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1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
Tim Wise
Timothy Jacob Wise (born October 4, 1968) is an American anti-racism activist and writer. Since 1995, he has given speeches at over 600 college campuses across the U.S. He has trained teachers, corporate employees, non-profit organizations and law enforcement officers in methods for addressing and dismantling racism in their institutions.
# Early life and education.
Wise was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to Michael Julius Wise and LuCinda Anne (née McLean) Wise. His paternal grandfather was Jewish (of Russian origin), while the rest of his ancestry is northern European, including some Scottish. Wise has said that when he was about 12 years old his synagogue was attacked by white supremacists. | 17,700 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
Wise attended public schools in Nashville, graduating from Hillsboro High School in 1986. In high school he was student body vice-president and a member of one of the top high school debate teams in the United States. Wise attended college at Tulane University in New Orleans and received his B.A. there, with a major in Political Science and a minor in Latin American Studies. While a student, he was a leader in the campus anti-apartheid movement, which sought to force Tulane to divest from companies still doing business with the government of South Africa. His anti-apartheid activism was first brought to national attention in 1988, when South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu announced he would | 17,701 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
turn down an offer of an honorary degree from Tulane after Wise's group informed him of the school's ongoing investments there.
# Career.
## 1990s.
After graduating in 1990, Wise started working as an anti-racism activist after receiving training from the New Orleans-based People's Institute for Survival and Beyond. Wise began initially as a youth coordinator, and then associate director, of the Louisiana Coalition Against Racism and Nazism, the largest of the various organizations founded for the purpose of defeating political candidate David Duke when Duke ran for U.S. Senate in 1990 and Governor of Louisiana in 1991.
After his work campaigning against David Duke, Wise worked for a number | 17,702 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
of community-based organizations and political groups in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, including the Louisiana Coalition for Tax Justice, the Louisiana Injured Worker's Union and Agenda for Children, where he worked as a policy analyst and community organizer in New Orleans public housing.
In 1995, Wise began lecturing around the country on the issues of racism, criticizing white privilege (his own included) and proposing his solutions. The following year, he returned to his hometown Nashville, and he continued his work around the US, gaining a national reputation for his work in defense of affirmative action.
## 2000s.
From 1999 to 2003, Wise served as an advisor to the Fisk University Race | 17,703 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
Relations Institute. Wise received the 2002 National Youth Advocacy Coalition's Social Justice Impact Award. He has appeared on numerous radio and television broadcasts, including "The Montel Williams Show", "Donahue", "Paula Zahn NOW", "MSNBC Live", and ABC's "20/20", arguing the case for affirmative action and to discuss the issue of white privilege and racism in America.
Wise argues that racism in the United States is institutionalized due to past overt racism (and its ongoing effects) along with current-day discrimination. Although he concedes that personal, overt bias is less common than in the past (or at least less openly articulated), Wise argues that existing institutions continue | 17,704 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
to foster and perpetuate white privilege, and that subtle, impersonal, and even ostensibly race-neutral policies contribute to racism and racial inequality today.
## 2010s.
In multi-racial societies such as the U.S., Wise argues that all people (white or people of color) will have internalized various elements of racist thinking. However just because society has been conditioned this way does not mean that society is committed to racist thinking. Wise argues that members of society can challenge this conditioning and be taught to believe in equality.
In 2010, "Utne Reader" magazine listed Wise as one of the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World".
In 2013, Wise posted a commentary on | 17,705 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
his Facebook page describing the hate mail and death threats he receives, and addressing the people who troll his site. Many commenters criticized the commentary as reflecting white privilege, and questioned his role in the discussion of race in the United States. One commenter found Wise's remarks demeaning to anti-racist work done by people of color. Two others compared Wise to Hugo Schwyzer, who was famous in feminist circles but later exposed for misogynistic attitudes. Wise posted a response on Facebook saying in part, "I won't try and defend the tone of most of my remarks. It was inappropriate. Period. ... I fell into the same kind of vitriolic and sometimes personal attack mode that had | 17,706 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
gotten me angry in the first place. I shouldn't have. I will strive to do better."
Wise starred in a 2013 documentary entitled "White Like Me", based on the book by Wise of the same name.
# Personal life.
After living in New Orleans for ten years, Wise relocated to his native Nashville in 1996. In 1998, he married Kristy Cason. Together they have two children. Wise has referred to himself as Jewish and as an anti-Zionist Jew but does not practice Judaism.
# Written works.
- "White Like Me: Reflections on Race From a Privileged Son" (Soft Skull Press, 2004)
- "Affirmative Action: Racial Preference in Black and White" (Routledge, 2005)
- "Speaking Treason Fluently: Anti-Racist Reflections | 17,707 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
From an Angry White Male" (Soft Skull Press, 2008)
- "Between Barack and a Hard Place: Racism and White Denial in the Age of Obama" (City Lights Publishers, 2009) .
- "Colorblind: The Rise of Post-Racial Politics and the Retreat from Racial Equity" (City Lights Publishers, 2010) .
- "Dear White America: Letter to a New Minority" (City Lights Publishers, 2012) .
- "Culture of Cruelty" (City Lights Publishers, 2013) .
- "Under the Affluence: Shaming the Poor, Praising the Rich and Sacrificing the Future of America" (City Lights Publishers, 2015) .
- "White Lies Matter: Race, Crime, and the Politics of Fear in America" (City Lights Publishers, 2017)
# Video releases.
In addition to books | 17,708 |
1402534 | Tim Wise | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim%20Wise | Tim Wise
ty Lights Publishers, 2010) .
- "Dear White America: Letter to a New Minority" (City Lights Publishers, 2012) .
- "Culture of Cruelty" (City Lights Publishers, 2013) .
- "Under the Affluence: Shaming the Poor, Praising the Rich and Sacrificing the Future of America" (City Lights Publishers, 2015) .
- "White Lies Matter: Race, Crime, and the Politics of Fear in America" (City Lights Publishers, 2017)
# Video releases.
In addition to books and essays Wise has produced a DVD titled "On White Privilege: Racism, White Denial & the Costs of Inequality" and a double-CD entitled "The Audacity of Truth: Racism and White Denial in the Age of Obama".
# See also.
- Jane Elliott
- "White People" | 17,709 |
1402539 | Mike Grady (actor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Grady%20(actor) | Mike Grady (actor)
Mike Grady (actor)
Michael Grady (born 6 February 1946) is an English character actor. He is probably best known for his comedy roles in films and TV.
# Early life.
Grady was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
# Career.
After a classical training at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, his career has spanned more than 40 years, and includes theatre roles at the Royal Shakespeare Company and London's Royal National Theatre, as well the West End, the Royal Court, the Bush, and the Soho Poly, plus many tours and pantomimes around the country.
His television roles have included "Minder" as Kev in the Series 1 episode "The Bengal Tiger", "Citizen Smith" (series regular, Ken Mills), "Look and | 17,710 |
1402539 | Mike Grady (actor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Grady%20(actor) | Mike Grady (actor)
Read", "Dr Ballantyne", "Sweet Sixteen", 161 episodes of "Last of the Summer Wine" playing Barry Wilkinson, husband of Glenda, "Colin's Sandwich", "Up the Garden Path" and "Not with a Bang". His film credits include "Carry On Loving" (1970), "Up the Front" (1972), "Symptoms" (1974), "The Return of the Pink Panther" (1975) opposite Peter Sellers, "I'm Not Feeling Myself Tonight" (1976), "Britannia Hospital" (1982), "Bert Rigby, You're a Fool" (1989) and "" (2011).
A regular performer on radio, Grady played Rob Pengelly in "Waggoner's Walk", a BBC Radio 2 soap opera. he has been involved in award-winning productions such as "Christianity at Glacier" for BBC Radio 3 and comedies "Up the Garden | 17,711 |
1402539 | Mike Grady (actor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Grady%20(actor) | Mike Grady (actor)
(1976), "Britannia Hospital" (1982), "Bert Rigby, You're a Fool" (1989) and "" (2011).
A regular performer on radio, Grady played Rob Pengelly in "Waggoner's Walk", a BBC Radio 2 soap opera. he has been involved in award-winning productions such as "Christianity at Glacier" for BBC Radio 3 and comedies "Up the Garden Path", "Dial M For Pizza" and "Giles Wembley-Hogg Goes Off".
A well known pantomime actor, Grady is also a regular on the after dinner circuit, where he has given accounts of his early days in show business and the stars he encountered, such as Frankie Howerd and Peter Sellers.
He continues work in the theatre and on television.
He was also in Wycliffe episode Slave of Duty. | 17,712 |
1402578 | Thomas Gabriel Fischer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Gabriel%20Fischer | Thomas Gabriel Fischer
Thomas Gabriel Fischer
Thomas Gabriel Fischer (born 19 July 1963), also known by his stage names of Tom G. Warrior and Satanic Slaughter, is a Swiss metal musician. He led the groups Hellhammer and Celtic Frost, and today is the frontman of the band Triptykon.
# Career.
Together with Bruce Day and Steve Warrior, he formed the seminal metal band Hellhammer in 1982. In late 1983, bassist and songwriter Martin Eric Ain joined Hellhammer and the line-up of Fischer, Ain and Day recorded an EP, "Apocalyptic Raids", as well as a series of demos for the German label Noise Records before disbanding in May 1984. Fischer and Ain joined forces once again and formed Celtic Frost, an influential avant-garde | 17,713 |
1402578 | Thomas Gabriel Fischer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Gabriel%20Fischer | Thomas Gabriel Fischer
metal trio, in June 1984.
In 1985, Fischer was asked to co-produce and sing on the first demo, titled "Death Cult", by fellow Swiss group Coroner. Fischer also wrote the lyrics for the recorded songs. Two of the members of Coroner formed part of Celtic Frost's road crew until 1986.
In 1987, many conflicts within Celtic Frost led to a dissolution of the band, but several months later, Tom reformed the band with a completely new lineup. The band's 1988 release, "Cold Lake", established a drastic change in Celtic Frost's music, but greatly disappointed most fans. Tom has stated many times that he takes the blame for the negative direction of Celtic Frost's music during this period, since he was | 17,714 |
1402578 | Thomas Gabriel Fischer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Gabriel%20Fischer | Thomas Gabriel Fischer
too distracted with a personal relationship and let the other band members do what they wanted. Celtic Frost eventually disbanded in 1993.
A year after Celtic Frost was laid to rest, Fischer formed the EBM/industrial rock project Apollyon Sun.
In 2000, Fischer's book "Are You Morbid?: Into the Pandemonium of Celtic Frost" received many favourable reviews, including this from "Record Collector": "Intelligent, humble, questioning, insightful – the cultured side of extreme metal".
Sometime in 2001, Fischer and Martin Eric Ain met each other again and began writing music, with the aim of creating a new, dark and heavy Celtic Frost album in the vein of their work on "To Mega Therion" and "Into | 17,715 |
1402578 | Thomas Gabriel Fischer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Gabriel%20Fischer | Thomas Gabriel Fischer
the Pandemonium". The album, entitled "Monotheist", eventually was released in 2006.
Fischer also performed in Probot, Dave Grohl's collaborative project with various metal artists, on the song "Big Sky" in 2003.
In 2005, Tom produced vocal (performed by Martin Eric Ain) and guitar tracks (Erol Uenala) for a "gothicized" version of Slayer's classic "Black Magic" recorded by Los Angeles-based gothic rock band Hatesex. The track appeared on their debut album entitled "Unwant".
Due to the 'internal conflict' within Celtic Frost, Tom left the band on 2 April 2008, and has launched a new band named Triptykon.
In 2008, he played guitars and bass for the cover song "Set the Controls for the Heart | 17,716 |
1402578 | Thomas Gabriel Fischer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Gabriel%20Fischer | Thomas Gabriel Fischer
of the Sun" from the 1349 (a Norwegian black metal band) album "Revelations of the Black Flame" and also co-mixed the album. In 2009 he co-produced their album "Demonoir". In 2010, he was awarded in the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards for Inspiration. He currently plays an Ibanez H. R. Giger series Iceman guitar. He also uses an Ibanez Tube Screamer overdrive pedal. Fischer was ranked No. 32 out of 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time by "Guitar World".
Fischer is a vegetarian. He also states that he does not drink, smoke, or take drugs.
Fischer was the personal assistant to H. R. Giger from 2007 until Giger's death. He was a close friend of Giger and his wife Carmen, and continues | 17,717 |
1402578 | Thomas Gabriel Fischer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Gabriel%20Fischer | Thomas Gabriel Fischer
to be active for the Giger estate and as the co-director of the Museum HR Giger.
# Discography.
## Hellhammer.
- "Death Fiend" (demo, 1983)
- "Triumph of Death" (demo, 1983)
- "Satanic Rites" (demo, 1983)
- "Apocalyptic Raids" (EP, 1984)
- "Apocalyptic Raids 1990 A.D." (compilation, 1990)
- "Demon Entrails" (compilation, 2008)
- "Blood Insanity" (single, 2016)
## Celtic Frost.
- "Morbid Tales" (EP, 1984)
- "Emperor's Return" (EP, 1985)
- "To Mega Therion" (album, 1985)
- "Tragic Serenades" (EP, 1986)
- "Into the Pandemonium" (album, 1987)
- "I Won't Dance" (EP, 1987)
- "Cold Lake" (album, 1988)
- "Vanity/Nemesis" (album, 1990)
- "Wine in My Hand" (EP, 1990)
- "Parched With | 17,718 |
1402578 | Thomas Gabriel Fischer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Gabriel%20Fischer | Thomas Gabriel Fischer
on't Dance" (EP, 1987)
- "Cold Lake" (album, 1988)
- "Vanity/Nemesis" (album, 1990)
- "Wine in My Hand" (EP, 1990)
- "Parched With Thirst Am I and Dying" (compilation, 1992)
- "Monotheist" (album, 2006)
## Coroner.
- "Death Cult" (demo, 1985)
## Apollyon Sun.
- "God Leaves" (EP, 1998)
- "Sub" (album, 2000)
## Probot.
- "Probot" (album, 2004)
## Dark Fortress.
- "Eidolon" (album, 2008)
## 1349.
- "Revelations of the Black Flame" (album, 2009)
## Triptykon.
- "Eparistera Daimones" (album, 2010)
- "Shatter" (EP, 2010)
- "Breathing" (Single, 2014)
- "Melana Chasmata" (album, 2014)
# External links.
- Official Celtic Frost Website
- Delineation – Tom Gabriel Fischer’s blog | 17,719 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
Dexter Blackstock
Dexter Anthony Titus Blackstock (born 20 May 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. He played most notably for Queens Park Rangers and Nottingham Forest.
Having represented England at youth international level, Blackstock went on to play for the Antigua and Barbuda national team; he qualified through his grandfather, who was born in Antigua.
# Playing career.
## Southampton.
Born in Oxford, Oxfordshire, he came through the Oxford United youth system and was then signed by Southampton, who had to pay United compensation of £275,000 as a result. Due to an injury crisis he was brought into the Southampton first team, where he scored a hat-trick | 17,720 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
against Colchester United in the League Cup in 2004. He then scored in the local derby against Portsmouth in Southampton's 2–1 win, thus establishing himself in the squad.
He was sent out on loan twice; to Plymouth Argyle in February 2005 for twelve weeks, scoring 4 goals in 14 appearances, and to Derby County in October 2005, scoring 3 goals in 9 appearances. He was recalled from Derby on 22 December 2005 after the appointment of George Burley as Southampton manager.
On 18 February 2006 he played in goal for the final ten minutes of the FA Cup fifth round tie against Newcastle United. An injury to Bartosz Białkowski and with Southampton having used all three substitutes, meant that Blackstock | 17,721 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
had to take over.
Although Blackstock had featured regularly under Burley, Southampton's purchase of Bradley Wright-Phillips meant that Blackstock had more competition for a role in Southampton's first team. As a result, Blackstock moved to Queens Park Rangers on 10 August 2006 for a fee believed to be around £500,000.
## Queens Park Rangers.
Gary Waddock paid a £500,000 transfer fee for Blackstock's service. Blackstock was given the number 32 shirt for the 2006–07 season, he was first choice striker throughout the season and played with a number of different partners, including Kevin Gallen, Paul Furlong and Marc Nygaard. Somewhat surprisingly however, the teenager Ray Jones was Blackstock's | 17,722 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
most regular partner as they struck up a good understanding with a combination of pace and power.
As the season progressed so did Blackstock, and it was in the final stages of the season that his performances started to blossom. Throughout the campaign his work effort was fantastic, but he had displayed a worrying sign of missing one-on-one's in the early stages of his QPR career. These worries soon disappeared and a fantastic goal against Preston North End was the highlight of the season. Receiving a ball from Marc Nygaard in a left back position, Blackstock chested the ball down and volleyed it with his left foot into the top corner from 30 yards.
Blackstock ended the campaign as club top | 17,723 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
scorer on 14 goals, one short of his personal target of 15. He came second in the player of the season awards, and his goal against Preston won goal of the season.
After scoring just six in 2007–08, Blackstock returned to form in 2008–09, and by the end of January had scored 12 goals in all competitions.
## Nottingham Forest.
On 26 March 2009 it was announced that Blackstock had signed for Nottingham Forest on loan until the end of the season, with an undisclosed fee agreed should Forest avoid relegation. Blackstock subsequently made his debut for Forest against Barnsley on 4 April 2009 at Oakwell, scoring his first goal, the winner, for the club against Bristol City in a dramatic 3–2 win | 17,724 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
at the City Ground on 11 April 2009.
On 22 July 2009, Blackstock signed a 4-year contract with Nottingham Forest for a seven figure fee. He scored his first goal of the season when he notched in a first round Football League Cup win over Bradford City on 12 August 2009. He scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 draw against newly promoted side Leeds United.
On 20 November 2010 Blackstock suffered serious knee ligament damage after scoring the second goal in Forest's 2–0 win at Cardiff City and was subsequently sidelined for 12 months. He made his comeback in a friendly against York City on 14 November 2011 and scored along with Paul Anderson, another long term injured player.
In | 17,725 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
August 2011, there was reported interest from Blackpool in Blackstock.
He scored both goals, his first ones back after being injured, in a 2–1 win against Birmingham City on 25 February 2012. Blackstock signed a new four and a half-year contract with Forest on 24 January 2013.
### Leeds United loan.
On 24 October 2013, Blackstock signed for Leeds United on a three-month loan until 25 January 2014. He was handed the number 9 shirt and made his Leeds debut as a second-half substitute against Huddersfield Town on 26 October, scoring with his first touch for a debut goal.
Blackstock's loan at Leeds was cut short when he returned to Nottingham on 10 December 2013 due to a knee injury.
### Return | 17,726 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
from loan.
Blackstock missed the remainder of the 2013–14 season and the beginning of the 2014–15 season with the knee injury. He made his first return to action since suffering the injury on 2 September 2014, playing 45 minutes in a game for Forest's under-21 side. Blackstock eventually made his return to competitive action as a substitute in the 74th minute of a League Cup tie against Spurs on 24 September 2014.
On 1 September 2016, Forest and Blackstock mutually agreed to terminate his contract at the club.
## Rotherham United.
Following his release from Forest, Blackstock signed a 3-year deal with Rotherham United on 5 September 2016. Blackstock scored his first goal for the club in | 17,727 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
a 3-1 loss against Norwich City on 15 October 2016.
On 12 July 2017 he agreed to leave Rotherham United by mutual consent.
# International career.
On 16 August 2007, Blackstock was called up to Stuart Pearce's first England under-21 squad as full-time manager. In the match against Montenegro on 7 September, he came on as a substitute on 90 minutes and headed the ball down for Andrew Surman to score the final goal in a 3–0 victory.
Blackstock made his senior international appearance for Antigua and Barbuda in a 4–0 friendly defeat to Trinidad & Tobago on 29 February 2012. He scored his first goal on 12 October 2012 in a 2014 World Cup qualifier against United States.
# Outside interests.
In | 17,728 |
1402521 | Dexter Blackstock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexter%20Blackstock | Dexter Blackstock
r Antigua and Barbuda in a 4–0 friendly defeat to Trinidad & Tobago on 29 February 2012. He scored his first goal on 12 October 2012 in a 2014 World Cup qualifier against United States.
# Outside interests.
In 2009, Blackstock opened a football school for children aged from six to fourteen. Blackstock currently has business interests in the pharmaceutical industry and property. In 2016, tenants in a buy to let home owned by Blackstock spoke out to the media about the dangerous condition the home was in, despite complaining several times to Blackstock and Student Living, the property management company he had hired. Student Living claimed that working with Blackstock had been 'a nightmare'. | 17,729 |
1402553 | Simon Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Grynaeus | Simon Grynaeus
Simon Grynaeus
Simon Grynaeus (born Simon Griner; 1493 – 1 August 1541) was a German scholar and theologian of the Protestant Reformation.
# Biography.
Grynaeus was the son of Jacob Gryner, a Swabian peasant, and was born at Veringendorf, in Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. He adopted the name "Grynaeus" from the epithet of Apollo in Virgil. He was a schoolmate of Melanchthon at Pforzheim, whence he went to the University of Vienna, distinguishing himself there as a Latinist and Hellenist.
His appointment as rector of a school at Buda was of no long continuance: his views excited the zeal of the Dominicans, and he was thrown into prison. He gained his freedom at the instance of Hungarian magnates, | 17,730 |
1402553 | Simon Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Grynaeus | Simon Grynaeus
visited Melanchthon at Wittenberg, and in 1524 became professor of Greek at the University of Heidelberg, being in addition professor of Latin from 1526. His Zwinglian view of the Eucharist disturbed his relations with his Catholic colleagues. From 1526, he had corresponded with John Oecolampadius, who in 1529 invited him to Basel, which Erasmus had just left. The university being disorganized, Grynaeus pursued his studies, and in 1531 visited England for research in libraries.
A commendatory letter from Erasmus gained him the good offices of Sir Thomas More. He returned to Basel charged with the task of collecting the opinions of continental reformers on the subject of Henry VIII's divorce, | 17,731 |
1402553 | Simon Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Grynaeus | Simon Grynaeus
and was present at the death of Oecolampadius (24 November 1531). He now, while holding the chair of Greek, was appointed extraordinary professor of theology, and gave exegetical lectures on the New Testament.
In 1534, Duke Ulrich called him to Württemberg in aid of the Reformation there, as well as for the reconstitution of the University of Tübingen, which he carried out in concert with Ambrosius Blarer of Constance. Two years later, he had an active hand in the so-called First Helvetic Confession (the work of Swiss divines at Basel in January 1536); also in the conferences which urged the Swiss acceptance of the Wittenberg Concord (1536).
At the Worms conference (1540) between Catholics | 17,732 |
1402553 | Simon Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Grynaeus | Simon Grynaeus
and Protestants, he was the sole representative of the Swiss churches, being deputed by the authorities of Basel. He was carried off suddenly in his prime by the plague at Basel on 1 August 1541. A brilliant scholar, a mediating theologian, and personally of lovable temperament, his influence was great and wisely exercised. Erasmus and John Calvin were among his correspondents. His chief works were Latin versions of Plutarch, Aristotle and John Chrysostom, and the editing of the first printed version of Euclid's Elements in ancient Greek.
# Family.
His son Samuel (1539–1599) was professor of jurisprudence at Basel. His nephew Thomas (1512–1564) was professor at Basel and minister in Rötteln, | 17,733 |
1402553 | Simon Grynaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Grynaeus | Simon Grynaeus
lid's Elements in ancient Greek.
# Family.
His son Samuel (1539–1599) was professor of jurisprudence at Basel. His nephew Thomas (1512–1564) was professor at Basel and minister in Rötteln, and left four distinguished sons of whom Johann Jakob was a leader in the religious affairs of Basel. The last of the direct descendants of Simon Grynaeus was his namesake Simon (1725–1799), translator into German of French and English anti-deistical works, and author of a version of the Bible in modern German (1776).
# References.
- This work in turn cites:
- Pierre Bayle, "Dictionnaire"
- W.T. Streuber in Hauck's "Realencyklopädie" (1899)
- Streuber, "S. Grynaei epistolae", for bibliography (1847) | 17,734 |
1402609 | Charles Julien Brianchon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Julien%20Brianchon | Charles Julien Brianchon
Charles Julien Brianchon
Charles Julien Brianchon (19 December 1783 – 29 April 1864) was a French mathematician and chemist.
# Life.
He entered into the École Polytechnique in 1804 at the age of eighteen, and studied under Monge, graduating first in his class in 1808, after which he took up a career as a lieutenant in Napoleon's artillery. Later, in 1818, Brianchon became a professor in the Artillery School of the Royal Guard at Vincennes.
# Work.
Brianchon is best known for his proof of "Brianchon's theorem" (1810).
Brianchon's book "Mémoire sur les lignes du second ordre" (Paris, 1817) is available online .
# External links.
- Brianchon's Theorem | 17,735 |
1402643 | 17 Days | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17%20Days | 17 Days
17 Days
17 Days may refer to:
- "Seventeen Days", a 2005 album by rock band 3 Doors Down
- "17 Days" (song), a 1984 song by Prince | 17,736 |
1402629 | Petrov (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrov%20(crater) | Petrov (crater)
Petrov (crater)
Petrov is an impact crater along the southeastern limb of the Moon. The crater is difficult to observe in this location, and visibility of this feature is affected by libration. The nearest crater of note is Chamberlin, just on the far side to the northeast. Somewhat farther to the west-southwest of Petrov is Gill.
The rim of this crater has been worn and eroded by impacts, leaving an irregular ring of ridges and incisions along the inner wall. The smaller crater Petrov A intrudes slightly into the southern rim. Along the southeast, Petrov B is attached to the southeastern exterior and the two are joined by a narrow valley.
The interior floor of Petrov has been completely resurfaced | 17,737 |
1402629 | Petrov (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrov%20(crater) | Petrov (crater)
by impacts, leaving an irregular ring of ridges and incisions along the inner wall. The smaller crater Petrov A intrudes slightly into the southern rim. Along the southeast, Petrov B is attached to the southeastern exterior and the two are joined by a narrow valley.
The interior floor of Petrov has been completely resurfaced by basaltic lava, leaving a low-albedo surface that is relatively smooth and featureless. This material is nearly as dark as the Mare Australe to the north. The floor is marked only by a few tiny craterlets.
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Petrov. | 17,738 |
1402657 | Simpelius (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simpelius%20(crater) | Simpelius (crater)
Simpelius (crater)
Simpelius is an impact crater that lies in the southern part of the Moon. It lies to the north-northwest of the somewhat larger crater Schomberger, and east-southeast of the prominent Moretus.
The most distinctive aspect of this crater is the asymmetry of the inner wall, with the side being nearly twice as wide at the southern end as it is to the north. As a result, the level interior floor is offset to the north of the crater interior. The rim and inner wall are less sharply defined than those of Schomberger or Moretus, having been softened and smoothed by impacts. The rim is uneven, with peaks to the north, west, east, and south-southeast, and low sections in between. There | 17,739 |
1402657 | Simpelius (crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simpelius%20(crater) | Simpelius (crater)
is the asymmetry of the inner wall, with the side being nearly twice as wide at the southern end as it is to the north. As a result, the level interior floor is offset to the north of the crater interior. The rim and inner wall are less sharply defined than those of Schomberger or Moretus, having been softened and smoothed by impacts. The rim is uneven, with peaks to the north, west, east, and south-southeast, and low sections in between. There are also a number of small crater pits along the inner wall and the interior floor.
# Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Simpelius. | 17,740 |
1402655 | Saafi Brothers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saafi%20Brothers | Saafi Brothers
Saafi Brothers
The Saafi Brothers are a downtempo music project from Germany, consisting of Gabriel Le Mar and Michael Kohlbecker. They also produce psychedelic trance, dub and ambient music.
The band has seen some success in the chill out spaces at large festivals. The name Saafi is derived from a Sanskrit word meaning "travelling musician". Alex Azary was once a member of the band.
They have released five albums since 1997. "Supernatural" with strong world music influences was released in 2007. Their fifth album Live "Live on the Roadblog" as a live recorded album.
# Discography.
- (1997) "Internal Code Error" (Blue Room Released)
- (1997) "Mystic Cigarettes" (Blue Room Released)
- (2000) | 17,741 |
1402655 | Saafi Brothers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saafi%20Brothers | Saafi Brothers
meaning "travelling musician". Alex Azary was once a member of the band.
They have released five albums since 1997. "Supernatural" with strong world music influences was released in 2007. Their fifth album Live "Live on the Roadblog" as a live recorded album.
# Discography.
- (1997) "Internal Code Error" (Blue Room Released)
- (1997) "Mystic Cigarettes" (Blue Room Released)
- (2000) "Midnight's Children" (Blue Room Released)
- (2003) "Liquid Beach" (Secret Life Recordings/Saafi Records)
- (2007) "Supernatural"
- (2014) "Live on the Roadblog" (Iboga Records)
- (2017) "The Quality of Being One"
# See also.
- List of ambient music artists
# External links.
- Saafi Brothers homepage | 17,742 |
1402615 | Binley Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binley%20Woods | Binley Woods
Binley Woods
Binley Woods is a suburban village and civil parish in Warwickshire, England. The village lies on the eastern outskirts of Coventry, outside the formal city boundaries. Binley Woods is within the Borough of Rugby, although the town of Rugby is around seven miles (11 km) to the east. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 2,665.
The village is located 5 miles (8 km) to the east of central Coventry, on the A428 road, next to the junction with the A46 road. The village of Brandon lies 1.5 miles (2.5 km) to the east.
# History.
Binley Woods is a relatively modern village. Settlement began in the 1920s, when some of the estates of Coombe Abbey were sold off and people began | 17,743 |
1402615 | Binley Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binley%20Woods | Binley Woods
to settle and build homes in the area, which was then known as Binley Common. In the early years, the village lacked modern amenities such as paved roads, street lighting, piped water or mains drainage, though these were gradually provided from the 1930s onwards, some of the side roads however were not paved or lighted until the 1960s. During the 1940s many homeless people from bombed-out Coventry fled to Binley, often living in shacks and caravans.
The village adopted its current name of Binley Woods in 1961 after a vote by villagers. The name was chosen in order to avoid confusion with, and establish a separate identity from nearby Binley, a suburb of south-east Coventry. As the name suggests, | 17,744 |
1402615 | Binley Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binley%20Woods | Binley Woods
Binley Woods is close to some woods: Brandon Wood, next to the village, (see below)
A village church was established in Binley Woods in 1987, which doubles as the village hall.
# Facilities.
The village boasts one public house, The Roseycombe.
There is a village hall on Rugby Road.
There is also a post office, a library and a primary school, along with a range of shops and a petrol station.
The village is now home to Broadstreet RFC, a National League Rugby club that moved to a new ground called Ivor Preece Field in the village in 2001 after selling their ground in Binley, Coventry.
## Brandon Wood.
Brandon Wood just south of the village from which it takes its name, covers an area of | 17,745 |
1402615 | Binley Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binley%20Woods | Binley Woods
, it is a designated ancient woodland having been mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. It was once run by the Forestry Commission, but since 1981 it has been managed by a local group, the "Friends of Brandon Wood", who in 2000 purchased the wood from the Forestry Commission, it is now run as a community wood and is open to the public.
# Appearances in media.
One of Binley Woods' claims to fame is that it was used as one of the locations for the filming of the 1990s BBC sitcom "Keeping Up Appearances"; exterior shots of Hyacinth Bucket's house were filmed at 117 Heather Road. 119 Heather Road was used as the house of her neighbours Elizabeth Warden and Emmet Hawksworth.
# Notable residents.
- | 17,746 |
1402615 | Binley Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binley%20Woods | Binley Woods
ood", who in 2000 purchased the wood from the Forestry Commission, it is now run as a community wood and is open to the public.
# Appearances in media.
One of Binley Woods' claims to fame is that it was used as one of the locations for the filming of the 1990s BBC sitcom "Keeping Up Appearances"; exterior shots of Hyacinth Bucket's house were filmed at 117 Heather Road. 119 Heather Road was used as the house of her neighbours Elizabeth Warden and Emmet Hawksworth.
# Notable residents.
- Mark Pawsey, Member of Parliament for Rugby; grew up in the village.
# External links.
- Binley Woods Parish Council
- Binley Woods On-line
- Brandon Wood website
- The Church in Binley Woods website | 17,747 |
1402612 | Howard Wolpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Wolpe | Howard Wolpe
Howard Wolpe
Howard Eliot Wolpe (November 3, 1939 – October 25, 2011) was a seven-term U.S. Representative from Michigan and Presidential Special Envoy to the African Great Lakes Region in the Clinton Administration, where he led the United States delegation to the Arusha and Lusaka peace talks, which aimed to end civil wars in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He returned to the State Department as Special Advisor to the Secretary for Africa's Great Lakes Region. Previously, he served as Director of the Africa Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and of the Center's Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity. While at the Center, Wolpe directed | 17,748 |
1402612 | Howard Wolpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Wolpe | Howard Wolpe
post-conflict leadership training programs in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia.
A specialist in African politics for ten of his fourteen years in the Congress, Wolpe chaired the Subcommittee on Africa of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. As chair of the House Africa Subcommittee, Wolpe co-authored (with Rep. Ron Dellums and others) and managed legislation that imposed sanctions against South Africa, by over-riding President Ronald Reagan's veto of that sanctions legislation (the Comprehensive Anti-apartheid Act of 1986). He also authored and managed the passage of the African Famine Recovery and Development Act, -- a comprehensive rewrite in the 1980s of America's | 17,749 |
1402612 | Howard Wolpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Wolpe | Howard Wolpe
approach to development assistance in Africa that included the creation of the "African Development Fund".
In 1992, Wolpe's Kalamazoo-based district was eliminated, and most of its territory, including his home, was merged with the district of three-term Republican Fred Upton. The reconfigured district was geographically more Upton's district than Wolpe's, prompting Wolpe to retire.
Prior to entering the Congress, Wolpe served in the Michigan House of Representatives and as a member of the Kalamazoo City Commission. In 1994, he won the Democratic nomination for Governor of Michigan. He initially asked former First Lady of Michigan Helen Milliken to be his running mate, but Milliken declined | 17,750 |
1402612 | Howard Wolpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Wolpe | Howard Wolpe
his offer. Wolpe then selected one of his former rivals in the Democratic primary, State Senator Debbie Stabenow (now a US Senator), as his nominee for lieutenant governor. The Wolpe-Stabenow ticket lost the general election to incumbent Governor John Engler and Lieutenant Governor Connie Binsfeld.
Wolpe taught at Western Michigan University (Political Science Department), Michigan State University where he co-published a volume on modernization in Nigeria, and the University of Michigan (Institute of Public Policy Studies), and served as a Visiting Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program of the Brookings Institution, as a Woodrow Wilson Center Public Policy Scholar, and as a consultant | 17,751 |
1402612 | Howard Wolpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Wolpe | Howard Wolpe
to the World Bank and to the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. State Department.
Wolpe received his B.A. degree from Reed College, and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a member of the boards of directors of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), Africare, Pathfinders, International and of the Advisory Board of Coexistence International. He co-directed (with Ambassador David C. Miller, Jr.) the Ninetieth American Assembly on "Africa and U.S. National Interests" held in March 1997. He wrote extensively on Africa, American foreign policy, and the management of ethnic and racial conflict.
Howard Wolpe was married to Judy Wolpe until her death in 2006. He | 17,752 |
1402612 | Howard Wolpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Wolpe | Howard Wolpe
and the management of ethnic and racial conflict.
Howard Wolpe was married to Judy Wolpe until her death in 2006. He died on October 25, 2011 at his home in Saugatuck, Michigan. Memorial services were held in Kalamazoo, Michigan in December 2011 and in Washington, D.C. in January 2012.
# See also.
- List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
# External links.
- Congressional biography
- Wilson Center biography
- Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
- Listen to a 73 min audio interview with Howard Wolpe by David Wiley on his career in the Congress concerning the House Africa Subcommittee, racism, and U.S. foreign policy, taped at Michigan State University in 2003 | 17,753 |
1402658 | Strategies Against Architecture III | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategies%20Against%20Architecture%20III | Strategies Against Architecture III
Strategies Against Architecture III
Strategies Against Architecture III (Strategien gegen Architekturen III) (1991-2001, double CD) is an album by Einstürzende Neubauten and was released in 2001.
This album featured a retrospective overview of the previous decade of the band's music. It is the third Einstürzende Neubauten release of this type, preceded by "Strategies Against Architecture II" (1991) and "Strategies Against Architecture 80-83" (1984).
# Track listing.
## Disc one.
- 1. "Zentrifuge" (4:48)
- 2. "12305(te Nacht)" (4:11)
- 3. "Für Wen Sind Die Blumen?" (4:24)
- 4. "Redukt" (9:40)
- 5. "Ende Neu" (6:19)
- 6. "Blume" (4:30)
- 7. "Three Thoughts (Devil's Sect)" (4:37)
- 8. | 17,754 |
1402658 | Strategies Against Architecture III | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategies%20Against%20Architecture%20III | Strategies Against Architecture III
"Implosion" (1:32)
- 9. "Scampi Alla Carlina" (2:45)
- 10. "Snake" (3:35)
- 11. "Alles Was Irgendwie Nützt" (8:08)
- 12. "The Garden" (5:13)
- 13. "Anrufe In Abwesenheit" (4:18)
- 14. "Querulanten" (0:58)
## Disc two.
- 1. "Architektur Ist Geiselnahme" (5:04)
- 2. "Helium" (3:12)
- 3. "Wüste" (3:49)
- 4. "Der Leere Raum" (1:59)
- 5. "Was Ist Ist" (4:17)
- 6. "I Wish This Would Be Your Colour" (8:11)
- 7. "Bili Rubin" (3:00)
- 8. "Die Interimsliebenden" (7:16)
- 9. "Installation Nr. 1 (John Is Mixing)" (3:46)
- 10. "Montblanc" (0:29)
- 11. "Open Fire" (4:28)
- 12. "Salamandrina" (2:59)
- 13. "Letztes Bild" (3:54)
- 14. "Silence Is Sexy" (6:00)
- 15. "Drachen" (2:07)
# Credits.
- | 17,755 |
1402658 | Strategies Against Architecture III | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategies%20Against%20Architecture%20III | Strategies Against Architecture III
3. "Wüste" (3:49)
- 4. "Der Leere Raum" (1:59)
- 5. "Was Ist Ist" (4:17)
- 6. "I Wish This Would Be Your Colour" (8:11)
- 7. "Bili Rubin" (3:00)
- 8. "Die Interimsliebenden" (7:16)
- 9. "Installation Nr. 1 (John Is Mixing)" (3:46)
- 10. "Montblanc" (0:29)
- 11. "Open Fire" (4:28)
- 12. "Salamandrina" (2:59)
- 13. "Letztes Bild" (3:54)
- 14. "Silence Is Sexy" (6:00)
- 15. "Drachen" (2:07)
# Credits.
- Blixa Bargeld - lead vocals, guitars
- Marc Chung - guitar, vocals
- Jochen Arbeit - guitar, vocals
- Alexander Hacke - bass, vocals
- N.U. Unruh - percussion, vocals
- F.M. Einheit - percussion, vocals
- Rudi Moser - percussion, vocals
- Anita Lane - lead vocals on "Blume" | 17,756 |
1402645 | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezeiza,%20Buenos%20Aires | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires
Ezeiza, Buenos Aires
Ezeiza () is the capital city of the Ezeiza Partido within the Greater Buenos Aires area in Argentina. The city had a population of 160,219 in 2010. Ezeiza is one of the fastest-growing cities in Argentina; the city and its surroundings are known for the many gated communities there, as well as for the Ministro Pistarini International Airport. Ezeiza and its surroundings is an affluent area where many well-to-do people live.
# History.
Inhabited originally by the Querandí people, the land was first claimed by the Conquistadores in 1588. The first estancia ("Los Remedios") and chapel in the area were founded by Juan Guillermo González y Aragón in 1758; one of González's | 17,757 |
1402645 | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezeiza,%20Buenos%20Aires | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires
great-grandsons was Manuel Belgrano, one of the most notable leaders of the Argentine War of Independence. Gerónimo Ezeiza bought land nearby in 1767, and by the late 19th century his descendant José María Ezeiza became the largest landowner in the area. Following his death, Ezeiza's son-in-law donated land to the Buenos Aires Western Railway, and the town was founded around the new line on July 17, 1885; it was named in honor of the late José María Ezeiza.
Dairy farming dominated the Ezeiza landscape during the early 20th century. The town was chosen as the site of the nation's first international airport, which was inaugurated on the northern end of the city in 1949; a new neighborhood, "Barrio | 17,758 |
1402645 | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezeiza,%20Buenos%20Aires | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires
Uno", was built just north of the airport that year to house its employees, and the Ricchieri Freeway was opened in 1952 to connect the new airport to the city of Buenos Aires. The National Atomic Energy Commission established the Ezeiza Atomic Center, a leading producer of radioisotopes for medical use, in 1967. The freeway was scene of the Ezeiza Massacre, in which at least 13 died in clashes between left and right-wing Peronists vying for the best vantage points from which to view the motorcade for exiled former President Juan Perón upon his return to Argentina on June 20, 1973.
Ezeiza grew steadily afterward as a bedroom community, and a number of gated communities were developed (particularly | 17,759 |
1402645 | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezeiza,%20Buenos%20Aires | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires
in or near Canning, south of the city) from the 1990s onward. The "Bosques de Ezeiza" ('Ezeiza Woods') are likewise an important tourist attraction for the area.
Other important institutions include the Dr. Alberto Eurnekian Hospital (2008), and the Provincial University of Ezeiza - which opened its doors in 2012 as the first university dedicated to aeronautics in Latin America; a proposal was submitted later that year to the National University Council by the school for its nationalization.
Part of Esteban Echeverría Partido since its establishment in 1913, Ezeiza was made the seat of its namesake county upon its own establishment in 1994. A new, postmodern city hall was inaugurated in 2007.
# | 17,760 |
1402645 | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezeiza,%20Buenos%20Aires | Ezeiza, Buenos Aires
oods') are likewise an important tourist attraction for the area.
Other important institutions include the Dr. Alberto Eurnekian Hospital (2008), and the Provincial University of Ezeiza - which opened its doors in 2012 as the first university dedicated to aeronautics in Latin America; a proposal was submitted later that year to the National University Council by the school for its nationalization.
Part of Esteban Echeverría Partido since its establishment in 1913, Ezeiza was made the seat of its namesake county upon its own establishment in 1994. A new, postmodern city hall was inaugurated in 2007.
# External links.
- Information from the ministry of internal affairs
- Ezeiza portal
br | 17,761 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
Leo Panitch
Leo Victor Panitch (born May 3, 1945) is a Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and Canada Research Chair in Comparative Political Economy at York University. Since 1985, he has served as co-editor of the "Socialist Register", which describes itself as "an annual survey of movements and ideas from the standpoint of the independent new left". Panitch himself sees the "Register" as playing a major role in developing Marxism's conceptual framework for advancing a democratic, co-operative and egalitarian socialist alternative to capitalist competition, exploitation and insecurity.
Since his appointment as a Canada Research Chair in 2002, Panitch has focused his academic | 17,762 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
research and writing on the spread of global capitalism. He argues that this process of globalization is being led by the American state through agencies such as the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve. Panitch sees globalization as a form of imperialism, but argues that the American Empire is an "informal" one in which the U.S. sets rules for trade and investment in partnership with other sovereign, but less powerful capitalist states. His latest book "The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire" (2012), written with his close friend and university colleague Sam Gindin, traces the development of American-led globalization over more than a century. | 17,763 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
In 2013, the book was awarded the Deutscher Memorial Prize in the United Kingdom for best and most creative work in or about the Marxist tradition and in 2014 it won the Rik Davidson/SPE Book Prize for the best book in political economy by a Canadian.
Panitch is the author of more than 100 scholarly articles and nine books including "Working-Class Politics in Crisis: Essays on Labour and the State" (1986), "The End of Parliamentary Socialism: from New Left to New Labour" (2001) and "Renewing Socialism: Transforming Democracy, Strategy and Imagination" (2008) in which he argues that capitalism is inherently unjust and undemocratic.
# Early life.
Leo Victor Panitch was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, | 17,764 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
Canada. He grew up in Winnipeg's North End, a working-class neighbourhood that, as he noted decades later, produced "many people of a radical left political disposition." His Jewish father, Max Panitch, was born in the southern Ukraine town of Uscihtsa, but remained behind in Bucharest, Romania with a fervently religious uncle when his family emigrated to Winnipeg in 1912. He was reunited with them in 1922 and by that time was well on his way to becoming a socialist and a Labour Zionist. As a sewer and cutter of fur coats (an 'aristocrat of the needle trade'), he was active in the Winnipeg labour movement and the Manitoba CCF and its successor, the NDP.
Panitch's mother, Sarah, was an orphan | 17,765 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
from Rivne in the central Ukraine who had come to Winnipeg in 1921 at the age of 13 accompanied only by her older sister, Rose. Max and Sarah married in 1930. Panitch's older brother Hersh was born in 1934.
Panitch attended a secular Jewish school named after the radical Polish-Yiddish writer I.L. Peretz. During a conference on Jewish radicalism in Winnipeg held in 2001, Panitch said the school grew out of the socialist fraternal mutual aid societies that Jewish immigrants had established. These included the Arbeiter Ring also known as the Workmen's Circle. Panitch told the conference that its first declaration of principles, adopted in 1901, began with the words: "The spirit of the Workmen’s | 17,766 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
Circle is freedom of thought and endeavour towards solidarity of the workers, faithfulness to the interests of its class in the struggle against oppression and exploitation." He added: "As such institutions multiplied and spread through the Jewish community, for a great many people and for a considerable number of decades to come, to be Jewish, especially in a city like Winnipeg, came to mean to be radical."
# University education.
Panitch received a B.A. (Hons.) in economics and political science in 1967 from the University of Manitoba. During his undergraduate years, he realized how much the writings of Karl Marx and the evolution of historical materialism helped him understand capitalism | 17,767 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
and its relation to the state. One of his teachers, Cy Gonick, introduced him to ideas about industrial democracy in which workers would control and manage their own workplaces. The 1960s generation of the New Left, Panitch writes, was impelled towards socialism by "our experience with and observation of the inequalities, irrationalities, intolerances and hierarchies of our own capitalist societies."
At age 22, Panitch left Winnipeg and moved to London, England where he earned his M.Sc. (Hons.) in 1968 at the London School of Economics and his PhD from LSE in 1974. His doctoral thesis was entitled "The Labour Party and the Trade Unions." It was published as "Social Democracy and Industrial | 17,768 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
Militancy" in 1976 by Cambridge University Press.
# Academic work, writing and activism.
Panitch taught at Carleton University between 1972 and 1984, and has been a Professor of Political Science at York University since 1984, serving as the Chair of the Department of Political Science from 1988-1994. In 2002, he was appointed Canada Research Chair in Comparative Political Economy at York. The appointment was renewed in 2009. His research involves examining the role of the American state and multinational corporations in the evolution of global capitalism.
After his text in Canadian political science, "The Canadian State: Political Economy and Political Power", was published in 1977 by the | 17,769 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
University of Toronto Press, Panitch became the General Co-editor of its "State and Economic Life" book series in 1979 serving in that role until 1995. In 1979, he was also co-founder of the Canadian academic journal, "Studies in Political Economy" (on whose advisory board he still sits).
He was also politically active in the two main organizational successors to The Waffle after it was expelled from the NDP in the early 1970s, the Movement for an Independent Socialist Canada and the Ottawa Committee for Labour Action. In the 1980s, he was a regular columnist ("Panitch on Politics") for the independent socialist magazine, "Canadian Dimension", and has remained active in socialist political | 17,770 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
circles, in particular the "Socialist Project" in Toronto (www.socialistproject.ca). He was inducted as an Academic Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1995, and has also been a member of the Marxist Institute and the Committee on Socialist Studies as well as the Canadian Political Science Association.
In addition to the 33 annual volumes of the Socialist Register he has edited since 1985, he has been the author of over 100 scholarly articles and has published nine books, including "From Consent to Coercion: The Assault on Trade Union Freedoms;" "A Different Kind of State: Popular Power and Democratic Administration"; "The End of Parliamentary Socialism: From New Left to New Labour"; "American | 17,771 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
Empire and the Political Economy of Global Finance"; and "In and Out of Crisis: The Global Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives".
At the "Globalization, Justice and Democracy" symposium (Delhi University, November 11, 2010), Panitch, drawing on his book "In and Out of Crisis" (with Greg Albo and Sam Gindin), addressed a lack of ambition on the left which, he argued, has been more debilitating than its lack of capacity in the global economic crisis. He outlined immediate reforms that could lead to fundamental changes in class relations including nationalizing banks and turning them into public utilities; demanding universal public pensions to replace private, employer-sponsored ones; and | 17,772 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
free health care, education and public transit as a way of escaping capitalism's drive to turn public needs into marketable, profit-generating commodities.
# Making of global capitalism.
In 2012, Leo Panitch, with his friend and colleague Sam Gindin, published "The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire" (2012). As its title suggests, the 456-page book is a comprehensive study of the growth of a global capitalist system over more than a century. Panitch and Gindin argue that the process known as globalization was not an inevitable outcome of expansionary capitalism, but was consciously planned and managed by America, the world's most powerful state.
They dispute | 17,773 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
the idea that globalization was driven by multinational corporations that have become more powerful than nation states. For them, this claim ignores the intricate relationships between states and capitalism; states maintain property rights, oversee contracts and sign free trade agreements, for example, while deriving tax revenues and popular legitimacy from the success of capitalist enterprises within their borders.
Panitch and Gindin also dismiss claims that the American Empire is in decline as shown, for example, by U.S. trade deficits, industrial shutdowns and layoffs. They argue, in fact, that the opposite is true. In recent decades, American firms "restructured key production processes, | 17,774 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
outsourced others to cheaper and more specialized suppliers and relocated to the U.S. south — all as part of an accelerated general reallocation of capital within the American economy." They write that although it is always highly volatile, the robust and globally dominant U.S. financial system facilitated this economic restructuring while making pools of venture capital available for investment in new, high-tech firms. As a result, the U.S. share of global production remained stable at around one quarter of the total right into the 21st century.
## American-led global capitalism.
According to Panitch and Gindin, the institutional foundations for American-led global capitalism were laid during | 17,775 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
the Great Depression of the 1930s when the Roosevelt administration strengthened the U.S. Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury while establishing a wide range of economic and financial regulatory agencies. U.S. entry into World War II led, moreover, to the growth of a permanent American military-industrial complex.
The authors argue that these state financial and military institutions made the U.S. into a Great Power capable of superintending the spread of its own brand of capitalism. The U.S. also dominated post-war global institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, while the American dollar, backed by U.S. Treasury bonds, became the anchor for international finance. | 17,776 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
Panitch and Gindin write that the American-financed post-war rebuilding of Europe and Japan, "through low-interest loans, direct grants, technological assistance, and favourable trading relations," created the conditions for investment by U.S. multi-national corporations and eventually for substantial foreign investment in the U.S.
## America's informal empire.
As they trace the history of global capitalism, Panitch and Gindin write that in the years after World War II, the U.S. succeeded in building an "informal empire" integrating other capitalist states into a co-ordinated, global capitalist system:
The U.S. informal empire constituted a distinctly new form of political rule. Instead of | 17,777 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
aiming for territorial expansion along the lines of the old empires, U.S. military interventions were primarily aimed at preventing the closure of particular places or whole regions of the globe to capital accumulation. This was part of a larger remit of creating openings for or removing barriers to capital in general, not just U.S. capital. The maintenance and indeed steady growth of U.S. military installations around the globe after World War II, mostly on the territory of independent states, needs to be seen in this light rather than in terms of securing territorial space for the exclusive U.S. use of natural resources and accumulation by its corporations.
Although the U.S. dominates in | 17,778 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
this informal, imperial system, Panitch and Gindin argue that other advanced capitalist states maintain their sovereignty, but must defer to American wishes when it comes to military interventions abroad. "The American state arrogated to itself," they argue, "the sole right to intervene against other sovereign states (which it repeatedly did around the world), and largely reserved to its own discretion the interpretation of international rules and norms."
## From golden age to crisis.
The book chronicles the "golden age" of capitalism during the 1950s and '60s when capitalists enjoyed high profits in a booming, full-employment American economy. Workers benefited too from improved social programs | 17,779 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
and the higher wages that labour unions fought for and won. But, as the authors point out, capitalism is prone to crisis, and the 1970s produced "stagflation", simultaneously high rates of inflation and unemployment, stagnant economies and declining profits.
In 1979, Paul Volcker, Chairman of the Federal Reserve found a way out of the crisis by administering the "Volcker shock", double-digit interest rates. The deep recession that followed brought high unemployment and with that, a decline over time of labour militancy. The adoption of neoliberal policies during the 1980s, that restricted workers' rights to organize and to strike, made it possible for capitalists to "discipline" workers by | 17,780 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
demanding greater "flexibity" in hours and working conditions and by holding down wages. Neoliberalism also led to an array of free trade agreements that promoted worldwide corporate investment and production.
According to Panitch and Gindin, the neoliberal era ushered in a second, highly-profitable "golden age", but this time only for the capitalist class, not for workers whose wages stagnated while union membership declined.
## Global financial meltdown.
The final chapter in "The Making of Global Capitalism" is devoted to a detailed examination of the international financial crisis that began in 2007 bringing an end to high corporate profits as millions lost their homes and consumer spending | 17,781 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
fell. Panitch and Gindin write that the crisis was preceded by decades of growth in volatile financial markets that had become crucial to underwriting capitalist expansion. They argue that the U.S. encouraged the growth in financial markets with its accompanying risk-taking even though it was periodically required "to put out financial conflagrations" such as the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The crisis of 2007-08, however, was not regional, but global:
The roots of the crisis, in fact, lay in the growing global importance of U.S. mortgage finance – a development which could not be understood apart from the expanded state support for home ownership, a long-standing element in the integration | 17,782 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
of workers into U.S. capitalism. Since the 1980s, wages had stagnated and social programs had been eroded, reinforcing workers' dependence on the rising value of their homes as a source of economic security. The decisive role of American state agencies in encouraging the development of mortgage-backed securities figured prominently in their spread throughout global financial markets. The close linkages between these markets and the American state were thus crucial both to the making of the U.S. housing bubble and to its profound global impact when it burst, as mortgage-backed securities became difficult to value and to sell, thus freezing the world's financial markets.
Panitch and Gindin add | 17,783 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
that the collapse of housing prices led to a sharp decline in U.S. consumer spending because housing represented a main source of workers' wealth. "The bursting of the housing bubble," they write, "thus had much greater effects than had the earlier bursting of the stock-market bubble at the turn of the century, and much greater implications for global capitalism in terms of the role the U.S. played as 'consumer of last resort'."
Panitch and Gindin note that the U.S., as manager-in-chief of the global capitalist system, once again came to the rescue with billions of dollars in bail-out money for domestic and foreign banks.
# Transcending pessimism.
With the apparent victory of global capitalism | 17,784 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
and the neoliberal state in the 21st century, Panitch notes the persistence of what he calls a "debilitating pessimism" about the possibility of realizing a better world. He writes that while some on the left, such as Tony Blair, chose what they called the politics of the third way—an attempt to reconcile socialist goals with a capitalist economy—others continue to feel powerless and defeated, especially in light of communism's failure to develop a democratic alternative to global capitalism.
Panitch argues that to avoid the politics of the third way and to transcend pessimism, socialists need to revive the utopian ideal in which human beings are free to realize their potential by building | 17,785 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
their capacities for freedom and equality through social co-operation. He writes that "capitalism is unjust and undemocratic not because of this or that imperfection in relation to equality and freedom, but because at its core it involves the control by some of the use and development of the potential of others, and because the competition it fosters frustrates humanity's capacity for liberation through the social."
He recommends that socialists work towards a better world by developing alternative models to enhance human capacities for co-operation and democracy. These include communications systems that are not driven by advertising and consumption; organizations that are non-hierarchical | 17,786 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
beginning with socialist parties, unions, movements, NGOs and universities; and alternative, communal ways of living that could extend the bonds of the nuclear family to "a broader supportive community."
Panitch argues a rekindling of the socialist imagination requires the recognition of the basic utopian principle that "you simply cannot have private property in the means of production, finance, exchange and communication and at the same time have an unalienated, socially just and democratic social order; and that you cannot begin to approach a utopia on the basis of the acquisitive and competitive drive."
# Personal life.
Panitch married Melanie Pollock of Winnipeg in 1967. She is an longtime | 17,787 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
activist and human rights advocate who teaches in the School of Disability Studies at Ryerson University in Toronto. In 2006, Melanie Panitch earned a doctorate in social welfare from the City University of New York. Her thesis, on the history of the Canadian Association for Community Living, focused on mothers' campaigns to close institutions and gain human rights for disabled Canadians. In 2007, it was published as "Disability, Mothers and Organization: Accidental Activists".
The Panitches have two children. Maxim is a photographer, writer and Scrabble champion while Vida is a philosophy professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario.
Panitch speaks three languages, English, French | 17,788 |
1402598 | Leo Panitch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Panitch | Leo Panitch
ublished as "Disability, Mothers and Organization: Accidental Activists".
The Panitches have two children. Maxim is a photographer, writer and Scrabble champion while Vida is a philosophy professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario.
Panitch speaks three languages, English, French and Yiddish. He and his wife live in Toronto, Ontario.
# See also.
- Vivek Chibber
# External links.
- Leo Panitch archives at York University
- "The Global Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives". An interview with Leo Panitch, Sam Gindin and Greg Albo by Sasha Lilley
- New Books Network audio interview with Leo Panitch on "The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire" | 17,789 |
1402670 | Stoney (lunar crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoney%20(lunar%20crater) | Stoney (lunar crater)
Stoney (lunar crater)
Stoney is an impact crater on the Moon, located in the southern part of its far side, approximately 47.5 kilometers in diameter. In 1970, it was named by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature after Anglo-Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney (1826–1911). It lies to the southeast of the crater Baldet and to the east of Bhabha.
The rim of this crater is sharp-edged but with a somewhat irregular lip that has slumped in places. There are small outward bulges in the rim to the east and northwest. The inner wall is uneven with diagonal grooves and heaps where the material has slumped. The interior floor is also somewhat uneven, especially in the eastern half. | 17,790 |
1402670 | Stoney (lunar crater) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoney%20(lunar%20crater) | Stoney (lunar crater)
tely 47.5 kilometers in diameter. In 1970, it was named by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature after Anglo-Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney (1826–1911). It lies to the southeast of the crater Baldet and to the east of Bhabha.
The rim of this crater is sharp-edged but with a somewhat irregular lip that has slumped in places. There are small outward bulges in the rim to the east and northwest. The inner wall is uneven with diagonal grooves and heaps where the material has slumped. The interior floor is also somewhat uneven, especially in the eastern half. There are two small craterlets within the interior, located at the base of the northeast and southern inner walls. | 17,791 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
The Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) is a secessionist movement in Nigeria, associated with Igbo nationalism, which supports the recreation of an independent state of Biafra. It was founded in 1999 and is led by an Indian-trained lawyer Ralph Uwazuruike, with headquarters in Okwe, in the Okigwe district of Imo State.
MASSOB's leaders say it is a peaceful group and advertise a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully. There are two arms to the government, the Biafra Government in Exile and Biafra Shadow Government.
The Nigerian government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph | 17,792 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and detained on treason charges; he was released in 2007. MASSOB also championed the release of oil militant Mujahid Dokubo-Asari, who faced similar charges at the time. In 2009, MASSOB launched "the Biafran International Passport" in response to persistent demand by Biafrans in the diaspora.
# Ideology.
MASSOB agitates for a Republic of Biafra comprising the South-East and South-South regions of Nigeria; though Uwazuruike has stated in interviews that the Niger Deltans "can have their own republic." The group's philosophy is hinged on the principle of non-violence as propagated by Mahatma Gandhi.
# Activities.
## Hoisting of Biafran flags.
At its inception, | 17,793 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
MASSOB concentrated on organizing rallies and peaceful protests which culminated in hoisting Biafran flags at different locations in the South East. In recent years, this practice has been reserved mainly for celebrating key dates and events or in commemoration of dead members.
## Protests.
MASSOB members embark on protests to protest arrests and killings of its members. In one of these protests, the house of the late Nigerian leader, Nnamdi Azikiwe, was torched. The then Secretary-General of Ohanaeze Ndigbo, Col. Joe Achuzie (rtd) exonerated MASSOB from blame and accused the security agents of "carelessness and irresponsibility."
## Re-introduction of the Biafran currency.
In 2005, MASSOB | 17,794 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
re-introduced the old Biafran currency into circulation. This sparked a lot of excitement at the time especially as one Biafran pound was said to exchange for two hundred and seventy naira at the border communities of Togo and the Republic of Benin. In his reaction, the then President of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo, likened the Biafran pounds to a collector's item and attributed its high exchange value to its relative rarity.
## Introduction of the Biafran passport.
MASSOB launched the Biafran passport in 2009 as part of the program to celebrate its 10th anniversary. MASSOB leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, said the introduction of the Biafran passport was in response to persistent demands from Biafrans | 17,795 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
in diaspora.
# Nigerian government response.
Since its inception, MASSOB has continually alleged mass arrests and killings of its members by government forces. According to the group's sanitation grassroot information spokesperson, Kelechi A Chukwu, the government forces allegedly carries out secret executions of MASSOB members in detention centres and prisons nationwide. In May 2008, the group released a list of 2,020 members alleged to have been killed by security agents since 1999. MASSOB leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, has been arrested on several occasions and charged with treason. In 2011, Uwazuruike and 280 MASSOB members were arrested in Enugu while attending a function in honour of Ojukwu. | 17,796 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
Few days later, President Goodluck Jonathan ordered Uwazuruike's release as well as all other MASSOB members in detention.
In June 2012, the Human Rights Writers' Association of Nigeria condemned the alleged killing of 16 members of MASSOB by security agencies in Anambra.
In February 2013, MASSOB claimed that several corpses found floating in the Ezu River on the boundary of Enugu and Anambra States were those of its members previously arrested by the police. The group claimed that the police routinely executed MASSOB members without proper trial.
On September 13, 2015 police in Anambra state arrested no fewer than 25 MOSSAB members who were marking their 16th anniversary; one MASSOB member | 17,797 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
was shot. At St Charles Lwanga Catholic Church Okpoko,18 members were arrested and one shot and at Iba Pope Catholic Church, while at Awada, 11 members of MASSOB were arrested. At Awka, two MASSOB were arrested by the police according to the MASSOB former Deputy Director of Information, Mazi Chris Mocha
On May 31, 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan, a Niger Deltan Ijaw from Bayelsa State and from the South-South geopolitical zone, branded MASSOB to be one of three extremist groups threatening the security of Nigeria. Jonathan declared that “the Nigerian state faces three fundamental security challenges posed by extremist groups like Boko Haram in the North; the Movement for the Actualisation | 17,798 |
1402669 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement%20for%20the%20Actualization%20of%20the%20Sovereign%20State%20of%20Biafra | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
ecurity challenges posed by extremist groups like Boko Haram in the North; the Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra in the South-East; and the Oodua People’s Congress in the South-West."
# See also.
- Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
- Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
- Nigeria-Biafra War
- Oodua Republic Front
- Republic of Biafra
- Movement for the Emancipation of the Middle belt (Federal Republic of Kwararafa)
# External links.
- Official Site of MASSOB
- Biafraland Forum
- MASSOB-Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra in the USA
- MASSOB-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present | 17,799 |
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