wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1214894 | Nathaniel Burslem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Burslem | Nathaniel Burslem
eum & Memorial Garden, Winchester, England. He later achieved the rank of captain before selling his commission and sailing, along with his brother John Godolphin Burslem, to New Zealand. He arrived in 1865 and bought land in the North Island and was planning to grow flax, but he and an acquaintance capsized their canoe on the Thames River, both drowning on 14 July 1865. His body was not recovered.
# References.
Listed in order of publication year
- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)
- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development 1995)
- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)
- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000) | 14,800 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
Ethics in Government Act
The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 is a United States federal law that was passed in the wake of the Nixon Watergate scandal and the Saturday Night Massacre. It created mandatory, public disclosure of financial and employment history of public officials and their immediate families. It also created restrictions on lobbying efforts by public officials for a set period after leaving public office. Last, it created the U.S. Office of Independent Counsel, tasked with investigating government officials.
# Title I.
Title I requires those in the public service sector to fill out financial disclosure forms which include the sources and amounts of income, gifts, reimbursements, | 14,801 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
the identity and approximate value of property held and liabilities owed, transactions in property, commodities, and securities, and certain financial interests of a spouse or dependent.
The report must then be filed to the appropriate state officer of his or her state, and the committee charged with issues of ethics in his or her respective house of Congress. The President, Vice President, counsel appointed to the United States Department of Justice, and nominees to positions that require United States Senate confirmation must file with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics.
People that must file reports include, but are not limited to: the President, Vice President, employees and | 14,802 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
officers of the Executive Branch, Postmaster General, the Deputy Postmaster General, each Governor of the Board of Governors of the U.S. Postal Service and each officer or employee of the United States Postal Service or Postal Regulatory Commission.
Disclosure must also be made available to the public shortly after they are submitted.
The Attorney General of the United States can bring charges against anyone who falsifies information in the reports.
# Title II.
Vote to repeal took place in 1989, and took effect January 1, 1991. This title originally governed financial disclosure by executive branch officials, but disclosure rules for all three branches were later consolidated into the first | 14,803 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
title.
# Title III.
Vote to repeal took place in 1989, and took effect January 1, 1991. This title originally governed financial disclosure by judicial branch officials, but disclosure rules for all three branches were later consolidated into the first title.
# Title IV.
Title IV created the Office of Government Ethics. The Office of Government Ethics' director is appointed by the President, and approved by the Senate. He or she is charged with providing direction on Executive Branch policies of disclosure, and collaborates with the Attorney General in investigations of ethics violations.
# Title V.
Title V restricts outside employment on people making above $120,000 a year with adjustment | 14,804 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
for location as of 2011. He or she cannot be employed by an "entity which provides professional services involving a fiduciary relationship", have his or her name used by that entity, work on the board of that entity, or teach without prior authorization by the appropriate government ethics department or figure.
It increased length of prohibition of lobbying work in front of the agency that he or she was employed by from one to two years.
Finally, it allows for judges to teach when not on active duty.
# Title VI.
Title VI amended Title 28 of the U.S. Code. Title VI of The Act expired on June 30, 1999. It has been permanently replaced with Title 28 (CFR), Chapter VI, Part 600.
It requires | 14,805 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
the Attorney General to investigate specific allegations of federal offenses by the President, Vice President, individuals at specified salary levels in the Executive Office of the President and the Department of Justice, any Assistant Attorney General, the Director and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, all such specified individuals who held office during the incumbency of the President or during the period the previous President held office, if such preceding President was of the same political party as the incumbent President, and any officer of the principal national campaign committee seeking the election or reelection of the President.
The | 14,806 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
Attorney General must decide if there is merit to the allegation within 90 days. If so, he or she must have a special prosecutor appointed who has all the power of the Department of Justice office except those specific to the Attorney General. The special prosecutor is chosen through a system wherein the Chief Justice of the United States appoints a panel of three judges from the Circuit Court of Appeals, one of which must be from the District of Columbia, who serve three-year terms and choose the special prosecutor. The special prosecutor has the authority to send any information to the United States Congress that he or she deems relevant and can provide counsel in issues that may call for | 14,807 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
impeachment of the person under investigation.
The special prosecutor can only be removed by impeachment and conviction by congress, or by the Attorney General for "substantial improprieties" or a physical or mental condition that affects performance.
The Department of Justice is required to suspend all investigations within the realm of the special prosecutor.
The Attorney General has the authority to declare anyone disqualified from participating in an investigation because of conflict of interest.
# Criticism.
Justice Antonin Scalia provided critiques of the Act, based on both Constitutional law and the potential for harm in practice, in his dissenting opinion in the case "Morrison v. | 14,808 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
Olson". Justice Scalia, a judicial conservative, noted that the U.S. Constitution granted consolidated power to enforce the law exclusively to the Executive Branch. The Act extended the power to initiate criminal investigation to the United States House of Representatives and the Senate, which Scalia viewed as a violation of the separation of powers. He believed that the House of Representatives' investigation through the use of a special prosecutor "[arose] out of a bitter power dispute between the President and the Legislative Branch".
Even some Congressmen who had voted for the Act criticized it privately, leading to speculation that "if it had been an anonymous vote, it would have been | 14,809 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
voted down two-to-one". The bill's most controversial feature among Congressmen was its limit on outside income, which could be no more than 15 percent of his public service income. This restriction applied only to "earned" income, while excluding investment income from stocks or bonds. About a half-dozen members of the House of Representatives reportedly would not speak to the Speaker of the House, Tip O'Neill, because he pushed the Act through. Their claim was that the Act favored people with "unearned" wealth, people who already had it, over people with "earned" additional income, usually with a law practice on the side. Democratic Representative David R. Bowen of Mississippi called the ethics | 14,810 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
climate of the time a "witch-hunt".
Specific provisions of the Act have faced criticism as either too weak or too strong. The Special Prosecutor created by Title VI was empowered to pursue investigations with minimal evidence, and was required to pursue any accusation that the District Attorney could not disprove. It allowed for legal harassment of political opponents, even in cases that prosecutors stated they would have dropped in any other federal court. Republicans complained of abuse by Democrats during the Supreme Court case of "Morrison v. Olson", and Democrats later complained that Kenneth Starr's three and a half year investigation of President Bill Clinton in the Monica Lewinsky scandal | 14,811 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
was motivated by partisanship. The Office of Government Ethics created by Title IV has been criticized on the grounds that its limited budget, leadership and prestige are inadequate for the Office to function effectively.
Other critics complain that public disclosure involves a violation of privacy which may deter good people from public service.
# See also.
- STOCK Act or Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act
# Further reading.
- Carroll, James D. "If Men Were Angels: Assessing Ethics in the Government Act of 1978". "Policy Studies Journal". 17:2 (1988/1989:Winter). p. 435.
- Cook, Julian A., III, The Independent Counsel Statute: A Premature Demise, Brigham Young Law Review, 4/1999, | 14,812 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
Bigham Young Law Review - online Archives
- Eastland, Terry. "The Independent-Counsel Regime". "Public Interest". 100 (1990:Summer) p. 68
- Greenhouse, Linda. "Blank Check; Ethics in Government: The Price of Good Intentions. "The New York Times". Feb. 1, 1998. Print. Blank Check; Ethics in Government: The Price of Good Intentions - New York Times
- O'Conner, Karen and Larry Sabato. "American Government: Continuity and Change." 8th. ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.
- "Reporter at Large: Congressional Ethics." The New Yorker 22 Aug. 1977. The New Yorker. p. 71-81 Web. The New Yorker Digital Edition : Aug 22, 1977
- Scalia, Antonin. "Morrison v. Olson: Dissenting Opinion". Cornell University | 14,813 |
1214890 | Ethics in Government Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics%20in%20Government%20Act | Ethics in Government Act
. "Blank Check; Ethics in Government: The Price of Good Intentions. "The New York Times". Feb. 1, 1998. Print. Blank Check; Ethics in Government: The Price of Good Intentions - New York Times
- O'Conner, Karen and Larry Sabato. "American Government: Continuity and Change." 8th. ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.
- "Reporter at Large: Congressional Ethics." The New Yorker 22 Aug. 1977. The New Yorker. p. 71-81 Web. The New Yorker Digital Edition : Aug 22, 1977
- Scalia, Antonin. "Morrison v. Olson: Dissenting Opinion". Cornell University Law School. Morrison v. Olson
# External links.
- Ethics In Government Act, Title I, U.S. House of Representatives
- H.R. 1: Financial Disclosure Act | 14,814 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa ("Research and Academic Computer Network") or NASK is a Polish research and development organization and data networks operator.
# .PL Registry.
NASK is the .pl ccTLD registry. While launching in 2003 a domain automatic registration system by means of EPP (Extensible Provisioning Protocol), NASK introduced the Partner Programme within the scope of registration and service of domain names. The NASK Partner Programme is a solution operating in accordance with the world recognised “Registry-Registrar” model. NASK (Registry) provides its Partners (Registrars) with the functionality of independent registering and servicing | 14,815 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
domain names in the .pl domain registry.
Each entrepreneur, meeting the technical and formal requirements specified by NASK, may become a NASK’s Partner. The Partner Programme gives subscribers an opportunity to choose the most attractive offer from a number of Polish and foreign providers rendering domain name related services. Currently, over 99.9 percent of all domain name registrations are effected by NASK’s Partners.
In 2003, NASK, as one of the first registries in the world, introduced the maintenance of domain names with diacritic signs (Internationalized Domain Names). Also in 2003, on the NASK’s initiative, the Court of Conciliation for Internet Domains organized at the Polish Chamber | 14,816 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
of Information Technology and Telecommunications was established.
Besides domain registration, NASK offers through its Partners such services as Waiting List Service (WLS) – the so-called “option” enabling the purchase of the 3-year period of priority for registration of a domain name in case it has been deleted, or Domain Name Tasting (DNT) – a service consisting in registration of a domain name for the period of 14 days for the purpose of testing its attractiveness.
Since the end of September 2009, NASK has been cooperating with the Partners on the basis of a prepaid model, where the fee for registration is collected automatically from the Partner’s account.
In order to increase the .pl | 14,817 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
domain security, since 20 December 2011 NASK has begun to implement DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions) in the production environment, and since 4 June 2012 subscribers have been allowed to forward to the .pl registry the DS records of secured domain names.
Since 1 July 2013, in accordance with the agreement concluded with IPPT PAN (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences), NASK has been providing the maintenance of .gov.pl domain names.
NASK is the official representative of Poland in organizations such as FIRST, CENTR and ICANN, which in turn authorizes NASK to indirectly influence the operation of DNS.
# CERT Polska.
The CERT Polska team | 14,818 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
operates within the structures of NASK. CERT Polska is the first Polish computer emergency response team. Active since 1996 in the response teams community, it has become a recognized and experienced entity in the field of computer security. Since its launch, the core of the team’s activity has been handling security incidents and cooperation with similar units worldwide. CERT Polska also conducts extensive security-related R&D. In 1998, CERT Polska became a member of the international forum of response teams (FIRST), and since 2000 it has been a member of the working group of the European response teams: TERENA TF-CSIRT, accredited by Trusted Introducer. In 2005 by the initiative of CERT Polska, | 14,819 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
a forum of Polish abuse teams, Abuse FORUM, was created. In 2010 CERT Polska joined the Anti-Phishing Working Group, an association of companies and institutions which actively fight on-line crime.
Main responsibilities of CERT Polska include:
- registration and handling of network security incidents;
- active response in case of direct threats to users;
- cooperation with other CERT teams in Poland and worldwide;
- participation in national and international projects related to the IT security;
- research into methods of detecting security incidents, analysis of malware, systems for exchanging information on threats;
- development of proprietary and open source tools for detection, monitoring, | 14,820 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
analysis, and correlation of threat;
- regular publication of the annual CERT Polska Report on security of Polish cyberspace;
- informational and educational activities, aimed at raising awareness in relation to IT security, including:
- maintaining a blog at cert.pl as well as Facebook and Twitter accounts;
- organization of the annual SECURE conference
- analysis and testing of IT security solutions.
# Dyzurnet.pl.
The Dyżurnet.pl team is a point of contact that has been functioning within the framework of NASK since 2005. It responds to anonymous reports received from Internet users about potentially illegal material, such as pornographic content involving a minor.
Dyżurnet.pl also | 14,821 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
carries out awareness raising and educational activities to increase the level of the online safety of children and young people by, among others, taking various initiatives, including campaigns, conferences, trainings for professionals and experts as well as workshops for the youngest Internet users.
Dyżurnet.pl operates as part of the Polish Safer Internet Centre- the European Commission’s program.
# References.
- http://www.nask.pl
- http://www.dns.pl
- http://www.cert.pl
- https://dyzurnet.pl
- http://www.saferinternet.pl
# External links.
- Homepage - about the organization
- NASK Main Website
- CERT Polska homepage
- Dyzurnet.pl homepage
- Saferinternet homepage
- .PL Registry: | 14,822 |
1214904 | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naukowa%20i%20Akademicka%20Sieć%20Komputerowa | Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa
ies to increase the level of the online safety of children and young people by, among others, taking various initiatives, including campaigns, conferences, trainings for professionals and experts as well as workshops for the youngest Internet users.
Dyżurnet.pl operates as part of the Polish Safer Internet Centre- the European Commission’s program.
# References.
- http://www.nask.pl
- http://www.dns.pl
- http://www.cert.pl
- https://dyzurnet.pl
- http://www.saferinternet.pl
# External links.
- Homepage - about the organization
- NASK Main Website
- CERT Polska homepage
- Dyzurnet.pl homepage
- Saferinternet homepage
- .PL Registry: List of registrars
- .PL Registry: Statistics | 14,823 |
1214884 | AA-52 machine gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AA-52%20machine%20gun | AA-52 machine gun
AA-52 machine gun
The AA-52 (full designation in French: "Arme Automatique Transformable Modèle 1952", "Transformable automatic weapon model 1952") is one of the first French-produced guns of the post–World War II era. It was manufactured by the French government-owned Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne (MAS) company. The AA-52 is still used today as a vehicle-mounted weapon due to large quantities in service, but has been replaced in the helicopter role by the Belgian FN MAG, starting with the EC 725 Caracal of the special operations units and the Air Force search and rescue teams. The AA-52 had been largely phased out for infantry use in favour of the lighter FN Minimi but remains in use.
# | 14,824 |
1214884 | AA-52 machine gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AA-52%20machine%20gun | AA-52 machine gun
History.
The AA-52 general-purpose machine gun was conceived and developed following the French military's experiences in the First Indochina War during the early 1950s. At that time, the French army was equipped with an assortment of weapons from British and American sources, as well as some German weapons from the Second World War.
Effective supply of ammunition and replacement parts was an almost insoluble task and the army decided to adopt a standard machine gun. The result was the AA-52, conceived for ease of production. The construction is of simple welded stamped sheet steel.
The AA-52 was partially withdrawn from the service of the French army in 2008. It was replaced in the 2010s | 14,825 |
1214884 | AA-52 machine gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AA-52%20machine%20gun | AA-52 machine gun
by 10,881 FN MAG general-purpose machine guns.
# Design.
The AA-52 is a peculiar weapon among modern machine guns because it uses lever-delayed blowback operation, also seen in the FAMAS rifle, manufactured at the same factory. When firing, the pressure pushing the case head rearward initiates an impulse on a cam that sends the bolt carrier rearward. After a certain distance, a link (in this case the firing pin) pulls the bolt head, hence extracting the spent case. Since there is no primary extraction, the chamber is fluted to allow powder gases to flow back, unsticking the case from the wall chamber as with Heckler & Koch–type roller-delayed blowback weapons.
The AA-52 can be used as a light | 14,826 |
1214884 | AA-52 machine gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AA-52%20machine%20gun | AA-52 machine gun
machine gun with a bipod or as a heavy machine gun with a tripod. When used with a tripod for continuous fire, the gun is fitted with a heavier barrel. In the light machine gun configuration, the AA-52 is a relatively light weapon to carry. The AA-52 can be fired from the shoulder but this is slightly awkward because of the position of the handle, however the bipod can be used as a handguard when not in use. The barrel is changed by pressing a latch and rotating it a quarter of a turn. The APX(SOM) telescopic sight used on the MAS-49 and the FR-F1 sniper rifle can be mounted on the AA-52 as well as an infrared night sight.
# Variants.
## NF-1.
The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5×54mm | 14,827 |
1214884 | AA-52 machine gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AA-52%20machine%20gun | AA-52 machine gun
French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre.
## MAC-58.
The MAC-58 was a version of the AA-52 chambered in .50 BMG. A few prototypes were tested and one retained for preserial production, but it never reached production due to the large quantity of US M2 Browning machine guns already in service with the French armed forces.
# Users.
- : Twin AA-52 machine guns were found in Fouga Magister attack aircraft.
- : "F1" variant.
- : used some "ANF1" to protect Camp Warehouse, Afghanistan, under French command.
- : Twin AA-52 7.62mm machine guns were fitted to the Irish | 14,828 |
1214884 | AA-52 machine gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AA-52%20machine%20gun | AA-52 machine gun
The MAC-58 was a version of the AA-52 chambered in .50 BMG. A few prototypes were tested and one retained for preserial production, but it never reached production due to the large quantity of US M2 Browning machine guns already in service with the French armed forces.
# Users.
- : Twin AA-52 machine guns were found in Fouga Magister attack aircraft.
- : "F1" variant.
- : used some "ANF1" to protect Camp Warehouse, Afghanistan, under French command.
- : Twin AA-52 7.62mm machine guns were fitted to the Irish Panhard AML 60-7 CS armoured cars.
- mounted on VAB mephisto
- : Armed and Security Forces of Mali
- : "F1" variant.
# External links.
- AAT Mod.52 / Mod. F1 at Modern Firearms | 14,829 |
1214905 | NASK | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASK | NASK
NASK
NASK may refer to:
- Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa, or Research and Academic Computer Network, a Polish research and development organization
- Nord-Amerika Somera Kursaro, or North American Summer Esperanto Institute, an Esperanto immersion course | 14,830 |
1214902 | Knight's fee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight's%20fee | Knight's fee
Knight's fee
In feudal Anglo-Norman England and Ireland, a knight's fee was a unit measure of land deemed sufficient to support a knight. Of necessity, it would not only provide sustenance for himself, his family, esquires and servants, but also the means to furnish himself and his retinue with horses and armour to fight for his overlord in battle. It was effectively the size of a fee (or "fief" which is synonymous with "fee") sufficient to support one knight in the ongoing performance of his feudal duties (knight-service). A knight's fee cannot be stated as a standard number of acres as the required acreage to produce a given crop or revenue would vary depending on many factors, including its | 14,831 |
1214902 | Knight's fee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight's%20fee | Knight's fee
location, the richness of its soil and the local climate, as well as the presence of other exploitable resources such as fish-weirs, quarries of rock or mines of minerals. If a knight's fee is deemed co-terminous with a manor, an average size would be between 1,000 and 5,000 acres, of which much in early times was still "waste", forest and uncultivated moorland.
# Creation.
A knight's fee could be created by the king himself or by one of his tenants-in-chief by separating off an area of land from his own demesne (land held in-hand), which process when performed by the latter was known as subinfeudation, and establishing therein a new manor for the use of a knight who would by the process of | 14,832 |
1214902 | Knight's fee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight's%20fee | Knight's fee
enfeoffment become his tenant by paying homage and fealty to his new overlord. This homage and fealty was a vow of loyalty to his overlord, with corresponding vow of protection received, and an undertaking to provide a specified form of service commonly due under feudal land tenure in England. Broadly speaking such service was either military (knight-service) or non-military (serjeanty, etc.). Military service was generally to a maximum of 40 days per annum, signifying that he would have to fight for his overlord in battle. No cash rent was payable, although military service was later transformable into scutage. A knight was required to maintain the dignity of knighthood, which meant that he | 14,833 |
1214902 | Knight's fee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight's%20fee | Knight's fee
should live in suitable style and be well-turned out in battle, with the required number of esquires to serve him and with horses, arms and armour for all.
# Used as a unit for tax assessment.
A feudal tenant-in-chief of the king was assessed for certain feudal aids according as to how many knight's fees he held, whether tenanted or held in demesne. Where a knight's fee was inherited by joint heiresses, the fee would be split into two or more moieties, that is two separate parts, each a manor of itself with its own manorial court, each deemed half a knight's fee, and so-on down to smaller fractions. Thus a magnate could be overlord to, say, 12 knight's fees.
# Subinfeudation.
A knight's | 14,834 |
1214902 | Knight's fee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight's%20fee | Knight's fee
fee was not only originally created by the process of subinfeudation, but could itself be split into smaller units by the same process, otherwise than through inheritance. By this means, until the practice was outlawed in 1290 by the statute of "Quia Emptores", a knight could create his own feudal retainer who would pledge fealty to him rather than to the overlord. Such a holding was termed a sub-fee.
It can thus be seen that the knight's fee was the base unit of land valuation for use in the feudal system.
# See also.
- Examples of feudalism for historic examples of knight's fees
# References.
- Sally Harvey, "The Knight and the Knight's Fee in England", "Past and Present", No. 49. (Nov., | 14,835 |
1214902 | Knight's fee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight's%20fee | Knight's fee
ginally created by the process of subinfeudation, but could itself be split into smaller units by the same process, otherwise than through inheritance. By this means, until the practice was outlawed in 1290 by the statute of "Quia Emptores", a knight could create his own feudal retainer who would pledge fealty to him rather than to the overlord. Such a holding was termed a sub-fee.
It can thus be seen that the knight's fee was the base unit of land valuation for use in the feudal system.
# See also.
- Examples of feudalism for historic examples of knight's fees
# References.
- Sally Harvey, "The Knight and the Knight's Fee in England", "Past and Present", No. 49. (Nov., 1970), pp. 3–43. | 14,836 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
Taufik Batisah
Muhammad Taufik bin Batisah (Jawi: محمد تيوفيك بن بتيسه; born 10 December 1981) is a Singaporean singer and winner of the first season of the reality TV series "Singapore Idol".
# Early life.
Taufik was born to a Malay family of mixed Indian and Buginese descent. His parents divorced when he was 13. He attended Boon Lay Primary School, Jurong Secondary School and is a graduate of the Singapore Polytechnic.
Taufik first started out as a singer in a local group called Bonafide, playing a mixture of hip hop and R&B with fellow rapper, Mark Bonafide.
Taufik participated in the first season of the reality TV series Singapore Idol in 2004. On 1 December 2004, Taufik was crowned | 14,837 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
the first ever Singapore Idol at the Singapore Indoor Stadium before an audience of more than 8,000 fans and 1.8 million viewers across the country. He scored a recording deal with Sony BMG and a management deal under Hype Records' artiste management arm, ArtisteNetworks. It was later revealed that Taufik had won 682,000 of the 1.1 million votes cast that night, while his opponent Sylvester Sim managed 418,000 votes.
# Post Idol Music career.
Following his win, Taufik clinched a string of endorsements for brands such as Harmuni Rice, Samsung, 7-Eleven stores and HSC drinks. He was the first Singapore artiste to endorse for the Swiss watch-maker, Swatch.
On 14 January 2005, Taufik released | 14,838 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
his first English album "Blessings". The album included Taufik's hits from the competition such as "Me and Mrs Jones", "Let's Stay Together", "Superstition" as well as the Idol winning song "I Dream". Taufik also co-wrote one track on the album titled "Close 2 You". "Blessings" went on to a smashing sale of 36,000 copies, making into the Singapore Guinness Book of Records as the best selling local English album in the past decade. It remains a record unbroken in the Singapore music industry.
On 19 April 2005, Taufik held his first solo concert showcase "An Evening With Taufik" at the Kallang Theatre. Fresh from recovering from tonsillitis (resulted from a non-stop four months performing schedule), | 14,839 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
he charmed both the media and full-house audience with his soulful singing and smooth on-stage moves.
In 2006, Taufik released his second album "All Because of You" where he wrote and produced eight of the tracks. The English-Malay album spurred off a string of hits and further opened doors to the Malay music industry. Title track "All Because of You" made its debut that the finals of the second season of Singapore Idol. The three Malay singles on the album "Usah Lepaskan", "Sesuatu Janji" and "Sombong" took the Malay music industry by storm. He was named the Most Sellable Artiste at MediaCorp Suria's People's Choice Awards and was also awarded the Most Popular Male Artiste Award at the regional | 14,840 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
Anugerah Planet Muzik 2006. Winning Favourite Artist Singapore at the 2006 MTV Asia Awards further elevated Taufik's career to further heights. An iconic role model, Taufik was also voted as the Winner of Kid's Choice Wannabe Award (Singapore) at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award 2006.
Taufik continued to shine as the top artiste in Singapore, garnering the Most Popular Male Personality Award at Suria's Annual TV awards, Pesta Perdana 2007, the Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Wannabe Award (Singapore) for the second consecutive year, and also the Most Popular Artiste (Singapore) Award, Most Popular Song – "Usah Lepaskan" (Singapore) Award and the Best Local Song – "Usah Lepaskan"(Singer/Composer/Lyricist) | 14,841 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
Award at the Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007. "Usah Lepaskan" was also the Number 1 Song of the Year on Ria 89.7FM.
In 2007, he debuted his Malaysian album titled, "Teman Istimewa (Special Friend)" on 5 September and was the album long-awaited by the Malaysian "Fiknatics" (as his fans are called). Taufik produced 90% of this album and three songs are the Malay version of his earlier English songs "Untukmu" ("First"), "Berserah" ("Holding On") and "Janjiku Padamu" ("I Promise Forever"). "Seribu Tahun (A Thousand Years)", a song which he co-wrote, swept the Malaysian radio charts after it became the theme song for Malaysia's Channel TV3 hit drama series, "Kerana Cintaku Saerah (Because of My Love | 14,842 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
Saerah)".
In 2008, Taufik won the Most Popular Artiste (Singapore) Award and Most Popular Song (Singapore) Award for his composition "Berserah (Surrender)" as well as the Best Singapore Artiste Award at Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008. He also received the Singapore Youth Award (Arts and Culture), awarded by the National Youth Council, in recognition of his achievements in the music industry and for being a role model to the younger generation. Meanwhile, Taufik's music compositions also received greater recognition as "Berserah" took the No. 1 spot for Song of the Year and "Teman Istimewa" took 5th place on the RIA 89.7FM radio station's 2008 Top 30 Countdown.
Taufik also launched his fourth music | 14,843 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
album "Suria Hatiku (Light of My Heart)". This critically acclaimed Malay album showcased a wide variety of songs of different genres and had spurned multiple Number No. 1 hits such as "Gadis Itu (That Girl)", "Nafasku (My Breathe)", "Hey" and "Kepadanya (For Him)". The album also featured music collaborations between his mentor, Ken Lim, renowned music producer, M. Nasir, and singer, Hady Mirza.
Taufik was named the Most Popular Singapore Artiste for the third consecutive year at the Anugerah Planet Muzik Award 2009. His composition "Usah Lepaskan" was awarded the top Malay song with the highest royalties by COMPASS. Taufik also performed at the Angureah Planet Muzik Award held in Jakarta | 14,844 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
and the Singapore Day 2009 event in London. He was also invited to represent Singapore to perform at the ASEAN – Korea Commemorative Summit in Korea and performed at APEC Singapore 2009's "Singapore Evening at The Esplanade".
The year 2010 proved to be an exuberant start for Taufik. Besides fronting the finale performance at the Chingay Parade 2010 and performing for the second consecutive time in Seoul under the invitation of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Korea as well as Singapore's NAC, he continued to receive recognition for his music. He earned the top honour roll of six major awards at the first AnugeraHitz.sg Awards, which honoured the best in the local Malay music industry. | 14,845 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
The year also saw him diversifying his art and making his theatrical debut in Dick Lee's "Fried Rice Paradise – The Musical".
In 2011, he was part of the "Home" video project under Total Defence Campaign and also fronted the "WeAreOne" fund raising project for the Japan tsunami. He also released an Eid ul-Fitr collaboration album "Kenangan Di Hari Raya (Memories on Eid)" with Hady Mirza.
In August of that year, he represented Singapore and performed with the Asia Traditional Orchestra for Korea's Independence Day in Seoul.
He also wrote and recorded a duet single "Aku Bersahaja (Simply Me)" with Indonesian diva Rossa. The pair debuted the single at Rossa's "Harmoni Cinta" Concert at Esplanade. | 14,846 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
"Aku Bersahaja" was released in Singapore and Malaysia and to date, is his eighth Malay No. 1 radio chart topper.
For his achievements in the local music scene, he was honoured with the Yahoo! "Singapore Most Influential Person in Entertainment 2011".
In 2012, his hit ballad 'Usah Lepaskan' was also voted the Most Iconic Song in 55 years of Malay music in Singapore. July of that year saw his return to the English music scene with a new single "Sky's The Limit" which featured the voice of popular singer-actress Rui En.
"Sky's The Limit" hit the No. 1 position on 98.7 FM Top 20 Countdown Chart for two consecutive weeks on 7 and 14 September, a rare feat for a local song as the Chart is usually | 14,847 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
dominated by international acts.
Taufik represented Singapore at the first ABU TV Song Festival 2012 at the KBS Concert Hall, in Seoul, South Korea on 14 October 2012. He performed his multi-award-winning composition -"Usah Lepaskan" at the international gala music concert alongside high-profile music talents from across the region, including TVXQ (Korea), Havana Brown (Australia), Hafiz Suip (Malaysia) and Perfume (Japan).
"Aku Bersahaja" with Rossa was nominated for "Lagu Bahasa Melayu Terbaik yang Dipersembahkan oleh Artis Luar Negara" (Best Malay Song performance By A Foreign Artist) at the upcoming Malaysia's annual music award – Anugerah Industri Muzik (AIM) 19, and also for "Kolaborasi | 14,848 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
Terbaik" (Best Collaboration) in Singapore's Malay regional music Anugerah Planet Muzik.
Taufik also rose in the ranks of the regional and international music scene when he received significant recognition from Korea's Mnet Asia Music Awards (MAMA) for Best Asian Artist (Singapore) as well as Anugerah Planet Muzik's Best Collaboration (for "Aku Bersahaja"), Most Popular Singapore Artiste and Most Popular Regional Artiste.
On 1 October 2014, Taufik released his fifth studio album, "Fique", which he produced, arranged and wrote all but one song. "Fique" features duets with Malay rapper Altimet, singer Shila Amzah and his aunt, Maria Bachok. Reviewing "Fique" in "The Straits Times", Eddino Abdul | 14,849 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
Hadi awarded the album four out of five stars and wrote that it was "not so much Taufik, 32, reinventing himself as it is him taking the best parts of his past and moulding them into one cohesive work...a solid collection of songs." "TODAY" 's Kenneth Choy awarded "Fique" four out of five, calling the album "[e]xpressive, emotive and energetic" plus "truly a good comeback effort with just about the right mix of material that will appeal to new and current fans alike."
At the Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014, Taufik won three awards: Most Popular Song (Singapore), Most Popular Artist and Social Media Icon, winning the most awards by any artist that year. Taufik also performed three songs, including | 14,850 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
his new single, '#AwakKatMane' (Where Are You), off his recent album, "Fique".
# Discography.
Studio albums
- 2005: "Blessings"
- 2006: "All Because of You"
- 2007: "Teman Istimewa"
- 2008: "Suria Hatikuu"
- 2014: "Fique"
Other albums
- 2005: "Shooting Stars" Original Soundtrack
- 2010: "Fried Rice Paradise – The Musical" Soundtrack
- 2011: "Kenangan Di Hari Raya"
VCD
- 2005: "An Evening with Taufik"
Singles
- 2005: "Reach out for the Skies" (National Day Parade Theme Song)
- 2006: "Let Her Go"
- 2006: "I Don't Know"
- 2009: "Addicted"
- 2011: "Aku Bersahaja" (duet with Rossa)
- 2012: "Sky's The Limit" (feat. Rui En)
- 2013: "Ikrar Kasih" (OST Luluhnya Sebuah Ikrar)
- 2014: | 14,851 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
"Awak Kat Mane"
- 2014: "Hanya Kamu"
- 2015: "Izinkanku"
- 2017: "Untuk Kita"
- 2017: "Memilih Mencintaimu" (feat. Adira)
# Stage.
- 2010 : "Fried Rice Paradise – The Musical"
# Awards.
2006
- Pesta! Pesta! Pesta! – Most Sellable Artiste
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2006 – Most Popular Male Artiste
- MTV Asia Awards 2006 – Favourite Artist Singapore
- Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award 2006 – Kids' Choice Award Wannabe Award (Singapore)
2007
- Pesta Perdana 9 – Most Popular Male Personality
- Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award 2007 – Kids' Choice Award Wannabe Award (Singapore)
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 – Most Popular Singapore | 14,852 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
Song ("Usah Lepaskan")
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 – Best Local Singapore Song ("Usah Lepaskan")
2008
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 – Most Popular Singapore Song ("Berserah")
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 – Best Singapore Artiste
- Singapore Youth Award 2008 (Arts and Culture)
2009
- Composers and Authors Society of Singapore (Compass) Award – Top Local Malay Pop Song ("Usah Lepaskan")
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2009 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste
2010
- Manja Star Award ("Anugerah Bintang Manja") 2010
- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Best Artiste
- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Best Composer ("Nafasku")
- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Best Album | 14,853 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
("Suria Hatiku")
- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Most Popular Song ("Nafasku")
- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Most Popular Song ("KepadaNya")
- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Most Popular Artiste
2011
- Yahoo! Singapore – Singapore 9 Award (in Entertainment Category)
2012
- MediaCorp Suria BandStand Elektra – MOST ICONIC SONG – VIEWERS CHOICE ("Usah Lepaskan")
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 – Most Popular Regional Artiste
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 – Best Collaboration, with Indonesia's Rossa in the song "Aku Bersahaja"
- Mnet Asian Music Awards 2012 – Best Asian Artist (Singapore)
2013
- Sri Temasek Award 2013 – Sri Temasek Promising Award
2014
- | 14,854 |
1214893 | Taufik Batisah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taufik%20Batisah | Taufik Batisah
st Collaboration, with Indonesia's Rossa in the song "Aku Bersahaja"
- Mnet Asian Music Awards 2012 – Best Asian Artist (Singapore)
2013
- Sri Temasek Award 2013 – Sri Temasek Promising Award
2014
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014 - Most Popular Song (Singapore)
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014 - Most Popular Artist
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014 - Social Media Icon
2015
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-Social Media Icon
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-Most Popular Song (Singapore)
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-APM Most Popular Song
- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-MOST POPULAR ARTISTE (SINGAPORE)
# External links.
- All Taufik Batisah's News
- TaufikBatisah.net
- Taufik-Batisah.net
- HYPE RECORDS | 14,855 |
1214916 | Constantin Sănătescu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin%20Sănătescu | Constantin Sănătescu
Constantin Sănătescu
Constantin Sănătescu (14 January 1885, Craiova – 8 November 1947, Bucharest) was a Romanian statesman who served as the 44th Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup, through which Romania left the Axis Powers and joined the Allies.
# Life and career.
The son of general Gheorghe Sănătescu, he graduated from the Military School in Bucharest in 1907. He fought against Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War (1913), and in World War I. In between the wars, he was a military attaché in Paris and then London. A general in 1935, he was named deputy Chief of the General Staff in 1937. Sănătescu led the Romanian legation to Moscow in 1940, after the beginning of World | 14,856 |
1214916 | Constantin Sănătescu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin%20Sănătescu | Constantin Sănătescu
eral in 1935, he was named deputy Chief of the General Staff in 1937. Sănătescu led the Romanian legation to Moscow in 1940, after the beginning of World War II. From 1941 to 1943 he commanded the IV Corps; from 1943 to 1944, he commanded the 4th Army.
When the pro-German dictatorship of Marshal Ion Antonescu was overthrown, Sănătescu was charged by King Michael with the forming of a new government. He unsuccessfully tried to strengthen the ties with the United States, in order to save Romania from a Soviet Communist occupation, but the growing suspicion of Joseph Stalin forced him to resign on 2 December of the same year. He died of cancer in 1947, and was buried with full military honors. | 14,857 |
1214925 | HOI | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HOI | HOI
HOI
HOI or Hoi may refer to:
- "Hearts of Iron", a 2002 computer game
- Home insurance or homeowners insurance
- Hypoiodous acid, chemical formula HOI
- Hoi District, Aichi, a former district of Japan
- Hoxnian geological stage, HOI is sub-stage I
- Carsten Høi (born 1957), Danish chess Grandmaster
# See also.
- Hoe (food), various Korean raw fish dishes
- Hoi polloi
- Oi (interjection) | 14,858 |
1214918 | Donald Cameron (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald%20Cameron%20(VC) | Donald Cameron (VC)
Donald Cameron (VC)
Commander Donald Cameron VC (18 March 1916 – 10 April 1961) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is one of three VC winners from the small town of Carluke in South Lanarkshire (population 14,000). The Rotary Club of Carluke have erected a millennium stone in the town market place to commemorate this.
# Details.
Cameron was 27 years old, and a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. He had served in the Merchant Navy since the age of 17.
On 22 September | 14,859 |
1214918 | Donald Cameron (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald%20Cameron%20(VC) | Donald Cameron (VC)
1943 at Kåfjord on the Altafjord, North Norway, Lieutenant Cameron, commanding Midget Submarine X.6, and another lieutenant (Basil Charles Godfrey Place) commanding Midget Submarine X.7, carried out a most daring and successful attack on the German Battleship "Tirpitz". The small submarines had to travel at least 1,000 miles from base, negotiate a minefield, dodge nets, gun defences and enemy listening posts. Having eluded all these hazards they finally placed the charges underneath the ship where they went off an hour later, doing so much damage that the "Tirpitz" was out of action for months.
The full citation was published in a supplement to the London Gazette of 18 February 1944 (dated | 14,860 |
1214918 | Donald Cameron (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald%20Cameron%20(VC) | Donald Cameron (VC)
22 February 1944) and read:
He achieved the rank of commander in 1955, and was in charge of HMS "Dolphin", the submarine base at Fort Blockhouse. Cameron married WRNS's member Eve Kilpatrick in 1940 and they had four children. Cameron's health deteriorated in the last years of his life and he was eventually admitted to Royal Hospital Haslar, Portsmouth, where he died on 10 April 1961. His remains were cremated at Portchester and buried at sea from submarine HMS "Thule" on 13 April 1961.
# References.
- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham | 14,861 |
1214918 | Donald Cameron (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald%20Cameron%20(VC) | Donald Cameron (VC)
in charge of HMS "Dolphin", the submarine base at Fort Blockhouse. Cameron married WRNS's member Eve Kilpatrick in 1940 and they had four children. Cameron's health deteriorated in the last years of his life and he was eventually admitted to Royal Hospital Haslar, Portsmouth, where he died on 10 April 1961. His remains were cremated at Portchester and buried at sea from submarine HMS "Thule" on 13 April 1961.
# References.
- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)
# External links.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Hampshire)" | 14,862 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
Universal language
Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things. It may be the idea of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some religious and mythological traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings.
In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general | 14,863 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
deflection of the question. For example, in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and therefore universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language
is still read widely but pronounced differently by readers in China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan; for centuries it was a "de facto" universal "literary" language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in India and Nepal, Tamil in India and Sri Lanka and Pali in Sri Lanka and in Theravada countries of South-East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Cambodia), were literary languages for many for whom they were not their mother tongue.
Comparably, the Latin language ("qua" Medieval Latin) was in effect a universal | 14,864 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
language of literati in the Middle Ages, and the language of the Vulgate Bible in the area of Catholicism, which covered most of Western Europe and parts of Northern and Central Europe also.
In a more practical fashion, trade languages, such as ancient Koine Greek, may be seen as a kind of "real" universal language, that was used for commerce.
In historical linguistics, monogenesis refers to the idea that all spoken human languages are descended from a single ancestral language spoken many thousands of years ago.
# Mythological and religious universal languages.
Various religious texts, myths, and legends describe a state of humanity in which originally only one language was spoken.
In | 14,865 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
Jewish and Christian beliefs, the story of the Tower of Babel tells of a consequent "confusion of tongues" (the splintering of numerous languages from an original Adamic language) as a punishment from God.
Myths exist in other cultures describing the creation of multiple languages as an act of a god as well, such as the destruction of a 'knowledge tree' by Brahma in Indic tradition, or as a gift from the God Hermes in Greek myth. Other myths describe the creation of different languages as concurrent with the creation of different tribes of people, or due to supernatural events.
# Early modern history.
Recognizable strands in the contemporary ideas on universal languages took form only in | 14,866 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
Early Modern Europe. A "lingua franca" or trade language was nothing very new; but an international auxiliary language was a natural wish in light of the gradual decline of Latin. Literature in vernacular languages became more prominent with the Renaissance. Over the course of the 18th century, learned works largely ceased to be written in Latin. According to Colton Booth ("Origin and Authority in Seventeenth-Century England" (1994) p. 174) "The Renaissance had no single view of Adamic language and its relation to human understanding." The question was more exactly posed in the work of Francis Bacon.
In the vast writings of Gottfried Leibniz can be found many elements relating to a possible | 14,867 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
universal language, specifically a constructed language, a concept that gradually came to replace that of a rationalized Latin as the natural basis for a projected universal language. Leibniz conceived of a "characteristica universalis" (also see "mathesis universalis"), an "algebra" capable of expressing all conceptual thought. This algebra would include rules for symbolic manipulation, what he called a "calculus ratiocinator" . His goal was to put reasoning on a firmer basis by reducing much of it to a matter of calculation that many could grasp. The "characteristica" would build on an alphabet of human thought.
Leibniz's work is bracketed by some earlier mathematical ideas of René Descartes, | 14,868 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
and the satirical attack of Voltaire on Panglossianism. Descartes's ambitions were far more modest than Leibniz's, and also far more successful, as shown by his wedding of algebra and geometry to yield what we now know as analytic geometry. Decades of research on symbolic artificial intelligence have not brought Leibniz's dream of a "characteristica" any closer to fruition.
Other 17th-century proposals for a 'philosophical' (i.e. universal) language include those by Francis Lodwick, Thomas Urquhart (possibly parodic), George Dalgarno ("Ars signorum", 1661), and John Wilkins ("An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language", 1668). The classification scheme in Roget's Thesaurus | 14,869 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
ultimately derives from Wilkins's "Essay".
"Candide", a satire written by Voltaire, took aim at Leibniz as Dr. Pangloss, with the choice of name clearly putting universal language in his sights, but satirizing mainly the optimism of the projector as much as the project. The argument takes the universal language itself no more seriously than the ideas of the speculative scientists and "virtuosi" of Jonathan Swift's Laputa. For the like-minded of Voltaire's generation, universal language was tarred as fool's gold with the same brush as philology with little intellectual rigour, and universal mythography, as futile and arid directions.
In the 18th century, some rationalist natural philosophers | 14,870 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
sought to recover a supposed Edenic language. It was assumed that education inevitably took people away from an innate state of goodness they possessed, and therefore there was an attempt to see what language a human child brought up in utter silence would speak. This was assumed to be the Edenic tongue, or at least the lapsarian tongue.
Others attempted to find a common linguistic ancestor to all tongues; there were, therefore, multiple attempts to relate esoteric languages to Hebrew (e.g. Basque and Irish), as well as the beginnings of comparative linguistics.
# Modern history.
At the end of the 19th century, there was a large profusion of constructed languages intended as genuine, spoken | 14,871 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
language. There were created languages which don't belong to any country and can be learned by everyone. Among these are Solresol, Volapük, and Esperanto, the most spoken constructed language today. At that time, those ideas were readily accepted. With the advent of World Wars and the Cold War, these successes were buried.
The constructed language movement produced such languages as Latino Sine Flexione (1903), Ido (1907), Occidental (1922), and Interlingua (1951).
English remains the dominant language of international business and global communication through the influence of global media and the former British Empire that had established the use of English in regions around the world such | 14,872 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
as North America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. However, English is not the only language used in global organizations such as in the EU or the UN, because many countries do not recognize English as a universal language.
The early ideas of a universal language with complete conceptual classification by categories is still debated on various levels. Michel Foucault believed such classifications to be subjective, citing Borges' fictional Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge's Taxonomy as an illustrative example.
# See also.
- Asemic writing
- aUI
- Body language
- Characteristica universalis
- Code
- Esperanto
- Facial expression
- Gibberish
- Global language system
- Ido
- | 14,873 |
1214877 | Universal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal%20language | Universal language
izations such as in the EU or the UN, because many countries do not recognize English as a universal language.
The early ideas of a universal language with complete conceptual classification by categories is still debated on various levels. Michel Foucault believed such classifications to be subjective, citing Borges' fictional Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge's Taxonomy as an illustrative example.
# See also.
- Asemic writing
- aUI
- Body language
- Characteristica universalis
- Code
- Esperanto
- Facial expression
- Gibberish
- Global language system
- Ido
- Interlingua
- Semiotics
- Sign language
- Somatosensory system
- Universal translator
- Universal grammar | 14,874 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
Luísa Todi
Luísa Rosa de Aguiar Todi (1753–1833) was a popular and successful Portuguese mezzo-soprano opera singer.
# Early life.
Luísa Todi was born Luísa Rosa de Aguiar on 9 January 1753 in Setúbal, Portugal. In 1765, her family moved to Lisbon, where her father was a musical writer in the Theatre of Bairro Alto.
Luísa began her career as an actress in 1767 or 1768 in Molière's play "Tartuffe". She met Francesco Saverio Todi, an Italian violinist, whom she married in 1769. After their marriage, on her husband's advice, she began having singing lessons with David Perez, an Italian composer and Music Master of the Portuguese Royal Chapel.
In 1770, she began her career as a singer with Giuseppe | 14,875 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
Scolari's opera "Il Viaggiatore Ridicolo", in the Theatre of Bairro Alto. From 1772 to 1777, Luísa lived in Porto, where she was a singer and a singing teacher and where she began to be recognized as an artist of stature.
# Rise to fame.
In the winter of 1777, at age 24, she gave her first performance abroad, at the King's Theatre in London. The enthusiastic critics said that "Mrs. Luísa Todi possesses high merit as singer and as actress."
In 1778 she sang at the famous "Concerts Spirituels" in Paris, winning a triumph and being considered the best foreign singer ever featured in France. She remained in France until 1780; then from 1780 to 1783, she sang at the Teatro Regio in Turin and gave | 14,876 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
performances in Germany and Austria in 1781.
She returned to Paris for further "Concerts Spirituels" series, during which time a confrontation arose between Luísa Todi and the German soprano Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (1749–1833), which divided the public. Luísa Todi won this battle of rivals, being called by the French "the Nation's Singer".
# Life in Russia.
In 1784, Luísa travelled to Russia with her husband and children. They arrived at St. Petersburg on 7 June 1784 (27 May O.S.). On 10 June (30 May O.S.), Luísa gave her first concert, performing Giuseppe Sarti's "Armida and Rinaldo". She was so impressive that at the end of that concert the Empress Catherine II presented her with two diamond | 14,877 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
bracelets. To express their gratitude, Luísa and her husband wrote the opera "Pollinia" and dedicated it to the Empress.
The opera's première was in October, when Luísa performed with the famous castrato Luigi Marchesi (1754–1829). Marchesi, famous for his turbulent temperament, envied her success. He and the composer Sarti engaged in a campaign of rivalry against Luísa Todi. Empress Catherine took Luísa's side and declined to renew the contract of Marchesi and Sarti.
Luísa Todi stayed for four years in Russia (1784–1788). She was the royal princesses' singing teacher, and Catherine II continued to present her with magnificent jewels of incalculable value.
In 1788 Luísa was at Frederick William | 14,878 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
II of Prussia's court.
The following year she returned to Paris for her third season of "Concerts Spirituels" and was considered by critics as "the greatest singer of her time." She returned to the Prussian court a few weeks before the beginning of the French Revolution.
# Height of her career.
In 1790 she started a triumphant tour through Germany, and in Bonn she performed for Beethoven. At the end of that year, she travelled to Venice and performed at the Teatro San Samuele in the opera "La Didone Abbandonata", wearing a tiara, necklace, and diamond earrings that had been given to her by the Russian Empress.
In Venice, Luísa Todi attained one of the most glittering moments of her career; | 14,879 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
the Italian season of 1790/1791 became known as "Todi's Year". But during her stay in Venice, she started experiencing vision problems, which caused her to abandon the stage for some months. The Venetians expressed their concern and fans wrote hundreds of verses and poems in her honour. When Luísa returned to the stage in 1791, she was greeted with a rapturous ovation. She also toured other Italian cities.
Between 1792 and 1796, she sang in Madrid at the .
In April 1793, Luísa returned to Portugal. She required a special authorization to perform there, because at that time women were forbidden to appear on the public stage. In Lisbon she sang at a commemorative party for the Prince Regent's | 14,880 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
(the future John VI) daughter's birth. Sadly, her native country failed to recognize Luísa's outstanding talent, because her performance was not widely advertised and the Royal Family was absent from the event.
After singing in Naples, she returned to Portugal in 1801, living in Porto. There she continued to sing until the death of her husband in 1803, when she retired and wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life.
In 1809, Porto was invaded by the Napoleonic army commanded by General Soult. Luísa Todi decided to abandon the city, but during the escape she lost most of her belongings, including her priceless jewels. This caused financial problems during the last years of her life. Luísa | 14,881 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
Todi and her family were imprisoned by the French, but General Soult recognized her as "the Nation's Singer" and protected her.
# Death.
In 1811 she moved to Lisbon. By 1823, following her earlier vision problems, she had become completely blind. She died on 1 October 1833 after suffering a stroke the previous July. She was buried in the cemetery of the Church of the Incarnation, close to Chiado, in Lisbon. The cemetery area still exists today, underneath the foundations of a later building at 78 Rua do Alecrim. In spite of constant requests made by Todi enthusiasts and family descendants, one of the greatest Portuguese singers of all time remains buried beneath the pavement of an obscure | 14,882 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
cellar.
# Legacy.
Before her death, Luísa Todi saw her talent immortalized in Antoine Reicha's book "Traité de melodie", where she is described as "the Singer of all Centuries". In modern Lisbon, the street in which Luísa Todi died was named Rua Luísa Todi in 1917. This is at the northern edge of Bairro Alto, just off Rua de São Pedro de Alcântara above the church of São Roque. She was also immortalized in her native city of Setúbal with a large monument and bust as well as the naming of Setúbal's biggest main avenue as Avenida Luísa Todi.
Todi was praised for her vocal abilities, her clear diction, her linguistic skills (she spoke excellent French, English, Italian, and German), her professionalism, | 14,883 |
1214922 | Luísa Todi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luísa%20Todi | Luísa Todi
e Alcântara above the church of São Roque. She was also immortalized in her native city of Setúbal with a large monument and bust as well as the naming of Setúbal's biggest main avenue as Avenida Luísa Todi.
Todi was praised for her vocal abilities, her clear diction, her linguistic skills (she spoke excellent French, English, Italian, and German), her professionalism, her talent as an actress, and the emotion and sensibility with which she infused her roles — qualities that make her seem an extremely modern performer. These are the same qualities that have ensured that Luísa Todi is still remembered across the centuries.
# External links.
- Another portrait of Luisa Todi by Vigée Le Brun | 14,884 |
1214935 | Vegard Skogheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegard%20Skogheim | Vegard Skogheim
Vegard Skogheim
Vegard Skogheim (born 28 April 1966) is a Norwegian football coach and former midfielder.
During his active career he played for HamKam, Werder Bremen and Viking. He has a total of 197 matches and 36 goals in the Norwegian Premier League. Skogheim played 13 matches for the Norway national football team and scored a goal.
As a coach, he has been in charge of Lillehammer and Brumunddal, and has been managing Kongsvinger with success, securing promotion from Second Division in 2003, and almost repeating the feat in First Division in 2004. During winter 2006, Kongsvinger informed him, they would not sign him up for another contract, and thus he made his exit, joining former Lillestrøm | 14,885 |
1214935 | Vegard Skogheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegard%20Skogheim | Vegard Skogheim
played 13 matches for the Norway national football team and scored a goal.
As a coach, he has been in charge of Lillehammer and Brumunddal, and has been managing Kongsvinger with success, securing promotion from Second Division in 2003, and almost repeating the feat in First Division in 2004. During winter 2006, Kongsvinger informed him, they would not sign him up for another contract, and thus he made his exit, joining former Lillestrøm coach Arne Erlandsen in his old club HamKam on 13 November 2006. Here, he acted as a player developer and assistant coach. On 11 June 2009, Skogheim was appointed new head coach of HamKam. He resigned after three games of the 2014 Norwegian First Division. | 14,886 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
James Thomas Fields
James Thomas Fields (December 31, 1817 – April 24, 1881) was an American publisher, editor, and poet.
# Biography.
## Early life and family.
He was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on December 31, 1817 and named James Field; the family later added the "s". His father was a sea captain and died before Fields was three. He and his brother were raised by their mother and her siblings, their aunt Mary and uncle George. At the age of 14, Fields took a job at the Old Corner Bookstore in Boston as an apprentice to publishers Carter and Hendee. His first published poetry was included in the "Portsmouth Journal" in 1837 but he drew more attention when, on September 13, 1838, he | 14,887 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
delivered his "Anniversary Poem" to the Boston Mercantile Library Association.
## Publishing career.
In 1839, he joined William Ticknor and became junior partner in the publishing and bookselling firm known after 1845 as Ticknor and Fields. Ticknor oversaw the business side of the firm while Fields was its literary expert. He became known for being likable, for his ability to find creative talent, and for his ability to promote authors and win their loyalty. With this company, Fields became the publisher of leading contemporary American writers, with whom he was on terms of close personal friendship. He was also the American publisher of some of the best-known British writers of his time, | 14,888 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
some of whom he also knew intimately. The company paid royalties to these British authors, including Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray, at a time when other American publishers pirated the works of those authors. The first collected edition of Thomas de Quincey's works (20 vols., 1850–1855) was published by his firm. Ticknor and Fields built their company to have a substantial influence in the literary scene which writer and editor Nathaniel Parker Willis acknowledged in a letter to Fields: "Your press is the announcing-room of the country's Court of Poetry."
Sometime in 1844, Fields was engaged to Mary Willard, a local woman six years younger than him. Before they could be married, | 14,889 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
she died of tuberculosis on April 17, 1845. He maintained a close friendship with her family and, on March 13, 1850, married her 18-year-old sister Eliza Willard at Boston's Federal Street Church. Also sick with tuberculosis, she died on July 13, 1851. Grief-stricken, he left the United States for a time and traveled to Europe.
In 1854, Fields married Annie Adams, who was an author herself. Mrs. Fields was instrumental in helping Mr. Fields establish literary salons at their home at 37 Charles Street in Boston, where they entertained many well-known writers. One such writer was Nathaniel Hawthorne. After Hawthorne's death in 1864, Fields served as a pallbearer for his funeral alongside Amos | 14,890 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edwin Percy Whipple. In 1867, he performed the same role after the death of Nathaniel Parker Willis, along with Holmes, Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Samuel Gridley Howe.
Ticknor and Fields purchased "The Atlantic Monthly" for $10,000 and, about two years later in May 1861, Fields took over the editorship from Lowell. At a New Year's Eve party in 1865, he met William Dean Howells and 10 days later offered him a position as assistant editor of the "Atlantic". Howells accepted but was somewhat dismayed by Fields's close supervision.
Ticknor died in 1864, leaving Fields the senior partner | 14,891 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
for the firm. Fields was less concerned with the retail store owned by the company and wanted to focus on publishing. On November 12, 1864, he sold the Old Corner Bookstore and moved Ticknor and Fields to 124 Tremont Street.
In 1868 the business became Fields, Osgood, and Company, recognizing James R. Osgood.
On New Year's Day, 1871, Fields announced his retirement at a small gathering of friends.
## Later life and death.
No longer involved with editorial duties, he then devoted himself to lecturing and writing. He also edited, with Edwin Percy Whipple, "A Family Library of British Poetry" (1878).
Fields became increasingly popular as a lecturer throughout the 1870s. In May 1879, Fields | 14,892 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
suffered a brain hemorrhage and collapsed before a scheduled lecture at Wellesley College. By autumn he seemed to have recovered. In January 1881, he gave what would be his final public lecture, coincidentally at the Mercantile Library Association, the organization which hosted his first public reading. Fields died in Boston on April 24, 1881. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
His wife, Annie Fields, was devastated and demanded friends not mention him and she gradually cut herself off from others. Her friend, writer Celia Thaxter told her, "don't shut yourself away... or you will die a thousand deaths of silence." Shortly after, she began a friendship with Sarah | 14,893 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
Orne Jewett, and the two became companions for the rest of their lives.
# Writing.
In addition to his work as a publisher and essayist, Fields wrote poetry. A number of his works are collected in his book "Ballads and Verses" published in 1880. This volume contains the poem "The Ballad of the Tempest", which includes the famous lines:
His chief works were the collection of sketches and essays entitled "Underbrush" (1877) and the chapters of reminiscence composing "Yesterdays with Authors" (1871), in which he recorded his personal friendship with William Wordsworth, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville and others.
# Legacy.
Annie Adams Fields | 14,894 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
wrote the biography "Memoir of James T. Fields, by his Wife" (Boston, 1881) and "Authors and Friends" (Boston, 1896), which also mentions him. James T. Fields was known in his lifetime as one of the most successful and shrewd book promoters, working at a time when bribery was typical in the publishing culture. Hawthorne said he owed his success as a writer to him: "I care more for your good opinion than for that of a host of critics, and have excellent reason for so doing; inasmuch as my literary success, whatever it has been or may be, is the result of my connection with you".
Fields was particularly successful as a publisher because of his ability to build close relationships with writers. | 14,895 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
As author Rebecca Harding Davis said, he was "the shrewdest of publishers and kindest of men. He was the wire that conducted the lightning so that it never struck amiss." He also knew the tastes of the reading public. Fields was reputedly able to ascertain what book a visitor to the Old Corner Bookstore would purchase within 10 minutes of arrival.
After Fields's death, his friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem called """" dedicated to him. Fields, along with Longfellow, is featured in the first and third of Matthew Pearl's novels, "The Dante Club" (2003) and "The Last Dickens" (2009). Fields is also mentioned in the 1994 film version of "Little Women".
# External links.
- Eli Siegel | 14,896 |
1214921 | James Thomas Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Thomas%20Fields | James Thomas Fields
miss." He also knew the tastes of the reading public. Fields was reputedly able to ascertain what book a visitor to the Old Corner Bookstore would purchase within 10 minutes of arrival.
After Fields's death, his friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem called """" dedicated to him. Fields, along with Longfellow, is featured in the first and third of Matthew Pearl's novels, "The Dante Club" (2003) and "The Last Dickens" (2009). Fields is also mentioned in the 1994 film version of "Little Women".
# External links.
- Eli Siegel on Satire Comment on 'The Owl Critic,' satiric poem by James Thomas Fields
- Ballads and other verses, by James T. Fields at the University of Michigan Library | 14,897 |
1214933 | Annie Adams Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie%20Adams%20Fields | Annie Adams Fields
Annie Adams Fields
Annie Adams Fields (June 6, 1834 – January 5, 1915) was an American writer. Among her writings are collections of poetry and essays as well as several memoirs and biographies of her literary acquaintances. She was also interested in philanthropic work, in which she found her greatest pleasure. Her later years were spent as a companion to author Sarah Orne Jewett.
# Adolescence.
Fields attended George B. Emerson's School for Young Ladies, Boston's most influential private secondary school for girls, where students were taught to read independently and trained to appreciate nature. She followed Emerson's advice about ongoing education by studying foreign languages, literature, | 14,898 |
1214933 | Annie Adams Fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie%20Adams%20Fields | Annie Adams Fields
nature, history, travel books, and biography, and cultivating one's "power of expression." Upon his suggestion, Fields began to keep a diary, though she usually kept her own feelings out of it. She sometimes recorded good thoughts or beautiful images which are presented or suggested by observing, reading, or conversing, and she often concentrated on recording table talk of her, often, eminent guests. The fullest congruence of Emerson's advice to his students and Annie Field's activities stems from his repeated insistence that "every good life is necessarily devoted, directly or indirectly, to the service of mankind."
# Biography.
## 1834–1881.
She was born Ann West Adams in Boston, Massachusetts, | 14,899 |
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