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905818 | Francis William Kellogg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis%20William%20Kellogg | Francis William Kellogg
Francis William Kellogg
Francis William Kellogg (May 30, 1810 – January 13, 1879) was a U.S. Representative from the states of Michigan, during the Civil War, and Alabama, during Reconstruction.
# Biography.
Kellogg was born in Worthington, Massachusetts and attended the common schools. He moved to Columbus, Ohio, in 1833 and then to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1855 where he engaged in the lumber business with the firm Kellogg, White & Co. at Kelloggville (which was named after him) in Kent County, Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives in 1857 and 1858.
Kellogg was elected from Michigan as a Republican to United States House of Representatives for the 36th, | 18,400 |
905818 | Francis William Kellogg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis%20William%20Kellogg | Francis William Kellogg
37th, and 38th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1859 to March 3, 1865. He represented Michigan's 3rd congressional district for his first two terms, then the 4th district after a redistricting. In all three contests, he defeated the former mayor of Grand Rapids, Thomas B. Church, in the general election. During the American Civil War, he organized the Second, Third, and Sixth Regiments by the authority of the United States Department of War. He was appointed as the colonel of the Third Michigan.
During Reconstruction, he was appointed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson as collector of internal revenue for the southern district of Alabama on April 30, 1866, and served until July 1868, residing | 18,401 |
905818 | Francis William Kellogg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis%20William%20Kellogg | Francis William Kellogg
he was appointed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson as collector of internal revenue for the southern district of Alabama on April 30, 1866, and served until July 1868, residing in Mobile, Alabama.
Upon the re-admission of Alabama to the Union, Kellogg was elected to a partial term in Alabama's 1st congressional district to the 40th Congress, serving from July 22, 1868, to March 3, 1869. He was succeeded by fellow Republican Alfred Buck. Kellogg then moved to New York City and later to Alliance, Ohio, where he died. He is interred in Fulton Street Cemetery in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
# References.
Retrieved on 2008-02-14
# External links.
- The Political Graveyard
- Our Campaigns profile | 18,402 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
Babyshambles
Babyshambles is an English rock band established in London. The band was formed by Pete Doherty (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) during a hiatus from the Libertines. As of 2013 the band includes Mick Whitnall (lead guitar), Drew McConnell (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Adam Ficek (drums, percussion). Babyshambles have released three albums "Down in Albion" (2005), "Shotter's Nation" (2007) and "Sequel to the Prequel" (2013), three EPs and a number of singles.
# History.
## Early history and touring (2003–2005).
In mid-2003, Pete Doherty was banned from playing with the Libertines until he could overcome his substance abuse problems. As a response, Doherty formed an alternative | 18,403 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
band, and recruited former Libertine Steve Bedlow as vocalist. Initially, Doherty planned on calling his new band T'Libertines, because of the band's Yorkshire connection – the line up of the band at the time consisted mainly of Yorkshiremen.
On the night Babyshambles' first gig was scheduled to take place, Doherty was arrested for burgling Carl Barât's flat. After he was charged and released, his friend Dean Fragile organized a new gig at the Tap'n'Tin. The performance received mixed reviews.
Doherty was sentenced to six months' imprisonment for his crime. His sentence was later reduced on appeal to two months. When he was released from prison, Doherty rejoined The Libertines and sidelined | 18,404 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
the Babyshambles project. However, he found time to record the band's first single "Babyshambles", which was released in April 2004 on High Society Records. The artwork was by Sophie Thunder. The single was limited to 2000 CDs and 1000 7" vinyl copies.
In the early summer of 2004, Doherty once again found himself cast out of The Libertines because of his drug use. As a result, Doherty brought Babyshambles to the fore with Patrick Walden on guitar, Gemma Clarke on drums and Peter Perrett's two sons, Jamie and Peter Junior, on guitar and bass respectively. Doherty organised several gigs and the band began to gain respect in their own right, even though Doherty missed a number of appearances. | 18,405 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
The band's lineup underwent several changes before stabilizing during the late summer of 2004 with Doherty on vocals, Patrick Walden on guitar, Gemma Clarke on drums and Drew McConnell on bass.
In September and October 2004, Babyshambles embarked on a British tour that culminated with two shows at the London Scala. Despite fears that Doherty's performance would not be consistent, the tour sold-out and received critical acclaim. The band's second single "Killamangiro" was released 29 November 2004 on Rough Trade Records, reaching number 8 on the UK singles chart. The band embarked on another tour in December 2004, among growing concerns regarding Doherty's drug dependence. During a gig in Blackpool, | 18,406 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
the band walked off the stage when it became clear that Doherty was too intoxicated to perform, and a riot broke out at the London Astoria after Doherty failed to appear, with 150-200 of the audience invading the stage and damaging the band's equipment, including the destruction of Gemma Clarke's drumkit, an incident that cast doubt over her desire to continue in the band.
After finally stabilizing in late summer, Babyshambles' lineup underwent another change in January 2005. On 27 January 2005, drummer Gemma Clarke quit the band after disagreeing with their management. The ongoing heavy drug abuse of the band members, especially of frontman Doherty, and James Mullord's inability to do something | 18,407 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
about it, made her eventually leave the band. She was immediately replaced by Adam Ficek, who was once a band member of the White Sport alongside Patrick Walden.
## "Down in Albion" (2005–2007).
In April and May 2005, Babyshambles spent several weeks in a recording studio in Wales working on their debut album with Mick Jones of the Clash, who had also worked with Doherty on the production of the Libertines' albums. The album, entitled "Down in Albion", was released on 14 November 2005. It reached the Top 10 on the UK Albums Chart. The first single from the album, "Fuck Forever", had been released on 15 August, reaching number four on the UK singles chart. The second single, "Albion", was released | 18,408 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
on 28 November and reached number eight in the UK singles chart.
Fellow English rock group Oasis had booked Babyshambles to support them on their UK tour in July 2005. However, Doherty was attending the birthday celebration of fashion designer Hedi Slimane with Kate Moss and was unable to arrange transport back to the UK in time for the band's first appearance. As a consequence Oasis cancelled Babyshambles' support for the rest of the tour.
Several small gigs took place at the end of 2005 and 2006
Babyshambles announced four small club shows in London, Liverpool, Sheffield and Stoke in January 2006. To the surprise of his fans, the band performed without guitarist Patrick Walden, with Doherty | 18,409 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
on guitar instead. Walden returned for a gig in Cambridge on 23 January and a UK tour in February. He played his last gig with the band at the Shepherd's Bush Empire during that tour, and has not appeared with Babyshambles since. He has, however, appeared on stage independently and in the company of Drew McConnell and Seb Rochford, playing two Babyshambles songs which he co-wrote with Pete Doherty, in July 2007.
In February 2006, Babyshambles won the Naomi Award for Worst Live Act, and were nominated for several NME awards. The band performed "Albion" at the NME Awards show, and Doherty won the "Sexiest Man" award.
In August 2006, Babyshambles signed to major record label Parlophone for the | 18,410 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
release of an EP, and headlined the Get Loaded in the Park festival. The band released the limited edition single "Beg, Steal or Borrow", which was exclusively available to those who had attended the festival. A free copy of "The Blinding" was released in the street magazine "The Big Issue".
A cover version of the Clash song "Janie Jones" was released through B-Unique Records in October. The single was released to raise money for Joe Strummer's charity foundation Strummerville and features contributions from others bands such as Dirty Pretty Things, Larrikin Love, We Are Scientists, the Kooks, and Guillemots. This release marked the first time that Carl Barât and Pete Doherty had worked together | 18,411 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
since the Libertines parted, although they never met during the recording process.
On 4 December 2006, "The Blinding EP" was released to critical acclaim. The release was promoted with music videos for "The Blinding" and "Love You But You're Green", and an acoustic performance of the latter on "The Culture Show". The single was not eligible for the singles chart because it contained too many tracks; however, the band claimed on its MySpace page that it would have made number four in the Christmas Day 2006 UK chart had it been eligible.
On 18 January 2007, it was announced that the band had signed a long-term record deal with Parlophone. The contract was reportedly for three albums. In Summer | 18,412 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
2007, Babyshambles played Oxegen, Glastonbury Festival, the V Festival, T in the Park and Paredes de Coura Festival.
## "Shotter's Nation" (2007–2010).
On 1 October 2007 Babyshambles released their second album "Shotter's Nation". The track listing for the album was revealed on 23 July 2007 in the (p)review posted on Allan Jones' Editor's Diary Uncut.co.uk blog. The Stephen Street-produced record contains 12 tracks and features a guest appearance from Bert Jansch on the acoustic closer.
Adam Ficek commented that "Shotter's Nation" is a "glossy picture" of where the band are at the moment.
The first single from the album, "Delivery", was released on 17 September 2007, reaching number six | 18,413 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
in the UK Singles Chart after its first week on general sale. A week prior to the release, a 7 inch vinyl containing a demo version of the song and an interview with the band was released with NME magazine.
In November 2007 Babyshambles played their first arena tour, taking in dates at the Newcastle Metro Radio Arena, MEN Arena in Manchester, the Nottingham Arena, Bournemouth International Centre, London's Wembley Arena, Brighton's Brighton Centre, and Birmingham's National Indoor Arena.
The second single from "Shotter's Nation", "You Talk", was released on 3 December 2007.
In January and February 2008, Babyshambles played their biggest European tour to date.
Babyshambles are due to play | 18,414 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
at a lot of festivals this Spring and this Summer, especially in France.
In June they played at Hove Festival in Norway. In August they headlined the RadioOne/NME Stage of the Reading and Leeds Festivals. However, a large amount of their scheduled tours were cancelled due to Doherty's recent imprisonment.
On 8 April, it was announced that Babyshambles was going to release A CD/DVD live untitled "Oh! What A Lovely Tour" on 2 June. The concert was recorded during the winter leg of the UK arena tour at the SECC Glasgow on 2 December. On 22 May 2008 Babyshambles performed at the Saturday Night Fiber, a new music festival in Madrid, Spain with other artists such as Morrissey.
Growing speculation | 18,415 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
suggested that Babyshambles would be unable to make all tour dates for 2008, but in a recent interview with NME "Doherty added that he will honour all his booked live commitments with Babyshambles, but will not book further gigs until his solo album is finished". On 12 January 2009, along with Roger Daltrey, Babyshambles played a one-off gig at the O2 Academy Bristol in aid of Teenage Cancer Trust.
## "Sequel to the Prequel" (2010–2014).
In June 2010 drummer and co-songwriter Adam Ficek split with the band to focus on his solo outfit Roses Kings Castles, with former Supergrass drummer Danny Goffey temporarily taking his place. In early 2013, "NME" announced that Babyshambles were working on | 18,416 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
a third album, with Stereophonics drummer Jamie Morrison replacing Adam Ficek in the line-up. Stephen Street denied this speculation, however, bassist, Drew McConnell is said to have broken the news to the music magazine. On 29 April 2013, Babyshambles announced a UK tour for the months of September and October of the same year, kicking off on 4 September at Glasgows Barrowlands. The new album, titled "Sequel to the Prequel", was released on 2 September 2013, following Babyshambles' scheduled Australian shows in late July. The album charted at number 10 in the UK. Although Doherty's band, the Libertines, reformed in 2014, Babyshambles still continued to perform sporadic shows and festivals until | 18,417 |
905767 | Babyshambles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles | Babyshambles
and festivals until 2014, most notably Rock am Ring, Rock Werchter, and Best Kept Secret Festival.
# Band members.
- Current members
- Pete Doherty – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, sitar, lyrics
- Mick Whitnall – lead guitar, lyrics
- Drew McConnell – bass guitar, backing vocals
- Adam Ficek – drums and percussion
- Former members
- Patrick Walden – lead guitar
- Gemma Clarke – drums and percussion
- Danny Goffey – drums and percussion
- Jamie Morrison – drums and percussion
# Discography.
- Studio albums
- "Down in Albion" (2005)
- "Shotter's Nation" (2007)
- "Sequel to the Prequel" (2013)
# See also.
- Babycham
# External links.
- The Libertines & Babyshambles encyclopedia | 18,418 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
Belgrano, Buenos Aires
Belgrano is a leafy, northern "barrio" or neighborhood of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
# Location.
The barrio of Palermo is to the southeast; Núñez is to the northwest; Coghlan, Villa Urquiza, Villa Ortúzar and Colegiales are to the southwest.
# History.
Belgrano was named after Manuel Belgrano, a politician and military leader who created the national flag of Argentina.
In 1820, at Belgrano's death, Buenos Aires' legislature introduced a law to name the next town to be founded after him. This happened in 1855, when the Buenos Aires government, fearful that relatives of Juan Manuel de Rosas would dispute the governmental decision to expropriate Rosas' lands, | 18,419 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
laid down a new town on part of it and named it Belgrano. The town was declared a city shortly thereafter, due to its booming growth, and in 1880 it became the nation's capital for a few weeks, because of the dispute between the national government and Buenos Aires province for the status of the city of Buenos Aires. It was in Belgrano that the law declaring Buenos Aires as Argentina's federal capital was issued.
In 1887, the federal district was enlarged by the annexation of the towns (partidos) of Belgrano and Flores.
Belgranodeutsch or Belgrano-Deutsch is a mixture of German and Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires, specifically in the neighborhood of Belgrano.
# Subsections.
Belgrano is an | 18,420 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
upper-middle-class neighborhood that can be roughly divided into Belgrano R, Belgrano C, central Belgrano, and Lower Belgrano (Bajo Belgrano). The heart of the barrio pulses with life on its main thoroughfare, Avenida Cabildo, which runs Northwest to Southeast; the subway (subte) Line D follows its route.
Avenida Cabildo carries heavy automobile traffic, and features corner cafés, grocery stores, movie theaters, specialty shops, clothing boutiques, bookstores, and other retail venues. Pedestrians are especially numerous on weekend afternoons as Porteños (residents of Buenos Aires) from various areas of the city come to shop.
Most of the neighborhood's densest housing is located in the vicinity | 18,421 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
of Cabildo. High-rise luxury apartment buildings are clustered on the leafy streets surrounding the Universidad de Belgrano, a private liberal-arts university.
West of Crámer avenue, "Belgrano R" is chiefly residential and lower-density in nature, characterized by calm streets lined with large, mature shade trees. Most buildings in this section are detached single-family homes that follow Anglo-Saxon architectural styles; some residences have sizable backyards with swimming pools. This section is favored by wealthy Argentines and expatriate businesspeople.
"Belgrano C" is also home to Buenos Aires's small Chinatown. The district is crowded with restaurants and specialty grocery stores catering | 18,422 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
to Asian-Argentines and to the general public.
# Transportation.
Other than Cabildo, avenues Libertador, Luis Maria Campos, Crámer, Ricardo Balbín (formerly known as del Tejar), and Figueroa Alcorta run parallel to the riverbank, while Federico Lacroze, Juramento, Monroe and Congreso run from the riverbank to the Southwest direction. Belgrano is served by the Buenos Aires metro line D, many bus lines (notably Colectivo 60), and two commuter rail lines. Approximately 1.5 km to the west of Belgrano lies Avenida General Paz, a major limited-access freeway that defines the city limits of Buenos Aires proper. Beyond this avenue lie the suburbs of Vicente Lopez, Florida and Olivos.
# Education.
International | 18,423 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
schools include:
- Belgrano Day School
- "Colegio Pestalozzi" ("Pestalozzi-Schule") - The German international school
- [Colegio Manuel Belgrano
# Notable Attractions.
The lush park Barrancas de Belgrano was designed by the famous French-Argentine landscape/park architect Carlos Thays, who designed many open spaces throughout Buenos Aires. Several blocks north of the Belgrano University, Barrancas de Belgrano spans several city blocks and is overlooked by highrise upper-middle class apartment buildings.
On Manuel Belgrano square, a local artisan fair is held regularly, and becomes especially vibrant on weekends. It features a small bust of Manuel Belgrano on its middle spot.
In the edge | 18,424 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
of the "plaza" lies the "Inmaculada Concepción" church, called "La Redonda" ("the round one") by locals because of its circular plan. Many weddings are celebrated in this church in the afternoon hours. Two museums are also across Juramento and Cuba streets: "Larreta" and "Sarmiento", respectively. Larreta museum focus on Spanish art. It is located on the former private residence of writer Enrique Larreta, designed by architect Ernesto Bunge on 1882. It features a well kept Andalusian garden. Historical Museum Sarmiento exhibits some objects belonging to former presidents Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda. It is located in what used to be Belgrano townhall, where the national | 18,425 |
905798 | Belgrano, Buenos Aires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgrano,%20Buenos%20Aires | Belgrano, Buenos Aires
to former presidents Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda. It is located in what used to be Belgrano townhall, where the national congress held its sessions while Belgrano was the capital of the Argentine republic. Nearby, going down to Lower Belgrano (Bajo Belgrano), appears the Barrancas de Belgrano, three squares along together, older Rio de la Plata River natural terraces. Two blocks away, in Lower Bergrano there is the Estadio de Excursionistas, the local football team. Although neighboring Nuñez is widely known as the home of River Plate, its landmark stadium River Plate Stadium—also home of the Argentina national football team—is located within the boundaries of Belgrano. | 18,426 |
905835 | Gul (name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gul%20(name) | Gul (name)
Gul (name)
Gul is a common name in Persian and Turkish languages, meaning "rose".
Gul is used as a family name in Europe, Central and South Asia.
It is also a Nordic given name, used in Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian languages as a short form of Guðólfr (Godwulf).
The name is also an abbreviation used in the medieval and early modern periods for William (derived from French Guillaume), for example in the signature ""Gul: Ebor"" for William Dawes, Archbishop of York.
# Given name.
## Males.
- Gul Johnson, a dwarf
- Gul khana, Pashto world record holder for most guns owned
- Gul Muhammad, world-class student
- Gul Hameed Bhatti, Pakistani journalist
- Gul Chaman, Afghan prisoner of the | 18,427 |
905835 | Gul (name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gul%20(name) | Gul (name)
United States at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Gul Haider, Afghan politician
- Gul Mohammed Jangvi, Afghan Taliban field commander
- Haji Alam Gul Kuchi, Afghan politician
- Gul Mohammad, Indian/Pakistani cricketer
- Gul Mohammed, Guinness world record holder as the shortest human being
- Gul Mudin (1994–2010), Afghan child premeditatedly murdered by United States troops
- Gul Rahman, Afghan torture victim
- Gul Hameed Khan Rokhri, Pakistani politician
- Gul Agha Sherzai, Afghan politician
- Gul Mohamad Zhowandai, Afghan poet
## Females.
- Gül Eroğlu (born 1997), Turkish women's footballer
- Gül Gölge (born 1981), Turkish model and actress
- Gül Kaplan (born 1994), Turkish women's | 18,428 |
905835 | Gul (name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gul%20(name) | Gul (name)
footballer
- Gul Panag (born 1979), Indian Bollywood actress
- Gul Panra (born 1989), Pakistani singer
# Surname.
Notable people with the surname Gul or Gül include:
- Abdullah Gül, Former President of the Republic of Turkey
- Aftab Gul, Pakistani cricketer
- Ajab Gul, Pakistani actor-turned-director
- Amir Gul, Pakistani footballer
- Awal Gul, Afghan prisoner of the United States at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Dawd Gul, Afghan prisoner of the United States at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Faruk Gül, Turkish American economist
- Gerardus Gul, Dutch bishop of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands
- Hamid Gul, former Director General of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence
- | 18,429 |
905835 | Gul (name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gul%20(name) | Gul (name)
Hamid Gul, former Director General of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence
- Khi Ali Gul, Afghan prisoner of the United States at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Meirchion Gul, 5th-century king of Rheged (modern-day northern England)
- Mohammad Gul, Afghan prisoner of the United States at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Roman Gul, Russian émigré writer
- Sahar Gul, Afghan child bride tortured by her husband's family
- Sajjad Gul, Pakistani CEO
- Umar Gul, Pakistani cricketer
- Yekta Yılmaz Gül (born 1978), Turkish Greco-Roman wrestler
# See also.
- Gul (disambiguation)
- Gull (surname)
- Gülmira/Gulmira/Gol Mir ()
- Gülnur/Gulnur
- Gülnar/Gulnar
- Nazgul
- Gulnaz
- Gulzhan/Guljan | 18,430 |
905833 | Mercury Monarch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%20Monarch | Mercury Monarch
Mercury Monarch
The Mercury Monarch is a compact automobile that was marketed by the Mercury division of Ford from 1975 to 1980. Adopting its nameplate from a marque of Ford Canada during the 1940s and 1950s, the Monarch was marketed as the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Granada in North America. Slotted between the Comet (replaced by the Zephyr for 1978) and the Montego (renamed the Cougar for 1977), a single generation of the Monarch was produced.
Originally developed to replace the Comet, the Monarch was remarketed in response to the 1973 fuel crisis as Ford sought to introduce premium-content compact vehicles. Sharing its chassis underpinnings with the Comet/Maverick, the Monarch and Granada | 18,431 |
905833 | Mercury Monarch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%20Monarch | Mercury Monarch
marked the final evolution of the 1960–1965 Ford Falcon platform architecture.
Following the 1980 model year, the Monarch was discontinued, replaced by Cougar sedans and station wagons from 1981 and 1982. For 1983, the Cougar reverted to a coupe configuration, with other body designs adopting the Marquis nameplate (replaced by the Mercury Sable in 1986).
Alongside the Granada, Ford assembled the Monarch at Mahwah Assembly (Mahwah, New Jersey) and Wayne Stamping & Assembly (Wayne, Michigan). In total, 575,567 Monarchs were produced.
# Development.
Developed as an extensively updated Mercury Comet for the 1975 model year, the Mercury Monarch originated as external circumstances outside of | 18,432 |
905833 | Mercury Monarch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%20Monarch | Mercury Monarch
Ford Motor Company forced major changes in consumer buying habits. The 1973 fuel crisis would lead to buyers valuing luxury over performance, with fuel economy becoming a key attribute. As Ford predicted the compact segment would grow in sales, the Comet/Maverick would remain in production. For 1975, Ford introduced the restyled Maverick as the Ford Granada; the restyled Comet became Mercury Monarch.
Although General Motors introduced the Buick Apollo (later Skylark) and Oldsmobile Omega in 1973, the Granada/Monarch would be one of a few vehicles that would break a long-standing tradition within American auto manufacturers of associating size with luxury. To differentiate the Granada/Monarch | 18,433 |
905833 | Mercury Monarch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%20Monarch | Mercury Monarch
from the Maverick/Comet, Ford offered the new-generation vehicles with a number of comfort and convenience features in a compact-segment car.
# Overview.
## Chassis.
As with the Ford Granada, the Mercury Monarch shared its unibody chassis with its Ford Maverick/Mercury Comet predecessors. Based heavily on the first-generation Ford Falcon from 1960, the design utilized coil spring front suspension with a leaf-sprung live rear axle; due to its Falcon origins, the Monarch was also loosely mechanically related to the first-generation Ford Mustang and Mercury Cougar.
The base engine was a inline six-cylinder engine, with a inline six optional. V8 power came from one of two options: the or Windsor | 18,434 |
905833 | Mercury Monarch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%20Monarch | Mercury Monarch
engines.
## Body.
Although originally developed to become the Mercury Comet, the Mercury Monarch was differentiated from the Comet produced alongside it in a number of ways. Using the Mercedes-Benz 280 as a benchmark for its styling and interior packaging, the Monarch abandoned the Coke bottle styling of the Comet for straighter-edged body panels. In the front, the Monarch adapted much of the styling of the Marquis (with single exposed headlights). While the roofline of the four-door model was heavily influenced by Mercedes-Benz, the two-door was given its own roofline with vertical opera windows. The rear featured horizontal wrap-around taillamps with amber reflectors and a color-keyed decorative | 18,435 |
905833 | Mercury Monarch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%20Monarch | Mercury Monarch
trim panel with a fuel filler door.
In 1978, the Monarch underwent an exterior facelift; the headlamps were converted from round to rectangular, with the turn signals moved under the headlamps. The taillamps were revised to all red lenses and the center trim panel was changed to a new design with an argent finish on base models and matching red reflector on top trim levels.
On the inside, in contrast from other Lincoln-Mercury cars, the Monarch was equipped with front bucket seats. While a feature associated with sporty cars at the time, the individual seats (from the European Ford Granada) were chosen for their support and range of adjustment. In contrast to European cars, the wood-trimmed | 18,436 |
905833 | Mercury Monarch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%20Monarch | Mercury Monarch
dashboard of the Monarch was equipped with three instruments: a speedometer, fuel gauge, and a clock.
## Trim.
At its launch, the Monarch was available in two trim levels: base and Ghia. For 1977, the two-door coupe was produced in an S (Sports Coupe) trim. For 1978 and 1979, the ESS (European Sports Sedan) trim was available, distinguished by blacked-out exterior trim.
### Grand Monarch Ghia.
The Mercury Grand Monarch Ghia was offered from 1975 to 1976, marketed as the highest-trim version of the Monarch. Adopting many features shared with the larger Marquis and Grand Marquis, the Grand Monarch Ghia offered a sophisticated central hydraulic power system and four-wheel disc brakes not used | 18,437 |
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on the standard Monarch or Granada. According to the May 1976 edition of "Car and Driver", three out of five of Ford top executives, including Henry Ford II, used the Mercury Grand Monarch Ghia as their personal car.
Other standard Grand Monarch Ghia features included:
- Leather trim
- Vinyl roof
- LCD clock
- Leather-wrapped steering wheel
- Power steering
- Dual map lights
- Illuminated visor vanity mirror (passenger side)
- 14-inch cast-aluminum spoke wheels
- Solid-state ignition
- Whitewall steel-belted radial tires
- Reclining bucket seats with matching map pockets
- Plusher carpeting and soundproofing
For 1977, the Grand Monarch Ghia was withdrawn and repackaged as the Lincoln | 18,438 |
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usher carpeting and soundproofing
For 1977, the Grand Monarch Ghia was withdrawn and repackaged as the Lincoln Versailles. Intended as a response to the Cadillac Seville, the Versailles adopted much of the content of the Grand Monarch Ghia with a slightly restyled exterior. Among one of the most controversial examples of badge engineering in the American automotive industry, the Lincoln Versailles was withdrawn during the 1980 model year.
# See also.
- Ford Granada (North America)
- Lincoln Versailles
# External links.
- Mercury Monarch
- Monarch Source - History and Information resource for the Ford Monarch from 1946 to 1953
- American Granada, Monarch & Versailles Registry & Forums | 18,439 |
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Culture of Lebanon
The culture of Lebanon and the Lebanese people emerged from various civilizations over thousands of years. It was home to the Phoenicians and was subsequently conquered and occupied by the Assyrians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Persians, the Arabs, the Crusaders, the Ottoman Turks and the French. This variety is reflected in Lebanon's diverse population, composed of different religious groups, and features in the country's festivals, musical styles, literature, cuisine of Lebanon and architecture of Lebanon. Tourism in Lebanon is popular with periods of interruption during conflict.
Despite the religious and denominational diversity of the Lebanese, they “share an almost | 18,440 |
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common culture”.
Based on Article 11 of the Constitution of Lebanon states: "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used." The spoken Lebanese is the language used in public which is a hybrid of the languages of the above-mentioned cultures, Food, music, and literature are deep-rooted “in wider Mediterranean and Levantine norms”.
The hilly Mediterranean Geography of Lebanon has played a role in shaping the history of Lebanon and its culture. Archaeology of Lebanon is conducted to explore the area's past.
# Arts.
By the turn of the 20th century, Beirut was vying with Cairo to be the major center for modern Arab thought, with | 18,441 |
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many newspapers, magazines and literary societies. Additionally, Beirut became a thriving epicenter of Armenian culture with varied productions that was exported to the Armenian diaspora.
## Visual arts.
Mustafa Farroukh was one of Lebanon's most prominent painters of the 19th century. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career.
Farid Mansour (1929-2010) was a Lebanese multi-talented painter and sculptor . Being trained in Italy and England, Mansour mastered several painting and sculpting techniques. His works were exhibited in London, Paris, New York as well as Lebanon and Syria.
## Contemporary art.
Contemporary art started | 18,442 |
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in Beirut immediately after the end of the civil war (1975-1991).
Many contemporary artists are currently active, such as Walid Raad, a contemporary media artist currently residing in New York.
Two contemporary art exhibition centers, the Beirut Art Center and the Beirut Exhibition Center (does not exist anymore) in the BIEL area reflect the vibrant Lebanese contemporary art scene. These two centers are intended to host exhibitions and are a must in the world of international as well as local contemporary art. Many art galleries also add to the local art scene, exhibiting the works of artists such as Ayman Baalbaki, Akram Zaatari, Marwan Sahmarani, Nadim Asfar, Lamia Joreige, Jean Marc Nahas, | 18,443 |
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Ricardo Mbarkho, Mansour El-Habre, Anita Toutikian and many others. These galleries are run by gallerists such as Saleh Barakat (Agial), Galerie Mark Hachem, Fadi Mogabgab, Nadine Begdache (Galerie Janine Rubeiz), Odile Mazloum (Galerie Alwane).
Located in Foch Street in the Solidere area, FFA Private Bank is home to many temporary exhibitions of contemporary local artists as well as to a permanent display of paintings by Lebanese artists (Sahmarani, Baalbaki, Hanibal Srouji ... ) or foreign artists such as Fabienne Arietti's "Nasdaq". A Jean Dubuffet's huge sculpture can also be seen when visiting the atrium of Bank Audi Plaza, located in a beautiful contemporary building designed by Kevin | 18,444 |
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Dash. By Strolling through the streets of the city one can find some interesting works such as sculptures of Michel Basbous in the Bank of Lebanon street.
Ashkal Alwan, the Lebanese association for plastic arts and a platform for the creation and exchange of artistic practices. It was founded by Christine Tohmé, Marwan Rechmaoui, Rania Tabbara, Mustapha Yamout and Leila Mroueh. Initially, Ashkal Alwan promoted and introduced the work of artists who have been engaged in critical art practices within the context of post-war Lebanon. The Home Works Forum is a multidisciplinary platform that takes place in Beirut, Lebanon about every other year. it has evolved into one of the most vibrant platforms | 18,445 |
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for research and exchange on cultural practices in the region and beyond.
Umam Documentation & Research runs an exhibition space (The Hangar) located at Haret Hreik, in Beirut's Southern suburb with extensive events.
In the field of digital art, the artist Ricardo Mbarkho investigates the transformation of cultural industries into creative industries.
In the field of photography, the Arab Image Foundation has a collection of +4000 photographs from Lebanon and the Middle East. The photographs can be viewed in a research center and various events and publications have been produced in Lebanon and worldwide to promote the foundation.
## Architecture.
Architecture in Lebanon includes the legacies | 18,446 |
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of various occupying powers including the Romans, Phoenicians, Ottomans and French, as well as post independence developments.
When the Ottomans exiled Fakhreddine to Tuscany, Italy in 1613, he entered an alliance with the Medicis. Upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernizing Lebanon. He developed a silk industry, upgraded olive-oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began the construction of mansions and civil building throughout the country. The cities of Beirut and Sidon were especially built in the Italianate style.
The Italianate, specifically, Tuscan, influence on architecture in Lebanon dates back to the Renaissance when Fakhreddine, the first | 18,447 |
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Lebanese ruler who truly unified Mount Lebanon with its Mediterranean coast executed an ambitious plan to develop his country.
The influence of these buildings, such as the ones in Deir el Qamar, influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to the present time. For example, streets like Rue Gouraud continues to have numerous, historic houses with Italianate influence. Buildings like the Nicolas Sursock mansion on Rue Sursock, which is today a major museum, attest to the continuous influence of Italianate architecture in Lebanon.
## Literature.
Khalil Gibran (1883–1931), who was born in Bsharri, is particularly known for his book "The Prophet" (1923), which has been translated | 18,448 |
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into more than twenty different languages. Several contemporary Lebanese writers have also achieved international success; including Elias Khoury, Amin Maalouf, Hanan al-Shaykh, and Georges Schehadé.
# Popular culture.
## Music.
Music is pervasive in Lebanese society. While traditional folk music remains popular in Lebanon, modern music reconciling Western and traditional Arabic styles, pop, and fusion are rapidly advancing in popularity. Radio stations feature a variety of music, including traditional Lebanese, classical Arabic, Armenian and modern French, English, American, and Latin tunes. Prominent traditional musicians include Fairuz, an icon during the civil war, Sabah Melhem Barakat, | 18,449 |
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Wadih El Safi, Majida El Roumi, and Najwa Karam who built an international audience for the genre. Historical figure and Lebanese musical pioneer Lydia Canaan is listed in the catalog of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives in Cleveland, Ohio, USA as the first rock star of the Middle East. Canaan's unique style fuses Middle-Eastern quarter notes and microtones with anglophone rock. Marcel Khalife, a musician who blends classical Arab music with modern sounds, boasts immense popularity for his politically charged lyrics. Distinguished pop artists include Nancy Ajram, Haifa Wehbe, Fadl Shaker, Elissa, and Mika.
According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, | 18,450 |
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Lebanon's music industry is growing and could attain leading status in the region. Lebanese performers are celebrated throughout the Arab World, and with the notable exception of Egypt enjoy increasing regional popularity. Rising demand for Arabic music outside Western Asia has provided Lebanese artists with a small but significant global audience. However, widespread piracy continues to inhibit the music industry's growth.
## Media.
Lebanon is not only a regional center of media production but also the most liberal and free in the Arab world. According to Press freedom's Reporters Without Borders, "the media have more freedom in Lebanon than in any other Arab country". Despite its small population | 18,451 |
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and geographic size, Lebanon plays an influential role in the production of information in the Arab world and is "at the core of a regional media network with global implications".
After independence, Beirut emerged as the epicenter of publishing in the Arab world, characterized by free and liberal media and literary scenes. Lebanon's press became a huge industry despite the country's small size and has remained a haven for Arabic publishing. The establishment of modern printing presses and sophisticated book distribution channels made Beirut a regional publishing leader, and gave the Lebanese publishers a dominant role in Arab publishing. Lebanon hosts annually two important regional publishing | 18,452 |
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events, the Beirut Book Fair and the Beirut Francophone Book Fair.
Television in Lebanon was introduced in 1959, with the launch of two privately owned stations, CLT and Télé Orient that merged in 1967 into Télé Liban. Lebanon has ten national television channels, with most being affiliated or supported by certain political parties or alliances.
Lebanon was one of the first countries in the Arabic-speaking world to introduce internet. Lebanese Photographers like Said Mhamad have become popular all across world because of Internet and social media. Beirut's newspapers were the first in the region to provide readers with web versions of their newspapers. By 1986, three newspapers from Lebanon | 18,453 |
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were online, "Al Anwar", "Annahar", and "Assafir", and by 2000, more than 200 websites provided news out of Lebanon.
## Cinema.
Cinema of Lebanon, according to film critic and historian, Roy Armes, was the only other cinema in the Arabic-speaking region, beside Egypt's, that could amount to a national cinema. Cinema in Lebanon has been in existence since the 1920s, and the country has produced over 500 films, some of which are:
- "West Beirut" – by Ziad Doueiri, released in 1998, received the Prix François Chalais at the Directors' fortnight of the Cannes Film Festival (1998)
- "Mabrouk Again" – by Hany Tamba, released in 2000
- "The Kite"– by Randa Chahal, released in 2003, received many | 18,454 |
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prestigious awards including the Silver Lion, Prix de la paix- Gillo Pontecorvo and Prix de la Lanterne Magique at the Venice Film Festival (2003)
- "After Shave" – by Hany Tamba, released in 2005, received the 2006 French César Award for best foreign short film
- "Bosta" – by Philippe Aractingi, released in 2005
- "Under the Bombs" – by Philippe Aractingi, released in 2006
- "Caramel" – starring and directed by Nadine Labaki, released in 2007
- "Where Do We Go Now?" – starring and directed by Nadine Labaki, released in 2011, received the Cadillac People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival (2011)
- "Capernaum" – written by Nadine Labaki, Jihad Hojaily and Michelle | 18,455 |
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Keserwany, released in 2018, the film was selected as the Lebanese entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards.
## Theatre.
Lebanese theatre has its origin in passion plays. The musical plays of Maroun Naccache from the mid-1800s are considered the birth of modern Arab theatre. Some scholars like Abdulatif Shararah divided theatre in Lebanon into three phases: translations of European plays, Arab nationalism, and realism.
## Cultural relations between Lebanon and Egypt.
The cultural relations between Lebanon and Egypt is considered a unique kind of cultural historical relations, Because there is a considerable overlap between the Lebanese and Egyptian cultures, especially | 18,456 |
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in the fields of literature, theater, cinema and journalism, all of them played an integral role towards each other especially in theater, cinema and journalism, that's what was confirmed by the Conference Egypt in the eyes of the Lebanese and which is Within the activities of the cultural program Egypt in the eyes of the World . Which is held at the headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism, and in the presence of the Lebanese Ambassador in Egypt, Madeleine Tabar and Ahmed Ghanem founder of cultural program Egypt in the eyes of the World and an elite of Lebanese artists.
# Fashion.
Many Christians and most Muslims who live in the cities wear modern stylish clothes. In the countryside, | 18,457 |
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women sometimes wear traditional colorful skirts and men wear a traditional sherwal (baggy trousers). Dress was historically Ottoman, but remains only as part of the folk culture. Today, almost all Lebanese wear modern clothing.
Famous names in the Lebanese fashion industry include Elie Saab, Zuhair Murad, Reem Acra, and Rabih Kayrouz.
# Holidays and festivals.
Lebanon celebrates national holidays and both Christian and Muslim holidays.
Christian holidays are celebrated following both the Gregorian Calendar and Julian Calendar. Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Catholics, Protestant, and Melkite Christians follow the Gregorian Calendar and thus celebrate Christmas on 25 December. Armenian Orthodox | 18,458 |
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Christians celebrate Christmas on 6 January, as they follow the Julian Calendar.
Muslim holidays are followed based on the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslim holidays that are celebrated include Eid al-Fitr (the three-day feast at the end of the Ramadan month), Eid al-Adha (The Feast of the Sacrifice) which is celebrated during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca and also celebrates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son to God, the Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, and Ashura. Lebanon's National Holidays include Workers Day, Independence day, and Martyrs Day.
Music festivals, often hosted at historical sites, are a customary element of Lebanese culture. Among the most famous are Baalbeck International | 18,459 |
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Festival, Byblos International Festival, Beiteddine International Festival, Broumana Festival, Batroun Festival, Dhour Chwer Festival and Tyr Festival. These festivals are promoted by Lebanon's Ministry of Tourism, Lebanon Hosts about 15 Concerts from International Performers Each Year Ranking Number one for Nightlife in the Middle east and 6th Worldwide.
# Cuisine.
Lebanese cuisine is similar to those of many countries in the Eastern Mediterranean, such as Syria, Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus.
The Lebanese national dishes are the kibbe, a meat pie made from finely minced lamb and burghul (cracked wheat), and the tabbouleh, a salad made from parsley, tomatoes, and burghul. The national beverage | 18,460 |
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is arak, a strong anise-flavored liquor made from fermented grape juice. It is usually drunk with water and ice, which turns the clear liquid milky-white, and usually accompanies food. Arak is a strong spirit similar to the Greek ouzo and the Turkish raki.
Lebanese restaurant meals begin with a wide array of mezze - small savoury dishes, such as dips, salads, and pastries. The mezze are typically followed by a selection of grilled meat or fish. In general, meals are finished with Arabic coffee and fresh fruit, though sometimes a selection of traditional sweets will be offered as well.
M'Juhdara, a thick stew of onions, rice, and lentils, is sometimes considered poor man's fare and is often | 18,461 |
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eaten around Lent by people in the Lebanese diaspora.
Beirut and its environs contain many restaurants of various national origins. At the same time, wine is growing in popularity and a number of vineyards currently exist in the Bekaa valley and elsewhere. Beer is also highly popular and Lebanon produces a number of local beers, of which almaza is perhaps the most popular.
## Food in daily life.
Lebanese cuisine is influenced by other Mediterranean cuisines. Pita bread is a staple. The Lebanese enjoy hummus (a chick pea dip), fool (a fava bean dip), and other bean dishes. Rice is nearly a staple and pasta is popular. Salted yogurt is common in many dishes. Red meat and chicken are common | 18,462 |
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but are usually eaten as part of a dish. Eating in Lebanon is tied to family: people almost never eat alone. The Lebanese consider eating out a social and almost aesthetic experience. During Lent, Christians eat meatless dishes and at Saint Barbara, they eat a variety of wheat-based dishes. Lebanon sells fruits and vegetables to neighboring Arab countries, as well as to Italy, France, and the United States. Wine is produced in the Bekaa and exported to Europe.
# Society.
Lebanese society is similar to certain cultures of the Mediterranean as the country is uniquely diverse religiously . It is often considered as Europe's gateway to Western Asia as well as Asia's gateway to the Western World.
Mixed-sex | 18,463 |
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groups of youth are very common especially in Verdun, Hamra Street, Ashrafieh, and downtown Beirut as well as other places. Premarital physical sexual relations are very common, although intercourse is frowned upon and avoided by both Muslim and Christian girls.
The contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated at 58%, of which 34% modern contraceptives, primarily IUDs, pills and condoms. Prostitution in Lebanon is nominally legal.
By comparison to most other Arab capitals, Beirut is more modern and more culturally liberal. Compared to Damascus, Cairo, and Baghdad, and especially in contrast to such cities as Riyadh, Beirut is more tolerant with regard to relations between men and women, and | 18,464 |
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also with regard to homosexuality.
Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women, Lebanese women enjoy equal civil rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers (for example, women constituted 41 percent of the student body at the American University of Beirut in 1983). Although women in Lebanon have their own organizations, most exist as subordinate branches of the political parties.
While gay sex does not enjoy wide acceptance, Beirut has a number of gay bars and nightclubs, in addition to five LGBT rights organizations, namely Helem, Arab Foundation for Equality (AFE), Nasawiya-Feminist Collecrive, Proud Lebanon, and Mosaïque.
# | 18,465 |
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Sports.
- Football is the most popular sport in Lebanon. In association football, the governing body for Lebanon is the Federation Libanaise de Football (FLDF). The FLDF organises the men's, women's, and futsal national teams.
- Basketball - Basketball is one of the most popular sports in Lebanon. In basketball, the governing body is the Lebanese Basketball Federation, and it is a member of FIBA Asia. The Lebanon national basketball team has qualified three consecutives times to the FIBA World Championship in 2002, 2006, and 2010, and the team is ranked 24th in the world and the women's national team is ranked 61st in the world. The most successful Lebanese basketball clubs are Sporting Al | 18,466 |
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Riyadi Beirut and Hekmeh-Sagesse, known as C.S. Sagesse or Sagesse for men and Antranik SC for women.
- Rugby league - Rugby league is a popular sport in Lebanon. The Lebanon national rugby league team qualified and played in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, and nearly qualified for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, but were narrowly beaten by Samoa in their final game.
- Weightlifting - Weightlifting has been, besides basketball, one of the biggest success stories in Lebanese sport. In the 1972 Summer Olympics, Mohamed Traboulsi won the silver medal, in addition to many gold medals in continental and regional championships and is considered one of the most revered athletes in Lebanon.
- Winter | 18,467 |
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sports - Skiing and snowboarding are popular sports up in the mountains, and the country boosts six ski resorts, with slopes suitable for skiers and snowboarders of all ages and levels of experience. Off-slope, there are many opportunities for cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling.
- In the summer, skilifts can be used to access some of Lebanon's best hiking trails, with panoramic views stretching as far as Cyprus to the west and Syria to the east on clear days. Canoeing, cycling, rafting, climbing, swimming, sailing, and spelunking are among the other common leisure sports in Lebanon. Adventure and extreme sports are also possible throughout the country.
- Running - The Beirut | 18,468 |
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International Marathon is held every fall, drawing top runners from Lebanon and abroad. Shorter races are also held for youth and less serious competitors. Race day is promoted as a fun, family event, and it has become a tradition for many to participate in costumes or outlandish clothing.
- Equestrian sports - Equestrian sports are increasing in popularity, especially in the highlands of Lebanon, where the game of polo is played in farming villages and towns around the country.
- Rugby union - Rugby union is increasing in popularity, and was introduced from France. The Lebanon national rugby union team represents Lebanon in international rugby union, and is governed by the Lebanon Rugby Union.
In | 18,469 |
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by union - Rugby union is increasing in popularity, and was introduced from France. The Lebanon national rugby union team represents Lebanon in international rugby union, and is governed by the Lebanon Rugby Union.
In 2009, the country hosted the Winter Asian Games, which took place in the capital, Beirut.
- Other sports - Sports such as surfing, bodyboarding, netball, cycling, beach soccer, skateboarding, baseball, American football, and sporting events such as triathlons are increasing in popularity.
# See also.
- Archaeology of Lebanon
- Museums in Lebanon
# External links.
- Beirut International Marathon
- Lebanon:a cultural profile
- Profile of artists, writers and art articles | 18,470 |
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Treaty of Gulistan
The Treaty of Gulistan (; ) was a peace treaty concluded between Imperial Russia and Persia (modern day Iran) on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (in modern-day Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War, lasting from 1804 to 1813. The peace negotiations were precipitated by Lankaran's fall to Gen. Pyotr Kotlyarevsky on 1 January 1813.
The treaty confirmed the ceding and inclusion of what is today Daghestan, eastern Georgia, most of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and parts of northern Armenia from Iran into the Russian Empire.
The text was prepared by the British diplomat Sir Gore Ouseley who served as the mediator and wielded | 18,471 |
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great influence at the Persian court. It was signed by Nikolai Rtischev from the Russian side and Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi from the Persian side.
The result of the treaty was that it forcefully ceded the bulk of Iran's Caucasian territories, while it also directly contributed to the outbreak of the next war of the 19th century, namely the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828). Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay that came out of the 1826-1828 war, the last Caucasian territories were stripped off from Iran, comprising modern-day Armenia and the remaining part of contemporary Azerbaijan that remained in Iranian hands. By 1828, Iran had lost, through the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties, all its aforementioned | 18,472 |
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integral territories in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus.
The area to the North of the river Aras, amongst which the territory of the contemporary nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the North Caucasian Republic of Dagestan were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.
As a further direct result and consequence of the Gulistan treaty in combination with the successive Turkmenchay treaty of 1828, the formerly Iranian territories became now part of Russia for around the next 180 years, except Dagestan, which remained a Russian possession ever since. Out of the greater part of the territory, three separate nations would be formed through | 18,473 |
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the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Lastly and equally important, as a result of Russia's imposing of the two treaties, it also decisively parted the Azerbaijanis and Talysh ever since between the two nations.
# Background and the Russo-Persian War.
Imperial Russia had just sworn in a new tsar, Alexander I, in 1801 and the empire was very eager to control neighboring territories as the tsar was determined to expand. A few years previously in Persia, Fath Ali Shah Qajar also became the new shah after the assassination of his uncle, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1797. Agha Mohammad Khan had, during his reign, defeated and re-subordinated all of | 18,474 |
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his enemies and former Afsharid/Safavid vassals and subjects in the regions of present-day Georgia, Armenia, southern Dagestan, and Azerbaijan, and claimed the areas as rightfully belonging to Persia. By the events prior, during, and after the Battle of Krtsanisi of 1795, he had regained full control over Eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Several years later, after Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha and Erekle II had died as well, Russia stepped in and capitalized on the moment to annex eastern Georgia, allowing unrestricted travel and trade between the regions and Russia, furthering its public claim on the land. Persia was trying to align with France in 1801 to | 18,475 |
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better position itself in case of war with Russia, yet those attempts fell through. Ironically, as both Russia and Britain were currently engaged in the Napoleonic wars, Fath Ali Shah instead brokered a deal with Britain that provided Persia with military support from British troops in exchange for preventing any European country from entering India. With the alliance, Persia entered into the first Russo-Persian War against a militarily pre-occupied Russia, which was heavily invested in the Napoleonic Wars.
Although Persia entered the war mainly for the goal of reasserting its control over Georgia and to ensure the protection of the rest of its northwestern borders, Fath Ali Shah had heard | 18,476 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
about the atrocities being committed by Russian Commanders in Georgia, the commanders ruling “through massive extortion and maladministration”.
Numerically, Persian forces had a considerable advantage during the war: a ratio of 5 to 1 over their Russian adversaries. However, the Persian forces were technologically backwards and poorly trained - a problem that the Persian government did not recognize until a far later juncture. Despite these crippling disadvantages, fighting continued in northern Persia, Azerbaijan and in regions of Georgia. Persia was so enraged at Russia as to declare a jihad upon them, demanding that its people unite to fight the war against them. Persia was actually losing | 18,477 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
the war and asked for military and financial aid from France’s Napoleon (with which they had a France-Persian Alliance), who promised to deliver French support regarding Iran's ambitions to regain its recently lost territory of Georgia, yet France's relations with Russia were more important to them after the two countries signed the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, resulting in France leaving Persia unassisted. The Battle of Aslanduz on 31 October 1812 was the turning point in the war, which led to the complete destruction of the Persian army, thus leaving Fath Ali Shah with no other option but to sign the Treaty of Gulistan.
According to Cambridge History of Iran:
# Terms.
By this treaty:
- 1. | 18,478 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
"Russia by this instrument was confirmed in possession of all the khanates -- Karabagh, Gandja, Shekeen, Shirvan, Derbend, Kouba, and Baku, together with part of Talish and the fortress of Lenkoran. Persia further abandoned all pretensions to Daghestan, Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeretia, and Abkhazia."
- 2. These lands include:
- 1. All the cities, towns, and villages of Georgia, including all the villages and towns on the coast of the Black Sea, such as:
- 2. Megrelia,
- 3. Abkhazia,
- 4. Imeretia,
- 5. Guria;
- 6. Almost all the cities, towns and villages of the khanates in the South Caucasus and partly North Caucasus including:
- 7. Baku khanate,
- 8. Shirvan Khanate,
- 9. Derbent Khanate,
- | 18,479 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
10. Karabakh khanate,
- 11. Ganja khanate,
- 12. Shaki Khanate,
- 13. Quba Khanate,
- 14. part of the Talysh Khanate;
- 3. Iran loses all rights to navigate the Caspian Sea, and Russia is granted exclusive rights to station its military fleet in the Caspian Sea.
- 4. Both countries agree on the establishment of free trade, with Russians having free access to conduct business anywhere in Iran.
- 1. Iran is also given complete and free access to Russia, yet both must pay a 5% ad valorem tax on any items imported into each respective country, thus being seen as a light import/export duty tax.
- 5. Russia in return promises to support Abbas Mirza as heir to the Persian throne after the death | 18,480 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
of Fath Ali Shah.
# Assessment.
Even until today, Iran officially sees this and the succeeding Treaty of Turkmenchay as one of its most humiliating treaties ever signed. The treaty is also regarded by Iranians as the main reason why Fath Ali Shah is seen as one of Iran's most incompetent rulers in memory. The scholars in Azerbaijan point out that the Karabakh khanate, where the treaty was signed, had pursued independent foreign policy as early as 1795, when ""Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, fearing for his independence, warned Sultan Selim III of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar's ambitions to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan and Georgia. In the same year Muhammad Khan, the | 18,481 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
hakim of Erivan, also wrote the Sultan alerting him to Agha Muhammad's "aggression" and seeking Ottoman protection"."
Russian imperial historians maintain that Russia's absorption of the Transcaucasus territories delivered their population from constant Iranian and Ottoman invasions, and the Christian nations of the Caucasus were liberated from Muslim repression, ushering in the years of peace and relative economic stability.
Vital to the signing of the treaty was the agreement made by Fath Ali Shah with Britain. With their defeat in the Russo-Persian War, the Shah understood that another attack by the Russians was close to inevitable. Britain saw the war as unwinnable for the Persians and | 18,482 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
used this to strengthen their foreign affairs. Using their new-found diplomatic connections with the British, Persia established the Treaty of Defensive Alliance in 1812. This promised that Britain would “offer a defensive alliance against further Russian encroachments”. It essentially had terms stating that Persia would provide defense against any European army from entering India (which stationed a majority of British troops) and in return, Britain would provide military and financial aid in case of another Russian attack.
# Aftermath.
The treaty did not answer vital questions such as whether the Persian army would be disarmed or be able to regroup. It was known to both sides that Persia | 18,483 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
would strike again because they considered the regions rightfully theirs and were furious about Russia’s treatment of the land and people. The war was becoming costly in terms of troops and finance, so the Treaty of Gulistan led to over a decade of nominal peace (1813–1826) between Russia and Persia, mainly for the clause regarding trade: both governments saw much potential with it and used it to their advantage. Permanent diplomatic missions were set up in Persia as well as Russia in order to keep trade open as long as possible. It was a period of tense stability, though, as both countries understood that the treaty was written very vaguely and that nothing was written about provisions for | 18,484 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
the military mainly to prevent Persia from trying to regain the regions of Georgia or the Caucasus, thus leaving open the possibility of another future war. It is likely that neither the Iranian Shah (king) nor the Tsar regarded the treaty of Gulistan as definitive.
According to Prof. Timothy C. Dowling:
According to Prof. William Bayne Fisher ("et al."):
As another result of Persia's losses to Russia, the two treaties of Gulistan and Turkemenchai also divided Azerbaijani and Talysh people from their brethren in Iran.
The area to the North of the river Aras, amongst which is the territory of the contemporary nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the North Caucasian Republic of Dagestan, | 18,485 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.
# Precursor to Second Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828.
The Treaty of Gulistan left the possibility of conflict open between the two countries, thus being weak from the start. Russia's main priority before the war was to focus on the wars being fought with Napoleon, which explains the small numbers of troops it dedicated for the Russo-Persian War. The treaty of Gulistan was mainly a way for both countries to “gain a breath” so that the Russo-Persian War could end and they could focus on other issues. After the Treaty was signed, Persia started to rapidly build up its army once more, as Fath Ali Shah | 18,486 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
was fully devoted to regaining the lost territories. It was surprising to no one when Fath Ali Shah ordered his military commander, Abbas Mirza, to start training troops in 1823, three years in advance of the second Russo-Persian War of the century, which was three times as much military preparation as he had devoted to the first War. The clergy in Persia also publicly announced that the jihad against Russia was not over. In 1826, once again Persia attacked the territories lost to Russia (with the British supporting the Persians). The second Russo-Persian War lasted two years and Persia lost 35,000 troops to Russia’s 8,000. Performing poorly in the war, Persia lost, leading to the signing of | 18,487 |
905795 | Treaty of Gulistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Gulistan | Treaty of Gulistan
with the British supporting the Persians). The second Russo-Persian War lasted two years and Persia lost 35,000 troops to Russia’s 8,000. Performing poorly in the war, Persia lost, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, which resulted in the loss of modern-day Armenia and the remaining parts of contemporary Azerbaijan.
# See also.
- Treaty of Turkmenchay
- Iran-Russia relations
- Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
- Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
- Fath Ali Shah Qajar
- Anglo-Russian Entente
# Sources.
- H. Pir Nia, Abbas Eghbal Ashtiani, B. Agheli. "History of Persia". Tehran, 2002. pp. 673–686.
# External links.
- BBC: 200th Anniversary of Treaty of Gulistan (in Persian) | 18,488 |
905850 | Supermodular function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermodular%20function | Supermodular function
Supermodular function
In mathematics, a function
is supermodular if
for all formula_3, formula_4, where formula_5 denotes the componentwise maximum and formula_6 the componentwise minimum of formula_3 and formula_8.
If −"f" is supermodular then "f" is called submodular, and if the inequality is changed to an equality the function is modular.
If "f" is twice continuously differentiable, then supermodularity is equivalent to the condition
# Supermodularity in economics and game theory.
The concept of supermodularity is used in the social sciences to analyze how one agent's decision affects the incentives of others.
Consider a symmetric game with a smooth payoff function formula_10 defined | 18,489 |
905850 | Supermodular function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermodular%20function | Supermodular function
over actions formula_11 of two or more players formula_12. Suppose the action space is continuous; for simplicity, suppose each action is chosen from an interval: formula_13. In this context, supermodularity of formula_10 implies that an increase in player formula_15's choice formula_11 increases the marginal payoff formula_17 of action formula_18 for all other players formula_19. That is, if any player formula_15 chooses a higher formula_11, all other players formula_19 have an incentive to raise their choices formula_18 too. Following the terminology of Bulow, Geanakoplos, and Klemperer (1985), economists call this situation strategic complementarity, because players' strategies are complements | 18,490 |
905850 | Supermodular function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermodular%20function | Supermodular function
to each other. This is the basic property underlying examples of multiple equilibria in coordination games.
The opposite case of submodularity of formula_10 corresponds to the situation of strategic substitutability. An increase in formula_11 lowers the marginal payoff to all other player's choices formula_18, so strategies are substitutes. That is, if formula_15 chooses a higher formula_11, other players have an incentive to pick a "lower" formula_18.
For example, Bulow et al. consider the interactions of many imperfectly competitive firms. When an increase in output by one firm raises the marginal revenues of the other firms, production decisions are strategic complements. When an increase | 18,491 |
905850 | Supermodular function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermodular%20function | Supermodular function
in output by one firm lowers the marginal revenues of the other firms, production decisions are strategic substitutes.
A supermodular utility function is often related to complementary goods. However, this view is disputed.
# Submodular functions of subsets.
Supermodularity and submodularity are also defined for functions defined over subsets of a larger set. Intuitively, a submodular function over the subsets demonstrates "diminishing returns". There are specialized techniques for optimizing submodular functions.
Let "S" be a finite set. A function formula_30 is submodular if for any formula_31 and formula_32, formula_33. For supermodularity, the inequality is reversed.
The definition | 18,492 |
905850 | Supermodular function | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermodular%20function | Supermodular function
dular functions of subsets.
Supermodularity and submodularity are also defined for functions defined over subsets of a larger set. Intuitively, a submodular function over the subsets demonstrates "diminishing returns". There are specialized techniques for optimizing submodular functions.
Let "S" be a finite set. A function formula_30 is submodular if for any formula_31 and formula_32, formula_33. For supermodularity, the inequality is reversed.
The definition of submodularity can equivalently be formulated as
for all subsets "A" and "B" of "S".
# See also.
- Pseudo-Boolean function
- Topkis's theorem
- Submodular set function
- Superadditive
- Utility functions on indivisible goods | 18,493 |
905811 | Ohio Republican Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio%20Republican%20Party | Ohio Republican Party
Ohio Republican Party
The Ohio Republican Party is the Ohio state affiliate of the United States Republican Party. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio on February 13, 1854.
# History.
From the Civil War era, Ohio politics was dominated by the Republican Party, with Ohio Republicans playing key roles in the national party. As the National Republican party slowly began to change from a party affiliated with Northern States and into a socially conservative, neo-liberal economic party, so has the Ohio Republican Party.
## Early years.
Early Ohio Republicans such as Salmon P. Chase staffed many important national offices. Chase coined the phrase "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men". Starting in the | 18,494 |
905811 | Ohio Republican Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio%20Republican%20Party | Ohio Republican Party
1880s, Ohio's Marcus A. Hanna was a significant power in the back rooms of the national Republican party. In the 1890s, Hanna led the conservative wing of the party against Theodore Roosevelt's progressive movement.
In the 60 years from 1860 to 1920, Ohioans headed the Republican presidential ticket nine times, losing only twice. In 1912, Democrat Woodrow Wilson won with 40.96 percent of the vote, the Republican ticket was split, with Teddy Roosevelt leaving to start the Bull-Moose Party. In the 1916 election, Wilson won again with 49.24 percent of the vote.
During the next three presidential elections, the Republican candidate won Ohio, until 1932 when Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state. | 18,495 |
905811 | Ohio Republican Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio%20Republican%20Party | Ohio Republican Party
FDR would win Ohio in 1932, 1936, and 1940.
## Post New Deal.
The national political upheaval that ushered in the New Deal era in the 1930s benefited the Ohio Democratic Party. Party politics in Ohio became very competitive, with Republicans and Democrats trading victories at all levels.
During this time Robert A. Taft, known as "Mr. Republican," became the leader of the conservative wing of the Republican party during a time when progressives controlled both major parties, and one of the most popular Senators in Ohio history.
From the 1930s to the 1970s, Republicans still won the majority of elective offices in Ohio. Starting in the 1960s Ohio Democrats began to win more elections with | 18,496 |
905811 | Ohio Republican Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio%20Republican%20Party | Ohio Republican Party
rulings from the United States Supreme Court that required district representation be based on population and not land sized. The equalization of legislative districts shifted power to Ohio's cities and away from rural farmers. By the mid-1980s, Ohio government at all levels was dominated by Democrats.
By 1990, the Republicans had won a majority on the Ohio Apportionment Board, which draws district lines for federal and state legislative seats. The 1992 adoption of term limits by referendum further strengthened the party's hand and 1992 marked the last victory by a Democrat (John Glenn) in a statewide race until 2006.
## State of the party.
Redistricting after the 2000 census combined with | 18,497 |
905811 | Ohio Republican Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio%20Republican%20Party | Ohio Republican Party
Ohio's term limits laws had Republican officeholders at the federal and state levels struggling with each other to draw federal congressional districts to create safe seats, with the interests of incumbent US representatives clashing with the interests of state legislators facing term limits looking to Congress for their next jobs. About 43 percent of the voters voted for Democrats in 2000.
Joe Hallett wrote in the "Columbus Dispatch" (January 13, 2002):
Redistricting should be a happy process for Republicans... But the task has hardly been gleeful. Contrarily, it has turned into an embarrassment for Republicans... Eight-year term limits, more than the state budget, are to blame. These days, | 18,498 |
905811 | Ohio Republican Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio%20Republican%20Party | Ohio Republican Party
state lawmakers constantly are scouting their next jobs... [V]isions of Congress dance in their heads. They want districts ready-made for their ascensions. Meanwhile, congressional incumbents constantly angle for districts they can't possibly lose.
Although term limits were pushed by conservative Republican activists in the 1980s, they forced the retirement of Republican Speaker Jo Ann Davidson (R-Columbus) from the House of Representatives in 2001 as well as the leader of the conservative wing of the party, Deputy Speaker William G. Batchelder (R-Medina).
In 2001, Republicans sought United States House of Representatives seats held by Democrats Sherrod Brown and Ted Strickland. The state | 18,499 |
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