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1402986 | Beiersdorf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beiersdorf | Beiersdorf
founded as a subsidiary of Beiersdorf AG. From the very first year, tesa was able to assert its position in the market. Today it offers about 6.500 different adhesive products and adhesive systems.
On April 1, 2001, the company founded an independent subsidiary, BSN Medical as a joint venture of Beiersdorf (Hamburg) and the British-based, American-owned Smith & Nephew (London) and serves on the market of surgical dressing, orthopaedics and phlebology. BSN Medical had 350 employees in Germany and 3,400 worldwide in 2004. The turnover received 504 mn euros and its operating income reached 70 mn euros. In 2006 BSN medical was sold to Montagu Private Equity for 1.03 bn euros.
Another subsidiary, | 18,300 |
1402986 | Beiersdorf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beiersdorf | Beiersdorf
"Beiersdorf Shared Services GmbH" was founded in 2002.
BSS, to which Beiersdorf's IT and accounting services were outsourced, operates independently but serves as an internal partner for the whole Beiersdorf group. BSS employs 350 people worldwide, 275 of them in Hamburg.
In 2003, a 2-year bidding war ended. Procter & Gamble, an American competitor, had sought to purchase Beiersdorf and proposed a take-over deal to Allianz insurance, which then held 19.6% of Beiersdorf's stock. Fearing that Procter & Gamble was interested only in Beiersdorf's brands and not in the company as a whole, many in Hamburg preferred to retain local ownership. The city of Hamburg and its state-owned holding company | 18,301 |
1402986 | Beiersdorf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beiersdorf | Beiersdorf
HGV created such a solution. The Herz family, owner of the German company Tchibo, who already had a stake in Beiersdorf, increased their holdings to 49.9%. Allianz still held 3.6%; Beiersdorf AG bought up 7.4% of its shares, of which 3% were given to the Beiersdorf pension fund. Another share holder, a private family, retained their share. This public-private alliance ensured that Beiersdorf's headquarters would remain in Hamburg and continue to provide hundreds of jobs, while paying taxes of approximately 200 mn euros annually.
Beiersdorf has been present in India since the 1930s through its brand Nivea. For over 70 years, all of Beiersdorf's products were imported into India. However, Beiersdorf | 18,302 |
1402986 | Beiersdorf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beiersdorf | Beiersdorf
its brand Nivea. For over 70 years, all of Beiersdorf's products were imported into India. However, Beiersdorf built its first manufacturing facility in the Indian city of Sanand, located in the state of Gujarat. This factory also houses an R&D facility which focuses on innovations for Indian consumers as well as other markets.
In 2006, the first Nivea Haus in the world opened on Hamburg's Jungfernstieg; others opened in the following years, e.g. in Berlin and Dubai.
Beiersdorf was fined by Autorité de la concurrence in France in 2016 for price-fixing on personal hygiene products.
# Stock exchange.
Since 22 December 2008, Beiersdorf AG has been traded on the Deutschen Aktienindex (DAX). | 18,303 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
Queen Street, Auckland
Queen Street is the major commercial thoroughfare in the Auckland CBD, Auckland, New Zealand's main population centre. It starts at Queens Wharf on the Auckland waterfront, adjacent to the Britomart Transport Centre and the Downtown Ferry Terminal, and runs increasingly more steeply uphill for almost three kilometres in a mostly straight south-southwesterly direction towards the Karangahape Road ridge, and the residential suburbs in the interior of the Auckland isthmus.
# Geography.
Named after Queen Victoria, Queen Street was an early development of the new town of Auckland (founded in 1840), although initially the main street was intended to be Shortland Street, running | 18,304 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
parallel to the shore of Commercial Bay. The early route of Queen Street led up the middle of a gully following the bank of the Waihorotiu Stream (later bounded in as the 'Ligar Canal'). This canal was culverted beneath the street from the 1870s onward, allowing for further development of the street to be undertaken. The course of the stream is still reflected today in the slight bend of lower Queen Street. From north of Shortland Street, Queen Street is built on land reclaimed from the sea in the late 19th century (see Auckland waterfront article).
There are several other 'Queen Streets' in the greater Auckland area, mostly in suburbs that were separate towns before being absorbed by a growing | 18,305 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
central city. Auckland was also called the "Queen City" since before the turn of the 20th century, though that term is now overshadowed by the nickname "City of Sails".
# History.
## Street, Stream and Canal.
Settlement in the Queen Street area began in 1841 with a number of wooden buildings along the western side, following the general path of the Waihorotiu Stream according to the plans set out by surveyor Felton Mathew. While the street was metalled in 1843 ('metal' is a New Zealand term for gravel road), the natural stream still often overflowed its banks, and the area was still swampy. This led to canalisation and later covering-over of the stream.
## Mainstreet of Auckland.
After | 18,306 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
a fire in 1858 destroyed around 50 buildings in High Street and Shortland Street, the commercial district began to shift towards Queen Street instead, and the first brick and plaster buildings of the 1860s started to cement this move, with the Bank of New Zealand building (only the façade extant today) being one of the first examples. Fires however still continued to plague the new town, with one in 1873 wiping out another 54 buildings in the Queen Street area between Wellesley Street West and Grey Street (today Greys Avenue). The fires, amongst other things, led to the establishment of the Auckland Volunteer Fire Service.
In the 1880s, the first horse-drawn buses began connecting Queen Street | 18,307 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
with areas such as Ponsonby Road and Remuera. In 1900, the first motorcar was admired on the street, and in 1902 the street was finally asphalted, the first street in New Zealand. The same year the first electric trams also arrived, to provide services until 1956.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a large number of imposing buildings constructed, such as the Smith & Caughey's building, the Auckland Town Hall and the General Post Office at the waterfront, later to become the Britomart Transport Centre. By that time, the street was popular for events such as parades and festivities, as well as for political activities such as the strike demonstrations of 1913. The Queen Street riots | 18,308 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
broke out in the adjacent Aotea Square in late 1984. During the second half of the 20th century, many of the older buildings on Queen Street were demolished to make space for larger office buildings.
# Character.
Queen Street is known by reputation all over the country, even by people who have never seen it. It gives its name to the most expensive square in the New Zealand version of "Monopoly" and to a somewhat disrespectful description of business people with rural investment interests (but lacking farming expertise): 'Queen Street farmers'. The street was immortalised by The Front Lawn with their song "(It started on) Queen Street".
The street has been the site of numerous parades, marches | 18,309 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
and other events of political, cultural or sporting nature. Together with adjacent High Street, it is the main retail precinct of the central city, with most national store, bank and restaurant franchises having a branch on the street. Several important other local businesses, such as the Smith & Caughey's department store, have flagship branches here.
The street sees very high pedestrian numbers, estimated by some as up to 10 times as high as on Broadway in Newmarket, seen as Queen Street's closest shopping street rival in Auckland.
# Transport and foot traffic.
Prior to a 2006–2008 street upgrade (see below), Council figures showed that over 50,000 pedestrians, 40,000 public transport users | 18,310 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
and 20,000 people in private vehicles used Queen Street daily. The Council anticipated that the private car share would drop by around 15%. An editorial of "The New Zealand Herald" accused Council of using overestimated public transport user numbers for political purposes to support its bus lane plans.
## Former tram network.
Until December 1956, trams provided public transport along Queen Street, and it was the only street in New Zealand with grand unions, double-track to double-track junctions, where trams could go to all directions from all directions. These junctions were at the intersections with Customs Street and Wellesley Street. Since the closure of Auckland's tram network, Balaclava | 18,311 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
Junction on Melbourne's tram network has been the sole grand union left in the Southern Hemisphere.
# 2006—2008 upgrade.
Public perception in the early 2000s was that Queen Street had lost some of its good reputation in the previous decades, with a rundown and uncoordinated streetscape and the loss of several prestigious retailers cited as either causes or effects. Auckland City Council decided to address the issue of the 'tired' Queen Street through a major redevelopment of the street.
This involved the widening and relaying of footpaths with basalt kerbstones and paving. Granite insets, designed in consultation with the local Māori (Ngati Whatua iwi), as well as recycled redchip pavers | 18,312 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
from the existing footpath, were used to denote special areas – such as those related to the existence of the old Waihorotiu Stream. New street furniture (such as multi-purpose poles for lighting, signage and pennants) and new trees and other landscaping were added to create a 'boulevard effect'. The liquid ambers and Nikau Palms chosen for the new design touched off heated public discussion in 2006 as their inclusion came at the destruction of previous, established trees (which were not native flora of New Zealand, and thus not retained in the new landscaping plan).
The 2006–2008 project repeatedly increased in cost, from NZ$23 million to around NZ$43.5 million, with some aspects (such as | 18,313 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
an improved entrance to Myers Park) falling victim to the blowout. While Council noted in June 2007 that progress had often been quicker than expected, the cost overruns, and the long duration of the construction works – which substantially affected pedestrian and motor vehicle traffic as well as retail sales – made the upgrade unpopular in public, at least during the duration. It also became a problem issue for Dick Hubbard in his failed campaign for re-election to Mayor of Auckland in 2007.
The upgrade is now considered to have generally been a success, and it won the 2009 Urban Design Award of the New Zealand Institute of Architects, which commended it for creating a quality public realm | 18,314 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
and sense of place.
## Upgrade priorities.
To accommodate construction work, Auckland City Council reduced traffic lanes for vehicles to one lane in each direction in early 2007. A proposal was made for this to become permanent, with extended public transport provisions such as bus lanes and cycle lanes proposed for the outer lanes. Also proposed was a 30 km/h speed limit. Committee discussions and public consultation resulted in four physical lanes being retained, mainly to safeguard the street layout for future public transport options such as light rail.
The changes included further improvements to pedestrian facilities, with the total footpath area increasing by 20% to almost 14,000 m², | 18,315 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
and longer traffic signal phases for pedestrians, while three new signalised pedestrian crossings were introduced mid-block, at accident 'black spots'. Also undertaken was a reduction of on-street parking spaces from 81 to 51, part of the prioritisation for pedestrians. The remaining spaces became dedicated short-term parking (i.e. drop-offs, loading). Not included in the design were dedicated bus bays, noted as a serious oversight by some critics, causing potential delays on the proposed bus lanes.
# Buildings and attractions.
At the northern (waterfront) end of Queen Street are several significant buildings. These include:
- Auckland Ferry Building, 1911. Alexander Wiseman architect. This | 18,316 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
brick and sandstone building is in the Edwardian Baroque style. It was renovated in 1986 at a cost of $11 million.
- Endeans Building, 1914–15. Corner of Queen Street and Quay Street. Built by John Endean, a prominent hotel proprietor, in 1905 and rebuilt 10 years later after a fire. Chilwell and Trevithick architects. The upper floors of this reinforced concrete building were converted to apartments during the 1990s. Listed as a Category II heritage building.
- (Former) Chief Post Office, 1910. John Campbell architect. Opened by Prime Minister William Massey before a crowd of over 8,000. This Edwardian Baroque building of limestone and granite has been incorporated into the Britomart Transport | 18,317 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
Centre. Campbell was the Government Architect, and consequently this building has similar features to the New Zealand Parliament Buildings in Wellington, which were constructed around the same time.
- (Former) Custom House, 1888. Thomas Mahoney architect, 22 Customs St. This building displays the mansard roofs typical of the French Second Empire Style. In 1909 an addition was built to the south [now demolished]. Prior to the Town Hall's opening in 1911 several departments of the Auckland City Council were located here. The Custom House was renovated for retail use in the 1980s.
Between Customs Street and Wellesley Street, Queen Street is lined with retail and office buildings. This section | 18,318 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
of the street is where the majority of the high-rise buildings are located. These are mostly 20th century in origin, although a number of 19th century structures survive. Many large corporations, insurance companies and banks had substantial buildings on Queen Street and in some cases their head offices were located here rather than in Wellington (the capital). The most significant buildings along the middle part of the street are the:
- Dilworth Building, 1927. Gummer and Ford architects. 22 Queen St. Envisaged as one of a pair of buildings flanking the entrance to Queen Street and thus being a "Gateway to Auckland". The use of electric cranes rather than hydraulic meant a very short construction | 18,319 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
period. The Dilworth Building is a reinforced concrete structure encased in Portland stone. William Gummer had been trained in the offices of Sir Edwin Lutyens, and this building shows influence of this connection.
- The Queens Arcade – 34 Queen Street. 1920s Neo-classical building linking the eastern side of Queen Street with Customs Street.
- Guardian Trust Building – 105 Queen Street. A 1919 reinforced concrete structure distinguished by bronze entrance columns. The architect William Gummer had been trained in the offices of Sir Edwin Lutyens, and this building shows influence of this connection. The stone used on the Queen Street façade and in the lobby is Cloudy Bay Marble from Nelson.
- | 18,320 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
The Deloitte Centre – 80 Queen Street. New tower designed by Woods Bagot Architects which incorporates the Jean Batten State Building.
- Jean Batten State Building – Named after the pioneer New Zealand aviator Jean Batten. Designed by John Mair, government architect in 1937 and completed in 1940. This was intended as office space for Government departments in Auckland which had outgrown their premises in the Custom House in nearby Customs Street. The building was used by the American High Command as their headquarters for the duration of the Second World War.
- South British Insurance Building – 15 Shortland Street. 1927 building by R F Draffin for the South British Insurance Company – the | 18,321 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
lobby is arguably the best Art-Deco interior in Auckland. The addition to the east dates from 1968 and is on the site of a Victorian Pub.
- General Building – 33 Shortland Street. Neo-Classical skyscraper built for the Yorkshire Insurance Company. Designed by W R Bloomfield in 1928. Bloomfield was probably the first Maori architect. The Shortland Street facade of this building was extended in 1977. Few people looking at the building would be aware that the right hand {western} side of the building is from 1928 and the left hand {eastern} from 1977 as the classical detailing was perfectly replicated.
- Bank of New Zealand Building, 1865. Leonard Terry architect. 125 Queen St. Built of beige | 18,322 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
sandstone imported from Hobart, Australia, this building was originally only five bays wide, and in 1882 two more bays were added on the Queen Street facade. In 1986 this building was substantially altered, and now only the facade remains, attached to a large high rise office building.
- Vulcan Buildings, 1928. Holman, Moses & Watkins architects. This elegant building stands prominently on the southern corner of Vulcan Lane and Queen Street, and has design influences principally from Neoclassical architecture, but also the English Arts and Crafts movement. A defining feature is the cupola on the top of the building. The building also marks a significant change in built form of Central Auckland, | 18,323 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
as the city was being transformed from the low-rise buildings of the 19th century to the high-rise buildings of the 20th century.
- Landmark House, formerly Auckland Electric Power Board Building 1927. Wade & Bartley architects. Cnr Queen St and Durham St east. This is an example of the early Art Deco – gothic skyscraper style. The design emphasises the vertical, drawing on references from Chicago and New York skyscrapers of the period. The Auckland Electric Power Board used the building as a form of advertising by flood lighting the exterior.
- Queen Victoria Building, Auckland, formerly John Courts Building. Designed by John Currie in 1899 for the Direct Supply Company. Cnr Queen St and | 18,324 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
Victoria St East. The first three stories are in the Victorian Italianate style. Internally the building retains its timber columns and floor structure. In 1910 John Court opened his department store in the building and in 1916 added three stories in the same style.
- AMP Building – 220 Queen Street. 1962 Modernist New York Style Skyscraper. This building is an example of a Glass curtain wall and is distinguished by crisp metal detailing. Designed by Jack Manning for Thorp Cutter Pickmere & Douglas Architects.
- Strand Arcade 233–237 Queen St. Commissioned by local businessman Arthur Myers, built in 1900 with the latest in lifts, ventilation and lighting (the basement restaurant could seat | 18,325 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
700). Renovated in 1970 this Edwardian shopping arcade has remained largely unaltered.
- Auckland Savings Bank Building, 1884. Edward Bartley architect. 260 Queen St. This is an example of the mid Victorian italianate style. The facade displays columns and panels of coloured marble and granite. In 1977 this building became a McDonald's restaurant, although the facade and interior remain largely intact due to a sensitive renovation.
Beyond the Wellesley Street intersection lies the midtown district, with its entertainment and civic focus, centred on Aotea Square. Here are located most of the important civic buildings, including the:
- Auckland Civic Theatre, 1929. Bohringer, Taylor & Johnson | 18,326 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
architects. 269 Queen St. This is one of the best remaining examples of an atmospheric theatre. The monumental Art Deco stripped-classical facade hides a lavish Hollywood inspired interior. The lobby is a reproduction of an Indian rock temple decorated with 500 elephants. The auditorium is decorated as an open courtyard in ancient Baghdad, the ceiling imitating the night sky with hundreds of electric stars placed as they appear in the southern sky. Extensively renovated in 1994 it is now part of a larger entertainment and retail complex. The renovation fixed several problems including the undersized stage and inadequate backstage facilities.
- St. James Theatre – 316 Queen Street. 1927 theatre | 18,327 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
building in the 1920s Hollywood/Spanish style designed for vaudeville but wired for talking pictures in 1929. The stage capacity, acoustics and seating sightlines meant this theatre was superior to the other venues of the period (His Majesty's, King's Theatre, and the Auckland Opera House); even after the appearance of the Civic it still stood out as the best venue for traditional live theatre. The landmark turret above the Queen street entrance is possibly still concealed behind modernist cladding.
- Bledisloe House, 1959. A modernist glass facade office block designed for Central Government services as part of the proposed Civic Centre. Designed by Gordon Wilson with Jack Beere and named | 18,328 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
after Lord Bledisloe (Governor-General of New Zealand from 1930 to 1935). This was the only one of a complex of six identical buildings planned for the environs of what is now Aotea Square. The other five buildings were to be the new Town Hall, a City Administration block, a new Public Library, public Art Gallery and a final office block to be rented out as commercial office space. In the middle of this complex was to be the Auckland Centennial Theatre and a public square. The Admin Bldg was eventually built in 1966 in a different form and the theatre appeared in 1989 as the Aotea Centre. The other four buildings would have required the demolition of all the other buildings on this city block | 18,329 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
including the 1911 Town Hall and the Civic Theatre. The Bledisloe Building was renovated in 2014 by Auckland Council.
- Aotea Centre, 1990. Ewen Wainscott architect. Initially proposed in 1949 as the Auckland Centennial Hall, construction of this building was delayed for several decades. Intended to supplant the town hall, when it opened it was found to have acoustical problems resulting in a costly refit. Complaints from performers over many years resulted in the renovation of the Town Hall. The lobby of the Aotea Centre contains many art works by New Zealand artists.
- Council Administration Block, 1966. Tibor K.Donner architect. Considered a positive example of 1950s modernism, which contrasts | 18,330 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
with the 1911 Town Hall on the far side of Aotea Square. Is considered to be Auckland's first 'skyscraper'.
- Auckland Town Hall, 1911. J. Clark & Sons architects. 303 Queen St. A Melbourne firm designed this building in the English Baroque style. It is built of Melbourne Bluestone and Oamaru stone with art nouveau leadlight windows. The main auditorium has excellent acoustics being based upon the famous Gewandhaus Concert Hall in Leipzig, Germany. The large pipe organ was donated by Sir Henry Brett, a former mayor of Auckland. This building was renovated in the late 1990s and continues to be widely considered as Auckland's premier concert venue.
Further up Queen Street beyond Mayoral Drive | 18,331 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
is the uptown district, centred on Myers Park. This is often referred to as Upper Queen Street, although that name actually refers to a separate continuation of Queen Street on the other side of the K'Road ridge. The most significant buildings in this area are the:
- 'Queen Street Shops' – 456–488 Queen Street. Range of Edwardian retail buildings from 1909 onwards. Designed by two Auckland architects, T W May and Alexander Wiseman. These form a harmonious ensemble facing Myers Park but also retain many original features often removed from other structures; the curved corrugated iron verandahs are intact and held up by vertical posts, and virtually all the shops' fronts are intact including | 18,332 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
the glazed tile work surrounds.
- Theosophical Society Building, 1923. Henry Robinson architect. Located at the Queen St entrance to Myers Park, this is a fine example of interwar neo-classical architecture for the Theosophical Society replacing an earlier structure from 1912 located further down Queen Street. Recently renovated as a 'gentlemen's club' called 'The White House'.
- Myers Free Kindergarten 1916 B.Chilwell & R.Trevithick architects. Designed as a large homely cottage this brick and stucco building is located in the middle of the 1914 Myers Park. An example of Arts & Crafts architecture which still operates as a kindergarten.
- Auckland Baptist Tabernacle 1884 Edmund Bell architect. | 18,333 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
Near the corner of Queen St & Karangahape Road. Large Imperial Roman temple. The interior has decorative ceiling stencilwork in the neo-classical style by Samuel and Charles Blomfield.
Beyond the Karangahape Road ridge the southernmost 500 metres of the street is called Upper Queen Street, and it crosses the eastern part of the Central Motorway Junction, the largest interchange on the New Zealand state highway network.
# References.
- "The Lively Capital, Auckland 1840–1865" – Una Platts, Avon Fine Prints Limited New Zealand 1971.
- "The Heart of Colonial Auckland, 1865–1910" – Terence Hodgson. Random Century NZ Ltd 1992.
- "Colonial Architecture in New Zealand" – John Stacpoole. A.H & | 18,334 |
905778 | Queen Street, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%20Street,%20Auckland | Queen Street, Auckland
on, the largest interchange on the New Zealand state highway network.
# References.
- "The Lively Capital, Auckland 1840–1865" – Una Platts, Avon Fine Prints Limited New Zealand 1971.
- "The Heart of Colonial Auckland, 1865–1910" – Terence Hodgson. Random Century NZ Ltd 1992.
- "Colonial Architecture in New Zealand" – John Stacpoole. A.H & A.W. Reed 1976.
- "Decently And in Order, The Centennial History of the Auckland City Council" – G.W.A Bush. Collins 1971.
- "Auckland Through A Victorian Lens" – William Main. Millwood Press 1977.
- "Auckland City Heritage Walks" – Susan Yoffe & Tania Mace, 2005.
# External links.
- History of Queen Street (from the Auckland City Council website) | 18,335 |
905800 | Carmack | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmack | Carmack
Carmack
Carmack is a surname derived from the Celtic given name "Cormac". Notable people with the surname include:
- Adrian Carmack (born 1969), game artist, cofounder of id Software
- Chris Carmack (born 1980), American actor
- Edward W. Carmack (1858–1908), American politician
- George Carmack (1860–1922), American discoverer of gold in the Klondike region
- Howard Carmack, Internet spammer
- John Carmack (born 1970), American game programmer, co-founder of id Software
- Justin Carmack (1981-2000), American child actor
- Kate Carmack (1862–1920), First Nation woman
- Kona Carmack (born 1976), American model
# See also.
- Carmack Amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act regarding | 18,336 |
905800 | Carmack | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmack | Carmack
merican politician
- George Carmack (1860–1922), American discoverer of gold in the Klondike region
- Howard Carmack, Internet spammer
- John Carmack (born 1970), American game programmer, co-founder of id Software
- Justin Carmack (1981-2000), American child actor
- Kate Carmack (1862–1920), First Nation woman
- Kona Carmack (born 1976), American model
# See also.
- Carmack Amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act regarding the liability of carriers under receipts and bills of lading
- Carmacks, Yukon
- Carmacks Group
- Carmacks Airport
- Carmack's Reverse, computer graphics technique
- Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation
- Cormack (surname)
- McCormack
- McCormick (surname) | 18,337 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
Baron Davis
Baron Walter Louis Davis (born April 13, 1979) is an American former professional basketball player who is a studio analyst for "The NBA on TNT". He is a two-time NBA All-Star. He was drafted with the third overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets. He also played in the NBA for the New Orleans Hornets, Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Clippers, Cleveland Cavaliers and New York Knicks. Davis played college basketball for UCLA, where he was an All-American honoree before turning professional after his sophomore year. He was a star high school player while at Crossroads School.
# Early life.
Davis was born in Los Angeles and grew up in the South Central area. | 18,338 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
His grandmother and guardian, Lela Nicholson, was instrumental in pushing him to play basketball. With her encouragement, he eventually enrolled at Crossroads School, a prestigious private school in Santa Monica.
As a senior at Crossroads, Davis led his team to the championship of The Beach Ball Classic tournament in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina over perennial prep powerhouse Simon Gratz High School ([Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]), while earning MVP honors and a spot on the All-Tournament team along with future St. John's standout Erick Barkley at that prestigious event. That year, Davis was also named Gatorade National Player of the Year and a Parade All-American. He was also selected to play | 18,339 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
in the prestigious McDonald's All-American High School Basketball Game in Colorado Springs in 1997, playing with future NBA players Elton Brand, Shane Battier, Larry Hughes and Ron Artest, and winning the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest despite being the smallest man in the competition at 6'2".
# College career.
After a highly contested recruiting battle that saw Kansas, Georgia Tech, Duke, and UCLA in hot pursuit for his services, Davis selected UCLA as his school of choice, so that he could play in front of his family and friends. During this time, Davis was involved in a minor controversy pertaining to his driving a 1991 Chevy Blazer that was a gift from his sister, then a UCLA employee. The car | 18,340 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
was sold to her by a member of Jim Harrick's family. At the time, Harrick was the UCLA men's basketball coach, presenting both a conflict of interest and a potential recruiting violation, since rumor had it that the car was purchased below market value. The controversy subsided when it was discovered that Davis' sister had, in fact, bought the car at the listed blue-book price. Davis then enrolled at UCLA in 1997 without problem. In 1998, Davis was named the Pac-10 Freshman of the Year and made the Third Team All-America his sophomore year in 1999.
In Davis' two years at UCLA, he averaged 13.6 points and 5.1 assists for the Bruins. While coming down from a dunk during an NCAA Tournament game | 18,341 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
his freshman year, he injured his knee and tore his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Surprisingly, though, he made a full recovery the next season and seemed to have regained nearly all of the speed, quickness, and explosiveness he had before the injury while doing enough on the basketball court to warrant his declaring for the 1999 NBA draft after his sophomore campaign.
# Professional career.
## Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002).
Davis was the third pick in the 1999 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets. In his NBA debut, a 100–86 win over the Orlando Magic, Davis scored nine points, and added five rebounds, two assists and two steals. In Davis' first year, he backed up Eddie Jones and David | 18,342 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
Wesley, as the Hornets lost in the first round of the playoffs to the 76ers in four games.
Davis saw better success the following year, as his averages in points, assists, steals and minutes per game all increased and he started all 82 games for the Hornets. Davis lead the Hornets back into the playoffs, and swept the Miami Heat before being defeated by the Ray Allen-led Milwaukee Bucks in seven games in the second round. Davis is credited with making the longest shot in NBA history at the Bradley Center on February 17, 2001, when he buried an 89-foot shot with 0.7 seconds remaining in the third quarter against the Milwaukee Bucks.
The next season, Davis again started all 82 games while averaging | 18,343 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
18 points and 8.5 assists per game. He was also selected as an injury replacement for Vince Carter in the 2002 NBA All-Star Game. The Hornets made the playoffs with Davis for the third time in as many years, but after defeating the Tracy McGrady-led Orlando Magic in the opening round, they were eliminated in the second round by the Jason Kidd-led New Jersey Nets.
## New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005).
In the summer of 2002, the Hornets relocated from Charlotte, North Carolina, to New Orleans. In the New Orleans Hornets' inaugural season, Davis suffered multiple injuries that limited him to just 50 games. He was still able to lead the Hornets back to the playoffs, but they would fall to the Allen | 18,344 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
Iverson-led Philadelphia 76ers in the first round. Iverson would later describe Davis as the most difficult defensive assignment of his career. The following season saw a similar result, injuries limited Davis to 67 games and the Hornets were ousted in the first round of the playoffs by the Dwyane Wade-led Miami Heat .
The Hornets made the playoffs in each of Davis' five years with the team, and only advanced past the first round in the two years he started every game. After Davis was traded to Golden State, New Orleans failed to make the playoffs for three straight years. He played for the US national team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship.
## Golden State Warriors (2005–2008).
On February | 18,345 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
24, 2005, Davis was traded from the Hornets to the Golden State Warriors for guard Speedy Claxton and veteran forward Dale Davis after tension with the Hornets' coaching staff and several nagging injuries. The move created one of the more potent backcourts in the NBA with Davis and star guard Jason Richardson. It also saw Davis' return to California, where he had craved to return since his college days at UCLA.
After two seasons in which the Warriors underachieved under coach Mike Montgomery, the Warriors hired former coach Don Nelson for the 2006–07 season. His high-scoring offensive system was designed to fit Davis's up-tempo style. Although Davis suffered through knee soreness and underwent | 18,346 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
surgery during the season, he still led the Warriors to their first playoff appearance since 1994. The Warriors swept the regular season series against the Mavericks 3–0, giving them an advantage and won the series against the top-seeded Dallas Mavericks 4–2, making them the 1st No. 8 seed to beat a No. 1 seed since the NBA changed the 1st round from a 5-game series to a 7-game series. It was numerically the largest upset in the history of the NBA playoffs, with the 67–15 Mavericks' regular-season win-loss record 25 games better than the 42–40 Warriors'. Davis averaged 25 points per game in the series.
Steve Kerr, then television analyst, called Davis' performance in the 2007 NBA Playoffs "outrageous...stunningly | 18,347 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
athletic and creative and explosive." Davis' playoff highlights included numerous acrobatic layups, a buzzer-beating half-court three-pointer, and a memorable dunk over Andrei Kirilenko. The Utah Jazz eliminated the undersized Warriors 4 games to 1. Davis averaged 25.3 points, 6.5 assists, 2.9 steals, and 4.5 rebounds per game in the 2007 Playoffs.
In 2008, during a playoff elimination game against the Phoenix Suns, Coach Nelson benched Davis at halftime due to his poor play (shooting 2–13 in 17 minutes). Down fourteen at the half, the Warriors lost by six. Some sportswriters criticized Nelson's decision to bench his team's star with an entire half left to play; other writers speculated about | 18,348 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
possible friction between Davis and Nelson, which Nelson denied. After the 2007–08 season, in which the Warriors were narrowly edged out of playoff contention despite a record of 48–34 (led by Davis – who remained injury-free throughout the season – with averages of 21.8 PPG, 7.6 assists, 2.3 steals, 4.6 RPG), Davis's agent Todd Ramasar stated that Davis might opt out of his contract with the Warriors, which would have paid him $17.8 million, to pursue other options. On June 30, 2008, Davis opted out of his contract with the Golden State Warriors.
## Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011).
On July 1, 2008, Davis verbally agreed to a 5-year, $65 million deal to play for his hometown-team, the Los | 18,349 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
Angeles Clippers, and officially signed with the Clippers on July 10, 2008. Davis initially decided to join the Clippers with the intent of playing with Elton Brand, but Brand shockingly opted out of his contract to sign with the Philadelphia 76ers. After officially signing with the Clippers, Davis said that Brand's departure had no impact on his decision to come to Los Angeles.
Prior to Davis' arrival, the Clippers had never even won their division or conference, and had only advanced past the first round of the playoffs twice since entering the league in 1970. Davis promised to change that, and despite Brand's departure, Clippers fans remained excited to have a star who could compete with | 18,350 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
crosstown rival Kobe Bryant's popularity.
Davis' first year with the Clippers was marked with a series of injuries and disappointments, as the Clippers struggled to a 19–63 record in which Davis was only able to play 65 games, and saw his points per game average and field goal percentage take a steep decline. Despite this, Davis did produce a few bright spots on the year. On November 22, he scored 30 points and handed out 10 assists in a game against the New Jersey Nets. He also had a pair of 20-assist games on the year.
On November 20, 2009, at a home game vs the Denver Nuggets, Baron reached and surpassed the 5,000 assist mark. In his third year with the Clippers, a rejuvenated and healthy | 18,351 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
Davis saw some success playing alongside youngsters Eric Gordon, DeAndre Jordan and Rookie of the Year Blake Griffin. While Davis was finally showing the ability that prompted Clippers management to sign him, run-ins with the coaching staff and Clippers' owner Donald Sterling as well as the team's decision to get younger and rebuild, made the Clippers decide to move in a new direction.
## Cleveland Cavaliers (2011).
On February 24, 2011, Davis was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers along with a first round pick (which turned out to be the first overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft, Kyrie Irving), in exchange for Mo Williams and Jamario Moon. This trade to Cleveland marked a reunion between Davis | 18,352 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
and former coach Byron Scott, to which Davis was quoted as saying "I know we're together for a reason. There's some things my game can benefit from just playing in his system". Davis chose to wear no. 85 to honor his grandparents who raised him in Los Angeles and whose house was on 85th Street. In his debut with the Cavs, Baron scored 18 points, grabbed 4 rebounds, had 5 assists, and made four three-point shots, in a win over the New York Knicks.
Despite joining a Cavaliers team who at the time of the trade had the worst record in the NBA (which included a record-setting 26-game losing streak), Davis helped the Cavaliers close the season with several victories, including a 102–90 upset victory | 18,353 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
over LeBron James and the Miami Heat, to ensure that Cleveland did not have the worst record in the league at the season's end.
On December 14, 2011, the Cavaliers waived Davis via the amnesty clause. He still made the $30 million over the two years left on his contract, but it did not count against Cleveland's salary cap. The Cavaliers had drafted Kyrie Irving with their first overall pick, and wanted to give him the starting point guard spot, allowing Davis to seek a starting job on a contending team. The Knicks, Heat and Lakers were in the market for a point guard at the time.
## New York Knicks (2011–2012).
On December 19, 2011, Davis signed a one-year contract with the New York Knicks, | 18,354 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
choosing New York over the Lakers and Heat who also expressed interest in signing Davis. At the time of the signing, Davis had a herniated disk in his back. He did not make his debut for the Knicks until February 20, 2012, coming off the bench to score a three-pointer along with an assist.
Davis took over as the Knicks' starting point guard following the season-ending injury to Jeremy Lin. He also started the four playoff games he played in. On May 6, 2012, during Game 4 of the first round of the playoffs in New York's win against the Miami Heat, Davis injured his right knee while dribbling down the court. He was carted off the court on a stretcher. He underwent surgery after an MRI revealed | 18,355 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
a partial tear of the patellar tendon in his right knee and complete tears of the right ACL and MCL.
## Later years and comeback (2012–2016).
Davis became an unrestricted free agent in the summer of 2012, but he was expected to be out until May 2013 while recovering from his surgery. He made a return to the basketball court in July 2015, scoring 44 points in the Drew League (which was the subject of his documentary "The Drew: No Excuse, Just Produce"), and subsequently announced his interest in returning to the NBA. On January 15, 2016, he signed a contract to play in the NBA Development League, and on March 2, he was acquired by the Delaware 87ers. Two days later, he made his D-League debut | 18,356 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
in a 114–106 loss to the Iowa Energy, recording eight points, one rebound, four assists and three steals in 19 minutes off the bench. In six games for Delaware to conclude the 2015–16 season, Davis averaged 12.8 points, 2.5 rebounds, 3.5 assists and 1.2 steals per game.
Davis participated in NBA Celebrity All-Star Game 2017 as part of Michael Smith's West Team.
On June 22, 2018, Davis made his debut for Three's Company of The Big3 league leading the team with 17 points and 9 rebounds in a 21-point win.
# Awards and honors.
- NBA
- 2× NBA All-Star (, )
- All-NBA Third Team ()
- 2× NBA steals leader (, )
- NBA Skills Challenge champion ()
- College
- AP Third-team All-American (1999)
- | 18,357 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
First-team All-Pac-10 (1999)
- Pac-10 Freshman of the Year (1998)
- Pac-10 All-Freshman Team (1998)
- Great Alaska Shootout All-Tournament Team
- UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame (2016)
- High school
- Gatorade Player of the Year (1997)
- McDonald's All-American (1997)
- California Mr. Basketball (1997)
# Personal life.
On January 30, 2014, Davis married former Creative Artists Agency (CAA) agent Isabella Brewster, the sister of actress Jordana Brewster. In April 2014, Brewster announced she and Davis were expecting a child. In January 2016, Brewster gave birth to the couple's second child. The couple split in June 2017. In late 2017 Davis was spotted on several dates with actress Laura | 18,358 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
Dern.
## Broadcasting career.
Since 2017, Davis is also a regular panelist during NBA on TNT's Monday coverage called "Players Only", which features only former NBA players as studio analysts, play by play announcers, and color analysts for games.
## Film and television.
In addition to his NBA career, Davis has had an increasing role in the film industry, with the intention of making it a full-time career when his playing days are over. He is a member of the Screen Actors Guild, having earned membership by appearing in movies such as "The Cookout" and guest-starring on the ABC Family show "Lincoln Heights" and ABC's "The Forgotten". He has made appearances both as himself and fictional characters | 18,359 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
in movies and on television, and has also been involved in producing a number of films, ranging from "The Pool Boys" to "". Davis and high school friend, Cash Warren, formed a production company called "Verso Entertainment" in 2005.
Davis appeared on the DVD commentary track of the 2008 film "Step Brothers" alongside Will Ferrell and John C. Reilly, and appears as himself during season three of "Hot In Cleveland". He appeared in the 2012 film "That's My Boy" as a gym teacher, and in 2015, he appeared in Yahoo! Screen's "Sin City Saints", playing the role of Billy Crane. He also played himself in the 2015 film "The Night Before", and portrayed a doctor in "Joe Dirt 2".
On November 12, 2015, | 18,360 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
Davis co-starred alongside Kyrie Irving, Ray Allen and J. B. Smoove as Louis in the fourth episode of "Uncle Drew", a series of Pepsi Max advertisements written and directed by Irving.
In Mozart in the Jungle's last three episodes of the third season, Davis made a special guest appearance as Kevin Majors, an injured NBA player.
Davis appeared in the 2017 Chinese film "My Other Home" starring Stephon Marbury.
He stars in the scripted television sitcom "WTF, Baron Davis" on the Fuse channel, premiering January 20, 2019.
Baron Davis the basketball player should not be confused with Baron Davis the voice actor, who did additional voices in "Tarzan II" and "The Jungle Book 2". However, Davis | 18,361 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
the basketball player did some voiceover work for the series "TripTank", as Stedmund the horse.
## Business.
In 2012, Davis formed the gaming company "5 Balloons Interactive" with Sean O’Brien, formerly of EA Sports, to produce games for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Their first game was called "Getting Buckets".
In 2016, Davis created the Black Santa Company which sells shirts, beanies, onesies, as well as Christmas ornaments among other products.
# See also.
- List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders
- List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders
- List of National Basketball | 18,362 |
1402941 | Baron Davis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron%20Davis | Baron Davis
horse.
## Business.
In 2012, Davis formed the gaming company "5 Balloons Interactive" with Sean O’Brien, formerly of EA Sports, to produce games for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Their first game was called "Getting Buckets".
In 2016, Davis created the Black Santa Company which sells shirts, beanies, onesies, as well as Christmas ornaments among other products.
# See also.
- List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders
- List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders
- List of National Basketball Association single-game assists leaders
# External links.
- NBA.com profile
- UCLA bio | 18,363 |
905828 | Francis Kellogg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis%20Kellogg | Francis Kellogg
Francis Kellogg
Francis Kellogg may refer to:
- Francis William Kellogg (1810–1879), U.S. Representative from the states of Michigan and Alabama
- Francis L. Kellogg (1917–2006), American diplomat | 18,364 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
Dave Parker
David Gene Parker (born June 9, 1951), nicknamed "The Cobra", is an American former player in Major League Baseball. He was the 1978 National League MVP and a two-time batting champion. Parker was the first professional athlete to earn an average of one million dollars per year, having signed a five-year, $5 million contract in January 1979. Parker's career achievements include 2712 hits, 339 home runs, 1493 runs batted in and a lifetime batting average of .290. Parker was also known as a solid defensive outfielder during the first half of his career, with a powerful arm, winning three consecutive Gold Gloves during his prime. From 1975 to 1979, he threw out 72 runners, including | 18,365 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
26 in 1977.
He was a baseball All-Star in 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, and 1990. In the 1979 All-Star Game, Parker showcased his defensive ability and powerful arm by throwing out Jim Rice at third base and Angels catcher Brian Downing at home. Parker also contributed an RBI on a sacrifice fly and was named the game's MVP.
In 1985, Parker was the winner of the League's first-ever Home Run Derby.
# Early life.
Parker grew up in Cincinnati near Crosley Field, where he learned to play baseball on the stadium's parking lots. His father, Dick Parker, was a shipping clerk in a foundry. Dave Parker attended Courter Tech High School. He has said his favorite sport was football, and he starred | 18,366 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
at tailback but injured a knee in a game during his senior year and gave up the game. Also a baseball star, one of his fondest memories is playing at Western Hills High School (alma mater of Pete Rose), where he hit a home run that landed on the roof of a Frisch's restaurant.
# Playing career.
## Pittsburgh Pirates.
In the early 1970s, as a member of the Pirates AAA minor league ball team Charleston (WV) Charlies, Parker hit a home run that landed on a coal car on a passing train and the ball was later picked up in Columbus, Ohio. He began his major league career on July 12, 1973 with the Pittsburgh Pirates, for whom he played from 1973 to 1983.
At the 1977 MLB All-Star Game he became the | 18,367 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
only player in history to have worn batting helmets from two different teams—neither of them his own—in the same game, wearing a San Diego Padres helmet early on before swapping it out for a Cincinnati Reds one.
In 1977, he was National League batting champion, a feat he repeated in 1978 when he was named the National League's MVP. This was in spite of a collision at home plate with John Stearns during a game against the Mets on June 30, 1978, in which Parker fractured his jaw and cheekbone; he wore a specially constructed facemask in order to minimize his time away from the lineup. The Pirates rewarded him with baseball's first million-dollar-per-year contract. The following year, he was an | 18,368 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
instrumental part of the Pirates' World Series championship team.
During a game in 1979, a powerful hit he made to right field was very difficult to throw into the infield, because he had "knocked the cover off the ball." One of the seams on the ball ruptured, making nearly half of the cover come loose.
Pittsburgh fans angered by his million-dollar contract threw "nuts and bolts and bullets and batteries" at him, as pitcher Kent Tekulve stated; a typo in a news story made it appear that they threw car batteries.
In 1981, at a point in his career when it looked as if he would one day rank among the game's all-time greats, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book "The 100 | 18,369 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
Greatest Baseball Players of All Time". The authors, noting that Parker had succeeded Roberto Clemente at the position, wrote, "Someone must have a fondness for right field in Pittsburgh."
Parker took after his Pirates teammate Willie Stargell in warming up in the on-deck circle with a sledgehammer (when most batters would use a simple lead-weighted bat).
In the early 1980s, however, Parker's hitting suffered due to injuries, weight problems, and his increasing cocaine use. He became one of the central figures in a drug scandal that spread through the major leagues.
## Later career.
At the end of the 1983 season, Parker became a free agent and signed with the Cincinnati Reds. In Cincinnati, | 18,370 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
his hometown, he returned to the form that made him an All-Star in Pittsburgh. In 1985, he enjoyed his best season since he won the 1978 MVP with a .312 batting average, 34 home runs, and 125 RBI. Parker finished second in 1985 MVP voting to Willie McGee.
Following the season, Parker was among several players who testified against a dealer in the Pittsburgh drug trials. Named as "regular users", Parker and six other players were suspended for the following season. The sentences were commuted, however, in exchange for donating ten percent of their base salaries to drug-related community service, submitting to random drug testing, and contributing 100 hours of drug-related community service.
After | 18,371 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
the 1987 season, Cincinnati traded Parker to the Oakland Athletics for José Rijo and Tim Birtsas. In Oakland, Parker was able to extend his career by spending most of his time as a designated hitter. Although injuries and age caught up to him to a degree – he hit just .257 with 12 homers in 377 at-bats in 1988 and .264 with 22 homers in 553 at-bats in 1989 – his veteran leadership was a significant factor in the A's consecutive World Series appearances.
Parker signed with the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1990 season and had a solid year as the Brewers' DH with a .289 average and 21 home runs in 610 at-bats. Milwaukee opted for youth, however, at the end of the year and traded the aging Parker | 18,372 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
to the Angels for Dante Bichette.
Parker's last season was 1991. He played for the California Angels until late in the season when he was released. The Toronto Blue Jays then signed him as insurance for the pennant race, and Parker hit .333 in limited action. Since he was acquired too late in the season, however, he did not qualify for inclusion on the post-season roster and thus was unable to play in the American League Championship Series against the Minnesota Twins, which the Blue Jays lost in five games. Parker retired at the end of the season.
# Retirement.
Parker has served as a first-base coach for the Anaheim Angels, a batting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1998, and a special | 18,373 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
hitting instructor for Pittsburgh. He owned several Popeye's Chicken franchises in Cincinnati until selling his interest in them in 2012 after 25 years.
Parker never got more than 24% of votes on Hall of Fame ballots, and his 15-year Baseball Writers' Association of America eligibility was exhausted on the 2011 ballot. He can now be considered for the Veterans Committee Expansion from 2014. Along with Keith Hernandez and (until 2017) Tim Raines, Parker's involvement with the Pittsburgh drug trials has been the most likely cause of his not being voted into the Hall of Fame, serving as a precursor to those listed on the Mitchell Report not being voted into the Hall of Fame due to steroid abuse.
Parker | 18,374 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
has had both of his knees replaced due to injuries from his playing career. In 2013, he confirmed to the "Pittsburgh Tribune-Review" that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He is involved in raising money to find a cure for Parkinson's disease through the Dave Parker 39 Foundation.
Parker has six children. He currently resides in Loveland, Ohio, near Cincinnati, with his wife, Kellye.
Parker was elected to the Reds Hall of Fame Class of 2014, which also included fellow Cincinnati natives Ron Oester and Ken Griffey Jr. In 2012, he was inducted into the Cincinnati Public Schools Athletic Hall of Fame.
# See also.
- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
- List | 18,375 |
905783 | Dave Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%20Parker | Dave Parker
- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
- List of Major League Baseball batting champions
- List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
- List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
- List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
# External links.
, or Lesters Legends, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League) | 18,376 |
905826 | Fogarty's Cove | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fogarty's%20Cove | Fogarty's Cove
Fogarty's Cove
Fogarty's Cove is a 1977 folk music album by Stan Rogers.
The CD was one of several Stan Rogers albums reissued in 2011 by Borealis Records. The reissued CDs featured completely new cover artwork. | 18,377 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) is a protocol developed for harvesting metadata descriptions of records in an archive so that services can be built using metadata from many archives. An implementation of OAI-PMH must support representing metadata in Dublin Core, but may also support additional representations.
The protocol is usually just referred to as the OAI Protocol.
OAI-PMH uses XML over HTTP. Version 2.0 of the protocol was released in 2002; the document was last updated in 2015. It has a Creative Commons license BY-SA.
# History.
In the late 1990s, Herbert Van de Sompel (Ghent University) | 18,378 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
was working with researchers and librarians at Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) and called a meeting to address difficulties related to interoperability issues of e-print servers and digital repositories. The meeting was held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in October 1999. A key development from the meeting was the definition of an interface that permitted e-print servers to expose metadata for the papers it held in a structured fashion so other repositories could identify and copy papers of interest with each other. This interface/protocol was named the "Santa Fe Convention".
Several workshops were held in 2000 at the ACM Digital Libraries conference and elsewhere to share the ideas from the | 18,379 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
Santa Fe Convention. It was discovered at the workshops that the problems faced by the e-print community were also shared by libraries, museums, journal publishers, and others who needed to share distributed resources. To address these needs, the Coalition for Networked Information and the Digital Library Federation provided funding to establish an Open Archives Initiative (OAI) secretariat managed by Herbert Van de Sompel and Carl Lagoze. The OAI held a meeting at Cornell University (Ithaca, New York) in September 2000 to improve the interface developed at the Santa Fe Convention. The specifications were refined over e-mail.
OAI-PMH version 1.0 was introduced to the public in January 2001 | 18,380 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
at a workshop in Washington D.C., and another in February in Berlin, Germany. Subsequent modifications to the XML standard by the W3C required making minor modifications to OAI-PMH resulting in version 1.1. The current version, 2.0, was released in June 2002. It contained several technical changes and enhancements and is not backward compatible.
# Registries.
The OAI Protocol was adopted by many digital libraries, institutional repositories, and digital archives. Although registration is not mandatory, it is encouraged.
There are several large registries of OAI-compliant repositories:
- 1. The Open Archives list of registered OAI repositories
- 2. The OAI registry at University of Illinois | 18,381 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
at Urbana-Champaign
- 3. The Celestial OAI registry
- 4. Eprint’s Institutional Archives Registry
- 5. Openarchives.eu The European Guide to OAI-PMH compliant repositories in the world
- 6. ScientificCommons.org A worldwide service and registry
- 7. Finna.fi the material library of Finnish archives, libraries and museums
# Uses.
Some commercial search engines use OAI-PMH to acquire more resources. Google initially included support for OAI-PMH when launching sitemaps, however decided to support only the standard XML Sitemaps format in May 2008. In 2004, Yahoo! acquired content from OAIster (University of Michigan) that was obtained through metadata harvesting with OAI-PMH. Wikimedia uses | 18,382 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
an OAI-PMH repository to provide feeds of Wikipedia and related site updates for search engines and other bulk analysis/republishing endeavors. Especially when dealing with thousands of files being harvested every day, OAI-PMH can help in reducing the network traffic and other resource usage by doing incremental harvesting. NASA's Mercury metadata search system uses OAI-PMH to index thousands of metadata records from Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) every day.
The mod_oai project is using OAI-PMH to expose content to web crawlers that is accessible from Apache Web servers.
# Software.
OAI-PMH is based on a client–server architecture, in which "harvesters" request information on updated | 18,383 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
records from "repositories". Requests for data can be based on a datestamp range, and can be restricted to named sets defined by the provider. Data providers are required to provide XML metadata in Dublin Core format, and may also provide it in other XML formats.
A number of software systems support the OAI-PMH, including Fedora, EThOS from the British Library, GNU EPrints from the University of Southampton, Open Journal Systems from the Public Knowledge Project, Desire2Learn, DSpace from MIT, HyperJournal from the University of Pisa, Digibib from Digibis, MyCoRe, Primo, DigiTool, Rosetta and MetaLib from Ex Libris, ArchivalWare from PTFS, DOOR from the eLab in Lugano, Switzerland, panFMP from | 18,384 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
the PANGAEA (data library), SimpleDL from Roaring Development, and jOAI.
# Archives.
A number of large archives support the protocol including arXiv and the CERN Document Server.
# Workshops.
A dedicated workshop, The CERN Workshop on Innovations in Scholarly Communication, has been held at CERN in Geneva on a regular basis since 2001. It is now co-organised by University of Geneva and CERN every two years in June. OAI8 was held on June 19th-21st, 2013; OAI9 was held on June 17–19, 2015; and OAI10 was held on June 21 to 23, 2017.
# See also.
- Data format management
- Digital curation
- Digital preservation
- File format
- Dublin Core, an ISO metadata standard
- National Digital Information | 18,385 |
905790 | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open%20Archives%20Initiative%20Protocol%20for%20Metadata%20Harvesting | Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
.
- Data format management
- Digital curation
- Digital preservation
- File format
- Dublin Core, an ISO metadata standard
- National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)
- National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
- Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) maintained by the Library of Congress
- (PREMIS)
- LOCKSS
- Search as a service
- Web archiving
# External links.
- Suleyman Demirel University Open Archives Harvester
- Protocol specification
- National Library of Congress, Digital Collections and Programs
- Library of Congress, National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
- Library of Congress, Web Capture | 18,386 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
Conny Plank
Konrad "Conny" Plank (3 May 1940 – 5 December 1987) was a West German record producer and musician. He was born in Hütschenhausen. His innovative work as a sound engineer and producer in Germany's krautrock and kosmische music scenes helped to shape postwar European popular music. Plank oversaw recordings such as Cluster's "Cluster 71" (1971), Kraftwerk's "Autobahn" (1974), Harmonia's "Deluxe" (1975), Neu!'s "Neu! 75" (1975). He later produced for new wave acts such as Eurythmics and Ultravox.
As a musician, Plank is credited on albums by Guru Guru, Kraan, Cluster, Liliental and Os Mundi. He collaborated with Dieter Moebius on five Moebius & Plank studio albums recorded between | 18,387 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
1979 and 1986. The Moebius & Plank sound foreshadowed techno and electronica and influenced many later musicians.
# Style and influence.
Plank and the bands he worked with in West Germany had a strong influence on mainstream rock artists, some of whom were able to popularize aspects of his production technique and his distinctive approach. In the 1980s, electronic pop bands were able to realize his ideas in performance as computerized electronic instruments became readily available.
Plank (who began his career as soundman for Marlene Dietrich) was an ardent believer in the possibilities of electronic music and electronic soundscapes. He was also known for blending them with conventional sounds, | 18,388 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
or natural sounds given unconventional treatments, such as using large metal containers and other industrial objects as percussion instruments.
Plank used multi-track recording facilities. He favored sometimes harsh-sounding effects and contrasting audio for each element in the mix. Plank used combinations of echo, reverberation and other electronic, mixing, editing and tape-based effects to create mixes.
Plank favored a very 'live' production sound, especially on drums. On a recording session in Hamburg in 1970 with Hartmut Kulka from the German Blue Flames & Philip Cantlay of Casey Jones & the Governors/Gaslight Union, together known as Kulka & Cantlay, he set up and recorded conga drums | 18,389 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
with specially inserted microphones to provide an unusual percussion sound.
# Career.
## The 1960s.
Plank began producing albums and working as a sound engineer in the late 1960s and became involved in the underground music scene which was spreading outwards through Germany from Berlin. In 1969 he served as engineer for the first Kluster album, "Klopfzeichen", which was released the following year. His long association with Dieter Moebius and Hans-Joachim Roedelius of Kluster and later Cluster endured until his death. He also served as engineer for Alexander von Schlippenbach's album "The Living Music", which was released in 1969, the first of a long list of engineering and production credits.
## | 18,390 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
The 1970s.
During the 1970s Conny Plank produced and/or engineered many recordings by significant German progressive/experimental music acts often referred to as krautrock internationally, including Kraftwerk, Organisation, Neu!, Cluster, Harmonia, Night Sun, Holger Czukay and Guru Guru.
In 1977, through Brian Eno, Plank recruited Dave Hutchins from Island Studios, as house engineer. Hutchins undertook recording & mixing roles on many of the productions originating from the studios in the following ten years.
As a musician, Plank played guitar and keyboards on three Guru Guru albums: "Kang Guru", "Guru Guru", and "Mani und Seine Freunde", the Os Mundi album "43 Minuten", and Cluster's self-titled | 18,391 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
debut album. In 1978 and 1979 he added guitar and percussion to two Roedelius solo albums, "Durch Die Wüste" and "Selbstportrait". He was a member of the short lived band Liliental, contributing guitar, keyboards, and vocals. In 1979 he went into the studio with Dieter Moebius to record the first Moebius & Plank album, "Rastakraut Pasta" which was released the following year.
## The 1980s.
Plank continued to work as half of the duo Moebius & Plank, recording four additional albums. Their second album, "Material", was released in 1981. Their third album, the African-influenced "Zero Set", with Guru Guru drummer Mani Neumeier, was released in 1983. These two albums are early examples of the | 18,392 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
predecessors of techno and electronica. In 1983, Moebius & Plank also recorded the album "Ludwig's Law" using an Emulator, an early form of sampling keyboard that enabled them to duplicate other instruments without having musicians to play them. Mayo Thompson of Red Krayola contributed vocals, mainly spoken monologues. The project was rejected by Sky Records and was not released until 1998. The final Moebius & Plank collaboration, "En Route" was recorded in Conny's Studio in 1986 but left incomplete as Plank's health deteriorated. It was completed and mixed in 1995, primarily by Dieter Moebius, and released that year.
During the eighties, Plank remained in high demand with the new generation | 18,393 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
of electronic pop and new wave artists, including Devo, The Meteors from the Netherlands, ("Hunger" in 1980) and ("Stormy Seas" in 1981), , Ultravox ("Systems of Romance", "Vienna" and "Rage in Eden"), Freur and The Tourists ("Luminous Basement"), Eurythmics ("In the Garden"). He also worked on pop and rock productions with artists such as Scorpions, Clannad, Killing Joke, Play Dead, and Gianna Nannini ("Latin Lover", "Sogno Di Una Notte d'Estate", "Tutto Live" and others, also credited for music).
Plank's other production credits include Liaisons Dangereuses, Phew, Einstürzende Neubauten, Ástor Piazzolla, Psychotic Tanks, DAF (including the classic single Der Mussolini) Gianna Nannini, Echo | 18,394 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
& the Bunnymen, Les Rita Mitsouko, and Nina Hagen.
According to René Tinner and Stephan Plank in a radio documentary about the life of Conny Plank, it was Brian Eno's idea that Plank should produce the U2-album The Joshua Tree instead of him. After being introduced to the band by Eno and after a short meeting, Plank turned down the job ("I cannot work with this singer"). According to the companion website of the documentary film "Conny Plank – The Potential of Noise" (but not the film itself), after the meeting, Plank firstly asked for time for a second thought. In the meantime he attended a U2 concert at Freilichtbühne Loreley, where U2's Bono introduced Plank to the audience as their new | 18,395 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
producer, after which Plank is said to have left the concert and never communicated further with any member of U2.
# Death.
Plank fell ill while touring South America with Dieter Moebius, Arno Steffen and Detlef Wiederhoeft performing music from "Ludwig's Law". Some of Plank's last work, before his death in 1987 from laryngeal cancer in Cologne, was the recording of concerts on Eurythmics' "Revenge" tour, and samples used on the NED Synclavier on their "Savage" album.
His studio, at his home on the southern outskirts of Cologne, continued to be run by his widow Christa Fast and their son until her failing health and the general change in the music business forced them to offer its contents | 18,396 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
for sale in May 2006. Fast died on 1 June 2006. Conny's famous hand-built mixing desk was bought by English producer David M. Allen and transported to England. The desk was originally designed and built by Plank in 1970, altered and upgraded consistently until his death in 1987. The 56 channel desk was a custom design and has a number of unique features, including a specially designed EQ section that conformed to Plank's own preferred EQ settings, as well as a section which can be removed and which was fitted into a converted military van adapted for remote recording. It is also reputedly laminated in wood taken from a single cherry tree from Plank's own garden.
The mixing desk was initially | 18,397 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
installed at Club Ralf, the private studio of producer Mark Ralf, where it was used to record and mix a range of work including all or parts of "In Our Heads" and "Why Make Sense" by Hot Chip, "Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action" by Franz Ferdinand and "Communion" by Years and Years. It is currently situated in North London at Studio 7, the private studio of songwriter and artist Laurence Loveless.
# Recordings.
Plank was involved with the following chronological list of albums, either as a direct contributor or because his studio facilities were used. The dates refer to the year of first release.
# Documentary.
"Conny Plank – The Potential of Noise", a 92 minute documentary film | 18,398 |
905775 | Conny Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conny%20Plank | Conny Plank
acilities were used. The dates refer to the year of first release.
# Documentary.
"Conny Plank – The Potential of Noise", a 92 minute documentary film directed by Reto Caduff and Plank's son Stephan Plank, was released in September 2017.
# Notes.
The Conny Plank Webseite
# References.
- Curry, Russ A Curious History of Cluster. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
- Forced Exposure Moebius/Plank/Thompson Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- Freeman, Steven and Freeman, Alan The Crack In The Cosmic Egg (Audion Publications, 1996) Retrieved September 7, 2007.
- Interlog Ludwig's Law description Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- Meyer, Bill Editorial Review: Ludwig's Law Retrieved September 7, 2007. | 18,399 |
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