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1402019 | Fabijan Abrantovich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabijan%20Abrantovich | Fabijan Abrantovich
Fabijan Abrantovich
Fabijan (Fabian) Abrantovich (Abrantovič, Abrantowicz) (Belarusian: Фабіян Абрантовіч; September 14, 1884 – January 2, 1946) was a prominent religious and civic leader from Belarus. Abrantovich was significant in the struggle for the recognition of the Belarusian language in the Roman Catholic Church, the indoctrination of Belarusians of the Roman Catholic faith in their national character, and to the revival of concepts dealing with Belarusian statehood.
# Biography.
Abrantovich was born in Navahrudak. He first studied there and then in Saint-Petersburg at the Roman Catholic seminary and the Imperial Theological academy. He graduated with the degree of Master of Theology | 17,300 |
1402019 | Fabijan Abrantovich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabijan%20Abrantovich | Fabijan Abrantovich
and was ordained to the priesthood on November 9, 1908. As one of the best students at the academy, Abrantovich received scholarship for study at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, where he received Ph.D. in 1912.
Before World War I, Abrantovich was a faculty member at the Catholic Seminary in St.Petersburg. There he became very active in the Belarusian movement. He organized several groups of students and initiated numerous Belarusian publications. Abrantovich was the founder of the Belarusian Christian Movement and was the head of the first Belarusian Christian Union (Chryścijanskaja Demakratyčnaja Złučnaść) which was established in Petrograd (ex St. Petersburg) in May 1917. He was | 17,301 |
1402019 | Fabijan Abrantovich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabijan%20Abrantovich | Fabijan Abrantovich
one of the Belarusian Roman Catholic priests who initiated the organization of the Belarusian political conference in Minsk in March 1917 and the conference of the Belarusian Roman Catholic Clergy, May 24–25, 1917. When the Roman Catholic Seminary opened in Minsk during the fall of 1918, Abrantovich was appointed rector of this institution. His time was divided between pastoral obligations, teaching, and Belarusian activities in Minsk. Father Abrantovich was convinced that Roman Catholicism in Belarus should have its own Belarusian character rather than serve as a cultural tool of the Poles to promote polonization.
After the partition of Belarus in 1921 between Poland and Soviet Russia, Abrantovich | 17,302 |
1402019 | Fabijan Abrantovich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabijan%20Abrantovich | Fabijan Abrantovich
moved to the Poland-controlled West Belarus: first to the city of Pinsk, and in 1926 to the town of Druja where the congregation of Marian Fathers has opened a "Gymnasium" and where Marianist priests settled in 1923. However, his political activities did not stop there: he vigorously protested the Concordat between the Holy See and the Polish government and supported numerous Belarusian political programs. At the request of the Polish church authorities, Abrantovich was removed from Druja and sent away to Harbin in Manchuria, where he was EAstern Catholic Apostolic Exarch.
In 1939 he was in Rome to elect a new Superior, and decided afterwards to visit his colleagues in Poland (Belarus and Galicia), | 17,303 |
1402019 | Fabijan Abrantovich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabijan%20Abrantovich | Fabijan Abrantovich
(Belarus and Galicia), but in September the Soviet troops invaded the East part of Poland, and the German troops the West part. Father Abrantovich was arrested by the NKVD in October after an attempt to pass the frontier toward German-occupied Poland. He was imprisoned in Lwow, and tortured. Later on he was transferred to the Butyrka prison in Moscow. The place and the date of his death are not established with 100% certainty, although it is thought that he died from torture in the Butyrka prison on January 2, 1946.
# See also.
- West Belarus
- Vladimir Kolupaev. Belarusian missionaries in China // Entries 37. New York - Miensk: Belarusian Institute of Science and Art, 2014. p. 645 - 650. | 17,304 |
1402029 | Panna Cinka | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panna%20Cinka | Panna Cinka
Panna Cinka
Panna Cinka (, ) (1711(?) – 1772) was a famous Hungarian-Romani violinist.
Cinka was born in Sajógömör, Hungary (modern-day Gemer, Slovakia) to a Romani family of musicians. Her father was a court musician of Francis II Rákóczi. Her father and brothers are said to be the authors of the Rákóczi March, etc.
She studied music in Rozsnyó (today Rožňava) and married a Romani musician-blacksmith. Legends claim that she played violin at the age of 9. After 1725 Cinka formed a music band with her husband and brothers-in-law. She designed a uniform of sorts for the band. She became famous for her skill with a violin. She played first violin in this ensemble. The band toured abroad and was | 17,305 |
1402029 | Panna Cinka | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panna%20Cinka | Panna Cinka
a violin. She played first violin in this ensemble. The band toured abroad and was invited to perform in noble houses. She also gave birth to four sons and one daughter. Her father and brothers are said to be the authors of the Rákóczi March among others.
Panna Cinka died in 1772 and was buried on 5 February in Gemer. Her grave has not survived but future poets gave her an epithet "The Gypsy Sappho". Many Hungarian writers and composers—such as Mór Jókai, Zoltán Kodály, and Endre Dózsa—adopted her as the character of their works.
She was portrayed by Anna Gurji in Dušan Rapoš's biographical film "Cinka Panna".
# External links.
- Entry in Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
- Biography in Rombase | 17,306 |
1402030 | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal%20revenue%20productivity%20theory%20of%20wages | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages
Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages
The marginal revenue productivity theory of wages is a theory in neoclassical economics stating that wages are paid at a level equal to the marginal revenue product of labor, MRP (the value of the marginal product of labor), which is the increment to revenues caused by the increment to output produced by the last laborer employed. In a model, this is justified by an assumption that the firm is profit-maximizing and thus would employ labor only up to the point that marginal labor costs equal the marginal revenue generated for the firm.
The marginal revenue product (MRP) of a worker is equal to the product of the marginal product of labour (MP) (the | 17,307 |
1402030 | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal%20revenue%20productivity%20theory%20of%20wages | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages
increment to output from an increment to labor used) and the marginal revenue (MR) (the increment to sales revenue from an increment to output): MRP = MP × MR. The theory states that workers will be hired up to the point when the marginal revenue product is equal to the wage rate. If the marginal revenue brought by the worker is less than the wage rate, then employing that laborer would cause a decrease in profit.
The idea that payments to factors of production equal their marginal productivity had been laid out by John Bates Clark and Knut Wicksell, in simpler models. Much of the MRP theory stems from Wicksell's model.
# Mathematical relation.
The marginal revenue product of labour MRP is | 17,308 |
1402030 | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal%20revenue%20productivity%20theory%20of%20wages | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages
the increase in revenue per unit increase in the variable input = ∆TR/∆L
[This page is incomplete. Please define each and every variable and include their dimension]
The change in output is not limited to that directly attributable to the additional worker. Assuming that the firm is operating with diminishing marginal returns then the addition of an extra worker reduces the average productivity of every other worker (and every other worker affects the marginal productivity of the additional worker).
As above noted the firm will continue to add units of labor until the MRP equals the wage rate "w"—mathematically until
# Marginal revenue product in a perfectly competitive market.
Under perfect | 17,309 |
1402030 | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal%20revenue%20productivity%20theory%20of%20wages | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages
competition, marginal revenue product is equal to marginal physical product (extra unit produced as a result of a new employment) multiplied by price.
This is because the firm in perfect competition is a price taker. It does not have to lower the price in order to sell additional units of the good.
# MRP in monopoly or imperfect competition.
Firms operating as monopolies or in imperfect competition face downward-sloping demand curves. To sell extra units of output, they would have to lower their output's price. Under such market conditions, marginal revenue product will not equal MPP×Price. This is because the firm is not able to sell output at a fixed price per unit. Thus the MRP curve of | 17,310 |
1402030 | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal%20revenue%20productivity%20theory%20of%20wages | Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages
because the firm in perfect competition is a price taker. It does not have to lower the price in order to sell additional units of the good.
# MRP in monopoly or imperfect competition.
Firms operating as monopolies or in imperfect competition face downward-sloping demand curves. To sell extra units of output, they would have to lower their output's price. Under such market conditions, marginal revenue product will not equal MPP×Price. This is because the firm is not able to sell output at a fixed price per unit. Thus the MRP curve of a firm in monopoly or in imperfect competition will slope downwards, when plotted against labor usage, at a faster rate than in perfect specific competition. | 17,311 |
1402049 | Free Four | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20Four | Free Four
Free Four
"Free Four" is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd, written by Roger Waters and released on the band's 1972 album "Obscured by Clouds".
# Recording and lyrics.
The song begins with a rock and roll count-in, but in this case Pink Floyd decided to play with words and record, "One, Two, Free Four!" The song deals with reflection of one's life, the "evils" of the record industry, and also makes a reference to Roger Waters' father who was killed in World War 2. The music begins in an upbeat manner, while the lyrics tell a very cynical and somewhat depressing story. "Free Four" was released as a single in the U.S. in 1972 but did not chart.
# Track listing.
- US release
- 2. | 17,312 |
1402049 | Free Four | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20Four | Free Four
in World War 2. The music begins in an upbeat manner, while the lyrics tell a very cynical and somewhat depressing story. "Free Four" was released as a single in the U.S. in 1972 but did not chart.
# Track listing.
- US release
- 2. "Free Four" – 3:30
- 3. "Stay" – 3:58
- Italy release
- 2. "Free Four" – 4:07
- 3. "The Gold It's in the..." – 3:01
- German release
- 2. "Free Four" – 4:08
- 3. "The Gold It's in the..." – 3:01
# Personnel.
- Roger Waters – double-tracked lead vocals, backing vocals, bass
- David Gilmour – acoustic and electric guitars, handclapping
- Richard Wright – EMS VCS 3
- Nick Mason – drums, tambourine, handclapping
# External links.
- [ AMG song review] | 17,313 |
1402044 | Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20St.%20Sophia,%20Ohrid | Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid
Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid
"For eponymous churches, see Hagia Sophia (disambiguation)."
The Church of St. Sophia (, "Crkva Sveta Sofija") is a church in Ohrid, North Macedonia. The church is one of the most important monuments of North Macedonia, housing architecture and art from the Middle Ages.
# History.
The current church was built on the foundations of a Metropolitan Cathedral demolished in the first decade of the 6th century by the Barbarian invasions. The next church was built during the First Bulgarian Empire, after the official conversion to Christianity. Some sources date the building of the church during the rule of Knyaz Boris I (852 – 889). It was basically rebuilt in the last | 17,314 |
1402044 | Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20St.%20Sophia,%20Ohrid | Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid
decade of the 10th century as a patriarchal cathedral in the form of a dome basilica, after the replacement of the capital of Bulgaria in Ohrid, during the reign of Tsar Samuil, when the church was the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate.
Later it became a seat of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, and was subsequently converted into a mosque during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The interior of the church has been preserved with frescoes from the 11th, 12th and 13th century, which represent some of the most significant achievements in Byzantine painting of the time. The main part of the church was built in the 11th century, while external additions were built by Archbishop Gregory II in the 14th | 17,315 |
1402044 | Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20St.%20Sophia,%20Ohrid | Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid
The interior of the church has been preserved with frescoes from the 11th, 12th and 13th century, which represent some of the most significant achievements in Byzantine painting of the time. The main part of the church was built in the 11th century, while external additions were built by Archbishop Gregory II in the 14th century.
In November 2009, the Macedonian Orthodox Church introduced a new Coat of Arms with church of St. Sophia as a charge on the shield.
A detail from the church is depicted on the reverse of the Macedonian 1000 denars banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.
# See also.
- Church of St. John at Kaneo
- Saint Panteleimon, Ohrid
# External links.
- Pictures of the Church | 17,316 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
Kanazawa Castle
# History.
During the late Muromachi period, the "Ikkō-ikki", followers of the teachings of priest Rennyo, of the Jōdo Shinshū sect, displaced the official governors of the province, the Togashi clan, and established a kind of theocratic republic later known as "The Peasants' Kingdom". Their principal stronghold was the Kanazawa Gobō, a fortified temple complex on the tip of the Kodatsuno Ridge. Backed by high hills and flanked on two sides by rivers, it was a natural fortress, around which a castle town developed. This was the start of what would become the city of Kanazawa. In 1580, Oda Nobunaga sent his general Sakuma Morimasa to conquer Kaga Province. He was subsequently | 17,317 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
awarded with the province has his fief and started work on the moats and the layout of the surrounding castle town; however, he sided with Shibata Katsuie after the assassination of Nobinaga and was defeated by the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, led by Maeda Toshiie in the Battle of Shizugatake of 1583.
Maeda Toshiie made Kanazawa the base of his holdings, which expanded to cover all of Kaga Province, Noto Province and Etchū Province as Kaga Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. He ordered the castle completely reconstructed in 1592 after lessons learned during Japanese invasions of Korea, and invited Takayama Ukon, the "Kirishitan daimyō" known for his expertise in castle design to assist with | 17,318 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
the construction.
The new castle originally had a six-story donjon, which burned down in 1602 and was never rebuilt. Instead, the Inner bailey was used for the "Hon-maru" palace, or residence of the Maeda clan, with a three-story "yagura" turret.
The castle burned down in 1631, and was modified extensively at that time. The Ni-no-maru Second Bailey was expanded, the Tatsumi Canal was built through the castle grounds, and the residences of various senior retainers were removed to outside the castle moats. The castle burned down again in the Great Kanazawa Fire 1759.
Following the Meiji restoration, the castle site was turned over to the Imperial Japanese Army in 1871 and served as headquarters | 17,319 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
of the 9th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army.. Most of the surviving structures in the Ni-no-maru enclosure were destroyed in a fire of 1881.
From 1949 to 1989, a portion of the castle site was turned over to Kanazawa University.
The castle was designated a National Historic Site in 2008.
Most of the current buildings are reconstructions based how the castle looked in the 1850s. Surviving structures include the Ishikawa Gate (built in 1788), the Sanjukken Nagaya and the Tsurumaru Storehouse all of which are designed Important Cultural Properties. The Hishi Yagura turret, Gojikken Nagaya warehouse, and Hashizume-mon Tsuzuki Yagura turret were restored in 2001 using traditional construction | 17,320 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
methods.
# Architecture.
Although the Maeda clan were the most powerful "daimyō" in Japan after the ruling Tokugawa clan in terms of "kokudaka", their position was not unassailable. Kanazawa Castle is located at the center of a castle town, which in itself consisted of numerous features which added to the overall defensive situation. The castle is built on the highest ground between the Sai and Asano rivers. A system of moats and canals surround the castle for extra protection. Maeda Toshinaga, the second daimyō of Kaga Domain, built a system of inner moats that total over 3,000 meters in length, and another system of outer moats was added between 1600 and 1614. To supply drinking water, a | 17,321 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
series of canals, built from 1583-1630, connected to the moat system. In total, the system was nearly 15 kilometers long.
For further protection, the castle grounds were split into nine enclosures divided with earthen ramparts, stone walls and fortified gates, surrounding the main bailey where the Maeda clan had their residence. Buildings relating to the government of Kaga Domain were mostly in the Second Bailey (Ni-no-maru) In many Japanese castle towns, Buddhist temples were deliberately placed in locations selected to reinforce weak points in castle defenses. Kanazawa was no exception: temples were strategically grouped in areas some distance from the castle, most likely as retreat havens.
The | 17,322 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
castle's distinctive, whitish roof tiles are made of lead. The reason for that is not only that they are fireproof, but legend says that also that in times of siege, the tiles could be melted down and cast into bullets.
## Main features.
The castle's main features are as follows:
- Hishi Yagura - watchtower, three stories. Height of roof: 17.34 m above stone wall; total floor area: 255.35 m². This tower is built at a slight angle to the rest of the structures, which results in diamond-shaped internal pillars and hard-to-build connections within its complex web of internal pillars and beams.
- Gojikken Nagaya - long, hall-like, multi-sided turret normally used as a warehouse, two stories. | 17,323 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
Height of roof: 9.35 to 10.08 m above stone wall; total floor area: 1,384.95 m².
- Hashizume-mon Tsuzuki Yagura - watchtower and command post, three stories. Height of roof: 14.69 m above stone wall; total floor area: 253.93 m².
- Hashizume-ichi-no-mon Gate - entrance gate.
- Tsuru-no-maru Dobei - double earthen wall. Height of roof: 2.91 m above stone wall.
- Ishikawa-mon Gate - entrance gate with two distinctive styles of stonework. It has been designated an Important National Cultural Asset by the government. This gate faces one of the entrances of Kenrokuen park.
The castle sits within extensive grounds, currently organized as large, well-kept lawns and informal wooded areas, with various | 17,324 |
1402033 | Kanazawa Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanazawa%20Castle | Kanazawa Castle
e.
- Tsuru-no-maru Dobei - double earthen wall. Height of roof: 2.91 m above stone wall.
- Ishikawa-mon Gate - entrance gate with two distinctive styles of stonework. It has been designated an Important National Cultural Asset by the government. This gate faces one of the entrances of Kenrokuen park.
The castle sits within extensive grounds, currently organized as large, well-kept lawns and informal wooded areas, with various large walls, gates, and outbuildings.
# See also.
- Toyokuni Shrine, a Shinto shrine located on Mount Utatsu which is dedicated to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Maeda Toshitsune
- List of Historic Sites of Japan (Ishikawa)
# External links.
- Kanazawa Castle at JCastle | 17,325 |
1402054 | Neustadt an der Waldnaab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neustadt%20an%20der%20Waldnaab | Neustadt an der Waldnaab
Neustadt an der Waldnaab
Neustadt an der Waldnaab is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district Neustadt an der Waldnaab.
# Population development.
- 1900: 1801
- 1925: 3016
- 1939: 3614
- 1961: 5481
- 1970: 5953
- 1987: 5537
- 1992: 5669
- 1997: 6207
- 2002: 6191
- 2007: 5987
# Sons and daughters of the town.
- Franz Gleissner (1761–1818), composer, court musician at the Munich court and musicologist
# Personalities who have worked on the ground.
- Rudolf Ismayr (1908–1998), legal civil servant at the Landratsamt Neustadt after WWII, also a successful weight lifter | 17,326 |
1402046 | Loud Records | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loud%20Records | Loud Records
Loud Records
Loud is a record label founded by Steve Rifkind and Rich Isaacson in 1991.
Loud is a hip hop label which has released material by acts such as Wu-Tang Clan, Big Punisher, Mobb Deep, Krayzie Bone, The Beatnuts, M.O.P., Tha Alkaholiks, Pete Rock, Lil' Flip, Three 6 Mafia, Project Pat, Xzibit, Twista, Dead Prez, The Dwellas and The X-Ecutioners. The label also released thrash metal band Megadeth's deluxe and remastered debut album "Killing Is My Business... And Business Is Good!" in 2002.
The label was originally distributed by Zoo. It was later distributed by RCA until 1999 when distribution moved over to Columbia.
In June 2007, Sony Music resurrected this label, after which Rifkind | 17,327 |
1402046 | Loud Records | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loud%20Records | Loud Records
would buy it back, making it a subsidiary of SRC. His 1st act after re-gaining the label was, as he did 15 years earlier, signing the Wu-Tang Clan.
On July 29, 2012, Steve Rifkind announced that he was leaving Universal on September 1, 2012..
On October 6, 2017, after the 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards cypher with 6LACK, Tee Grizzley, Little Simz, Mysonne and Axel Leon went live, Axel Leon said that he had made a deal with Rifkind via Instagram. Making Axel Leon the first person to be signed to Loud after Rifkind left Universal.
# Artists.
- Axel Leon
- Wu-Tang Clan
- Three 6 Mafia
- Project Pat
- Big Pun
- Krayzie Bone
- Dead Prez
- Tung Twista
- Mobb Deep
- Xzibit
- Pete Rock
- Raekwon
- | 17,328 |
1402046 | Loud Records | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loud%20Records | Loud Records
an.
On July 29, 2012, Steve Rifkind announced that he was leaving Universal on September 1, 2012..
On October 6, 2017, after the 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards cypher with 6LACK, Tee Grizzley, Little Simz, Mysonne and Axel Leon went live, Axel Leon said that he had made a deal with Rifkind via Instagram. Making Axel Leon the first person to be signed to Loud after Rifkind left Universal.
# Artists.
- Axel Leon
- Wu-Tang Clan
- Three 6 Mafia
- Project Pat
- Big Pun
- Krayzie Bone
- Dead Prez
- Tung Twista
- Mobb Deep
- Xzibit
- Pete Rock
- Raekwon
- Inspectah Deck
- Cella Dwellas
- M.O.P.
- The Alkaholiks
- Yvette Michele
- Davina
- Mad Kap
# See also.
- List of record labels | 17,329 |
1402073 | Eternity (graffito) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternity%20(graffito) | Eternity (graffito)
Eternity (graffito)
The word Eternity was a graffito tag recorded over an approximate 35-year period from 1932 to 1967, written numerous times in chalk in the streets of Sydney, Australia. The word had been written by Arthur Stace, an illiterate former soldier, petty criminal and alcoholic who became a devout Christian in the late 1940s. For years after his conversion up until his death in the 1960s, Stace walked the streets of Sydney at night writing the single word "Eternity" on walls and footpaths in his unmistakable copperplate handwriting. Stace's identity remained unknown until it was finally revealed in a newspaper article in 1956. It is estimated Stace wrote the word over half a million | 17,330 |
1402073 | Eternity (graffito) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternity%20(graffito) | Eternity (graffito)
times.
Only two original Eternity inscriptions are known to exist. One is on a piece of cardboard Stace gave to a fellow parishioner, and is held by the National Museum of Australia in Canberra. The other, and the only remaining inscription in situ, is inside the bell of the Sydney General Post Office clock tower.
After Stace's death, the Eternity signature lived on. Australian contemporary artist, illustrator and filmmaker Martin Sharp noticed it and celebrated Stace's one-man campaign in many of his works. More recently, some Australian Christian groups, including those at universities, have run evangelistic campaigns whose promotion involved chalking "Eternity", after Stace's fashion, on | 17,331 |
1402073 | Eternity (graffito) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternity%20(graffito) | Eternity (graffito)
footpaths.
As part of the fireworks on Sydney Harbour to mark New Year's Day of the year 2000, the graffito "Eternity" was illuminated on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This moment was symbolically recreated later that year as part of the Sydney 2000 Olympics Opening Ceremony, beamed to billions of television viewers worldwide.
In 2001 the Council of the City of Sydney was granted a trademark (817532) on the script in order to protect it from indiscriminate commercial use.
The newspaper "Eternity" was named after the tag. Founded in 2009, it has a broad circulation amongst Christian groups in Australia.
One of the works by English street artist Banksy during his October 2013 "residency" in New | 17,332 |
1402073 | Eternity (graffito) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternity%20(graffito) | Eternity (graffito)
nity" was named after the tag. Founded in 2009, it has a broad circulation amongst Christian groups in Australia.
One of the works by English street artist Banksy during his October 2013 "residency" in New York City depicts a worker washing away the Eternity tag.
Sculptor, Will Coles, used the words on a concrete can.
# External links.
- "Eternity: Stories from the emotional heart of Australia": The Eternity gallery at the National Museum of Australia
- Chalked "Eternity" sign by Arthur Stace at the National Museum of Australia
- Stace, Arthur Malcolm (1885–1967)- entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
- [CC-By-SA] | 17,333 |
1401871 | Pharaoh (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharaoh%20(novel) | Pharaoh (novel)
Pharaoh (novel)
Pharaoh () is the fourth and last major novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus (1847–1912). Composed over a year's time in 1894–95, serialized in 1895–96, and published in book form in 1897, it was the sole historical novel by an author who had earlier disapproved of historical novels on the ground that they inevitably distort history.
"Pharaoh" has been described by Czesław Miłosz as a "novel on... mechanism[s] of state power and, as such, ... probably unique in world literature of the nineteenth century... Prus, [in] selecting the reign of 'Pharaoh Ramses XIII' in the eleventh century BCE, sought a perspective that was detached from... pressures of [topicality] and censorship. | 17,334 |
1401871 | Pharaoh (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharaoh%20(novel) | Pharaoh (novel)
Through his analysis of the dynamics of an ancient Egyptian society, he... suggest[s] an archetype of the struggle for power that goes on within any state."
"Pharaoh" is set in the Egypt of 1087–85 BCE as that country experiences internal stresses and external threats that will culminate in the fall of its Twentieth Dynasty and New Kingdom. The young protagonist Ramses learns that those who would challenge the powers that be are vulnerable to co-option, seduction, subornation, defamation, intimidation and assassination. Perhaps the chief lesson, belatedly absorbed by Ramses as pharaoh, is the importance, to power, of knowledge.
Prus' vision of the fall of an ancient civilization derives some | 17,335 |
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of its power from the author's intimate awareness of the final demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, a century before the completion of the novel.
Preparatory to writing "Pharaoh", Prus immersed himself in ancient Egyptian history, geography, customs, religion, art and writings. In the course of telling his story of power, personality, and the fates of nations, he produced a compelling literary depiction of life at every level of ancient Egyptian society. Further, he offers a vision of mankind as rich as Shakespeare's, ranging from the sublime to the quotidian, from the tragic to the comic. The book is written in limpid prose and is imbued with poetry, leavened with humor, graced | 17,336 |
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with moments of transcendent beauty.
"Pharaoh" has been translated into twenty languages and adapted as a 1966 Polish feature film. It is also known to have been Joseph Stalin's favourite book.
# Publication.
"Pharaoh" comprises a compact, substantial introduction; sixty-seven chapters; and an evocative epilogue (the latter omitted at the book's original publication, and restored in the 1950s). Like Prus' previous novels, "Pharaoh" debuted (1895–96) in newspaper serialization—in the Warsaw "Tygodnik Ilustrowany" (Illustrated Weekly). It was dedicated "To my wife, Oktawia Głowacka, "née" Trembińska, as a small token of esteem and affection."
Unlike the author's earlier novels, "Pharaoh" had | 17,337 |
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first been composed in its entirety, rather than being written in chapters from issue to issue. This may account for its often being described as Prus' "best-composed novel"—indeed, "one of the best-composed Polish novels."
The original 1897 book edition and some subsequent ones divided the novel into three volumes. Later editions have presented it in two volumes or in a single one. Except in wartime, the book has never been out of print in Poland.
# Plot.
"Pharaoh" begins with one of the more memorable openings in a novel — an opening written in the style of an ancient chronicle:
"Pharaoh" combines features of several literary genres: the historical novel, the political novel, the "Bildungsroman", | 17,338 |
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the utopian novel, the sensation novel. It also comprises a number of interbraided strands — including the plot line, Egypt's cycle of seasons, the country's geography and monuments, and ancient Egyptian practices (e.g. mummification rituals and techniques) — each of which rises to prominence at appropriate moments.
Much as in an ancient Greek tragedy, the fate of the novel's protagonist, the future "Ramses XIII," is known from the beginning. Prus closes his introduction with the statement that the narrative "relates to the eleventh century before Christ, when the Twentieth Dynasty fell and when, after the demise of the Son of the Sun the eternally living Ramses XIII, the throne was seized | 17,339 |
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by, and the uraeus came to adorn the brow of, the eternally living Son of the Sun Sem-amen-Herhor, High Priest of Amon." What the novel will subsequently reveal is the elements that lead to this denouement—the character traits of the principals, the social forces in play.
Ancient Egypt at the end of its New Kingdom period is experiencing adversities. The deserts are eroding Egypt's arable land. The country's population has declined from eight to six million. Foreign peoples are entering Egypt in ever-growing numbers, undermining its unity. The chasm between the peasants and craftsmen on one hand, and the ruling classes on the other, is growing, exacerbated by the ruling elites' fondness for | 17,340 |
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luxury and idleness. The country is becoming ever more deeply indebted to Phoenician merchants, as imported goods destroy native industries.
The Egyptian priesthood, backbone of the bureaucracy and virtual monopolists of knowledge, have grown immensely wealthy at the expense of the pharaoh and the country. At the same time, Egypt is facing prospective peril at the hands of rising powers to the north — Assyria and Persia.
The 22-year-old Egyptian crown prince and viceroy Ramses, having made a careful study of his country and of the challenges that it faces, evolves a strategy that he hopes will arrest the decline of his own political power and of Egypt's internal viability and international | 17,341 |
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standing. Ramses plans to win over or subordinate the priesthood, especially the High Priest of Amon, Herhor; obtain for the country's use the treasures that lie stored in the Labyrinth; and, emulating Ramses the Great's military exploits, wage war on Assyria.
Ramses proves himself a brilliant military commander in a victorious lightning war against the invading Libyans. On succeeding to the throne, he encounters the adamant opposition of the priestly hierarchy to his planned reforms. The Egyptian populace is instinctively drawn to Ramses, but he must still win over or crush the priesthood and their adherents.
In the course of the political intrigue, Ramses' private life becomes hostage to | 17,342 |
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the conflicting interests of the Phoenicians and the Egyptian high priests.
Ramses' ultimate downfall is caused by his underestimation of his opponents and by his impatience with priestly obscurantism. Along with the chaff of the priests' myths and rituals, he has inadvertently discarded a crucial piece of scientific knowledge.
Ramses is succeeded to the throne by his arch-enemy Herhor, who paradoxically ends up raising treasure from the Labyrinth to finance the very social reforms that had been planned by Ramses, and whose implementation Herhor and his allies had blocked. But it is too late to arrest the decline of the Egyptian polity and to avert the eventual fall of the Egyptian civilization.
The | 17,343 |
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novel closes with a poetic epilogue that reflects Prus' own path through life. The priest Pentuer, who had declined to betray the priesthood and aid Ramses' campaign to reform the Egyptian polity, mourns Ramses, who like the teenage Prus had risked all to save his country. As Pentuer and his mentor, the sage priest Menes, listen to the song of a mendicant priest, Pentuer says:
# Characters.
Prus took characters' names where he found them, sometimes anachronistically or anatopistically. At other times (as with "Nitager", commander of the army that guards the gates of Egypt from attack by Asiatic peoples, in chapter 1 "et seq."; and as with the priest "Samentu", in chapter 55 "et seq.") he apparently | 17,344 |
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invented them. The origins of the names of some prominent characters may be of interest:
- Ramses, the novel's protagonist: the name of two pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty and nine pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty.
- Nikotris, Ramses' mother: semi-historic Sixth Dynasty female pharaoh Nitocris; or the identically named daughter, Nitocris, of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty king Psamtik I.
- Amenhotep, high priest and Ramses' maternal grandfather: name of a number of ancient Egyptians, including four 18th Dynasty pharaohs and the High Priest of Amon under Pharaohs Ramses IX to Ramses XI (the High Priest played a key role in the civil war that ended Egypt’s 20th Dynasty and, with it, the New Kingdom).
- | 17,345 |
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Herhor, High Priest of Amon and Ramses' principal antagonist: historic high priest Herihor.
- Pentuer, scribe to Herhor: historic scribe Pentewere (Pentaur); or perhaps Pentawer, a son of Pharaoh Ramses III.
- Thutmose, Ramses' cousin: a fairly common name, also the name of four pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty.
- Sarah, Ramses' Jewish mistress; Taphath, Sarah's relative and servant; Gideon, Sarah's father: names drawn from those of Biblical personalities.
- Patrokles, a Greek mercenary general: Patroclus, in Homer's "Iliad".
- Ennana, a junior military officer: Egyptian scribe-pupil's name, attached to an ancient text (cited in "Pharaoh", chapter 4: Ennana's "plaint on the sore lot of a junior | 17,346 |
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officer").
- Dagon, a Phoenician merchant: a Phoenician and Philistine god of agriculture and the earth; the national god of the Philistines.
- Tamar, Dagon's wife (chapters 8, 13): Biblical wife of Er, then of his brother Onan; she subsequently had children by their father Judah, eponymous ancestor of the Judeans and Jews.
- Dutmose, a peasant (chapter 11): historic scribe Dhutmose, in the reign of Pharaoh Ramses XI.
- Menes (three distinct individuals: the first pharaoh; Sarah's physician; a savant and Pentuer's mentor): Menes, the first Egyptian pharaoh.
- Asarhadon, a "Phoenician" innkeeper: a variant of "Esarhaddon", an "Assyrian" king.
- Berossus, a Chaldean priest: Berossus, a Babylonian | 17,347 |
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historian and astrologer who flourished about 300 BCE.
- Phut (another name used by Berossus): Phut, a descendant of Noah named in Genesis.
- Cush, a guest at Asarhadon's inn: Cush, a descendant of Noah named in Genesis.
- Mephres, an elderly Egyptian high priest and the most implacable foe of the protagonist, Ramses: an 18th-Dynasty pharaoh, evidently identical with Thutmose I.
- Hiram, a Phoenician prince: Hiram I, king of Tyre, in Phoenicia.
- Kama, a Phoenician priestess who becomes Ramses' mistress: "Kama", a word in Hindu scriptures, associated variously with sensuality, longing and sexuality.
- Lykon, a young Greek, Ramses' look-alike and nemesis: Lykaon, in the "Iliad".
- Sargon, | 17,348 |
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an Assyrian envoy: name of two Assyrian kings. Additionally, the earlier Sargon of Akkad was the first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BCE; he was the founder of one of history's first empires.
- Seti, Ramses' infant son by Sarah: name of several ancient Egyptians, including two Pharaohs.
- Osochor, a priest thought (chapter 40) to have sold Egyptian priestly secrets to the Phoenicians: a Meshwesh king who ruled Egypt in the late 21st Dynasty.
- Musawasa, a Libyan prince: the Meshwesh, a Libyan tribe.
- Tehenna, Musawasa's son: "Tehenu", a generic Egyptian term for "Libyan."
- Dion, a Greek | 17,349 |
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architect: Dion, a historic name that appears in a number of contexts.
- Hebron, Ramses' last mistress: Hebron, the largest city in the present-day West Bank.
# Themes.
"Pharaoh" belongs to a Polish literary tradition of political fiction whose roots reach back to the 16th century and Jan Kochanowski's play, "The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys" (1578), and also includes Ignacy Krasicki's "Fables and Parables" (1779) and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz's "The Return of the Deputy" (1790). "Pharaoh"'s story covers a two-year period, ending in 1085 BCE with the demise of the Egyptian Twentieth Dynasty and New Kingdom.
Polish Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz has written of "Pharaoh":
The perspective of | 17,350 |
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which Miłosz writes, enables Prus, while formulating an ostensibly objective vision of historic Egypt, simultaneously to create a satire on man and society, much as Jonathan Swift in Britain had done the previous century.
But "Pharaoh" is "par excellence" a political novel. Its young protagonist, Prince Ramses (who is 22 years old at the novel's opening), learns that those who would oppose the priesthood are vulnerable to cooptation, seduction, subornation, defamation, intimidation or assassination. Perhaps the chief lesson, belatedly absorbed by Ramses as pharaoh, is the importance, to power, of knowledge — of science.
As a political novel, "Pharaoh" became a favorite of Joseph Stalin's; | 17,351 |
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similarities have been pointed out between it and Sergei Eisenstein's film "Ivan the Terrible", produced under Stalin's tutelage. The novel's English translator has recounted wondering, well in advance of the event, whether President John F. Kennedy would meet with a fate like that of the book's protagonist.
"Pharaoh" is, in a sense, an extended study of the metaphor of society-as-organism that Prus had adopted from English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, and that Prus makes explicit in the introduction to the novel: "the Egyptian nation in its times of greatness formed, as it were, a single person, in which the priesthood was the mind, the pharaoh was the will, the people the | 17,352 |
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body, and obedience the cement." All of society's organ systems must work together harmoniously, if society is to survive and prosper.
"Pharaoh" is a study of factors that affect the rise and fall of civilizations.
# Inspirations.
"Pharaoh" is unique in Prus' "oeuvre" as a "historical" novel. A Positivist by philosophical persuasion, Prus had long argued that historical novels must inevitably distort historic reality. He had, however, eventually come over to the view of the French Positivist critic Hippolyte Taine that the arts, including literature, may act as a second means alongside the sciences to study reality, including broad historic reality.
Prus, in the interest of making certain | 17,353 |
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points, intentionally introduced some anachronisms and anatopisms into the novel.
The book's depiction of the demise of Egypt's New Kingdom three thousand years earlier, reflects the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, exactly a century before "Pharaoh"'s completion.
A preliminary sketch for Prus' only historical novel was his first historical short story, "A Legend of Old Egypt." This remarkable story shows clear parallels with the subsequent novel in setting, theme and denouement. "A Legend of Old Egypt", in its turn, had taken inspiration from contemporaneous events: the fatal 1887-88 illnesses of Germany's warlike Kaiser Wilhelm I and of his reform-minded son and successor, | 17,354 |
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Friedrich III. The latter emperor "would", then unbeknown to Prus, survive his ninety-year-old predecessor, but only by ninety-nine days.
In 1893 Prus' old friend Julian Ochorowicz, having returned to Warsaw from Paris, delivered several public lectures on ancient Egyptian knowledge. Ochorowicz (whom Prus had portrayed in "The Doll" as the scientist "Julian Ochocki," obsessed with inventing a powered flying machine, a decade and a half before the Wright brothers’ 1903 flight) may have inspired Prus to write his historical novel about ancient Egypt. Ochorowicz made available to Prus books on the subject that he had brought from Paris.
In preparation for composing "Pharaoh", Prus made a painstaking | 17,355 |
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study of Egyptological sources, including works by John William Draper, Ignacy Żagiell, Georg Ebers and Gaston Maspero. Prus actually incorporated ancient texts into his novel like tesserae into a mosaic; drawn from one such text was a major character, Ennana.
"Pharaoh" also alludes to biblical Old Testament accounts of Moses (chapter 7), the plagues of Egypt (chapter 64), and Judith and Holofernes (chapter 7); and to Troy, which had recently been excavated by Heinrich Schliemann.
For certain of the novel's prominent features, Prus, the conscientious journalist and scholar, seems to have insisted on having two sources, one of them based on personal or at least contemporary experience. One | 17,356 |
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such dually-determined feature relates to Egyptian beliefs about an afterlife. In 1893, the year before beginning his novel, Prus the skeptic had started taking an intense interest in Spiritualism, attending Warsaw séances which featured the Italian medium, Eusapia Palladino—the same medium whose Paris séances, a dozen years later, would be attended by Pierre and Marie Curie. Palladino had been brought to Warsaw from a St. Petersburg mediumistic tour by Prus' friend Ochorowicz.
Modern Spiritualism had been initiated in 1848 in Hydeville, New York, by the Fox sisters, Katie and Margaret, aged 11 and 15, and had survived even their 1888 confession that forty years earlier they had caused the | 17,357 |
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"spirits'" telegraph-like tapping sounds by snapping their toe joints. Spiritualist "mediums" in America and Europe claimed to communicate through tapping sounds with spirits of the dead, eliciting their secrets and conjuring up voices, music, noises and other antics, and occasionally working "miracles" such as levitation.
Spiritualism inspired several of "Pharaoh"'s most striking scenes, especially (chapter 20) the secret meeting at the Temple of Seth in Memphis between three Egyptian priests—Herhor, Mefres, Pentuer—and the Chaldean magus-priest Berossus; and (chapter 26) the protagonist Ramses' night-time exploration at the Temple of Hathor in Pi-Bast, when unseen hands touch his head and | 17,358 |
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back.
Another dually determined feature of the novel is the "Suez Canal" that the Phoenician Prince Hiram proposes digging. The modern Suez Canal had been completed by Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1869, a quarter-century before Prus commenced writing "Pharaoh". But, as Prus was aware when writing chapter one, the Suez Canal had had a predecessor in a canal that had connected the Nile River with the Red Sea — during Egypt's Middle Kingdom, centuries before the period of the novel.
A third dually determined feature of "Pharaoh" is the historical Egyptian Labyrinth, which had been described in the fifth century BCE in Book II of "The Histories of Herodotus". The Father of History had visited Egypt's | 17,359 |
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entirely stone-built administrative center, pronounced it more impressive than the pyramids, declared it "beyond my power to describe"—then proceeded to give a striking description that Prus incorporated into his novel. The Labyrinth had, however, been made palpably real for Prus by an 1878 visit that he had paid to the famous ancient labyrinthine salt mine at Wieliczka, near Kraków in southern Poland. According to the foremost Prus scholar, Zygmunt Szweykowski, "The power of the Labyrinth scenes stems, among other things, from the fact that they echo Prus' own experiences when visiting Wieliczka."
Writing over four decades before the construction of the United States' Fort Knox Depository, | 17,360 |
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Prus pictures Egypt's Labyrinth as a perhaps flood-able Egyptian Fort Knox, a repository of gold bullion and of artistic and historic treasures. It was, he writes (chapter 56), "the greatest treasury in Egypt. [H]ere... was preserved the treasure of the Egyptian kingdom, accumulated over centuries, of which it is difficult today to have any conception."
Finally, a fourth dually determined feature was inspired by a solar eclipse that Prus had witnessed at Mława, a hundred kilometers north-northwest of Warsaw, on 19 August 1887, the day before his fortieth birthday. Prus probably also was aware of Christopher Columbus' manipulative use of a "lunar" eclipse on 29 February 1504, while marooned | 17,361 |
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for a year on Jamaica, to extort provisions from the Arawak natives. The latter incident strikingly resembles the exploitation of a "solar" eclipse by Ramses' chief adversary, Herhor, high priest of Amon, in a culminating scene of the novel. (Similar use of Columbus' lunar eclipse had in 1889 been made by Mark Twain in "A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur's Court".)
Yet another plot element involves the Greek, Lykon, in chapters 63 and 66 and "passim"—hypnosis and post-hypnotic suggestion.
It is unclear whether Prus, in using the plot device of the look-alike (Berossus' double; Lykon as double to Ramses), was inspired by earlier novelists who had employed it, including Alexandre Dumas ("", | 17,362 |
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1850), Charles Dickens ("A Tale of Two Cities", 1859) and Mark Twain ("The Prince and the Pauper", 1882).
Prus, a disciple of Positivist philosophy, took a strong interest in the history of science. He was aware of Eratosthenes' remarkably accurate calculation of the earth's circumference, and the invention of a steam engine by Heron of Alexandria, centuries after the period of his novel, in Alexandrian Egypt. In chapter 60, he fictitiously credits these achievements to the priest Menes, one of three individuals of the identical name who are mentioned or depicted in "Pharaoh": Prus was not always fastidious about characters' names.
# Accuracy.
Examples of anachronism and anatopism, mentioned | 17,363 |
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above, bear out that a punctilious historical accuracy was never an object with Prus in writing "Pharaoh." "That's not the point", Prus' compatriot Joseph Conrad told a relative. Prus had long emphasized in his "Weekly Chronicles" articles that historical novels cannot but distort historic reality. He used ancient Egypt as a canvas on which to depict his deeply considered perspectives on man, civilization and politics.
Nevertheless, "Pharaoh" "is" remarkably accurate, even from the standpoint of present-day Egyptology. The novel does a notable job of recreating a primal ancient civilization, complete with the geography, climate, plants, animals, ethnicities, countryside, agriculture, cities, | 17,364 |
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trades, commerce, social stratification, politics, religion and warfare. Prus succeeds remarkably in transporting readers back to the Egypt of thirty-one centuries ago.
The embalming and funeral scenes; the court protocol; the waking and feeding of the gods; the religious beliefs, ceremonies and processions; the concept behind the design of Pharaoh Zoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara; the descriptions of travels and of locales visited on the Nile and in the desert; Egypt's exploitation of Nubia as a source of gold — all draw upon scholarly documentation. The personalities and behaviors of the characters are keenly observed and deftly drawn, often with the aid of apt Egyptian texts.
# Popularity.
"Pharaoh", | 17,365 |
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as a "political novel", has remained perennially topical ever since it was written. The book's enduring popularity, however, has as much to do with a critical yet sympathetic view of human nature and the human condition. Prus offers a vision of mankind as rich as Shakespeare's, ranging from the sublime to the quotidian, from the tragic to the comic. The book is written in limpid prose, imbued with poetry, leavened with humor, graced with moments of transcendent beauty.
Joseph Conrad, during his 1914 visit to Poland just as World War I was breaking out, "delighted in his beloved Prus" and read "Pharaoh" and everything else by the ten-years-older, recently deceased author that he could get his | 17,366 |
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hands on. He pronounced his fellow victim of Poland's 1863 Uprising "better than Dickens"—Dickens being a favorite author of Conrad's.
The novel has been translated into twenty-two languages: Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, French, Georgian, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Ukrainian.
"Pharaoh" is available in a 2001 English translation by Christopher Kasparek which supersedes an incomplete and incompetent version by Jeremiah Curtin published in 1902.
# Film.
In 1966 "Pharaoh" was adapted as a Polish feature film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz. In 1967 the film was | 17,367 |
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nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign-Language Film.
# See also.
- "A Legend of Old Egypt"
- "Mold of the Earth"
- Assassinations in fiction
- Egypt in the European imagination
- Political fiction
- Politics in fiction
- Utopian and dystopian fiction
- Bildungsroman
- Solar eclipses in fiction
- Spiritualism in fiction
- Labyrinth
- Wieliczka Salt Mine
- Look-alike
- Hypnosis in fiction
- Anatopism
- Anachronism
- Kazimierz Bein
- Jeremiah Curtin
- "Pharaoh" (the film)
# References.
- Czesław Miłosz, "The History of Polish Literature", New York, Macmillan, 1969.
- Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' "Pharaoh": Primer on Power", "The Polish Review", vol. XL, no. 3, 1995, | 17,368 |
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pp. 331–34.
- Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' "Pharaoh" and the Wieliczka Salt Mine", "The Polish Review", vol. XLII, no. 3, 1997, pp. 349–55.
- Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' "Pharaoh" and the Solar Eclipse", "The Polish Review", vol. XLII, no. 4, 1997, pp. 471–78.
- Christopher Kasparek, "A Futurological Note: Prus on H.G. Wells and the Year 2000," "The Polish Review", vol. XLVIII, no. 1, 2003, pp. 89–100.
- Zygmunt Szweykowski, "Twórczość Bolesława Prusa" (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 2nd edition, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1972.
- Zygmunt Szweykowski, "Nie tylko o Prusie: szkice" (Not Only about Prus: Sketches), Poznań, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1967.
- Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław | 17,369 |
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Fita, "Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości" (Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
- Edward Pieścikowski, "Bolesław Prus", 2nd ed., Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1985.
- Stanisław Fita, ed., "Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie" (Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1962.
- Zdzisław Najder, "Joseph Conrad: a Life", translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, Camden House, 2007, .
- Zdzisław Najder, "Conrad under Familial Eyes", Cambridge University Press, 1984, .
- Teresa Tyszkiewicz, "Bolesław Prus", Warsaw, Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw | 17,370 |
1401871 | Pharaoh (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharaoh%20(novel) | Pharaoh (novel)
Szkolnych, 1971.
- Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed., "Literatura polska od średniowiecza do pozytywizmu" (Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to Positivism), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1979.
- James Henry Breasted, "A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest", New York, Bantam Books, 1967.
- Adolf Erman, ed., "The Ancient Egyptians: a Sourcebook of Their Writings", translated [from the German] by Aylward M. Blackman, introduction to the Torchbook edition by William Kelly Simpson, New York, Harper & Row, 1966.
- Herodotus, "The Histories", translated and with an introduction by Aubrey de Sélincourt, Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books, 1965.
- Samuel Eliot | 17,371 |
1401871 | Pharaoh (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharaoh%20(novel) | Pharaoh (novel)
England, Penguin Books, 1965.
- Samuel Eliot Morison, "Christopher Columbus, Mariner", Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1955.
- Bolesław Prus, "Pharaoh", translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek (2nd, revised ed.), Warsaw, Polestar Publications (), and New York, Hippocrene Books, 2001.
- "The Pharaoh and the Priest: an Historical Novel of Ancient Egypt", from the Original Polish of Alexander Glovatski, by JEREMIAH CURTIN, Translator of "With Fire and Sword," "The Deluge," "Quo Vadis," etc., with Illustrations from Photographs". (An incomplete and incompetent translation, by Jeremiah Curtin, of Prus' novel "Pharaoh", published by Little, Brown in 1902.)
Return to top of page. | 17,372 |
1402076 | Chinese Cultural Garden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20Cultural%20Garden | Chinese Cultural Garden
Chinese Cultural Garden
The Chinese Cultural Garden occupies of Overfelt Gardens park in San Jose, California. The addition of the Chinese Cultural Garden to Overfelt is primarily the work of Chinese immigrant Frank Lowe, his wife Pauline (who serves as park docent), and Dr. Chen Li-Fu of Taiwan.
# Features and events.
Features include an ornamental Friendship Gate, the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, the Chiang Kai-shek Pavilion, a large statue of Confucius, the Plum Pavilion, a sundial, and a carved, 15 ton black marble stone, mined and shipped from the Republic of China (Taiwan), donated by Tainan, one of San Jose's sister cities.
The Friendship Gate is wide and tall, dedicated in July 1977. | 17,373 |
1402076 | Chinese Cultural Garden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20Cultural%20Garden | Chinese Cultural Garden
Materials, including 500-year-old juniper wood, were sourced from China. The characters written above the central portal are read right to left as: .
The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall is constructed from marble, bronze, and mahogany and was built in Taiwan, disassembled, then shipped and reassembled in San Jose. It features a ceramic tile roof weighing almost twenty tons.
The large black stone is a gift from Tainan and is at least one million years old. It was placed in Overfelt Gardens on , marking the Chinese day of independence from Imperial rule. The large red carved characters on the rock are , meaning loyalty.
On the third Sunday of September, the park celebrates the Chinese Moon Festival. | 17,374 |
1402076 | Chinese Cultural Garden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20Cultural%20Garden | Chinese Cultural Garden
almost twenty tons.
The large black stone is a gift from Tainan and is at least one million years old. It was placed in Overfelt Gardens on , marking the Chinese day of independence from Imperial rule. The large red carved characters on the rock are , meaning loyalty.
On the third Sunday of September, the park celebrates the Chinese Moon Festival. It is primarily an event to showcase Asian performing arts, but also has arts and crafts for children and promotional booths from non-profit organizations, such as Cityteam and the San José Police Department.
# References.
- City of San Jose Department of Parks, Recreation and Neighborhood Services Overfelt Gardens brochure, March 2001 revision | 17,375 |
1402075 | Overfelt Gardens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overfelt%20Gardens | Overfelt Gardens
Overfelt Gardens
Overfelt Gardens is a park in San Jose, California, United States.
# History.
The land for the park was donated by Mildred Overfelt in 1959, in memory of her parents, William and Mary Overfelt, early San Jose pioneers that started grain and dairy farms in the 1850s. Mildred specified the park was intended "to provide a place of rest, relaxation, aesthetic, and other enjoyment for the people of San Jose" and no sports fields or games were to be constructed. It was opened in 1966.
# Park features.
Early features added to the park include picnic areas, restrooms, a fountain dedicated to Mildred, and a "fragrance garden" comprising many aromatic plants. Later paths were added | 17,376 |
1402075 | Overfelt Gardens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overfelt%20Gardens | Overfelt Gardens
around the rest of the park and its three lakes, with a section designated as a California Native plant and Wildlife Sanctuary. Three large, interconnected percolation ponds rise and shrink throughout the year, providing habitat for birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and fish year-round. A large statue of the famous Chinese philosopher Confucius overlooks a shallow reflection pond that, when full, spills into a narrow streambed. Also, the California Wild area is a wildlife sanctuary composed of a dirt trail winding around a hill covered in native trees, brush, wildflowers and grasses. A paved walking trail meanders around the remainder of the park over gently sloping hills, around a reflection | 17,377 |
1402075 | Overfelt Gardens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overfelt%20Gardens | Overfelt Gardens
s, around a reflection pond emptying into a small stream, past cultural points of interest and around three percolation ponds. The current park map shows these trails as thick white lines.
The southeast section of the park includes the Chinese Cultural Garden, commemorating Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Confucius, and Chinese culture in general, including a large black stone, mined and shipped from Taiwan.
# Location.
Overfelt Gardens is located in Mabury, on McKee Road between East San Jose and the North Valley. Independence High School lies just to its north.
# External links.
- "Overfelt Gardens", City of San Jose Department of Parks, Recreation and Neighborhood Services, March 2001. | 17,378 |
1402128 | Crimdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimdon | Crimdon
Crimdon
Crimdon is a village in County Durham, England. It is situated on the North Sea coast, between Blackhall Rocks and Hartlepool on the A1086 road. Crimdon was formerly a popular holiday resort for miners and their families from nearby towns and villages, on account of its affordability for low-income workers. During the 1960s Butlins took an interest in buying the Crimdon Dene Holiday Park there from Easington District Council, but the sale was declined as Butlins intended to charge people to use the beach. The 1970s and 80s saw Crimdon's decline as a resort as the popularity of foreign travel increased. The holiday park is now owned by Park Resorts but there are few facilities, unlike | 17,379 |
1402128 | Crimdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimdon | Crimdon
ased. The holiday park is now owned by Park Resorts but there are few facilities, unlike the case in the past, when there was a fairground and pavilion. Park Resorts have built a new clubhouse with a bar, a restaurant, and an indoor swimming pool since buying the holiday park from Easington District Council. There are also two smaller holiday parks at Crimdon—Denemouth Caravan Park and Evergreen Park. Crimdon Dene is a local nature reserve between the A1086, Crimdon Viaduct, and the beach. Crimdon Beck runs through the dene, which normally has a dried up stream bed in places during the summer. Terns now nest on the beach and the area has become popular with birdwatchers as tourism has waned. | 17,380 |
1402146 | Globes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globes | Globes
Globes
Globes () is a Hebrew-language daily evening financial newspaper, the largest and the oldest of its kind in Israel. Globes was founded in the early 1980s and published in Tel Aviv, Israel. It deals with economic issues and news from the Israeli and international business worlds. The color of the paper is pink, inspired by the British "Financial Times".
"Globes" was one of the first Israeli dailies to publish its contents on the World Wide Web, dating back to April 1995.
According to TGI 2017 media survey "Globes"′ market share is 4.3%. Its main competitors in printed media are "TheMarker" of the Haaretz group and "Calcalist" published by Yedioth Ahronoth Group.
# History.
The daily | 17,381 |
1402146 | Globes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globes | Globes
paper founded by Haim Bar-On, the publisher of the newspaper, on the basis of a small, Haifa-based financial newspaper, in partnership with businessman Eliezer Fishman.
Following the success of "Globes", it had a competitor in the form of "Telegraph", which had a lower subscription price and was also printed on Saturday. "Telegraph" was closed after several years. A few years later, the Schocken Media Network published "TheMarker" economic newspaper as a competitor to "Globes".
The chief editor of "Globes" is Naama Sikuler. Among the regular contributors to the newspaper are Yoav Karni, Tal Schneider, Eli Tsipori, Matti Golan, Stella Korin-Lieber, and Dror Foer.
# "Globes" sections and inserts.
"Globes" | 17,382 |
1402146 | Globes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globes | Globes
serts.
"Globes" is distributed each night Sunday through Thursday, with two major parts:
- Titles – the main news part
- Capital markets – stock exchange supplement
Among the supplements / inserts:
- "G" – Main weekend supplement, including regular columns by contributors such as Yoav Karni (foreign affairs), Dror Feuer, Hilik Gurfinkel (restaurant & wine critic) and Roy Yerushalmi (culinary, food history & recipes).
- "Nadlan" – The weekly real-estate insert (Sundays).
- "Lady Globes" – A monthly magazine insert devoted to women also sold separately on newsstands.
The publishing house is located in Rishon Lezion.
# See also.
- Calcalist
- TheMarker
- List of newspapers in Israel | 17,383 |
1402153 | Athirne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athirne | Athirne
Athirne
Athirne Ailgheasach ("the importunate"), son of Ferchertne, is a poet and satirist of the court of Conchobar mac Nessa in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology, who abuses the privileges of poets.
He stole three cranes from Midir of the Tuatha Dé Danann, which stand at his door and refuse entry or hospitality to anyone who approaches.
In the saga "The Siege of Howth", he goes on a circuit of Ireland, visiting kings' courts, and making outrageous demands of hospitality, knowing that disgrace would fall on any kingdom that refused him, and that if anything happened to him the Ulstermen are bound to go to war in his defence. He demands the remaining eye of the one-eyed king of southern | 17,384 |
1402153 | Athirne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athirne | Athirne
Connacht, Eochaid mac Luchta, a night with the wives of Tigerna Tétbuillech, king of Munster and Mesgegra, king of Leinster, and a mysterious jewel from another Leinster king, Fergus Fairge, which Fergus only finds by appealing for help to the "Lord of the Elements". He captures 150 wives of Leinster nobles and prepares to take them back to Ulster with him. The men of Leinster pursue him, the men of Ulster come to his defence, and battle is joined. The Ulstermen are besieged in the fort of Howth Head, north of Dublin, but break out, and the Leinstermen are put to flight. In the ensuing pursuit, the Ulster hero Conall Cernach kills Mesgegra in single combat and takes his head.
When Amergin, | 17,385 |
1402153 | Athirne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athirne | Athirne
son of Eccet Sálach the smith, who has lived to the age of fourteen without speaking, suddenly utters a cryptic poem, Athirne fears the boy will replace him as chief poet of Ulster, and resolves to kill him with an axe. Eccet foils the murder attempt by making a lifelike replica of the boy from clay. The Ulstermen besiege Athirne in his house and force him to pay compensation to Eccet. He takes Amergin as his foster-son and trains him as a poet.
Athirne's downfall comes in the saga "The Wooing of Luaine and Death of Athirne". He and his two sons all fall in love with the beautiful Luaine, who is due to marry Conchobar. She refuses to sleep with them, so they make satires against her, which | 17,386 |
1402153 | Athirne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athirne | Athirne
orce him to pay compensation to Eccet. He takes Amergin as his foster-son and trains him as a poet.
Athirne's downfall comes in the saga "The Wooing of Luaine and Death of Athirne". He and his two sons all fall in love with the beautiful Luaine, who is due to marry Conchobar. She refuses to sleep with them, so they make satires against her, which leave three blotches of shame, blemish and disgrace on her face. She dies of shame, and Athirne and his sons flee to his house on the hill of Benn Athirni on the River Boyne, fearing Conchobar's vengeance. Conchobar gathers the heroes of Ulster, walls him in and burns the house down, killing Athirne, his sons, and his two daughters Mór and Midseng. | 17,387 |
1402154 | Sacred Songs for the Holy Year | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred%20Songs%20for%20the%20Holy%20Year | Sacred Songs for the Holy Year
Sacred Songs for the Holy Year
Sacred Songs for the Holy Year is a 1949 album by RCA of recordings from 1920 and earlier by the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. Originally RCA-Victor album DM-1359 it was reedited in 1977 by the record label RCA Victor.
# Track listing.
- 1. Agnus dei (Georges Bizet)
- 2. Pietà, signore (Abraham Louis Niedermeyer)
- 3. Ingemisco (Giuseppe Verdi)
- 4. Domine deus (Gioachino Rossini) 1920
- 5. Cujus animam (Gioachino Rossini) 1920 | 17,388 |
1402156 | Nudes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nudes | Nudes
Nudes
Nudes may refer to:
- Nudity
- Nude (art)
- Nude photographs
- Skin or flesh coloured pantyhose, mostly used in films or modeling
- "Nudes" (album), a 2001 album by the folk rock band The AmusEment
# See also.
- Nude (disambiguation) | 17,389 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
Rate Your Music
Rate Your Music (or RYM) is an online collaborative metadata database of musical and non-musical releases and films which can be catalogued, rated and reviewed by users.
# History and features.
Rate Your Music was founded on December 24, 2000 by Seattle resident Hossein Sharifi, whose corresponding site username is "sharifi." Unlike Discogs, focusing on electronic music, Rate Your Music was in its beginning more rock oriented, before gradually integrating every other genre. The main idea of the website is to allow the users to add albums, EPs, singles, videos and bootlegs to the database and to rate them. The rating system uses a scale of minimum a half-star (or 0.5 points) | 17,390 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
to maximum five stars (or 5 points). Users can likewise leave reviews for RYM entries as well as create user profiles. Rate Your Music is generated jointly by the registered user community (artists, releases, biographies, etc.); however, the majority of new, edited content must be approved by a moderator to prevent virtual vandalism. Rate Your Music has a userbase of nearly 600,000 and indexes over 3,700,000 releases by over 1,255,000 artists. Browsing and registration is free and a subscription plan is available with additional features as expanded chart metadata.
RYM 1.0, the first version of the website, allowed users to rate and catalog releases, as well as to write reviews, create lists | 17,391 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
and add artists and releases to the database. Over time, other features were added, like cover art, a community board (forums) and private messaging. On August 7, 2006, RYM 2.0, a completely new version of the website was launched, introducing features like the possibility to add track lists, labels, catalog numbers, concerts and venues.
As a result of rising expenses, the website ceased relying solely on donations in 2006 and began receiving revenue from other sources. Namely, the two changes were commission-based links to online music retailers, and Google AdSense links (which registered users can elect not to view).
In May 2009, Rate Your Music started to add films to its database. RYM | 17,392 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
3.0 development was announced in July 2010, with an RYM 2.5 release appearing in July 2013 that included updates such as a 'works' feature for classical music compositions, separation of DJ mixes and mixtapes, and split album support. January 2014 marked an announcement that RYM 2.5 and 3.0 would be worked on simultaneously, of plans to split the music and film side of the site into unique domains, and that RYM would be incorporated into the company name 'Sonemic'.
In November 2015, Rate Your Music launched an IndieGogo crowdfunding campaign to fund "three new sites devoted to discovering music, films, and video games", Sonemic, Cinemos, and Glitchwave respectively. The fundraiser was 122% | 17,393 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
funded on December 30, 2015, with $67,552 raised. As of December 2018, the sites are in the fourth stage of beta, available to be browsed publicly and accessible to test for members who have joined Rate Your Music before July 11, 2017. Rate Your Music's data will be fully synced with Sonemic when the latter site fully launches; "Sonemic is the next version of RYM, with a new name, new logo, and hundreds of new features/improvements/bug fixes."
As of April 2019, the top rated album on the RYM charts was Radiohead's "OK Computer", while the bottom rated album was "Trigger Warning" by Ironic Punishment Division. In 2014, the second highest-rated album was English rock band Pink Floyd's "The Dark | 17,394 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
Side of the Moon". According to RYM, Canadian experimental music collective Godspeed You! Black Emperor's "Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada" is rated as "the greatest EP of all time."
As of April 2018, it had over 40,000 user-created lists ranging from "popular lists" to "ultimate box sets," which can comprise music genres like Belgian techno, neoclassical dark wave, and mumble rap.
In December 2011, there were approximately 370,000 user accounts on Rate Your Music. Around one half of the people visiting the website come from the United States, the United Kingdom or Canada, the other half primarily comes from Western Europe (especially Scandinavia and the Netherlands), as well as from Poland, | 17,395 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
Russia, Mexico, Brazil and Australia.
# Music projects.
From 2004 to 2016, Rate Your Music allowed a select number of unsigned artists to host their MP3 files of recordings on the main server.
Members of the site's community released several tribute/cover albums as free downloads.
# Reception.
"RateYourMusic" has been received generally favourably. In a review for American musician Yves Tumor's album "Safe in the Hands of Love", "The Brown Daily Herald"s Katherine Ok associated plunderphonics with "crate-digging, list-obsessed “Rate Your Music” users." "Centuries of Sound" founder James Errington said "[he consulted] websites like Rate Your Music and Acclaimed Music to pick top hits" for | 17,396 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
his year-by-year mixtapes of the 20th century. "The Daily Star"s Deeparghya Dutta Barau called it "one of those hip sites that offer functionality over aesthetics." "Evolver.fm"s Eliot Van Buskirk recommended to "Keep a wishlist on rateyourmusic.com."
"Flashmode Arabia" staff commended "RYM" as "a fantastic way to discover new music" but critiqued its user experience. "Hypebot" staff found "Rate Your Music" "it’s snobby and multilingual and people come to show off their various incredible music collections. I’ve loved it for ages." "JamBase"s Scott Bernstein noted it "compiles fan ratings." Covering the Japanese band Fishmans album "98.12.28 Otokotachi no Wakare", "The Michigan Daily"s Sayan | 17,397 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
Ghosh opined the "classic music lover’s past-time of perusing through internet boards such as Rate Your Music."
"M.O.V.I.N [UP]"s Maurício Angelo praised "RYM" as "the best guide to discovering new music, in all styles, of any tempo." "Newonce" staff was critical stating "Extremely ugly visually (its creators like the consistency: RYM has not changed the layout to this day), but quite useful." In a retrospective on the American rock band Duster, "Noisey"s Brian Coney described their discography "a muted legacy of life-changingly Good Music that has rewarded bummed-out indieheads with a penchant for Soulseek and RateYourMusic genre lists in the intervening 17 years." "Pigeons & Planes"s Adrienne | 17,398 |
1402040 | Rate Your Music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate%20Your%20Music | Rate Your Music
Black favoured the forums with "if you haven't already spent half your day exploring the above, there are the highly active, engaged threads to dive in to."
Selecting "Logan Rock Witch" from "Richard D. James Album" as their favourite Aphex Twin track, "The Quietus"s John Doran remarked "this should result in something that sounds like a mad man’s breakfast of kooky cacophony. (And a quick look at Rate Your Music reveals that plenty of self-professed AFX fans actually do see it this way." "Radio Wave"s Karel Veselý enthused about Rate Your Music and Discogs as "[t]he cult music portals." In an interview with "PopMatters", American electronic musician Skylar Spence answered he would use Discogs | 17,399 |
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