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1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
the Thoughts and Sentiments of Jean Meslier." Translated by Michael Shreve. Prometheus Books. .
# Further reading.
- Brewer, Colin (2007). "Thinker: Jean Meslier", "New Humanist". Vol. 122 (4), July/August. Available online: .
- Deprun, Jean; Desné, Roland; Soboul, Albert (1970–72). "Jean Meslier. Oeuvres complètes." Vols. 1–3. Paris: Editions Anthropos.
- Morehouse, Andrew R. (1936). "Voltaire and Jean Meslier". Yale Romanic Studies, IX. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Wade, Ira O. (1933). "The Manuscripts of Jean Meslier's "Testament" and Voltaire's Printed "Extrait" ", "Modern Philology", Vol. 30 (4), May, pp. 381–98 .
# External links.
- "Superstition In All Ages, Common Sense" | 18,100 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
s Printed "Extrait" ", "Modern Philology", Vol. 30 (4), May, pp. 381–98 .
# External links.
- "Superstition In All Ages, Common Sense" 1732 English
- Le bon sens du curé J. Meslier, suivi de son testament published 1830 includes correspondence of Voltaire on Meslier's testament, a biography of Meslier by Voltaire, "Le bon sens", by d'Holbach, and the "Extrait" of the "Testament" produced by Voltaire.
- 1864 complete edition Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3
- A translation of Voltaire's abridged "Testament".
- Jean Meslier and "The Gentle Inclination of Nature" by Michel Onfray translated by Marvin Mandell
- Archive of Jean Meslier Papers at the International Institute of Social History | 18,101 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
USS Cassin Young
USS "Cassin Young" (DD-793) was a of the U.S. Navy named for Captain Cassin Young (1894–1942), who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism at the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and killed in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in the fall of 1942.
"Cassin Young" (DD-793) was launched 12 September 1943 by Bethlehem Steel Corp., San Pedro, California; sponsored by Mrs. Eleanor Young; and commissioned on 31 December 1943, Commander E. T. Schrieber in command.
After serving in World War II, including the Battle of Leyte Gulf and the Battle of Okinawa, "Cassin Young" was decommissioned, but was reactivated during the Korean War and continued in active service until 1960. She | 18,102 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
is preserved today as a memorial ship, berthed at Boston Navy Yard in Massachusetts, across from the . She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 as one of only four surviving "Fletcher"-class destroyers still afloat.
# Service history.
## 1944.
"Cassin Young" arrived at Pearl Harbor 19 March 1944 to complete her training before sailing on to Manus, where she joined the massive Fast Carrier Task Force (then called TF 58, at other times called TF 38, depending on whether the overall organization was called 5th Fleet or 3rd Fleet). On 28 April, this force sortied for air attacks on Japanese strongholds at Truk, Woleai, Satawan, and Ponape, during which "Cassin Young" operated as | 18,103 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
a picket ship, assigned to warn her group of possible enemy counterattack.
She returned to Majuro, and then Pearl Harbor for further training before reporting to Eniwetok on 11 June to join the screen of escort carriers assigned to covering duty in the invasion of Saipan four days later. In addition to radar picket and screening duty, she was also called upon for inshore fire support. As the battle for Saipan raged ashore, escort carriers of "Cassin Young"s group launched attacks on the island, as well as sorties to neutralize enemy air fields on Tinian, Rota, and Guam. Similar operations supporting the subsequent assaults on Tinian and Guam claimed the services of "Cassin Young" until 13 August, | 18,104 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
when she returned to Eniwetok to replenish.
Between 29 August and 2 October 1944, "Cassin Young" guarded the carriers of Task Group 38.3 as strikes were flown from their decks to hit targets on Palau, Mindanao, and Luzon in support of the assault on the Palaus, stepping-stone to the Philippines. Only four days after her return from this mission to Ulithi, "Cassin Young" sailed on 6 October with the same force on duty in the accelerated schedule for the Philippines assault. First on the schedule were air strikes on Okinawa, Luzon, and Formosa; these led to the furious Formosa Air Battle of 10 to 13 October, during which the Japanese tried to destroy the carrier strength of the imposing TF 38. | 18,105 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
On 14 October, the cruiser was struck by a "kamikaze", which wounded five of "Cassin Young"s men with machine gun fire. "Cassin Young" aided in shooting down several aircraft in this attack.
On 18 October 1944, TF 38 took position east of Luzon to launch strikes immobilizing enemy air fields there in preparation for the assault on Leyte two days later. After standing by to render support if called upon during the initial landings, "Cassin Young"s group began to search for the enemy forces known to be moving toward Leyte Gulf on 23 October, and next day moved in toward San Bernardino Strait, ready to launch strikes. In the most vigorous and successful air attack mounted by the Japanese during | 18,106 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
the Leyte operation, at 09:38 on 24 October, an enemy bomb struck the aircraft carrier , and "Cassin Young" rejoined TG 38.3 for the dash northward to attack the Japanese Northern Force. This developed on 25 October into the Battle off Cape Engaño, a series of air strikes in which four Japanese carriers and a destroyer were sunk.
## 1945.
"Cassin Young" continued operations in support of the Leyte conquest, as her carriers continued to range widely, striking at enemy bases on Okinawa, Formosa, and Luzon. With Ulithi as her base, the destroyer screened carriers through during the January 1945 South China Sea raid as their aircraft pounded away at Formosa, Luzon, Camranh Bay, Hong Kong, Canton, | 18,107 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
and the Nansei Shoto in their support for the assault on Luzon. A brief overhaul at Ulithi prepared her for the operations supporting the invasion of Iwo Jima with air strikes on Honshū and Okinawa, the bombardment of Parece Vela, and screening off Iwo Jima itself during the initial assault on 19 February.
Another brief respite at Ulithi preceded her deployment for the Okinawa operation, for which she sailed from Ulithi 22 March 1945. After screening heavy ships in the massive pre-invasion bombardment, "Cassin Young" moved inshore to support the activities of underwater demolition teams preparing the beaches. On invasion day itself, 1 April, the destroyer offered fire support in the assault | 18,108 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
areas, then took up radar picket duty. On 6 April, "Cassin Young" endured her first "kamikaze" attacks with which the Japanese gambled on defeating the Okinawa operation. "Cassin Young" rescued the survivors of two nearby destroyers that were sunk.
On 12 April, it was "Cassin Young"s turn, when a massive wave of kamikazes came in at midday. Her accurate gunfire had aided in shooting down five aircraft, but a sixth crashed high-up into her foremast, exploding in midair only from the ship. Surprisingly only one man was killed. 58 were wounded, many seriously. "Cassin Young", although damaged, made Kerama Retto under her own power. After repairs there and at Ulithi, she returned to Okinawa on | 18,109 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
31 May, and resumed radar picket duty.
As the "kamikaze" attacks continued, "Cassin Young" had respite only during two brief convoy escort voyages to the Marianas. On 28 July, her group was again a prime target for the Japanese, with one destroyer sunk and another badly damaged by kamikazes. During the engagement, "Cassin Young" assisted in shooting down two enemy aircraft, and rescued survivors from the sunken ship. The next day, she was struck for the second time, when a low-flying aircraft hit her starboard side, striking her fire control room. A tremendous explosion amidships was followed by fire, but the crew managed to restore power to one engine, get the flames under control, and had | 18,110 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
the ship underway for the safety of Kerama Retto within 20 minutes. Twenty-two men were killed and 45 wounded. For her determined service and gallantry in the Okinawa radar picket line she was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation.
## 1946.
"Cassin Young" cleared Okinawa 8 August and headed home for repairs. Arriving home in San Pedro, California she was fully repaired, and then decommissioned and placed in reserve in San Diego on 28 May 1946.
## 1951–1960.
Recommissioned 8 September 1951, she cleared San Diego on 4 January 1952 for her new home port, Newport, Rhode Island. In September 1952 she entered Dry Dock #1 in the Boston Navy Yard for the first of four major overhauls she would undergo | 18,111 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
in this shipyard. At this time the ship was updated to its current configuration. Two Hedgehog anti-submarine (ASW) launchers and two torpedo carriages for the Mark 32 torpedo were added, with one 21 inch (533 mm) quintuple torpedo tube mount removed. Also, four 40 mm Bofors twin mounts were replaced by two quadruple mounts. The forward pole mast was replaced by a tripod mast to accommodate improved radar and electronics systems. Local operations and refresher training in the Caribbean preceded a period of antisubmarine exercises off Florida from 7 May to 12 June 1953. Her first tour of duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean took place from 16 September to 30 November 1953. After another | 18,112 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
period of local operations, and exercises in the Caribbean Sea early in 1954, she cleared Newport on 3 May for a round-the-world cruise, which included exercises with the 7th Fleet in the western Pacific, patrols off Korea, and good-will visits to Far Eastern and Mediterranean ports. She returned to Newport on 28 November 1954. Her operations from that time until 1960 included training exercises in the Caribbean and off the eastern seaboard as well as tours of duty in the Mediterranean in 1956, winter 1956-57, and 1959, and a round of visits to ports of northern Europe in 1958. During that last overseas deployment an issue was discovered with her rudder that put her into dry dock in France. | 18,113 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
At that point the repair costs outweighed retaining the aging ship. On 6 February 1960 she arrived at Norfolk Naval Shipyard to be decommissioned because of that. The ship was put into long-term storage at the Philadelphia Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility 29 April 1960.
## 1974–present.
"Cassin Young" was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1974. The US Navy has permanently loaned "Cassin Young" to the National Park Service, to be preserved as a floating memorial ship berthed at the Boston Navy Yard, part of the Boston National Historical Park (BNHP) in Boston, Massachusetts, across from . She arrived on 15 June 1978 and was opened to the public in 1981. The ship is | 18,114 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
maintained and operated by the National Park Service and Cassin Young Volunteers. She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986, as a well-preserved example of the "Fletcher"-class destroyer, the most numerous class of destroyer produced by the United States during World War II.
In late July 2010, "Cassin Young" closed to the public in preparation for dry-docking. On 9 August 2010, she was moved into Historic Dry Dock #1 in BNHP for the first time in 30 years for some much needed repairs to her hull. On 4 September 2012, the ship was closed to the public to allow contractors to make final repairs to the hull. She returned to her | 18,115 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
position at Pier 1 on 14 May 2013. On 4 June 2013, she was moved to the Boston Harbor Shipyard and Marina in East Boston while repairs were made to her berth in Charlestown. By September 2013, she had returned to her museum berth.
Three other "Fletcher"-class ships are preserved as memorials:
- at Buffalo, New York
- at Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- , former , at Athens, Greece
# Awards.
- Navy Unit Commendation
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with seven battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Army of Occupation Medal with "EUROPE" clasp
- China Service Medal
- National Defense Service Medal
- Korean Service Medal
- Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
- Korean Presidential Unit | 18,116 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
y Unit Commendation
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with seven battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Army of Occupation Medal with "EUROPE" clasp
- China Service Medal
- National Defense Service Medal
- Korean Service Medal
- Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
- Korean Presidential Unit Citation
- Philippine Liberation Medal
- United Nations Service Medal
- Korean War Service Medal
# See also.
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
- National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts
# External links.
- DD 793: USS "Cassin Young"
- hazegray.org: USS "Cassin Young"
- Historic Naval Ships Association: USS "Cassin Young" (DD-793) | 18,117 |
1402903 | Epiphanius Scholasticus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphanius%20Scholasticus | Epiphanius Scholasticus
Epiphanius Scholasticus
Epiphanius Scholasticus was a sixth-century translator of Greek works into Latin.
Little is known of his life, aside from his works. It seems he bore the name Scholasticus "not so much because of any devotion to literature or theology, but in the sense that that word frequently had in the Middle Ages, meaning a chaplain, amanuensis, or general assistant of any dignitary of the church."
Under the direction of Cassiodorus, in about 510, he compiled the "Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome", or the "Historia Tripartita" ("Tripartite History"), a standard manual of church history through the Middle Ages. Epiphanius undertook the translations into Latin of the Greek | 18,118 |
1402903 | Epiphanius Scholasticus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphanius%20Scholasticus | Epiphanius Scholasticus
church histories of Socrates Scholasticus, Sozomen and Theodoret, written in the previous century.
Epiphanius also translated the commentaries of Didymus on the "Proverbs of Solomon" and on the seven general epistles, as well as the commentaries of Epiphanius of Salamis upon "Canticles". His "Codex Encyclicus", compiled at the urging of Cassiodorus, collects and translates letters addressed by different synods to the Emperor Leo I in defence of the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon against the Monophysite Timotheus Aelurus. The list was drawn up in 458 by the order of Leo I, although Epiphanius made several additions to it.
# External links.
- Henry Wace, editor, "A Dictionary of Christian | 18,119 |
1402903 | Epiphanius Scholasticus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphanius%20Scholasticus | Epiphanius Scholasticus
o translated the commentaries of Didymus on the "Proverbs of Solomon" and on the seven general epistles, as well as the commentaries of Epiphanius of Salamis upon "Canticles". His "Codex Encyclicus", compiled at the urging of Cassiodorus, collects and translates letters addressed by different synods to the Emperor Leo I in defence of the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon against the Monophysite Timotheus Aelurus. The list was drawn up in 458 by the order of Leo I, although Epiphanius made several additions to it.
# External links.
- Henry Wace, editor, "A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature", Epiphanius Scholasticus
- Catholic Encyclopedia article on Epiphanius Scholasticus | 18,120 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Belmont Hill School
Belmont Hill School is an independent boys school on a campus in Belmont, a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. The school enrolls approximately 440 students in grades 7-12, separated into the Middle School (grades 7-9) and the Upper School (grades 10-12), and refers to these grades as "Forms" with a Roman Numeral I through VI. While the majority of attending students are day students, there are some who enroll in the school's five-day boarding program, which becomes an option for students in their 9th grade year.
# History.
The school was founded in 1923 by a group of seven incorporators seeking a non-boarding institution for their sons that would allow for small classes | 18,121 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
and personal accountability. At the time of its incorporation, the location atop Belmont Hill was not yet developed and belonged to the Belmont Hill Trust. With the help of Robert Atkins, an incorporator and member of the Trust, of undeveloped, rough, and swampy land was purchased in March 1923 and Belmont Hill’s first Headmaster, Reginald Heber Howe, was appointed.
Howe, a member of the faculty at the Middlesex School for 20 years, raised money for the necessary facilities. By the fall, renovations to the Headmaster’s house had taken place, along with the construction of an athletic field, a dormitory, and a single academic building, later named the Howe Building. The school finally opened | 18,122 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
its doors in the fall of 1923 to 43 boys (grades 3-9) and four faculty.
Munro Leaf, author of the children's book "The Story of Ferdinand", served on Belmont Hill's faculty as an English teacher beginning in 1929.
# Athletics.
Belmont Hill's athletics program offers 16 interscholastic sports, 57 teams, and over 700 athletic contests each year. Almost all Belmont Hill coaches are members of the teaching faculty. Belmont Hill competes in the Independent School League.
Belmont Hill constructed its Jordan Athletic Center in the year 2000 and later installed two new turf fields used for football, lacrosse, and soccer. "The JAC" also contains two basketball courts, a wrestling room, seven squash | 18,123 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
courts, a free weights and workout facility, and an Olympic-size hockey rink that is converted into four full tennis courts during the non-winter months. Sports offered for middle school and upper school students at Belmont Hill include:
- Fall
- Football (5 teams) ISL and New England Champions 2018
- Soccer (7 teams)
- Cross Country (3 teams)
- Winter
- Hockey (5 teams)
- Basketball (5 teams)
- Wrestling (3 teams)
- Squash (3 teams)(not including a middle school and upper school intramural team) 18 time ISL Champions
- Alpine Skiing
- Cross Country Skiing
- Spring
- Baseball (5 teams)
- Lacrosse (5 teams) ISL Champions 2015-2017
- Crew (4 teams) New England Champions 2003-2010, | 18,124 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
2012-2014, 2016
- Track (3 teams) ISL and New England Champions 2017
- Tennis (3 teams)
- Golf
- Sailing
# Visual and performing arts.
Belmont Hill offers both curricular and extracurricular tuition in visual arts, music and theater. Students engage in class-related and independent projects in drawing, painting, digital photography, ceramics, mechanical drawing (architecture) print development, music composition, and theatre productions. Student work is displayed throughout the year in the school's Landau Gallery alongside independent professional artists.
The music program at Belmont Hill is carried out in the school's Prenatt Music Center. Students may join a number of performance groups | 18,125 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
including Jazz Ensemble, Rock Ensemble, Orchestra, Chamber Group, Glee Club, and the B-Flats (an acapella group). The school has close ties with the Berklee College of Music in Boston, allowing the boys to take individual lessons on campus during the week. Serious musicians often enroll in the program’s advanced courses.
Theater productions are held regularly in the school's small Kraft Theatre. Belmont Hill puts on a total of seven productions over the course of the school year including three middle school productions, three upper school productions, and a senior-directed production each spring. These performances are put on in collaboration with the Winsor School and/or Dana Hall School, | 18,126 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Belmont Hill's sister schools. Performances during the 2009-10 school year included "The Bridge to Terabithia", "The Curious Savage", "The Foreigner", "The Music Man", and "Rent".
# Extracurricular activities.
Students' schedules include a variety of different extracurricular activities. These are broken up into Middle School and Upper School organizations, with leadership positions filled by middle or upper school students accordingly.
Belmont Hill has student-run organizations including a student senate, debate team, school newspaper ("The Bell" for the Middle School, "The Panel" for the Upper School), yearbook ("The Sundial"), and social sciences journal ("The Podium"). Every other edition | 18,127 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
of "The Panel" is produced together with students from the Winsor School. The Belmont Hill Junto, modeled on Benjamin Franklin's original club, is a collection of students who meet weekly for the purpose of mutual improvement. New student clubs and organizations are founded every semester based on interest level.
Over 70% of the student body participates in voluntary clubs and service trips for community service. Groups include SAFE (Students Actively Fostering Equality), Peer Leaders, Sustainability, Meadowbrook Retirement Home, and Investment Group. An extension of the community service program includes an annual week-long spring break trip to different regions throughout the United States. | 18,128 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Groups have travelled to New Orleans, Appalachia, and Guadalupe, AZ participating in several service projects.
# Global education.
Belmont Hill has various programs to study and travel abroad. Typically, students who choose to do so will spend a semester or the entire year during their Junior (Form V) year in these programs which range from:
- HMI Semester - Colorado
- Alzar School - Idaho/Chile
- CITY Term - New York, NY
- Mountain School - Vermont
- Island School - Bahamas
- SYA China
- SYA Spain
- SYA France
- SYA Italy
# Enrollment and admission.
The application process begins early in the fall, a full year prior to the intended fall of enrollment. Belmont Hill enrolls approximately | 18,129 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
50 new students in the 7th grade (Form I) every year, 10-12 in the 8th grade (Form II), and 15-25 in the 9th grade (Form III). On occasion, a few boys may join the school in the 10th grade as well. Graduating classes tend to fluctuate from 80-90 boys, depending on the year, however the school functions with an enrollment of approximately 445 students.
# Notable alumni.
- Kingman Brewster, former president of Yale University, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
- C. Loring Brace IV, biological anthropologist and Professor at the University of Michigan
- Mortimer J. Buckley, president and director, The Vanguard Group
- Edmund S. Morgan, historian and Emeritus Professor at Yale | 18,130 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
University
- Robin Moore, author of "The French Connection"
- David E. Kelley, television producer ("L.A. Law", "Ally McBeal"), husband of Michelle Pfeiffer
- Mark Fusco, NCAA Hockey Hobey Baker Award Winner
- Scott Fusco, NCAA Hockey Hobey Baker Award Winner
- Bill Cleary, Harvard University Athletic Director
- Bob Cleary, Olympic Men's Ice Hockey gold medalist
- Paul Mara, NHL Player (Montreal Canadiens)
- Ian Moran, NHL Player (Boston Bruins)
- Toby Kimball, former NBA player
- Jonathan Kraft, President of the New England Patriots
- Thomas H. Lee, founder of Thomas H. Lee Partners private equity firm
- Parelius Hjalmar Bang Berntsen, four-time Norwegian parliamentarian
- Tony | 18,131 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Maws, award-winning Boston chef
- G. Scott Romney, politician
- Christian Ruuttu, former NHL Player
- Robert Carlock, writer and producer for 30 Rock, co-creator and showrunner of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
- Ted Murphy, 2000 Olympic Silver Medalist in Men's Rowing
- Gotham Chopra, author, filmmaker, and entrepreneur
- Mark A. Milley, current Chief of Staff of the United States Army
- Mike Condon NHL Goalie (Ottawa Senators)
- Jimmy Vesey, NCAA Hockey Hobey Baker Award Winner, current NHL player (New York Rangers)
- Matt Grzelcyk, current NHL player (Boston Bruins)
- Michael di Santo, 2016 Olympian in the US Men's Eight
- Connor Brickley, (ice hockey) AHL, NHL Player Florida Panthers
# | 18,132 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
, former NHL Player
- Robert Carlock, writer and producer for 30 Rock, co-creator and showrunner of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
- Ted Murphy, 2000 Olympic Silver Medalist in Men's Rowing
- Gotham Chopra, author, filmmaker, and entrepreneur
- Mark A. Milley, current Chief of Staff of the United States Army
- Mike Condon NHL Goalie (Ottawa Senators)
- Jimmy Vesey, NCAA Hockey Hobey Baker Award Winner, current NHL player (New York Rangers)
- Matt Grzelcyk, current NHL player (Boston Bruins)
- Michael di Santo, 2016 Olympian in the US Men's Eight
- Connor Brickley, (ice hockey) AHL, NHL Player Florida Panthers
# External links.
- Belmont Hill School Official Website
- The Panel Online | 18,133 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
American Dialect Society
The American Dialect Society (ADS), founded in 1889, is a learned society "dedicated to the study of the English language in North America, and of other languages, or dialects of other languages, influencing it or influenced by it." The Society publishes the academic journal, "American Speech".
Since its foundation, dialectologists in English-speaking North America have affiliated themselves with the American Dialect Society, an association which in its first constitution defined its objective as "the investigation of the spoken English of the United States and Canada" (Constitution, 1890). Over the years, its objective has remained essentially the same, only expanded | 18,134 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
to encompass "the English language in North America, together with other languages or dialects of other languages influencing it or influenced by it" (Fundamentals, 1991).
# History.
The organization was founded as part of an effort to create a comprehensive American dialect dictionary, a near century-long undertaking that culminated in the publication of the "Dictionary of American Regional English". In 1889, when Joseph Wright began editing the "English Dialect Dictionary", a group of American philologists founded the American Dialect Society with the ultimate purpose of producing a similar work for the United States.
Members of the Society began to collect material, much of which was published | 18,135 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
in the Society's journal "Dialect Notes", but little was done toward compiling a dictionary recording nationwide usage until Frederic G. Cassidy was appointed Chief Editor in 1963. The first volume of the "Dictionary of American Regional English", covering the letters A-C, was published in 1985. The other major project of the Society is the Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada.
# Membership.
The Society has never had more than a few hundred active members. With so few scholars advancing the enterprise, the developments in the field came slowly. Members of the organization include "linguists, lexicographers, etymologists, grammarians, historians, researchers, writers, authors, editors, | 18,136 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
professors, university students, and independent scholars." Its activities include a mailing list, which deals chiefly with American English but also carries some discussion of other issues of linguistic interest.
# Word of the Year.
Since 1991, the American Dialect Society has designated one or more words or terms to be the "word of the year". "The New York Times" stated that the American Dialect Society "probably started" the "word-of-the-year ritual". However, the "Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache" (GfdS) has announced a word of the year since 1977.
In addition, the ADS has chosen its "Word of the 1990s" ('web'), "Word of the 20th Century" ('jazz'), and "Word of the Past Millennium" ('she'). | 18,137 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
The society also selects words in other categories that vary from year to year, such as "most original" or "most unnecessary" (or "most outrageous") and "most likely to succeed" (see: Word of the year).
A number of words chosen by the ADS are also on the lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year.
# See also.
- American English
- Language planning
- Language Report from Oxford University Press
- Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year
- Neologism
- Word formation
# External links.
- American Dialect Society, information page at Duke University Press
- Publication of the American Dialect Society, archive articles at Duke University Press
- American Dialect Society, information | 18,138 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
ress
- Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year
- Neologism
- Word formation
# External links.
- American Dialect Society, information page at Duke University Press
- Publication of the American Dialect Society, archive articles at Duke University Press
- American Dialect Society, information page at American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS)
- American Dialect Society, news page at Dictionary Society of North America
- American Dialect Society Collection, at Library of Congress
- American Dialect Society, publications listed with timeline at WorldCat, from participation in the Online Computer Library Center
- Creator: American Dialect Society, at website of Internet Archive | 18,139 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
History Park at Kelley Park
History Park at Kelley Park in San Jose, California, USA is designed as an indoor/outdoor museum, arranged to appear as a small US town might have in the early 1900s (decade). Since its inauguration in 1971, 32 historic buildings and other landmarks have either been moved from their original San Jose locations or are represented by replicas.
# History San José.
History Park at Kelley Park is operated by History San José, which also has its headquarters at History Park. History San José (HSJ) is the 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that was formed from the San José Historical Museum.
HSJ traces its origins back to 1945, when local volunteer Clyde Arbuckle was appointed | 18,140 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
to the honorary position of San José City Historian; Arbuckle had no formal training, but was well-known for his keen interest in local history. In 1949, a temporary replica of the first State House was built in San Jose Civic Plaza to celebrate the centennial of the first Legislature of California. Arbuckle curated a well-received exhibit of local history shown with the State House replica. The replica was moved to the Santa Clara County Fairgrounds in 1950 and became the State House Museum, where Arbuckle served as the first curator, collecting local historic artifacts. So much material was donated that an annex, built in 1958 to house additional items, was full by 1962.
The Historical Museum | 18,141 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
of San José, managed by the city of San Jose, was founded in 1949 simultaneously with the State House centennial activities. In 1965, Theron Fox persuaded the city of San Jose to set aside at the south end of Kelley Park to house the San José Historical Museum, intended to be a historical reconstruction of a small town, which opened on June 18, 1971. The San Jose Historical Museum Association was also founded in 1971 to administer Historical Museum activities. The architectural firm of Churchill & Zlatunich were retained to develop a master plan for the site by July 1, 1972. By February 1972, the museum was averaging over 1,000 visitors per month; admission prices were modest, at a maximum of | 18,142 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
$0.25 per adult ($1 for an annual pass).
On February 24, 1977, the half-scale replica of the Electric Light Tower was placed upright, and later that year, on September 25, the first major buildings were dedicated on the site, including the replica Pacific Hotel and historic Umbarger House. By 1980, the Historical Museum had brought onsite the Associated Oil Company Gas Station, Chiechi House, Coyote Post Office, Dashaway Stables, Doctor's Office, Empire Fire House, Print Shop, and Steven's Ranch Fruit Barn, although not all of them were open to the public; admission prices had risen modestly to $0.50 per adult.
The San José Historical Museum was spun off as the History San José nonprofit in | 18,143 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
1998. HSJ manages History Park at Kelley Park from the upper floor of the Pacific Hotel in History Park, a replica of a historic hotel originally in downtown San Jose. HSJ is also responsible for the operation of the Peralta Adobe—Fallon House Historic Site and the Collection Center/Research Library & Archives, which are in downtown San Jose and Kelley Park, respectively.
# Exhibits.
Period exhibits consist mainly of the 32 historical buildings and replica buildings, including a doctor's office, a dentist's office (complete with an old foot-pedal-powered drill), blacksmith shed, a working print shop, the Pacific Hotel, the Empire Fire House, the Bank of Italy, a post office, and a number of | 18,144 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
houses of early Santa Clara Valley settlers. Some buildings house special interest historical societies and others host galleries. Admission is free, unless there is a special event being held.
On weekdays, tours are offered by paid staff, often for local students on class field trips. On weekends, selected exhibit buildings are staffed on a rotating schedule by volunteers, who also operate a vintage trolley over the length of the park, including under the Light Tower replica.
## Other structures.
- A half scale replica of the San Jose Electric Light Tower that used to tower over downtown San Jose at Santa Clara and Market.
- A bandstand
## Exhibits.
Other attractions include:
- Hellenic | 18,145 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
Heritage Museum, a museum of Greek heritage, operated by the Hellenic Heritage Institute
- The Leonard and David McKay Gallery, opened on March 13, 2005, contains a collection of paintings of people, buildings, and landscapes from in and around San Jose.
- The Perham Collection of Early Electronics, previously at Foothills Electronics Museum.
- Steam locomotive Southern Pacific 1215 and tender, Orchard Supply Hardware boxcar, and Missouri Pacific caboose, in a static display.
# External links.
- History San Jose Website - Official site
- Map of History Park
- Hellenic Heritage Institute
- Chinese Historical & Cultural Project
- California Trolley & Railroad Corporation
- California | 18,146 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
of people, buildings, and landscapes from in and around San Jose.
- The Perham Collection of Early Electronics, previously at Foothills Electronics Museum.
- Steam locomotive Southern Pacific 1215 and tender, Orchard Supply Hardware boxcar, and Missouri Pacific caboose, in a static display.
# External links.
- History San Jose Website - Official site
- Map of History Park
- Hellenic Heritage Institute
- Chinese Historical & Cultural Project
- California Trolley & Railroad Corporation
- California Pioneers of Santa Clara Valley
- Portraits of the Past (historical fashion shows)
- List of vehicles in the Trolley Barn (click on the "antique vehicles" link near the bottom of the page) | 18,147 |
1402956 | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiae%20Ecclesiasticae%20Tripartitae%20Epitome | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome
Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome
Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome, the abridged history (in twelve books) of the early Christian Church known as the Tripartite History, was the standard manual of Church history in Medieval Europe.
The work was compiled, under the direction of Cassiodorus, in about 510 CE, by his assistant Epiphanius Scholasticus. Epiphanius was assigned the translation into Latin of the Greek church histories of Socrates Scholasticus, Sozomen and Theodoret, written in the previous century. He would probably have used the library assembled by Cassiodorus at Monasterium Vivariense, the monastery of Vivarium on his family estates at the foot of Mount Moscius | 18,148 |
1402956 | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiae%20Ecclesiasticae%20Tripartitae%20Epitome | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome
Sozomen and Theodoret, written in the previous century. He would probably have used the library assembled by Cassiodorus at Monasterium Vivariense, the monastery of Vivarium on his family estates at the foot of Mount Moscius on the shores of the Ionian Sea. Cassiodorus revised and corrected the work and arranged it into one continuous history of the church. His scriptorium then published it for the use of the clergy.
The book attained a high reputation. Only Eusebius' "History", in a Latin translation by Rufinus competed with it as the official version of church history in the West, until original sources began to be rediscovered, edited and printed by humanist scholars in the 15th century. | 18,149 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
Palaiochora
Palaiochora () is a small town in Chania regional unit, Greece. It is located 77 km south of Chania, on the southwest coast of Crete and occupies a small peninsula 400m wide and 700m long. The town is set along 11 km of coastline bordering the Libyan Sea. It is the seat of the municipality of Kantanos–Selino and its population was 1,675 in the 2011 census.
# Economy.
Palaiochora's economy is based on tourism and agriculture (mainly tomatoes cultivated in glass houses and also olive oil). It is a relaxing holiday destination since the early 1970s when it was popular with hippies.
Palaiochora has crystal clear waters, well organised beaches, and beautiful isolated small anchorages. | 18,150 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
It is served by numerous hotels, restaurants, tavernas, cafés, and bars. Facilities in Palaiochora include bank branches, a post office, a central telephone office, a health centre, doctor's offices, dentists, chemists, a police station, a coast guard and customs office, and many types of stores. Ferry boats connect Palaiochora with Sougia, Agia Roumeli, Loutro, Chora Sfakion, and Gavdos.
Local attractions include the abundant wild flowers in the spring, the opportunity to see Venetian and Byzantine wall paintings in some of the local churches (those in Anidri and Voutas being particularly impressive), and a museum dedicated to the Acretans in the town itself. The nearby village of Azogires, | 18,151 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
5 km away, contains a museum dedicated to the area as well as the, now empty, Monastery of the 99 Holy Fathers and what is claimed to be the largest Evergreen Plane Tree on the Island. In 2009 it was planned to open a number of signposted walking routes in the area and the town is on the European E4 Long Distance Footpath.
Palaiochora is built on the ruins of the ancient city of Kalamydi.
# History.
In 1278, the Venetian general Marino Gradenigo built a fort in the Palechora area, called the "Selino Kasteli". The fort gave its name to the whole province, previously called "Orina", which was then renamed "Selino". The fort was destroyed in 1332 and it was rebuilt in 1334. Near the fort, the | 18,152 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
Venetians established a new settlement for workers and merchants called Vourgos. The general Hayreddin Barbarossa destroyed the fort in 1539, but later in 1595 Dolf revamped it. In 1645, the Turks conquered the town and modified the fort to suit their needs.
In 1834 an English traveler named Robert Pashley found the fort completely destroyed and the whole area without any inhabitants and with only a granary and one or two small buildings left. In 1866 the recolonization of Paleochora began.
In December 1866, during the Cretan uprising against the Ottoman Turks, the British gunboat evacuated some 340 women and children from Paleochora, then known as Selino Castelli (or Selino Kastelli), and | 18,153 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
took them to Piraeus for safety. This caused a major international incident since the Ottoman authorities accused the British of siding with the Cretan rebels. Russian gunboats followed suit, evacuating refugees from Loutro and Sougia, east of Paleochora.
During the Battle of Crete during World War II, the town was the scene of fighting between motorcycle-riding troops of the German 95th Reconnaissance Battalion and the Eighth Greek Regiment (Provisional) with elements of the Cretan Gendarmerie. The Germans built a number of gun emplacements by the Venetian Fortezza and their remains are still present.
The general phase of urbanization that started in other parts of Greece in the 1960s, took | 18,154 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
of Greece in the 1960s, took place in the 1950s on the nearby island of Gavdos. During that period the islanders exchanged their land on Gavdos for ex-Turkish land on Crete, which had now become exchangeable through a state program. They created a community known as "Gavdiotika", in the 'old town' section of Paleochora.
# Climate.
The town has a Mediterranean climate.
# External links.
- Current weather conditions
- paleochora.com
- The Paleochora Site - Walks, Weather, Recipes, Botany, History of Paleochora
- Private page featuring lots of anecdotes and photos involving Paleochora
- Site dedicated to palaiochora with many webcams , virtual tour and other villages around palaiochora | 18,155 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
Wantsum Channel
The Wantsum Channel was a strait separating the Isle of Thanet from the north-eastern extremity of the English county of Kent and connecting the English Channel and the Thames Estuary. It was a major shipping route when Britain was part of the Roman Empire, and continued in use until it was closed by silting in the late Middle Ages. Its course is now represented by the River Stour and the River Wantsum, which is little more than a drainage ditch lying between Reculver and St Nicholas-at-Wade and joins the Stour about south-east of Sarre.
# Toponymy.
Eilert Ekwall, a 20th-century authority on English place-names, wrote that the name "Wantsum" derives from an Old English word | 18,156 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
"wandsum", meaning "winding". Bede, writing in or before 731, mentioned the Wantsum ("Vantsumu") in describing the Isle of Thanet, but he also recorded an alternative name: he described the church at Reculver as being "juxta ostium aquilonale fluminis Genladae", or "by the north mouth of the river Genlade". Ekwall compared this to the name of Yantlet Creek, which separates the Isle of Grain from mainland Kent. He suggested an origin in the Old English word "gegnlad" meaning "'backwater' or the like, [and] very likely the source of the word "inlet" [for] 'arm of the sea, [or] creek'."
# History.
From prehistory until the Middle Ages, the Wantsum Channel was joined by the River Stour, which | 18,157 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
entered it at Stourmouth close to its midpoint; it was a two-mile-wide (3 km) strait. The southern end of the channel met the sea at Richborough ("Rutupiae"), downstream of Sandwich, while the northern end met the Thames Estuary at Reculver ("Regulbium"). That the Romans chose both sites for forts indicates the significance of the route, which their shipping commonly used to travel between Britain and continental Europe. Vikings raided Canterbury via the Wantsum in 839.
Deposition of shingle at Stonar, at the southern end of the Channel, gradually caused it to silt up; and shipping heading for Canterbury, formerly using the northern entrance, brought Fordwich into prominence as its outport. | 18,158 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
The silting continued, particularly during the 12th and 13th centuries, when Augustinian monks entered into land reclamation; eventually, by the 16th century, the Wantsum Channel had dried up, apart from the large drainage ditch down the centre of the former channel, and associated feeder ditches.
Efforts made by the monks of Minster-in-Thanet to manage the Wantsum in the Middle Ages are reflected in two names for parts of the Channel and Stour, "Abbot's Wall" and "Monk's Wall". During the 18th century, silting threatened the rich port of Sandwich and efforts were made to create sluices and channels to control the waters. These ultimately failed, and as a result Sandwich is now some distance | 18,159 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
from the sea. Regarding the northern end of the Channel, it has been estimated that the Roman fort at Reculver was originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the sea to the north, but by 1540, when John Leland recorded a visit there, the coastline to the north had receded to within little more than a quarter of a mile (400 m). It may be that sediment from this erosion contributed to the blocking of the north mouth of the Wantsum. The southern section of the Wantsum Channel is represented by the River Stour, which empties into the Strait of Dover at Pegwell Bay.
The North Sea flood of 1953 led to the flooding of the land where the Wantsum Channel formerly ran, and briefly made the Isle of Thanet | 18,160 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
en John Leland recorded a visit there, the coastline to the north had receded to within little more than a quarter of a mile (400 m). It may be that sediment from this erosion contributed to the blocking of the north mouth of the Wantsum. The southern section of the Wantsum Channel is represented by the River Stour, which empties into the Strait of Dover at Pegwell Bay.
The North Sea flood of 1953 led to the flooding of the land where the Wantsum Channel formerly ran, and briefly made the Isle of Thanet an island again.
The Wantsum Channel area features in four recreational walking routes, these being the Saxon Shore Way, the Stour Valley Walk, the Wantsum Walk and the Way of St Augustine. | 18,161 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
The Butte de Warlencourt is an ancient burial mound off the Albert–Bapaume road, north-east of Le Sars in the Somme "département" of northern France. It is located on the territory of the commune of Warlencourt-Eaucourt and slightly north of a minor road to Gueudecourt and Eaucourt l'Abbaye. During the First World War, the Germans constructed deep dugouts throughout the butte and surrounded it by several belts of barbed wire, making it a formidable defensive position in advance of (the Gird Trenches). After the Battle of Flers–Courcelette (15–22 September 1916), the view from the butte dominated the new British front line and was used by the Germans for artillery | 18,162 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
observation.
During the Battle of Le Transloy (1–20 October 1916), part of the Battle of the Somme, the Butte de Warlencourt was the subject of several attacks by the British Fourth Army, which were costly failures; attacks in November also failed. The 2nd Australian Division occupied the butte on 24 February 1917, during the German retirements made on the Somme front, preparatory to "Unternehmen Alberich", the retreat to the Hindenburg Line. The Butte de Warlencourt was recaptured by the German 2nd Army on 24 March 1918, during the retreat of the 2nd Division in Operation Michael, the German spring offensive. The Butte was recaptured for the last time on 26 August, by the 21st Division, during | 18,163 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
the Second Battle of Bapaume.
In 1990, the site was purchased for preservation by the Western Front Association with the help of donations from members. The Association announced in October 2018 its sale to its former chairman, Bob Paterson. Following concerns raised, Paterson offered to sell the site back to the Western Front Association.
# Background.
## 1914.
On 25 September 1914, during the Race to the Sea a French attack north of the Somme against the II Bavarian Corps (General Karl Ritter von Martini), forced a hurried withdrawal. As more Bavarian units arrived in the north, the 3rd Bavarian Division advanced along the north bank of the Somme, through Bouchavesnes, Leforest and Hardecourt | 18,164 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
until held up at Maricourt. The 4th Bavarian Division further to the north, defeated the French Territorials and then attacked westwards in the vicinity of Gueudecourt, towards Albert, through Sailly, Combles, Guillemont and Montauban. The II Bavarian Corps and XIV Reserve Corps ( Hermann von Stein) pushed back a French Territorial division from the area around Bapaume and advanced towards Bray-sur-Somme and Albert, as part of an offensive down the Somme valley to reach the sea. The German offensive was confronted north of the Somme by the northern corps of the French Second Army east of Albert. The XIV Reserve Corps attacked on 28 September, along the Roman road from Bapaume to Albert and Amiens, | 18,165 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
intending to reach the Ancre and then continue westwards along the Somme valley. The 28th () Reserve Division advanced close to Fricourt, against scattered resistance from French infantry and cavalry.
## 1916.
On 21 July 1916, 3 Squadron Royal Flying Corps (RFC) discovered new German defences from Le Transloy to Warlencourt and more trenches between Eaucourt l'Abbaye and Flers, west of the butte. On 22 August a dogfight between 11 Squadron and about twenty German fighters took place above the butte and three Roland D.I aircraft were shot down. On 4 October, the 47th Division occupied Flers Support unopposed and after nightfall on 5 October, advanced to occupy a ruined mill north-west of Eaucourt. | 18,166 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
The capture of Eaucourt enabled the British to move field artillery over the High Wood ridge, into range in a valley beyond the Starfish, where they could support attacks on the butte. Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 remained in the line near Eaucourt and suffered many casualties; by 5 October, the commander of I Battalion reported that the battlefield conditions were "extraordinary"; morale was low because of cold rations and constant artillery-fire, some of which came from German artillery. The many casualties, the inability to bury the dead, strewn around the trenches, sapped morale further. The cold, rainy weather poor food and lack of hygiene caused a big increase in non-battle casualties, | 18,167 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
with up to of the troops contracting diarrhoea; no fresh troops were available to rest the garrison, despite constant appeals from their commanders.
# Prelude.
## German defensive preparations.
The butte was a mound about high, on a slope near the Gird trenches ("Gallwitz Riegel"). In the Franco-Prussian War the mound had been tunnelled and during the Battle of the Somme the Germans fortified the butte with machine-gun posts and encircled by many belts of barbed wire. From the mound, Pozières to the south-west, La Barque and Bapaume to the north-east were easily visible. Many German artillery positions had been established on the ground east of the butte. German artillery positions commanded | 18,168 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
the area around Martinpuich, where the British had to move much of their artillery, which increased the accuracy of German counter-batter fire.
## British offensive preparations.
The 47th Division captured the nearby farmstead of Eaucourt L'Abbaye from On 4 October, the 140th Brigade took over the line from the 141st Brigade in preparation for another general attack. Next day the 1/6th London Regiment (London) occupied an old mill west of Eaucourt l'Abbaye. The attack by III Corps was to begin at on 7 October, against the Gird trenches, which ran north-west to south-east from Gueudecourt to Warlencourt and past the butte. The 47th Division was to attack in the centre, with the 41st Division | 18,169 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
on the right and the 23rd Division on the left flank. The Germans had dug a new trench (Diagonal Trench) across the 47th Division front, over the high ground north of Eaucourt I'Abbaye, westwards into the valley. Diagonal Trench was the first objective and was to be taken by the 1/8th London, then the final objective at Gird Trench and the butte was to be captured by the 1/15th and 1/7th London, with the 1/6th London in support. On 9 October, the 26th (South African) Brigade relieved the 140th and 142nd brigades.
# Battle.
## 7 October.
The first objective was set at Snag Trench, which ran across the east slope of a depression running north to Warlencourt. The 6th Bavarian Reserve Division | 18,170 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
held the area with the III Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16. In the centre the objective was distant, half way to the butte. On the right the 1/8th London was stopped by massed machine-gun fire, as were the 1/15th London and the 1/7th London, which had been intended to leap-frog through to the final objective. In 1922, the 47th Division historian how,
the attackers came under small-arms fire from Diagonal Trench but the 1/15th London and 1/8th London got forward on the right and dug in, along a sunken road leading north-east from Eaucourt l'Abbaye to La Barque. A few outposts were established near the Le Barque road and on the right flank, touch was gained with the 41st Division.
To | 18,171 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
the left, companies of the 1/8th London, followed by the 1/7th London advanced down the slope, forward of the mill and were fired on from Diagonal Trench and by artillery and machine-gun fire sited in depth, to aim cross-fire along the western slopes up to the butte and high ground to the south. From the far side of the valley, the ground leading to the British objectives was easily observed. Some of the attackers reached the butte and disappeared and several local counter-attacks were made by Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16.Parties dug in where they could and several posts were pushed out from the mill, to maintain contact with the 23rd Division, which had advanced along the main road | 18,172 |
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and captured Le Sars. The 23rd Division sent patrols which gained a view of the butte and the vicinity; at the patrols reported that no Germans could be seen. The 140th Brigade lost many casualties and were relieved on the left flank by the 142nd Brigade but the 1/6th London in the advanced posts had to wait until the 142nd Brigade attack the next day.
On 8 October, a post was spotted halfway up the road towards the butte by the crew of a reconnaissance aircraft. The 142nd Brigade attacked Diagonal Trench again, with the 1/21st London and the 1/22nd London, who crawled forward to rush the German garrison as soon as a one-minute hurricane bombardment lifted at The 1/21st London advanced until | 18,173 |
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about short of Diagonal Trench with no losses, then massed machine-gun fire began and inflicted many casualties and few troops reached the trench. On the left flank, three companies of the 1/22nd London reached Diagonal Trench against slight opposition but enfilade fire from the right flank made the trench untenable once dawn broke. The survivors managed to dig advanced posts up to short of the objective and at the Eaucourt l'Abbaye–Warlencourt road. Touch was gained with the 23rd Division on the left. The 47th and 23rd divisions were relieved by the 9th and 15th divisions from preparatory to another attack.
## 12 October.
The 9th Division (Major-General W. T. Furse) took over from the 47th | 18,174 |
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Division on the eve of the attack; Furse asked for a postponement but was over-ruled. RFC aircraft tried to reconnoitre the area to establish the position of any new German trenches but the light was too poor. By 12 October, the Bavarian companies had been reduced to about each, with rifles and to defend an area of . The divisional objectives were Snag Trench and the butte, including the Tail, a trench running back from Snag Trench to the butte and the Pimple, a mound at the west end of Snag Trench. On the left flank, the 15th Division had been sapping forward was to support the attack by firing on the final objective, No. 4 Special Company RE preparing to lay a smoke screen on Little Wood and | 18,175 |
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the butte. On the right flank, the 7th Seaforth Highlanders (Seaforth) of the 26th Brigade was met by machine-gun fire as soon as it advanced; it was also hit by the British heavy artillery, which fired short and missed Snag Trench. The 10th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Argyll) moved forward as reinforcements but only about were gained, when the troops consolidated during the night. On the left flank, the 2nd Regiment of the South African Brigade, supported by the 4th Regiment was held up by long-range machine-gun fire and lost direction from the smoke screen which drifted from the butte. The remnants dug in half-way to Snag Trench behind some advanced parties, who were ordered to retire | 18,176 |
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during the morning of 13 October. Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 was relieved by Infantry Regiment 104 on 13 October. The defenders managed to recapture a British foothold in the 7th company zone and were then relieved by Reserve Infantry Regiment 181. Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 had lost in ten days and had only left fit to fight.
## 18 October.
On 17 October, as two companies of Infantry Regiment 104 counter-attacked, they were confronted by a "gigantic iron dragon" (a tank) which fired on German positions with machine-guns and light guns. Most of the 9th Company was annihilated before the tank retired. The capture of the butte by the 9th Division was postponed and Snag | 18,177 |
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Trench was made the objective of an attack at on 18 October. On the right flank an attack was to be made by the 30th Division. The 26th Brigade was to attack with a battalion in line, the four companies moving on platoon fronts with a supporting company and a machine-gun company; Stokes mortars were to add to the bombardment of the German front line. On the left flank, the South African Brigade was to attack with the 1st Regiment, with three companies in line, also on platoon fronts, one company in support and one in reserve. The weather broke again and the attack took place in a deluge.
On the right, the battalion advanced close to the creeping barrage and rushed Snag Trench as the standing | 18,178 |
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barrage lifted; the garrison running back to the Gird trenches. A counter-attack began after fifteen minutes, bombed back into the trench on the right and was repulsed soon after. On the left, the South African left flank was repulsed and contact was lost with the right flank units until when a Lewis gun crew made contact with the 26th Brigade battalion, which had also met troops of the 30th Division. In the afternoon, a party of German troops were seen massing for a counter-attack and were dispersed by artillery and small arms fire. At a counter-attack on the left was also repulsed. During the night a pioneer company arrived and dug a communication trench back to the old front line.
The Lewis | 18,179 |
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gun team was the only South African party to reach the objective; the centre and right-hand companies disappeared, apart from the Lewis gunners and a few wounded. It was thought that the South Africans overran Snag Trench, which was unrecognisable and were cut down by the machine-guns at the butte; a few stragglers returned later in the day with The left flank company was stopped by uncut wire and then caught by machine-gun fire, which inflicted many casualties; the remaining troops retired to the British front line. Furse ordered another attack for and for the main German strong point the "Nose" to be bombarded, before the South Africans captured it and formed a trench block up Tail Trench. | 18,180 |
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The rainstorm had turned the ground into a sea of mud so deep that moving took four hours. A company was to attack from the "Pimple" and one was to get into Snag Trench east of the "Nose" and attack westwards. The attack from the "Pimple" entered a hollow, which was full of German machine-gun nests which stopped the advance. The South African party got into Snag Trench and advanced to within of the "Nose" and were then repulsed by the fire of three machine-guns, reoccupying Snag Trench a few hours later.
## 5 November.
The 50th Division relieved the 9th Division from in rain which had begun on 23 October and stopped around the next day. The division took over the line east and south-east of | 18,181 |
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Le Sars in the angle of the Martinpuich–Warlencourt, Eaucourt l'Abbaye and Martinpuich–Le Barque roads. The front line in Snag Trench was irregular and isolated posts on the left flank were joined, to make a continuous line. The German front line was still in Gird Trench and Gird Support Trench behind the butte. A British attack on 26 October, was postponed for two days and then postponed until 30 October, as preparations continued and trenches were repaired. Swampy conditions in no man's land were so bad, that no attack could take place until the ground dried. On 28 October, the ground had recovered slightly and the attack was scheduled for 1 November but then another downpour began in the | 18,182 |
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night, followed by warmer weather, rain and gales from and the attack was again delayed, eventually being set for on 5 November. The 149th Brigade and the 150th Brigade holding the line had become so exhausted that the 151st Brigade was moved up from reserve for the attack.
The 151st Brigade was to attack Gird Trench and Gird Support Trench, with the 1/8th, 1/6th and 1/9th battalions Durham Light Infantry (DLI); the 1/4th and 1/6th battalions Northumberland Fusiliers were attached from the 149th Brigade in support. The DLI battalions were to assemble in Snag and Snag Support trenches, Maxwell Trench and Tail Trench. As the 1/6th and 1/8th DLI took the Gird trenches, the 1/9th DLI was to capture | 18,183 |
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the butte and the adjacent quarry and the Northumberland battalions were to support the attack from the flanks and the 1/5th Border Regiment was to stay in reserve in Prue and Starfish trenches; parts of the divisional machine-gun and trench mortar companies were to accompany the attack and a creeping barrage was to begin in front of the jumping-off line. Rain and high winds began again on night of and the attacking infantry floundered in mud, which was thigh-deep in places, as they advanced to the jumping-off points and several men drowned. The rain abated towards dawn, with the prospect of a fine cold day but the effect of the storm and a German counter-bombardment could be seen.
At zero | 18,184 |
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hour the creeping bombardment began and infantry crawled out of their trenches, the first men pulling the following troops over the parapet. The British began to follow the creeping barrage, a moderate German counter-barrage fell short of Snag Trench and massed machine-gun fire began from the flanks, causing many casualties as the British troops struggled through the mud at walking-pace. The remaining men of the 1/8th DLI got close to Butte Trench, where they were also hit by British artillery and Stokes mortar fire and then retired to Snag Trench, leaving wounded and stragglers in shell-holes. On the right flank, a supporting Australian attack failed when the Australian artillery barrage fell | 18,185 |
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behind the front line and a machine-gun barrage was so inaccurate that bullets hit the DLI trenches. In the centre the 1/6th DLI was held up on the right and on the left managed to overrun Gird Trench and form a strong point. The attack of the 1/9th DLI on the left flank, took the quarry, overran the butte and established a machine-gun position, advanced to Gird Trench and dug in on the Albert–Bapaume road. By noon, the 1/6th DLI were held up in Maxwell Trench and the 1/9th DLI had consolidated at the quarry, Gird Trench, Gird Support Trench and Butte Alley.
At German counter-attacks began on the Gird Trenches and fighting in the butte continued for a strong point on the north side. By the | 18,186 |
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British had been forced back from Gird Trench and by the Germans had advanced to Butte Alley and reinforcements were requested to recapture Gird Trench. At (6 November) the 1/9th and 1/6th DLI were driven back to Maxwell Trench by converging attacks from the flanks and a frontal attack, which also overran the butte, where the German garrison emerged and joined in the counter-attack. German troops managed to get behind the quarry and by on 6 November the British were back to their start line in Snag, Maxwell and Tail trenches. Another attack was ordered but cancelled later. The attacking battalions lost and other casualties made a total of RFC aircraft flew in support of the Fourth Army attacks, | 18,187 |
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despite high winds and a contact-patrol crew flew for hours to observe the attack on the butte, reporting its capture and then loss to German counter-attacks.
On 5 November, the 1st Guard Reserve Division had been relieving the 24th Division and Infantry Regiment 179 recorded that the British "swarmed" over the butte and reached the Warlencourt trenches. During the battle, German artillery also managed to fire on both sides and parts of I Battalion, Infantry Regiment 179, I Battalion, Infantry Regiment 139 and I Battalion, Guard Reserve Regiment 1 conducted the converging attack at On the British right flank, Guard Grenadier Regiment 5 and Guard Reserve Regiment 93 of the 4th Guard Division | 18,188 |
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engaged the British. Early on 6 November, stranded in no man's land surrendered to Infantry Regiment 179.
# Aftermath.
## Analysis.
The British attack on 7 November, caused the Bavarian troops "frightful" losses but on 12 October, the Germans showed that afternoon attacks had become predictable and that under-strength British units, few with more than and filled with many poorly trained replacements were not able to defeat the German defence. Air reconnaissance, contact patrol and artillery-observation by the RFC had been negated by poor visibility and the Germans were found to have moved back many machine-guns to concealed positions to engage the British with long-range fire. Major-General | 18,189 |
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Rudolph Cavan the XIV Corps commander, suggested that creeping barrages should begin just beyond each objective and that German gunners should be blinded by smoke shells but in 1916, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had none.
Before the attack on 5 November, German observers saw much traffic on light railways and carts behind the British front; carrying-parties moving material forward from Courcelette and Le Sars could also be seen. It was considered certain that an attack was imminent, when the British began to dribble reinforcements forward.
By 20 October, the advance of the Fourth Army towards Bapaume near the butte had been halted. In the middle of October, the German defenders had | 18,190 |
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been under great strain, a large number of infantry units had been lost and soldiers surrendered much more readily. By the end of the month the defence had revived; German casualties in September had been in October were and far less ground had been lost.
## Casualties.
From the 9th Division had In the attack of 5 November, the 50th Division lost and other casualties made a total of
## Subsequent operations.
### 14 November.
The rain stopped on 8 November and on 12 November, the Fourth Army headquarters ordered a local attack by I Anzac Corps and III Corps on either side of the Eaucourt l'Abbaye–Le Barque road. The 50th Division was to attack Gird Support Trench and Hook Sap, which connected | 18,191 |
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the Gird trenches with Butte Trench and formed a salient from which all of the ground opposite the 50th Division could be swept by cross-fire. The 1/5th Northumberland were to attack up to Hook Sap on the right and the 1/7th Northumberland on the left flank were to capture Hook Sap, Gird Trench and Bind Trench. The rains returned, trenches flooded and left patches of mud thigh-deep. The attackers assembled in Abbaye, Snag and Snag Support trenches. At dawn the butte became visible to the left, the British barrage began at and German SOS rockets made "pencils of golden rain" in the sky.
The 1/5th Northumberland reached Gird Support and gained touch with Australian troops but the conditions were | 18,192 |
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so bad that they retired to Gird Trench, to consolidate a line for astride the Eaucourt l'Abbaye–Le Barque road. The 1/7th Northumberland reached Hook Sap but German machine-gun fire from the butte was so severe that communication was cut off and the attackers disappeared in the mist. Suspected counter-attacks were engaged by artillery and machine-gun fire. At a counter-attack by the three battalions of Guard Grenadier Regiment 5 and the divisional storm company was made on both flanks and at midnight, parties of the 1/4th and 1/5th Northumberland were repulsed on the right flank. Next day the British tried to bomb along Gird Trench but the mud was so bad that the attempt was abandoned due to | 18,193 |
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exhaustion. A German bombardment began at on 16 November and an attack followed two hours later which swiftly recaptured Gird trench.
### Raid, 29/30 January 1917.
In January, the 44th Brigade of the 15th Division organised a raid on the butte by two companies of the 8/10th Gordon Highlanders. The front lines ran along opposite sides of the shallow Warlencourt valley, which sloped down from Le Sars, the butte being just behind the German outpost line. German wire in the area had been cut by previous bombardments and the attack was made without a preliminary bombardment. Demonstrations were made by the 1st Australian Division on the right and the 2nd Division on the left flank. As the attack | 18,194 |
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began a bombardment was fired at the German front line for one minute and then crept forward at per minute until beyond the butte and the quarry nearby. After the barrage was to return to the German front line as the raiders retired. The raiders had rehearsed behind the lines and moved forward from the Scottish support line at on 29 January but needed two hours to cross of ground. The party moved into no man's land along black tapes to a forming-up point, dressed in white smocks and white painted helmets, to blend in with the snow, forming two waves of two platoons each.
The bombardment began at (30 January) and the raid commenced. Little opposition was met, apart from the fire of three machine-guns | 18,195 |
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from the flanks, which were quickly silenced. Screening parties advanced beyond the butte, as the main force attacked the butte and the quarry, taking several prisoners and destroying dugouts. At the butte, twelve Germans surrendered but when others refused, mortar bombs and hand grenades were thrown into tunnel entrances. A fire was started, which spread inside the butte; after twenty minutes, the covering parties began to retire and five minutes later the raiding party had returned to the British lines. The Scottish lost one of the twelve prisoners disclosed that the garrison of the butte had been suggesting that troops had been trapped, when the tunnel entrances were blocked. At a large explosion | 18,196 |
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was seen in the butte, flames rose above the mound and the sound of exploding small-arms ammunition and hand grenades was heard.
### 24 February 1917.
The 2nd Australian Division occupied the Butte de Warlencourt on 24 February 1917, during the German retirements on the Somme front, preparatory to Operation Alberich the retreat to the Hindenburg Line.
## 1918.
The Butte de Warlencourt was recaptured by the German 2nd Army on 24 March 1918, during the retreat of the 2nd Division in Operation Michael, the German spring offensive. The Butte was recaptured for the last time on 26 August, by the 21st Division, during the Second Battle of Bapaume.
# Commemoration.
## Paintings.
William Orpen | 18,197 |
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visited the Somme battlefield in September 1917. He later described the Butte,
and later executed a landscape of the Butte and a portrait showing a British soldier sitting upon it in a manner evoking "The Thinker" (Auguste Rodin) and gave the paintings to the Imperial War Museum. The British war artist C. R. W. Nevinson depicted the Butte in a pencil and chalk sketch, which was acquired by the British Council.
## Purchase of the Butte.
The land on which the Butte de Warlencourt stands was bought by the Western Front Association for 5,000 French Francs (£670) in 1990. Memorials detailing the fighting that took place in the area were dedicated in a ceremony on the Butte on 30 June 1990. The | 18,198 |
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Western Front Association announced in October 2018 its sale "at fair market value" to Bob Paterson who was chairman of the WFA between 2014 and 2016. In 1990, the site was purchased for preservation by the Western Front Association with the help of donations from members. The Western Front Association announced in October 2018 its sale to the former chairman, Bob Paterson. Following concerns raised, Paterson offered to sell the site back to the Western Front Association.
# References.
Books
Websites
# Further reading.
Books
Websites
# External links.
- Bradford, R. Attack on the Butte, 5 November 1916
- Occupation of the Butte, 25–26 February 1917
- Western Front Association: Butte | 18,199 |
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