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1402017 | Salad of a Thousand Delights | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salad%20of%20a%20Thousand%20Delights | Salad of a Thousand Delights
odiac"
- 4. "Oven"
- 5. "If I Had An Exorcism"
- 6. "Boris"
- 7. "Kool Legged"
- 8. "Wispy"
- 9. "It's Shoved"
- 10. "Anaconda"
- 11. "We Reach"
- 12. "Hog Leg"
# Personnel.
- Buzz Osborne - guitar, vocals
- Dale Crover - drums, vocals
- Joe Preston - bass, vocals
## Additional personnel.
- Jo Smitty - editing, executive producer
- Paul Uusitalo - camera, sound, editing, executive producer
- Bob Basanich - camera
- Craig Joyce - camera
- RE. Bassanova - shaman box
- Todd Morey - cover graphics
- Greg Babar (aka Babar the Elephant) - sound
- Matt Lukin - bass ("Rehearsal" bonus video on DVD, uncredited)
- Mike Dillard - drums (audio of the "Rehearsal" video, uncredited) | 17,200 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
Teasmade
A teasmade is a machine for making tea automatically. It was once common in the United Kingdom and some British Commonwealth countries. Teasmades generally include an analogue alarm clock and are designed to be used at the bedside, to ensure tea is ready first thing in the morning. Although crude versions existed in Victorian times, they only became practical with the availability of electric versions in the 1930s. They reached their peak in popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, since which time their use has declined, but they are now enjoying a revival, partly as a retro novelty item.
The name "teasmade" is an example of a genericised trademark, introduced by Goblin and now belonging | 17,201 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
to Groupe SEB, but now commonly used to refer to any automatic tea-making appliance.
# History.
On 17 December 1891, Samuel Rowbottom, of 82 Abbey Road, Derby, applied for a patent for his Automatic Tea Making Apparatus, the patent being granted in 1892. It used a clockwork alarm clock, a gas ring and pilot light. There is a photograph in existence of Samuel displaying his Automatic Tea Maker on an exhibition stand. Although there is no evidence that he commercially produced his tea maker, the concept he invented of using the steam from boiling water to force the water out through a tube into the teapot is still in use today.
On 7 April 1902 a patent for a teasmade was registered by gunsmith | 17,202 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
Frank Clarke of Birmingham, England. He called it "An Apparatus Whereby a Cup of Tea or Coffee is Automatically Made" and it was later marketed as "A Clock That Makes Tea!". However, his original machine and all rights to it were purchased from Albert E Richardson, a clockmaker from Ashton-under-Lyne.
On May 2, 1932 George Absolom submitted an application for a patent on his invention, an electric automatic tea maker. The Patent (number 400672) was passed on November 2, 1933. This invention was manufactured and marketed as the Teesmade.
The word 'teesmade' was certainly initiated by George Absolom Sr. and predates the use of the word 'teasmade' by about four years. George Absolom Sr. applied | 17,203 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
for a Registered Design using the name Teesmade, but this was not accepted by the Patent Office on the grounds that the unit was not made on the River Tees and that this might confuse the public. After he became ill and confined to his home in Chichester, his wife Blanche-Clementine Absolom took up a lengthy legal battle with the chambers of the Messrs. Lovelace and Catwell who is represented George Absolom Sr. in his own fight for a patent. Switching lawyers, she turned on her old lawyers for failing to represent her in the fiercer manner. She won the case, despite it dragging on for years due to poor funding on both sides. Geographic trademarks were invariably refused at this time, and indeed | 17,204 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
the Patent Office passed legislation to forbid them in 1938. This legislation has since been relaxed. Although the name could not be formally protected, from 1932 onwards George Absolom Sr.’S son, George Edward Absolom continued to trade as Teesmade Co. Goblin were in no position to object, as the name had the indisputable advantage of prior use.
A similar electric teamaker was patented by William Hermann Brenner Thornton in association with Goblin in 1933, shortly after Absolom's patent.
Goblin's next model, also invented by William Hermann Brenner Thornton, was patented in 1934 and was manufactured from 1936. This was the first tea maker sold under the name Teasmade. A patent sketch of 1934 | 17,205 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
shows the essential features. A kettle with a tube leading into a teapot was heated by an electric element switched by an alarm clock. The kettle sat upon a spring-loaded pad with a switch, so that when steam pressure pushed the boiling water into the pot, the pad was allowed to rise and cut the power to the element.
# Production.
The Swan Teasmade D01 made by RBC electronics is no longer in production.
The Swan Teasmade STM series has been manufactured in China by Swan Products since October 2009, and is being sold in many UK retailers including John Lewis and Tesco Direct. There are several versions including white, cream and retro-styled models.
The Breville Wake Cup automatic teamaker | 17,206 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
has been manufactured by Breville UK since 2012.
Sales of the Micromark Tea Express ceased in the UK when the parent company of Micromark, BDC, went into administration in November 2008.
# Collections.
A selection of examples of teasmades are on display at the Science Museum in London in The Secret Life of the Home exhibition area.
The largest-known collection of teasmades is owned by Sheridan Parsons in Royal Wootton Bassett.
# In popular culture.
In the music video for Queen's "I Want To Break Free", Brian May is awakened by a teasmade.
In Season 3, Episode 2 of ITV series Endeavour, a Goblin Teasmade figures prominently as being the source of an explosion which kills one person.
# | 17,207 |
1402014 | Teasmade | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teasmade | Teasmade
s of the Micromark Tea Express ceased in the UK when the parent company of Micromark, BDC, went into administration in November 2008.
# Collections.
A selection of examples of teasmades are on display at the Science Museum in London in The Secret Life of the Home exhibition area.
The largest-known collection of teasmades is owned by Sheridan Parsons in Royal Wootton Bassett.
# In popular culture.
In the music video for Queen's "I Want To Break Free", Brian May is awakened by a teasmade.
In Season 3, Episode 2 of ITV series Endeavour, a Goblin Teasmade figures prominently as being the source of an explosion which kills one person.
# See also.
- Coffeemaker
- Tea in the United Kingdom | 17,208 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs were an Australian pop and rock group dating from the mid-1960s. The group enjoyed success in the mid-1960s, but split in 1967. They re-emerged in the early 1970s to become one of the most popular Australian hard-rock bands of the period. Thorpe died from a heart attack in Sydney on 28 February 2007.
# History.
## Beginning.
Originally a four-piece instrumental group who had put out one surfing instrumental, "Smoke & Stack", they formed in Sydney in 1963. With the advent of the Merseybeat sound, they added a lead singer, Billy Thorpe. His powerful voice and showmanship (which made him one of the most popular and respected rock performers | 17,209 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
in Australian music), completed the original line-up, which consisted of drummer Col Baigent, bassist John "Bluey" Watson and guitarists Valentine Jones and Vince Maloney (who later played with The Bee Gees). Valentine Jones left the band shortly after Billy Thorpe had joined and was later replaced by Tony Barber.
## Chart success.
The group broke through in mid-1964 with a massive nationwide hit, their cover of the Leiber and Stoller classic "Poison Ivy", which famously kept The Beatles from the No. 1 spot on the Sydney charts at the very moment that the group was making its first and only tour of Australia—a feat which resulted in Thorpe being invited to meet the Fab Four at their hotel. | 17,210 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
Over the next twelve months the band reigned supreme as the most popular 'beat' group in Australia, scoring further hits with the songs "Mashed Potato", "Sick And Tired" and "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", until they were eclipsed by the emergence of The Easybeats in 1965. The band's recording success confirmed Albert Productions, their recording company, with its worldwide distribution deals through EMI and Parlophone, as one of the most important in Australia's embryonic pop industry.
During 1965 the original Aztecs quit after a financial dispute, so Thorpe put together a new five-piece version consisting of drummer Johnny Dick, pianist Jimmy Taylor, guitarists Colin Risbey and Mike Downes | 17,211 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
and NZ-born bassist Teddy Toi. This group performed until 1966, scoring further hits with "Twilight Time", "Hallelujah I Love Her So", "Baby, Hold Me Close", "Love Letters" and "Word For Today".
Thorpe went solo in 1967 and for a brief time hosted his own TV show, "It's All Happening", but personal problems and a widely publicised bankruptcy brought this phase of his career to an end in 1968.
## New style and line-up.
In 1969, Thorpe decided to try England, after being offered a recording deal by the Australian-born, London-based impresario Robert Stigwood, who had risen to become manager of The Bee Gees and Cream. While rehearsing a backing band in Melbourne that would form the basis for | 17,212 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
a new Aztecs, the guitarist unexpectedly dropped out, leaving Thorpe to assume lead guitar role at short notice. It marked another turning point in his career and from this point on Thorpe played lead guitar in The Aztecs as well as continuing as lead vocalist. His planned six-week stay in Melbourne soon stretched into months and eventually Thorpe decided to remain in Australia and re-launch his career.
Thorpe himself openly acknowledges that this new 'heavy' version of the Aztecs owes much to 'guitar hero' Lobby Loyde. Lloyde already had a cult following due to his stints in two of the most original Australian bands of the 1960s, The Purple Hearts and Wild Cherries. While his stint in the | 17,213 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
new Aztecs was short (from December 1968 to January 1971), his musical influence proved crucial in steering Thorpe in a completely new direction, and he strongly encouraged Thorpe to keep playing guitar.
The new Aztecs' blues-based heavy-rock repertoire was dramatically different in style from the original group, and they quickly became famous (or notorious) for the ear-splitting volume at which they played. Thorpe had also drastically changed his appearance—he grew a beard, often wore his now shoulder-length hair braided in a pigtail, and he had long since traded the tailored suits for jeans and T-shirts. Needless to say this did not endear him to people who came to the shows expecting the | 17,214 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
'old' Billy Thorpe of the "Poison Ivy" era, and this led to sometimes violent confrontations with disgruntled fans and promoters.
Their breakthrough recording was an ambitious album, "The Hoax Is Over", recorded in September 1970 with new drummer Kevin Murphy. The album was an unequivocal signal of the Aztecs' new direction, containing only four tracks, three of which were Thorpe originals. The LP is dominated by two extended tracks: a version of Johnny "Guitar" Watson's "Gangster of Love", which clocked in at 24:35 and ran the entire length of Side 1 (an unprecedented move in Australian pop music) and Thorpe's own "Mississippi" which ran 19'35". According to Thorpe, the band (which at this | 17,215 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
time comprising himself, Murphy, pianist Warren Morgan, guitar legend Lobby Loyde and bassist Paul Wheeler), were all high on LSD and jammed continuously while engineer Ernie Rose just let the tapes roll. The result heralded the fully-fledged arrival of the new Aztecs and live shows at Melbourne venues consolidated the band's reputation and drew enthusiastic responses.
## "Most People I Know (Think That I'm Crazy)".
During 1971 they continued to win over Melbourne's audiences with their power-blues repertoire, A landmark event for the band took place on 13 June 1971. Now a four-piece following the departure of Loyde, the Aztecs (Thorpe, Morgan and Wheeler, with new drummer Gil "Rathead" Matthews) | 17,216 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
headlined a major concert at the Melbourne Town Hall before a capacity crowd of 5000. The evening's performance, including Morgan's commandeering of the town hall organ, was captured on the album "Live at Melbourne Town Hall", and which has since become known for the group's deafening performance, which (it was claimed) cracked the windows of neighbouring buildings.
By contrast, the pastoral-sounding "The Dawn Song" was released in 1971. A moderate hit, it displayed the musical diversity of Thorpe and his colleagues at this time.
In early 1972 the Aztecs released what became their biggest hit, and Thorpe's signature tune – "Most People I Know (Think That I'm Crazy)", a song now widely regarded | 17,217 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
as one of the classics of Australian rock. It was a huge hit for the new Aztecs, peaking in the Go-Set National Top 40 Singles Chart at number 3 in May 1972; propelled to the top of charts by the band's triumphant appearance at the 1972 Sunbury Music Festival. Thorpe himself claimed this as a pivotal moment in the development of Australian music, thanks to the promoters' decision to feature an all-Australian line-up, rather than relying on imported stars.
"Most People I Know (Think That I'm Crazy)" was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2008.
## Sunbury.
While by no means the first of Australia's outdoor rock festivals, Sunbury '72 has assumed the | 17,218 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
mantle of "Australia's Woodstock". It was held at the end of January 1972, over the Australia Day long weekend. The venue was a natural amphitheatre site on farmland near Sunbury, a rural town north of Melbourne, Victoria. The Aztecs shared billing with such other prominent acts as Spectrum/Murtceps, The La De Das, Max Merritt & the Meteors, SCRA, Pirana, Greg Quill's Country Radio and many others.
Part of the Aztecs' set was issued on the double-album recording, "Sunbury" [EMI-HMV SOXLP 7561/2], and it was also captured on the film made of the event. A double-album collecting the Aztecs' full set, "Aztecs Live at Sunbury" [Havoc HST 4003/4] was issued later in the year and this has recently | 17,219 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
been reissued on CD. In mint condition, the original LP release, with pop-up inserts, is much sought after by collectors today.
After the release of "Most People I Know" they released a follow-up single, "Believe It Just Like Me", which attacked local radio's preference for overseas material, but it failed to emulate the success of "Most People", which remains their best-known song.
The band repeated their festival success at Sunbury '73, and a record culled from this performance, "Summer Jam", was released later in the year. They enjoyed another triumph by selling out the Myer Music Bowl in Melbourne, in marked contrast to their abortive excursions to the UK earlier in the year. It is said | 17,220 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
that a major reason that their Marquee Club gigs in London failed was that British audiences could not tolerate the group's punishing volume.
During 1973 Thorpe collaborated on a duo album with his long-time friend and colleague Warren "Pig" Morgan, the LP "Thumpin' Pig and Puffin' Billy". Morgan and Thorpe also co-wrote and produced, with the Aztecs backing, a highly regarded single, "Looking Through a Window", for soul-blues singer Wendy Saddington.
In August, Thorpe switched record labels from the independent Havoc to the newly opened local arm of Atlantic Records, releasing "Movie Queen" and "Don't You Know You're Changing?" as solo singles of singles, although they featured most of the | 17,221 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
Aztecs line-up.
Late in 1973 the group mounted a band's farewell concert at the newly opened Sydney Opera House, becoming the first rock band to perform there. The concert was recorded and released as a double album, "Steaming at the Opera House". The show consisted of three one-hour sets, the first acoustic, the second, an elaborately staged concept suite called "No More War". The third set was an all-in all-star jam, reuniting Thorpe with former bandmates Lobby Loyde, Kevin Murphy and Johnny Dick.
Before disbanding, the Aztecs recorded one more album for Atlantic, the provocatively titled "More Arse Than Class", after which Thorpe embarked on a solo career. He released several more solo | 17,222 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
albums in Australia before re-locating to the United States, where he embarked on a series of business ventures, including a successful toy company with his old bandmate Tony Barber.
## After The Aztecs.
In the late 1990s Billy Thorpe returned to Australia, where he was recognised as one of the elder statesmen of Australian music. In 1991 he was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.
In 1998 Australia Post issued a special edition set of twelve stamps celebrating the early years of Australian Rock 'n' Roll, featuring Australian hit songs of the late 1950s, the 1960s and the early 1970s. "Each of them said something about us, and told the rest of the world this is what popular culture sounds | 17,223 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
like, and it has an Australian accent." A "Most People I Know" stamp was one of those in the set.
In 2002 he was one of the driving forces behind the hugely successful TV and live concert series, "It's A Long Way to the Top", a celebration of 40 years of Australian rock music. This was an occasion for him to bring together and perform with two versions of The Aztecs, the "Original Aztecs" and, later in the show the "Sunbury Aztecs".
His talent and his power-packed voice were virtually untouched by the passing of the years and he continued to perform energetically around the country until his untimely death at age 60. He was working on his long anticipated album "Tangier" at the time of his | 17,224 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
death. He was recording in Marrakech at Marrakech Prod Recording Studio.
Billy Thorpe played his last gig at Westernport Hotel in San Remo, Victoria, on Sunday 25 February 2007. He died of a massive heart attack at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in the early hours of Wednesday, 28 February 2007. Tributes flowed readily for this legend of Australian music.
Gil Matthews runs the re-issue label Aztec Music. Their first release was "Live at Sunbury" by Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs.
# Bibliography.
- "Australian Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop" – Noel McGrath – 1978
- "An Australian Rock Discography" – Chris Spencer −1990 – Moonlight Publishing
- "The Who's Who of Australian Rock" – Chris Spencer – | 17,225 |
1402005 | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy%20Thorpe%20and%20the%20Aztecs | Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
"Australian Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop" – Noel McGrath – 1978
- "An Australian Rock Discography" – Chris Spencer −1990 – Moonlight Publishing
- "The Who's Who of Australian Rock" – Chris Spencer – Moonlight Publishing
- "The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop" – Ian McFarlane – Allen & Unwin, Sydney – 1999
# External links.
- "Long Way to the Top": Billy Thorpe & The Aztecs – Stories and Highlights, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- In Memory of Billy Thorpe
- Listen to a clip from 'Most People I Know (Think that I'm Crazy)' and read more about it on australianscreen online
- Australian Music Database: http://www.australianmusicdatabase.com/bands/billy-thorpe-and-the-aztecs | 17,226 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
The Games (British TV series)
The Games is a British reality sports game show that ran on Channel 4 for four series, in which 10 celebrities competed against each other, by doing Olympic-style events, such as weight lifting, gymnastics and diving. At the end of the series, the contestants with the most points from each round were awarded either a gold, silver or bronze medal. The show was mainly filmed in Sheffield, at the Sheffield Arena, Don Valley Stadium and Ponds Forge. In later series, the English Institute of Sport – Sheffield, iceSheffield and in series 4 the National Watersports Centre in Nottingham were used for the first time.
"The Games" was presented by Jamie Theakston for the | 17,227 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
entirety of its run, with track-side reports from Jayne Middlemiss in series 1–3 and Kirsty Gallacher in series 4.
"The Games" also had an after-show called "The Games: Live at Trackside", aired on Channel 4's sister channel E4. The first series was presented by Dougie Anderson, whilst the second was hosted by "Gamezville" presenters Darren Malcolm and Jamie Atiko. Justin Lee Collins and Caroline Flack took over as presenters for the third and fourth series. For the final series an extra one-hour show was added on E4 in the afternoon called "The Games: Live at the Heats", and the evening show changed title to become "The Games: Inside Track".
# Series 1 (2003).
The first series aired in 2003 | 17,228 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
and the celebrities that took part were:
- Azra Akın (former Miss World) - gold medalist (jointly with Terri Dwyer)
- Melanie Chisholm (singer, former member of the Spice Girls - "Sporty Spice")
- Josie D'Arby (presenter and actress) - bronze medalist
- Bobby Davro (comedian)
- Terri Dwyer (actress) - gold medalist (jointly with Azra Akin)
- MC Harvey (member of the So Solid Crew) - gold medalist
- James Hewitt (former lover of Diana, Princess of Wales) - silver medalist
- Lee Latchford-Evans (former member of Steps) - bronze medalist
- Jean-Christophe Novelli (chef)
- Gail Porter (presenter)
Porter pulled out part-way through the run. A serious knee injury sustained in the judo competition | 17,229 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
against Akın also forced Chisholm to withdraw.
# Series 2 (2004).
The second series aired in 2004 and the celebrities that took part were:
- Jarrod Batchelor (former Mr Gay UK) - joint gold medalist
- Charlie Dimmock (gardener - Ground Force) - bronze medalist
- Lady Isabella Hervey (sister of Lady Victoria Hervey) - gold medalist
- Katy Hill (presenter) - silver medalist
- Charles Ingram (cheated on "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?")
- Linda Lusardi (former model and actress)
- Shane Lynch (member of Boyzone) - joint gold medalist
- Jodie Marsh (model)
- MC Romeo (member of the So Solid Crew) - bronze medalist
- Pat Sharp (radio DJ)
## Team 2003 vs Team 2004 - Champion of Champions | 17,230 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
2004.
After the second series a special champion of champions edition, took place in which the top two male and female competitors from series one and two went head to head to compete for the title, The Games Champion of Champions. Eventually the team from 2003 won. They comprised MC Harvey, James Hewitt, Terri Dwyer and Josie D'Arby (Azra Akın was unavailable to take part).
# Series 3 (2005).
The third series commenced on 25 March 2005 and the celebrities that took part were:
- Craig Charles (comedian/actor/presenter)
- Princess Tamara Czartoryski-Borbon (model) - silver medalist
- Danny Foster (former member of Hear'Say)
- Kirsty Gallacher (presenter) - gold medalist
- Mel Giedroyc | 17,231 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
(comedian)
- Chesney Hawkes (singer) - bronze medalist
- Lisa Maffia (singer) - bronze medalist
- Jonathon Morris (actor)
- Philip Olivier (actor) - gold medalist
- Kevin Simm (member of Liberty X) - silver medalist
- Anna Walker (presenter)
Morris pulled out half-way through the run, and was replaced by Foster.
Injuries also forced Kevin Simm out of the Sumo competition, and Craig Charles out of the speed skating and vaulting competitions.
## Team 2003 vs Team 2004 vs Team 2005 – Champion of Champions 2005.
After the third series, another special champion of champions edition took place in which the top two male and female competitors from Team 2003, Team 2004 and Team 2005 competed | 17,232 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
against each other in weightlifting, hammer throwing and finally the relay race. From Team 2003, James Hewitt, Harvey, Terri Dwyer and Josie D'Arby competed. From Team 2004, Romeo, Jarrod Batchelor, Katy Hill and Lady Isabella Hervey competed. From Team 2005, Kevin Simm, Philip Olivier, Lisa Maffia and Kirsty Gallacher, competed. Team 2005 narrowly beat the team from the first series overall.
# Series 4 – 2006.
The fourth series commenced on 17 March 2006, and was presented as usual by Jamie Theakston, and track-side coverage was taken over by Series Three contestant Kirsty Gallacher. There was a total of 18 different sporting events to test their skills and abilities. The men competed in | 17,233 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
water ski jump, weights, Kendo, vault, diving, speed skating, cycling, javelin and 100m sprint. The women competed in whitewater kayak, hurdles, cycling, gym floor, swimming, curling, archery, hammer and 100m sprint.
Contestants that took part in the show were:
## Contestants.
- Peter Duncan (ex "Blue Peter" presenter and Chief Scout)
- Michelle Gayle (singer and actress) - bronze medalist
- Julia Goldsworthy (Member of Parliament for Falmouth and Camborne) - silver medalist
- Javine Hylton (singer, represented United Kingdom in Eurovision Song Contest) - Gold Medalist
- Jade Jones (former member of boy band Damage, now a member of Cherry Blackstone; longtime boyfriend of Spice Girl Emma | 17,234 |
1402013 | The Games (British TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Games%20(British%20TV%20series) | The Games (British TV series)
Bunton) - gold medalist
- JK (BBC Radio 1 DJ; presenter of The Official Chart) - bronze medalist
- Amanda Lamb (television presenter of "A Place in the Sun")
- Bernie Nolan (singer and actress)
- Adam Rickitt (actor and former singer)
- MC Plat'num B (aka Marcel Sommerville from Blazin' Squad) - silver medalist
Darren Day was among the original line-up, but after consistently failing to take part in training, he was replaced by eventual winner Jones. DJ Goldie was originally a competitor, but was forced to pull out due to an injury sustained in the training sessions for the water-ski event. He was replaced by Rickitt.
## Team 2004 vs Team 2005 vs Team 2006 – Champion of Champions 2006.
After | 17,235 |
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the fourth series another special champion of champions edition took place in which the top two male and female competitors from series two, three and four competed against each other in a 50 m freestyle swim, diving and a 4 x 50 m freestyle relay at Ponds Forge in Sheffield.
Javine Hylton, Julia Goldsworthy MP, Jade Jones and MC Plat'num represented Team 2006, Kirsty Gallacher, Chesney Hawkes, Kevin Simm and HRH Princess Tamara represented Team 2005, and Lady Isabella Hervey, Linda Lusardi, Shane Lynch and Romeo represented Team 2004.
Team 2006 won the champion of champions 2006, scoring 29 points. The team of 2005 came second with 23. Finally team 2004 with 20. This Champion of Champions | 17,236 |
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eestyle swim, diving and a 4 x 50 m freestyle relay at Ponds Forge in Sheffield.
Javine Hylton, Julia Goldsworthy MP, Jade Jones and MC Plat'num represented Team 2006, Kirsty Gallacher, Chesney Hawkes, Kevin Simm and HRH Princess Tamara represented Team 2005, and Lady Isabella Hervey, Linda Lusardi, Shane Lynch and Romeo represented Team 2004.
Team 2006 won the champion of champions 2006, scoring 29 points. The team of 2005 came second with 23. Finally team 2004 with 20. This Champion of Champions saw Shane Lynch achieve a dive which had never been performed on "The Games" before - a somersault. The trophy for the winners was presented by represented Team 2004, the Lord Mayor of Sheffield. | 17,237 |
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Phan Bội Châu
Phan Bội Châu (; 26 December 1867 – 29 October 1940) was a pioneer of Vietnamese 20th century nationalism. In 1903, he formed a revolutionary organization called the “Reformer"("Duy Tân hội"). From 1905 to 1908, he lived in Japan where he wrote political tracts calling for the independence of Vietnam from French colonial rule. After being forced to leave Japan, he moved to China where he was influenced by Sun Yat-sen. He formed a new group called the “Vietnamese Restoration League” ("Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội"), modeled after Sun Yat-sen's republican party. In 1925, French agents seized him in Shanghai. He was convicted of treason and spent the rest of his life under house arrest | 17,238 |
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in Huế.
# Aliases.
During his career, Phan used several pen names, including Sào Nam (巢南), Thị Hán (是漢), Độc Kinh Tử, Việt Điểu, and Hàn Mãn Tử.
# Early years.
Phan was born as Phan Văn San (潘文珊) in the village of Dan Nhiem, Nam Hoa commune, Nam Đàn District of the northern central province of Nghệ An. His father, Phan Văn Phổ, descended from a poor family of scholars, who had always excelled academically. He spent his first three years in Sa Nam, his mother's village, before the family moved to another village, Đan Nhiễm, his father's home village, also in Nam Đàn District. Until Phan was five, his father was typically away from home, teaching in other villages, so his mother raised him | 17,239 |
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and taught him to recite passages from the "Classic of Poetry", from which he absorbed Confucian ethics and virtues.
When Phan was five, his father returned home and he began attending his father's classes, where he studied the Chinese classics, such as the "Three Character Classic", which took him just three days to memorize. As a result of his ability to learn quickly, his father decided to move him to further Confucian texts, such as the "Analects", which he practiced on banana leaves. In his autobiography, Phan admitted he did not understand the meaning of the text in great detail at the time, but by age six, he was skillful enough to write a variant of the "Analects" that parodied his | 17,240 |
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classmates, which earned him a caning from his father.
At the time, the central region of Vietnam where the family lived was still under the sovereignty of Emperor Tự Đức, but the southern part of the country had gradually been colonised in the 1860s and turned into the colony of Cochinchina. In 1874, an attack on Hanoi forced Tự Đức to sign a treaty to open up the Red River for French trade. In Nam Đàn District, a "Binh Tây" ("Pacify the French") movement sprung among the local scholar-gentry, and Phan responded at the age of seven by playing "Binh Tây" with his classmates, using “guns” made of bamboo tubes and lychee bullets. The unrest was enough to prompt the imperial court to bring in | 17,241 |
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troops to quell the opposition to Huế's deal with the French. Phan's family was not affected by the crackdown, but the movement had a deep impact on him. Later in life, he noted that as a youth, “I was endowed with a fiery spirit. From the days when I was a small child … every time I read the stories of those in the past who were ready to die for the righteous cause, tears would come running from my eyes, soaking the books.”
When Phan was thirteen, his father sent him to another teacher with a better reputation. Since the family lacked the money for Phan to travel far away, he studied with a local "cử nhân" graduate who was able to borrow a range of books from wealthier families in the area. | 17,242 |
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In 1883, the French finished the colonization of Vietnam by conquering the northern part of Vietnam, and the country was incorporated into French Indochina. Phan drafted an appeal for "putting down the French and retrieving the North" ("Binh Tây thu Bắc"). He posted the anonymous appeal calling for the formation of local resistance units at intervals along the main road, but there were no responses and the proclamations were soon torn down. Phan realized no one would listen to a person without the social status ensured by passing mandarin examinations.
In 1884, his mother died and his aging father was growing weaker, forcing Phan to help support the family. In 1885, the Cần Vương movement began | 17,243 |
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its uprising against French rule, hoping to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi as the ruler of an independent Vietnam by expelling colonial forces. The imperial entourage fled the palace in Huế and attempted to start the uprising from a military base in Nghệ An. The scholar gentry of the province rose up, and Phan attempted to rally approximately 60 classmates who were prospective examination candidates to join in the uprising. Phan called his new unit the "Army of Loyalist Examination Candidates" ("Si tu Can Vuong Doi") and convinced an older "cử nhân" graduate to act as its commander. They had just begun to collect money and raw materials to make "ad hoc" weapons when a French patrol attacked | 17,244 |
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the village and scattered the students. Phan's father forced him to seek out the commander to have the membership list destroyed to avoid French retributions.
With his father growing weaker, Phan decided to keep a low profile to avoid trouble with the French colonials so that he could support his family. He did so by teaching and writing, while still continually preparing for examinations. During this time, he quietly acquired books on military strategy by the likes of Sun Tzu and Đào Duy Từ, the military strategist of the Nguyễn lords who stopped the Trịnh lords with a defensive wall, and Trần Hưng Đạo, the military commander of the Trần Dynasty who repelled Mongol invasions of Vietnam in | 17,245 |
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the 13th century. Phan cultivated a small number of his students whom he identified as having abundant pro-independence sentiments. He enthusiastically received visits from Cần Vương visitors and passed on their tales to his students, particularly those concerning Phan Đình Phùng, who led the Cần Vương effort.
Phan failed the regional mandarin exams for a number of years in a row. By the time he was 30, he traveled to Huế to teach, to "improve his contacts" and to obtain some special tutoring in preparation for his next exam attempt. In Huế, Phan quickly made friends with similar political values and beliefs. One friend, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền, introduced him to the unpublished writings of Nguyễn | 17,246 |
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Lộ Trạch, a Vietnamese activist/reformist. This was Phan's first encounter with the Self-Strengthening Movement in China and other major political and military reforms made around the world. After returning to Nghệ An in 1900, Phan passed the regional mandarin exams with the highest possible honors.
# Marriage and family.
At the age of 22, Phan married Thái Thị Huyên, who was from the same village. The union had long been arranged by their parents, who were acquaintances. Phan was the only son in the family, and his wife initially did not bear him any children, so she arranged for him to be married to a second wife so that the family line could be continued. This practice was not uncommon | 17,247 |
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in Confucian families of the time. His second wife bore him a son and daughter, and his first wife later bore him another son.
When Phan passed the regional examinations in 1900, he was eligible to become a public servant. However, Phan had no intention of pursuing such a career and only wanted the qualification to increase his "gravitas" in rallying anti-colonial action. With his father dying in the same year, Phan had no more family obligations, and decided to travel abroad to pursue his revolutionary activities. Phan served divorce papers on his wife so she would avoid retribution from colonial authorities for his activities.
Phan met with his wife only once more following the divorce: | 17,248 |
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when he was pardoned and released from Hỏa Lò Prison more than two decades later. He was then sent to a loose form of house arrest in Huế and the train stopped at Vinh, Nghệ An, Vietnam. On the way, his wife said, “I am very happy. From now on, my only wish is that you will hold to your initial aspiration. Do whatever you like, and do not worry about your wife and children.” While Phan was living out his final years, his children and their families came to visit him, but never his wife. When she died, she instructed her children not to tell Phan so as to not distract him.
# Activism in Vietnam.
Phan spent the first five years of the 20th century living in Huế and traveling the country. Phan | 17,249 |
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drew up a three-step plan to get the French out of Vietnam. First, he would need to organize remnants of the Cần Vương movement and other sympathizers of the cause. Second, he would need to attain support from the Vietnamese imperial family and the bureaucracy, many of whom had already come to grips with French colonial rule. Finally, he would need to obtain foreign aid, from Chinese or Japanese revolutionaries, to finance the revolution.
It was only later that Phan realized that obtaining independence for Vietnam would be much more difficult than expected. He became familiar with the works of famed European thinkers, such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Darwin. Phan was also influenced by the writings | 17,250 |
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of such Chinese Confucianists as Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei. The European and Chinese works, which had only entered Vietnamese circles a few years later, opened Phan's mind to more expansive thought regarding the struggle for freedom of his people. Liang's "Hsin-min ts'ung-pao" ("The Renovation of the People") influenced Phan's revolutionary ideas and beliefs, as it criticized the Chinese government and proclaimed that the Chinese people's consciousness needed to be awakened to further the country into the modern era.
Kang, one of the major thinkers that influenced Phan, took the idea of Social Darwinism and discussed the survival of the fittest concept as it applied to nations and ethnic | 17,251 |
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groups. He described the dire outcomes that would face China if the country did not embark on a series of reforms, similar to those faced by the Ottoman Empire and colonial India. He believed that reforms made by Peter the Great and Emperor Meiji were excellent examples of the political restructuring that needed to take place to save China. From Kang's work, Phan realized why Emperor Tự Đức's decision to ignore Nguyễn Trường Tộ's proposed modernization reforms had led to the downfall of Vietnam and had allowed for French rule in Vietnam.
Phan continued to seek support from the scholar-gentry and the bureaucracy serving the French, before shifting his focus to obtaining support from members | 17,252 |
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of the imperial family. Phan had moved to Huế, claiming that he was preparing for the metropolitan imperial examinations, but in actuality, he planned on drumming up support among the various factions of royal family. Phan traveled to Quảng Nam to meet with Nguyễn Thành, a contemporary anti-colonial revolutionary activist who was involved in the Cần Vương movement. Thành suggested that a royal associate of his, Tôn Thất Toại, could help lead the revolution. Phan rejected the offer, but took Thành's advice to seek support from direct descendants of Emperor Gia Long, the founder of the Nguyễn Dynasty. These direct descendants were still highly respected by wealthy Mekong Delta landowners who Phan | 17,253 |
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hoped would raise the bulk of the money needed to finance the revolution.
# Prince Cường Để and the Vietnam Modernization Association.
By the spring of 1903, Phan had found a perfect candidate to lead the revolution: Prince Cường Để, a direct descendant of Gia Long's eldest son, Canh. Để's descendants had long been dissociated from the emperor and his family since the early 19th century. Để's father was personally sought by Phan Đình Phùng to take Hàm Nghi's place and lead a popular revolt against the French in the 1880s, but he declined. By 1894, he suggested that his son, then 12 years old, could be the new face of the revolution. This plan was never executed as Phung died in January 1896. | 17,254 |
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Cường Để changed the course of his life and began studying history, economics and geography and thought admiringly of the heroic achievements of Trần Hưng Đạo, Zhuge Liang, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Saigō Takamori, Cavour, Otto von Bismarck, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln.
After getting Cường Để to support the revolutionary cause, Phan wrote his first significant work, "Luu Cau Huyet Le Tan Thu" ("Letter from the Ryukyus Written in Tears of Blood"). He argued that independence in Vietnam could only be achieved "through a transformation and revitalization of national character". The book was moderately successful amongst the Vietnamese populaces and received attention from other nationalists | 17,255 |
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like Phan Chu Trinh. However, many mandarins were reluctant to publicly support Phan's ideas, and as a result, he came to realize that he couldn't rely on the bureaucratic elite to support his cause.
Phan created the Việt Nam Duy Tân Hội (Vietnam Modernization Association) in 1904; Cường Để led the association as its president, while Phan served as general secretary. Despite its growing member base, Duy Tân Hội struggled financially. Phan had hoped to obtain financial assistance from China, but the country was forced to abandon its suzerain relationship with Vietnam after the 1884–85 Sino-French War. Phan and Cường Để decided to seek aid from Japan, which had recently won a war against Russia, | 17,256 |
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had successfully imposed reforms and seemed more inclined to help out revolutionaries in a nearby Asian country. Phan was selected to visit Japan to secure the funds needed to sustain Duy Tân Hội. Phan did not speak Japanese and had no contacts in Japan, so he sought help from Liang Qichao, who was living in Japan since being exiled years earlier.
Liang introduced Phan to many prominent politicians, including Ōkuma Shigenobu, a well-liked statesman who had previously served as Prime Minister of Japan for a few months in 1898. Phan asked Okuma for financial assistance to fund the activities of Vietnamese revolutionaries. In his letter to Okuma, Phan stated that Japan should be obligated to help | 17,257 |
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Vietnam since both countries were of the "same race, same culture, and same continent". Japan could also promote its interests in Vietnam and prevent French and Russian expansion into China. However, Phan was unsuccessful in procuring aid from the Japanese. The Japanese government did not want to damage its own relationship with France, while opposition party members promised financial aid to Vietnamese students wishing to study in Japan, but also advised Phan not to start a revolutionary movement until Japan was more willing to help the cause.
In Guangxi and Guangdong, the Vietnamese revolutionaries arranged alliances with the Kuomintang by marrying Vietnamese women to Chinese officers. Their | 17,258 |
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children were at an advantage since they could speak both languages and they worked as agents for the revolutionaries and spread revolutionary ideologies across borders. This intermarriage between Chinese and Vietnamese was viewed with alarm by the French. Phan's revolutionary network practiced this extensively; additionally, Chinese merchants also married Vietnamese women, and provided funds and help.
# Early writings.
Frustrated by the Japanese response, Phan turned to Liang, who explained to Phan it was naïve to expect financial assistance from the Japanese. The Vietnamese people would have to look only within Vietnam for support and financial backing. Liang told Phan that he could best | 17,259 |
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serve the cause by writing and distributing pamphlets advocating for the revolution to rally support from the Vietnamese and others abroad. Phan took Liang's advice very seriously and immediately began to publish materials to obtain support for the revolutionary cause.
These writings, perhaps the most widely recognized of Phan's works, include: "Viet Nam Vong Quoc Su" ("History of the Loss of Vietnam"), "Tan Viet Nam" ("New Vietnam"), "Ai Viet Dieu Dien" ("A Lament for Vietnam and Yunnan"), "Hai Ngoai Huyet Thu" ("Letter from Abroad Written in Blood"), "Viet Nam Quoc Su Khao" ("An Outline History of Vietnam"), and "Ai Viet Dieu Dien" ("A Lament for Vietnam and Yunnan"). All were initially written | 17,260 |
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in Chinese and then translated to Vietnamese, upon which they were smuggled into Vietnam. These works, most notably "Viet Nam Vong Quoc Su", were critical in intensifying the nationalist fervor in the country.
## "Việt Nam vong quốc sử".
Liang published Phan's 1905 work "Việt Nam vong quốc sử" (History of the Loss of Vietnam) and intended to distribute it in China and abroad, but also to smuggle it into Vietnam. Phan wanted to rally people to support the cause for Vietnamese independence; the work is regarded as one of the most important books in the history of Vietnam's anticolonialism movement. The book helped revive the name "Vietnam", which was not commonly used at the time.
The book | 17,261 |
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is noted for its negative assessment of the response of the Nguyễn Dynasty in the 19th century to the colonial challenges facing Vietnam and the failure to modernize, with the Nguyễn instead turning to ultra-orthodox conservative Confucianism. The book presents strident and emotive memorials to the key figures of the Can Vuong movement of the late 1880s and early 1890s, led by mandarins such as Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng, who led guerrillas against the French. The Cần Vương attempted to overthrow the French rule and establish the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as the ruler of an independent Vietnam. The book also analyzes the French social and economic policies in Vietnam, which it regards as | 17,262 |
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oppression. In the book, Phan argues for the establishment of a nationwide pro-independence front with seven factions or interested groups with a specific motivation to fight the French colonial authorities.
The book is written in a style that differed from the prevailing writing technique and structure of the scholar gentry of the time. The scholar gentry under the Confucian education system fostered by the classical imperial examinations were molded by their study and memorization of classical Chinese poetry and literature. As such, the literary style tended to be poetic, indirect and metaphorical, relying on allusions and imagery to depict an idea. Phan eschewed this traditional style to | 17,263 |
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write in a direct, ordinary prose style, especially in his analytical and argumentative sections. The book precipitated a new style of writing among scholar gentry revolutionaries, who later tended to use a more direct style.
The book created a reaction in China, sparking follow-up essays by Chinese writers who were taken aback by the Phan's description of Vietnamese life under French colonial rule. It generated gloomy pieces by Chinese writers who predicted that their nation would suffer a similar fate if they failed to modernize. One such Chinese response later became a teaching text at the Tonkin Free School in Hanoi, a school run by Phan's contemporaries to promote the independence movement. | 17,264 |
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However, Phan did not receive much of a reaction in terms of aid towards his independence efforts, since the book made Chinese readers worry about their own future. The book had a much better reception among Vietnamese readers. Phan and a colleague, Đặng Tử Kính, left Japan for the first time in August 1905, carrying 50 copies of the book that were to distributed throughout Vietnam, of which further copies were made inside the country. Phan's direct writing style, without the use of allegories, upset traditionalists but made the book more accessible to literate people who had not been trained in classical literature.
# Đông-Du Movement.
In 1905, the Vietnam Modernization Association agreed | 17,265 |
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to send Phan to Japan to get Japanese military assistance or weapons. The "Duy Tan Hoi" had turned more radical after Japan's victory over Russia led to the popular belief that Japan would soon turn its attention to ridding Asia of the western imperialist powers in general. However, Phan soon realised that Japanese military aid would not be possible, and turned his attention to using Japan as a base to train and educate young Vietnamese students, by starting the "Dong Du" (Visit the East) Society. The number of Vietnamese students sent to Japan for training peaked at 200 in 1908. However, due to pressure from the French government, especially after the signing of the Franco-Japanese Treaty of | 17,266 |
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1907, Japan declared Phan to be persona non grata and expelled him in 1909.
# After Đông-Du.
In 1909, after being deported from Japan, Phan went to Hong Kong with Cường Để. There, he made plans to raise money and bring to Thailand the Vietnamese students who had studied in Japan, but had now been dispersed. He had previously had the foresight to establish a base in Thailand.
But instead he received news of an armed uprising in Vietnam, led by Hoang Ha Tam. So he assembled his comrades in Hong Kong, and sent two people to Japan to buy 500 of the Arisaka Type 30 rifles. But after buying the weapons to support the uprising with, they could not afford to hire a ship to smuggle the rifles into | 17,267 |
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Vietnam. So, in July, Phan went to Thailand to ask their government to help with the smuggling. The foreign minister refused, since it would be a major diplomatic incident with France if it leaked out. So he had to return to Hong Kong and wait for the money needed for smuggling. The money never arrived, and news arrived that his fundraising organiser was dead, and that the uprising was going badly. Phan donated 480 of the rifles to the forces of Sun Yat-sen. He then tried to smuggle the remaining 20 of the rifles via Thailand, disguised as first-class luggage. This attempt failed. He spent the first half of 1910 begging on the street, selling his books, and spending all his money getting drunk | 17,268 |
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at the pub. This went on until he met an elderly woman, Phan Po-Lin, who took the entire movement into her house. Funds arrived and he planned to move to Thailand. He arrived in Thailand in November 1910, and all his students and followers who could, took up farming there.
# Vietnam Restoration League.
The Wuchang Uprising occurred in China on 10 October 1911. It quickly spread and declared itself the Republic of China. This greatly inspired Phan, since he had many friends among the Chinese revolutionaries. Phan thought this new regime would fix all that was wrong with the old China, and unite with Japan to defeat the Europeans and build a strong Asia. Leaving the farm in the hands of his | 17,269 |
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comrades, he went to China to visit his friends there.
The old Vietnam Modernization Association had become worthless, with its members scattered. A new organization needed to be formed, with a new agenda inspired by the Chinese revolution. A large meeting was held in late March 1912. They agreed to form a new group, the Vietnam Restoration League. Cường Để was made president and chairman; Phan was vice-president.
People voted to campaign for democracy instead of a monarchy, despite strong objections of people from southern Vietnam. The organization's sole purpose was to kick out the French and establish a democratic republic. However they had no funds and had great difficulty getting revolutionary | 17,270 |
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leaflets into Vietnam. Also, the new Chinese government was too busy and would not help the movement with anything other than allowing Vietnamese comrades into its education and training system. The Vietnam Restoration League came up with a proposed flag design. Previously, Vietnam never had a flag, only banners to represent royalty. Their flag idea had 5 five-pointed stars, arranged in a square with a star in the middle. It symbolized the five regions of Vietnam. The national flag had red stars on a yellow background, and the military flag had a red background with white stars. The yellow represented their race, the red represented fire which represented their location to the south of China | 17,271 |
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(see I Ching), and the white represented the metal of their weapons. They also created a book on military strategy and regulations for their army. They even printed their own currency, which they agreed to honour when, or rather "if", they attained power. If they won they could easily pay people back, and if they lost it wouldn't cost them anything. The "money" was printed in a similar way to the Chinese paper notes.
They also formed an organisation called the Association for the Revitalization of China. It was dedicated to getting support from China for independence movements in smaller Asian countries, starting with Vietnam of course. Using a medical centre as a front, and a fancy office | 17,272 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
they managed to create the false impression that they were a huge successful organisation. They got hundreds of people to join, and sold a huge amount of their made-up currency. They changed some of the leadership positions of the "Vietnam Restoration League" to allow the Chinese to take part. However, they could not get enough money to buy more weapons until they had proved themselves with a military attack of some sort. Everyone said they needed something big and explosive because the people of Vietnam were short on patience. So Phan sent five people with a few grenades to the three regions of Vietnam. The grenades they sent to the North were used on a minor target, the governor of Thái Bình | 17,273 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
province, two officers and a French restaurateur. They were meant to be used at the mandarin examinations when all the officials would be gathered. Those they sent to the centre via Thailand did not make it to Vietnam at the time, and they had to throw their grenades away. Those that they sent to the south were used on some Vietnamese. The attacks in the North enraged the French, and they demanded Phan be arrested, but the Chinese government refused. But the value of Phan's special currency dropped dramatically after the failure.
They had no money, so they decided to trick a pharmaceutical company in Japan into providing lots of expensive drugs for them on credit. They then closed down their | 17,274 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
medical centre and didn't pay their debt. But their membership slowly dwindled, and the difficulty of getting into Vietnam increased. And changes in the government of their Chinese province made things difficult. And they had to close their office and send their comrades away.
# Vietnam during World War I.
By 1914, Phan was arrested by the Chinese authorities and thrown in jail on suspicion of helping rival Chinese authorities. The intervention of the Chinese minister for the army stopped them from killing him or handing him over to the French, but he was kept in prison for almost four years, until 1917. In prison he wrote many biographies, including his own, and other books. World War I began | 17,275 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
shortly thereafter. The country remained a member of the French Empire, and many Vietnamese fought in World War I (see Vietnamese Expeditionary Force).
Some 50,000 Vietnamese troops and 50,000 Vietnamese workers were sent to Europe to fight for France in the war, and thousands lost their lives at the Somme and Picardy, near the Belgian coast, and many more in the Middle East. At the time it was referred to Vietnam's "Baptism of Fire". More than 30,000 Vietnamese died during the conflict and 60,000 were wounded. The Vietnamese endured additional heavy taxes to help pay for France's war efforts. Numerous anti-colonial revolts occurred in Vietnam during the war, all easily suppressed by the French.
In | 17,276 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
May 1916, the sixteen-year-old king, Duy Tân, escaped from his palace in order to take part in an uprising of Vietnamese troops organized by Thái Phiên and Trần Cao Vân. The French were informed of the plan and the leaders arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean. One of the most effective uprisings during this period was in the northern Vietnamese province of Thái Nguyên. Some 300 Vietnamese soldiers revolted and released 200 political prisoners, who, in addition to several hundred local people, they armed. The rebels held the town of Thái Nguyên for several days, hoping for help from Chinese nationalists. None arrived and the French retook | 17,277 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
the town and hunted down most of the rebels.
While he was in prison, Phan organised some of his comrades to meet with the German government in Thailand. They donated a large amount of money and promised more if a spectacular action could be done in Vietnam against the French. The comrades attempted an action but failed completely, wasting all the money. After his release, Phan travelled to Beijing and to Japan, and then to various parts of China trying to get back into Vietnam. When he eventually got to the border of Yunnan Province and Vietnam, he discovered that World War I was over and his plans of using it to help defeat the French were hopeless. Phan wandered around China for years after | 17,278 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
this without accomplishing anything significant. He pondered collaborating with the French, who were now ruled by the Socialist Party (France), and he wrote a booklet about why collaboration with the French would be good. He later changed his mind and blamed this thinking on Phan Ba Ngoc, who was assassinated by one of Phan's supporters for being a collaborator with the French.
Literary Chinese was the language used to communicate in Japan and China by Phan Bội Châu.
# Relations with the Socialists.
At the start of 1921, Phan studied Socialism and the Soviet Union in the hope of gaining assistance from the Soviet Union or socialist groups. He translated a book called "An Account of the Russian | 17,279 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
Revolution", by Fuse Katsuji, into Chinese. He then went to Beijing to meet with Soviet representatives Grigori Voitinsky and Lap. Lap said that the Soviet Union would educate, train, and pay for any Vietnamese students Phan wanted to send, provided they would engage in social revolution and teach socialism in Vietnam afterwards. Lap was keen to hear more about the political situation in Vietnam, since Phan was the first Vietnamese revolutionary to come into contact with them. Lap requested Phan write a book in English about the situation, but Phan was unable to do so as he spoke no English. Phan wrote of the Russians: "One thing I cannot forget is how dignified, courteous, and sincere the Russians | 17,280 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
appeared to me. Their language and their expression was at times calm, at times vigorous."
# Correspondence with Hồ Chí Minh.
In late 1924, Hồ Chí Minh returned to Canton from Moscow. Hồ and Phan corresponded several times about plans for a new organisation Phan was trying to start. Phan had been a friend of Hồ's father and had known Hồ when he was a child. They were interested in meeting each other again, but never got a chance.
# Final capture.
In 1925, Phan arrived in Shanghai on what he thought was a short trip on behalf of his movement. He was to meet with Ho Chi Minh, who at that time used the name Ly Thuy, one of Ho's many aliases. Ho had invited Phan to come to Canton to discuss | 17,281 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
matters of common interest. Ho was in Canton at the Soviet Embassy, purportedly as a Soviet citizen working as a secretary, translator, and interpreter. In exchange for money, Ho allegedly informed the French police of Phan's imminent arrival. Phan was arrested by French agents and transported back to Hanoi. This is disputed by Sophie Quinn-Judge and Duncan McCargo, who point out that this is a legend made up by anti-communist authors, considering that Lam Duc Thu's reports showed that the French already had all the information they needed from their own spies. Also, according to Quinn-Judge and McCargo, Ho was rapidly gaining adherence from the "best elements" of Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dang to | 17,282 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
his ideas, thus having no motivation to eliminate Phan, who considered Ho more like a successor, rather than a competitor. Thus Ho had plenty reasons to support such a respected activist as a figurehead for his movement.
Phan himself wrote about this event:
When he was transported back to Hanoi, he was held in Hỏa Lò Prison. At first, the French authorities did not release his real name, in order to avoid public disturbances, but it quickly leaked out who he was. A criminal trial followed, with all the charges going back to 1913 when he had been sentenced to death in absentia. The charges included incitement to murder and supplying an offensive weapon used to commit murder in two incidents, | 17,283 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
which had resulted in the deaths of a Vietnamese governor on 12 April 1913 and of two French majors on 28 April 1913. The court sentenced Phan to penal servitude for life. He was released from prison on 24 December 1925 by Governor General Alexandre Varenne, in response to widespread public protest. He was placed under house arrest in a house in Huế where Nguyễn Bá Trác lived. Trác was a former member of the Đông-Du movement who had become an active collaborator with the French. Guards kept the house under surveillance, so visits by his admirers were a bit inhibited. More public protests against his house arrest caused the authorities to allow him to move to a house which had been organised | 17,284 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
by his supporters. It was a thatched house divided into three sections and had a medium-sized garden. Here he was able to meet his supporters, his children and his grandchildren. In 1926, when Phan Chu Trinh died, Phan presided over a memorial service for him in Huế. In 1931, he also gave a speech at a rally celebrating the anniversary of the Yen Bai Uprising, during which Lý Tự Trọng shot and killed French secret police officials who might have been there to assassinate him. Phan spent his last fifteen years living a quiet life in Huế. He would often relax by taking boat trips on the Sông Hương (Perfume River). He died on 29 October 1940, about a month after Japan invaded northern Vietnam. | 17,285 |
1401932 | Phan Bội Châu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan%20Bội%20Châu | Phan Bội Châu
ldren and his grandchildren. In 1926, when Phan Chu Trinh died, Phan presided over a memorial service for him in Huế. In 1931, he also gave a speech at a rally celebrating the anniversary of the Yen Bai Uprising, during which Lý Tự Trọng shot and killed French secret police officials who might have been there to assassinate him. Phan spent his last fifteen years living a quiet life in Huế. He would often relax by taking boat trips on the Sông Hương (Perfume River). He died on 29 October 1940, about a month after Japan invaded northern Vietnam. Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.
# Works.
- History of the Loss of Vietnam
# References.
## Sources.
- .
- .
- .
- . | 17,286 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
Abidin Dino
Abidin Dino (23 March 1913 – 7 December 1993) was a Turkish artist and a well-known painter.
# Early years.
Dino was born on 23 March 1913 in Istanbul into an art-loving family. He started drawing and painting at a young age influenced by his family. As a child he lived in Geneva, Switzerland and France for several years with his parents, returning to Istanbul in 1925. Dino began his secondary education at the American highschool Robert College of Istanbul, but dropped out to devote himself to painting, drawing and writing. His articles and cartoons were soon being published in newspapers and magazines, and in 1933 he and five other young innovative painters founded the “D Group”, | 17,287 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
which held several exhibitions of their work. At around the same time, he illustrated Nazım Hikmet’s books of poetry.
In 1933, the Soviet director Sergei Yutkevich, who had made a film about Ankara, invited Dino to the Lenfil Studios in Leningrad, and with Atatürk's encouragement Dino accepted. In Leningrad, he worked as a scenery designer and assistant director at several film studios, and directed a film called ""Miners"" in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa. Shortly after returning to Turkey, he went to Paris, France where he worked from 1937 to 1939, meeting such famous artists as Gertrude Stein, Tristan Tzara and Picasso.
Following his return to Istanbul again, he participated in the famous "Harbor | 17,288 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
Exhibition", consisting of paintings of the city's dockworkers and fishermen by well-known Turkish painters of the time. The exhibition aroused widespread public interest, and that year Dino was asked to design the Turkish pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Meanwhile, he published articles and cartoons in several of the foremost magazines of that time, studying a new approach to realism together with his elder brother poet Arif Dino.
During World War II, he did drawings inspired by the conflict, but his treatment of political subjects in wartime incurred official displeasure, and in 1941 the martial law command of Istanbul exiled him and his elder brother to southeastern Anatolia, | 17,289 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
where their grandfather had been a governor before. These years of exile until 1945 were artistically very productive for Dino. While his young wife Güzin Dino taught French at Adana High School, he worked for a local newspaper, TurkSozu, producing articles and drawings that illustrated with poetic realism of the hard lives and working conditions of agricultural laborers in the region. It was here that he wrote his plays ""Bald"" and ""Heirs"", and began doing sculpture. In 1951, he was allowed to leave Turkey. So he went first to Rome, Italy where he stayed nine months, but settled then in Paris in 1952.
# Paris days.
Within a short time, the home of Guzin and Abidin Dino in Paris became | 17,290 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
the haunt of many famous artists and writers. The couple first moved into the studio on the top floor of Max Ernst's apartment on the quay of Saint-Michel, and later to a small flat in L'Eure.
Their foreign and Turkish friends, including Nazım Hikmet, Yaşar Kemal, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar and Melih Cevdet, found the opportunity to meet one another at the Dino’s home. The Dinos were also always ready with a helping hand for young Turkish painters and students in Paris, introducing them to world-famous masters, and assisting them to get established.
For eight years from 1954, Abidin Dino participated in the "Salon de Mai" exhibitions in Paris, while Guzin Dino produced programmes for Radio France, | 17,291 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
taught Turkish at the Oriental Languages Department of the Sorbonne, and did French translations of Turkish literature.
# Unforgettable friendship.
Although Abidin Dino lived abroad, he never severed relations with Turkey and his friends there, and took a close interest in everything that occurred, particularly in the political field. He was always delighted to cooperate with other artists and writers, writing prefaces and drawing illustrations for his friends' books with unbounded generosity.
After more than a decade's absence he visited Turkey in 1969 to open an exhibition of his work. From then on he came more frequently, participating in both one-person and mixed exhibitions. In 1979 | 17,292 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
he was elected honorary president of the National Union of the Visual Arts (UNAP) in France. His film ""Goal! World Cup 1966"" (1966) was a spectacular tribute to his visual sensitivity and brought him the "Flaherty prize". This film about the 1966 World Cup final is a documentary that did not confine itself to football matches, but included fascinating footage of people in London and elsewhere in England.
# Master of drawing.
Abidin Dino was interested in everything that was alive, skillfully capturing images with his brush, pencil and camera. He had two favorite themes: hands and flowers. In a book of small drawings, which he did for his wife Guzin published on the tenth anniversary of his | 17,293 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
death, glimpses of the love and sense of solidarity are seen, which were his inspiration. Entitled ""Guzin's Abidins"", this book consists of drawings and essays by Abidin Dino.
One may come across his name in numerous art galleries and museums around the world, in a poem, the lyrics of a song, or a book. Not only is he one of the pioneers of modern Turkish painting, but produced masterful works in such disparate fields as caricature, sculpture, ceramics, cinema, and literature.
Dino died on 7 December 1993 at the Villejuif Hospital in Paris. He was laid to rest in the Aşiyan Cemetery in Istanbul.
# See also.
- List of Turkish painters
# References.
- Biyografi.info – "Biography of Abidin | 17,294 |
1402001 | Abidin Dino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidin%20Dino | Abidin Dino
ration. Entitled ""Guzin's Abidins"", this book consists of drawings and essays by Abidin Dino.
One may come across his name in numerous art galleries and museums around the world, in a poem, the lyrics of a song, or a book. Not only is he one of the pioneers of modern Turkish painting, but produced masterful works in such disparate fields as caricature, sculpture, ceramics, cinema, and literature.
Dino died on 7 December 1993 at the Villejuif Hospital in Paris. He was laid to rest in the Aşiyan Cemetery in Istanbul.
# See also.
- List of Turkish painters
# References.
- Biyografi.info – "Biography of Abidin Dino"
- Ada.com.tr – "Biography of Abidin Dino"
# External links.
- Gallery | 17,295 |
1402022 | André Michelin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=André%20Michelin | André Michelin
André Michelin
André Jules Michelin (16 January 1853 – 4 April 1931) was a French industrialist who, with his brother Édouard (1859–1940), founded the Michelin Tyre Company ("Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin") in 1888 in the French city of Clermont-Ferrand.
In 1900, André Michelin published the first Michelin Guide, the purpose of which was to promote tourism by car, thereby supporting his tyre manufacturing operation.
In 1886, 33-year-old Andre Michelin abandoned his career as a successful Parisian engineer to take over his grandfather's failing agricultural goods and farm equipment business. Established in 1832,"Michelin et Cie" suffered from neglect and was on the verge of | 17,296 |
1402022 | André Michelin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=André%20Michelin | André Michelin
insolvency following the founder's death. Michelin's grandfather had started the company that sold farm equipment and an odd assortment of vulcanized rubber products, such as belts, valves and pipes. As soon as Andre took the helm of the company, he recruited his younger brother Edouard to join him at the company. Edouard was named the company's managing director. While duly committed to the success of the business, neither brother had any prior experience selling goods or had the slightest idea where to even begin.
In 1889, a cyclist familiar with the Michelin Company approached Edouard with his flat tyre seeking assistance. Getting a flat tyre frequently meant cyclists were left stranded | 17,297 |
1402022 | André Michelin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=André%20Michelin | André Michelin
for hours. In the late 1880s, cycling was becoming a popular form of transportation and hobby due in large part to John Dunlop's 1888 patent for the inflatable bicycle tyre. Before Dunlop's invention, bicycle tyres were made out of solid rubber. The solid rubber tyres tended to provide little traction and made for a difficult and uncomfortable ride.
After the hapless cyclist approached the Michelin Company for assistance, Edouard took great interests in the new pneumatic tyres. The Michelins recognized that there would be a great demand for pneumatic tyres if only there was a way to more quickly make repairs. They reasoned that first the wheel must become detachable. Edouard conducted a series | 17,298 |
1402022 | André Michelin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=André%20Michelin | André Michelin
d made for a difficult and uncomfortable ride.
After the hapless cyclist approached the Michelin Company for assistance, Edouard took great interests in the new pneumatic tyres. The Michelins recognized that there would be a great demand for pneumatic tyres if only there was a way to more quickly make repairs. They reasoned that first the wheel must become detachable. Edouard conducted a series of experiments and developed a number of prototypes. In 1891, he was granted a patent for a detachable tire.
André and his brother Édouard were inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in Dearborn, Michigan in 2002.
# External links.
André Michelin at the Automotive Hall of Fame official website. | 17,299 |
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