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1215078 | Casuarina Prison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casuarina%20Prison | Casuarina Prison
Casuarina Prison
Casuarina Prison is the main maximum-security prison for Western Australia, located in the Perth suburb of Casuarina. The prison accommodates minimum-, medium- and maximum-security prisoners. It was opened in 1991 to replace Fremantle Prison, which was 130 years old. The prison was the scene of a riot on Christmas Day 1998. The prison featured in the documentary "" on the National Geographic channel in 2008, following the lives of prisoners and officers.
In 2013 the prison was the setting for the film "Son of a Gun".
# Notable prisoners.
- Jack Roche
- Dante Arthurs
- David Birnie (1951–2005)
- Robert Bropho (1930–2011)
# External links.
- Casuarina Prison – Department | 15,000 |
1215078 | Casuarina Prison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casuarina%20Prison | Casuarina Prison
d in 1991 to replace Fremantle Prison, which was 130 years old. The prison was the scene of a riot on Christmas Day 1998. The prison featured in the documentary "" on the National Geographic channel in 2008, following the lives of prisoners and officers.
In 2013 the prison was the setting for the film "Son of a Gun".
# Notable prisoners.
- Jack Roche
- Dante Arthurs
- David Birnie (1951–2005)
- Robert Bropho (1930–2011)
# External links.
- Casuarina Prison – Department of Corrective Services
- Report of an Unannounced Inspection of the IOU and the SHU at Casuarina Prison (2000) (pdf)
- Report of a Follow-up Inspection of the Special Management Units at Casuarina Prison (2001) (pdf) | 15,001 |
1215099 | Tangerine Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangerine%20Bowl | Tangerine Bowl
Tangerine Bowl
Tangerine Bowl may refer to:
- Tangerine Bowl (1947–1982), a college football game now known as the Citrus Bowl; known as the Tangerine Bowl from 1947 to 1982
- Mazda Tangerine Bowl (in 2002 and 2003), a college football bowl game later called the Russell Athletic Bowl, then the Camping World Bowl
- Tangerine Bowl (stadium), now known as Camping World Stadium; known as the Tangerine Bowl or Tangerine Bowl Stadium from 1947 to 1975 | 15,002 |
1215049 | Treaty of Bucharest (1918) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Bucharest%20(1918) | Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
The Treaty of Bucharest (1918) was a peace treaty between Romania on the one side and the Central Powers on the other, following the stalemate reached after the campaign of 1916–17 left Romania isolated after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Alexandru Marghiloman, then Prime Minister of Romania, signed the treaty at Buftea, near Bucharest, on 7 May 1918 and it was ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on 28 June and by the Senate on 4 July 1918. However, King Ferdinand refused to sign or promulgate it.
# Terms.
- Romania returned Southern Dobruja (the Cadrilater) and ceded the southern part of Northern Dobruja (see maps) to Bulgaria. | 15,003 |
1215049 | Treaty of Bucharest (1918) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Bucharest%20(1918) | Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
The rest of the province (starting south of Cernavodă-Constanța railroad up to the Danube and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch, thus leaving the Danube Delta to Romania) remained under the joint Central Powers control. The Central Powers guaranteed the commercial road to the Black Sea for Romania by way of Cernavodă and Constanța.
- Romania gave to Austria-Hungary control of the passes of the Carpathian Mountains (see maps).
- Romania leased its oil wells to Germany for 90 years.
- The Central Powers recognized the Union of Bessarabia with Romania.
- German civil servants with the power to veto decisions by Romanian cabinet ministers and to fire Romanian civil servants were appointed to oversee | 15,004 |
1215049 | Treaty of Bucharest (1918) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Bucharest%20(1918) | Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
every Romanian ministry, in effect stripping Romania of its independence.
# Aftermath.
The treaty put Romania in a unique situation compared to other German-occupied countries. It completely respected Romania's "de jure" independence, as it did not impose any form of vassalage or protectorate over Romania, and even though the country had to cede land, it still emerged bigger than before entering the war, after the Union with Bessarabia.
Germany was able to repair the oil fields around Ploiești and by the end of the war had pumped a million tons of oil. They also requisitioned two million tons of grain from Romanian farmers. These materials were vital in keeping Germany in the war to the end | 15,005 |
1215049 | Treaty of Bucharest (1918) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Bucharest%20(1918) | Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
of 1918.
Although Bulgaria received a part of Northern Dobruja, it continued to lobby Germany and Austria-Hungary for the annexation of the whole province, including the condominium established by the Treaty of Bucharest. After negotiations, a regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria was signed in Berlin on 25 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. In return, Bulgaria agreed to cede the left bank of the Maritsa river to Turkey. However, this agreement was short-lived: four days later, on 29 September, Bulgaria capitulated in the face of the advancing Allied forces (see also the Armistice of Salonica).
The | 15,006 |
1215049 | Treaty of Bucharest (1918) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Bucharest%20(1918) | Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
treaty was denounced in October 1918 by the Marghiloman government. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918, the day before it ended in Western Europe, and the 1918 Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the Armistice of 11 November 1918. In 1919, Germany was forced in the Treaty of Versailles to renounce all the benefits provided by the 1918 Treaty of Bucharest. The territorial transfers to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria were annulled by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), and the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919), respectively; and the Treaty of Trianon (1920) settled Romania's border with Hungary.
# See also.
- Romania during World War I
- Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
- Treaty | 15,007 |
1215049 | Treaty of Bucharest (1918) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Bucharest%20(1918) | Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
d in the Treaty of Versailles to renounce all the benefits provided by the 1918 Treaty of Bucharest. The territorial transfers to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria were annulled by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), and the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919), respectively; and the Treaty of Trianon (1920) settled Romania's border with Hungary.
# See also.
- Romania during World War I
- Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
- Treaty of Bucharest (1913)
- Treaty of Bucharest (1916)
# External links.
- Full text of the Treaty of Bucharest
- The Treaty of Bucharest on FirstWorldWar.com
- Territory which was ceded to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Romania following the Treaty of Bucharest, 1918 | 15,008 |
1215087 | Ilie Verdeț | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilie%20Verdeț | Ilie Verdeț
Ilie Verdeț
Ilie Verdeț (10 May 1925 – 20 March 2001) was a Romanian communist politician.
Born in Comănești, Bacău County, and a miner from age 12, he joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1945. After graduating from the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, he climbed through the Party apparatus. By the early 1960s he was working in the central office of the PCR in Bucharest, as deputy of Nicolae Ceauşescu, who was in charge of party organization and appointments. After the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej in March 1965, Verdeț helped Ceaușescu gain the post of Secretary General of the PCR.
Soon afterwards, Verdeț was promoted to the Permanent Bureau of the Political Executive Committee | 15,009 |
1215087 | Ilie Verdeț | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilie%20Verdeț | Ilie Verdeț
of the PCR. He held many political posts, including those of Deputy Prime Minister (1966-1974) and Prime Minister of Romania (1979-1982). He was sent by Ceaușescu to solve the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977, but was unable to negotiate and was held hostage for two days (a notion he later denied).
After the fall of Ceaușescu in December 1989, Verdeţ declared himself the head of a provisional government, but it only lasted for about 20 minutes, after which he was pushed aside by Ion Iliescu, who emerged as the leader of the National Salvation Front. Verdeț founded in 1990 a party named "Partidul Socialist al Muncii" (Socialist Party of Labour), which narrowly entered Parliament in the 1992 | 15,010 |
1215087 | Ilie Verdeț | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilie%20Verdeț | Ilie Verdeț
0 minutes, after which he was pushed aside by Ion Iliescu, who emerged as the leader of the National Salvation Front. Verdeț founded in 1990 a party named "Partidul Socialist al Muncii" (Socialist Party of Labour), which narrowly entered Parliament in the 1992 elections , but in subsequent elections failed to win any seats. He stayed on as party chief until the 2000 elections, after which he was removed from his post.
Verdeț and his wife Reghina, were married in 1947. They had two daughters: Doina (b. 1948) and Cezarina (b. 1953).
He died of a heart attack in 2001 in Bucharest at the age of 75.
# External links.
- Gabriel Partos, "Obituary: Ilie Verdet", "The Independent", April 23, 2001 | 15,011 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
Alexander Cobbe
General Sir Alexander Stanhope Cobbe (6 June 1870 – 29 June 1931) was a senior British Indian Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Early life.
Alexander Stanhope Cobbe was born on 5 June 1870 in Naini Tal, Bengal Presidency, India, the third child and second son of Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Hugh Cobbe and Emily Barbara Cobbe, née Jones. Through his father's family he was descended from Charles Cobbe (1686–1765), archbishop of Dublin; his grandmother, the wife of Colonel Thomas Cobbe, was Nuzzeer Begum Khan, thereby making Alexander a distinguished | 15,012 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
Anglo-Indian. Alexander had two sisters and four brothers; of the latter two became lieutenant colonels in the British Army and one a captain in the Royal Navy. In 1881 he was a pupil at Eagle House School, Wimbledon. He went on to Wellington College and then followed his elder brother Henry Hercules Cobbe to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from where he passed out in 1889. At the age of 19 he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the South Wales Borderers.
# Military career.
The highlights of Cobbe's military career can be tracked by the regular records of his promotions and deeds published in the "London Gazette". In March 1892 he was promoted to lieutenant and later in the same | 15,013 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
year he was seconded to the Indian Army Staff Corps. This secondment led to his permanent transfer from the South Wales Borderers in 1894. The purpose of the Indian Staff Corps was not only to provide officers for headquarters' staff but, far more broadly, for the native Indian regiments, the army departments and also for civil and political appointments for which Indian Army officers might be eligible. In 1903, in order to avoid confusion, the designation 'Indian Staff Corps' as applied to officers on regimental duty was withdrawn and replaced by the more appropriate term 'Indian Army', which is how Cobbe was referred to in all later "Gazette" entries. In India in 1895 Cobbe gained his first | 15,014 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
medal, the India Medal (1895–1902), with the clasp “Relief of Chitral”. This campaign was one of the many on the Northwest Frontier to quell unrest against British rule.
His next medals, however, were to be gained in Africa. At this time many regiments of the Indian Army were sent to Africa to support British foreign policy in the region. On this continent Cobbe was kept busy on several minor colonial campaigns gaining him the Central Africa Medal with clasp “Central Africa 1894–1898”, the East and West Africa Medal (1887–1900) and the Africa General Service Medal with the clasp “B.C.A 1898–1899” (British Central Africa, later Nyasaland and today Malawi). In October 1899 Cobbe was appointed | 15,015 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
second in command of the 1st Battalion, Central African Rifles, and given the local rank of captain.
## Ashanti War.
By July 1900 Cobbe was commanding the Central Africa Regiment and had been given the local rank of major. Earlier that year, a major rebellion had erupted in West Africa, in what is now Ghana, and this developed into the final campaign of the Ashanti Wars, known as the War of the Golden Stool.
The initial thrust of the campaign was to relieve the fort at Kumasi, which was achieved by the end of July. Cobbe was then sent out with a column of 300 men to help clear the surrounding area. In the dense bush he came across a large body of the enemy protected by stout stockades. After | 15,016 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
heavy fighting Cobbe managed to outflank the enemy and put them to flight, although himself being "severely wounded". This did not prevent some veiled criticism from his commander concerning the delay in putting in the final attack and Cobbe did not feature among the 20 or so individuals mentioned in the despatch as being recommended for favourable notice for having "rendered good service", although he was listed among those "having done good work". Despite his wounds, by late September he was involved in further clearing up operations and led his men on the left flank of a major attack. On the right was Major Charles John Melliss, who was to be awarded the VC in this campaign. In the next despatch | 15,017 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
Cobbe was individually mentioned: "Captain (local Major) A. S. Cobbe, Indian Staff Corps. – Severely wounded 6 August. He is an Officer to be thoroughly trusted, and commanded in several fights, where he invariably did well. I hope he will be rewarded." Cobbe was indeed rewarded as in November 1900 he was promoted to the substantive rank of captain in the Indian Staff Corps, and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), as well as being awarded the Ashanti Medal with clasp "Kumassi".
## Somaliland Campaign.
In January 1902 Cobbe was granted the local rank of lieutenant colonel and appointed Commandant of the 1st (Central Africa) Battalion, the King's African Rifles, and in | 15,018 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
this post he deployed with his men to British Somaliland to take part in the "Mad Mullah War". The Mullah (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) had been agitating against British rule in the Somaliland protectorate since 1899 and in 1901 a first British expedition beat him and his Dervish forces and caused him to retreat into the desert interior. However, by the end of the year the Mullah had recommenced raiding and a second expedition, including Cobbe and his men, was mounted against him. On 6 October, while marching through dense bush at Erigo, the British force was ambushed and then rushed by the Dervishes. Although the north face of the square was pierced and a Maxim gun lost the Yao Company of the | 15,019 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
Central Africa Battalion recovered the situation. The Mullah lost some 700 men and retreated. The British force was not able to continue the pursuit, and returned to Berbera. The Maxim lost during the battle was recovered in the last campaign against the Mullah in 1920, and stands in the Malawi Army’s "Cobbe Barracks" in Zomba.
### Victoria Cross.
It was at Erigo (or Erego) during this campaign that Cobbe won his Victoria Cross. The announcement of the award was made in the London Gazette of 20 January 1903 with the description of his act of courage as follows:
## Further campaigning.
Still in Somaliland in 1903, Cobbe was commanding a flying column ahead of the main body moving against | 15,020 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
the Mullah. He had orders to secure the water supply at Wardair. Having established a zariba (a camp fortified with a thorn hedge) near Gumburu, he had cause to send forward a company of men under Lieutenant Colonel Plunkett to secure the return of a small scouting party. The company was overwhelmed by a large Dervish force and Plunkett, all his British and Indian soldiers, and most of the native levies with him were killed. It was a major disaster. Cobbe testified that he had given Plunkett strict instructions not to engage the main body of the enemy and explicitly stated that Plunkett had disobeyed his orders. Cobbe was at the final major battle of the war, Jidballi, on 10 January 1904, but | 15,021 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
seems to have attracted no mention in despatches. The Somali campaign added two clasps to his Africa General Service Medal: "Somaliland 1902–04" and "Jidballi".
As a further reward for his services, in September 1904 Cobbe was "noted for consideration of the Brevet rank of Lieutenant-Colonel on attaining the rank of Major" and in December 1907, immediately after having been promoted to the substantive rank of major, he was duly further promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel. In February of that year Cobbe, had been appointed a staff captain at headquarters in India, but that lasted only until February 1908, his new rank presumably deserving a more senior post. In April 1910 he was appointed | 15,022 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
a Staff Officer Grade 1 and in May 1912 he was promoted colonel with seniority from 2 December 1911 although, when appointed an Aide-de-Camp to the King in June 1912, he is described as a brevet colonel. In 1911 he was awarded King George V’s Coronation Medal.
## First World War.
Cobbe's Grade I staff posting in India lasted until June 1914 and three months later he was in France. Michael Jones, in his book "Colworth in Context", says, "Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Cobbe VC, a career soldier, left in September 1914 to join an Indian Sikh regiment at the front line with William Eyre, one of Albert Bowen's employees, as his personal servant". In February 1915 Cobbe was appointed a Deputy Adjutant | 15,023 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
and Quartermaster General with temporary rank of brigadier general. In a despatch of 14 January 1915 Field Marshal Sir John French, Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, mentioned Colonel Cobbe for gallant and distinguished service in the field. A similar mention was published in June 1915 and was soon after followed by the appointment of Cobbe as a Companion of the Order of the Bath. In November 1915, he was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel in the British Indian Army. In the following month Cobbe was yet again mentioned in French's despatches for gallant and distinguished service in the field, this time in a list which also included his brother, Lieutenant Colonel | 15,024 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
H. H. Cobbe, DSO, 13th Lancers.
In February 1916 Cobbe handed over his staff job in France and in March was posted back to India as Director of Staff Duties and Military Training in Army Headquarters, while retaining his temporary rank. Following yet another mention for his good services in France, this time in a despatch from Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig dated April 1916, he was promoted to major general in June 1916, the appointment specifically stating that it was a reward for "Distinguished Service in the Field". Within two months Cobbe was promoted to temporary lieutenant general and in March 1917 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath.
By this time Cobbe was in | 15,025 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
Mesopotamia, where he would spend the rest of the war and stay until late 1919. As the commander of III Indian Corps, he served under three successive C-in-Cs, Mesopotamian Field Force, all of whom mentioned him generously in their despatches to the War Office. He was present at the capture of Kut-al-Amara in February 1917, and the capture of Baghdad the following month. Playing a notable role in the British successes at Samarrah in April, and at Ramadi in September 1917, Cobbe also defeated a Turk force at Sharqat in October 1918 (the final action on the Mesopotamian Front) before peacefully capturing Mosul in November 1918.
His service in the First World War added to Cobbe’s medal collection: | 15,026 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
the 1914 Star with clasp "5thAug-22ndNov 1914", the British War Medal 1914–1920 and the Victory Medal 1914–1919. France appointed him a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and the King of Italy made him a Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. In March 1919 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India.
# Later career.
In June 1919 Cobbe was made a substantive lieutenant general, and was appointed Military Secretary to the India Office in 1920. Promotion to general came in March 1926 just prior to his appointment as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of India's Northern Command. On his return to England he was reappointed in June 1930 as Military Secretary | 15,027 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
to the India Office.
Honours continued to come Cobbe's way. In 1922 he was appointed Colonel of his first regiment, The South Wales Borderers. In the New Year Honours of 1928 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and in June 1930 he was appointed ADC General to His Majesty. The following month he was appointed Colonel of the Sikh Pioneers. However, a lifetime of soldiering in severe climates and arduous conditions had had its effect and, at the age of just 61, General Sir Alexander Cobbe died on 29 June 1931. He is buried alone in the churchyard of Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire.
# Family life.
On 1 October 1910 the 40-year-old Cobbe married the 23-year-old Winifred Ada Bowen, | 15,028 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
daughter of Sir Albert Bowen, 1st Baronet, and his wife Alice Anita Crowther. Sir Albert was the lord of the manor of Colworth, in the parish of Sharnbrook. It is not clear how much time Alexander Cobbe was able to spend with his wife in their 21 years of marriage, the First World War certainly caused them to be parted for long periods, with Winifred mainly staying at Colworth, however, they had two daughters, Winifred Alice (b 1912) and Anne Philippa and a son, Alexander William Locke, known as Bill, born 1919. As a flying officer in the Royal Air Force, Bill Cobbe was killed on 8 September 1940 during the Battle of Britain.
# Legacy.
The headquarters of the Malawi army are named the "Cobbe | 15,029 |
1215048 | Alexander Cobbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Cobbe | Alexander Cobbe
mainly staying at Colworth, however, they had two daughters, Winifred Alice (b 1912) and Anne Philippa and a son, Alexander William Locke, known as Bill, born 1919. As a flying officer in the Royal Air Force, Bill Cobbe was killed on 8 September 1940 during the Battle of Britain.
# Legacy.
The headquarters of the Malawi army are named the "Cobbe Barracks" in his honour. They are located at Zomba, the former capital, and are home to what were the King's African Rifles (now the Malawi Rifles).
# The medal.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh "(The Barracks, Brecon, Powys, Wales)".
# External links.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Bedfordshire)" | 15,030 |
1215113 | John Daykins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Daykins | John Daykins
John Daykins
John Brunton Daykins VC MM (Ormiston Farm, Hawick, 26 March 1883 – 24 January 1933, Edinburgh) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Life.
Daykins was born in Hawick in 1883 to John and Bessie Daykins, but he moved with his family to Jedburgh when he was a child.
In 1914 he enlisted with the Lothians and Border Horse and he was at Loos, the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the battle of Ypres. After this he was discharged after suffering from Trench fever.
He refused to be labelled as "unfit" and on the third attempt he successfully re-enlisted | 15,031 |
1215113 | John Daykins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Daykins | John Daykins
again in the York and Lancaster Regiment and served in Battle of Passchendaele and again on Vimy Ridge. He was in the 2/4th Battalion at Solesmes, Nord in France on 30 October 1918 with a dozen of his platoon.
They rushed a machine-gun and during subsequent severe hand-to-hand fighting Daykins disposed of many of the enemy and secured his objective. He then located another machine-gun which was holding up an operation of his company. Under heavy fire he worked his way alone to the post and shortly afterwards returned with 25 prisoners and an enemy machine-gun, which he mounted at his post. His magnificent fighting spirit and example inspired his men, saved many casualties and contributed largely | 15,032 |
1215113 | John Daykins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Daykins | John Daykins
to the success of the attack.
When he returned to Jedburgh he was made a burgess. In 1924 he inherited his family's Howden farm when his father died.
# Death and legacy.
Daykins died in 1933 after an accident with a shotgun. He was unmarried and his medals went to his sister. Elizabeth Daykins gave his medals to the York and Lancaster Regimental Museum which is within Clifton Park Museum, in Rotherham.There is a street in Hawick named for him and Jedburgh decided to lay a commemorative paving stone in 2018. A commemorative event was scheduled to take place in his adopted town of Jedburgh and at Solesmes, Nord where he earned is VC on the centenary of his bravery.
# References.
- "Monuments | 15,033 |
1215113 | John Daykins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Daykins | John Daykins
e his medals to the York and Lancaster Regimental Museum which is within Clifton Park Museum, in Rotherham.There is a street in Hawick named for him and Jedburgh decided to lay a commemorative paving stone in 2018. A commemorative event was scheduled to take place in his adopted town of Jedburgh and at Solesmes, Nord where he earned is VC on the centenary of his bravery.
# References.
- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)
- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (This England, 1997)
- "Scotland's Forgotten Valour" (Graham Ross, 1995)
- "VCs of the First World War – The Final Days 1918" (Gerald Gliddon, 2000)
# External links.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Border, Scotland)" | 15,034 |
1215105 | Arthur Edward Cumming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Edward%20Cumming | Arthur Edward Cumming
Arthur Edward Cumming
Brigadier Arthur Edward Cumming VC OBE MC (18 June 1896 – 10 April 1971) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
He was born in Karachi, British India of Scottish parentage and attended Karachi Grammar School.
Cumming was 45 years old, and a lieutenant colonel commanding the 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment, in the Indian Army during World War II. Lt. Col Cumming and his battalion were defending an airfield during the Battle of Malaya when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC (currently displayed at the National | 15,035 |
1215105 | Arthur Edward Cumming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Edward%20Cumming | Arthur Edward Cumming
Army Museum).
On 3 January 1942 near Kuantan, Malaya, the Japanese made a furious attack on the battalion and a strong enemy force penetrated the position. Lieutenant Colonel Cumming, with a small party of men, immediately led a counter-attack and although all his men became casualties and he, himself, had two bayonet wounds in the stomach he managed to restore the situation sufficiently for the major portion of the battalion and its vehicles to be withdrawn. Later he drove in a carrier, under very heavy fire, collecting isolated detachments of his men and was again wounded. His gallant actions helped the brigade to withdraw safely.
Cumming was one of a small number of officers and men who | 15,036 |
1215105 | Arthur Edward Cumming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Edward%20Cumming | Arthur Edward Cumming
were ordered to be evacuated from Singapore before the island was surrendered on 15 February 1942. Cumming commanded a battalion of the 9th Jat Regiment before his promotion to brigadier and command of the 63rd Indian Brigade during the Burma Campaign. From 1944 to his retirement in 1947 Brigadier Cumming was in command of the Dehra Dun District in India.
His VC is on display at the National Army Museum, Chelsea.
# See also.
- Japanese Invasion of Malaya
# Sources.
- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
# External links.
- National Army Museum
- Location of grave and VC medal | 15,037 |
1215105 | Arthur Edward Cumming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Edward%20Cumming | Arthur Edward Cumming
evacuated from Singapore before the island was surrendered on 15 February 1942. Cumming commanded a battalion of the 9th Jat Regiment before his promotion to brigadier and command of the 63rd Indian Brigade during the Burma Campaign. From 1944 to his retirement in 1947 Brigadier Cumming was in command of the Dehra Dun District in India.
His VC is on display at the National Army Museum, Chelsea.
# See also.
- Japanese Invasion of Malaya
# Sources.
- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
# External links.
- National Army Museum
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Edinburgh)" | 15,038 |
1215115 | Francis Cornwallis Maude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis%20Cornwallis%20Maude | Francis Cornwallis Maude
Francis Cornwallis Maude
Colonel Francis Cornwallis Maude (28 October 1828 – 19 October 1900) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Details.
Maude was 28 years old, and a captain in the Royal Regiment of Artillery, British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 25 September 1857 at Lucknow, India for which he was awarded the VC:
76 (Maude's) Battery Royal Artillery, the current name for what was his unit at the time, was awarded his name as their title in honour of both his and the units deeds during the battle.
He | 15,039 |
1215115 | Francis Cornwallis Maude | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis%20Cornwallis%20Maude | Francis Cornwallis Maude
owing deed took place on 25 September 1857 at Lucknow, India for which he was awarded the VC:
76 (Maude's) Battery Royal Artillery, the current name for what was his unit at the time, was awarded his name as their title in honour of both his and the units deeds during the battle.
He later achieved the rank of colonel and was appointed Consul-General in Warsaw. He was the cousin of Lieutenant Colonel F. F. Maude VC.
# Works.
- "Memories of the mutiny" (1894)
- "Five years in Madagascar, with notes on the military situation" (1895)
- "Bacon or Shakspere? : enquiries as to the authorship of the plays of Shakespeare" (1895)
# External links.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Berkshire)" | 15,040 |
1215117 | William McNally | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20McNally | William McNally
William McNally
William McNally VC, MM and Bar (16 December 1894 – 5 January 1976) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Details.
He was 23 years old, and a sergeant in the 8th (S) Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 27 October 1918 at Piave River, Italy, when his company was most seriously hindered by machine-gun fire, Sergeant McNally, regardless of personal safety, rushed the machine-gun post single-handed, | 15,041 |
1215117 | William McNally | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20McNally | William McNally
gardless of personal safety, rushed the machine-gun post single-handed, killing the team and capturing the gun. Later, at Vazzola on 29 October the sergeant crept up to the rear of an enemy post, put the garrison to flight and captured the machine-gun. On the same day, when holding a newly captured ditch, he was strongly counter-attacked from both flanks, but coolly controlling the fire of his party, he frustrated that attack, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Green Howards Museum, Richmond, North Yorkshire, alongside the medals of a fellow resident of Murton, James Hall DCM MM
# External links.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Co. Durham)" | 15,042 |
1215094 | Edward Thomas Chapman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward%20Thomas%20Chapman | Edward Thomas Chapman
Edward Thomas Chapman
Edward Thomas Chapman VC, BEM (13 January 1920 – 3 February 2002) was a Welsh recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Early life.
Ted Chapman was born in Pontlottyn, near Rhymney, the son of a coal miner. He left school at age 14 and like many of his generation followed his father underground at the Ogilvie Colliery.
He enlisted in the British Army in April 1940, during the Second World War, joining the Monmouthshire Regiment and seeing action from his battalion's landing shortly after the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944 through the advance into North-west Europe. | 15,043 |
1215094 | Edward Thomas Chapman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward%20Thomas%20Chapman | Edward Thomas Chapman
He was wounded at Falaise in the breakout from the Normandy bridgehead.
# Details.
Chapman was 25 years old, and a corporal in the 3rd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment, British Army during the Second World War when the following action took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 2 April 1945, near the Dortmund-Ems canal, Germany, Corporal Chapman's section came under heavy machine-gun fire from German units dug in and concealed, causing many casualties. He ordered his men to take cover and went forward alone with a Bren gun, mowing down the enemy at point-blank range, forcing them to retire. His section isolated, Corporal Chapman again halted the enemy advances with his Bren gun, at one | 15,044 |
1215094 | Edward Thomas Chapman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward%20Thomas%20Chapman | Edward Thomas Chapman
time firing it over his shoulder while lying supine on his back in a shallow fold in the ground, to cover those bringing him ammunition. He then carried in his Company Commander, an officer, who was lying wounded, but on the way back the officer was killed by further German fire and Corporal Chapman wounded in the thigh. Refusing hospitalisation he returned to his section and ensured the consolidation of the ground gained which took a further two hours of fighting.
# Honours and awards.
- 13 July 1945 – Teutoburger Wald, Germany, 2 April 1945, Corporal Edward Thomas Chapman, 3rd Bn, Monmouthshire Regiment:
# Later life.
He later achieved the rank of company sergeant major. In the Coronation | 15,045 |
1215094 | Edward Thomas Chapman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward%20Thomas%20Chapman | Edward Thomas Chapman
Coronation Honours List of 1953, he was awarded the British Empire Medal. He died on 3 February 2002 aged 82, and is buried in Panteg cemetery near New Inn, Torfaen and lived until his death in New Inn. He worked at ICI Fibres at Pontypool for 25 years. He was a noted breeder of Welsh Mountain Ponies which he exhibited and showed at the Royal Welsh Show at Builth Wells.
# References.
- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
- Tony Williams, Stephen Power, Edwin King, Brandon Smith
# External links.
- Obituary from the Times online
- Edward Chapman's VC information and details | 15,046 |
1215095 | Albert Chowne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert%20Chowne | Albert Chowne
Albert Chowne
Albert Chowne, VC, MM (19 July 1920 – 25 March 1945) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to Commonwealth forces.
# Early life.
Chowne was born in Sydney. He attended Chatswood Boys Intermediate High School and Naremburn Junior Technical School.
In 1935, he began work as a shirt-cutter with David Jones. In his spare time Chowne played rugby union and tennis, and took part in Scouting.
# Second World War.
Chowne spent a brief period in the 36th Battalion, a Militia unit, before enlisting in the Second Australian Imperial Force in late May 1940. He was assigned to the 2/13th Battalion | 15,047 |
1215095 | Albert Chowne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert%20Chowne | Albert Chowne
as a platoon message runner, and was later made company runner. The unit, part of the 9th Division, arrived in the Middle East in November 1940 and later joined the North African campaign, defending Tobruk for eight months in 1941. During his time at Tobruk, Chowne transferred to the carrier platoon and was promoted to corporal. After Tobruk the 2/13th performed garrison duties in Syria where, in September, Chowne was promoted to sergeant. He was wounded in the leg and hand at El Alamein the following month and spent three weeks in hospital. He returned to Australia with the battalion in January 1943.
In July, the unit was deployed to New Guinea campaign, taking part in the Battle of Finschhafen. | 15,048 |
1215095 | Albert Chowne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert%20Chowne | Albert Chowne
Chowne, now commanding a mortar platoon, was awarded the Military Medal for twice crawling close to enemy positions to direct mortar fire. Regarded as exceptionally cool by his comrades, Chowne combined fearlessness with a self-effacing manner.
He was commissioned as a lieutenant in January 1944 and he married Daphne Barton, a corporal in the Australian Women's Army Service, in March that year. After completing a jungle warfare training course at Canungra, Queensland, Lt. Chowne was posted to the 2/2nd Battalion, part of the 6th Division, in October 1944. Two months later the 2/2nd began the Aitape-Wewak campaign in New Guinea in November 1944.
## Victoria Cross action.
On 25 March 1945 near | 15,049 |
1215095 | Albert Chowne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert%20Chowne | Albert Chowne
Dagua Airfield, Chowne attacked an enemy position which was holding up further movement towards Wewak. Seeing that the leading platoon was suffering heavy casualties, Chowne rushed forward and knocked out two light machine guns with grenades and then, calling on his men to follow him and firing his sub machine gun from the hip, he charged the position. Although he was twice wounded in the chest, the impetus of his charge carried him forward 50 yards under intense machine gun and rifle fire and he accounted for two more of the enemy before he was killed.
Chowne was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously and was buried at the Lae War Cemetery, Lae, New Guinea. His VC is displayed at the Australian | 15,050 |
1215095 | Albert Chowne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert%20Chowne | Albert Chowne
War Memorial.
# Legacy.
Chowne's name is commemorated in several places around Australia. A street in Campbell, Canberra is named. In Willoughby, Sydney, the community facility is called the Albert Chowne Memorial Hall and Chowne Place, both named after him.
On 8 May 2015, Chowne's widow, Daphne Dunne, was in the crowd at the Sydney Opera House when Prince Harry was farewelled from Australia by the public at the end of a month-long deployment with the Australian Army. The prince recognised the VC medal in the cluster worn on Dunne's right breast, and approached her to discuss the medal as well as her own medals over her left breast. The "Daily Telegraph" reported that Dunne had a conversation | 15,051 |
1215095 | Albert Chowne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert%20Chowne | Albert Chowne
with the prince and "she told him how her first husband Lieutenant Albert Chowne died aged 25 in 1945 – just a year after they married – in a heroic attack on a Japanese machinegun post in Papua New Guinea. The red roses that Lt Chowne had arranged to be sent to his young bride on her birthday arrived just before the news he had been killed." It went on to say: "She wed her second husband, Corporal John Dunne, who was captured in Malaya in 1942 and ended up in Changi POW camp ... (regarding the prince) In a show of affection as he leaned down towards her, she touched his face before he kissed her on the cheek." The newspaper also reported that, in meeting the prince, she had now met all the | 15,052 |
1215095 | Albert Chowne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert%20Chowne | Albert Chowne
bride on her birthday arrived just before the news he had been killed." It went on to say: "She wed her second husband, Corporal John Dunne, who was captured in Malaya in 1942 and ended up in Changi POW camp ... (regarding the prince) In a show of affection as he leaned down towards her, she touched his face before he kissed her on the cheek." The newspaper also reported that, in meeting the prince, she had now met all the senior members of the British royal family. Dunne died on 1 April 2019, shortly after receiving a birthday card from Prince Harry and his wife, Meghan Markle, to celebrate her 99th birthday.
# External links.
- "Lieutenant Albert Chowne, VC, MM", Australian War Memorial | 15,053 |
1215114 | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Drew%20Stoddard | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
Elizabeth Drew Stoddard (May 6, 1823 – August 1, 1902) was an American poet and novelist.
Soon after her marriage to Richard Henry Stoddard, the author, she began to publish poems in all the leading magazines, and thereafter, she was a frequent contributor. Her verses were of a high order; she wrote for intellectual readers only. She never collected the numerous poems she published in the periodicals, although there were enough of them to fill a large volume. In addition to her poetical productions, she published three novels: "The Morgesons" (New York City, 1862); "Two Men" (1865), and "Temple House" (1867). Those books did not find a large sale when first published, | 15,054 |
1215114 | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Drew%20Stoddard | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
but a second edition, published in 1888, found a wider circle of readers. They were pictures of New England scenes and characters. In 1874, she published "Lolly Dinks's Doings", a juvenile story.
# Early life and education.
Elizabeth Drew Barstow was born May 6, 1823, in the small coastal town of Mattapoisett, Massachusetts. She received a thorough education in various boarding-schools and in her school-days showed her bent towards poetry and literature in general. She studied at Wheaton Seminary, Norton, Massachusetts.
# Career.
After her marriage in 1852 to poet Richard Henry Stoddard, the couple settled permanently in New York City, where they belonged to New York's vibrant, close-knit | 15,055 |
1215114 | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Drew%20Stoddard | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
literary and artistic circles. She assisted her husband in his literary work, and contributed stories, poems and essays to the periodicals. Many of her own works were originally published between 1859 and 1890 in such magazines as "The Aldine", "Harper's Monthly", "Harper's Bazaar", and "The Atlantic Monthly".
Stoddard is most widely known today as the author of "The Morgesons" (1862), her first of three novels. Her other two novels are "Two Men" (1865) and "Temple House" (1867). Stoddard was also a prolific writer of short stories, children's tales, poems, essays, travel writing, and journalism pieces.
Her work combines the narrative style of the popular nineteenth-century male-centered bildungsroman | 15,056 |
1215114 | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Drew%20Stoddard | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
with the conventions of women's romantic fiction in this revolutionary exploration of the conflict between a woman's instinct, passion, and will, and the social taboos, family allegiances, and traditional New England restraint that inhibit her.
Her most studied work, "The Morgesons" is set in a small seaport town, and is the dramatic story of Cassandra Morgeson's fight against social and religious norms in a quest for sexual, spiritual, and economic autonomy. An indomitable heroine, Cassandra not only achieves an equal and complete love with her husband and ownership of her family's property, but also masters the skills and accomplishments expected of women. Counterpointed with the stultified | 15,057 |
1215114 | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Drew%20Stoddard | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
lives of her aunt, mother, and sister, Cassandra's success is a striking and radical affirmation of women's power to shape their own destinies. Embodying the convergence of the melodrama and sexual undercurrents of gothic romance and Victorian social realism, "The Morgesons" marks an important transition in the development of the novel and evoked comparisons during Stoddard's lifetime with such masters as Honoré de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy, George Eliot, the Brontë sisters, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
One major source of Stoddard's importance to American literature is the historicism of her work, the manner in which her writing embodied and subverted the tension of her present-day culture with the | 15,058 |
1215114 | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Drew%20Stoddard | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
archetypal or received values of the American past. A pioneering predecessor of regionalist authors Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Kate Chopin, as well as a precursor of American modernism, Stoddard's writing is remarkable for its almost total lack of sentimentality, pervasive use of irony, psychological depth of richly drawn characters, intense atmospheric descriptions of New England, concise language, and innovative use of narrative voice and structure. Her investigation of relations between the sexes, a dominant focus of her fiction, analyzes emotions ranging from love and desire to disdain, aggression, and depression.
# Selected works.
- Stoddard, Elizabeth: "The | 15,059 |
1215114 | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Drew%20Stoddard | Elizabeth Drew Stoddard
love and desire to disdain, aggression, and depression.
# Selected works.
- Stoddard, Elizabeth: "The Morgesons and other writings : published and unpublished", Ed., with an crit. introd. by Lawrence Buell and Sandra A. Zagarell, Philadelphia, Pa. : PENN, Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr., 1996,
# Further reading.
- Smith, Robert McClure and Ellen Weinauer, eds. "American Culture, Canons, and the Case of Elizabeth Stoddard." Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2003
- Stockton, Elizabeth. “ ‘A Crusade against Duty’: Property, Self-Possession, and the Law in the Novels of Elizabeth Stoddard.” "The New England Quarterly" 79.3 (2006): 413-438.
# External links.
- PAL: Perspectives in American Literature | 15,060 |
1215120 | Tom Dresser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Dresser | Tom Dresser
Tom Dresser
Tom Dresser (1891 – 9 April 1982) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Dresser was born at Laund House Farm, Huby in 1891. He was 25 years old, and a private in the 7th Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 12 May 1917 near Roeux, France, Private Dresser, in spite of having been twice wounded on the way and suffering great pain, succeeded in conveying an important message from battalion headquarters | 15,061 |
1215120 | Tom Dresser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%20Dresser | Tom Dresser
f Wales's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 12 May 1917 near Roeux, France, Private Dresser, in spite of having been twice wounded on the way and suffering great pain, succeeded in conveying an important message from battalion headquarters to the front line trenches, which he eventually reached in an exhausted condition. His fearlessness and determination to deliver this message at all costs proved of the greatest value to his battalion at a critical period.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Green Howards Museum in Richmond, North Yorkshire.
# References.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Cleveland)" | 15,062 |
1215077 | British Commonwealth Forces Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Commonwealth%20Forces%20Korea | British Commonwealth Forces Korea
British Commonwealth Forces Korea
British Commonwealth Forces Korea (BCFK) was the formal name of the Commonwealth army, naval and air units serving with the United Nations (UN) in the Korean War. BCFK included Australian, British, Canadian, Indian, and New Zealand. Some Commonwealth units and personnel served with United States and/or other UN formations, which were not part of BCFK.
In 1950, Australian units based with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) in Japan were among the first UN personnel to be deployed in South Korea. After the administrative support role of BCOF in Japan to the fighting forces in Korea had been decided in November 1950, the title BCFK appeared. The | 15,063 |
1215077 | British Commonwealth Forces Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Commonwealth%20Forces%20Korea | British Commonwealth Forces Korea
position of BCFK Commander-in-Chief was always held by Australian Army officers, the first being Lieutenant General Sir Horace Robertson. Liaison between the Commonwealth C-in-C and the UN high command was provided by a subordinate headquarters in Tokyo.
By the time BCFK came into being, the Commonwealth armies had formed the 1st Commonwealth Division (in July 1951) and British and Canadian Army personnel predominated at the operational level in the Commonwealth land forces. Lieutenant General William Bridgeford took over from Robertson in October 1951, and he was later succeeded by Lieutenant General Henry Wells. Wells was succeeded by Lieutenant General Rudolph Bierwirth in 1954.
The Royal | 15,064 |
1215077 | British Commonwealth Forces Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Commonwealth%20Forces%20Korea | British Commonwealth Forces Korea
Navy usually had at least one aircraft carrier on station during the war. Five British carriers: "Glory", "Ocean", "Theseus", "Triumph", and (a maintenance and aircraft transport carrier) served in the conflict. The Royal Australian Navy provided the carrier HMAS "Sydney". The RN, RAN and Royal Canadian Navy also provided many other warships. The Royal New Zealand Navy deployed a number of Loch class frigates throughout the war.
The RN carriers provided the only British fighter planes to take part in the war. On 9 August 1952 a propeller-driven Sea Fury, piloted by Lieutenant Peter Carmichael of No. 802 Squadron, based on HMS "Ocean", shot down a MiG-15 jet fighter, becoming one of only a handful | 15,065 |
1215077 | British Commonwealth Forces Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Commonwealth%20Forces%20Korea | British Commonwealth Forces Korea
of pilots of propeller planes to have shot down a jet.
The only front-line unit from a Commonwealth air force to serve under BCFK was Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) No. 77 Squadron, which initially flew P-51 Mustang fighters and later converted to Gloster Meteor jets. British and Canadian aircrews also served with the RAAF. The only Royal Air Force contribution was a wing of Short Sunderland flying boats based at Iwakuni in Japan.
# See also.
- 1st Commonwealth Division
- KATCOM
- United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan, Korea, where a total of 1589 Commonwealth casualties are buried.
- Korean War Memorial in London
# External links.
- Lt Col. John C. Blaxland, 2004, "The Korean | 15,066 |
1215077 | British Commonwealth Forces Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Commonwealth%20Forces%20Korea | British Commonwealth Forces Korea
es are buried.
- Korean War Memorial in London
# External links.
- Lt Col. John C. Blaxland, 2004, "The Korean War: Reflections on Shared Australian and Canadian Military Experiences"
- Historical Section, General Staff, Army Headquarters, 1956, "Canada's Army in Korea: the United Nations Operations, 1950-53, and their Aftermath"
- Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Cold War (Korean War)
- Royal Engineers Museum
Royal Engineer pictures of the Korean War
- Invasions of Inchon and Wonsan remembered French and English supported operations. Allies provide a unique perspective of naval operation in the Korean War ...
- EuroKorVet European Korean war Veterans website (non-off) | 15,067 |
1215155 | Thomas Aldrich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Aldrich | Thomas Aldrich
Thomas Aldrich
Thomas Aldrich(e), Aldridge or Aldredge may refer to:
- Thomas Bailey Aldrich (1836–1907), American writer, poet, critic and editor
- Thomas Aldriche (by 1515–1562), English politician
- Thomas Aldridge, English actor
- Tommy Aldridge (born 1950), American drummer
- Tom Aldredge (1928–2011), American actor
- Thomas Aldrich (academic) (16th century), English priest and academic | 15,068 |
1215158 | TMF | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TMF | TMF
TMF
TMF may refer to:
- The Music Factory, an originally Dutch brand of pop music television channels, including:
- TMF Nederland
- TMF Flanders
- TMF Australia, now known as MTV Hits
- TMF (UK & Ireland)
- TMF Group, a Dutch multinational in the accounting industry
- Topological modular forms, an E-infinity ring spectrum used in algebraic topology
- TeleManagement Forum
- The Motley Fool, an Alexandria, Virginia-based company offering stock-related financial advice and services
- Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, scientific journal
- The Magnetic Fields, an indie pop band led by Stephin Merritt
- Thermo-mechanical fatigue
- Texas Military Forces
- Trey Martinez Fischer, a | 15,069 |
1215158 | TMF | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TMF | TMF
c Factory, an originally Dutch brand of pop music television channels, including:
- TMF Nederland
- TMF Flanders
- TMF Australia, now known as MTV Hits
- TMF (UK & Ireland)
- TMF Group, a Dutch multinational in the accounting industry
- Topological modular forms, an E-infinity ring spectrum used in algebraic topology
- TeleManagement Forum
- The Motley Fool, an Alexandria, Virginia-based company offering stock-related financial advice and services
- Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, scientific journal
- The Magnetic Fields, an indie pop band led by Stephin Merritt
- Thermo-mechanical fatigue
- Texas Military Forces
- Trey Martinez Fischer, a Texas politician from San Antonio | 15,070 |
1215125 | Joseph Jee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Jee | Joseph Jee
Joseph Jee
Joseph Jee (9 February 1819 – 17 March 1899) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Details.
Jee was 38 years old, and a surgeon in the 78th Regiment (later The Seaforth Highlanders Ross-shire Buffs, Duke of Albany's), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 25 September 1857, at the relief of Lucknow, for which he was awarded the VC:
# Further information.
He later achieved the rank of deputy surgeon general.
# The medal.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum, Mytchett, | 15,071 |
1215125 | Joseph Jee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Jee | Joseph Jee
t and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Details.
Jee was 38 years old, and a surgeon in the 78th Regiment (later The Seaforth Highlanders Ross-shire Buffs, Duke of Albany's), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 25 September 1857, at the relief of Lucknow, for which he was awarded the VC:
# Further information.
He later achieved the rank of deputy surgeon general.
# The medal.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum, Mytchett, Surrey.
# References.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(Leicestershire)"
- Deputy Inspector General J. Jee | 15,072 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Rufus Wilmot Griswold (February 13, 1815 – August 27, 1857) was an American anthologist, editor, poet, and critic. Born in Vermont, Griswold left home when he was 15 years old. He worked as a journalist, editor, and critic in Philadelphia, New York City, and elsewhere. He built up a strong literary reputation, in part due to his 1842 collection "The Poets and Poetry of America". This anthology, the most comprehensive of its time, included what he deemed the best examples of American poetry. He produced revised versions and similar anthologies for the remainder of his life, although many of the poets he promoted have since faded into obscurity. Many writers hoped to have | 15,073 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
their work included in one of these editions, although they commented harshly on Griswold's abrasive character. Griswold was married three times: his first wife died young, his second marriage ended in a public and controversial divorce, and his third wife left him after the previous divorce was almost repealed.
Edgar Allan Poe, whose poetry had been included in Griswold's anthology, published a critical response that questioned which poets were included. This began a rivalry which grew when Griswold succeeded Poe as editor of "Graham's Magazine" at a higher salary than Poe's. Later, the two competed for the attention of poet Frances Sargent Osgood. They never reconciled their differences and, | 15,074 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
after Poe's mysterious death in 1849, Griswold wrote an unsympathetic obituary. Claiming to be Poe's chosen literary executor, he began a campaign to harm Poe's reputation that lasted until his own death eight years later.
Griswold considered himself an expert in American poetry and was an early proponent of its inclusion on the school curriculum. He also supported the introduction of copyright legislation, speaking to Congress on behalf of the publishing industry, although he was not above infringing the copyright of other people's work. A fellow editor remarked, "even while haranguing the loudest, [he] is purloining the fastest".
# Life and career.
## Early life.
Griswold was born to Rufus | 15,075 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
and Deborah (Wass) Griswold on February 13, 1815, in Vermont, near Rutland, and raised a strict Calvinist in the hamlet of Benson. He was the twelfth of fourteen children and his father was a farmer and shoemaker. In 1822, the family sold the Benson farm and moved to nearby Hubbardton. As a child, Griswold was complex, unpredictable, and reckless. He left home when he was 15, calling himself a "solitary soul, wandering through the world, a homeless, joyless outcast".
Griswold moved to Albany, New York, to live with a 22-year-old flute-playing journalist named George C. Foster, a writer best known for his work "New-York by Gas-Light". Griswold lived with Foster until he was 17, and the two may | 15,076 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
have had a romantic relationship. When Griswold moved away, Foster wrote to him begging him to return, signing his letter "come to me if you love me". Griswold attempted to enroll at the Rensselaer School in 1830, but was not allowed to take any classes after he was caught attempting to play a prank on a professor.
## Early career and first marriage.
After a brief spell as a printer's apprentice, Griswold moved to Syracuse where, with some friends, he started a newspaper called "The Porcupine". This publication purposefully targeted locals for what was later remembered as merely malicious critique.
He moved to New York City in 1836 and, in March of that year, was introduced to 19-year-old | 15,077 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Caroline Searles, whom he later married. He was employed as an editor for various publications in the New York area. In October, he considered running for office as a Whig but did not receive the party's support. In 1837 he was licensed as a Baptist clergyman, although he never had a permanent congregation.
Griswold married Caroline on August 12, 1837, and the couple had two daughters. Following the birth of their second daughter, Griswold left his family behind in New York and moved to Philadelphia. His departure on November 27, 1840, was by all accounts abrupt, leaving his job with Horace Greeley's "New York Tribune", and his library of several thousand volumes. He joined the staff of Philadelphia's | 15,078 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
"Daily Standard" and began to build his reputation as a literary critic, becoming known for his savagery and vindictiveness.
On November 6, 1842, Griswold visited his wife in New York after she had given birth to their third child, a son. Three days later, after returning to Philadelphia, he was informed that both she and the infant had died. Deeply shocked, Griswold traveled by train alongside her coffin, refusing to leave her side for 30 hours. When fellow passengers urged him to try to sleep, he answered by kissing her dead lips and embracing her, his two children crying next to him. He refused to leave the cemetery after her funeral, even after the other mourners had left, until forced | 15,079 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
to do so by a relative. He wrote a long poem in blank verse dedicated to Caroline, "Five Days", which was printed in the "New York Tribune" on November 16, 1842. Griswold had difficulty believing she had died and often dreamed of their reunion. Forty days after her entombment, he entered her vault, cut off a lock of her hair, kissed her on the forehead and lips, and wept for several hours, staying by her side until a friend found him 30 hours later.
## Anthologist and critic.
In 1842, Griswold released his 476-page anthology of American poetry, "The Poets and Poetry of America", which he dedicated to Washington Allston. Griswold's collection featured poems from over 80 authors, including 17 | 15,080 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
by Lydia Sigourney, three by Edgar Allan Poe, and 45 by Charles Fenno Hoffman. Hoffman, a close friend, was allotted twice as much space as any other author. Griswold went on to oversee many other anthologies, including "Biographical Annual", which collected memoirs of "eminent persons recently deceased", "Gems from American Female Poets", "Prose Writers of America", and "Female Poets of America".
Between 1842 and 1845 while Griswold was collecting material for "Prose Writers of America" he discovered the identity of Horace Binney Wallace, who had been writing in various literary magazines at the time (including Burton's) under the pen name William Landor. Wallace declined to be included in | 15,081 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
the anthology but the two became friends, exchanging many letters over the years. Wallace eventually ghostwrote Griswold's "Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire" (1847).
"Prose Writers of America", published in 1847, was prepared specifically to compete with a similar anthology by Cornelius Mathews and Evert Augustus Duyckinck. The prose collection earned Griswold a rivalry with the two men, which Griswold expected. As it was being published, Griswold wrote to Boston publisher James Thomas Fields that "Young America will be rabid". In preparing his anthologies, Griswold would write to the living authors whose work he was including to ask their suggestions on which poems to include, as well | 15,082 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
as to gather information for a biographical sketch.
In 1843 Griswold founded "The Opal", an annual gift book that collected essays, stories, and poetry. Nathaniel Parker Willis edited its first edition, which was released in the fall of 1844. For a time, Griswold was editor of the "Saturday Evening Post" and also published a collection of poetry, "The Cypress Wreath" (1844). His poems, with titles such as "The Happy Hour of Death", "On the Death of a Young Girl", and "The Slumber of Death", emphasized mortality and mourning. Another collection of his poetry, "Christian Ballads and Other Poems", was published in 1844, and his nonfiction book, "The Republican Court or, American Society in the | 15,083 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Days of Washington", was published in 1854. The book is meant to cover events during the presidency of George Washington, though it mixes historical fact with apocryphal legend until one is indistinguishable from the other. During this period, Griswold occasionally offered his services at the pulpit delivering sermons and he may have received an honorary doctorate from Shurtleff College, a Baptist institution in Illinois, leading to his nickname the "Reverend Dr. Griswold".
## Second marriage.
On August 20, 1845, Griswold married Charlotte Myers, a Jewish woman; she was 42 and he was 33. Griswold had been pressured into the marriage by the woman's aunts, despite his concern about their difference | 15,084 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
in religious beliefs. This difference was strong enough that one of Griswold's friends referred to his wife only as "the little Jewess". On their wedding night, he discovered that she was, according to Griswold biographer Joy Bayless, "through some physical misfortune, incapable of being a wife" or, as Poe biographer Kenneth Silverman explains, incapable of having sex. Griswold considered the marriage void and no more valid "than there would have been had the ceremony taken place between parties of the same sex, or where the sex of one was doubtful or ambiguous". Still, the couple moved together to Charleston, South Carolina, Charlotte's home town, and lived under the same roof, albeit sleeping | 15,085 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
in separate rooms. Neither of the two was happy with the situation, and at the end of April 1846 she had a lawyer write up a contract "to separate, altogether and forever, ... which would in effect be a divorce". The contract forbade Griswold from remarrying and paid him $1,000 for expenses in exchange for his daughter Caroline staying with the Myers family. After this separation, Griswold immediately moved back to Philadelphia.
## Move to New York City.
A few years later, Griswold moved back to New York City, leaving his younger daughter in the care of the Myers family and his elder daughter, Emily, with relatives on her mother's side. He had by now earned the nickname "Grand Turk", and in | 15,086 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
the summer of 1847 made plans to edit an anthology of poetry by American women. He believed that women were incapable of the same kind of "intellectual" poetry as men and believed they needed to be divided: "The conditions of aesthetic ability in the two sexes are probably distinct, or even opposite", he wrote in his introduction. The selections he chose for "The Female Poets of America" were not necessarily the greatest examples of poetry but instead were chosen because they emphasized traditional morality and values. That same year, Griswold began working on what he considered "the "maximum opus" of his life", an extensive biographical dictionary. Although he worked on it for several years | 15,087 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
and even advertised for it, it was never produced. He also helped Elizabeth F. Ellet publish her book "Women of the American Revolution", and was angered when she did not acknowledge his assistance in the book. In July 1848, he visited poet Sarah Helen Whitman in Providence, Rhode Island, although he had been suffering with vertigo and exhaustion, rarely leaving his apartment at New York University, and was unable to write without taking opium. In autumn of that year, he had an epileptic fit, the first of many he would suffer for the remainder of his life. One fit caused him to fall out of a ferry in Brooklyn and nearly drown. He wrote to publisher James T. Fields: "I am in a terrible condition, | 15,088 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
physically and mentally. I do not know what the end will be ... I am exhausted—betwixt life and death—and heaven and hell." In 1849, he was further troubled when Charles Fenno Hoffman, with whom he had become good friends, was committed to an insane asylum.
Griswold continued editing and contributing literary criticism for various publications, both full-time and freelance, including 22 months from July 1, 1850, to April 1, 1852, with "The International Magazine". There, he worked with contributors including Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Mary E. Hewitt and John R. Thompson. In the November 10, 1855, issue of "The Criterion", Griswold anonymously reviewed the first edition of Walt Whitman's "Leaves | 15,089 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
of Grass", declaring: "It is impossible to image how any man's fancy could have conceived such a mass of stupid filth". Griswold charged that Whitman was guilty of "the vilest imaginings and shamefullest license", a "degrading, beastly sensuality." Referring to Whitman's poetry, Griswold said he left "this gathering of muck to the laws which ... must have the power to suppress such gross obscenity." Whitman later included Griswold's review in a new edition of "Leaves of Grass". He ended his review with a phrase in Latin referring to "that horrible sin, among Christians not to be named", the stock phrase long associated with Christian condemnations of sodomy. Griswold was the first person in | 15,090 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
the 19th century to publicly point to and stress the theme of erotic desire and acts between men in Whitman's poetry. More attention to that aspect of Whitman's poetry would only surface late in the 19th century.
## Divorce and third marriage.
After a brief flirtation with poet Alice Cary, Griswold pursued a relationship with Harriet McCrillis. He originally did not want to divorce Charlotte Myers because he "dreaded the publicity" and because of her love for his daughter. He applied for divorce at the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia on March 25, 1852. Elizabeth Ellet and Ann S. Stephens wrote to Myers urging her not to grant the divorce, and to McCrillis not to marry him. To convince | 15,091 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Myers to agree to the divorce, Griswold allowed her to keep his daughter Caroline if she signed a statement that she had deserted him. She agreed and the divorce was made official December 18; he likely never saw Myers or his daughter again. McCrillis and Griswold were married shortly thereafter on December 26, 1852, and settled at 196 West Twenty-third Street in New York. Their son, William, was born on October 9, 1853.
Ellet and Stephens continued writing to Griswold's ex-wife, urging her to have the divorce repealed. Myers was finally convinced and filed in Philadelphia on September 23, 1853. The court, however, had lost records of the divorce and had to delay the appeal. Adding to Griswold's | 15,092 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
troubles, that fall, a gas leak in his home caused an explosion and a fire. He was severely burned, losing his eyelashes, eyebrows, and seven of his finger nails. That same year, his 15-year-old daughter, Emily, nearly died in Connecticut. A train she was riding on had fallen off a drawbridge into a river. When Griswold arrived he saw 49 corpses in a makeshift morgue. Emily had been pronounced dead when pinned underwater but a doctor was able to revive her. On February 24, 1856, the divorce appeal went to court, with Ellet and Stephens providing lengthy testimony against Griswold's character. Neither Griswold nor Myers attended and the appeal was dismissed. Embarrassed by the ordeal, McCrillis | 15,093 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
left Griswold in New York and moved in with family in Bangor, Maine.
## Death.
Griswold died of tuberculosis in New York City on August 27, 1857. Sarah Anna Lewis, a friend and writer, suggested that the interference of Elizabeth Ellet had exacerbated Griswold's condition and that she "goaded Griswold to his death". At the time of his death, the sole decorations found in his room were portraits of himself, Frances Osgood, and Poe. A friend, Charles Godfrey Leland, found in Griswold's desk several documents attacking a number of authors which Griswold was preparing for publication. Leland decided to burn them.
Griswold's funeral was held on August 30. His pallbearers included Leland, Charles | 15,094 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Frederick Briggs, George Henry Moore, and Richard Henry Stoddard. His remains were left for eight years in the receiving tomb of Green-Wood Cemetery before being buried on July 12, 1865, without a headstone. Although his library of several thousand volumes was auctioned off, raising over $3,000 to be put towards a monument, none was ever commissioned.
# Reputation and influence.
Griswold's anthology "The Poets and Poetry of America" was the most comprehensive of its kind to date. As critic Lewis Gaylord Clark said, it was expected Griswold's book would "become incorporated into the permanent undying literature of our age and nation". The anthology helped Griswold build up a considerable reputation | 15,095 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
throughout the 1840s and 1850s and its first edition went through three printings in only six months. His choice of authors, however, was occasionally questioned. A British editor reviewed the collection and concluded, "with two or three exceptions, there is not a poet of mark in the whole Union" and referred to the anthology as "the most conspicuous act of martyrdom yet committed in the service of the transatlantic muses". Even so, the book was popular and was even continued in several editions after Griswold's death by Richard Henry Stoddard.
In more modern times, "The Poets and Poetry of America" has been nicknamed a "graveyard of poets" because its anthologized writers have since passed | 15,096 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
into obscurity to become, as literary historian Fred Lewis Pattee wrote, "dead ... beyond all resurrection". Pattee also called the book a "collection of poetic trash" and "voluminous worthlessness".
Within the contemporary American literary scene Griswold became known as erratic, dogmatic, pretentious, and vindictive. As historian Perry Miller wrote, "Griswold was about as devious as they came in this era of deviousness; did not ample documentation prove that he actually existed, we might suppose him ... one of the less plausible inventions of Charles Dickens". Later anthologies such as "Prose Writers of America" and "Female Poets of America" helped him become known as a literary dictator, | 15,097 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
whose approval writers sought even while they feared his growing power. Even as they tried to impress him, however, several authors voiced their opinion on Griswold's character. Ann S. Stephens called him two-faced and "constitutionally incapable of speaking the truth". Even his friends knew him as a consummate liar and had a saying: "Is that a Griswold or a fact?" Another friend once called him "one of the most irritable and vindictive men I ever met". Author Cornelius Mathews wrote in 1847 that Griswold fished for writers to exploit, warning "the poor little innocent fishes" to avoid his "Griswold Hook". A review of one of Griswold's anthologies, published anonymously in the Philadelphia "Saturday | 15,098 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Museum" on January 28, 1843, but believed to have been written by Poe, asked: "What will be [Griswold's] fate? Forgotten, save only by those whom he has injured and insulted, he will sink into oblivion, without leaving a landmark to tell that he once existed; or if he is spoken of hereafter, he will be quoted as the unfaithful servant who abused his trust."
James Russell Lowell, who had privately called Griswold "an ass and, what's more, a knave", composed a verse on Griswold's temperament in his satirical "A Fable for Critics":
poem
/poem
Griswold was one of the earliest proponents of teaching schoolchildren American poetry in addition to English poetry. One of his anthologies, "Readings | 15,099 |
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