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1402465 | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season
as it moved northward. On October 27, the system was analyzed to have a minimum pressure of at least 985 mbar (hPa; 29.09 inHg) after passing to the southeast of Bermuda. At 1200 UTC later that day, the cyclone reached an extratropical peak intensity with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) just east of Newfoundland. Had the storm been tropical at the time, it would have been classified as a modern-day Category 1 hurricane. Subsequently, the extratropical storm curved eastward, where it persisted before dissipating by 1800 UTC on October 29.
## Tropical depressions.
In addition to the storms which attained at least tropical storm strength in 1940, five additional tropical depressions were analyzed | 17,600 |
1402465 | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season
by the HURDAT reanalysis project to have developed during the season. Due to their weak intensity, however, they were not added to HURDAT. On September 2, a closed low-pressure area was detected in the open Atlantic Ocean southeast of Bermuda and was analyzed as a tropical depression. At the time, the disturbance had a minimum pressure of at least 1015 mbar (hPa; 29.98 inHg). The depression initially moved to the southeast, but later recurved towards the northwest over the next two days. On September 4, the "S.S. West Kebar" en route for Boston, Massachusetts reported winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), which would be considered as tropical storm-force winds. The depression later moved to the northeast | 17,601 |
1402465 | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season
before it was absorbed by a stationary front on September 7. Since there was only one report that the disturbance may have reached tropical storm intensity, it was not included in HURDAT. Later on September 10, a trough was detected in a similar region in the Atlantic where the first depression formed. The trough later became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression. The cyclone moved slowly to the east and did not further intensify before dissipating on September 13.
On October 7, a large elongated extratropical cyclone extended across the Atlantic Ocean with a pressure of at most 1015 mbar (hPa; 29.98 inHg). The following day, the low-pressure area became more narrow | 17,602 |
1402465 | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season
and well-defined, with its central pressure deepening to 1000 mph (hPa; 29.53 inHg). On October 9, the extratropical system was analyzed to have become a tropical depression. The low moved slowly to the northeast and gradually weakened before dissipating on October 10. On October 14, offshore observations indicated that a tropical depression had developed north of The Bahamas. The following day, however, the depression became less defined and degenerated into a trough of low pressure. On October 16, two ships listed in the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set reported winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) off the coast of North Carolina. However, since these reports occurred in a higher | 17,603 |
1402465 | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season
pressure gradient, the system was not included in HURDAT.
On November 2, a trough of low-pressure was analyzed near the Lesser Antilles. The system moved westward into the Caribbean Sea without much organization. On November 7, the low-pressure area moved south of Cuba and became sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical depression with a pressure of at least 1010 mbar (hPa; 29.83 inHg). The depression moved over Cuba and into the Atlantic, where it dissipated the following day. On November 9, a second system was detected northeast of Bermuda with a pressure of 1005 mbar (hPa; 29.68 inHg), though it remained unclear whether the two systems were related.
# See also.
- List of tropical | 17,604 |
1402465 | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1940%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | 1940 Atlantic hurricane season
ntilles. The system moved westward into the Caribbean Sea without much organization. On November 7, the low-pressure area moved south of Cuba and became sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical depression with a pressure of at least 1010 mbar (hPa; 29.83 inHg). The depression moved over Cuba and into the Atlantic, where it dissipated the following day. On November 9, a second system was detected northeast of Bermuda with a pressure of 1005 mbar (hPa; 29.68 inHg), though it remained unclear whether the two systems were related.
# See also.
- List of tropical cyclones
- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
- 1940 Pacific hurricane season
# External links.
- Monthly Weather Review | 17,605 |
1402508 | Stavropol Soviet Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavropol%20Soviet%20Republic | Stavropol Soviet Republic
Stavropol Soviet Republic
Stavropol Soviet Republic (Russian: Ставропольская Советская Республика ["Stavropol’skaja Sovetskaja Respublika"]) (January 1–July 7, 1918) was part of the RSFSR in the territory of Stavropol Guberniya of the Imperial Russia. Its capital was Stavropol.
It was merged into the North Caucasian Soviet Republic. | 17,606 |
1402506 | Adriana Iliescu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriana%20Iliescu | Adriana Iliescu
Adriana Iliescu
Adriana Iliescu (born May 31, 1938) is a retired Romanian university lecturer and author of children's novels. She received international media attention in 2005, when she gave birth to daughter Eliza at age 66, making her the oldest birth mother in the world until this record was broken in 2006 by María del Carmen Bousada de Lara. Eliza, who was delivered at Giuleşti Maternity Hospital on 16 January 2005 in Bucharest, is Iliescu's biological (but not genetic) child, since she gestated in Iliescu's womb but was conceived by an ovum and sperm donated anonymously.
# Pregnancy.
Iliescu was first given hormone treatment to reverse menopause in 1995 and in vitro fertilisation (three | 17,607 |
1402506 | Adriana Iliescu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriana%20Iliescu | Adriana Iliescu
zygotes with sperm and ovum from two anonymous donors) in 2004, becoming pregnant with triplets. After ten weeks one of the three fetuses failed to progress and died. The remaining two fetuses, both girls, weighed just 1.45 kilograms (3.19 pounds) and 0.69 kilograms (1.54 pounds) after 33 weeks of pregnancy, but after complications the smaller of the two died in the womb. Though doctors were expecting to perform a caesarian section soon after the 34th week, the death of one of the twins led to the decision to operate earlier than planned. The surviving baby was expected to remain in hospital for six weeks.
# International interest.
Romanian laws governing the process are currently under review | 17,608 |
1402506 | Adriana Iliescu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriana%20Iliescu | Adriana Iliescu
and, to bring them in line with typical European legislation, may prevent any form of such treatment after the age of 50.
The story became international headline news, causing debate as to whether fertility treatment is ethical after a certain age. The release of details about the pregnancy and birth was criticised when different information was reported by different news companies. One primary source was a Realitatea TV interview with Iliescu conducted a month before the birth. The age of Iliescu was reported as 67 by some sources and the exact details of the second, and in some reports third, fetus differed greatly. For example, a CNN news website article was updated after a day, changing | 17,609 |
1402506 | Adriana Iliescu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriana%20Iliescu | Adriana Iliescu
her age from 67 to 66. Gheorghe Borcean, head of the Romanian medical profession's ethics committee, commented: "A case of such prominence should require academic debates and not just one single television report."
Television, newspaper polls and discussions around the world asked the public what their opinion of the ethical decision was.
# Works.
## Studies.
- "Literatorul. Studiu monografic", Bucarest, 1968
- "Revistele literare de la sjirsitul secolului al XlX-lea", Bucarest 1972
- "Realismul in literatura romana in secolul al XIX- lea", Bucarest, 1975
- "Proza realista in secolul al XlX-lea", Bucarest, 1978
## Books.
- "Domnisoara cu miozotis", 1970
- "Insula", 1971
- "Orasul", | 17,610 |
1402506 | Adriana Iliescu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriana%20Iliescu | Adriana Iliescu
e from 67 to 66. Gheorghe Borcean, head of the Romanian medical profession's ethics committee, commented: "A case of such prominence should require academic debates and not just one single television report."
Television, newspaper polls and discussions around the world asked the public what their opinion of the ethical decision was.
# Works.
## Studies.
- "Literatorul. Studiu monografic", Bucarest, 1968
- "Revistele literare de la sjirsitul secolului al XlX-lea", Bucarest 1972
- "Realismul in literatura romana in secolul al XIX- lea", Bucarest, 1975
- "Proza realista in secolul al XlX-lea", Bucarest, 1978
## Books.
- "Domnisoara cu miozotis", 1970
- "Insula", 1971
- "Orasul", 1978 | 17,611 |
1402512 | HMS Adamant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS%20Adamant | HMS Adamant
HMS Adamant
Three ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS "Adamant":
- was a 50-gun fourth rate launched in 1780. She was reduced to harbour service in 1809 and was broken up in 1814.
- was a submarine depot ship launched in 1911, commissioned in 1912 and sold in 1932.
- was a submarine depot ship launched in 1940 and broken up in 1970.
# See also.
- The sloop was renamed HMS "Adamant II" in 1930, and was sold later that year.
- is a small submarine tender and personnel ferry in the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service. She was launched in 1992 and is currently in service. | 17,612 |
1402510 | Kimura (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimura%20(crater) | Kimura (crater)
Kimura (crater)
Kimura is a small impact crater that is located on the Moon's far side, beyond the southeastern limb. It lies to the west-northwest of the crater Fechner, along the northeastern rim of an unnamed basin in the surface.
This is a relatively fresh feature that has not been significantly worn through impact erosion. The rim is sharp edged, and the inner walls slope downward to the interior without forming terraces. The perimeter is roughly circular, with the northeast and southwest edges being slightly straightened. The interior floor has an irregular perimeter, and is somewhat irregular in contour with a few tiny craterlets.
The crater's name was adopted by the IAU in 1970. | 17,613 |
1402503 | Maurice Cornforth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20Cornforth | Maurice Cornforth
Maurice Cornforth
Maurice Campbell Cornforth (28 October 1909 – 31 December 1980) was a British Marxist philosopher.
# Life.
Cornforth was born in Willesden, London, in 1909, and educated at University College School, where he was friends with Stephen Spender. In 1925 he went up to University College, London, graduating in 1929, and then went on to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was the only student on a specialised course in logic, taught by Moore, Braithwaite, and Wittgenstein. In 1931, after graduating, Cornforth was awarded a three-year research scholarship at Trinity. In the summer of the same year he joined the Communist Party, setting up the party's first organisation at Cambridge; | 17,614 |
1402503 | Maurice Cornforth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20Cornforth | Maurice Cornforth
and in the autumn married a fellow Cambridge student, Kitty Klugmann, sister of James. From 1933 Cornforth worked full-time for the Communist Party in East Anglia.
Rejected for military service on medical grounds, during the Second World War Cornforth worked as a farm labourer. He published his first work, "Science Versus Idealism", in 1946. In 1950 he was appointed as managing director of Lawrence & Wishart, a post he held until 1975, during which period he was responsible for the publishing of Marx's and Engels's "Collected Works".
Cornforth died aged 71 in Islington, London, in 1980, leaving a widow, Kathleen Elliott, his second wife.
# Philosophy.
When Cornforth began his career in philosophy | 17,615 |
1402503 | Maurice Cornforth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20Cornforth | Maurice Cornforth
in the early 1930s, he was a follower of Ludwig Wittgenstein, writing in the then current style of analytic philosophy. Cornforth later became a leading ideologist of the Communist Party of Great Britain. He vigorously opposed the aesthetic theories of fellow Marxist Christopher Caudwell.
"In Defense of Philosophy" attacks empiricist philosophies of many kinds, such as those of Rudolf Carnap (linguistic analysis) and William James (pragmatism), on the "materialist" grounds that they divorce science and scientific investigation from the search for truer understanding of the really existing universe. In this book there is a combination of Marxism with deep insights into the interrelations of | 17,616 |
1402503 | Maurice Cornforth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20Cornforth | Maurice Cornforth
the various sciences and the philosophical conundrums produced by the empiricist attempt to reduce science to the collection and correlation of data. Both the insights are based on the theory of the primacy of physical work and tools (thus, "materialism") in the development of specifically human traits such as language, abstract thought, and social organisation, and the essential role of the external world in the increasingly complex development of forms of life.
Cornforth's multi-volume book "Dialectical Materialism" was originally published in 1953 by the International Publishers, Co., Inc. The first US edition of this work was printed in 1971. The text originated from lectures that Cornforth | 17,617 |
1402503 | Maurice Cornforth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20Cornforth | Maurice Cornforth
received funding for from the London District Committee of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1950.
The first volume, "Materialism and the Dialectical Method", provides a good introduction to several important sociological principles: idealism, metaphysics, materialism, mechanical materialism, and dialectical materialism, in addition to Marxist philosophy. Volume 2 of this text is entitled "Historical Materialism", and Volume 3 is "Theory of Knowledge".
# Works.
- "Food and Farming for Victory", Communist Party Pamphlet (1942)
- "Science Versus Idealism: An Examination of "Pure Empiricism" and Modern Logic" (1946)
- "Dialectical Materialism and Science" (1949)
- "In Defense of Philosophy | 17,618 |
1402503 | Maurice Cornforth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20Cornforth | Maurice Cornforth
– Against Positivism and Pragmatism" (1950)
- "Science for Peace and Socialism" (c.1950) with J. D. Bernal
- "Dialectical Materialism" "Vol. 1: Materialism & the Dialectical Method", "Vol. 2: Historical Materialism", "Vol 3: Theory of Knowledge", and later editions
- "Readers' Guide to the Marxist Classics" (1952)
- "Rumanian Summer: A View of the Rumanian People's Republic" (1953) with Jack Lindsay
- "Philosophy for Socialists" (1959)
- "Marxism and the Linguistic Philosophy" (1965)
- "The Open Philosophy and the Open Society: A Reply to Dr. Karl Popper's Refutations of Marxism" (1968)
- "Communism and Human Values" (1972)
- "Rebels and Their Causes: Essays in honour of A. L. Morton" | 17,619 |
1402503 | Maurice Cornforth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20Cornforth | Maurice Cornforth
"Vol. 1: Materialism & the Dialectical Method", "Vol. 2: Historical Materialism", "Vol 3: Theory of Knowledge", and later editions
- "Readers' Guide to the Marxist Classics" (1952)
- "Rumanian Summer: A View of the Rumanian People's Republic" (1953) with Jack Lindsay
- "Philosophy for Socialists" (1959)
- "Marxism and the Linguistic Philosophy" (1965)
- "The Open Philosophy and the Open Society: A Reply to Dr. Karl Popper's Refutations of Marxism" (1968)
- "Communism and Human Values" (1972)
- "Rebels and Their Causes: Essays in honour of A. L. Morton" (1978) editor
- "Communism & Philosophy: Contemporary Dogmas and Revisions of Marxism" (1980)
# See also.
- Dialectical materialism | 17,620 |
1402509 | Johann Jakob Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Jakob%20Grynaeus | Johann Jakob Grynaeus
Johann Jakob Grynaeus
Johann Jakob Grynaeus or Gryner (October 1, 1540 – August 13, 1617) was a Swiss Protestant divine.
# Life.
Grynaeus was born in Bern. His father, Thomas Grynaeus (1512–1564), was for a time professor of ancient languages at Basel and Bern, but afterwards became pastor of Röteln in Baden. He was nephew of the eminent Humanist Simon Grynaeus.
Johann was educated at Basel, and in 1559 received an appointment as curate to his father. In 1563 he proceeded to Tübingen for the purpose of completing his theological studies, and in 1565 he returned to Rötteln as successor to his father. Here he felt compelled to abjure the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper, and to renounce | 17,621 |
1402509 | Johann Jakob Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Jakob%20Grynaeus | Johann Jakob Grynaeus
the Formula of Concord.
Called in 1575 to the chair of Old Testament exegesis at Basel, he became involved in unpleasant controversy with Simon Sulzer and other champions of Lutheran orthodoxy; and in 1584 he was glad to accept an invitation to assist in the restoration of the University of Heidelberg.
Returning to Basel in 1586, after Simon Sulzer's death, as Antistes or superintendent of the church there and as professor of the New Testament, he exerted for upwards of twenty-five years a considerable influence upon both the church and the state affairs of that community, and acquired a wide reputation as a skillful theologian of the school of Huldrych Zwingli. Amongst other labors he helped | 17,622 |
1402509 | Johann Jakob Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Jakob%20Grynaeus | Johann Jakob Grynaeus
reorganize the gymnasium in 1588. Five years before his death he became totally blind, but continued to preach and lecture till his death. He died in Basel, aged 76.
# Works.
His many works include commentaries on various books of the Old and New Testament, "Theologica theoremata et problemata" (1588), and a collection of patristic literature entitled "Monumenia S. patrum orthodoxographa" (2 vols, fol., 1569).
# External links.
- Works of Johann Jakob Grynaeus at the Munich Digitization Center
- Universität Mannheim: Listing of works of Johann Jakob Grynaeus
- Griechischer Geist aus Basler Pressen – Preface of Johann Jacob Grynaeus to Johannes and Joachim Brandis, Basel, April 1, 1578 | 17,623 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
National Labor Federation
The National Labor Federation (NATLFED) is a network of local community associations, run exclusively by volunteers, that claim to organize workers excluded from collective bargaining protections by U.S. labor law, specifically, under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. Although the groups affiliated with NATLFED have denied having a political affiliation, NATLFED is described by some former participants as a front for an organization called the Provisional Communist Party of the United States, which has, in the past, advocated for armed overthrow of the government. NATLFED consists of several dozen mutual benefit associations and their organizers who conduct | 17,624 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
canvassing in working-class neighborhoods and coordinate assistance programs operated by members and volunteers of the associations. According to literature printed by the groups, these benefit programs entitle members to emergency food, clothing, medical and dental care, legal advice, child care, and job referrals.
Press accounts of the groups affiliated with NATLFED sometimes praise their social work, sometimes raise concerns about their lack of transparency, and sometimes condemn the organizations for harsh treatment of volunteers.
# Practices and beliefs.
## Strata organizing.
NATLFED pursues a course of organizing based on the view of current membership leadership, who form Councils, | 17,625 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
which contend that since few US workers are still employed in large-scale factory operations, new methods are needed to go beyond historic membership organizing tactics issued from the factory gate.
Union workers are kept in separate bargaining units and not permitted to exercise time-honored methods of collective action based on community backing and mutual aid. As a result US workers labor for longer hours under more dangerous conditions for less pay and often without health and pension benefits. A new approach is needed. The organizations in NATLFED direct their efforts toward "unrecognized workers in the United States [who are] so far excluded from the somewhat dubious benefits of the National | 17,626 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
Labor Relations Act.".
"The Essential Organizer", a manuscript describing the techniques of "systemic organizing", purports to teach participants an approach for unrecognized workers to obtain benefits that are needed and are rightfully theirs in a manner consistent with their best overall interest. At the same time unrecognized workers can materially see the benefits of organization in general as well as how to build their own organizations in particular.The only thing that really makes sense is the local community-based associations that reach unrecognized workers and unite them with current and former union workers, retired workers, local business leaders, professionals and others who share | 17,627 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
a common concern for the long-term future of our communities.
A 10-year lawsuit brought by members of Western Farm Workers Association residing in state run migrant camps against the California Office of Migrant Services resulted in a monetary victory for the group of workers who brought suit under the legal guidance and practical organizing participation of Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals to recover illegal rent increases:
"Without organization, we could never have gotten money back," said claimant José Rodríguez, a WFWA member in Yuba County and former resident of the Davis Migrant Center in Yolo County. "The State would have taken advantage of us. This is a real victory for farm | 17,628 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
worker independent organizing efforts."
## Recruitment.
NATLFED recruits many of its members and volunteers from college campuses, through voluntary service programs, and by appeal to the larger community through speaking engagements and direct contact. For example, in one meeting of the American Sociological Association, Mark Levine, Western Service Workers Association, explained his view of the dynamics of government policy on social stratification:
[H]e re-directed his Ph.D.to service when he discovered U.S. economic policies were mirroring pre-WWII policies in Germany which replaced higher paid workers with lower-paid ones, scapegoating and punishing workers. Levine used extensive volunteer | 17,629 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
help to enable these workers as an organized voice for change at WSWA functions. They have combated the downward wage effects of enterprise zones, in a deficit-laden California slashing education, health care, child care, and disabled services.
Shari Beck, a retired school teacher, has been volunteering at WSWA for the past three years. "Everybody who helps out can make things better," Beck said. "I feel like I'm doing something for the community." Beck, who volunteers alongside her husband, believes that by volunteering at WSWA, she has become more aware of things going on in her community. "We wanted to spend time in the community," Beck said.
## Goals and objectives.
Carlotta Woolcock, | 17,630 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
an organizer for Northwest Seasonal Workers Association, described its goals as "to provide a voice for the poor and working people that is independent from the government and addresses the problems that go along with being poor." Literature printed by the organization asserts the principle that "every man, woman and child is entitled to adequate and appropriate food, clothing, shelter and medical care as basic human rights." Woolcock described the ultimate end of giving working people a voice to the "Ashland Daily Tidings":
"Our goal is to form a worker's plebiscite, giving the workers a real vote. What most people vote for is the lesser of two evils offered them. A real say is stating real | 17,631 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
needs and having the resources to meet them. There needs to be more of a voice for the working people."
# History.
## Origins.
The organization grew out of the Eastern Farm Workers Association in Suffolk County, New York, founded in 1972 by Gino Perente and others.
Perente had worked at the New York office of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1971 or 1972 and, according to Dolores Huerta, "...created a lot of problems for the union, attacking us in the press. Then he went off and formed his own group. ... "
Perente and his followers headed to migrant labor camps in rural Long Island, New York from an office in Bellport, New York in 1972 to organize agricultural workers. The | 17,632 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
EFWA received press attention in its early days attempting to organize farm workers at the I.M. Young company. Perente organized 800 farm workers with 30 full-time EFWA staff and 70 volunteers in December 1972, when the EFWA led a strike of potato workers. This was the first union of agricultural workers on the East Coast; nonetheless, the Department of Labor determined that EFWA was not a labor organization as defined by federal law.
The 1972 strike against the potato grower I .M. Young and Company remains a central part of the volunteer training process. There is little further information about the early years of the EFWA.
Perente was by all accounts a charismatic personality. He inspired | 17,633 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
volunteers with revolutionary positions and established discipline among the organizing drive's volunteers. Later accounts identified him as Gerald William Doeden, a former disc jockey from California with a less-than-pure reputation.
## Growth.
In the mid-1970s, Perente removed himself from public view, but he encouraged his followers to expand the scope of the initial organizing drives in Sacramento and Long Island. He established an office in Brooklyn to direct the growing network he called the National Labor Federation (NATLFED), and refined an elaborate system to train and ensure the loyalty of volunteers by founding the Provisional Communist Party, a secret society of Perente's cohorts. | 17,634 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
Perente gave lectures, often running late into the night offering idiosyncratic interpretations of the writings of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Joseph Stalin to audiences at the NATLFED office.
Perente's movement used its core of volunteers to expand, sending recruiters to other cities and towns, starting about twenty mutual benefit associations and perhaps as many related support organizations by the late 1970s. The new organizing drives were built closely after the model of the EFWA, using their 1973 organizational handbook, "The Essential Organizer". The entities are managed by full-time volunteers, called cadre, many of whom have dedicated their lives to the movement.
In 1973, the California | 17,635 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
Homemakers Association pressured Sacramento County and won wage increases for attendant care workers. Subsequently, the county agreed to bargain with CHA over the terms of individual contracts with its home care workers. CHA organizer David Shapiro hailed the agreement as "the first time that household workers have achieved the right to bargain."
## NATLFED entities.
NATLFED operates about thirty offices, called entities around the US, with concentrations in California and the Northeast. The Eastern Farm Workers Association (now in Bellport, New York and Syracuse, New York) and California Homemakers Association (in Sacramento, California) were founded in the early seventies, and were followed | 17,636 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
by Eastern Service Workers Association, Western Service Workers Association, the Commemoration Committee for the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, Western Massachusetts Labor Action in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Western Farm Workers Association in Stockton, California, Yuba City, California, and Hillsboro, Oregon, Friends of Seasonal and Service Workers in Portland, Oregon and Northwest Seasonal Workers Association in Medford, Oregon.
Since Perente's death, several new entities have opened, including Midwest Workers Association in Chicago, Illinois, Alaska Workers Association in Anchorage, Alaska, and Mid-Ohio Workers Association in Columbus, Ohio.
## Public scrutiny and controversy.
The | 17,637 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
NATLFED groups have kept a low profile, operating with little public attention for ten years, and journalists writing about the various groups have both praised and condemned the organizing drives.
In the early 1980s several journalists wrote highly critical articles about several groups in the federation. One such article, written for the "Christian Century" magazine, described changes in the leadership of the Commission on Voluntary Service and Action (CVSA). Originally a church-affiliated nonprofit organization, the CVSA had annually printed a catalog of volunteer opportunities called "Invest Yourself: a Catalog of Volunteer Opportunities" since 1946. A number of full-time NATLFED organizers | 17,638 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
had taken leadership positions within CVSA's board. In the early 1980s, when CVSA was struggling financially, NATLFED took responsibility and control of its operations, leaving some of the church leadership bitter. As many as 50 NATLFED entities were listed among about 200 service organizations in the catalog during the 1980s and 1990s. This number has slowly dropped since then; fewer than ten NATLFED entities were listed in the 2004 edition.
The political investigative magazine "The Public Eye" published two articles about NATLFED. The first, by Harvey Kahn in 1977
alleged an obscure but friendly relationship between Perente's NATLFED and Lyndon LaRouche's National Caucus of Labor Committees. | 17,639 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
Tourish and Wohlforth report a similarly tenuous but longer-lived alliance between NATLFED and Fred Newman's new International Workers Party in the mid-70s. Perente became head of the IWP-organized Nationwide Unemployment League, and soon after dissolved it.
"The Public Eye" published a longer exposé by former volunteer Jeff Whitnack in 1984 in which Whitnack identified Perente as Doeden and interviewed some of Doeden's friends in California. Whitnack concluded that the whole operation was a scam punctuated with drama and hints of violence.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation raided a law office and the NOC headquarters at 1107 Carroll Street in Crown Heights, Brooklyn on February 17, 1984 | 17,640 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
on tips that they "...had planned a series of violent acts ..." Kit Decious, Kathleen Paolo, and Daniel P. Foster, three other lawyers among the organization's cadre, were convicted of felony larceny and possession of forged documents relating to the 1984 departure of Mia Prior, a member of ten years; they were disbarred in New York following their convictions in the 1980s. Paolo's conviction was overturned on appeal.
The New York City Police Department raided the NOC again on November 11, 1996, on an anonymous complaint that children were being abused in the office. The police seized 49 antique firearms and $42,000 in cash, and arrested 35 people.
Newspapers around the country briefly ran | 17,641 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
columns about the group. Two of the organizers, Susan Angus and Diane Garrett, were initially convicted of misdemeanor possession of weapons, but the appeals court overturned the convictions because the search was improperly conducted without a warrant. No evidence of child abuse was ever produced, and the press coverage died down rapidly.
Shortly after the 1996 raid in New York, an anonymously created website appeared by "an informal network of people" who were "frightened for the current members who are our children, siblings, former friends, and coworkers." This website condemned NATLFED, but also archived many news articles and other stories about them. The site, https://web.archive.org/web/20031127072003/http://users.rcn.com/xnatlfed/, | 17,642 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
disappeared from its original host in 2004 and is mirrored on the Wayback machine: http://users.rcn.com/xnatlfed/
In 2016 former cadre Sonja Larsen's memoir "Red Star TattooMy Life as a Girl Revolutionary" was published by Random House Canada. The book details her time growing up in field offices and moving to the organization's Brooklyn headquarters as a teenager in the 1980s. Larsen writes about her relationship with Gino Perente/Gerald Dodein and the emotional, physical and sexual abuse of women which she witnessed while living at the safe house around the time of the organization's revolutionary 'countdown.'
## Recent activities.
Since Perente's death in 1995, and the raid on their headquarters | 17,643 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
in 1996, there has been little information about how NATLFED is run, although Margaret Ribar is reported to have assumed leadership.
The Eastern Service Workers Association (ESWA) operates on numerous college and university campuses in the Northeast, quietly recruiting student volunteers through the service-learning offices available to all students. The ESWA is thriving in Boston, Massachusetts and Rochester, New York with assistance from several local churches and businesses who may or may not be aware of the group's practices or connection to NATLFED.
The Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals filed a class-action lawsuit against the State of California on behalf of migrant farm workers | 17,644 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
who worked in state-run camps in 1996 and 1997. In 2004, they won the case. West-coast entities participated in demonstrations against physician assisted suicide in 2005. In 2006, the Jackson County Fuel Committee petitioned the Ashland City Council to halt utility cut-offs and distributes 30-40 cords of firewood each year to people in Jackson county.
# Operational patterns.
It is difficult to get information about NATLFED and its entities because the organization is institutionally secretive. An internal memo quoted in the "East Bay Express" in 1984 gave the following instructions on withholding information from outsiders: We regard outside inquiry from a position of distrust. ... Never ask | 17,645 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
to know more than you need to know if you agree with the goals and strategy of the group. It's unfair to burden a comrade with unneeded information, and also unprofessional. The standard answer to any question you have not been instructed to answer is 'It's not my department.'
At times entity operations managers have been directed not to give interviews to reporters; other times managers insisted that reporters volunteer with the organization to get a story on it; other times volunteers gave reporters a runaround.
Most NATLFED entities produce regular newspapers to inform supporters and volunteers, and to generate revenue from advertising. The Women's Press Collective, for example, prints | 17,646 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
the magazine "Collective Endeavor" about media reform and topics concerning women, and the CCLP and CCMP each publish the quarterly newsletters, "The Gavel" and "The Verdict".
## Mutual benefit associations.
New entities are started by recruiters from the cadre armed with lists of contacts.
These recruiters approach community and business leaders with their mission statement and ask for support to help with the founding of the entity. An organizing committee is created that includes community leaders willing to at least lend their names to the new effort, and the recruiters solicit donated office space until they can purchase an office.
The entities establish a program which provides services | 17,647 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
to members free of charge and soon start door-to-door campaigns to recruit volunteers and recruit low-income workers.
Available resources and the scope of the program vary from entity to entity, but usually include food, clothing, and holiday events for children. Some entities provide more involved services for members such as medical, legal, and dental services for volunteers and low-income members. Critics of the organizations contend that the 11-point benefit program promises far more than the entities can deliver. Supporters use criticisms of the paucity of resources to motivate volunteers to take action to expand these resources.
Critics and supporters of the organizations agree that | 17,648 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
some of the food, clothing and other goods collected for the poor is consumed by the cadre. Critics and some former members have claimed that the entities are highly inefficient—that the cadre consume much of the cash, food and clothing they purport to collect for the poor.
Volunteers for the entities' canvass poor residential areas to recruit low income members, knocking on doors and delivering a door-to-door pitch.
This pitch includes a brief explanation of organization, promises benefits, and asks for participation. Poor members are asked to contribute 62 US cents a month as membership dues, an amount said to be the average hourly pay for potato workers at I. M. Young and Company in 1972. | 17,649 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
New members also sign an authorization form giving the association a vague authority to bargain on behalf of the member. The groups also solicit resources (funds, food, clothing, medical services and legal aid) from professionals, business owners, and volunteers willing to contribute to the cause.
## Cadre recruitment.
Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the NATLFED entities is their aggressive recruitment of new cadre from the ranks of volunteers who participate.
The NATLFED entities send speakers to churches, residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, university campuses, music festivals, and other venues introducing themselves and soliciting volunteers and resources. At these events, | 17,650 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
organizers will read a brief introduction to the organization to new volunteers and try to schedule visits to their office and participation in volunteer run activities.
For recruitment purposes, NATLFED entities keep extensive records of all their contacts on index cards. Drawers of these cards contain detailed information about any sort of contact the group has with volunteers, members, donors, and other supporters. Whitnack has claimed that this elaborate paperwork is unnecessary, inefficient, and intended to exhaust the volunteers, in order to keep them in a suggestible state.
NATLFED also has an elaborate system for persuading volunteers to further the organization's goals by becoming | 17,651 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
roles of authority themselves, and the social pressure they apply convinces some volunteers to de-emphasize goals of their own. Regular volunteers are periodically interviewed and asked to increase their commitment to the organization.
Former members claim that deception and psychological manipulation mix with the sensation some new recruits experience of an intellectual awakening as stories of past labor struggles explain the underside of U.S. history, and classes in Dialectical Materialism provide a coherent, if stilted, world view. The commitment of NATLFED converts is solidified by the emotional impact of working to exhaustion surrounded by others who constantly reinforce the groups message | 17,652 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
and beliefs.
Critics deride NATLFED's focus on the indigent, claiming that it is merely cover for more sinister activity. Jeff Whitnack told "The Boston Globe" that "They are like political Moonies. They use poor people as flypaper to attract members."
# Cult accusations.
NATLFED and its entities are often labeled as a cult, are listed on cult watch websites, and have been described as a cult by various journalists. NATLFED supporters and organizers contest the label as loaded and misleading.
In his 1984 Public Eye article, investigator Jeff Whitnack argues that the narrow and paranoid ideology of the cadre, the long working hours which sever volunteer's connections to the outside world, | 17,653 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
and the deliberate schedule of mind-numbing work are all qualities that can be found in a cult.
In Larsen's memoir "Red Star Tattoo- My Life as a Girl Revolutionary" she also eventually categorizes the organization as cult-like. "The sense of urgency. The time table. The secret language. The mythical elements. The sexual control. The lack of sleep. The control, internal and external, over thought and movement. The denial of self. There was a checklist, and I made a mark by nearly every line."
# Governance and financial questions.
In their publications, the individual entities and affiliate organizations, such as CCLP, describe themselves as independent, locally chartered membership associations. | 17,654 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
The organizations claim to accept only those private donations that come "with no strings attached," and claim to be answerable only to their organizing committee and to their membership.
CCLP is not subject to the whims of constantly changing Congressional and Presidential administrations. Because CCLP does not receive federal funds, it can organize without being subject to arbitrary restrictions on representation, audits of client files, unpredictable fluctuations in income, and general harassment from LSC and OIG bureaucrats, all of which are the plight of an LSC-funded attorney in the 21st century. Unfortunately, the over 30-year history of the LSC shows that these conditions are likely | 17,655 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
to continue for the foreseable future. CCLP does not focus merely on individual representation or the issue-oriented litigation which others rely on to gain backing.
The individual organizations are not themselves labor unions. The various entities identify themselves with the labor movement for the purpose of attracting volunteers and supporters, but when describing their organization make it clear that they do not advocate the formation of trade unions per se, calling themselves "labor organizations of a new type."
# Conclusions differ.
The various organizations in the NATLFED network have nearly identical rhetoric and training procedures, though they are spread out in many cities. Many | 17,656 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
of their donors and supporters speak up in defense of the services they provide for their communities. Former NATLFED cadre Robin Spellman-Fahlberg, who was an operations manager with Upstate NY EFWA for a decade, said in 2004 that in addition to helping in the most disenfranchised communities,
There is also a hidden, for want of a better description, evil, side of NATLFED. When I was there, and from what I've heard continues to be the case, there were manipulative people in powerful positions. Full-timers were subjected to an increasingly severe mental abuse and subjugation. ... They felt the only way to help poor people was through Natlfed, that there was no possible success for them after | 17,657 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
leaving, and/or they were subject to physical threats if they did.
Other entity Operations personnel share an entirely different experience while organizing,Carol Rogers is the Administrative Assistant at EFWA. She is originally from Western Massachusetts, and was met on a door-to-door membership canvass in 1998 by volunteers with Western Massachusetts Labor Action, a sister effort of EFWA. In 1999 Carol became a full-time volunteer with Western Massachusetts Labor Action. In 2004 she came to Syracuse to work with EFWA. She told her story recounting, "I was met on a canvass, people going door to door and explaining the condition farm workers are living in. I learned that I could donate my time | 17,658 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
and really help people. They seemed different from other organizations. The cost for joining the organization was $.62 per month. I became a part-time volunteer even though I did not have transportation. A young man came every morning. I got trained. I learned how to type. I learned how to work on a computer. Then they asked me if I wanted to be a full- time volunteer, and I asked what is that? They said 24/7. I said okay because I was bored at home. I knew with this organization I would never be bored. We are always doing something, going places, have speaking engagements, we are always busy."
The balance of benefit to the community and toll on the volunteers, between the assistance they claim | 17,659 |
1402499 | National Labor Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Labor%20Federation | National Labor Federation
uld never be bored. We are always doing something, going places, have speaking engagements, we are always busy."
The balance of benefit to the community and toll on the volunteers, between the assistance they claim to provide and the actual assistance provided to the working poor, and the secrecy surrounding entity finances and operations, continue to make discussions about the NATLFED groups contentious.
# See also.
- List of NATLFED entities
- Provisional Communist Party
- Gino Perente
# External links.
- Archive of 1996 anti-NATLFED site: Cached xnatlfed
- Cult Education Institute collection
- FBI file 100-486-889 on NATLFED/EFWA/ESWA/Provisional Communist Party
- ESWAboston.org | 17,660 |
1402525 | Kircher (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kircher%20(crater) | Kircher (crater)
Kircher (crater)
Kircher is a lunar impact crater that is located in the south-southwestern part of the Moon, near the southern limb. In this position the crater appears foreshortened when viewed from the Earth. It is less than one crater diameter due south of the crater Bettinus, and is nearly attached to Wilson along the south-southeast rim of Kircher.
This crater is distinctive for an interior floor that is level and nearly featureless. It is marked by only a few tiny craterlets, with a single small craterlet near the north-northeast inner wall. The rim and inner wall has been worn and rounded by impacts, although only a few tiny craters lie across the rim. Attached to the outside of the | 17,661 |
1402525 | Kircher (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kircher%20(crater) | Kircher (crater)
theast rim of Kircher.
This crater is distinctive for an interior floor that is level and nearly featureless. It is marked by only a few tiny craterlets, with a single small craterlet near the north-northeast inner wall. The rim and inner wall has been worn and rounded by impacts, although only a few tiny craters lie across the rim. Attached to the outside of the western rim is a crater pair, with the larger of the two designated Kircher D. A small, cup-shaped crater lies on the narrow neck of ground between Kircher and Wilson.
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kircher. | 17,662 |
1402517 | Siliguri Corridor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri%20Corridor | Siliguri Corridor
Siliguri Corridor
The Siliguri Corridor, or Chicken's Neck, is a narrow stretch of land of about 22 kilometres, located in the Indian state of West Bengal, that connects India's northeastern states to the rest of India, with the countries of Nepal and Bangladesh lying on either side of the corridor. The Kingdom of Bhutan lies on the northern side of the corridor. The Kingdom of Sikkim formerly lay on the northern side of the corridor, until its merger with India in 1975.
The city of Siliguri, in the state of West Bengal, is the major settlement in this area and the central node that connects Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sikkim, Darjeeling hills, Northeast India and the rest of India.
# History.
The | 17,663 |
1402517 | Siliguri Corridor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri%20Corridor | Siliguri Corridor
Siliguri Corridor was created in 1947 after the partition of Bengal. The kingdom of Sikkim formerly lay on the northern side of the corridor, until its union with India in 1975 via a publicly held referendum. This gave India a buffer to the north of the Siliguri Corridor and consolidated India's control over the western side of the Chinese Chumbi Valley.
# Importance.
Although the Siliguri Corridor is an especially important and sensitive territory for India, its location has created a political reality that is also important for Bangladesh. The partition of India occurred as a result of hostility between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. From the very beginning, the relationship | 17,664 |
1402517 | Siliguri Corridor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri%20Corridor | Siliguri Corridor
between these two new states was marked by hostilities and confrontations.
The formation of East Bengal, now Bangladesh, created a geographical barrier to the northeastern part of India. The narrow Siliguri Corridor, which at one point is less than wide, remained as the only bridge between the northeastern part of India and the rest of the country.
Wedged between Bangladesh to the south and west and China to the north, the region has no access to the sea closer than Kolkata, on the other side of the corridor. Between Sikkim and Bhutan lies the Chumbi Valley, a dagger-like slice of Tibetan territory. A Chinese military advance of less than would cut off Bhutan, part of West Bengal and all of | 17,665 |
1402517 | Siliguri Corridor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri%20Corridor | Siliguri Corridor
North-East India, an area containing almost 50 million people. This situation arose during the war between India and China in 1962.
# Current situation.
As a sensitive area amidst three countries, the strip is heavily patrolled by the Indian Army, the Assam Rifles, the Border Security Force and the West Bengal Police. In recent times, the area has become the focus of illegal crossings by Bangladeshi rebels and Nepali Maoist insurgents, both in search of refuge from their country. A flourishing narcotics and weapons traffic also takes place in this region.
All land transportation between mainland India and its far northeastern states uses this circuitous corridor, as there is no free-trade | 17,666 |
1402517 | Siliguri Corridor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri%20Corridor | Siliguri Corridor
agreement between Bangladesh and India. The Tetulia Corridor, an alternative to the Siliguri Corridor, is proposed under Article VIII of the India–Bangladesh Trade Agreement 1980, which states that "The two governments agree to make mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of their waterways, railways and roadways for commerce between the two countries and for passage of goods between two places in one country through the territory of the other". However, the proposal is still in the initial stages of negotiation.
The route has a major broad gauge railway line. Electrification of this double-track corridor is in progress with assistance from Central Organization for Railway Electrification | 17,667 |
1402517 | Siliguri Corridor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri%20Corridor | Siliguri Corridor
ial stages of negotiation.
The route has a major broad gauge railway line. Electrification of this double-track corridor is in progress with assistance from Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE). Additionally, the old metre gauge line (recently converted to a broad-gauge line) connects Siliguri Junction with Islampur in North Dinajpur District of West Bengal, via Bagdogra (the only airport of national interest in the corridor) and the bordering towns of Adhikari, Galgalia, Thakurganj, Naxalbari and Taiabpur with Nepal. National Highway 31 connects Siliguri to Guwahati in Assam, which is the most critical highway in the region, owing to insurgents operating in the vicinity. | 17,668 |
1402559 | Megastar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megastar | Megastar
Megastar
Megastar may refer to:
- Megastar (projector), a series of planetarium projectors
- "How to be a Megastar 2.0", a tour of Blue Man Group from 2006–2008
- MS "Megastar", a ro-ro/passenger ferry owned by Tallink AS | 17,669 |
1402538 | Lamb (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamb%20(crater) | Lamb (crater)
Lamb (crater)
Lamb is a lunar crater that lies beyond the southeastern limb on the Moon's far side. It is located in an irregular lunar mare region named Mare Australe, just to the east of the crater Jenner.
This crater has a slender inner wall and an interior floor that has been resurfaced by basaltic lava. The rim is somewhat worn and irregular, but retains a generally circular shape and is not overlaid by any smaller craters of significance. The interior floor is marked only by a multitude of tiny craters, and a small, unnamed crater in the south-southeastern section.
The exterior of the crater consists of the outer rampart and sections of rough terrain. This in turn is nearly enclosed | 17,670 |
1402538 | Lamb (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamb%20(crater) | Lamb (crater)
ular shape and is not overlaid by any smaller craters of significance. The interior floor is marked only by a multitude of tiny craters, and a small, unnamed crater in the south-southeastern section.
The exterior of the crater consists of the outer rampart and sections of rough terrain. This in turn is nearly enclosed by lava-flooded sections of the surface belonging to the Mare Australe. To the east of Lamb is Lamb G, a somewhat smaller, lava-flooded formation.
The crater is named after Sir Horace Lamb, an English mathematician.
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lamb. | 17,671 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
M-Bahn
The M-Bahn or Magnetbahn was an elevated Maglev train line operating in Berlin, Germany from 1989 to 1991. The line was in length, and featured three stations, two of which were newly constructed. The line was built to fill a gap in the public transport network created by the construction of the Berlin Wall, and was rendered redundant by the reunification of Berlin.
The M-Bahn was the second Maglev line to open to public traffic, after the Birmingham Maglev but before the Shanghai Maglev Train. Construction and running were undertaken by Magnetbahn GmbH.
# History.
The first section of the Berlin U-Bahn to be built included an elevated section between Gleisdreieck and Potsdamer Platz | 17,672 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
stations. After the partition of Berlin, Gleisdreieck station was in West Berlin whilst Potsdamer Platz station was directly under the border to East Berlin. After the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the trains from both sides terminated at the last station before Potsdamer Platz (from the East: Mohrenstraße). Around 1972 also the two stations before Potsdamer Platz, on the western side, closed, because the area served by these stations was also served by another U-Bahn line.
The area of West Berlin adjacent to Potsdamer Platz then required a connection to the U-Bahn, and this need was eventually met by the construction of the M-Bahn, which used the abandoned U-Bahn platforms at Gleisdreieck | 17,673 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
and the U-Bahn tracks northwards towards the border. It then diverged slightly to the west to terminate close to Potsdamer Platz but still in West Berlin.
Work on the line started in 1983, and the first test runs, without passengers, took place in June 1984 on the southern section of the line. Initial testing used a car previously used on Magnetbahn GmbH's test track near Brunswick, and the first two cars specifically built for Berlin were delivered in late 1986. The original intention was for public service to start in May 1987, but a fire at Gleisdreieck Station in April of that year destroyed one of the two cars and badly damaged the other.
Eventually four more cars, of the same design | 17,674 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
as the original two, were built. Several planned opening dates were not met, and in December 1988, a test train failed to stop at Kemperplatz and one of the cars crashed to the ground and was destroyed. A public service eventually started in August 1989, although service was intermittent and not guaranteed, and fares were not charged. Official regular passenger service, as part of Berlin's integrated public transport system, started in July 1991.
By this time the Berlin Wall had fallen, something that could not have been predicted when construction started. It became desirable to re-establish the U-Bahn line that had previously been severed, requiring the removal of the M-Bahn from its right | 17,675 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
of way. The principal need for the M-Bahn had also been removed, as the area served by it was again easily accessible from the Potsdamer Platz station. Dismantling of the M-Bahn started only two months after its official opening, and was completed during February 1992. The U-Bahn connection between Gleisdreieck and Potsdamer Platz Stations was reinstated, becoming part of line U2.
# Route.
The line ran approximately north-south from a station at Kemperplatz on the edge of the Tiergarten park, with three stations in total, the most southernly being on the lower level of the present-day Gleisdreieck U-Bahn interchange.
- "Kemperplatz" (now the location of the Sony Center at Potsdamer Platz, | 17,676 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
close to the present Berlin Potsdamer Platz railway station)
- "Bernburger Str." (close to the present site of Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park U-Bahn station)
- "Gleisdreieck" (now reclaimed for its original U-Bahn use)
The new section from Kemperplatz and through Bernburger Str. was double track with two parallel guideways, narrowing to single track between Bernburger and Gleisdreieck as it transferred onto the existing U-Bahn viaducts. The M-Bahn guideway used the western side of the viaducts approaching and into the single platform at Gleisdreieck, with standard gauge railway track remaining on the eastern side.
Both "Kemperplatz" and "Bernburger Str." stations have since been demolished, | 17,677 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
along with structure carrying the M-Bahn between them.
# Rolling stock.
The M-Bahn operated a total of eight cars, although not all were used in public service.
# Technology.
For propulsion, the M-Bahn used a long stator linear motor. However, unlike the Transrapid and other magnetic levitation trains, only 85% of the M-Bahn vehicle weight was supported by magnetic levitation, with the balance being supported by traditional wheels.
During operation, the Berlin M-Bahn line ran as an automated driverless operation, although the system had been designed to be driven by a human driver if required.
A cross-over existed just south of Kemperplatz, to allow use of double-track running. The M-Bahn | 17,678 |
1402535 | M-Bahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-Bahn | M-Bahn
her magnetic levitation trains, only 85% of the M-Bahn vehicle weight was supported by magnetic levitation, with the balance being supported by traditional wheels.
During operation, the Berlin M-Bahn line ran as an automated driverless operation, although the system had been designed to be driven by a human driver if required.
A cross-over existed just south of Kemperplatz, to allow use of double-track running. The M-Bahn train was supported across the points by a length of traditional rail below the guideway to support it across the gap.
# External links.
- Plan map show M-Bahn and streets
- youtube.com: A video showing the partially demolished Berlin wall
- "Popular Science" Dec 1988 | 17,679 |
1402571 | Lyman (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyman%20(crater) | Lyman (crater)
Lyman (crater)
Lyman is a lunar impact crater that lies in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It is located to the south of the huge walled plain Poincaré, and to the northeast of Schrödinger, another walled plain. To the east-southeast is the larger crater Minnaert.
The rim of Lyman has not been significantly worn and has a well-defined edge and interior features that have not been eroded through impacts. The perimeter is roughly circular with outward bulges along the southern and eastern edges where slumping has occurred. Around much of the interior edge the unconsolidated material has collapsed, forming a ring-shaped pile around the edge of the interior floor. There are | 17,680 |
1402571 | Lyman (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyman%20(crater) | Lyman (crater)
occurred. Around much of the interior edge the unconsolidated material has collapsed, forming a ring-shaped pile around the edge of the interior floor. There are a few terraces along parts of the inner wall.
The interior floor of Lyman is relatively level with a few minor ridges and a small number of tiny craterlets. At the midpoint of the interior floor is a central peak formation. This consists of a main peak with attached foothills to the north and northeast. This formation of ridges occupies a diameter of over 10 kilometers.
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lyman. | 17,681 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
Morón de la Frontera
Morón de la Frontera () is a Spanish town in Seville province, Andalusia, 63 km South-East of Seville. Situated in the south of the province, it is the center of the region that bears the same name and is the head of one of the 85 judicial courts of Andalucia.
# Geography.
In the year 2011 there were 28,489 inhabitants. At that time the municipality was 431.94 km, a population density of 65.96 inhabitants/km, an average altitude of 297 m and is 67 kilometers from the provincial capital, Seville. Morón de la Frontera is ranked 11th in the municipality of the province in terms of the largest population. It is bordered in the north by Marchena and with Arahal. To the east | 17,682 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
is La Puebla de Cazalla, and to the west and the south are Montellano, Coripe and Pruna along with the province of Cádiz.
## Climate.
The climate of Morón de la Frontera is similar to the rest of the province of Seville, which is similar to other subtropical Mediterranean regions. Rain occurs fairly irregularly for most of the year, with the typical driest part of the year being during the summer and the wettest near the end of autumn. According to data from the meteorological station at the air force base from 1981-2010, the average annual precipitation was 543.6 mm and the average relative humidity was 61%. In a typical year, there were 61.1 days with precipitation, and 52.5 days with precipitation | 17,683 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
more than 1 mm.
There are significant temperature differences between the day and night, and the average annual temperature is 17.9°C. Winters are cool and the summers are generally hot and dry, with the average high temperature being 35 °C and the average low temperature being 18 °C in July. During January and February, the prevailing winds were northeastern while during the rest of the year, especially during May and August, the prevailing winds were southeastern.
## Flora and fauna.
The vegetation in the area mainly consists of cultivated olives and, to a lesser extent, oaks and almonds. In the surrounding mountains common flora include rosemary, mastic, thyme, and cane apple. Fauna includes | 17,684 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
several species of rabbits and hares as well as a large variety of birds.
# History.
## Overview.
The origins of the city go all the way back to prehistory, with the first human settlement being near the hill where the castle is today. For this reason and the rugged topography of this region, the historical district has steep and narrow roads, but newer sections of the city to the west and northwest have more standard sized roads. Much of the architecture in the city is listed under the categories of Bien de Interés Cultural and conjunto histórico, categories that are part of Spain's national system of heritage listing.
## Etymology.
After the Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula, this | 17,685 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
placed was called Maurorum, which was a reference to the large population from North Africa. During the Moorish rule of the Iberian Peninsula the Latin term evolved into Mawror, and finally Moron. Though generally less accepted, there is another theory that the name Moron, comes from the preromanesque word morr, translated as "rocky hill" or "rock." This has been justified by the rocky terrain around Moron.
The phrase "de la Frontera" or "Of the Border" refers to the border with Granada, because it was a border town between Fernando III's 1240 Christian conquest of Iberia until the fall of the kingdom of Granada in the late fifteenth century.
There are other cities with the same name in Spain, | 17,686 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
France, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela, Peru and Mongolia.
# Economy.
The economy of Morón is primarily based in the industries of construction, and the production of olive oil, cereals and preserved vegetables. The extraction of calcium oxide and, to a lesser extent tourism industry, are also important to the economy. With the development of the working population, more women have been incorporated into the labor market, increasing from 19.56% of women participating in 1981 to 41.42% in 2001. Most of the female workforce is employed in the sale of food and household goods. Many of these women are also employed by the olive industry part-time during the live harvesting season, both for making | 17,687 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
olive oil, and other olive products.
# Demographics.
The last census by the national institute of statistics, released January 1, 2011, states that the city has 28 489 inhabitants. In the 20th century, the demographics of the city were affected similarly to other agrarian zones in the province. Remarkably, the population of Morón de la Frontera actually increased during the Spanish Civil War, but this shift also produced a larger ratio of women to men in the city due to the conscription of many military-age men. There was smooth population growth into the 1960s, which was then followed by a sudden decline due to the decreasing birth rate and emigration. Since the late 1980s, the city has maintained | 17,688 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
slow but stable population growth.
# Symbols.
## Flag.
The flag of Morón de la Frontera is a blue rectangle that contains the municipal coat of arms in the center. It is unknown why the flag is blue or when the flag was adopted by the city.
## Coat of Arms.
Morón de la Frontera's coat of arms consists of a white horse in reins in front of a red background. the outline of the shield is gold and is topped by a royal crown. The figure of the horse was adopted in the fifteenth century. Though there are several legends about the origin of the figure, most historians agree it is a reference to a type of Berber horse. Nearby cities like Los Corrales, Coripe and Utrera also carry a horse on their | 17,689 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
shields. The coat of arms is completed with the crown of Henry II of Castile.
The current design was adopted in the year 1970, and is attributed to the painter Joaquín Pascual Alemán. The horse's reins represent the desire for freedom. The figure is based on the equine figures present in the baroque paintings of Diego Velázquez.
## Representation in the coat of arms of Seville.
In the coat of arms of the province of shield, the cities with judicial courts are represented by simplified versions of their coat of arms. This arrangement began when the province of Seville was created in 192".
# Landmarks.
It is primarily known outside of Spain as being home to Morón Air Base. The most remarkable | 17,690 |
1402518 | Morón de la Frontera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morón%20de%20la%20Frontera | Morón de la Frontera
when the province of Seville was created in 192".
# Landmarks.
It is primarily known outside of Spain as being home to Morón Air Base. The most remarkable monuments are the Moorish castle ruins and the main church (San Miguel).
# Famous people.
- Fernando Villalón, poet
- Diego del Gastor, guitarist
- Ramón Castellano de Torres, historian and painter
- Juan Antonio Carrillo Salcedo, Law teacher
- Capitan Bartolome Gonzalez y Olivarez, born circa 1615, founder of one of the González branches of Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Texas and the U.S. Southwest.
# Sister Cities.
- Abanilla, Spain.
- Dos Torres, Spain.
- Morón, Cuba.
- La Romana, Dominican Republic.
- Strabane, United Kingdom. | 17,691 |
1402595 | Frank Griffiths | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank%20Griffiths | Frank Griffiths
Frank Griffiths
Frank A. Griffiths (December 17, 1916 – April 7, 1994) was a Canadian media executive through his company, Western International Communications Ltd. (WIC).
Frank Griffiths was born in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. In 1956, along with Walter Stewart Owen, he acquired New Westminster radio station CKNW and later established the Western Broadcasting Company Ltd. (forerunner of WIC) as the station's parent company. He expanded to own a number of other radio stations as well as CBC Television and CTV affiliate stations.
He was the owner of the NHL's Vancouver Canucks from 1974 until his death in 1994 (although he would surrender majority control to his son Arthur in 1988), | 17,692 |
1402595 | Frank Griffiths | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank%20Griffiths | Frank Griffiths
s the station's parent company. He expanded to own a number of other radio stations as well as CBC Television and CTV affiliate stations.
He was the owner of the NHL's Vancouver Canucks from 1974 until his death in 1994 (although he would surrender majority control to his son Arthur in 1988), he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder in 1992. He was also inducted in the Canadian Business Hall of Fame in 1994.
After Griffiths' death, the Canucks for the remainder of the season and playoffs wore a patch with the words "2Pts FG" meaning "2 points for Frank Griffiths" (2 points being earned by an NHL team for winning a game)—Griffiths' signature phrase he used instead of "win". | 17,693 |
1402603 | Nearch (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nearch%20(crater) | Nearch (crater)
Nearch (crater)
Nearch is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southeastern part of the Moon, to the southeast of the crater Hommel. North of Nearch is Vlacq, and to the northeast lies Rosenberger. The crater is 76 kilometers in diameter and 2.9 kilometers deep. It is from the Pre-Nectarian period, 4.55 to 3.92 billion years ago.
The outer rim of Nearch has been worn by smaller impacts, and is overlain by a few more significant craters along the eastern rim. The most notable of these is Nearch A, a 43-kilometer-diameter crater that intrudes into the southeastern rim of Nearch. Small craters have also disrupted the rim to the north and west. The remainder of the rim is relatively intact, | 17,694 |
1402603 | Nearch (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nearch%20(crater) | Nearch (crater)
trudes into the southeastern rim of Nearch. Small craters have also disrupted the rim to the north and west. The remainder of the rim is relatively intact, and retains its generally circular form.
The inner walls of the crater slope down to a relatively level interior floor. This bottom floor is nearly featureless except for a few tiny craterlets scattered across the surface. In the southeast, the ejecta from Nearch A has produced a slightly more irregular region.
Nearch is named after Nearchus, a 4th-century BC Greek explorer.
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Nearch. | 17,695 |
1402596 | Galatsi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galatsi | Galatsi
Galatsi
Galatsi (, "Galátsi" ), called in Katharevousa Galatsion (, "Galátsion"), is a northern suburb of Athens, Greece, and a municipality of the Attica region. The municipality has an area of 4.026 km. Until the mid-20th century, the area was mainly made up of farmlands but due to the continuous expansion of the Greek capital, Galatsi was rapidly urbanised and has come to lie in the center of the Athens agglomeration.
# Etymology.
Although several etymologies have been proposed about the origin of the name "Galatsi", which already appears in the book of 1870, "History of Athens", it originates from the surname of Symeon Galakis, a squire who purchased lands around the church of Agia Glykeria | 17,696 |
1402596 | Galatsi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galatsi | Galatsi
in 1851. Consequently, the whole area was given his name, which, according to the phenomenon featuring the old Athenian phonology and known as tsitakism, was pronounced 'Galatsis', thus the name of the area was finally "Galatsi". An alternative theory suggests that it derived from "gala", the Greek word for the "milk" that the shepherds of the area's rangelands yelled hovering around in order to sell their products.
# Geography.
Galatsi is an inner suburb of Athens, located northeast of the city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of Athens and neighbouring suburb Nea Ionia. It is one of the most densely populated areas of Athens, with a high percentage of its lands covered | 17,697 |
1402596 | Galatsi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galatsi | Galatsi
by flora though, as the hill of Tourkovounia with its forests and the park Alsos Veikou are among the major "green lungs" within the centre of Athens. The famous Grava school complex is located there, as are many other educational foundations and public and private institutes.
# Sites of interest.
- Alsos Veikou, a beautiful leafy park
- Galatsi Olympic Hall - where table tennis and gymnastics were played. It holds up to 6,200 seats Website:
- Omorfokklisia, a 12th-century church in an area known for its peace and calmness
# Transportation.
- Trolleys: 5 & 14
- Busses: 608, 444, 036, 622. From 5 April 2019 the line Ano Galatsi - Lamprini (with a second phase the extension to the rest | 17,698 |
1402596 | Galatsi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galatsi | Galatsi
located there, as are many other educational foundations and public and private institutes.
# Sites of interest.
- Alsos Veikou, a beautiful leafy park
- Galatsi Olympic Hall - where table tennis and gymnastics were played. It holds up to 6,200 seats Website:
- Omorfokklisia, a 12th-century church in an area known for its peace and calmness
# Transportation.
- Trolleys: 5 & 14
- Busses: 608, 444, 036, 622. From 5 April 2019 the line Ano Galatsi - Lamprini (with a second phase the extension to the rest of Galatsi and the ISAP and Metro Stations)
- Metro: Line 4 by 3 stations: Alsos Veikou, Galatsi and Elikonos (2027)
# External links.
- Official website
- G-Magazine
- Galatsinews | 17,699 |
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