position near the former station. The railway ran east to join the West Coast Main Line and then into Bedfordshire.
# Film.
The village appears, with Blisworth, in the Ealing Studios film "Painted Boats" (1945), filmed at the end of World War II and directed by Charles Crichton whose notable successes include "The Lavender Hill Mob" (1951) and "A Fish Called Wanda" (1988).
# External links.
- Village website
- Location on Google maps | 14,731 |
1214880 | Mobilong Prison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobilong%20Prison | Mobilong Prison
Mobilong Prison
Mobilong Prison is an Australian low and medium security prison for men located at Murray Bridge, South Australia. It has a capacity of 327 prisoners.
# External links.
- Mobilong Prison | 14,732 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
Friedrich Martens
Friedrich Fromhold Martens, or Friedrich Fromhold von Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens ("Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс") in Russian and Frédéric Frommhold (de) Martens in French ( – ) was a diplomat and jurist in service of the Russian Empire who made important contributions to the science of international law. He represented Russia at the Hague Peace Conferences (during which he drafted the Martens Clause) and helped to settle the first cases of international arbitration, notably the dispute between France and the United Kingdom over Newfoundland. As a scholar, he is probably best remembered today for having edited 15 volumes of Russian international treaties (1874–1909).
# | 14,733 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
Biography.
Born to ethnic Estonian parents at Pärnu in the Governorate of Livonia of Russian Empire, Martens was later raised and educated as a German-speaker. He lost both parents at the age of nine and was sent to a Lutheran orphanage in St. Petersburg, where he successfully completed the full course of studies at a German high school and in 1863 entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1868, he started his service at the Russian ministry of foreign affairs. In 1871, he became a lecturer in international law in the university of St. Petersburg, and in 1872 professor of public law in the Imperial School of Law and the Imperial Alexander Lyceum. In 1874, he was selected special | 14,734 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
legal assistant to Prince Gorchakov, then imperial chancellor.
His book on "The Right of Private Property in War" had appeared in 1869, and had been followed in 1873 by that upon "The Office of Consul and Consular Jurisdiction in the East", which had been translated into German and republished at Berlin. These were the first of a long series of studies which won for their author a worldwide reputation, and raised the character of the Russian school of international jurisprudence in all civilised countries.
First amongst them must be placed the great "Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances etrangeres" (13 volumes, 1874–1902). This collection, published | 14,735 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
in Russian and French in parallel columns, contains not only the texts of the treaties but valuable introductions dealing with the diplomatic conditions of which the treaties were the outcome. These introductions are based largely on unpublished documents from the Russian archives.
Of Martens' original works his "International Law of Civilised Nations" is perhaps the best known. It was written in Russian, a German edition appearing in 1884–1885, and a French edition in 1883-1887. It displays much judgment and acumen, though some of the doctrines which it defends by no means command universal assent. More openly biased in character are such treatises as:
- "Russia and England in Central Asia" | 14,736 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
(1879)
- "Russia's Conflict with China" (1881)
- "The Egyptian Question" (1882)
- "The African Conference of Berlin and the Colonial Policy of Modern States" (1887)
In the delicate questions raised in some of these works Martens stated his case with learning and ability, even when it was obvious that he was arguing as a special pleader. Martens was repeatedly chosen to act in international arbitrations. Among the controversies which he sat as judge or arbitrator were: the "Pious Fund Affair", between Mexico and the United States – the first case determined by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague – and the dispute between Great Britain and France over Newfoundland in 1891. He was | 14,737 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
the presiding arbitrator in the arbitration of the boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana which followed the Venezuela Crisis of 1895.
He played an important part in the negotiations between his own country and Japan, which led to the peace of Portsmouth (August 1905) and prepared the way for the Russo-Japanese convention. He was employed in laying the foundations for the Hague Peace Conferences. He was one of the Russian plenipotentiaries at the first conference and president of the fourth committee – that on maritime law – at the second conference. His visits to the chief capitals of Europe in the early part of 1907 were an important preliminary in the preparation of the programme. | 14,738 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
He was judge of the Russian supreme prize court established to determine cases arising during the war with Japan.
He received honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford (D.C.L. October 1902 in connection with the tercentenary of the Bodleian Library), Cambridge, Edinburgh and Yale (LL.D. October 1901); he was also one of the runner-up nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902. In April 1907, he addressed a remarkable letter to "The Times" on the position of the second Duma, in which he argued that the best remedy for the ills of Russia would be the dissolution of that assembly and the election of another on a narrower franchise. He died suddenly in June 1909.
# Ennoblement.
The date | 14,739 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
and circumstances of his ennoblement are not clear. While it is undisputed that he called himself and was referred to as "von" or "de" Martens in publications since the early 1870s, this title might have been bestowed upon him either with one of the more distinguished Russian Orders, or with the title of a Privy Councillor (according to the Table of Ranks), or simply with his appointment as a full professor. He was never registered in the matriculae of the knightage of Livonia ("Livländische Ritterschaft") or one of the other three Baltic knightages (that is of Estonia, Courland and Ösel/Saaremaa). His surname, Martens, is included in the Russian Heraldic Book No. 14, though it is uncertain | 14,740 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
if this entry relates to him or to another noble of the same name. His social advancement was the more remarkable, as it was exclusively based on his professional merits.
# Popular culture.
- Friedrich Martens is featured as the main character in the novel "Professor Martens' Departure" ("Professor Martensi ärasõit", 1984) by Estonian author Jaan Kross.
# Criticism.
In 1952, the German émigré scholar in the US, Arthur Nussbaum, himself the author of a well-received history of the law of nations, published an article on Martens, which still makes waves.
Nussbaum set himself the task of analysing the 'writings and actions' of Martens. First, he turned his attention to Martens' celebrated | 14,741 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
two-volume textbook and pointed out several pro-Russian gaps and biases in its historical part:
"Flagrant lack of objectivity and conscientiousness. The Tsars and Tsarinas invariably appear as pure representatives of peace, conciliation, moderation and justice, whereas the moral qualities of their non-Russian opponents leave much to be desired."
Nussbaum pointed out that Martens gave an extensive meaning to the notion of "international administrative law," even including war in the field of international administration, and emphasized that the supreme principle of international administrative law was expediency. Nussbaum was very critical of the application of that concept:
"Expanding the | 14,742 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
range of international administrative law meant, therefore, expanding the dominance of expediency – which is the very opposite of law."
Further, Nussbaum turned his attention to the other (publicist) writings of Martens, mostly the ones published in "Revue de droit international et de législation comparée". Nussbaum noted that they were invariably signed by de Martens as professor of international law at the University of St. Petersburg and as member of the Institut de Droit International. Martens did not mention his high position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The articles were thus only unrestrained briefs for various actions of the Russian government.
For example, Nussbaum concluded | 14,743 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
that the 1874 article by Martens on the Brussels conference, "It is purely apologetic and has nothing to do with law."
Then, Nussbaum turned to Martens's activities as arbitrator and found them "most conspicuous." In particular, Nussbaum referred to a memorandum of Venezuelan lawyer Severo Mellet Provost that had been made public posthumously. The memorandum made the claim that Martens had approached his fellow US arbitrators-judges with an ultimatum: either they agreed with a generally pro-British solution or Martens, as umpire, would join the British arbitrators in a solution that would be even more against Venezuela. Nussbaum held that Mr Provost's account seemed "entirely credible in all | 14,744 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
essential parts" and concluded:
"The spirit of arbitration will be perverted more seriously if the neutral arbitrator does not possess the external and internal independence from his government, which, according to the conception of most countries of Western civilization, is an essential attrribute of judicial office. That independence de Martens certainly did not have, and it is difficult to see how he could have acquired it within the framework of the Tsarist regime and tradition."
Finally, Nussbaum concluded:
"It appears that de Martens did not think of international law as something different from, and in a sense above, diplomacy.… de Martens considered in his professional duty as a scholar | 14,745 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
and writer on international law to defend and back up the policies of his government at any price.… Obviously his motivation was overwhelmingly, if not exclusively, political and patriotic. Legal argument served him as a refined art to tender his pleas for Russian claims more impressive or more palatable. He was not really a man of law..."
# See also.
- List of Russian legal historians
- Russian legal history
# Footnotes.
## Biographies.
- Vladimir Pustogarov. (English version 2000) ""Our Martens: F.F. Martens, International Lawyer and Architect of Peace"". The original,"С пальмовой ветвью мира" was published in 1993.
## Articles.
- Fleck, Dieter. "Friedrich von Martens: A Great International | 14,746 |
1214871 | Friedrich Martens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich%20Martens | Friedrich Martens
erved him as a refined art to tender his pleas for Russian claims more impressive or more palatable. He was not really a man of law..."
# See also.
- List of Russian legal historians
- Russian legal history
# Footnotes.
## Biographies.
- Vladimir Pustogarov. (English version 2000) ""Our Martens: F.F. Martens, International Lawyer and Architect of Peace"". The original,"С пальмовой ветвью мира" was published in 1993.
## Articles.
- Fleck, Dieter. "Friedrich von Martens: A Great International Lawyer from Pärnu", 2 "Baltic Defense Review" (2003), pp. 19–26
# External links.
- The Martens Society
- DE MARTENS HAS HOPE FOR RUSSIA "The New York Times", June 10, 1907 Special Cablegram
- | 14,747 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod (27 February 1872 – 19 March 1950) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician who was a supporter and promoter of the union of Transylvania (before 1920 part of Hungary) with the Romanian Old Kingdom; he later served 28th Prime Minister of Romania.
# Transylvanian politics.
He was born to a Greek-Catholic family in the Transylvanian village of Alparét, Austria-Hungary (, today Bobâlna, Romania). Initially, Voevod was supportive of a plan to federalize the domains of the Habsburgs along the lines of a "United States of Greater Austria", and was close to Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
In 1906, he joined a group of Romanian nationalists | 14,748 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
in the Budapest Parliament (the Romanian National Party of Transylvania and Banat), becoming an important opponent of the Hungarian governmental policy of Magyarization, and fought for the right of Transylvania to self-determination. Disappointed by the Austrian cause after Franz Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo, and turned towards an advocacy of Transylvania's union with Romania.
## Union with Romania.
In October 1918, Wilson's Fourteen Points were published in the German press. While in his native village of Olpret he read about the Wilsonian principles in a newspaper from Münich, which made him realize that instead of demanding the federalization of Austria-Hungary the only valid alternative | 14,749 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
was to push towards the union with the Romanian Kingdom. He drafted quickly a proposal in that respect and went to his good friend Iuliu Hossu in Gherla to seek his advice. Pondering over the words in the draft, they decided to replace the most radical proposal with the following generic statement: "Starting now, whatever the Great Powers will decide, the Romanian nation from Hungary and Transylvania is determined to rather perish than to endure slavery and subjugation any further".
On 18 October 1918, Vaida-Voevod presented this proposal in the Hungarian Diet, asking for the right to self-determination of the Romanians in Hungary. He began his discourse in a dull tone, then he suddenly read | 14,750 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
the declaration of self-determination, to the shock of his fellow deputies, who started to throw objects at him. Having prepared his exit in advance, Vaida-Voevod narrowly escaped lynching by leaving quickly through a back door of the Parliament building and hiding in a workers' neighborhood in Budapest, where many ethnic Romanians lived.
In December 1918, after the Aster Revolution when Hungary had become a republic, Vaida-Voevod was elected in the Alba Iulia National Assembly that proclaimed the union with Romania, and was, alongside Vasile Goldiș, Iuliu Hossu, and Miron Cristea, a member of the Transylvanian group of envoys that presented the decision to King Ferdinand I in Bucharest.
# | 14,751 |
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In Romania.
Vaida-Voevod joined the Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and was one of its most prominent members throughout the negotiations, as an organizer of press campaigns. During the conference, he joined the Masonic Grand Orient de France in order to secure a more advantageous position for his country.
## First Term as Prime Minister.
The elections of November 1919 were successful for his party, and he replaced the National Liberal Ion I. C. Brătianu as Prime Minister and Nicolae Mișu as Foreign Minister. He secured the demarcation lines by ordering Romanian troops to fight off the Hungarian Soviet Republic. However, his radical approach toward the land reforms | 14,752 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
made King Ferdinand dissolve his government in March 1920, to be replaced by one formed by General Alexandru Averescu's People's Party (a populist movement that had attracted Brătianu's conditional support). Vaida-Voevod's party emerged as the National Peasants' Party in 1926, and he served as its leader. He also served twice as Interior Minister (1928–1930 and 1932).
## Second and Third Cabinet.
Vaida-Voevod's second cabinet existed from 11 August until 17 October 1932; he resigned and was succeeded by Iuliu Maniu. After Maniu resigned as Prime Minister in January 1933, Vaida-Voevod returned as Prime Minister.
"Vaida and his supporters, who formed the National Peasants' Party's right wing, | 14,753 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
were acting more like Liberals than Peasantists. They crushed strikes by oil workers in Ploiești and by railway workers in Bucharest in February 1933, dissolved Communist Party front organizations and all other 'anti-state' organizations, and proclaimed martial law in a number of cities."
Nonetheless, the problems posed by his new cabinets (in 1932 and 1933) - the Legionary Movement's intimidation of the political scene, and Vaida-Voevod's own anti-semitism (which began to manifest itself in measures of repression encouraged by the Legionaries), led to a split between the Prime Minister and his Party. His second government fell because of Armand Călinescu, who was a staunch opponent of the | 14,754 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Legionary Movement.
# Later.
On 25 February 1935 he created his own movement, the Romanian Front, which survived through the increasingly authoritarian regime of Carol II, the National Legionary State, Antonescu's regime and most of World War II. It was dissolved after 1944 when Communist Party gained influence with Soviet backing. Nevertheless, the party never eluded obscurity in front of competition from the Legionaries, and its members were victims of the repression carried out by the communist regime after 1948. Vaida-Voevod was arrested on 24 March 1945. In 1946, he was put under house arrest in Sibiu, where he spent the remainder of his life.
# Bibliography.
- Vasile Ciobanu, "Activitatea | 14,755 |
1214846 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Vaida-Voevod | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
his life.
# Bibliography.
- Vasile Ciobanu, "Activitatea diplomatică a lui Alexandru Vaida Voevod la Paris (1918)" ("The Diplomatic Activities of Alexandru Vaida Voevod in Paris (1918)")
- Liviu Maior, "Alexandru Vaida-Voevod între Belvedere și Versailles" ("Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Between Belvedere and Versailles"), Cluj-Napoca, 1993
- Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, "Doctrina țărănistă în România. Antologie de texte" ("Peasant Doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1994
- Ioan Scurtu, "Mit și realitate. Alexandru Averescu" ("Myth and Reality. Alexandru Averescu"), in "Magazin Istoric" | 14,756 |
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Visual anthropology
Visual anthropology is a subfield of social anthropology that is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. More recently it has been used by historians of science and visual culture. Although sometimes wrongly conflated with ethnographic film, Visual Anthropology encompasses much more, including the anthropological study of all visual representations such as dance and other kinds of performance, museums and archiving, all visual arts, and the production and reception of mass media. Histories and analyses of representations from many cultures are part of Visual Anthropology: research topics include | 14,757 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs. Also within the province of the subfield are studies of human vision, properties of media, the relationship of visual form and function, and applied, collaborative uses of visual representations. Multimodal anthropology describes the latest turn in the subfield, which considers how emerging technologies like immersive virtual reality, augmented reality, mobile apps, social networking, gaming along with film, photography and art is reshaping anthropological research, practice and teaching.
# History.
Even before the emergence of anthropology as an academic discipline | 14,758 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
in the 1880s, ethnologists used photography as a tool of research. Anthropologists and non-anthropologists conducted much of this work in the spirit of salvage ethnography or attempts to record for posterity the ways-of-life of societies assumed doomed to extinction (see, for instance, the Native American photography of Edward Curtis)
The history of anthropological filmmaking is intertwined with that of non-fiction and documentary filmmaking, although ethnofiction may be considered as a genuine subgenre of ethnographic film. Some of the first motion pictures of the ethnographic other were made with Lumière equipment ("Promenades des Éléphants à Phnom Penh", 1901). Robert Flaherty, probably | 14,759 |
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best known for his films chronicling the lives of Arctic peoples ("Nanook of the North", 1922), became a filmmaker in 1913 when his supervisor suggested that he take a camera and equipment with him on an expedition north. Flaherty focused on "traditional" Inuit ways of life, omitting with few exceptions signs of modernity among his film subjects (even to the point of refusing to use a rifle to help kill a walrus his informants had harpooned as he filmed them, according to Barnouw; this scene made it into "Nanook" where it served as evidence of their "pristine" culture). This pattern would persist in many ethnographic films to follow (see as an example Robert Gardner's "Dead Birds").
By the | 14,760 |
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1940s and early 1950s, anthropologists such as Hortense Powdermaker, Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead ("Trance and Dance in Bali", 1952) and Mead and Rhoda Metraux, eds., ("The Study of Culture at a Distance", 1953) were bringing anthropological perspectives to bear on mass media and visual representation. Karl G. Heider notes in his revised edition of "Ethnographic Film" (2006) that after Bateson and Mead, the history of visual anthropology is defined by "the seminal works of four men who were active for most of the second half of the twentieth century: Jean Rouch, John Marshall, Robert Gardner, and Tim Asch. By focusing on these four, we can see the shape of ethnographic film" (p. 15). Many, | 14,761 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
including Peter Loizos, would add the name of filmmaker/author David MacDougall to this select group.
In 1966, filmmaker Sol Worth and anthropologist John Adair taught a group of Navajo Indians in Arizona how to capture 16mm film. The hypothesis was that artistic choices made by the Navajo would reflect the 'perceptual structure' of the Navajo world. The goals of this experiment were primarily ethnographic and theoretical. Decades later, however, the work has inspired a variety of participatory and applied anthropological initiatives - ranging from photovoice to virtual museum collections - in which cameras are given to local collaborators as a strategy for empowerment.
In the United States, | 14,762 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
Visual Anthropology first found purchase in an academic setting in 1958 with the creation of the Film Study Center at Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. In the United Kingdom, The Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology at the University of Manchester was established in 1987 to offer training in anthropology and film-making to MA, MPhil and PhD students and whose graduates have produced over 300 films to date. John Collier, Jr. wrote the first standard textbook in the field in 1967, and many visual anthropologists of the 1970s relied on semiologists like Roland Barthes for essential critical perspectives. Contributions to the history of Visual Anthropology include those of | 14,763 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
Emilie de Brigard (1967), Fadwa el Guindi (2004), and Beate Engelbrecht, ed. (2007). A more recent history that understands visual anthropology in a broader sense, edited by Marcus Banks and Jay Ruby, is "Made To Be Seen: Historical Perspectives on Visual Anthropology". Turning the anthropological lens on India provides a counterhistory of visual anthropology (Khanduri 2014).
At present, the Society for Visual Anthropology (SVA) represents the subfield in the United States as a section of the American Anthropological Association, the AAA.
In the United States, ethnographic films are shown each year at the Margaret Mead Film Festival as well as at the AAA's annual Film and Media Festival. In | 14,764 |
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Europe, ethnographic films are shown at the Royal Anthropological Institute Film Festival in the UK, The Jean Rouch Film Festival in France and Ethnocineca in Austria. Dozens of other international festivals are listed regularly in the "Newsletter of the Nordic Anthropological Film Association [NAFA]".
# Timeline and breadth of prehistoric visual representation.
While art historians are clearly interested in some of the same objects and processes, visual anthropology places these artifacts within a holistic cultural context. Archaeologists, in particular, use phases of visual development to try to understand the spread of humans and their cultures across contiguous landscapes as well as over | 14,765 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
larger areas. By 10,000 BP, a system of well-developed pictographs was in use by boating peoples and was likely instrumental in the development of navigation and writing, as well as a medium of story telling and artistic representation. Early visual representations often show the female form, with clothing appearing on the female body around 28,000 BP, which archaeologists know now corresponds with the invention of weaving in Old Europe. This is an example of the holistic nature of visual anthropology: a figurine depicting a woman wearing diaphanous clothing is not merely an object of art, but a window into the customs of dress at the time, household organization (where they are found), transfer | 14,766 |
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of materials (where the clay came from) and processes (when did firing clay become common), when did weaving begin, what kind of weaving is depicted and what other evidence is there for weaving, and what kinds of cultural changes were occurring in other parts of human life at the time.
Visual anthropology, by focusing on its own efforts to make and understand film, is able to establish many principles and build theories about human visual representation in general.
# List of visual anthropology academic programs.
- Aarhus University: Master in Visual Anthropology
- Australian National University: The Research School of Humanities and the Arts Centre for Visual Anthropology
- California | 14,767 |
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State University, Chico: Home to the Advanced Laboratory for Visual Anthropology (ALVA) which offers students use of RED Digital Cinema cameras in its Masters of Anthropology program. Students receive a four-fields degree but complete an ethnographic film as partial fulfillment of their thesis requirement. A Certificate in Applied Anthropology is also available for students who would like to pursue Visual Anthropology, and make ethnographic films as Undergraduates.
- Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Ecuador: offers a master program in visual anthropology .
- Free University of Berlin: - M.A. in Visual and Media Anthropology.
- Harvard University: Harvard offers a PhD in Social | 14,768 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
Anthropology with Media in conjunction with its Sensory Ethnography Lab
- Heidelberg University: The chair of Visual and Media Anthropology offers BA and MA courses in the field of visual and media anthropology.
- New York University: The Program in Culture and Media
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru: The Social Sciences Department at PUCP offers a two-year MA program in Visual Anthropology.
- San Francisco State University: Visual Anthropology program and Peter Biella
- Tallinn University: MA in audiovisual ethnography.
- Towson University: Undergraduate track in Anthropology-Sociology, Matthew Durington, Samuel Collins and Harjant Gill
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana: Laboratorio | 14,769 |
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de Antropología Visual (LAV)
- Universitat de Barcelona: postgraduate and Master's programs in Visual Anthropology
- University of British Columbia: The Ethnographic Film Unit at UBC
- University College London: offers postgraduate courses that can be taken as part of a master's degree for credit or they can be audited with a certificate of completion provided.
- University of Kent: The Department of Anthropology offers a Masters in Visual Anthropology that explores traditional and experimental means of using visual images to produce/represent anthropological knowledge.
- University of Leiden: offers the Bachelor course Visual Methods and Visual Ethnography as a Method as part the Master's | 14,770 |
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programme. It teaches students how to use photography, digital video and sound recording both as research and reporting tools as part of ethnographic research.
- University of London, Goldsmith's College: The anthropology department offers an MA and PhD in Visual Anthropology.
- University of Manchester: The Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology offers MA, MPhil and PhD courses that combine practical film training, editing and production, photography, sound recording, art and social activism. Established in 1987, the Granada Centre's postgraduate programme has produced over 300 documentary films. Its students have made films for numerous international broadcasters, including the BBC and Channel | 14,771 |
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4. Manchester includes an Oscar nominee, two BAFTA winners, and a BAFTA nominee among its alumni.
- University of Münster: Visual Anthropology, Media & Documentary Practices Programme which accompanies employment. Master of Arts (M.A.) degree within 6 semesters.Provides skills in the area of visual anthropology, documentary films, photography, documentary art, culture media and media anthropology.
- University of New South Wales: offers a PhD in Visual Anthropology
- University of Oxford: The Institute of Social & Cultural Anthropology collaborates with the Pitt Rivers Museum to offer the highly ranked one-year MSc and two-year MPhil in Visual, Material, and Museum Anthropology and also awards | 14,772 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
DPhil degrees with numerous competitive funding opportunities.
- University of South Carolina offers a Graduate Certificate in Visual Anthropology for graduate students enrolled in M.A. or Ph.D. programs in Media Arts and Anthropology but which also serves graduate students in such areas as Education, the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, as well as Sociology and Geography.
- University of Southern California - "USC Center for Visual Anthropology": The MAVA (Master of Arts in Visual Anthropology) was a 2–3 year terminal Masters program from 1984 to 2001, which produced over sixty ethnographic documentaries. In 2001, it was merged into a Certificate in Visual Anthropology | 14,773 |
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given alongside the Ph.D. in Anthropology. A new digitally based program was created in the Fall of 2009 as a [new one year MA program in Visual Anthropology http://dornsife.usc.edu/anth/masters-in-visual-anthropology/ ]. . Since 2009, the program has produced twenty five new ethnographic documentaries. Many have screened at film festivals and several are in distribution.
- University of Tromsø: The University of Tromsø offers a program in Visual Culture Studies
- Western Kentucky University: Western Kentucky University offers a BA in Cultural Anthropology with a focus on Visual Anthropology
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (University of Münster): Visual Anthropology, Media & | 14,774 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
Documentary Practices Programme which accompanies employment. Master of Arts (M.A.) degree within 6 semesters.Provides skills in the area of visual anthropology, documentary films, photography, documentary art, culture media and media anthropology.
# See also.
- Ethnofiction
- Ethnographic film
- Gregory Bateson
- John Collier Jr.
- Visual sociology
- Multimodal Anthropology
# Bibliography.
- Alloa, Emmanuel (ed.) "Penser l'image II. Anthropologies du visuel." Dijon: Presses du réel 2015. (in French).
- Banks, Marcus; Morphy, Howard (Hrsg.): "Rethinking Visual Anthropology". New Haven: Yale University Press 1999.
- Marcus Banks and David Zeitlyn, 2015. "Visual methods in social research" | 14,775 |
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(Second Edition), Sage: London
- Barbash, Ilisa and Lucien Taylor. "Cross-cultural Filmmaking: A Handbook for Making Documentary and Ethnographic Films and Videos." Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
- Collier, Malcolm et al.: "Visual Anthropology. Photography As a Research Method." University of Mexico 1986.
- Daniels, Inge. 2010. The Japanese House: Material Culture in the Modern Home. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
- Coote, Jeremy and Anthony Shelton. 1994. Anthropology, Art and Aesthetics. Clarendon Press.
- Edwards, Elisabeth (Hrsg.): "Anthropology and Photography 1860–1920". New Haven, London 1994, Nachdruck.
- Engelbrecht, Beate (ed.). "Memories of the Origins of Ethnographic | 14,776 |
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Film." Frankfurt am Main et al.: Peter Lang Verlag, 2007.
- Grimshaw, Anna. "The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Harris, Claire. 2012. The Museum on the Roof of the World: Art, Politics and the Representation of Tibet. University of Chicago Press.
- Harris, Claire and Michael O'Hanlon. 2013. 'The Future of the Ethnographic Museum,' "Anthropology Today", 29(1). pp. 8–12.
- Heider, Karl G. "Ethnographic Film (Revised Edition)." Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.
- Hockings, Paul (ed.). "Principles of Visual Anthropology." 3rd edn. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003.
- MacDougall, David. "Transcultural Cinema." | 14,777 |
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Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
- Martinez, Wilton. 1992. “Who Constructs Anthropological Knowledge? Toward a Theory of Ethnographic Film Spectatorship.” In "Film as Ethnography", D. Turton and P. Crawford, (Eds.), pp. 130-161. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Mead, Margaret: Anthropology and the camera. In: Morgan, Willard D. (Hg.): Encyclopedia of photography. New York 1963.
- Morton, Chris and Elizabeth Edwards (eds.) 2009. Photography, Anthropology and History: Expanding the Frame. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing
- Peers, Laura. 2003. Museums and Source Communities: A Routledge Reader, Routledge
- Pink, Sarah: "Doing Visual Ethnography: Images, Media and Representation | 14,778 |
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in Research." London: Sage Publications Ltd. 2006.
- Pinney, Christopher: "Photography and Anthropology." London: Reaktion Books 2011.
- Prins, Harald E.L.. "Visual Anthropology." pp. 506–525. In "A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians." Ed. T. Biolsi. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
- Prins, Harald E.L., and Ruby, Jay eds. "The Origins of Visual Anthropology." "Visual Anthropology Review". Vol. 17 (2), 2001–2002.
- Ruby, Jay. "Picturing Culture: Essays on Film and Anthropology." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, .
- Worth, Sol, Adair John. "Through Navajo Eyes". Indiana University Press; 1972.
# Further reading.
- Visual Anthropology - Encyclopedia of Cultural | 14,779 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
Anthropology, article by Jay Ruby
- Visual anthropology in the digital mirror: Computer-assisted visual anthropology, article by Michael D. Fischer and David Zeitlyn, then both University of Kent at Canterbury
- Legends Asch and Myerhoff Inspire A New Generation of Visual Anthropologists - article by Susan Andrews
- Pink, Sarah. "Doing Visual Ethnography:Images, Media, and Representation". Sage, London, 2012
- Banks, Marcus and Ruby, Jay. "Made to be Seen: Perspectives on the History of Visual Anthropology. University of Chicago Press, 2011
# External links.
- Organizations
- European Association of Social Anthropologists Visual Anthropology Network
- SVA Society for Visual Anthropology
- | 14,780 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
Center for Visual Anthropology of Peru / Centro de Antropología Visual del Perú - CAVP
- Publications
- Visual Anthropology Review
- Resources
- VisualAnthropology.net
- OVERLAP: Laboratory of Visual Anthropology
- Visual Anthropology Archive
- Visual Anthropology Films & Educational Resource Library
- Royal Anthropological Institute, Ethnographic Film
- National Anthropological Archives and Human Studies Film Archives - collect and preserve historical and contemporary anthropological materials that document the world's cultures and the history of anthropology.
- Audio-Visual Resources (from the website of Prof. Alessandro Duranti, anthropology department, UCLA)
- Films of anthropological | 14,781 |
1214879 | Visual anthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual%20anthropology | Visual anthropology
world's cultures and the history of anthropology.
- Audio-Visual Resources (from the website of Prof. Alessandro Duranti, anthropology department, UCLA)
- Films of anthropological and other "ancestors"
- A kiosk of films and sounds in Ethnomusicology - Robert Garfias
- Documentary Educational Resources (Visual Anthropology Films & Filmmakers)
- Documentary "El mal visto". Interpretation about the evil eye from the visual anthropology.
- Visual anthtropology (Chinese)
- Articles on Fieldwork
- The Ovahimba Years Collection
- Visual Anthropology of Japan
- Artpologist an Art project using Art and Anthropology
- Ethnographic Terminalia - A curatorial collective and exhibition series. | 14,782 |
1214889 | James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Ross%20Island | James Ross Island
James Ross Island
James Ross Island is a large island off the southeast side and near the northeastern extremity of the Antarctic Peninsula, from which it is separated by Prince Gustav Channel. Rising to , it is irregularly shaped and extends in a north–south direction. It was charted in October 1903 by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld, who named it for Sir James Clark Ross, the leader of a British expedition to this area in 1842 that discovered and roughly charted a number of points along the eastern side of the island. The style, "James" Ross Island is used to avoid confusion with the more widely known Ross Island in McMurdo Sound.
It is one of several islands around | 14,783 |
1214889 | James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Ross%20Island | James Ross Island
the peninsula known as Graham Land, which is closer to South America than any other part of that continent.
The island was connected to the Antarctic mainland by an ice shelf until 1995, when the ice shelf collapsed, making the Prince Gustav Channel passable for the first time.
Mendel Polar Station, the first Czech Antarctic Base, is located on the island.
# Paleontology.
Two dinosaur-bearing formations are present on the island, both from the Upper Cretaceous: the Santa Marta Formation and the Snow Hill Island Formation. These are two of only three known formations to have dinosaur fossils in Antarctica.
The first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica was "Antarctopelta oliveroi", a medium-sized | 14,784 |
1214889 | James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Ross%20Island | James Ross Island
ankylosaur found on James Ross Island by Argentinian geologists Eduardo Olivero and Roberto Scasso in 1986. The dinosaur was recovered from the Campanian stage of the Upper Cretaceous Santa Marta Formation, about south of Santa Marta Cove on the north part of the island. The ankylosaur was not formally named until 2006.
In December 2003, U.S. paleontologist Judd Case from Saint Mary's College of California and U.S. geologist James Martin from the South Dakota School of Mines & Technology discovered the bones of a theropod dinosaur on the island. Nicknamed "Naze" after the northerly Naze Peninsula on which it was found, the Late Cretaceous remains include an upper jaw and teeth, and most of | 14,785 |
1214889 | James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Ross%20Island | James Ross Island
the lower legs and feet. Little information is available, but the shape of the leg and feet indicate it was a runner, and the size indicates it was probably tall and weighed . This is the second Antarctic theropod discovered, after "Cryolophosaurus".
An ornithopod was found in the Snow Hill Island Formation by Argentine paleontologists Rodolfo Aníbal Coria and Juan José Moly in 2008. In 2013, Coria named it "Trinisaura santamartaensis".
In 2015, an iguanodontid found in 2002 by Fernando Novas was named "Morrosaurus antarcticus" by Sebastian Rozadilla, Federico Lisandro Agnolin, Fernando Emilio Novas, Alexis Rolando Aranciaga Mauro, Matthew J. Motta, Juan Manuel Lirio Marcelo and Pablo Isasi. | 14,786 |
1214889 | James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Ross%20Island | James Ross Island
The genus name refers to the site of El Morro on James Ross Island, where the remains of the species were found. The specific name refers to Antarctica.
# Named features.
James Ross Island features several features named by various surveying and exploration groups.
- Brandy Bay (), a bay wide on the northwest coast of James Ross Island, entered west of Bibby Point. It was probably first seen by Otto Nordenskiöld in 1903, and was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1945. During a subsequent visit to this bay by a FIDS party in 1952, there was a discussion as to whether medicinal brandy should be used as treatment for a dog bite. The name arose naturally from this | 14,787 |
1214889 | James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Ross%20Island | James Ross Island
incident.
- Rohss Bay (), a bay 11 nautical miles (20 km) wide, between Capes Broms and Obelisk on the southwest side of James Ross Island. It was discovered by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, under Nordenskjold, and named by him for August and Wilhelm Rohss, patrons of the expedition.
- Sharp Valley (), a small valley located 1 mile (1.6 km) east-southeast of Stoneley Point on James Ross Island. It was named in 1983 by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Michael C. Sharp, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) field assistant in the area, 1981-82.
- Stoneley Point (), a rocky point on the northwest coast of James Ross Island, 4 nautical miles (7 km) west | 14,788 |
1214889 | James Ross Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Ross%20Island | James Ross Island
ion.
- Sharp Valley (), a small valley located 1 mile (1.6 km) east-southeast of Stoneley Point on James Ross Island. It was named in 1983 by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Michael C. Sharp, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) field assistant in the area, 1981-82.
- Stoneley Point (), a rocky point on the northwest coast of James Ross Island, 4 nautical miles (7 km) west of Brandy Bay. It was named after Robert Stoneley, a FIDS geologist at Hope Bay, by the UK-APC in 1952.
# See also.
- Blancmange Hill
- Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
- List of Antarctic islands south of 60° S
- Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
- Territorial claims in Antarctica | 14,789 |
1214895 | Alfred Alexander Burt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred%20Alexander%20Burt | Alfred Alexander Burt
Alfred Alexander Burt
Alfred Alexander Burt VC (3 March 1895 – 9 June 1962) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Details.
Burt was employed as a gas fitter for the Hertford Gas Company and had enlisted as a territorial soldier in the Hertfordshire Regiment in 1911. On the outbreak of the First World War he was mobilised and arrived on the Western Front in November 1914 with 1/1st battalion of the Hertfordshires. On the date of the action for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross, he was aged 20 years, and serving as a corporal. The 27 September | 14,790 |
1214895 | Alfred Alexander Burt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred%20Alexander%20Burt | Alfred Alexander Burt
1915 was the third day of the British offensive known as the Battle of Loos and his battalion was preparing to assault the German lines beside Cuinchy.
The citation for the medal reads:
He received his medal from the King in March 1916 and returned to the front to serve for the remainder of the war, being promoted to the rank of Sergeant. On 11 November 1920 he was among the 100 strong honour guard of Victoria Cross holders in the interment of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey.
He died at the age of 67 in Chesham in 1962, his health having suffered from complications caused by his exposure to a gas attack during the war. There is a road named in his honour in Chesham; Alfred Burt VC | 14,791 |
1214895 | Alfred Alexander Burt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred%20Alexander%20Burt | Alfred Alexander Burt
wn Warrior at Westminster Abbey.
He died at the age of 67 in Chesham in 1962, his health having suffered from complications caused by his exposure to a gas attack during the war. There is a road named in his honour in Chesham; Alfred Burt VC close.
# The medal.
His Victoria Cross is held at the Hertford Museum as part of the Hertfordshire Regiment collection.
# References.
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
- VCs of the First World War – The Western Front 1915 (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)
# External links.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Hertfordshire)"
- Bedfordshire Regiment
- Herts Memories | 14,792 |
1214891 | Alexandru Marghiloman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Marghiloman | Alexandru Marghiloman
Alexandru Marghiloman
Alexandru Marghiloman (4 July 1854 – 10 May 1925) was a Romanian conservative statesman who served for a short time in 1918 (March–October) as Prime Minister of Romania, and had a decisive role during World War I.
# Early career.
Born in Buzău, he entered the Saint Sava National College in Bucharest, and then studied Law in Paris. Marghiloman was elected to the Romanian Parliament in 1884, and joined the government in 1888.
A member of the Conservative Party, he supported cooperation with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance, and, at the beginning of World War I, he favoured neutrality. Romania remained neutral until 1916, when she entered on | 14,793 |
1214891 | Alexandru Marghiloman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Marghiloman | Alexandru Marghiloman
the Allied side and this was the reason he refused a seat in the Ion Brătianu's liberal government.
After the Germans occupied Bucharest, he remained there as the president of the Romanian Red Cross, and acted as a mediator between the German occupation authorities and the Romanian population. He rejected the ideas of the German side of forming a parallel administration to King Ferdinand I's government that was moved to Iaşi.
# Cabinet and later years.
However, since Bolshevist Russia withdrew from the war and the Germans could occupy the rest of Romania, king Ferdinand requested Marghiloman to become a Prime Minister, hoping that with a pro-German Prime Minister it would be easier to make | 14,794 |
1214891 | Alexandru Marghiloman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Marghiloman | Alexandru Marghiloman
peace with the Germans, and knowing that Germany would consider the Western Front to be much more important.
Indeed, Marghiloman negotiated and signed a peace treaty (known as the Treaty of Bucharest) with the Central Powers on May 7, 1918, which proved to be very punitive and restrictive for Romania. However, this treaty was never ratified. Marghiloman's cabinet fell after the Compiègne armistice, and it was replaced quickly with the pro-Allied General Constantin Coandă on November 6 and re-entered the war against Germany on November 10, a day before the end of the war. Retreated from public life following the collapse of Conservative politicians in post-war Greater Romania, Marghiloman died | 14,795 |
1214891 | Alexandru Marghiloman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Marghiloman | Alexandru Marghiloman
in his native town.
# Trivia.
In his private life, Marghiloman was also an enthusiastic horse breeder: horses owned by him won the Romanian Derby 28 times. His large estate, the "Albatros Villa" (named after one of his horses) in Buzău, was for a long time a meeting place for Conservative politicians.
Marghiloman gave his name to "Marghiloman coffee", Turkish coffee boiled in brandy.
# References.
- George D. Nicolescu, "Parlamentul Român (1866–1901)" ("Romanian Parliament (1866–1901)"), I. V. Socecu, Bucharest, 1903
- Mircea Dumitriu, "Alexandru Marghiloman, omul nemtilor sau omul providential?" ("Alexandru Marghiloman, the German's man or the man of providence?"), in România Liberă, | 14,796 |
1214891 | Alexandru Marghiloman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandru%20Marghiloman | Alexandru Marghiloman
as for a long time a meeting place for Conservative politicians.
Marghiloman gave his name to "Marghiloman coffee", Turkish coffee boiled in brandy.
# References.
- George D. Nicolescu, "Parlamentul Român (1866–1901)" ("Romanian Parliament (1866–1901)"), I. V. Socecu, Bucharest, 1903
- Mircea Dumitriu, "Alexandru Marghiloman, omul nemtilor sau omul providential?" ("Alexandru Marghiloman, the German's man or the man of providence?"), in România Liberă, October 13, 2007; accessed September 3, 2010
- "DOSARE DECLASIFICATE / Perchezitionarea premierului Marghiloman" ("Declassified files/Search of prime minister Marghiloman"), in Ziarul Financiar, January 29, 2009; accessed September 3, 2010 | 14,797 |
1214894 | Nathaniel Burslem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Burslem | Nathaniel Burslem
Nathaniel Burslem
Nathaniel Godolphin Burslem VC (2 February 1837 – 14 July 1865), born in Limerick, Ireland; was by birth both Irish and by descent English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Burslem was born 2 February 1836 in County Limerick, Ireland, the son of George James Burslem of the 94th Regiment of Foot and Susan (née Vokes), of Limerick (married Dublin 15 March 1836). His father was English, and traced his family back to the town of Burslem in Staffordshire. His grandfather was Colonel Nathaniel Godolphin Burslem who was awarded the Gold Medal - the | 14,798 |
1214894 | Nathaniel Burslem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Burslem | Nathaniel Burslem
forerunner of the VC Medal.
On 21 August 1860 at the Taku Forts, China, during the Second China War Lieutenant Burslem, then aged 24 and serving in the 67th Regiment of Foot, British Army, and Private Thomas Lane of his regiment displayed great gallantry for which they were both awarded the VC. They swam the ditches of the North Taku Fort and attempted, during the assault and before an entrance had been effected by anyone, to enlarge an opening in the wall, through which they eventually entered. In doing so, they were both severely wounded.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Royal Hampshire Regiment Museum & Memorial Garden, Winchester, England. He later achieved the rank of captain before | 14,799 |
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