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905803 | Transparent ceramics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transparent%20ceramics | Transparent ceramics
that nanocomposite ceramic materials also offer interesting mechanical properties not achievable in other materials, such as superplastic flow and metal-like machinability. It is anticipated that further development will result in high strength, high transparency nanomaterials which are suitable for application as next generation armor.
# See also.
- Ceramic engineering
- Nanomaterials
- Optical fiber
- Transparent materials
# Further reading.
- "Ceramic Processing Before Firing", Onoda, G.Y., Jr. and Hench, L.L. Eds., (Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979)
# External links.
- Laser Advances
- How Night Vision Works
- Light-Scattering Model
- Fraunhofer Institute
- Rosenflanz technique | 18,700 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
Dan Fouts
Daniel Francis Fouts (born June 10, 1951) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). Fouts played his entire professional career with the San Diego Chargers, from 1973 through 1987. He was one of the most prolific passing quarterbacks during the 1970s and 1980s, but the Chargers were unable to make it to the Super Bowl during his fifteen-year career. He led the NFL in passing yards four straight years from 1979 to 1982 and became the first player in history to throw for 4,000 yards in three consecutive seasons.
He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He lives in Sisters, Oregon and is currently a color analyst for | 18,701 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
NFL games on CBS television and Westwood One radio. Dan is the son of Bay Area Radio Hall of Famer Bob Fouts.
# High school and college career.
Fouts was born in San Francisco, California. He went to Marin Catholic High School, which is located just north of San Francisco in Kentfield, California, for his two first years, and was starting for the varsity team by his sophomore year. He decided to transfer to St. Ignatius College Preparatory (San Francisco, CA) for his final two years of high school.
Fouts was somewhat of an unknown when he accepted a scholarship offer from the University of Oregon to play for the Oregon Ducks football team. Things were quite different after the All-Pac-8 quarterback's | 18,702 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
college football career concluded, as he set 19 school records, including those for career passing yardage (5,995) and total offense (5,871). He was inducted into the University of Oregon Hall of Fame in 1992.
# Professional career.
Drafted in the third round in 1973, Fouts helped lead the Chargers to the playoffs from 1979 to 1982 and twice to the AFC title game (1980 and 1981). He led the league four times in passing yards; ending his career with over 40,000, the third player to surpass that landmark. Fouts was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993.
Fouts was a 6-time Pro Bowl selection (1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1985) and compiled passer ratings over 90.0 for a 3-year | 18,703 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
stretch (1981–83). Fouts was the first NFL player to surpass 4,000 passing yards and would go on to accomplish this in three consecutive seasons (1979–81), led the NFL in passing yards in four consecutive seasons (1979–1982) and six times eclipsed the 20-touchdown mark with a career-high 33 in 1981. His career high of 4,802 passing yards during the 1981 season was an NFL record at the time.
Fouts set NFL season passing yardage records in three consecutive seasons from 1979 to 1981 with totals of 4,082, 4,715, and 4,802 yards. He broke Joe Namath's professional record of 4,007 set in the American Football League in 1967, and Dan Marino broke Fouts' record in 1984 with 5,084 yards. The Chargers | 18,704 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
in 1979 were the first AFC Western Division champion to run more passing plays (541) than rushing (481). In 1982, a season shortened to 9 games because of a strike, Fouts averaged 320 yards passing per game, an NFL record that stood until Drew Brees averaged 342.25 in 2011. Highlights that season included back-to-back victories against the 1981 Super Bowl teams San Francisco (41-37) and Cincinnati (50-34) in which Fouts threw for over 400 yards in each game to lead the Chargers to shootout victories. That season, he was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Pro Football Writers Association and Newspaper Enterprise Association. He finished second in the Associated Press poll behind Mark Moseley, | 18,705 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
the only kicker to ever win the award. However, AP voted him the league's Offensive MVP, as did Pro Football Weekly.
Fouts garnered All-Pro selections in both 1979 and 1982, while also being named 2nd Team All-Pro in 1980 and 1985. In addition, Fouts was also named 2nd Team All-AFC in 1981 and 1983. However, Fouts and the Chargers lost both AFC Championship Games in which they played.
Fouts's first few years in the league were inauspicious, but with the arrival of head coach Don Coryell in 1978 the Chargers' fortunes turned. Yet it was two years earlier, with the arrival of Bill Walsh as the Chargers' offensive coordinator, that the seeds of success were planted. Under Coryell, the Chargers | 18,706 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
were known as "Air Coryell" for the deep passing game and the involvement of the tight end as a key receiver. This required a tough, intelligent quarterback with a strong arm. Fouts fit the bill.
Fouts was not a mobile quarterback and the deep passing game led to many hits. Hall of Fame coach Bill Walsh, a Chargers assistant coach in 1976, said "Dan Fouts had a cool, steel-like nerve and courage ... He took a lot of beatings, a lot of pounding, but continued to play, hurt or otherwise. He played more physical football than anybody on his team, including the linebackers". Rarely using the shotgun, Fouts would drop back from center and look for one of a bevy of great receivers. Wide receiver | 18,707 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
Charlie Joiner and tight end Kellen Winslow were the most famous, both now in the Hall of Fame, but John Jefferson and Wes Chandler, among others, were also key. Fouts's passing enabled Winslow to lead the NFL in receptions twice (1980,1981), while Winslow (1982) and Lionel James (1985) led the AFC in receptions on another 2 combined occasions. James set the NFL record (since broken) in 1985 for receiving yards by a running back at 1,027. Jefferson became the first receiver to have 1,000 yards receiving in each of his first three seasons in the NFL. Both Jefferson (1980) and Chandler (1982) led the NFL in receiving yards. Chandler's 129 yards receiving per game average in 1982 is still a league | 18,708 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
record. Both Jefferson (1978, 1980) and Chandler (1982) led the NFL in receiving TDs. In 1980, Winslow, Jefferson and Joiner became the first trio on the same team to have 1,000 yards receiving in a season. When he retired after 1986, Joiner was the NFL's all-time leader in receptions with 750.
Pass protection was also critical for such an offense. The Chargers had an excellent offensive line which protected Fouts well, and included four-time Pro Bowler Ed White, five-time Pro Bowler Russ Washington, 3 time Pro Bowler Doug Wilkerson, Billy Shields and Don Macek. The Chargers led the league in passing yards an NFL record 6 consecutive years from 1978–1983 and again in 1985 under Fouts. They | 18,709 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
also led the league in total yards in offense 1980-1983 and 1985.
Despite going to the playoffs from 1979 through 1982 and playing in two AFC Championship Games, the Chargers never went to the Super Bowl under Fouts (although they went 7 years after his retirement). Usually this is attributed to poor defense and their unwillingness to run the ball. In Fouts's prime the defense was not as stellar, but the running game became far better with the addition of Chuck Muncie, traded from New Orleans in 1980, and the drafting of James Brooks from Auburn in 1981. It is believed the defense had little opportunity to improve as the offense often scored quickly, leaving the defense to spend far too much | 18,710 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
time on the field. It also hurt that Fred Dean, an All-Pro sack specialist, was traded away to the San Francisco 49ers in 1981 in a contract dispute, and Dean would win UPI NFC Defensive Player of the Year (while playing in only 11 games) that year en route to a Super Bowl victory and help the 49ers to another Super Bowl title three years later. Dean would later be inducted into the Hall of Fame.
"I can't say how much it affected us, because we did make it to the AFC championship game," said Chargers' All-Pro defensive lineman Gary "Big Hands" Johnson of the loss of Dean. "But I could say if we had more pass rush from the corner, it might've been different." "U-T San Diego" in 2013 called the | 18,711 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
trade "perhaps the biggest blunder in franchise history." Fouts himself would almost be traded in 1983 to the Baltimore Colts in exchange for the rights to John Elway due to a contract dispute, but would come to an agreement on an extension and Elway would be infamously traded to the rival Denver Broncos instead.
Overall, the Chargers achieved three wins against four losses in the playoffs under Fouts, who threw for over 300 yards in all but two of those games. One of their more notable wins was the 1982 playoff game known as "The Epic in Miami", where Fouts led his team to a 41–38 victory by completing 33 of 53 passes for a franchise record 433 yards and 3 touchdowns on the hot and humid day. | 18,712 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
His completions, attempts, and yards in the game were all NFL postseason records at the time. The following week in the AFC championship game in Cincinnati, there was a 92 °F drop in temperature compared to the previous week in Miami, and the Chargers lost 27-7 in what is known as the Freezer Bowl.
The following season, he threw for 333 yards and 3 touchdowns in a 31–28 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wild Card round. Fouts's playoff career ended in the AFC Divisional Playoff game against Miami, where he threw 5 interceptions to only one touchdown pass. Fouts went on to play for four more seasons with the Chargers, retiring in 1987 after 15 years with them. He ended his career as | 18,713 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
the Chargers' all-time leader in passing yard and touchdowns with 43,040 and 254 respectively.
# Honors.
Fouts finished his 15 NFL seasons with 3,297 of 5,604 completions for 43,040 yards and 254 touchdowns, with 242 interceptions. He also rushed for 476 yards and 13 touchdowns
Fouts is one of only ten quarterbacks in NFL history who have achieved two consecutive 30-touchdown passing seasons. The others are Steve Bartkowski, Aaron Rodgers, Brett Favre, Dan Marino, Jeff Garcia, Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Drew Brees, and Y. A. Tittle. He was also the third quarterback in NFL history to pass for 40,000 yards, after fellow Hall of Famers Johnny Unitas and Fran Tarkenton, and the first quarterback | 18,714 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
ever to throw for over 4,000 yards in back-to-back seasons.
Fouts's jersey number, 14, is one of only four numbers retired by the San Diego Chargers (the others being Lance Alworth's 19, Junior Seau's 55 and LaDainian Tomlinson's 21).
In 1989, Fouts was also inducted by the San Diego Hall of Champions into the Breitbard Hall of Fame honoring San Diego's finest athletes both on and off the playing surface.
In 1999, he was ranked number 92 on "The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.
In 1992, he was inducted into the University of Oregon and State of Oregon Sports Halls of Fame.
Fouts was enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993, his first year of eligibility.
In | 18,715 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
2009, he was picked by the fans as the "Greatest Charger Of All Time" for the Chargers 50th anniversary year.
In 2010, he received the Davey O'Brien Legends Award during Colt McCoy's award ceremony.
## Chargers Franchise Records.
- Interceptions, career: 242
- Passing yards, season: 4,802 (1981)
- Passing yards per game, season: 320.3 (1982)
- Passing touchdowns, game: 6 (11/22/81 vs. Oakland)
- Passer rating, game (min 15 attempts): 158.3 (9/26/76 vs. St. Louis)
- Passing touchdowns, playoff game: 3 (twice, tied with Philip Rivers)
- Passing yards, playoff game: 433 (1/2/82 vs. Miami, also 2nd and 3rd place with 336 and 333 respectively)
- Passing attempts, playoff game: 53 (1/2/82 | 18,716 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
vs. Miami
- Completions, playoff game: 33 (1/2/82 vs. Miami
# Broadcasting.
In 1988 through 1993, Fouts started his career as an analyst on NFL on CBS. He worked with a variety of play-by-play announcers including Dick Stockton, James Brown, Verne Lundquist, Brad Nessler, Jim Nantz, Jack Buck, and Tim Ryan.
Fouts left CBS in 1994 to become a sports anchor for KPIX-TV in his hometown of San Francisco. In the fall of 1997, Fouts returned to network television as an analyst, this time serving as a college football analyst for ABC Sports alongside play-by-play man Brent Musburger.
In 1998 Fouts made his big-screen debut, portraying himself in the football comedy "The Waterboy", starring Adam | 18,717 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
Sandler. Fouts and Musburger appeared late in the film as ABC Sports' broadcast team for the fictitious New Year's Day "Bourbon Bowl" game.
In 2000, Fouts moved into a commentator role on ABC's "Monday Night Football," alongside "MNF" anchor Al Michaels and comedian Dennis Miller.
In 2002, Fouts returned to broadcasting college football, calling Pac 10 action alongside legendary announcer Keith Jackson.
After Jackson's retirement from ABC in 2006, Fouts became a play-by-play announcer, adding his own commentary on the game at times since he was a former player and analyst. His broadcast partner for 2006 and 2007 was Tim Brant, now that Jackson opted to permanently retire.
On February 11, | 18,718 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
2008, ESPN announced they weren't re-signing Fouts or his partner Tim Brant.
It was reported in "USA Today" on August 20, 2008, that Fouts was returning to CBS for NFL games with a variety of play-by-play announcers including Don Criqui, Ian Eagle, and Dick Enberg. In 2009, he was moved to partner with Enberg as the number 3 broadcasting team for the NFL on CBS. Fouts has since teamed with Eagle in the number three slot until 2014, when the pair was elevated to the number two team behind Jim Nantz and Phil Simms (and later, Tony Romo). Fouts and Eagle are often called "The Bird and the Beard".
Fouts has also helped call NFL games for Westwood One radio, including Super Bowl 50.
He had been | 18,719 |
905830 | Dan Fouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan%20Fouts | Dan Fouts
g Super Bowl 50.
He had been the play-by-play voice for Chargers preseason games carried on CBS stations throughout Southern California for many years (2012-2016), alongside fellow Charger alum Billy Ray Smith.
Fouts also did color commentary for the football video game "NFL GameDay 2004". He partnered with long-time announcer Enberg.
In 2018, Fouts continued to be a color commentator and analyst for CBS Sports during NFL games.
# See also.
- Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
- List of National Football League season pass completion percentage leaders
- List of NFL quarterbacks who have passed for 400 or more yards in a game
# External links.
- "Pro Football Hall of Fame:" Member profile | 18,720 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Anambra State
Anambra is a state in southeastern Nigeria. Its name was inspired by one of its Northern and riverine clans Anam but merged with "branch". The colonialists who travelled from the present day Anambra region to present Northern Nigeria often described where they were coming from as "Anam branch". The term coupled with Omambala, the Igbo name of the Anambra River formed the name Anambra. The capital and seat of government is Awka. Onitsha, a historic port city from pre-colonial times, has developed as by far the largest urban area in the state. The state's theme is "Light of the nation". The largest town in Anambra State is Aguleri.
# Location.
Boundaries are formed by Delta State | 18,721 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
to the west, Imo State and Rivers State to the south, Enugu State to the east, and Kogi State to the north. The name was derived from the Anambra River (Omambala)m which flows through the area and is a tributary of the River Niger.
The indigenous ethnic groups in Anambra state are the Igbo (98% of population) and a small population of Igala (2% of the population), who live mainly in the north-western part of the state.
Anambra is the eighth-most populated state in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the second-most densely populated state in Nigeria after Lagos State. The stretch of more than 45 km between the towns of Oba and Amorka contains a cluster of numerous thickly populated villages | 18,722 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
and small towns, giving the area an estimated average density of 1,500–2,000 persons per square kilometre.
# Natural resources.
Anambra is rich in natural gas, crude oil, bauxite, and ceramic. It has an almost 100 percent arable soil.
Anambra state has many other resources in terms of agro-based activities such as fisheries and farming, as well as land cultivated for pasturing and animal husbandry.
It has the lowest poverty rate in Nigeria.
## Oil and gas.
In the year 2006, a foundation-laying ceremony for the first Nigerian private refinery, Orient Petroleum Refinery (OPR), was made at Aguleri area. The Orient Petroleum Resource Ltd, (OPRL) owners of OPR, was licensed in June 2002, by | 18,723 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
the Federal Government to construct a private refinery with a capacity of .
In 2012, following the efforts of Governor Peter Obi and other stakeholders of Orient Petroleum, Anambra State became an oil-producing state. The indigenous company struck oil in the Anambra River basin.
On 2 August 2015, the management of Orient Petroleum Resources Plc said the company planned to increase its crude oil production to 3,000 barrels per day by September 2015, as it stepped up production activities in two new oil wells in its Aguleri oil fields. An indigenous company, Nails and Stanley Ltd, was to establish a gas plant at Umueje in Ayamelum Local Government Area to support economic activities in the oil | 18,724 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
and gas industry in the state.
# Urbanization and structural planning.
Since the late 1990s, there has been a migration from rural to urban areas in the state, resulting in Anambra becoming a highly urbanized state: 62% of its population lives in urban areas. In October 2015, the APGA-led state government of Willie Obiano signed a memorandum of understanding with Galway modular housing company, Affordable Building Concepts International, for 10,000 housing units to be built in the state.
Given decades of neglect of infrastructure and bad governance, the shift in human migration has posed problems for the state. Infrastructure improvements, both physical and social, have lagged behind the | 18,725 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
growth in population. There are problems in environmental sanitation, erosion control, and provision of social services. Major cities have become characterized by inadequate and deteriorated road networks and walkways, unregulated building patterns, poor sanitation, uncontrolled street trading, mountains of garbage, and chaotic transport systems, creating congestion, noise pollution, and overcrowding.
The government of Peter Obi, with the assistance of the UN-HABITAT, produced 20-year structural plans (2009–2028) for three major cities in the State: Onitsha, Nnewi and Awka Capital Territory, to restore urban planning and guide their growth into the future.
The plans contain policies and proposals | 18,726 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
for land use, city beautification, road infrastructure, industrial development, housing, waste disposal, water supply and health and educational facilities to turn the cities into successful urban areas that can generate employment and wealth, and provide high living standards for their residents.
Anambra became the first state in Nigeria to adopt Structural Plans for its cities. With effective implementation, it should systematically grow as a major economic center in Nigeria and West Africa.
The process of urbanization is fairly contributed by population growth, immigration, migration, and infrastructure initiatives like good road, water, power, and gardens, resulting in the growth of villages | 18,727 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
into towns, town into cities and cities into metros. To have ecologically feasible development, planning requires an understanding of the growth dynamics. There is a fear that if too many people leave the villages, only the aged men and women will be left to farm. This pattern has been seen in Amesi, Akpo, and Achina towns in Aguata local government area. They have been important in the production of yam, Cocoyam, and cassava through consistent agriculture, but such activities have suffered due to the out-migration of youth to the urban centres. There has been both food scarcity in the region and over-population in urban areas.
To upgrade the State capital and improve traffic, Awka, Governor | 18,728 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Willie Obiano signed off on construction of three fly-overs between the Amawbia and Arroma end of the Enugu-Onitsha Expressway, a distance of about three kilometres within the city.
# Culture and tourism.
Agulu Crocodile Lake is located along Awka road in Agulu, Anaocha Local Government Area of the state. A potential tourist site, it is home to an estimated three hundred crocodiles and water turtles. Fishing is not allowed on the lake. As the crocodiles are considered sacred animals, they cannot be killed. Legend says that these crocodiles were instrumental in delivering the town from enemy soldiers during the Nigerian civil war. It is believed that these sacred crocodiles and turtles transformed | 18,729 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
themselves into beautiful ladies and lured the soldiers unawares into the lake, where they disappeared without trace. At noon the crocodiles and the turtles appear at the banks of the lake to take in sunlight.
Ogbunike Caves, listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, is one of the most visited tourist sites in Anambra State. It is classified as a Sandstone cave (Lateritic sandstones of Campanian-Miocene age). It has very scenic vegetation with an attractive waterfall. It is situated in the Ogba hills Ogbunike, across the Ugwu-Aga Escarpment Umunya by the Enugu/Onitsha Expressway, and lies in the coordinates of N06 11 11 and E06 54 21.
Igbo Ukwu Museum: Igbo Ukwu is an ancient town known for | 18,730 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
its astonishing metalcrafts; it continues to attract tourists to see its bronze artifacts. First noticed in 1938, the bronzes were later excavated by Thurstan Shaw (an English archaeologist). They have been dated to the 9th century, and are of high value and historic relevance.
Uzu-Oka:
Awka is historically known for the great metal foundry, Uzu Craftmanship. Imo-Awka is an annual festival celebrated by the natives.
Other Anambra tourism potentials and cultural festivals include:
- Imo-Awka Festival of Awka. the biggest tourist show in Anambra; this is held annually starting in June–July.
- Ijele Masquerade- listed in the UNESCO Archives as an Intangible Cultural element. The Ijele dance | 18,731 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
festival is home to the 'Olus' of the Omambala area: But actually originated from Umueri, other towns in includes Anaku, Omor, Nsugbe, Aguleri, Umueri, Awkuzu, Nteje, Ogbunike, Nkwelle-Ezunaka, Umunya, etc. But the origin of Ijele can be traced to Umueri community.
Many towns celebrate the New Yam Festival, held after yam cultivation each July.
- Oke-ebo Umueri festival
- Otite, Anam New Yam Festival.
- Nzurani Anam Festival
- Achukwu Masquerade of Ekwulobia.
- Nwafor Festival at Ogidi and Ogbunike.
- Ekwulobia New Yam Festival.
- Omaba Yearly New-Yam Festival.
- Aguluzigbo New-Yam Festival
- Nnobi Afia oru festival
- Ozubulu New-yam festival
- Ihembosi New-yam festival
- Ozoebunu | 18,732 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
masquerade of Ihembosi
- Umueri New-yam festival
- Ozoebunu masquerade of Ozubulu
- Okija New-Yam Festival
- Mmanwu Okija Masquerade Dance
- Ihiala New -Yam Festival
- Igu Aro festival at Mmanoma Umueri
- Nanka New -Yam Festival.
There are a variety of other traditional festivals and masquerades:
- Manwu Ihiala Masquerade Dance
- Ajana-Ukwu and Igu aro festivals at Aguleri.
- Akwuneche enyi masquerade of Omambala area: Anaku, Igbakwu, Aguleri, Umuleri, Awkuzu, Umunya, Owelle- Olumbanasa etc.
- Izaga masquerade of Omambala area: Anaku, Igbakwu, Aguleri, Umuleri, Awkuzu, Umunya, etc.
- Abele masquerade of Omambala area: Anaku, Igbakwu, Aguleri, Umueri, Awkuzu, Umunya, etc.
- Obele | 18,733 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Masquerade of Owelle -Olumbanasa.
- Afia olu Festival in Nnewi.
- Ufala mmuo festival at Oba
- Ofala Eze of Owelle -Olumbanasa.
- Amanwulu and ozo Festivals at Aguleri, Anaku.
- Olili Obibia Eri (Eri Festival) in Enugwu Aguleri attracts thousands of visitors home and abroad annually.
- Uzoiyi Festival Umuoji attracts thousands of visitors annually.
- Ofala (Ovala) Festival commemorates the Kingship (Eze) and is celebrated by various towns. It was popularised by Onitsha town.
- Igu-Aro is the major kingship festival among the Umueri, Anaku and Aguleri.
- Nkpokiti Dance, Umunze is known for fantastic acrobatic performances.
- Obo Ofor Festival in Uga, Aguata local government area.
- | 18,734 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Ayaka masquerade at Umuatuolu Umueri
- Nkwor Festival in Uga, Aguata local government area.
- Uku, an annual masquerade festival in Amanasaa Umuchu, Aguata local government area.
- Mkpluede Festival Isuaniocha
- ito-ogbo -80th birthday celebration by age grades [of obosi, idemili local government]
- Egwu alusi Masqurade festival of Mgbakwu.
- Igba-enyi music group of Mgbakwu
- Isato dance of Otinaeze Mgbakwu
Other attractions include the following geographic landmarks and cultural institutions:
- The River Niger at Onitsha and Asaba, with the famous Niger bridge, is the eastern gateway linking the South East with the Niger Delta and Western Nigeria.
- Agbanagbo Ezu-na-Omambala (Confluence | 18,735 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
of Ezu and Omabala rivers) at Aguleri
- Isi Ubi stone stream Umu-Opu, Umuatuolu Umueri
- Obu Gad at Enugwu Aguleri.
- Ini ERI (Eri Grave) at Aguleri
- Ini Iguedo (Iguedo Grave) at Nando.
- Odinani Museum at Nri.
- Dabawu ancestral abode of Eri at Ugume Umueri
- Agwuve Trinity Tree at Enugwu Aguleri
- Rogeny Tourist Village at Oba (a stadium that is equipped with recreational activities including a swimming pool, zoo, shrine, soccer stadium, etc./
# Education.
Awka, the state capital, is also the center of Nigeria's metalwork and carving industries. Educationally, Anambra is a centre of excellence. There are the Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK), Awka, and a federal university with | 18,736 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
a College of Medicine situated at Nnewi. The UNIZIK Nnewi runs a modern teaching hospital, with facilities also at Umunya and Ukpo. UNIZIK also has faculty of pharmaceutical sciences at Agulu, a School of Preliminary studies at Mbaukwu, and a College of Agriculture.
The Anambra State University, formerly known as Anambra State University of Science and Technology (ASUTECH), has two campuses, one in Uli, and another at Igbariam; the Federal Polytechnic, Oko; Nwafor Orizu University of Education (formerly known as the Nwafor Orizu College of Education), Nsugbe. Private universities include The Tansian University, Umunya; Madonna University, Okija; and St Paul's University, Awka.
Literacy rate | 18,737 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
in the state is comparatively high compared to other states. Primary and secondary school enrollment in the state is one of the highest in the country. Consequently, Anambra state has the highest number of JAMB candidates going after the limited number of spaces in Nigeria's tertiary colleges. Since 2011/2012 till date (2014), its students have had the best results in both WAEC and NECO-conducted senior secondary school examinations.
# Politics.
Anambra's political history can be described as varied. Until the early 21st century, it was marked by considerable unrest. Having a long list of "firsts" in Nigerian history, it has been known by the sobriquet as "The Light of The Nation". On 29 May | 18,738 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
1999, Chinwoke Mbadinuju was sworn in as civilian governor of Anambra state, after many years of military rule. His administration was marred by deep problems: the most notable was withholding of teachers' salaries in the school. The teachers finally conducted a ten-month strike in all the government secondary schools in the state.
Before Mbadinuju's rule, secondary education had been free of charge. But his administration imposed a tuition fee of 3,000 Naira per term for all secondary schools, which led to an unprecedented massive demonstration by secondary school students from all over the state. Many people attribute Mbadinuju's failure to political godfathers; his successor also struggled. | 18,739 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
On 26 May 2003, Chris Ngige was sworn in as the new governor of the state, but he was removed in March 2006 after Peter Obi of APGA filed charges against him of electoral malpractice. The Court of Appeal in Enugu asserted that Ngige's apparent victory in the 2003 election was fraudulent and ordered him to leave the seat.
Obi was ousted by a faction of the Anambra State House of Assembly on 2 November 2006 and replaced by Virginia Etiaba, his deputy. On 9 February 2007, Mrs. Etiaba handed power back to Obi after the Court of Appeal had nullified Obi's removal.
On 14 April 2007, Andy Uba of PDP was "elected" as the new governor of the state and, on 29 May, was sworn in. Reported to be massively | 18,740 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
rigged, the election was widely criticised. On 14 June 2007 the Supreme Court of Nigeria ruled that Peter Obi's tenure had not ended; therefore there was no vacancy in the governorship. It removed Andy Uba from office and replaced him with his predecessor Obi.
On 6 February 2010, Peter Obi was re-elected governor for a second term of four years, after a hot contest with Chris Ngige, a former governor of the state; Prof. Charles Soludo, a former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; and Andy Uba, who was a strong voice in the state's politics. Other contenders included Mrs Uche Ekwunife, Prince Nicholas Ukachukwu, and many others. Twenty-five contestants ran for the office. Obi was affirmed | 18,741 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
as the winner of the election, having more than 30% votes above the immediate runner-up. Chief Willie Obiano was sworn in on 17 March 2014 after winning 16 November 2013 election. Governor Willie Obiano of All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) was sworn in for a second term in office on 17 March 2018 after the victory at 18 November 2017 elections.
# Cities and administrative divisions.
With an annual population growth rate of 2.21 percent per annum, Anambra State has over 60% of its people living in urban areas. It is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria.
The major urban centres of Anambra state are Onitsha, including Okpoko; Nnewi, and Awka, the state capital. Awka and Onitsha developed | 18,742 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
as pre-colonial urban centres: Awka was the craft industrial centre of the Nri hegemony. Onitsha is a city state on the Niger, having developed as a river port and commercial centre.
Onitsha is a fast-growing commercial city, and has developed to become a huge conurbation extending to Idemili, Oyi and Anambra East LGAs, with one of the largest markets in West Africa.
Nnewi (sometimes called the Taiwan of Nigeria) is a rapidly developing industrial and commercial centre. Designated as the state capital, Awka has regained its precolonial administrative eminence.
Other main towns of Anambra state are: Abagana, Abba, Abacha, Umueri, Abatete, Achalla, Achina, Adazi Ani, Adazi-Enu, Adazi-Nnukwu, | 18,743 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Agukwu, Aguleri, Agulu, Aguluezechukwu, Aguluzigbo, Ajalli, Akpo, Akpu, Akwaeze, Akwaukwu, Alor, Amaetiti, Amansea, Amanuke, Amaokpala, Amawbia, Amesi, Amichi, Amorka, Anaku, Atani, Awa, Otuocha Umueri, Awba-Ofemili, Awgbu, Awka-Etiti, Awkuzu, Azia, Azigbo, Ebenato, Ebenebe, Ekwulobia, Ekwulumili, Enugwu-Agidi, Enugwu Aguleri, Enugwu Ukwu, Ezinifite, Ezinihite, Eziowelle, Ezira, Ichi, Ichida, Ideani, Ifitedunu, Ifite-Ogwari, Igbakwu, Igbariam, Igbedor, Igbo-Ukwu, Ihembosi, Ihiala, Ikenga, Inoma, Iseke, Isuaniocha, Isulo, Isuofia, Lilu, Mbosi, Mgbakwu, Mmiata Anam, Nando, Nanka, Nawfia, Nawfija, Nawgu, Ndikelionwu, Ndi-okpaleke, Ndiukwuenu, Nibo, Nimo, Nise, Nkpologwu, Nkpor, Nkwelle-Ezunaka, | 18,744 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Nneni, Nnobi, Nnokwa, Nnokwa, Nsugbe, Nteje, Nzam, Oba, Obeledu, Obosi, Ogbunike, Ogbunka, Ogidi, Ojoto, Okija, Oko, Okpeze, Omasi, Omogho, Omor, Ora-Eri, Oraifite, Oraukwu, Orsumoghu, Osumenyi, Owellezukala, Owelle-Olumbanasa, Ozubulu, Ubuluisiuzor, Ufuma, Uga, Ugbenne, Ugbenu, Uke, Ukpo, Ukpor, Ukwalla-Olumbanasa, Ukwulu, Uli, Umuanaga, Umuawulu, Umuchu, Umudioka, Umueje, Umuerum, Umueze Anam, Umuoba Anam, Umumbo, Umunnachi, Umunya, Umunze, Umuoji, Umuomaku,Umuona Unubi, Utuh et al.
# History.
Anambra's history stretches to the 9th century AD, as revealed by archaeological excavations at Igbo-Ukwu and Ezira. It has great works of art in iron, bronze, copper, and pottery works belonging to | 18,745 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
the ancient Kingdom of Nri. These have revealed a sophisticated divine Kingship administrative system, which held sway in the area of Anambra from c. 948 AD to 1911. In some towns, such as Ogidi and others, local families had hereditary rights to kingship for centuries.
Great Britain recognised some of these traditional kings and leaders in their system of indirect rule of the Protectorate of South Nigeria. Beginning in the 19th century, they appointed some noble leaders as Warrant Chiefs, authorizing them to collect taxes, among other duties.
Anambra is in the Igbo-dominated area that seceded as part of an independent Biafra in 1967, following rising tensions with Northern Nigeria. During | 18,746 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
the Nigerian/Biafran war (1967-1970), Biafran engineers constructed a relief airstrip in the town of Uli/Amorka (code named "Annabelle"). Extremely dangerous relief flights took off from Sao Tome and other sites loaded with tons of food and medicine for the distressed Biafran population. Uli/Amorka airstrip was the site where American pilots such as Alex Nicoll, and scores of others, delivered tons of relief supplies to the Biafran population. Disgusted by the suffering and mounting death toll in Biafra from starvation, as well as the continuous harassment of the relief planes by the Nigerian Airforce, Carl Gustaf von Rosen resigned as a Red Cross relief pilot. He helped Biafra to form an airforce | 18,747 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
of five Minicoin planes Malmö MFI-9 stationed at the Uga airstrip. He named his tiny but effective airforce "Babies of Biafra" in honour of the babies who died from starvation inside Biafra.
Old Anambra State was created in 1976 from part of East Central State, and its capital was Enugu. In 1991 a re-organisation divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu. The capital of Anambra is Awka.
## Local government areas.
Anambra State consists of twenty-one (21) Local Government Areas. They are:
- Aguata
- Awka North
- Awka South
- Anambra East
- Anambra West
- Anaocha
- Ayamelum
- Dunukofia
- Ekwusigo
- Idemili North
- Idemili South
- Ihiala
- Njikoka
- Nnewi North
- Nnewi | 18,748 |
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South
- Ogbaru
- Onitsha North
- Onitsha South
- Orumba North
- Orumba South
- Oyi
# Notable people.
- Nnamdi Azikiwe Owelle of Onitsha – the first President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and historically, the only man whose name appeared in the Constitution of his country (Nigeria's Republican Constitution of 1963).
- Dr. Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme, hails from Okoh town, is a frontline Politician, Architect and the first executive Vice-President of Nigeria, serving 1979 – 1983.
- Nwafor Orizu – hails from Nnewi, the first Senate President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
- Dim Emeka Ojukwu – a native of Nnewi, the leader of the secessionist Biafra Republic;
- Dr. senator | 18,749 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Chuba Wilberforce Okadigbo (17 December 1941 – 25 September 2003) – a native of Ogbunike, was President of the Senate of Nigeria.
- Professor Chinua Achebe – a native of Ogidi and best known for the classic, "Things Fall Apart" was the first African writer whose books are standard curricula in schools and universities across the world.
- Blessed Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi (born in Aguleri, Anambra State, 1903 – died Leicester, England, 1964). Ordained a Roman Catholic priest of the Archdiocese of Onitsha, Nigeria and was later a Cistercian monk at Mount Saint Bernard Monastery in England. Pope John Paul II beatified him in 1998.
- Prince Engr. Arthur Eze (Eze n'Ukpo) - Chairman of Atlas | 18,750 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
/ Oranto Petroleum. He is renowned as one of them richest African's by Ventures magazine and known for his Philanthropic activities.
- Emeka Offor – Chairman of Chrome Group
- Emeka Anyaoku – the first black Secretary-General of the Commonwealth and recipient of South Africa's Order of the Companions of Oliver Reginald Tambo for his role in initiating talks between the apartheid state and the African National Congress (ANC).
- Professor Uche Okeke – a native of Nimo and one of the foremost Nigerian fine artists, founder of the Uli movement.
- Lieutenant-General Chikadibia Isaac Obiakor, appointed as Military Advisor on UN Peacekeeping Operations. Previously served as Commander of the Economic | 18,751 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) Artillery Brigade in Liberia in 1996 and 1997
- Professor Humphrey Nwobu Nwosu. A Professor of Political Science. Former NEC Chairman. Conducted the freest, fairest and most credible election so far in Nigeria.
- Chi Onwurah, a British Labour Party politician, who was elected at the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament for Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central, becoming the first female British MP of African origin.
- Chuka Umunna, a British Labour Party Member of Parliament for Streatham constituency.
- Professor Kenneth Dike – a pre-eminent scholar of African History and native of Awka, was the first indigenous Vice-Chancellor | 18,752 |
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of the University of Ibadan and founder of the National Archives.
- Professor Ben Enwonwu – a native of Onitsha was the first Nigerian sculptor of international repute with artwork gracing the United Nations headquarters.
- Pius Okigbo, CON – a world-renowned economist, was the first economic advisor to the Federal government of Nigeria (1960–1962), first Nigerian Ambassador to the European Community and renowned for bringing to light over $12 billion missing in oil windfall receipts from the Central Bank of Nigeria during the first Gulf War.
- Professor Samuel Okoye – was black Africa's first PhD in Radio Astronomy who along with Antony Hewish of the University of Cambridge discovered the | 18,753 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
radio source of Crab Nebula neutron star.
- Chief Jerome Udoji – from Ozubulu, a social reformer was the first African to be made a 'D.O' (District Officer) by the Colonial Administration.
- Amobi Okoye – Youngest American football player to play for the NFL (2004), currently is a free agent.
- Chimamanda Adichie – writer who won the Orange Prize for Fiction (2007) and a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (2008);
- Dora Akunyili – ex-head of NAFDAC and former (17 December 2008 – 15 December 2010) Minister of Information won international awards for cleansing Nigeria of the scourge of fake drugs;
- Cardinal Francis Arinze, once considered a potential Pope
- P.N. Okeke-Ojiudu – a politician | 18,754 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
and Businessman and the first minister of agriculture in the Nigerian first republic.
- Louis Odumegwu Ojukwu – a native of Nnewi who was the first Nigerian millionaire and first president of the Nigerian Stock Exchange;
- Cyprian Ekwensi – MFR, a writer of international repute
- Oscar N. Onyema - OON, Chief Executive Officer of the Nigerian Stock Exchange and Chairman of Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS).
- Philip Emeagwali – winner of the 1989 Gordon Bell Prize for Supercomputing;
- Azikiwe Peter Onwualu, the former Director General and Chief Executive Officer of the Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC).
- Chief Oliver De Coque, was a popular Nigerian highlife | 18,755 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
musician and guitarist.
- Prof Chike Obi – a Mathematician famous for his work on non-differential equations won the 1985 ICTP Price and developed a special solution for Fermat's Last Theorem;
- Osita Osadebe – a popular Nigerian Highlife musician who also holds the Nigerian record for the highest selling album
- Professor Charles Chukwuma Soludo – a famous economist who spearheaded Nigerian economic reform from 1999–2008 and was ex-head of the Central Bank of Nigeria;
- Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy MBE, a London-based artist. The first black artist to paint a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II one of the UK Women of the Year in 2002 and 2003, represented the UK at the Council of Europe In 2009 she | 18,756 |
905838 | Anambra State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anambra%20State | Anambra State
03, represented the UK at the Council of Europe In 2009 she was made an MBE.
- Chinedu Okoli (Flavour), a popular singer and songwriter.
- Psquare (Peter and Paul Okoye), identical twins and Afro-R&B giants.
# See also.
- Ebenebe
- Uli, Anambra
- Mgbakwu
# Sources.
- theunion.org
- finddiagnostics.org
- The union.org newsletter
- Igboegbunam, Okechukwu Lawrence: Sustainable Tourism Development For Anambra State Nigeria (Application of Leadership Concept in setting up an Eco-tourism Potential, "Plateau Rivulet Trail"), Institute Optopreneur, Malaysia. 2009
- sunnewsonline.com
- jcmedufoundation.org
- The Ogidi Boy
# External links.
- Anambra.ng Portal Official Information Site | 18,757 |
905895 | Josiah Begole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah%20Begole | Josiah Begole
Josiah Begole
Josiah Williams Begole (January 20, 1815June 5, 1896) was a U.S. Representative and the 19th Governor of Michigan.
# Early life in New York.
Begole was born in Groveland, New York. His ancestors were French Huguenots who emigrated to the United States in the last quarter of the 18th century to escape religious persecution and settled in Hagerstown, Maryland. Josiah's father, William (1786–1862) was born there and moved to Livingston County, New York in 1802. William served in the War of 1812 and married the daughter of an American Revolutionary War veteran. Three of Williams sons, including Josiah, the eldest, eventually moved to Genesee County, Michigan. He attended the public | 18,758 |
905895 | Josiah Begole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah%20Begole | Josiah Begole
schools in Mount Morris and Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York.
# Life and Politics in Michigan.
Begole moved to Flint, Michigan in August 1836 and taught school in 1837 and 1838. In the spring of 1839, he married Harriet A. Miles. He engaged in agricultural pursuits from 1839 to 1856 and was school inspector, justice of the peace and township treasurer. Being an anti-slavery man, he became a member of the Republican party at its organization. He was county treasurer 1856–1864. He was briefly engaged in the lumber business in 1863. His eldest son was killed during the American Civil War near Atlanta, Georgia in 1864, and was the greatest sorrow of his life.
He was a member of the Michigan | 18,759 |
905895 | Josiah Begole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah%20Begole | Josiah Begole
Senate in 1870 and 1871, and a member of the Flint City Council for three years. During that time, he served on the Committees of Finance and Railroads, and was Chairman of the Committee on the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Philadelphia in 1872 to re-nominate U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and to nominate Henry Wilson as the new Vice President.
Begole was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 6th congressional district to the United States House of Representatives for the 43rd Congress, serving from March 4, 1873 to March 3, 1875. During that time, he was a member of the Committee on Agricultural and Public Expenditures. | 18,760 |
905895 | Josiah Begole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah%20Begole | Josiah Begole
He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1874 and resumed the lumber business, Begole Fox & Co. He later engaged in the manufacture of wagons founding Flint Wagon Works and also engaged in banking.
# Governor.
In 1882, Begole was gubernatorial candidate of the Greenback and Democratic parties, defeating the Republican incumbent David Jerome by over 7,000 votes. He served one term from 1883 to 1885. As a former Republican who ousted a Republican incumbent, Begole faced many obstacles with a Republican-dominated legislature. As a result, the establishment of the state bureau of labor statistics was one of the few acts that was approved. He ran for re-election in 1884, but was defeated | 18,761 |
905895 | Josiah Begole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah%20Begole | Josiah Begole
one of the few acts that was approved. He ran for re-election in 1884, but was defeated by Republican Russell Alger, after which he resumed his former business activities.
He was an early activist for women's suffrage, and in 1884 Begole became vice president of the first statewide suffrage organization, the Michigan Equal Suffrage Association.
# Retirement and death.
Begole died at the age of eighty-one in Flint and is interred in Glenwood Cemetery there.
# References.
- The Political Graveyard
- Begole's biography from the public domain "Portrait & Biographical Album of Ingham and Livingston Counties, Michigan", published Chicago: Chapman Bros., 1891
- National Governors Association | 18,762 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
Malvina Hoffman
Malvina Cornell Hoffman (June 15, 1885July 10, 1966) was an American sculptor and author, well known for her life-size bronze sculptures of people. She also worked in plaster and marble. Hoffman created portrait busts of working-class people and significant individuals. She was particularly known for her sculptures of dancers, such as Anna Pavlova. Her sculptures of culturally diverse people, entitled "Hall of the Races of Mankind", was a popular permanent exhibition at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. It was featured at the Century of Progress International Exposition at the Chicago World's Fair of 1933.
She was commissioned to execute commemorative monuments | 18,763 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
and was awarded many prizes and honors, including a membership to the National Sculpture Society. In 1925, she was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1931. Many of her portraits of individuals are among the collection of the New York Historical Society. She maintained a salon, a social gathering of artistic and personal acquaintances, at her Sniffen Court studio for many years.
She was highly skilled in foundry techniques, often casting her own works. Hoffman published a definite work on historical and technical aspects of bronze casting, "Sculpture Inside and Out", in 1939.
# Early life and education.
Malvina Hoffman was born | 18,764 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
in New York City, the fourth of six children of the concert pianist and composer, Richard Hoffman, and Fidelia Marshall (Lamson) Hoffman. She was named after a maternal aunt, Malvina Helen (Lamson) Cornell, who would later survive the sinking of the RMS "Titanic". Her mother, also a pianist, presided over her education at home until she was 10 years of age. The Hoffman's regularly entertained artists and musicians in their home. As a young girl, she met Swami Vivekananda when he lived and taught in New York City, and several of her later sculptures, like that of Sri Ramakrishna, are located at the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center of New York.
Hoffman attended Veltin School for Girls, Chapin, | 18,765 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
and Brearley private schools. While at Brearley, she took evening classes at the Woman's School for Applied Design and the Art Students League of New York.
She studied painting with John White Alexander in 1906, and also with Harper Pennington. Hoffman developed her skill as an artist during her studies with George Grey Barnard, Herbert Adams, and Gutzon Borglum. She worked as an assistant to sculptor Alexander Phimister Proctor at his MacDougal Street studio in Greenwich Village in 1907. In 1908, Hoffman traveled to Paris with Katharine Rhoades and Marion H. Beckett and studied art there.
She made a bust of her father, her first finished sculpture, in 1909, two weeks prior to his death. It | 18,766 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
was exhibited at the National Academy the following year. Also in 1910, she won an honorable mention for a sculpture of her future husband, Samuel Grimson, at the Paris Salon. Hoffman gravitated towards sculpture due to the artistic freedom she felt when creating a three-dimensional work of art.
After her father's death in 1910, Hoffman moved to Europe with her mother. They first visited London, where they attended the ballet of Alexander Glazunov's "Autumn Bacchanale". Hoffman was inspired by the combination of motion and control exhibited by Mikhail Mordkin and Anna Pavlova. Mother and daughter visited Italy before moving to Paris. She worked as a studio assistant for Janet Scudder. During | 18,767 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
the nights she studied at Académie Colarossi. She studied with Emanuele Rosales and after five unsuccessful attempts, she eventually was accepted as a student by Auguste Rodin. She caught his attention when she quoted a poem that he attempted to remember by Alfred de Musset. During their lessons, he advised her, "Do not be afraid of realism". She made a trip to Manhattan in 1912 to dissect bodies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. From Rosales and Rodin, she learned about bronze casting, chasing, and finishing at foundries. The Hoffman women lived in Paris until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
# Career.
## Dancers.
Hoffman became famous internationally | 18,768 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
for her sculptures of ballet dancers, such as Vaslav Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova, who often posed for her. In 1911, she made "Russian Dancers", which was exhibited that year at the National Academy and the following year at the Paris Salon. She made a plaster bust, the last work she made of Pavlova, in 1923. Hoffman also created friezes and other works that captured the movements of dancers. In 1912, she made "Bacchanale Russe". In 1917, a version of it won the National Academy's Julia A. Shaw Memorial Prize and the next year a large casting of the sculpture was on display in Paris at the Luxembourg Gardens. She has been called "America's Rodin".
## World War I.
Hoffman helped to organize, and | 18,769 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
was the American representative, for the French war charity, "Appui aux Artistes" that assisted needy artists. She also organized the American-Yugoslav relief fund for children. While working for the Red Cross during World War I, Hoffman traveled to Yugoslavia. She made a larger-than-life-sized work of Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović, with whom she studied.
Her sister, Helen, was on the board of the Red Cross, which sent clothing and medical supplies for the Serbian cause. Through her sister, she met Serbian Colonel Milan Pribićević in 1916, who inspired her when he came to the United States and delivered rousing speeches in which he asked Yugoslav immigrants to fight to save their homeland. | 18,770 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
Hoffman, who may have had a romantic relationship with the colonel, had an interest in "powerful, charismatic" people. She once said, "Hero worship formed a major part of my emotional life." He modeled for her sculpture of him entitled "A Modern Crusader" (1918). His nephew said that it capture that "he was gaunt and weary. His eyes were deep sunk in their sockets ... Only his firm mouth and his powerful chin showed no trace of the inhuman punishment which his body and soul had received during half a decade of life in the trenches." There are casts at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Smithsonian American Art Museum, and Art Institute of Chicago.
She also authored the well known poster "Serbia | 18,771 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
needs your help". She based it on the Miloje P. Igrutinović's photo of dead Serbian soldiers, who died of hunger and exhaustion on the Greek island of Vido. She made the solder "alive" on the poster and later, as a sort of an artistic installation, posted soldier's head on the bronze statue of the Saint Francis of Assisi in front of the Mayo clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. In 2018 an exhibition "Who is Malvina Hoffman" dedicated to Hoffman was open in Novi Sad, Serbia. It was part of the wider project "Serbia, war and posters" by the state government. The Hoffman exhibition, organized in cooperation with the US embassy in Belgrade, which later toured the entire Serbia. Among other exhibits, | 18,772 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
Hoffman's drawings which she made when she visited Serbia in 1919 were also displayed. She published her impressions about the visit in the chapter "Hunger in the Balkans" of her book "Heads and Tales". The poster "Serbia needs your help" later circulated around the United States, being located in a library of a local politician in Phoenix, Arizona, or in the Navajo reservation. That was where the priest Janko Trbović found it. One reprint of the poster, after an intricate and extended search, was donated by the basketball player Vlade Divac.
She made the sculpture "The Sacrifice" after the war. It was dedicated in 1923 at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York. In it, the head | 18,773 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
of a 13th-century crusader lay on the lap of a draped woman. It is a memorial to the late Ambassador of France, Robert Bacon, and alumni of Harvard University who lost their lives during the war. After the War Memorial Chapel at Harvard University was completed in 1932, it was installed there.
## Interwar period.
In 1919, she created a pedimental sculpture for Bush House in London. The same year, she was in Paris cataloging Rodin's works for the Musée Rodin. In 1929, her first major exhibit was held at the Grand Central Art Galleries with 105 works of art in various mediums.
## Hall of Man.
In 1929, Hoffman received a telegram from Stanley Field, "Have proposition to make, do you care to | 18,774 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
consider it? Racial types to be modeled while traveling round the world." Hoffman was commissioned by the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois to create anthropologically accurate sculptures of peoples of diverse nationalities and races. She traveled around the world — including distant places like Africa, India, and Bali — in 1931 to 1932, creating busts and figures of people and taking more than 2,000 photographs.
She completed more than 105 sculptures, predominantly in bronze, but also in marble and stone. They included busts and full-length figures of individuals, which were installed at the museum's "Hall of Man" in 1933. She documented her travels for the commission in | 18,775 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
the book, "Heads and Tales". It was a popular exhibit at the museum, but some critics considered ia a purely anthropological study. During the 1960s, questions began to circulate about the exhibit. According to "American Historical Review", "the sculptures in the 'Races of Mankind' had perpetuated an older typological approach by presenting 'race' in the form of literally static bronze figures depicting idealized racial 'types'". The "Hall of Man" was deinstalled in 1969, but some of the sculptures are still on display.
In 2016, fifty recently conserved sculptures from the "Mankind" collection were on display at the museum in an exhibition called, "Looking at Ourselves: Rethinking the Sculptures | 18,776 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
of Malvina Hoffman."
## World War II.
As she had during World War I, Hoffman served the Red Cross and she raised money for the Red Cross and national defense during the war.
In 1948, Hoffman created relief sculptures for the walls of the "American World War II Memorial" for the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Vosges, France. It is on the site of the "Battle of the Bulge" (1944). There are 5,255 American soldiers buried in the cemetery.
## Other.
She depicted the evolution of medicine in a 13-panel bas relief for Boston's Joslin Clinic. Hoffman made portrait sculptures, including those of "John Muir", "Wendell Willkie", "Ignacy Jan Paderewski", "Henry Clay Frick", and "Ivan Meštrović". | 18,777 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
Her works were exhibited often at the National Academy. In 1965, she published "Yesterday is Tomorrow".
Among her awards are the gold medal she won in 1924 from the National Academy, the gold medal of honor she won in 1962 for "Mongolian Archer" from the Allied of Artists of America, and the gold medal of honor that she won in 1964 from the National Sculpture Society. She was awarded five honorary doctorates. Her awards for public service include the French Legion of Honour and the Royal Order of St. Sava III of Yugoslavia.
# Personal life.
She was married to an Englishman, Samuel Bonarius Grimson, on June 4, 1924. Grimson was injured by mustard gas and phosgene during World War I, and his | 18,778 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
career as a concert violist ended when his hands were crushed during an accident with a truck during the war. After the war, he collected antique paintings and instruments. He also invented a tube for a color television. He traveled with her during her search for authentic indigenous models for the anthropological series. Hoffman and Grimson divorced in 1936, some speculated that it was due to an affair that she had with the ballerina Anna Pavlova. He married Bettina Warburg, the daughter of Nina Loeb and Paul Warburg, in 1942. She was 16 years his junior. Grimson died in 1955.
Hoffman befriended painter Romaine Brooks, writer Gertrude Stein, and ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. She held costume | 18,779 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
parties and balls in her studio, which were reported in the city's society pages. She often spent the summers in a Hartsdale cottage provided to her by Paul Warburg.
On July 10, 1966, Malvina Cornell Hoffman died of a heart attack in her studio in Manhattan, which had been purchased by the philanthropist Mary Williamson Averell and provided to Hoffman for a low-priced rent.
# Further reading.
- Connor, Janis, and Joel Rosenkranz, "Rediscoveries in American Sculpture – Studio Works, 1893–1939", University of Texas Press, Austin 1989
- Field, Henry, "The Races of Mankind, Sculptures by Malvina Hoffman", Anthropology Leaflet 30, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 1937
- Hoffman, Malvina, | 18,780 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
"Heads and Tales". Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, NY 1936
- Hoffman, Malvina, "Sculpture Inside and Out", Bonanza Books, NY, NY 1939
- Hoffman, Malvina, "Yesterday Is Tomorrow", Crown Publishers, Inc. NY, NY 1965
- Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, "Hunting Hoffman in the Field Museum", unpublished manuscript
- Nishiura, Elizabeth, "American Battle Monuments – A Guide to Military Cemeteries and Monuments Maintained By the American Battle Monuments Commission", Omnigraphics, Inc, Detroit, Michigan 1989
- Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, "Art Deco Hawai'i", Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , p. 79
- Proske, Beatrice Gilman, "Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture", Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, | 18,781 |
905861 | Malvina Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvina%20Hoffman | Malvina Hoffman
Einarsson, "Hunting Hoffman in the Field Museum", unpublished manuscript
- Nishiura, Elizabeth, "American Battle Monuments – A Guide to Military Cemeteries and Monuments Maintained By the American Battle Monuments Commission", Omnigraphics, Inc, Detroit, Michigan 1989
- Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, "Art Deco Hawai'i", Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , p. 79
- Proske, Beatrice Gilman, "Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture", Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968
- Redman, Samuel J, "Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums". Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2016.
# External links.
- Malvina Hoffman papers, 1897–1984. Online Archive of California. | 18,782 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
Peredvizhniki
Peredvizhniki (), often called The Wanderers or The Itinerants in English, were a group of Russian realist artists who formed an artists' cooperative in protest of academic restrictions; it evolved into the "Society for Travelling Art Exhibitions" in 1870.
# History.
In 1863 a group of fourteen students decided to leave the Imperial Academy of Arts. The students found the rules of the Academy constraining; the teachers were conservative and there was a strict separation between high and low art. In an effort to bring art to the people, the students formed an independent artistic society; The Petersburg Cooperative of Artists (Artel). In 1870, this organization was largely succeeded | 18,783 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
by the Association of Travelling Art Exhibits (Peredvizhniki) to give people from the provinces a chance to follow the achievements of Russian Art, and to teach people to appreciate art. The society maintained independence from state support and brought the art, which illustrated the contemporary life of the people from Moscow and Saint Petersburg, to the provinces.
From 1871 to 1923, the society arranged 48 mobile exhibitions in St. Petersburg and Moscow, after which they were shown in Kiev, Kharkov, Kazan, Oryol, Riga, Odessa and other cities.
# Influence of literary critics.
Peredvizhniki were influenced by the public views of the literary critics Vissarion Belinsky and Nikolai Chernyshevsky, | 18,784 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
both of whom espoused liberal ideas. Belinsky thought that literature and art should attribute a social and moral responsibility. Like most Slavophiles, Chernyshevsky ardently supported the emancipation of serfs, which was finally realized in the reform of 1861. He viewed press censorship, serfdom, and capital punishment as Western influences. Because of his political activism, officials prohibited publication of any of his writing, including his dissertation; but it eventually found its way to the artworld of nineteenth-century Russia. In 1863, almost immediately after the emancipation of serfs, Chernyshevsky’s goals were realized with the help of Peredvizhniki, who took the pervasive Slavophile-populist | 18,785 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
idea that Russia had a distinguishable, modest, inner beauty of its own and worked out how to display it on canvas.
# Subjects of the paintings.
Peredvizhniki portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life, often critical of inequities and injustices. But their art showed not only poverty but also the beauty of the folk way of life; not only suffering but also fortitude and strength of characters. Peredvizhniki condemned the Russian aristocratic orders and autocratic government in their humanistic art. They portrayed the emancipation movement of Russian people with empathy ("The Arrest of Propagandist"; "Refuse from Confession"; "Not Expected" by Ilya Yefimovich Repin). They portrayed social-urban | 18,786 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
life, and later used historic art to depict the common people ("The Morning of the Execution of Streltsy" by Vasily Surikov).
During their blossoming (1870–1890), the Peredvizhniki society developed an increasingly wider scope, with more natural and free images. In contrast to the traditional dark palette of the time, they chose a lighter palette, with a freer manner in their technique. They worked for naturalness in their images, and the depiction of people's relationship with their surroundings. The society united most of the highly talented artists of the country. Among Peredvizhniki there were artists of Ukraine, Latvia, and Armenia. The society also showed the work of Mark Antokolski, | 18,787 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
Vasili Vereshchagin, and Andrei Ryabushkin. The work of the critic and democrat Vladimir Stasov was important for the development of Peredvizhniki's art. Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov showed the work of these artists in his gallery and gave them important material and moral support.
# Landscape as the most popular genre of Peredvizhniki.
Landscape painting flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. Peredvizhniki painted mainly landscapes; some, like Polenov, used plein air technique. Two painters, Ivan Shishkin and Isaak Levitan, painted only landscapes of Russia. Shishkin is still considered to be the Russian "Singer of forest", while Levitan's landscapes are famous for their intense moods. The Russian | 18,788 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
landscape gained importance as a national icon after Peredvizhniki.
Peredvizhniki painted landscapes to explore the beauty of their own country and encourage ordinary people to love and preserve it. Levitan once said, "I imagine such a gracefulness in our Russian land – overflowing rivers bringing everything back to life. There is no country more beautiful than Russia! There can be a true landscapist only in Russia". Peredvizhniki gave a national character to landscapes, so people of other nations could recognize Russian landscape. The landscapes of Peredvizhniki are the symbolic embodiments of Russian nationality.
# Reproduction of works.
Even though the number of travelling exhibition visitors | 18,789 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
from the provinces was increasing during the years, the main audience was the urban elite. Local photographers created the first reproductions of Peredvizhniki's paintings, which helped popularize the works and could be bought at exhibitions. "Niva" magazine also published illustrated articles about the exhibitions. Since 1898 the landscapes of the society have been used in the postcard industry. Various books of poems were published with the illustrations of landscapes. Ordinary Russian people at that time could not afford to go to Moscow or Saint Petersburg, so popularization of Russian art made them familiar with a number of Russian art masterpieces. Even now publishers use the reproductions | 18,790 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
in textbooks as a visual icon of national identity.
# Decline of creativity.
As the authority and public influence of the society steadily grew, government officials had to stop their efforts to repress the members. Attempts were made to subordinate their activity, and raise the falling value of Academy of Arts-sanctioned works. By the 1890s, the Academy of Arts structure was including Peredvizhniki art in its classes and history, and the influence of the artists showed in national art schools.
In 1898, their influence began to be superseded by Mir iskusstva, which advanced modern trends in Russian art. Some of the members of Peredvizhniki became more conservative, but some remained as radical | 18,791 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
as their predecessors. Some of the artists began showing socialist ideas, which reflected the development of a working-class movement. Many of the Peredvizhniki entered the Soviet art culture bringing the realistic traditions of the 19th century to socialist realism.
The 48th exhibition of Peredvizhniki in 1923 was the last one. Most members joined the Association of Artists in Revolutionary Russia (AKhRR). Its members built on the traditions of Peredvizhniki and aspired to create works of art accessible to the common people and faithfully reflecting the righteousness of Soviet society.
# Members.
"Peredvizhniki" artists included:
- Abram Arkhipov
- Pavel Brullov
- Nikolai Ge
- Kārlis | 18,792 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
Hūns
- Nikolay Kasatkin
- Alexander Kiselyov
- Ivan Kramskoi
- Arkhip Kuindzhi
- Nikolai Kuznetsov
- Isaac Levitan
- Rafail Levitsky
- Alexander Litovchenko
- Vladimir Makovsky
- Vassily Maximov
- Grigoriy Myasoyedov
- Leonid Pasternak
- Vasily Perov
- Konstantin Pervukhin
- Vasily Polenov
- Illarion Pryanishnikov
- Ilya Repin
- Andrei Ryabushkin
- Konstantin Savitsky
- Alexei Savrasov
- Valentin Serov
- Emily Shanks
- Ivan Shishkin
- Alexei Stepanov
- Vasily Surikov
- Vitaly Tikhov
- Apollinary Vasnetsov
- Viktor Vasnetsov
- Yefim Volkov
- Nikolai Yaroshenko
# Further reading.
- Society of Wandering Art Exhibits. Letters and Documents. 1869–1899. Vol. 1, 2., | 18,793 |
905908 | Peredvizhniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peredvizhniki | Peredvizhniki
Letters and Documents. 1869–1899. Vol. 1, 2., Publisher ‘Iskusstvo’, Moscow, 1987. Text in Russian
- Evgeny Steiner. “The Battle for ‘The People’s Cause’ or for the Market Case?” // Cahiers du Monde Russe, 50:4, 2009; pp. 627–646.
- Evgeny Steiner. “Pursuing Independence: Kramskoi and the Itinerants Vs. the Academy of Arts” // Russian Review, #70, 2011, pp. 252–271.
# External links.
- "A battle for the 'people's cause' or for the market case" – Cairn.info
- Peredvizhniki (Wanderers), by Kristen M. Harkness, Smarthistory
- "The Seeds of Russia's Cultural Revolution: The Peredvizhniki (Wanderers) and The Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions"
- Society of Traveling Exhibitions Web Site | 18,794 |
905909 | Vladimir Platonov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Platonov | Vladimir Platonov
Vladimir Platonov
Vladimir Petrovich Platonov
(born December 1, 1939, Stayki village, Vitebsk Region, Belarusian SSR) is a Soviet, Belarusian and Russian mathematician, expert in algebraic geometry and topology, member of the Russian Academy of Science.
In 1992–2004 he worked at various research centers of the United States, Canada and Germany.
# Academic career.
In 1961 Platonov graduated with highest distinction from Belarus State University. Two years later (in 1963) he received his Ph.D. from Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Platonov received his Doctor of Science degree from the Academy of Sciences of USSR in 1967. At the age of 28 Platonov received a title of full professor of the Belarus | 18,795 |
905909 | Vladimir Platonov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Platonov | Vladimir Platonov
State University. This made him the youngest full professor in the history of Belarus. Since 1972 he has been an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and its President (1987–1993). Academician of the Russian /USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987. He was the Director of the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus from 1977 to 1992. His interests are algebra, algebraic geometry, and number theory. He solved
the Strong approximation problem, developed the reduced K-theory and solved the Tannaka–Artin problem. He solved also the Kneser–Tits and Grothendieck problems.Together with F.Grunewald he solved the arithmeticity problem for finite extensions of | 18,796 |
905909 | Vladimir Platonov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Platonov | Vladimir Platonov
arithmetic groups and the rigidity problem for arithmetic subgroups of algebraic groups with radical. Platonov solved also the rationality problem for spinor varieties and the Dieudonne problem on spinor norms.
Platonov was an invited speaker of the International Congresses of Mathematicians in Vancouver (1974), Helsinki (1978) and the European Congress of Mathematicians in Budapest (1996).
He is a member of the Canadian Mathematical Society and was from 1993 to 2001 a Professor of the Faculty of Mathematics of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
He is the author, with Andrei Rapinchuk, of "Algebraic Groups and Number Theory"
He currently works as a Chief Science Officer | 18,797 |
905909 | Vladimir Platonov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Platonov | Vladimir Platonov
of Scientific Research Institute of System Development (NIISI RAN).
# Assault conviction.
On November 9, 1999, Platonov was to appear in court on a bail hearing on a charge of attempted murder for an attack on his wife. He was convicted of assaulting his wife. The court gave him a conditional sentence of two years.
Later, in September 2001, Platonov took early retirement as a professor of the University of Waterloo.
# Awards.
- 1968: Lenin Komsomol Prize, for a series of works in topological group theory
- 1978: Lenin Prize in Science and Technology, for a fundamental series of works "Arithmetics of Algebraic Groups and Reduced K-Theory" ("Арифметика алгебраических групп и приведенная | 18,798 |
905909 | Vladimir Platonov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir%20Platonov | Vladimir Platonov
f System Development (NIISI RAN).
# Assault conviction.
On November 9, 1999, Platonov was to appear in court on a bail hearing on a charge of attempted murder for an attack on his wife. He was convicted of assaulting his wife. The court gave him a conditional sentence of two years.
Later, in September 2001, Platonov took early retirement as a professor of the University of Waterloo.
# Awards.
- 1968: Lenin Komsomol Prize, for a series of works in topological group theory
- 1978: Lenin Prize in Science and Technology, for a fundamental series of works "Arithmetics of Algebraic Groups and Reduced K-Theory" ("Арифметика алгебраических групп и приведенная К-теория")
- 1993: Humboldt Prize | 18,799 |
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