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1402821 | Sodium borate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium%20borate | Sodium borate
Sodium borate
Sodium borate may refer to any of several chemical compounds:
- Borax, Na[BO(OH)]·8HO or NaBO·10HO
- Sodium metaborate, NaBO
- Sodium perborate, NaBO
- Trisodium orthoborate, NaBO
- Disodium octaborate, NaBO | 18,000 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
Imus
', officially the ', (), or simply known as City, is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
It is the "de jure" capital of the province of Cavite, located south of Metro Manila. The City of Imus was officially converted into a city following a referendum on June 30, 2012.
Imus was the site of two major Katipunero victories during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Battle of Imus was fought on September 3, 1896 and the Battle of Alapan, on May 28, 1898, the day when the first Philippine flag was flown making Imus the "Flag Capital of the Philippines". Both events are celebrated annually in the city. The Imus Historical Museum honors the city's | 18,001 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
history with historical reenactment of scenes from the revolution.
# Etymology.
There are at least four versions on the origin of the name of the city. Firstly, Imus is a Tagalog word meaning "a piece of land cutting into the junction of two rivers." The old location of the church is in Toclong where the confluence of Imus River and Julian River is located, forming a slice of land.
A second version is a rationalization of a geographical fact. Some intellectuals of the city theorized that the name "Imus" originated from the Latin word "infimus", meaning lowland. Comparing the altitude of different towns in Cavite province, Imus is described as lowland, slowly elevating to the neighboring city | 18,002 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
of Dasmariñas, to Silang, Indang, Amadeo, Mendez, Alfonso, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, peaking in Tagaytay City Ridge, the highest part of the province, as upland towns.
Although there is no verifiable source of this theory, it has also been said that the name Imus is derived from the word "centimos", the smallest unit of metal currency during the Spanish colonial era. During that era, a detachment of Spanish soldiers was stationed at the Recollect estate house, and after they left a few natives scrounged the place for articles left behind. They found a number of centimo coins and went away exclaiming in utter delight, "Centimos! Centimos!". The place has since been identified as Imus.
Still, another | 18,003 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
legend is that of a young mother crooning her child to sleep with a plaintive Tagalog ditty called "limos." A group of Spanish soldiers, who had gone there for the first time, asked her name of the place, and the woman, thinking that they were asking her the name of the song, answered "Limos". The Spaniards went away muttering the last syllable "imus".
# History.
## Early history.
Like Cavite City (originally called "Cavite La Punta") and Noveleta ("La Tierra Alta"), Imus used to be a part of Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit), whose parish church was built by the Jesuits during the administration of Archdiocese of Manila Archbishop Miguel Garcia Serrano, 1618–1629. For more than a century and a | 18,004 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
half the people of Imus had to endure walking or traveling of dirt road to attend religious services or transact official business in the city proper. The difficulty of communication between Imus and Cavite el Viejo was a long-standing complaint of the Imuseños until another religious order, the Augustinian Recollects, as a consequence of the British occupation of Manila in 1762, established a parish church in Imus, in what is now known as Bayang Luma.
However, the church site was far from the estate house of the hacienda acquired in 1686 by the Recollect Corporation, and when the church was destroyed by the strong typhoon of September 1779, the Recollect Friars transferred it to barrio Toclong, | 18,005 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
and finally to sitio de Balangon, now the city plaza of Imus.
With the establishment of the Recollect parish the people of Imus gained their religious emancipation from the Jesuit-run parish of Cavite el Viejo. The Recollects, however, would not be content with little victory or achievement. In 1774, Recollect Fr. Pedro San Buenaventura petitioned the government to "separate the "inquilinos" (tenants) of Imus from the political jurisdiction of the government of "Cavite el Viejo". After a considerable time of waiting, the petition was granted and Imus became an independent municipality on October 3, 1795..
On May 28, 1898, Imus gained its independence from Spanish colonial rule after the last | 18,006 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
remaining stronghold of forces from the Spanish empire had been defeated in the Battle of Alapan as headed by General Emilio Aguinaldo. This battle led to the Philippine Declaration of Independence in Kawit, Cavite June 12, 1898. The modern flag of the Philippines was first unfurled in victory during this battle as they march their way to the present day Cavite City, together with the captured forces of Spain. In commemoration of the event, A Battle of Alapan marker was constructed inside the compound of Alapan Elementary School May 28, 1998 and was inaugurated by President Fidel V. Ramos. Although, May 28, 2014, a new marker and the Imus National Heritage Park were inaugurated at Barangay Alapan | 18,007 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
2-A to make the initially constructed marker more accessible to the public.
## Modern history.
On June 11, 1977, then President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1163, which transferred the provincial capital of Cavite from Trece Martires City to Imus City. There is no other enabling law after that, that specifies the capital of Cavite
On May 28, 2008, National Flag Day, the city celebrated the "First Wagayway Festival" (Flag-Waving Festival) signifying the very first unfurling of the Flag of the Philippines during the Battle of Alapan on May 28, 1898 against the Spanish colonizers. The battle was a major victory for General Emilio Aguinaldo (later the first president of the | 18,008 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
Philippine Republic) during the Philippine Revolution, which eventually led to the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 in nearby Kawit, Cavite. The five-day event was highlighted by the historical reenactment of events from the sewing of the flag by Filipino exiles in Hong Kong, the Battle of Alapan, to the defeat of the Filipinos by the American troops silencing the dreams of an independent Philippines. The reenactment included students, city employees and barangay officials.
The festival was launched by then mayor, Emmanuel Maliksi, who reminded the people that the core of the celebration is love and respect for the Philippine flag, which symbolizes freedom | 18,009 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
and love for the country. Among the guests present was the former Prime Minister of the Philippines, Cesar Virata, who is a grandnephew of General Emilio Aguinaldo.
## Lone district of Imus.
A bill was filed by Congressman Joseph Abaya with co-authors Congressman Pidi Barzaga and Crispin Remulla creating the municipality of Imus as a lone Legislative districts of the Philippines. The bill was supported by Senator Panfilo Lacson, Senator Richard Gordon and Senator Bong Revilla. On October 22, 2009, Republic Act 9727 was approved by the President of the Philippines creating the lone district of Imus as the "Third District of Cavite".
## Incorporation as city.
During the 10th Congress (1995–1998), | 18,010 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
a House Bill (HB) no. 08960 was filed by Congressman Renato P. Dragon together with the other cityhood bills for Bacoor (HB 08959) and Dasmariñas (HB 08931). The bills did not pass the Congress. Congressman Erineo Maliksi filed House Bill no. HB01989 last August 3, 2010, which created the city of Imus. The bill was enacted into law as Republic Act No. 10161. The plebiscite required to ratify the conversion of the municipality of Imus into a component city was scheduled June 30. 2012. Republic Act No. 10161 was ratified by the registered voters of Imus through a plebiscite conducted last June 30, 2012, converted the municipality of Imus in the Province of Cavite into a component city to be known | 18,011 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
as the City of Imus. There were about 22,742 voters who cast their ballots in the town's 453 polling precincts. The "yes" votes won overwhelmingly getting 20,438 while the "no" votes got 2,304.
# Geography.
## Topography.
Imus covers a land total area of or , approximately 6.8% of the total land area of the province of Cavite, which is . The almost rectangular inland city of Cavite is bounded by the municipalities of Kawit and Noveleta to the north, and General Trias to the west; by the cities of Bacoor to the east and Dasmariñas to the south.
The city is located near the Metropolitan Manila area, just south of Manila. With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, this local government | 18,012 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
unit is now included in the Greater Manila area, which reaches Lipa City in its southernmost part.
# Demographics.
In the , the population of Imus, was people, with a density of .
## Religion.
Majority of the inhabitants of Imus are Christian, composed mostly of Catholics, Protestants, Aglipayans, and of other various sects. There is also sizable population of Muslims due to the influx of migrants from Mindanao.
Imus is the see of the Diocese of Imus, which is coterminus with the province. Imus Cathedral, which is under the patronage of the canonically-crowned Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Imus (Our Lady of the Pillar of Imus), is the seat of the Bishop of the Diocese of Imus. The city served | 18,013 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
as the host diocese during the 5th Asian Youth Day on November 20–27, 2009.
# Economy.
Imus is the foremost banking center of Cavite with numerous financial institutions and also an excellent banking infrastructure is being propagated by the present government to spearhead the development of the city. The city of Imus has shown a steady rise in its income earning a 1st class income classification in 1986. Its land area serves as home to a population of 195,482. In 1993, Imus had 1,369 commercial establishments, 200 manufacturing establishments and 41 financial institutions. Ten years hence, it has 6,636 licensed business establishments that include 4,376 commercial establishments, 300 manufacturing | 18,014 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
establishments and 190 financial institutions.
With a comfortable distance from Metro Manila, Imus serves as a favorable site for industrial establishments such as the Imus Informal Industrial Estate and Anabu Hills Industrial Estate. Corporations that are 100% Filipino-owned include Annie's Candy Manufacturing, Inc., CKL Industries and Liwayway Mktg. Corp. Factories of partly Filipino-owned corporations include Champan Garment Corp., Hayag Motorworks & Machine Shop and San Miguel-Yamamura Asia Corp.. Foreign-owned corporations include Frontline Garments Corp. and EDS MFG, Inc., which produces automotive wiring harness. Imus is also the home of the Anabu Handmade Paper Products, a producer | 18,015 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
of handmade paper and paper products.
The Imus Commercial/Business District along Nueño Avenue (also called Imus Boulevard) is the center of commerce in the city. The Imus Public Market ("Pamilihang Bayan ng Imus") is the hub of trade in the district. The market is divided into 25 zones and has a total of 805 stalls. Commercial, industrial and manufacturing industries owned by Taiwanese, Japanese and Filipino investors can also be found there. There are 3,601 commercial establishments duly registered in the city as of March 1999.
Eighteen major industrial establishments with a total capitalization of 1.311 billion pesos have established their base at the Imus Informal Industrial Estate providing | 18,016 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
local employment to an estimated 13,478 people as of December 1998. Located just along the stretch of the General Emilio Aguinaldo Highway, the main highway of Cavite traversing the city from north to south, the 200-hectare informal industrial estate houses manufacturing companies owned by foreign and Filipino investors. Imus has ventured to the export of automotive wire harness and electrical components, acrylic sheets and lighting fixtures, processed foods, shellcraft, bamboo, rattan and woodcraft, furniture, garments and novelty items to other countries. Several subdivisions and mass housing projects and the establishment of factories and small-scale industries in many of its barangays have | 18,017 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
resulted in a movement of population into the city.
However, heavy traffic congestion caused by the 'buhos' (pour) system, inadequate road signage and systems, poor road maintenance, mixed vehicles (tricycles, pedicabs, bicycles, etc.), unjustified traffic priority schemes and rampant violation of traffic rules is observable on roads. This is causing headaches to travelers specifically along Aguinaldo Highway. In an attempt to improve road conditions, traffic lights were installed in Aguinaldo highway and on other busy intersections in the city in 2015.
Ayala Land Inc. is investing Php 70 B for an estate "Vermosa", it will be accessible by Muntinlupa-Cavite Expressway.
Agriculture, particularly | 18,018 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
rice production, is still practiced in the city.
# Local government.
## List of heads.
### Gobernadorcillos.
- Licerio Topacio (1888–1890)
- Cayetano Topacio (1890–1892)
- Angel Buenaventura (1892–1894)
### Capitanes Municipal.
- Bernardino Paredes (1894–1896)
- Jose Tagle (1896–1897)
- Valentin Conejo (1898–1900)
### Municipal presidents.
- Donato Virata (1900–1903)
- Juan Viña (1903)
- Licerio Topacio (1903)
- Pedro Buenaventura (1903)
- Pantaleon Garcia (1904–1905)
- Felipe Viña (1905–1909)
- Maximo Abad (1910–1912)
- Felipe Viña (1912–1915)
- Pablo Palma ("acting: 1912–1913)
- Cecilio Kamantigue (1915–1919)
- Felix Paredes (1919–1925)
- Blas Mallari (1925–1928)
- | 18,019 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
Epifanio Gabriel (1928–1931)
### Mayors.
- Dominador Camerino (1931–1940)
- Geronimo Maluto ("acting: 1931–1932)
- Elpidio Osteria (1940–1944)
- Alfredo Saqui (1944–1945)
- Fortunato Remulla (1945)
- Dominador Ilano (1945–1946)
- Epifanio Gabriel ("acting: 1946)
- Dominador Ilano (1946–1963)
- Rodrigo Camia ("acting: 1960)
- Dominador Camerino (1964–1967)
- Manuel Paredes (1967)
- Jose V. Jamir (1968–1986)
- Mariano Reyes ("acting: 1968, 1969, 1971)
- Damian Villaseca ("acting: 1986)
- Wilfredo Garde ("acting: 1986–1988)
- Erineo S. Maliksi (1988–1998)
- Ricardo C. Paredes Sr.("acting: 1998)
- Oscar A. Jaro (1998–2001, 2004, 2007)
- Homer T. Saquilayan (2001–2004, 2004–2007, | 18,020 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
2010–2011, 2013)
- Emmanuel L. Maliksi (2007–2010, 2011–2013, 2013–present)
## City seal.
- Inscriptions. The official seal of the City of Imus bears the inscriptions "Lungsod ng Imus, Lalawigan ng Cavite" (City of Imus, Province of Cavite), the year "2012" representing the year of the city charter.
- Symbolism. The nine (9) sun's rays symbolizes hope and bright future. The gear symbolizes trade and industry. The church signifies the separation of church and state, and the rich cultural traditions. The Imus City Hall building signifies heritage, peaceful and good living conditions and citizenry participation. The school and houses signifies community development and Christian endeavors. | 18,021 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
The satellite symbolizes technology. The road signifies the development of the city towards industrialization. The lady signifies "Inang Bayan"(Motherland) representing Filipino nationalism in the Battle of Alapan. The jeepney represents the entrepreneurial spirit of the Imuseños.
- Colors. Yellow represent the spirited, joyful and bright outlook of the people; blue denotes peace and order maintained through the unparalleled support of its citizenry; and green for growth and prosperity leading to the flfillment of its people's dream and aspirations.
## Political subdivisions.
Imus city is subdivided in a total of 97 barangays. In 1998, the town was composed of 21 barangays; these former barangays | 18,022 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
were further subdivided to make the current collection of 97. The barangays which have been divided into multiple pieces carry the original barangay name, distinguished by capital letters if the name ends in numbers; for example, Medicion 1 is subdivided into Medicion 1-A, Medicion 1-B, etc. Names ending in letters (such as Bucandala, Bayan Luma, etc.) are distinguished by numbers (Bucandala 1, Bayan Luma 2, etc.). The only exceptions to this rule are Barangay Buhay na Tubig and the Barangays inside Bahayang Pag-asa Subdivision, namely Mariano Espeleta I to III, Pinagbuklod, Magdalo, Maharlika and Bahayang Pag-asa (later renamed "Bagong Silang").
# External links.
- Official Website of the | 18,023 |
1402759 | Imus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imus | Imus
l barangay name, distinguished by capital letters if the name ends in numbers; for example, Medicion 1 is subdivided into Medicion 1-A, Medicion 1-B, etc. Names ending in letters (such as Bucandala, Bayan Luma, etc.) are distinguished by numbers (Bucandala 1, Bayan Luma 2, etc.). The only exceptions to this rule are Barangay Buhay na Tubig and the Barangays inside Bahayang Pag-asa Subdivision, namely Mariano Espeleta I to III, Pinagbuklod, Magdalo, Maharlika and Bahayang Pag-asa (later renamed "Bagong Silang").
# External links.
- Official Website of the Provincial Government of Cavite
- City Government of Imus Portal
- Philippine Standard Geographic Code
- Philippine Census Information | 18,024 |
1402852 | Torcy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torcy | Torcy
Torcy
Torcy may refer to several places in France:
# Communes.
- Torcy, Pas-de-Calais
- Torcy, Saône-et-Loire
- Torcy, Seine-et-Marne
- Torcy-en-Valois, Aisne
- Torcy-et-Pouligny, Côte-d'Or
- Torcy-le-Grand, Aube
- Torcy-le-Grand, Seine-Maritime
- Torcy-le-Petit, Aube
- Torcy-le-Petit, Seine-Maritime
# Other.
- Arrondissement of Torcy, Seine-et-Marne department | 18,025 |
1402829 | Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Initiative | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist%20Party%20of%20India%20(Marxist–Leninist)%20New%20Initiative | Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Initiative
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Initiative
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Initiative was a political party India. It merged with CPI(ML) Janashakti COC to form CPI(ML) Unity Initiative. CPI(ML) New Initiative was led by Arvind Sinha. | 18,026 |
1402785 | Randall Batinkoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randall%20Batinkoff | Randall Batinkoff
Randall Batinkoff
Randall Matthew Batinkoff (born October 16, 1968) is an American actor, known for his roles in the films "For Keeps", "School Ties", and "Higher Learning".
# Early life and education.
Batinkoff was born in Monticello, New York, the son of Barbara (née Carnel) and Barry Batinkoff, a photographer. His family is Jewish. He was raised near Ferndale, New York. His sister is event planner Stephanie Winston Wolkoff. After his parents divorced, his mother remarried to Bruce Winston, the son of jeweler Harry Winston. Batinkoff attended Phillips Andover Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and Brown University in Rhode Island, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in international relations.
# | 18,027 |
1402785 | Randall Batinkoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randall%20Batinkoff | Randall Batinkoff
Career.
Batinkoff made his television debut in a 1974 commercial, after an agent spotted him at a toy store. He appeared in several made-for-television films in the 1980s, such as "The Stepford Children", before being cast opposite teen starlet Molly Ringwald in the 1988 comedy, "For Keeps". He starred as Terrance Dean on the short-lived CBS series, "Better Days" which only lasted 5 weeks before being canceled. In the early 1990s, Batinkoff had roles in several widely released films, including "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "The Player", "School Ties" (all released 1992) and 1995's "Higher Learning". From 1994 to 1995, he played Reverend David Grantland on the CBS television series, "Christy". | 18,028 |
1402785 | Randall Batinkoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randall%20Batinkoff | Randall Batinkoff
e early 1990s, Batinkoff had roles in several widely released films, including "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "The Player", "School Ties" (all released 1992) and 1995's "Higher Learning". From 1994 to 1995, he played Reverend David Grantland on the CBS television series, "Christy". He also appeared in the 1997 film "As Good as It Gets" where he shared an on-screen kiss with Helen Hunt.
Batinkoff still acts regularly in television, on stage, and in films. He most recently appeared in the made-for-television movies "Skip Tracer" and "Black Widow", and the film "The Last Lullaby" and "Munger Road".
# Personal Life.
Batinkoff is married to Brown classmate Hilary Lambert and they have a daughter. | 18,029 |
1402818 | Puchheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puchheim | Puchheim
Puchheim
Puchheim is a town near Munich in the district of Fürstenfeldbruck, in Bavaria, Germany. It has about 20,000 inhabitants.
Puchheim is divided into two parts: the old and rural part called Puchheim-Ort and the new part of Puchheim (Puchheim-Bahnhof) that was founded when the S-Bahn (a quick train commuting to Munich) was built. Before that there was one of the first civil airfields in Bavaria, which was later used as a prisoner of war camp during World War I. The area around the camp was dried up by workers from the POW camp, so that houses could be built.
The old part of Puchheim is even older than Munich.
Puchheim is well connected to the regional and national traffic network by | 18,030 |
1402818 | Puchheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puchheim | Puchheim
ch in the district of Fürstenfeldbruck, in Bavaria, Germany. It has about 20,000 inhabitants.
Puchheim is divided into two parts: the old and rural part called Puchheim-Ort and the new part of Puchheim (Puchheim-Bahnhof) that was founded when the S-Bahn (a quick train commuting to Munich) was built. Before that there was one of the first civil airfields in Bavaria, which was later used as a prisoner of war camp during World War I. The area around the camp was dried up by workers from the POW camp, so that houses could be built.
The old part of Puchheim is even older than Munich.
Puchheim is well connected to the regional and national traffic network by S-Bahn (S4) and Autobahn (A 8, A 99) | 18,031 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
Kelley Park
Kelley Park is a city park in San Jose, California, United States.
# Location and facilities.
Kelley Park is bounded by Story Road (on the northwest), Senter Road (on the southwest), Roberts Street (on the northeast), and Yerba Buena High School and Phelan Avenue (on the southeast) in East San Jose. Coyote Creek winds through much of the park, which is part of the larger Coyote Creek Park Chain in San Jose.
Kelley Park encompasses other facilities such as:
- Happy Hollow Park & Zoo
- Japanese Friendship Garden
- History Park at Kelley Park (a.k.a. History San Jose), which itself includes:
- Portuguese Historical Museum
- Viet Museum
The Leininger Center, just south of Happy | 18,032 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
Hollow, is the central location where citizens apply for city park permits and reservations. Most of the rest of the park is picnic areas, lawns, groves of trees, and plenty of pathways in between. There is also an 18-hole disc golf course in the walnut orchard behind History park
# History.
The land was once a farm owned by Mrs. Louise Kelley who inherited the land from her father Judge Lawrence Archer, a local pioneer and former mayor of San Jose. Kelley called the land "AR-KEL Villa" in honor of her father (ARcher) and her husband (Frank KELley). Pillars marked "AR-KEL" can still be seen on the pepper-tree drive off Senter.
## Archer/Kelley family.
Judge Archer was born in Anderson County, | 18,033 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
South Carolina in 1820 and attended the University of Virginia and studied law under Armisted Burt in Abbeville, South Carolina before he moved to Yazoo County, Mississippi in 1841, where he was admitted to the bar. In Yazoo County, Archer contracted malaria and moved to St. Joseph, Missouri in 1843 for his health. He was elected district attorney in 1848 and married the former Louise Martin that same year, but resigned in 1851 and they moved to California to improve his health. In California, the Archers first settled in Sacramento, then briefly in San Francisco before arriving at San Jose in January 1853.
Archer was elected mayor of San Jose in 1857, then to the California State Legislature | 18,034 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
in 1866. After one term, he was elected county judge in 1867, from which he resigned in 1871. He was elected mayor again in 1877. With his first wife, he had a daughter (also named Louise, born c.1863) before his wife Louise died in 1869. He remarried in 1870, to the former Alice B. Bethell, and they had two more children together: Lawrence (b.1871) and Leo (b.1874).
The land that would become Kelley Park was purchased by Archer in 1861, and he planted with cherry, apricot, and prune trees. He is credited with being the first farmer in Santa Clara County to use women and children to pick fruit. The planted with cherry trees yielded an average annual income of . Archer named his estate Lone | 18,035 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
Oak. The estate house he constructed was destroyed in a fire in May 1909, and a new estate house was completed on February 16, 1910, the day before Archer died.
Louise Archer married Martin J. Flavin (1849–1893) at Lone Oak in 1883; after Flavin's death, she married Frank Kelley (1858–1924), owner of the Star-Peerless Wallpaper Mills, in Chicago, where they lived with her four sons (Martin Flavin, 1883–1967; Frank Kelley Jr., 1894–1965; Kenneth Kelley; and Lawrence A. Kelley, 1897–1955). The Kelley family moved back to California around 1910, as Louise inherited Lone Oak after the death of Judge Archer. Louise retained Charles Sumner Greene to design a conservatory, tile fountain, and servants' | 18,036 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
quarters for AR-KEL Villa, which were completed by the end of 1930.
## City purchase.
The house and of land were sold to the City of San Jose in August 1951, to be used as a public park with the condition that Louise Kelley be allowed to live there for the rest of her life. According to History San José, Alden Campen, a prominent landowner and Jaycee in San Jose, learned the Kelley family was planning on selling the orchard in 1951 for a housing development, and since the city already owned the land east of Coyote Creek, he thought it could create a municipal golf course by purchasing the Kelley property and merging the parcels. However, the city lacked the funds, and so Campen joined with | 18,037 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
fellow Jaycees Ernie and Emily Renzel to purchase the initial 63-acre plot at a price of , to be resold to the City on an annual basis. Louise Kelley died in February 1952 at the age of 89, and the city embarked on purchasing the rest of the AR-KEL/Lone Oak estate, eventually acquiring bounded by Keyes Street (Story Road), Coyote Creek, Phelan Avenue, and Senter Road.
Campen and Renzel later approached the city to develop the Kelley property as a children's park in 1956, leading to the creation of Happy Hollow, which opened in 1961, followed by the Japanese Friendship Garden (1965), Leininger Center (1966), and the Historical Museum (construction started in 1965). Only the 1910 house and a | 18,038 |
1402803 | Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley%20Park | Kelley Park
ote Creek, Phelan Avenue, and Senter Road.
Campen and Renzel later approached the city to develop the Kelley property as a children's park in 1956, leading to the creation of Happy Hollow, which opened in 1961, followed by the Japanese Friendship Garden (1965), Leininger Center (1966), and the Historical Museum (construction started in 1965). Only the 1910 house and a later carriage house remain from the Archer/Kelley family's time owning the property. The 1910 estate house was damaged in a February 2012 fire, and portions of the roof and interior collapsed.
# External links.
- . Prior to the destructive 2012 fire, the Kelley House was scanned and a computer model was built from the data. | 18,039 |
1402782 | EXA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EXA | EXA
EXA
In computing, EXA is a graphics acceleration architecture of the X.Org Server (see also X Window System) designed to replace XAA (the XFree86 Acceleration Architecture) and to make the XRender extension more usable, with only minor changes needed to adapt obsolete XFree86 video drivers written to use XAA; it was designed by Zack Rusin and announced at LinuxTag 2005 and first released with X.Org Server version 6.9/7.0.
# History.
Historically, a distinction has been made between 2D and 3D acceleration. 2D acceleration was provided by the venerable XFree86 Acceleration Architecture, XAA, which made the video card's 2D hardware acceleration available to the X server.
The 3D acceleration | 18,040 |
1402782 | EXA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EXA | EXA
set was provided via the Direct Rendering Manager, which worked by mapping 3D rendered pictures on top of the 2D picture. This had some buggy corner cases, but more or less worked, until compositing entered into the desktop. This distinction has become the source of a lot of bugs, and performance problems.
EXA was introduced as a stopgap measure, to provide better integration with XRender than XAA did, improving the X.Org Server 2D performance. In practice, while this proved quite advantageous in some respects, it also exhibited a number of corner cases and regressions.
The solution was to move to hardware acceleration with OpenGL for both 2D and 3D graphics with 2D graphics becoming just | 18,041 |
1402782 | EXA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EXA | EXA
a subset of 3D rendering. Switching entirely over is unfortunately not so simple and not without some major obstacles.
EXA was adapted from KAA, the KDrive Acceleration Architecture, from the experimental Freedesktop.org Xserver. Per the initial mailing list announcement, the goals are:
- 1. Properly accelerate XRender
- 2. Be as simple as possible.
Many XAA drivers had EXA support added for X11R6.9/7.0 and support continues to be added to more drivers. Making this transition as easy as possible was an important design consideration.
UXA is a reimplementation of the EXA API developed by Intel, using the Graphics Execution Manager.
The Radeon free and open-source device driver supports | 18,042 |
1402782 | EXA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EXA | EXA
mentation of the EXA API developed by Intel, using the Graphics Execution Manager.
The Radeon free and open-source device driver supports 2D acceleration through EXA and Glamor.
Glamor is supposed to obsolete all previous attempts.
# Acronym.
According to the X.Org web site "EXA" is an ""acceleration architecture with no well-defined acronym."" Dot.kde.org called it "Eyecandy Acceleration Architecture". The driver modification guide calls it "EXcellent Architecture or Ex-kaa aXeleration Architecture or whatever."
# See also.
- Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI)
- Mesa 3D
- EGL
- Glamor
- SNA
# External links.
- ExaStatus (X.Org)
- EXA (Carl Worth's EXA development blog posts) | 18,043 |
1402833 | Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese%20Friendship%20Garden%20(Kelley%20Park) | Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)
Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)
The Japanese Friendship Garden is a walled section of Kelley Park in San Jose, California, United States. Dedicated in October 1965, it is patterned after Japan's famous Korakuen Garden in Okayama (one of San Jose's sister cities) and spans six acres. Its three main ponds were stocked with koi sent from Okayama in 1966. The ponds are at different elevations in the park, and are inter-connected by streams.
The park is open daily from 10 AM to 7 PM. There is no admission fee, but the city does charge for parking at Kelley Park.
# History.
In 2009 a deadly fish virus killed 90% of the Koi in the ponds.
In 2017 the Coyote Creek flooded the Japanese Friendship | 18,044 |
1402833 | Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese%20Friendship%20Garden%20(Kelley%20Park) | Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)
n fee, but the city does charge for parking at Kelley Park.
# History.
In 2009 a deadly fish virus killed 90% of the Koi in the ponds.
In 2017 the Coyote Creek flooded the Japanese Friendship Gardens submerging the lower pond and most of the tea house. The main pumps for the three Koi ponds were damaged. The tea house and park's restrooms remain closed to the public pending repairs.
Tea house and water fall restoration is planned for completion in December of 2018.
# References.
- City of San Jose Department of Parks, Recreation and Neighborhood Services Japanese Friendship Garden Web page
- Trip Advisor
# See also.
- List of botanical gardens in the United States
- Japanese garden | 18,045 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
Magners
# History.
Commercial cider production was started in Clonmel, South Tipperary, in the then Irish Free State, in 1935 by local man William Magner. Magner bought the orchard from Mr Phelan from Clonmel. Magner quickly established a successful cider mill on the site of Thomas Murphy's brewery in Dowd's Lane, Clonmel. In 1937, English cider-makers H. P. Bulmer purchased a 50% share in the business, using their expertise to greatly increase production. After the war, in 1946, Bulmer's purchased the remaining 50%, changing the name to Bulmer's Ltd Clonmel. H.P. Bulmer maintained international rights to the Bulmer's trade mark, so that any exports were carried out via the parent company rather | 18,046 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
than directly exported from Ireland.
In the 1960s, H. P. Bulmer produced a "Champagne perry" product in direct competition with Babycham, owned by Showerings Ltd of Shepton Mallet. Showerings challenged this in court, and H.P. Bulmer lost the case. In 1964, they were forced to sell Bulmer's Clonmel to Guinness and Allied Breweries, parent company of Showerings. The company name was changed to Showerings (Ireland) Ltd.
Soon after, the company moved its main processing operations to a new complex at Annerville, five kilometres east of Clonmel, which was opened in 1965 by the then Taoiseach, Seán Lemass. Today the Bulmers/Magners arm of C&C Group employs more than 470 people and is a substantial | 18,047 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
part of the economic infrastructure of Clonmel.
The company also once produced Cidona, a popular soft drink in Ireland which, along with all of the company's other soft drinks, was sold to Britvic in 2007.
# Brand.
The success of Bulmers cider in Ireland led to the development of the Magners brand to market the company's cider outside the Republic of Ireland. Since H. P. Bulmer retained the right to market their original British Bulmer's worldwide, the C&C Group needed a new name under which to market their international product. The concept was originally developed by Brendan McGuinness, John Keogh and Shane Whelan, all of Bulmers Ireland, who argued that the international growth of Irish | 18,048 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
pubs provided a natural market for a drink such as Irish cider. Majorca in Spain was the first market to sell Magners in May 1999, followed by Munich in Germany in July 1999. Magners was first sold in the United Kingdom in late 1999 when the brand was launched in Northern Ireland. C&C established the trade mark by selling to wholesalers and retailers in London, Glasgow, Birmingham and Cardiff.
Irish Bulmers cider and Magners have the same label and are identical products, except for the name. The ciders are made from 17 varieties of apples (with glucose syrup, E colours and sulphites added for flavouring, colour and as preservative), fermented and matured for up to two years. It is available | 18,049 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
in 330 ml, 440ml, pint, litre and 750 ml bottles and 500 ml cans, and is served over ice. It is also available in most Irish bars on draught and Magners is available in some bars on draught in Scotland. Initially the Magner's brand was only available in Spain, Northern Ireland and Scotland. However, the brand saw its popularity increase significantly in recent years and is now available across the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand and the United States.
In 2004, "Magners Light", which is a low calorie version of the cider, was released. In 2011, the Bulmers Light pint bottle was launched. In March 2009, a new perry (marketed as "Pear | 18,050 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
Cider") called "Magners Pear" was launched.
In February 2010, "Magners Berry" was launched. The Berry variety is a blend of 17 varieties of apple, similar to Bulmers Original, fused with blackcurrants, raspberries and strawberries with an ABV of 4.5%. It is available in pint and "long neck" bottle in the licensed trade, and 440ml cans in supermarkets.
Magners Golden Draught was released in 2010 which is a traditional "old style" crisp cider available purely on tap in the on trade market and 2011 with 3 special flavours consisting of Spiced Apple & Honey, Pear & Ginger, and Spiced Apple & Rhubarb available in supermarkets and bars.
In August 2015, Bulmers launched four new flavoured ciders | 18,051 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
onto the Irish market, called the Forbidden Flavours range. The flavours are Cloudy Lemon, Strawberry & Lime, Berry Berry, Juicy Pear.
In March 2017, Bulmers, as part of a €10 million investment, launched a new copper-toned packaging on its bottles and cans, which are inspired by the warm tones of the liquid colour of the cider. As part of this new branding, a new sweeter cider called "Outcider" was also launched.
## Marketing.
Typically, Magners is advertised as being poured over ice. Drinking cider with ice mirrors the move towards chilled and "extra-cold" beers. Magners' success led to the UK's cider market-leader Scottish & Newcastle introducing Strongbow Sirrus in summer 2005, a smooth | 18,052 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
version of its Strongbow cider produced specifically to be poured over ice, although Strongbow Sirrus has since been discontinued. In 2006 they also relaunched Bulmers Original in the UK, a premium packaged cider.
The Magners brand was the title sponsor of rugby union's Celtic League beginning in 2006–07, when the league featured the top teams from Ireland, Wales and Scotland, and ending with the 2010–11 season, the first in which the league included teams from Italy. Magners sponsored the 2007 Brighton Festival Fringe. From 2003 to 2005 Magners sponsored the Scottish football team Dundee FC. The Magners brand was also one of the main sponsors of the 2009 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and is the | 18,053 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
main sponsor of the Glasgow International Comedy Festival. This has also extended to Singapore, where they sponsored the King's and Queen of Comedy Asia in 2010 and the Comedy Club Series.
In 2013, it was announced that Magners would replace Tennent's Lager as the main jersey sponsor for Celtic F.C. when that contract expired.
Magners will be on Celtic's shirts for three years starting from the 2013–14 season.
On 20 August 2013, Celtic wore the "Tipperary Natural Mineral Water" logo on the front of their shirts for their UEFA Champions League first-leg clash with FC Shakhter Karagandy due to Kazakhstan's restrictions on alcohol advertising. Celtic switched to Tipperary Water as it is also | 18,054 |
1402768 | Magners | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magners | Magners
announced that Magners would replace Tennent's Lager as the main jersey sponsor for Celtic F.C. when that contract expired.
Magners will be on Celtic's shirts for three years starting from the 2013–14 season.
On 20 August 2013, Celtic wore the "Tipperary Natural Mineral Water" logo on the front of their shirts for their UEFA Champions League first-leg clash with FC Shakhter Karagandy due to Kazakhstan's restrictions on alcohol advertising. Celtic switched to Tipperary Water as it is also owned by the C&C Group.
From 2019 until 2022, Magners will sponsor the Cheltenham Gold Cup.
# See also.
- List of cider brands
# External links.
- Official Magners website
- Official Bulmers website | 18,055 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
Caterpillar D11
The Caterpillar D11 is a large bulldozer, manufactured by Caterpillar Inc. in East Peoria, Illinois, and mainly used in the mining industry. Primarily designed as a bulldozer, it is also used for push-loading scrapers, and ripping rock overburden.
# History.
## D11N.
The D11N was introduced in February 1986 to replace the D10. The D11N had some major improvements over the D10, it includes a bigger track and blade, and a longer track by . The U blade was just under long and high. This increased the blade capacity to . The D11N's weight was . It was powered by a , 3508 V-8 Diesel engine. The D11N's improvements made it over 10 percent more productive than the D10. In 1987 a | 18,056 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
hydraulically powered impact ripper was added to the D11N which raised the weight up to . This would become known as the D11N Impact Ripper.
## D11R & D11R Carrydozer.
The D11R and D11R Carrydozer were introduced in Las Vegas, Nevada at MINExpo International in 1996. Both were and that would be increased to later in 1997. Other improvements made to the D11R were Fingertip Controls and Electronic Clutch and Brakes. The Finger Tip Controls (FTC) allowed the D11R to be steered with a single lever (joystick) on the left hand side. The D11R now weighed . The Carrydozer version has a special blade with a curvature that allowed to be pushed. The "Carrydozer" had the structure strengthened considerably | 18,057 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
for the extra weight and much bigger blade that it carried up front. Both D11Rs received a new Caterpillar 3508B EUI Electronically controlled unit injector diesel engine with electronic controls at 915 gross hp. The Carrydozer's weight is just over 120 tons at 248,600 pounds. According to Caterpillar by the year 2000 over 3,000 D11s had been produced at their plant in East Peoria.
## D11T & D11T CD.
The current D11T was introduced in early 2008 and is also . This comes as a regular bulldozer and a carrydozer like the previous model. As with the D11R, the D11T Carrydozer can push while the regular D11T can push of earth. A new D11T was on display at the Caterpillar display at Minexpo during | 18,058 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
the 22 to 24 September 2008 expo in Las Vegas, Nevada.
The D11T and D11T CD are both powered by the CAT C32 engine with ACERT technology. The D11R and the D11T also differ in the configuration and layout of their operator controls. Several levers have been changed into electronic switches, and several controls have been moved for increased visibility. Another difference is that the D11T has its exhaust mufflers moved back closer to the front of the cab like the D10T. They stand taller than the ones on the D11N/D11R.
In November of 2018 - a number of enhancements were introduced and announced for the current D11T/ D11T CD machines.
# Shipping.
These machines are so big that they must be partially | 18,059 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
dismantled for shipment to most sites. Some are shipped in the United States by railroad flatcars with the blade, push arms and ripper frame removed. Others are dismantled into several units for transport by multiple semi-trailer trucks.
# Blade options.
The dozer blade on front of the tractor usually comes in three varieties:
- 1. A Straight Blade ("S-Blade"), which is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be used for fine grading.
- 2. A Universal Blade ("U-Blade"), which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material.
- 3. A Semi Universal ( "S-U" Blade ) combination blade, which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side wings.
There | 18,060 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
is also a special "Coal U-Blade", capable of carrying 74.9 cubic metres (98.0 cu yd). These are only attached to bulldozers that work solely on coal.
## Applications.
D11s are primarily used for moving large quantities of material (dirt, rock, aggregate, soil etc.) short distances in relatively confined places. For example, they are often used in quarries. The D11 is most commonly found in use in large scale forestry, mining, and quarry operations.
D11s can be adapted for agricultural and rock ripping by fitting a ripper, a long claw-like device on the back of the tractor. Rippers can come singly (single shank) or in groups of two or more (multi shank rippers). Usually, a single shank is | 18,061 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
preferred for heavy ripping.
Ripping rock allows the ground surface rock to be broken into small, easy to handle and transport rubble which can then be removed so that grading can take place.
Agricultural ripping allows rocky or very hard earth to be broken up so that otherwise unarable land can be used for agriculture. For example, much of the best land in the California wine country consists of old lava flows. Ripping shatters the lava, allowing the growth of wine grapes. Hard earth can also be ripped and decompacted to allow the planting of orchards which otherwise could not grow on the land.
# Competition.
The nearest direct competitor to the Caterpillar D11 is the Komatsu D475.
The | 18,062 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
Caterpillar D11 can be distinguished from the Komatsu D475 by the elevated drive sprocket, or "High Drive" system, which results in a triangular, rather than oval, shaped track.
The updated version of the Komatsu, the D575A, is the world's largest production bulldozer at 168 tons and 1150 hp.
A bigger machine, the Acco super bulldozer, was built by Italian firm ACCO, with twin Caterpillar diesel engines giving a combined power of ,
and weighing 183 tons, in the 1980s, but this was a custom built model.
# Image gallery.
These images are of a Caterpillar D11R III.
# See also.
- Benjamin Holt
- List of Caterpillar Inc. machines
- Civil engineering
- Heavy equipment
- Komatsu Limited
- | 18,063 |
1402865 | Caterpillar D11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caterpillar%20D11 | Caterpillar D11
, is the world's largest production bulldozer at 168 tons and 1150 hp.
A bigger machine, the Acco super bulldozer, was built by Italian firm ACCO, with twin Caterpillar diesel engines giving a combined power of ,
and weighing 183 tons, in the 1980s, but this was a custom built model.
# Image gallery.
These images are of a Caterpillar D11R III.
# See also.
- Benjamin Holt
- List of Caterpillar Inc. machines
- Civil engineering
- Heavy equipment
- Komatsu Limited
- Tractor
# References.
- Orlemann, Eric C.(2006). "Caterpillar." - St. Paul, Minnesota :MBI. .
# External links.
- Caterpillar D-Series Track-Type Tractors — Official Caterpillar website
- Short review of large dozers | 18,064 |
1402884 | Tumbling Weir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbling%20Weir | Tumbling Weir
Tumbling Weir
The Tumbling Weir is a circular weir in the town of Ottery St. Mary, Devon, England that allows water from a leat or man-made stream to reach the River Otter.
It is apparently a rare design in that the water enters through a circular opening at the top that is surrounded by the stream. The water then cascades down some more smaller rings until it enters a culvert which enters a tunnel under the nearby path before sluicing down to the river a few metres away.
# History.
From medieval times the production of wool cloth was a major Devon industry. However, during the early part of the 18th century, this industry began to decline in the face of competition from cotton and cheaper | 18,065 |
1402884 | Tumbling Weir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbling%20Weir | Tumbling Weir
Yorkshire yarns. Attempting to revive the local economy, Sir George Yonge and Sir John Duntze, Members of Parliament and joint Lords of the Manor, launched a scheme in 1788 to build a new manufactory at Ottery, for the carding and spinning of wool, using the recently invented water frame machinery. At the same time, the original corn mill, which had stood here for 700 years, was demolished, and a new, much bigger one built.
The existing leat which supplied the old corn mill did not provide a sufficient head of water for the new mill, so the level of the water in the mill basin had to be raised by 2.4 metres. This was achieved by reducing the fall along the leat. Then, as now, the water level | 18,066 |
1402884 | Tumbling Weir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbling%20Weir | Tumbling Weir
was maintained by the circular 'tumbling weir', which discharged the overflow into the river through a short tunnel. Water was conveyed from the mill basin to the 5.5 metre water wheel inside the factory (reported to be capable of producing 30 horsepower) by an overhead aqueduct - the factory . A second 3.6 metre overshot wheel powered the corn mill.
The corn mill, according to a notice in the Sherborne Mercury in 1835:
has three pairs of stones, a Bolting Mill, Rubble Machine and Smut Machine, with extensive Lofts; they are driven by a very powerful stream affording a never-failing supply of water and are capable of making at least one hundred sacks a week.
In 1824 the enterprise was converted | 18,067 |
1402884 | Tumbling Weir | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbling%20Weir | Tumbling Weir
Machine, with extensive Lofts; they are driven by a very powerful stream affording a never-failing supply of water and are capable of making at least one hundred sacks a week.
In 1824 the enterprise was converted to the manufacture of silk, and up to 400 female workers were employed. In 1897 the factory was sold to Keetch & Co, brush manufacturers, the first of several subsequent owners.
The corn mill continued to operate until 1937; the factory launder was demolished in 1945.
# Today.
Today the mill site and the adjoining factory is unoccupied, awaiting re-development. Near the site is the Tumbling Weir Hotel, a converted 17th century thatched house, now a popular hotel and restaurant. | 18,068 |
1402896 | Vulcan Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulcan%20Corporation | Vulcan Corporation
Vulcan Corporation
Vulcan Corporation is a materials manufacturer that specializes in rubber, plastics,and foam products. Vulcan Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of Vulcan International, founded in 1909 and based in Wilmington, Delaware.
Built in 1941 by the B.F. Goodrich company the plant was procured by Vulcan International Corporation in 1972.
Foam products and rubber products, including rubber slab stock, are manufactured in Clarksville, Tennessee at the Rubber Division's 272,000 square foot (25,000 m²) plant. This facility was built and formerly operated by B. F. Goodrich Corporation. Vulcan corporation makes products for suppliers to shoe companies, aeronautical industries, the | 18,069 |
1402896 | Vulcan Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulcan%20Corporation | Vulcan Corporation
automotive industry, and various other companies.
Vulcan corporation is one of four wholly owned subsidiaries of Vulcan International Corporation, the other three are:
- Vulcan timberland, located in the upper peninsula of Michigan.
- Vulcan Property Management, located in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Vulcan Development company, also located in Clarksville, TN.
Vulcan International is headed by C.E.O John Gabriel
Vulcan corporation was closed in December of 2018 by parent company Vulcan international. The building was torn down by Morgan construction and the land totaling 30.7 acres is for sell for development in the heart of Clarksville, Tennessee.
# External links.
- Yahoo Financial Profile
- | 18,070 |
1402896 | Vulcan Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulcan%20Corporation | Vulcan Corporation
nd various other companies.
Vulcan corporation is one of four wholly owned subsidiaries of Vulcan International Corporation, the other three are:
- Vulcan timberland, located in the upper peninsula of Michigan.
- Vulcan Property Management, located in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Vulcan Development company, also located in Clarksville, TN.
Vulcan International is headed by C.E.O John Gabriel
Vulcan corporation was closed in December of 2018 by parent company Vulcan international. The building was torn down by Morgan construction and the land totaling 30.7 acres is for sell for development in the heart of Clarksville, Tennessee.
# External links.
- Yahoo Financial Profile
- Vulcan Corporation | 18,071 |
1402854 | Treasury of Atreus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasury%20of%20Atreus | Treasury of Atreus
Treasury of Atreus
The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon is a large "tholos" or beehive tomb on Panagitsa Hill at Mycenae, Greece, constructed during the Bronze Age around 1250 BC. The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120 tons, with approximate dimensions 8.3 x 5.2 x 1.2m, the largest in the world. The tomb was used for an unknown period. Mentioned by Pausanias, it was still visible in 1879 when the German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the shaft graves under the 'agora' in the Acropolis at Mycenae. The tomb has probably no relationship with either Atreus or Agamemnon, as archaeologists believe that the sovereign buried there ruled at an earlier date than the two; it | 18,072 |
1402854 | Treasury of Atreus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasury%20of%20Atreus | Treasury of Atreus
was named thus by Heinrich Schliemann and the name has been used ever since.
The tomb perhaps held the remains of the sovereign who completed the reconstruction of the fortress or one of his successors. The grave is in the style of the other tholoi of Mycenaean Greece, of which there are nine in total around the citadel of Mycenae and many more in the Argolid. However, in its monumental shape and grandeur it is one of the most impressive monuments surviving from the Mycenaean period.
# Structure.
The tomb is excavated into the side of a hill. It is formed of a semi-subterranean room of circular plan, with a corbel arch covering that is ogival in section. With an interior height of 13.5m and | 18,073 |
1402854 | Treasury of Atreus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasury%20of%20Atreus | Treasury of Atreus
a diameter of 14.5m, it was the tallest and widest dome in the world for over a thousand years until construction of the Temple of Mercury in Baiae and the Pantheon in Rome. Great care was taken in the positioning of the enormous stones, to guarantee the vault's stability over time in bearing the force of compression from its own weight. This gave a perfectly smoothed internal surface, onto which could be placed gold, silver and bronze decoration. The room was constructed by digging vertically into the hillside, like a well, and then walling and roofing the space with stone from the floor level of the chamber, and finally back-filling the earth above. Tiers of ashlar masonry were laid in rings | 18,074 |
1402854 | Treasury of Atreus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasury%20of%20Atreus | Treasury of Atreus
so that each successive tier projected slightly farther inward, until only a small opening is left at the top. Above the entryway there is an open space in the shape of a triangle. This space, which is known as a relieving triangle, is meant to funnel the weight of the structure off the lintel and into the sides of the structure, preventing the lintel from breaking due to pressure.
The tholos was entered from an inclined uncovered hall or dromos, 36 meters long and with dry-stone walls. A short passage led from the tholos chamber to the actual burial chamber, which was dug out in a nearly cubical shape.
The entrance portal to the tumulus was richly decorated: half-columns in green limestone | 18,075 |
1402854 | Treasury of Atreus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasury%20of%20Atreus | Treasury of Atreus
with zig-zag motifs on the shaft, a frieze with rosettes above the architrave of the door, and spiral decoration in bands of red marble that closed the triangular aperture above an architrave. Segments of the columns and architraves were removed by Lord Elgin in the early nineteenth century and are now in the British Museum. The capitals are influenced by ancient Egyptian examples; one is in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin as part of the Antikensammlung Berlin. Other decorative elements were inlaid with red porphyry and green alabaster, a surprising luxury for the Bronze Age.
# See also.
- List of megalithic sites
- List of world's largest domes
# External links.
- Treasury of Atreus 360° | 18,076 |
1402854 | Treasury of Atreus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasury%20of%20Atreus | Treasury of Atreus
trave of the door, and spiral decoration in bands of red marble that closed the triangular aperture above an architrave. Segments of the columns and architraves were removed by Lord Elgin in the early nineteenth century and are now in the British Museum. The capitals are influenced by ancient Egyptian examples; one is in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin as part of the Antikensammlung Berlin. Other decorative elements were inlaid with red porphyry and green alabaster, a surprising luxury for the Bronze Age.
# See also.
- List of megalithic sites
- List of world's largest domes
# External links.
- Treasury of Atreus 360° Interactive virtual tour
- A different light inside Treasury of Atreus | 18,077 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
Behrouz Vossoughi
Behrouz Vossoughi (), (born Khalil Vossoughi, , 11 March 1938), is an Iranian actor, TV host and model, with appearances in more than 90 films and plays. He has also worked in television, radio and theater. His work has earned him recognition at several international film festivals, including for Best Actor at the International Film Festival of India in 1974 and the Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 2006.
# Career.
He started acting in films with Samuel Khachikian in "Toofan dar Shahre Ma" and Abbas Shabaviz's "Gole gomshodeh" (1962), and became a major star as the brooding hero of the revenge drama "Qeysar" (1969), directed by | 18,078 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
Masoud Kimiai. Vossoughi received the Best Actor Award at the Sepas Film Festival for this role.
He went on to collaborate with Kimiai on five more films including "Dash Akol" (1971). His next collaboration with Kimiai was "The Deers" (1974) in which he played the role of Seyed Rasoul. Vossoughi's most acclaimed performance was as Zar Mohamad, a peasant seeking justice in "Tangsir" (1975) directed by Amir Naderi. In the same year Vossoughi appeared in The Beehive in the role of Ebi. In 1978, Vossoughi partnered with Ali Hatami in another film, Sooteh-Delan.
He was one of the first Iranians to appear in American and European co-productions, such as "Caravans" (1978), co-starring with Anthony | 18,079 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
Quinn, Jennifer O'Neill and Michael Sarrazin. He also appeared in "The Invincible Six" (1970) with Curd Jürgens, and "Sphinx" (1981) with Frank Langella and Lesley-Anne Down.
In 2000, at the San Francisco Film Festival award ceremony, Abbas Kiarostami was awarded the Akira Kurosawa Prize for lifetime achievement in directing, but then gave it to Vossoughi for his contribution to Iranian cinema.
In addition to his acting career, in 2012 Vossoughi was an official festival judge for the Noor Iranian Film Festival. He is currently a judge on "Persian Talent Show".
## Notable films.
His most famous film works are "Qeysar" (1969), "The Invincible Six" (1970), "Reza Motori" (1970), "Dash Akol" | 18,080 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
(1971), "Toughi" (1971), "Deshne" (1972), "Baluch" (1972), "Tangsir" (1973), "Gavaznha" (1974), "Zabih" (1975), "Mamal Amricayi" (1975), "Zabih, Kandoo" (1975), "Hamsafar" (1975), "Sooteh-Delan" (1978), "Caravans" (1978) and "Sphinx" (1981).
# Filmography.
- "Toofan Dar Shahre Ma" (1958) – directed by Samuel Khachikian
- "Gole gomshodeh" (1962) – directed by Abbas Shabaviz
- "The Hundred Kilo Bridegroom" (1962) – directed by Abbas Shabaviz
- "An Angel in My House" (1963) – directed by Aramis Aghamalian
- "Gamine (1964)" – directed by Aramis Aghamalian
- "The Pleasures of Sin" (1964) – directed by Siamak Yasemi
- "The Bride of the Sea" (1965) – directed by Arman
- "Dozde Bank" (1965) | 18,081 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
– directed by Esmail Koushan
- "Hashem khan" (1966) – directed by Tony Zarindast
- "Today and Tomorrow" (1966) – directed by Abbas Shabaviz
- "Twenty years of waiting" (1966) – directed by Mehdi Reisfirooz
- "Khodahafez Tehran" (1966) – directed by Samouel Khachikian
- "Dalahoo" (1967) – directed by Siamak Yasemi
- "Zani Be Name Sharab" (1967) – directed by Amir Shervan
- "Vasvaseye sheitan" (1967) – directed by Tony Zarindast
- "Come Stranger" (1968) – directed by Masoud Kimiai
- "Tange Ejdeha" (1968) – directed by Siamak Yasemi
- "Red Plains" (1968) – directed by Hekmat Aghanikyan
- "Gerdabe gonah" (1968) – directed by Mehdi Reisfirooz
- "Man ham gerye kardam" (1968) – directed | 18,082 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
by Samouel Khachikian
- "Hengameh" (1968) – directed by Naser Mohammadi
- "Dozd e Siahpoosh" (1969) – directed by Amir Shervan
- "Blue World" (1969) – directed by Saber Rahbar
- "Qeysar" (1969) – directed by Masoud Kimiai
- "The Window (1970)" – directed by Jalal Moghadam
- "Dore Donya Ba Jibe Khali" (1970) – directed by Khosrow Parvizi
- "The Invincible Six" (1970) – directed by Jean Negulesco
- "Reza Motorcyclist" ("Reza Motori") (1970) – directed by Masoud Kimiai
- "Wood Pigeon" ("Toghi") (1970) – directed by Ali Hatami
- "Leyli and Majnun" (1971) – directed by Siamak Yasemi
- "Dash Akol" (1971) – directed by Masoud Kimiai
- "Rashid (1971)" – directed by Parviz Nouri
- "Fleeing | 18,083 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
the Trap" (1971) – directed by Jalal Moghadam
- "Yek Mard O Yek Shahr" (1971) – directed by Amir Shervan
- "Baluch" (1972) – directed by Masoud Kimiai
- "The Dagger" – directed by Fereydun Gole
- "Gharibe" (1972) – directed by Shapoor Gharib
- "The dagger" (1972) – directed by Shapoor Gharib
- "Khak" (1972) – directed by Masoud Kimiai
- "Gorg-e bizar" (1973) – directed by Maziar Partow
- "Tangsir" (1974) – directed by Amir Naderi
- "The Compromise" (1974) – directed by Mohammad Motevaselani
- "Gavaznha" (1974) – directed by Masoud Kimiai
- "Mamal Amricayi" (1975) – directed by Shapoor Gharib
- "Zabih (1975)" – directed by Mohammad Motevaselani
- "The Beehive" (1975) – directed by | 18,084 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
Fereydun Gole
- "Hamsafar" (1975) – directed by Masoud Asadollahi
- "Bot" (1976) – directed by Iraj Ghaderi
- "Botshekan" (1976) – directed by Shapoor Gharib
- "Malakout" (1976) – directed by Khosrow Haritash
- "Honeymoon" (1976) – directed by Fereydun Gole
- "Sooteh-Delan" (1978) – directed by Ali Hatami
- "Cat in the Cage" (1978) – directed by Tony Zarindast
- "Caravans" (1978) – directed by James Fargo
- "Nafas-borideh" (1980) – directed by Sirus Alvand
- "Sphinx" (1981) – directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
- "Time Walker" (1982) – directed by Tom Kennedy
- "Eyes" (1987) – directed by Schwann Mikels
- "Terror in Beverly Hills" (1989) – directed by John Myhers
- "Veiled Threat" | 18,085 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
(1990) – directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh
- "The Crossing" (1999) – directed by Nora Hoppe
- "Broken Bridges" (2004) – directed by Rafigh Pouya
- "Zarin" (2005) – directed by Shirin Neshat
- "Sepas" (2011) – directed by Saeid Khoze
- "Keep the Flight in Mind" (2012) – directed by Saeid Khoze
- "Rhino Season" (2012) – directed by Bahman Ghobadi
## TV series.
- "Falcon Crest" (1981) – directed by Reza Badiyi
- "Nightingales" (1989) – directed by Reza Badiyi
# Awards.
- Winner Statue Sepas for Best Actor Sepas Film Festival – 1969
- Winner Statue Sepas for Best Actor Sepas Film Festival – 1970
- Nominated Statue Sepas for Best Actor Sepas Film Festival – 1971
- Honorary Diploma for Best | 18,086 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
Actor Tashkent International Film Forum – 1972
- Best Actor Award International Film Festival of India – 1974
- Winner Winged Goat Award for Best Actor Tehran International Film Festival – 1974
- Nominated Winged Goat Award for Best Actor Tehran International Film Festival – 1975
- Nominated Winged Goat Award for Best Actor Tehran International Film Festival – 1977
- Akira Kurosawa Award San Francisco International Film Festival – 2000
- Lifetime Achievement Award San Francisco International Film Festival – 2006
- Lifetime Achievement Award Thessaloniki International Film Festival – 2012
- Special Achievement Award Tokyo Filmex – 2012
- Winner of people's heart, presented by a heart, | 18,087 |
1402809 | Behrouz Vossoughi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrouz%20Vossoughi | Behrouz Vossoughi
Best Actor Tehran International Film Festival – 1977
- Akira Kurosawa Award San Francisco International Film Festival – 2000
- Lifetime Achievement Award San Francisco International Film Festival – 2006
- Lifetime Achievement Award Thessaloniki International Film Festival – 2012
- Special Achievement Award Tokyo Filmex – 2012
- Winner of people's heart, presented by a heart, from a disabled Iranian-American U.S. Army ex-serviceman from Berkeley, California – January 14, 2017
# Personal life.
Vossoughi was briefly married in the 1970s, to the Iranian singer Googoosh.
He currently lives in San Rafael, California with his wife, Catherine Vossoughi.
# External links.
- Official Website | 18,088 |
1402915 | Grimalditeuthis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grimalditeuthis | Grimalditeuthis
Grimalditeuthis
Grimalditeuthis bonplandi is a squid named after the Grimaldi family, reigning house of Monaco. Prince Albert I of Monaco was an amateur teuthologist who pioneered the study of deep sea squids by collecting the 'precious regurgitations' of sperm whales. The specific name "bonplandi" refers to the French scientist Aimé Bonpland.
The squid was observed alive in the wild for the first time in 2005 in a study.
The genus contains bioluminescent species.
# See also.
- Anglerfish
- Alligator snapping turtle
- False cleanerfish
- Spider-tailed horned viper
# External links.
- Tree of Life web project: "Grimalditeuthis bonplandi" | 18,089 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
Jean Meslier
Jean Meslier (; also Mellier; 15 June 1664 – 17 June 1729), was a French Catholic priest (abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism and materialism. Described by the author as his "testament" to his parishioners, the text criticizes and denounces all religions.
# Life.
Jean Meslier was born in Mazerny in the Ardennes. He began learning Latin from a neighborhood priest in 1678 and eventually joined the seminary; he later claimed, in the Author's Preface to his "Testament", this was done to please his parents. At the end of his studies, he took Holy Orders and, on 7 January 1689, became priest at Étrépigny, in Champagne.
One | 18,090 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
public disagreement with a local nobleman aside, Meslier was to all appearances generally unremarkable, and he performed his office without complaint or problem for 40 years. He lived like a pauper, and every penny left over was donated to the poor.
When Meslier died in Étrépigny, there were found in his house three copies of a 633-page octavo manuscript in which the village curate denounces organized religion as "but a castle in the air" and theology as "but ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system".
# Thought.
In his "Testament", Meslier repudiated not only the God of conventional Christianity, but even the generic God of the natural religion of the deists. For Meslier, the existence | 18,091 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
of evil was incompatible with the idea of a good and wise God. He denied that any spiritual value could be gained from suffering, and he used the deist's argument from design against god, by showing the evils that he had permitted in this world. To him, religions were fabrications fostered by ruling elites; although the earliest Christians had been exemplary in sharing their goods, Christianity had long since degenerated into encouraging the acceptance of suffering and submission to tyranny as practised by the kings of France: injustice was explained away as being the will of an all-wise Being. None of the arguments used by Meslier against the existence of God were original. In fact, he derived | 18,092 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
them from books written by orthodox theologians in the debate between the Jesuits, Cartesians, and Jansenists. Their inability to agree on a proof for God's existence was taken by Meslier as a good reason not to presume that there were compelling grounds for belief in God.
Meslier's philosophy was that of an atheist. He also denied the existence of the soul and dismissed the notion of free will. In Chapter V, the priest writes, "If God is incomprehensible to man, it would seem rational never to think of Him at all". Meslier later describes God as "a chimera" and argues that the supposition of God is not prerequisite to morality. In fact, he concludes that "[w]hether there exists a God or not | 18,093 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
[...] men's moral duties will always be the same so long as they possess their own nature".
In his most famous quote, Meslier refers to a man who "...wished that all the great men in the world and all the nobility could be hanged, and strangled with the guts of the priests." Meslier admits that the statement may seem crude and shocking, but comments that this is what the priests and nobility deserve, not for reasons of revenge or hatred, but for love of justice and truth.
Equally well-known is the version by Diderot: "And [with] the guts of the last priest let's strangle the neck of the last king." During the political unrest of May 1968, the radical students of the Sorbonne Occupation Committee | 18,094 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
paraphrased Meslier's epigram, stating that "humanity won’t be happy till the last capitalist is hung with the guts of the last bureaucrat."
Meslier also vehemently attacked social injustice and sketched out a kind of rural proto-communism. All the people in a region would belong to a commune in which wealth would be held in common, and everybody would work. Founded on love and brotherhood, the communes would ally to help each other and preserve peace.
# Voltaire's "Extrait".
Various edited abstracts (known as "extraits") of the "Testament" were printed and circulated, condensing the multi-volume original manuscript and sometimes adding material that was not written by Meslier. Abstracts | 18,095 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
were popular because of the length and convoluted style of the original.
Voltaire often mentions Meslier (referring to him as "a good priest") in his correspondence, in which he tells his daughter to "read and read again" Meslier's only work, and says that "every honest man should have Meslier's "Testament" in his pocket." However, he also described Meslier as writing "in the style of a carriage-horse".
Voltaire published his own expurgated version as "Extraits des sentiments de Jean Meslier" (first edition, 1762). Voltaire's edition changed the thrust of Meslier's arguments (or drew on other Extraits which did this) so that he appeared to be a deist—like Voltaire—rather than an atheist.
The | 18,096 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
following passage is found at the end of Voltaire's "Extrait", and has been cited in support of the view that Meslier was not really an atheist. However, the passage does not appear in either the 1864 complete edition of the "Testament", published in Amsterdam by Rudolf Charles, or in the complete works of Meslier published 1970–1972.
Another book, "Good Sense" (), published anonymously in 1772, was long attributed to Meslier, but was in fact written by Baron d'Holbach.
The complete "Testament" of Meslier was published in English translation (by Michael Shreve) for the first time in 2009.
# Legacy.
In his book "In Defense of Atheism" (2007) the atheist philosopher Michel Onfray describes | 18,097 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
Meslier as the first person to write an entire text in support of atheism:
Prior to announcing Meslier as the first atheist philosopher, Onfray considers and dismisses Cristóvão Ferreira, a Portuguese and former Jesuit who renounced his faith under Japanese torture in 1633 and went on to write a book titled "The Deception Revealed". However, Onfray decides that Ferreira was not such a good candidate as Meslier, since Ferreira converted to Zen Buddhism.
The Situationist cultural theorist Raoul Vaneigem praised Meslier's resistance to hierarchical authority, claiming that "the last full-fledged exemplars of priests genuinely loyal to the revolutionary origins of their religion were Jean Meslier | 18,098 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
and Jacques Roux fomenting jacquerie and riot".
According to Colin Brewer (2007), who co-produced a play about Meslier's life,
Historians argue about who was the first overt, post-Classical atheist but Meslier was arguably the first to put his name to an incontrovertibly atheist document. That this important event is largely unrecognised (Meslier was absent from both Richard Dawkins’ and Jonathan Miller's recent TV series on atheism) is due partly to Voltaire who published, in 1761, a grossly distorted "Extract" that portrayed Meslier as a fellow-deist and entirely suppressed Meslier's anti-monarchist, proto-communist opinions.
# Bibliography.
- Meslier, Jean (2009). "Testament: Memoir of | 18,099 |
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