wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
the Thoughts and Sentiments of Jean Meslier." Translated by Michael Shreve. Prometheus Books. .
# Further reading.
- Brewer, Colin (2007). "Thinker: Jean Meslier", "New Humanist". Vol. 122 (4), July/August. Available online: .
- Deprun, Jean; Desné, Roland; Soboul, Albert (1970–72). "Jean Meslier. Oeuvr... | 18,100 |
1402872 | Jean Meslier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Meslier | Jean Meslier
s Printed "Extrait" ", "Modern Philology", Vol. 30 (4), May, pp. 381–98 .
# External links.
- "Superstition In All Ages, Common Sense" 1732 English
- Le bon sens du curé J. Meslier, suivi de son testament published 1830 includes correspondence of Voltaire on Meslier's testament, a biography of Meslier b... | 18,101 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
USS Cassin Young
USS "Cassin Young" (DD-793) was a of the U.S. Navy named for Captain Cassin Young (1894–1942), who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism at the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and killed in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in the fall of 1942.
"Cassin Young" (DD-793) was laun... | 18,102 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
is preserved today as a memorial ship, berthed at Boston Navy Yard in Massachusetts, across from the . She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 as one of only four surviving "Fletcher"-class destroyers still afloat.
# Service history.
## 1944.
"Cassin Young" arrived at Pearl Harbor 19... | 18,103 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
a picket ship, assigned to warn her group of possible enemy counterattack.
She returned to Majuro, and then Pearl Harbor for further training before reporting to Eniwetok on 11 June to join the screen of escort carriers assigned to covering duty in the invasion of Saipan four days later. In addition t... | 18,104 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
when she returned to Eniwetok to replenish.
Between 29 August and 2 October 1944, "Cassin Young" guarded the carriers of Task Group 38.3 as strikes were flown from their decks to hit targets on Palau, Mindanao, and Luzon in support of the assault on the Palaus, stepping-stone to the Philippines. Only ... | 18,105 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
On 14 October, the cruiser was struck by a "kamikaze", which wounded five of "Cassin Young"s men with machine gun fire. "Cassin Young" aided in shooting down several aircraft in this attack.
On 18 October 1944, TF 38 took position east of Luzon to launch strikes immobilizing enemy air fields there in ... | 18,106 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
the Leyte operation, at 09:38 on 24 October, an enemy bomb struck the aircraft carrier , and "Cassin Young" rejoined TG 38.3 for the dash northward to attack the Japanese Northern Force. This developed on 25 October into the Battle off Cape Engaño, a series of air strikes in which four Japanese carrier... | 18,107 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
and the Nansei Shoto in their support for the assault on Luzon. A brief overhaul at Ulithi prepared her for the operations supporting the invasion of Iwo Jima with air strikes on Honshū and Okinawa, the bombardment of Parece Vela, and screening off Iwo Jima itself during the initial assault on 19 Febru... | 18,108 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
areas, then took up radar picket duty. On 6 April, "Cassin Young" endured her first "kamikaze" attacks with which the Japanese gambled on defeating the Okinawa operation. "Cassin Young" rescued the survivors of two nearby destroyers that were sunk.
On 12 April, it was "Cassin Young"s turn, when a mass... | 18,109 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
31 May, and resumed radar picket duty.
As the "kamikaze" attacks continued, "Cassin Young" had respite only during two brief convoy escort voyages to the Marianas. On 28 July, her group was again a prime target for the Japanese, with one destroyer sunk and another badly damaged by kamikazes. During th... | 18,110 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
the ship underway for the safety of Kerama Retto within 20 minutes. Twenty-two men were killed and 45 wounded. For her determined service and gallantry in the Okinawa radar picket line she was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation.
## 1946.
"Cassin Young" cleared Okinawa 8 August and headed home for rep... | 18,111 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
in this shipyard. At this time the ship was updated to its current configuration. Two Hedgehog anti-submarine (ASW) launchers and two torpedo carriages for the Mark 32 torpedo were added, with one 21 inch (533 mm) quintuple torpedo tube mount removed. Also, four 40 mm Bofors twin mounts were replaced b... | 18,112 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
period of local operations, and exercises in the Caribbean Sea early in 1954, she cleared Newport on 3 May for a round-the-world cruise, which included exercises with the 7th Fleet in the western Pacific, patrols off Korea, and good-will visits to Far Eastern and Mediterranean ports. She returned to Ne... | 18,113 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
At that point the repair costs outweighed retaining the aging ship. On 6 February 1960 she arrived at Norfolk Naval Shipyard to be decommissioned because of that. The ship was put into long-term storage at the Philadelphia Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility 29 April 1960.
## 1974–present.
"Cass... | 18,114 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
maintained and operated by the National Park Service and Cassin Young Volunteers. She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986, as a well-preserved example of the "Fletcher"-class destroyer, the most numerous class of destroyer produced ... | 18,115 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
position at Pier 1 on 14 May 2013. On 4 June 2013, she was moved to the Boston Harbor Shipyard and Marina in East Boston while repairs were made to her berth in Charlestown. By September 2013, she had returned to her museum berth.
Three other "Fletcher"-class ships are preserved as memorials:
- at Bu... | 18,116 |
1402794 | USS Cassin Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Cassin%20Young | USS Cassin Young
y Unit Commendation
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with seven battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Army of Occupation Medal with "EUROPE" clasp
- China Service Medal
- National Defense Service Medal
- Korean Service Medal
- Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
- Korean Presidential Un... | 18,117 |
1402903 | Epiphanius Scholasticus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphanius%20Scholasticus | Epiphanius Scholasticus
Epiphanius Scholasticus
Epiphanius Scholasticus was a sixth-century translator of Greek works into Latin.
Little is known of his life, aside from his works. It seems he bore the name Scholasticus "not so much because of any devotion to literature or theology, but in the sense that that word fr... | 18,118 |
1402903 | Epiphanius Scholasticus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphanius%20Scholasticus | Epiphanius Scholasticus
church histories of Socrates Scholasticus, Sozomen and Theodoret, written in the previous century.
Epiphanius also translated the commentaries of Didymus on the "Proverbs of Solomon" and on the seven general epistles, as well as the commentaries of Epiphanius of Salamis upon "Canticles". His "C... | 18,119 |
1402903 | Epiphanius Scholasticus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphanius%20Scholasticus | Epiphanius Scholasticus
o translated the commentaries of Didymus on the "Proverbs of Solomon" and on the seven general epistles, as well as the commentaries of Epiphanius of Salamis upon "Canticles". His "Codex Encyclicus", compiled at the urging of Cassiodorus, collects and translates letters addressed by different sy... | 18,120 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Belmont Hill School
Belmont Hill School is an independent boys school on a campus in Belmont, a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. The school enrolls approximately 440 students in grades 7-12, separated into the Middle School (grades 7-9) and the Upper School (grades 10-12), and refers to these grade... | 18,121 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
and personal accountability. At the time of its incorporation, the location atop Belmont Hill was not yet developed and belonged to the Belmont Hill Trust. With the help of Robert Atkins, an incorporator and member of the Trust, of undeveloped, rough, and swampy land was purchased in March 1923 and ... | 18,122 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
its doors in the fall of 1923 to 43 boys (grades 3-9) and four faculty.
Munro Leaf, author of the children's book "The Story of Ferdinand", served on Belmont Hill's faculty as an English teacher beginning in 1929.
# Athletics.
Belmont Hill's athletics program offers 16 interscholastic sports, 57 ... | 18,123 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
courts, a free weights and workout facility, and an Olympic-size hockey rink that is converted into four full tennis courts during the non-winter months. Sports offered for middle school and upper school students at Belmont Hill include:
- Fall
- Football (5 teams) ISL and New England Champions 20... | 18,124 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
2012-2014, 2016
- Track (3 teams) ISL and New England Champions 2017
- Tennis (3 teams)
- Golf
- Sailing
# Visual and performing arts.
Belmont Hill offers both curricular and extracurricular tuition in visual arts, music and theater. Students engage in class-related and independent projects in... | 18,125 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
including Jazz Ensemble, Rock Ensemble, Orchestra, Chamber Group, Glee Club, and the B-Flats (an acapella group). The school has close ties with the Berklee College of Music in Boston, allowing the boys to take individual lessons on campus during the week. Serious musicians often enroll in the progr... | 18,126 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Belmont Hill's sister schools. Performances during the 2009-10 school year included "The Bridge to Terabithia", "The Curious Savage", "The Foreigner", "The Music Man", and "Rent".
# Extracurricular activities.
Students' schedules include a variety of different extracurricular activities. These are... | 18,127 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
of "The Panel" is produced together with students from the Winsor School. The Belmont Hill Junto, modeled on Benjamin Franklin's original club, is a collection of students who meet weekly for the purpose of mutual improvement. New student clubs and organizations are founded every semester based on i... | 18,128 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Groups have travelled to New Orleans, Appalachia, and Guadalupe, AZ participating in several service projects.
# Global education.
Belmont Hill has various programs to study and travel abroad. Typically, students who choose to do so will spend a semester or the entire year during their Junior (For... | 18,129 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
50 new students in the 7th grade (Form I) every year, 10-12 in the 8th grade (Form II), and 15-25 in the 9th grade (Form III). On occasion, a few boys may join the school in the 10th grade as well. Graduating classes tend to fluctuate from 80-90 boys, depending on the year, however the school functi... | 18,130 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
University
- Robin Moore, author of "The French Connection"
- David E. Kelley, television producer ("L.A. Law", "Ally McBeal"), husband of Michelle Pfeiffer
- Mark Fusco, NCAA Hockey Hobey Baker Award Winner
- Scott Fusco, NCAA Hockey Hobey Baker Award Winner
- Bill Cleary, Harvard University A... | 18,131 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
Maws, award-winning Boston chef
- G. Scott Romney, politician
- Christian Ruuttu, former NHL Player
- Robert Carlock, writer and producer for 30 Rock, co-creator and showrunner of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
- Ted Murphy, 2000 Olympic Silver Medalist in Men's Rowing
- Gotham Chopra, author, filmm... | 18,132 |
1402929 | Belmont Hill School | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont%20Hill%20School | Belmont Hill School
, former NHL Player
- Robert Carlock, writer and producer for 30 Rock, co-creator and showrunner of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
- Ted Murphy, 2000 Olympic Silver Medalist in Men's Rowing
- Gotham Chopra, author, filmmaker, and entrepreneur
- Mark A. Milley, current Chief of Staff of the United Sta... | 18,133 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
American Dialect Society
The American Dialect Society (ADS), founded in 1889, is a learned society "dedicated to the study of the English language in North America, and of other languages, or dialects of other languages, influencing it or influenced by it." The Society publishes the academic j... | 18,134 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
to encompass "the English language in North America, together with other languages or dialects of other languages influencing it or influenced by it" (Fundamentals, 1991).
# History.
The organization was founded as part of an effort to create a comprehensive American dialect dictionary, a nea... | 18,135 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
in the Society's journal "Dialect Notes", but little was done toward compiling a dictionary recording nationwide usage until Frederic G. Cassidy was appointed Chief Editor in 1963. The first volume of the "Dictionary of American Regional English", covering the letters A-C, was published in 1985... | 18,136 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
professors, university students, and independent scholars." Its activities include a mailing list, which deals chiefly with American English but also carries some discussion of other issues of linguistic interest.
# Word of the Year.
Since 1991, the American Dialect Society has designated one... | 18,137 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
The society also selects words in other categories that vary from year to year, such as "most original" or "most unnecessary" (or "most outrageous") and "most likely to succeed" (see: Word of the year).
A number of words chosen by the ADS are also on the lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the... | 18,138 |
1402924 | American Dialect Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Dialect%20Society | American Dialect Society
ress
- Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year
- Neologism
- Word formation
# External links.
- American Dialect Society, information page at Duke University Press
- Publication of the American Dialect Society, archive articles at Duke University Press
- American Dialect Society, in... | 18,139 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
History Park at Kelley Park
History Park at Kelley Park in San Jose, California, USA is designed as an indoor/outdoor museum, arranged to appear as a small US town might have in the early 1900s (decade). Since its inauguration in 1971, 32 historic buildings and other landmarks have either b... | 18,140 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
to the honorary position of San José City Historian; Arbuckle had no formal training, but was well-known for his keen interest in local history. In 1949, a temporary replica of the first State House was built in San Jose Civic Plaza to celebrate the centennial of the first Legislature of Cal... | 18,141 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
of San José, managed by the city of San Jose, was founded in 1949 simultaneously with the State House centennial activities. In 1965, Theron Fox persuaded the city of San Jose to set aside at the south end of Kelley Park to house the San José Historical Museum, intended to be a historical re... | 18,142 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
$0.25 per adult ($1 for an annual pass).
On February 24, 1977, the half-scale replica of the Electric Light Tower was placed upright, and later that year, on September 25, the first major buildings were dedicated on the site, including the replica Pacific Hotel and historic Umbarger House. ... | 18,143 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
1998. HSJ manages History Park at Kelley Park from the upper floor of the Pacific Hotel in History Park, a replica of a historic hotel originally in downtown San Jose. HSJ is also responsible for the operation of the Peralta Adobe—Fallon House Historic Site and the Collection Center/Research... | 18,144 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
houses of early Santa Clara Valley settlers. Some buildings house special interest historical societies and others host galleries. Admission is free, unless there is a special event being held.
On weekdays, tours are offered by paid staff, often for local students on class field trips. On w... | 18,145 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
Heritage Museum, a museum of Greek heritage, operated by the Hellenic Heritage Institute
- The Leonard and David McKay Gallery, opened on March 13, 2005, contains a collection of paintings of people, buildings, and landscapes from in and around San Jose.
- The Perham Collection of Early El... | 18,146 |
1402942 | History Park at Kelley Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History%20Park%20at%20Kelley%20Park | History Park at Kelley Park
of people, buildings, and landscapes from in and around San Jose.
- The Perham Collection of Early Electronics, previously at Foothills Electronics Museum.
- Steam locomotive Southern Pacific 1215 and tender, Orchard Supply Hardware boxcar, and Missouri Pacific caboose, in a static display... | 18,147 |
1402956 | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiae%20Ecclesiasticae%20Tripartitae%20Epitome | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome
Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome
Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome, the abridged history (in twelve books) of the early Christian Church known as the Tripartite History, was the standard manual of Church history in Medieval Europe.
The work was compi... | 18,148 |
1402956 | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiae%20Ecclesiasticae%20Tripartitae%20Epitome | Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome
Sozomen and Theodoret, written in the previous century. He would probably have used the library assembled by Cassiodorus at Monasterium Vivariense, the monastery of Vivarium on his family estates at the foot of Mount Moscius on the shores of the Ionian Sea. Cassiodorus revis... | 18,149 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
Palaiochora
Palaiochora () is a small town in Chania regional unit, Greece. It is located 77 km south of Chania, on the southwest coast of Crete and occupies a small peninsula 400m wide and 700m long. The town is set along 11 km of coastline bordering the Libyan Sea. It is the seat of the municipality of K... | 18,150 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
It is served by numerous hotels, restaurants, tavernas, cafés, and bars. Facilities in Palaiochora include bank branches, a post office, a central telephone office, a health centre, doctor's offices, dentists, chemists, a police station, a coast guard and customs office, and many types of stores. Ferry boat... | 18,151 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
5 km away, contains a museum dedicated to the area as well as the, now empty, Monastery of the 99 Holy Fathers and what is claimed to be the largest Evergreen Plane Tree on the Island. In 2009 it was planned to open a number of signposted walking routes in the area and the town is on the European E4 Long Di... | 18,152 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
Venetians established a new settlement for workers and merchants called Vourgos. The general Hayreddin Barbarossa destroyed the fort in 1539, but later in 1595 Dolf revamped it. In 1645, the Turks conquered the town and modified the fort to suit their needs.
In 1834 an English traveler named Robert Pashley... | 18,153 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
took them to Piraeus for safety. This caused a major international incident since the Ottoman authorities accused the British of siding with the Cretan rebels. Russian gunboats followed suit, evacuating refugees from Loutro and Sougia, east of Paleochora.
During the Battle of Crete during World War II, the... | 18,154 |
1402960 | Palaiochora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiochora | Palaiochora
of Greece in the 1960s, took place in the 1950s on the nearby island of Gavdos. During that period the islanders exchanged their land on Gavdos for ex-Turkish land on Crete, which had now become exchangeable through a state program. They created a community known as "Gavdiotika", in the 'old town' section o... | 18,155 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
Wantsum Channel
The Wantsum Channel was a strait separating the Isle of Thanet from the north-eastern extremity of the English county of Kent and connecting the English Channel and the Thames Estuary. It was a major shipping route when Britain was part of the Roman Empire, and continued in use until it... | 18,156 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
"wandsum", meaning "winding". Bede, writing in or before 731, mentioned the Wantsum ("Vantsumu") in describing the Isle of Thanet, but he also recorded an alternative name: he described the church at Reculver as being "juxta ostium aquilonale fluminis Genladae", or "by the north mouth of the river Genla... | 18,157 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
entered it at Stourmouth close to its midpoint; it was a two-mile-wide (3 km) strait. The southern end of the channel met the sea at Richborough ("Rutupiae"), downstream of Sandwich, while the northern end met the Thames Estuary at Reculver ("Regulbium"). That the Romans chose both sites for forts indic... | 18,158 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
The silting continued, particularly during the 12th and 13th centuries, when Augustinian monks entered into land reclamation; eventually, by the 16th century, the Wantsum Channel had dried up, apart from the large drainage ditch down the centre of the former channel, and associated feeder ditches.
Effo... | 18,159 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
from the sea. Regarding the northern end of the Channel, it has been estimated that the Roman fort at Reculver was originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the sea to the north, but by 1540, when John Leland recorded a visit there, the coastline to the north had receded to within little more than a quarter... | 18,160 |
1402957 | Wantsum Channel | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wantsum%20Channel | Wantsum Channel
en John Leland recorded a visit there, the coastline to the north had receded to within little more than a quarter of a mile (400 m). It may be that sediment from this erosion contributed to the blocking of the north mouth of the Wantsum. The southern section of the Wantsum Channel is represented by the... | 18,161 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
The Butte de Warlencourt is an ancient burial mound off the Albert–Bapaume road, north-east of Le Sars in the Somme "département" of northern France. It is located on the territory of the commune of Warlencourt-Eaucourt and slightly north of a min... | 18,162 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
observation.
During the Battle of Le Transloy (1–20 October 1916), part of the Battle of the Somme, the Butte de Warlencourt was the subject of several attacks by the British Fourth Army, which were costly failures; attacks in November also failed. The 2nd Australian Division occupi... | 18,163 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
the Second Battle of Bapaume.
In 1990, the site was purchased for preservation by the Western Front Association with the help of donations from members. The Association announced in October 2018 its sale to its former chairman, Bob Paterson. Following concerns raised, Paterson offer... | 18,164 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
until held up at Maricourt. The 4th Bavarian Division further to the north, defeated the French Territorials and then attacked westwards in the vicinity of Gueudecourt, towards Albert, through Sailly, Combles, Guillemont and Montauban. The II Bavarian Corps and XIV Reserve Corps ( He... | 18,165 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
intending to reach the Ancre and then continue westwards along the Somme valley. The 28th () Reserve Division advanced close to Fricourt, against scattered resistance from French infantry and cavalry.
## 1916.
On 21 July 1916, 3 Squadron Royal Flying Corps (RFC) discovered new Germ... | 18,166 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
The capture of Eaucourt enabled the British to move field artillery over the High Wood ridge, into range in a valley beyond the Starfish, where they could support attacks on the butte. Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 remained in the line near Eaucourt and suffered many casualti... | 18,167 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
with up to of the troops contracting diarrhoea; no fresh troops were available to rest the garrison, despite constant appeals from their commanders.
# Prelude.
## German defensive preparations.
The butte was a mound about high, on a slope near the Gird trenches ("Gallwitz Riegel")... | 18,168 |
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the area around Martinpuich, where the British had to move much of their artillery, which increased the accuracy of German counter-batter fire.
## British offensive preparations.
The 47th Division captured the nearby farmstead of Eaucourt L'Abbaye from On 4 October, the 140th Briga... | 18,169 |
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on the right and the 23rd Division on the left flank. The Germans had dug a new trench (Diagonal Trench) across the 47th Division front, over the high ground north of Eaucourt I'Abbaye, westwards into the valley. Diagonal Trench was the first objective and was to be taken by the 1/8t... | 18,170 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
held the area with the III Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16. In the centre the objective was distant, half way to the butte. On the right the 1/8th London was stopped by massed machine-gun fire, as were the 1/15th London and the 1/7th London, which had been intended t... | 18,171 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
the left, companies of the 1/8th London, followed by the 1/7th London advanced down the slope, forward of the mill and were fired on from Diagonal Trench and by artillery and machine-gun fire sited in depth, to aim cross-fire along the western slopes up to the butte and high ground t... | 18,172 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
and captured Le Sars. The 23rd Division sent patrols which gained a view of the butte and the vicinity; at the patrols reported that no Germans could be seen. The 140th Brigade lost many casualties and were relieved on the left flank by the 142nd Brigade but the 1/6th London in the a... | 18,173 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
about short of Diagonal Trench with no losses, then massed machine-gun fire began and inflicted many casualties and few troops reached the trench. On the left flank, three companies of the 1/22nd London reached Diagonal Trench against slight opposition but enfilade fire from the righ... | 18,174 |
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Division on the eve of the attack; Furse asked for a postponement but was over-ruled. RFC aircraft tried to reconnoitre the area to establish the position of any new German trenches but the light was too poor. By 12 October, the Bavarian companies had been reduced to about each, with... | 18,175 |
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the butte. On the right flank, the 7th Seaforth Highlanders (Seaforth) of the 26th Brigade was met by machine-gun fire as soon as it advanced; it was also hit by the British heavy artillery, which fired short and missed Snag Trench. The 10th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Argyll)... | 18,176 |
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during the morning of 13 October. Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 was relieved by Infantry Regiment 104 on 13 October. The defenders managed to recapture a British foothold in the 7th company zone and were then relieved by Reserve Infantry Regiment 181. Bavarian Reserve Infantr... | 18,177 |
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Trench was made the objective of an attack at on 18 October. On the right flank an attack was to be made by the 30th Division. The 26th Brigade was to attack with a battalion in line, the four companies moving on platoon fronts with a supporting company and a machine-gun company; Sto... | 18,178 |
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barrage lifted; the garrison running back to the Gird trenches. A counter-attack began after fifteen minutes, bombed back into the trench on the right and was repulsed soon after. On the left, the South African left flank was repulsed and contact was lost with the right flank units u... | 18,179 |
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gun team was the only South African party to reach the objective; the centre and right-hand companies disappeared, apart from the Lewis gunners and a few wounded. It was thought that the South Africans overran Snag Trench, which was unrecognisable and were cut down by the machine-gun... | 18,180 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
The rainstorm had turned the ground into a sea of mud so deep that moving took four hours. A company was to attack from the "Pimple" and one was to get into Snag Trench east of the "Nose" and attack westwards. The attack from the "Pimple" entered a hollow, which was full of German ma... | 18,181 |
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Le Sars in the angle of the Martinpuich–Warlencourt, Eaucourt l'Abbaye and Martinpuich–Le Barque roads. The front line in Snag Trench was irregular and isolated posts on the left flank were joined, to make a continuous line. The German front line was still in Gird Trench and Gird Sup... | 18,182 |
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night, followed by warmer weather, rain and gales from and the attack was again delayed, eventually being set for on 5 November. The 149th Brigade and the 150th Brigade holding the line had become so exhausted that the 151st Brigade was moved up from reserve for the attack.
The 151s... | 18,183 |
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the butte and the adjacent quarry and the Northumberland battalions were to support the attack from the flanks and the 1/5th Border Regiment was to stay in reserve in Prue and Starfish trenches; parts of the divisional machine-gun and trench mortar companies were to accompany the att... | 18,184 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
hour the creeping bombardment began and infantry crawled out of their trenches, the first men pulling the following troops over the parapet. The British began to follow the creeping barrage, a moderate German counter-barrage fell short of Snag Trench and massed machine-gun fire began... | 18,185 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
behind the front line and a machine-gun barrage was so inaccurate that bullets hit the DLI trenches. In the centre the 1/6th DLI was held up on the right and on the left managed to overrun Gird Trench and form a strong point. The attack of the 1/9th DLI on the left flank, took the qu... | 18,186 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
British had been forced back from Gird Trench and by the Germans had advanced to Butte Alley and reinforcements were requested to recapture Gird Trench. At (6 November) the 1/9th and 1/6th DLI were driven back to Maxwell Trench by converging attacks from the flanks and a frontal atta... | 18,187 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
despite high winds and a contact-patrol crew flew for hours to observe the attack on the butte, reporting its capture and then loss to German counter-attacks.
On 5 November, the 1st Guard Reserve Division had been relieving the 24th Division and Infantry Regiment 179 recorded that t... | 18,188 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
engaged the British. Early on 6 November, stranded in no man's land surrendered to Infantry Regiment 179.
# Aftermath.
## Analysis.
The British attack on 7 November, caused the Bavarian troops "frightful" losses but on 12 October, the Germans showed that afternoon attacks had beco... | 18,189 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
Rudolph Cavan the XIV Corps commander, suggested that creeping barrages should begin just beyond each objective and that German gunners should be blinded by smoke shells but in 1916, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had none.
Before the attack on 5 November, German observers sa... | 18,190 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
been under great strain, a large number of infantry units had been lost and soldiers surrendered much more readily. By the end of the month the defence had revived; German casualties in September had been in October were and far less ground had been lost.
## Casualties.
From the 9t... | 18,191 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
the Gird trenches with Butte Trench and formed a salient from which all of the ground opposite the 50th Division could be swept by cross-fire. The 1/5th Northumberland were to attack up to Hook Sap on the right and the 1/7th Northumberland on the left flank were to capture Hook Sap, ... | 18,192 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
so bad that they retired to Gird Trench, to consolidate a line for astride the Eaucourt l'Abbaye–Le Barque road. The 1/7th Northumberland reached Hook Sap but German machine-gun fire from the butte was so severe that communication was cut off and the attackers disappeared in the mist... | 18,193 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
exhaustion. A German bombardment began at on 16 November and an attack followed two hours later which swiftly recaptured Gird trench.
### Raid, 29/30 January 1917.
In January, the 44th Brigade of the 15th Division organised a raid on the butte by two companies of the 8/10th Gordon ... | 18,194 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
began a bombardment was fired at the German front line for one minute and then crept forward at per minute until beyond the butte and the quarry nearby. After the barrage was to return to the German front line as the raiders retired. The raiders had rehearsed behind the lines and mov... | 18,195 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
from the flanks, which were quickly silenced. Screening parties advanced beyond the butte, as the main force attacked the butte and the quarry, taking several prisoners and destroying dugouts. At the butte, twelve Germans surrendered but when others refused, mortar bombs and hand gre... | 18,196 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
was seen in the butte, flames rose above the mound and the sound of exploding small-arms ammunition and hand grenades was heard.
### 24 February 1917.
The 2nd Australian Division occupied the Butte de Warlencourt on 24 February 1917, during the German retirements on the Somme front... | 18,197 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
visited the Somme battlefield in September 1917. He later described the Butte,
and later executed a landscape of the Butte and a portrait showing a British soldier sitting upon it in a manner evoking "The Thinker" (Auguste Rodin) and gave the paintings to the Imperial War Museum. Th... | 18,198 |
1402889 | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attacks%20on%20the%20Butte%20de%20Warlencourt | Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt
Western Front Association announced in October 2018 its sale "at fair market value" to Bob Paterson who was chairman of the WFA between 2014 and 2016. In 1990, the site was purchased for preservation by the Western Front Association with the help of donations from members. The Wester... | 18,199 |
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