wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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420537 | Stewart Granger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart%20Granger | Stewart Granger
Fighter" (1952)|author=* "Robinson Crusoe" (early 1950s)
- "Highland Fling" (1957)|author=
- "Ever the Twain" (1958)
- biography of Miguel Cervantes for his own production company(1958)
- "The Night Comers" with Jean Simmons – adaptation of Eric Ambler book "State of Siege"
- "The Four Winds" from a 1954 novel by David Beatty – for his own production company, Tracy Productions (1958)
- "I Thank a Fool" (1962)
# Box office ranking.
At the peak of his career, exhibitors voted Granger among the top stars at the box office:
- 1945 – 9th biggest star in Britain (2nd most popular British star)
- 1946 – 6th biggest star in Britain (3rd most popular British star)
- 1947 – 5th most popular | 20,700 |
420537 | Stewart Granger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart%20Granger | Stewart Granger
British star in Britain
- 1948 – 5th most popular British star in Britain.
- 1949 – 7th most popular British star in Britain.
- 1951 – most popular star in Britain according to "Kinematograph Weekly"
- 1952 – 19th most popular star in the US
- 1953 – 21st most popular star in the US and 8th most popular in Britain
# Partial television credits.
- "The Virginian" (1970–71) – 24 episodes as Col. Alan MacKenzie
- "Hotel" – episodes "Glass People", "Blackout" (1983–1987) as Anthony Sheridan / Tony Fielding
- "The Fall Guy" – episode "Manhunter" (1983) as James Caldwell
- "Murder, She Wrote" – episode "Paint Me a Murder" (1985) as Sir John Landry
- "The Love Boat" – episode "Call Me Grandma/A | 20,701 |
420537 | Stewart Granger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart%20Granger | Stewart Granger
Gentleman of Discretion/The Perfect Divorce/Letting Go" (1985) as General Thomas Preston
- "The Wizard" – episode "The Aztec Dagger" (1987) as Jake Saunders
- "Das Erbe der Guldenburgs" (1987) – two episodes as Jack Brinkley
- "Pros and Cons" (1991) – episode "It's the Pictures That Got Small" (final television appearance)
# Partial theatre credits.
- "The Courageous Sex" by Mary D. Sheridan – Birmingham, May 1937
- "The Millionairess" by George Bernard Shaw – Malvern Festival, July 1937 – with Elspeth March
- "The Apple Cart" – Malvern Festival, August 1937 – with Elspeth March
- "Victoria, Queen and Empress" – Birmingham Repertory, September 1937 – as Gladstone
- "The Sun Never Sets" | 20,702 |
420537 | Stewart Granger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart%20Granger | Stewart Granger
– Drury Lane Theatre, London, 1938
- "Serena Blandish" – 1938 – with Vivien Leigh
- "Romeo and Juliet – Buxton Festival, September 1939 – with Robert Donat and Constance Cummings, as Tybalt
- "The Good Natured Man" by Oliver Goldsmith – Buxton Festival, September 1939 – with Robert Donat and Constance Cummings
- "Autumn" – with Flora Robson
- "House in the Square" – St Martins Theatre, London, April 1940
- "To Dream Again" – Theatre Royal, August 1942
- "Rebecca"
- wartime tour of "Gaslight" with Deborah Kerr
- "The Power of Darkness" adapted from by Peter Glenville from the story by Leo Tolstoy – March–April 1949 – with Jean Simmons
- "The Circle" – 1989 – with Rex Harrison and Glynis | 20,703 |
420537 | Stewart Granger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart%20Granger | Stewart Granger
mn" – with Flora Robson
- "House in the Square" – St Martins Theatre, London, April 1940
- "To Dream Again" – Theatre Royal, August 1942
- "Rebecca"
- wartime tour of "Gaslight" with Deborah Kerr
- "The Power of Darkness" adapted from by Peter Glenville from the story by Leo Tolstoy – March–April 1949 – with Jean Simmons
- "The Circle" – 1989 – with Rex Harrison and Glynis Johns
# Partial radio performances.
- "Continuous Performance – the Film", BBC (December 1946)
- "Lux Radio Theatre", "King Solomon's Mines" (1952)
# External links.
- Box office reception of Stewart Granger's films in France
- Britmovie.co.uk
- Photographs and literature
- BBC interview with Gloria Hunniford | 20,704 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
The Secret of the Old Clock
The Secret of the Old Clock is the first volume in the "Nancy Drew Mystery Stories" series written under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. It was first published on April 28, 1930, and rewritten in 1959 by Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Nancy Drew is an 18-year-old high school graduate. Her father, Carson Drew, is a well-known criminal defense lawyer. The Drews reside in River Heights and employ a housekeeper, Hannah Gruen. In early editions, she is depicted as a mere servant; later in the series, she becomes more of a family member.
In 2001, the novel ranked 53rd on "Publishers Weekly"'s list of the all-time best-selling hardcover children's books in English, having sold | 20,705 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
about 2.7 million copies.
# Summaries.
## 1930 edition.
Sixteen-year-old Nancy Drew wishes to help the Turners, who are struggling relatives of the recently deceased Josiah Crowley. Aided along the way by chum Helen Corning, she becomes interested in the case because she dislikes Crowley's snobbish "nouveau-riche" social-climbing heirs presumptive, the Tophams.
A nasty encounter at a department store allows Nancy to discredit the Topham sisters when they break an expensive imported vase. Interviewing various Crowley relatives and friends, Nancy learns from an injured old lady that Crowley hinted that the clue to his will would be found in the family clock. When Helen gives Nancy charity | 20,706 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
tickets to sell, she sells them to the Tophams to gain entry to their home and quiz them about the clock.
Nancy then joins Helen at summer camp to investigate the Topham summer home nearby. There, she is overpowered by the burglars who stole the Crowley Clock and the rest of the Topham furniture. She is imprisoned in the vacant house while the caretaker is locked in a shed nearby. She is able to obtain the titular clock while the burglars drink beer and wine heavily (and illegally) at a wayside inn. (Prohibition in the United States was in force in 1930.)
Nancy is depicted as intentionally hiding stolen evidence (the clock) from the police and gunfire is involved in the police-robber chase. | 20,707 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
A climactic scene, inserted before the denouement and epilogue, has Nancy delighted to take the money from the Tophams and see it distributed to destitute family and friends.
Nancy comes across as very strong-willed, but also competitive with the Tophams. Although charitable and altruistic to the poor heirs, she enjoys seeing others in River Heights society lose their status earned by new money rather than character.
## 1959 revision.
In the Harriet Adams rewrite, Nancy is depicted as a less impulsive, less headstrong girl of Stratemeyer and Mildred’s vision, to a milder, more sedate and refined girl— "more sugar and less spice", with an extensive wardrobe and a more charitable outlook. Helen | 20,708 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
now appears older, perhaps in preparation for her eventual "write-out" after Volume 4 of the revised series (no explanation is made in the original series) to introduce Bess and her cousin George. Readers have noted two figures illustrated in the same vein as the cousins appear in a 1959 illustration at a girls' camp). Racial stereotypes are omitted. Action is increased significantly and is faster-paced. Greater detail is given to develop Nancy and her home.
Relatives of Josiah Crowley are concerned that the selfish "nouveau riche" social-climbing heirs presumptive, the snobbish Tophams, have taken him into their home and do not let him visit other family members, including the Turner and Hoover | 20,709 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
sisters. When Crowley dies, promises of being included in his will appear moot as the will, held by the Tophams, wills everything to them. Eighteen-year-old Nancy Drew is prompted to help the Crowley kin by her affection for Crowley's distant niece, little Judy, who is being raised by the elderly Turner sisters.
While looking for the Hoover sisters, Nancy happens upon their farm during a downpour and shelters with them to dry off because her convertible top malfunctioned. In the original version, the sisters wanted to improve their hatchery and dressmaking skills; here, Allison Hoover wants to take singing lessons.
Nancy's encounter with the undeserving Topham sisters now centers around a | 20,710 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
torn evening dress instead of a broken vase, as in the original story. Nancy catches up with the thieves when they stop to dine, instead of drinking illegal-era alcohol.
The final scene, the reading of the will that disinherits the Tophams, focuses on the delight of rewarding the deserving Crowley kin, instead of Nancy's desire to down-class the snobbish Topham family.
# Artwork.
The 1930s edition was published with the white-spine dust jacket, with artwork by Russell H. Tandy, and four glossy black-and-white interior illustrations, also by Tandy. The first edition is readily distinguished from later editions by its lack of a silhouette on the front cover, and blank end pages. However, a | 20,711 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
few printings occurred (through 1932) before these trademarks were added to the series.
In 1937, three of the illustrations were eliminated, leaving only a frontispiece, and additional information and illustration were added to the dust jacket. In 1943, the interior frontispiece art was updated to conform to current 1940s style. In 1950, the dust jacket was revamped as a wraparound jacket, with the picture continuing onto the spine of the book, and with cover art by Bill Gillies that was more in keeping with 1950s style. Gillies' Nancy, modeled after his wife, looks more mature than 16 (her age in the text at the time). She wears a 1950s version of her early trademark blue suit, and is kneeling | 20,712 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
so that the length, width, and general style are indeterminate, leaving the art less dated. The scene does not exactly match the text in the story.
In 1965, artist Rudy Nappi created new artwork for this title which is currently in print.
When the text was rewritten in 1959, five illustrations were added. The new text described the cover scene in detail. In 1960, this volume was given entirely new artwork, including eight ink drawings and a color frontispiece, which served as the jacket illustration, all by Polly Bolian, for the Reader's Club (Cameo) edition.
In 1962, the publisher eliminated dust jackets and the books were issued with the art directly on the cover with yellow spines and | 20,713 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
backs using Bill Gillies' artwork.
In 1965, the cover art was updated with an illustration by Rudy Nappi, featuring the same dress Nancy wears on Gillies' cover for "The Secret of the Wooden Lady". The internal illustrations remained intact and unchanged. While binding and spine designs have changed, the book's cover, all art (except endpapers) and text remain unchanged.
# Public domain.
On January 1, 2033, the revised text of "The Secret Of the Old Clock" will pass into the Canadian public domain, as Harriet Stratmeyer Adams died in 1982. However, the original text, as written by Mildred Wirt Benson (who died in 2002), and the character of Nancy Drew, will not enter the Canadian public domain | 20,714 |
420565 | The Secret of the Old Clock | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Old%20Clock | The Secret of the Old Clock
the book's cover, all art (except endpapers) and text remain unchanged.
# Public domain.
On January 1, 2033, the revised text of "The Secret Of the Old Clock" will pass into the Canadian public domain, as Harriet Stratmeyer Adams died in 1982. However, the original text, as written by Mildred Wirt Benson (who died in 2002), and the character of Nancy Drew, will not enter the Canadian public domain until January 1, 2053, due to Canada's life-plus-50 years copyright policy. (Canadian Copyright Act, Sections 6.1 & 6.2) In the United States, the original text will enter the American public domain in 2025 (95 years after it was first published), while the revised text will not enter until 2054. | 20,715 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
Beverley Hughes
Beverley June Hughes, Baroness Hughes of Stretford (born 30 March 1950) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stretford and Urmston from 1997 to 2010. In 2004, she was appointed to the Privy Council. From 2005 to 2009, she served in the Government as the Minister of State for Children, Young People and Families.
On 6 May 2017, Hughes was appointed as Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime by Greater Manchester Combined Authority Mayor, and former Shadow Home Secretary, Andy Burnham.
# Early life and education.
Beverley Hughes was born in Ellesmere Port, Cheshire in 1950 and was educated at Ellesmere Port Girls' Grammar School (now called | 20,716 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
The Whitby High School) on Sycamore Drive in Whitby, Ellesmere Port. She moved to Flixton in 1976, and has lived there ever since.
Hughes studied for a BSc in Social Science at the University of Manchester, graduating in 1971. After graduation she continued her studies at the University of Manchester, carrying out postgraduate research into the care of people with schizophrenia, for which she was awarded a Master of Science degree in 1978. She also gained a Diploma in Applied Social Studies in 1974 from the University of Liverpool. She worked as a probation officer in Merseyside from 1971–6.
From 1976 – 1997 Hughes worked first as a research associate, then lecturer (from 1981) and then a | 20,717 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
senior lecturer in the Department of Social Policy at the University of Manchester, a department that she became the head of in 1994.
# Political career.
Hughes' political career began with election to Trafford Borough Council in 1986. She established herself, and was appointed leader of the council's Labour Group in 1992. She became Trafford Borough Council Leader in 1995 until her election to the UK Parliament in the 1997 general election.
From June 1997 to July 1998 she was a member of the Home Affairs Select Committee, until she was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Hilary Armstrong, Minister for Local Government and Housing. In July 1999 she was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary | 20,718 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
of State in the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
In 2001 she was appointed the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Probation in the Home Office.
In July 2001 she received significant ridicule and criticism in the media after it was revealed that along with other politicians she had repeatedly denounced an edition of the Channel 4 television show "Brass Eye" as being "unbelievably sick", but then subsequently admitting that she'd never seen it and refused to ever watch it. The programme was in fact parodying hysteria surrounding the issue of paedophilia and the media, thus commentators suggested that extreme reactions such as those by Hughes had in | 20,719 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
fact emphasised the need for such programming. Sir Paul Fox criticised Hughes and her colleagues suggesting they "have to have the courtesy to have seen the programme before they go in at the deep end", with Christopher Howse even more critical, suggesting "it was as if paedophilia were sacred and not to be blasphemed against" and that the idiocy of Hughes' performance on the affair was "hard to beat".
In 2002 Hughes was appointed Minister of State for Immigration, Citizenship and Counter Terrorism, but was forced to resign in April 2004 when it was shown that she had been informed of procedural improprieties concerning the granting of visas to certain categories of workers from Eastern Europe | 20,720 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
– she had earlier told the House of Commons that if she had been aware of such facts she would have done something about it.
Upon resignation, she made clear that she had not set out to "intentionally mislead anyone", but she could not "in conscience continue to serve as immigration minister". The prime minister replaced Hughes with Work and Pensions Minister Des Browne.
She was re-appointed into government after the 2005 general election as the Minister of State for Children, Young People and Families in the Department for Education and Skills. She became the Regional Minister for the North West as of 19 July 2007.
On 2 June 2009, Hughes announced she was resigning her ministerial position | 20,721 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
of Minister of State for Children, Young People and Families within that week following the Local and European elections with a cabinet reshuffle anticipated. She stood down at the 2010 General Election for "personal reasons" and specifically denied that she was standing down due to the ongoing expenses scandal. She was made a life peer on 15 July 2010 taking the title Baroness Hughes of Stretford, of Ellesmere Port in the County of Cheshire.
# Personal life.
She married Thomas McDonald in 1973 in West Cheshire and has three grown up children – one son and two daughters.
# External links.
- Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle – Beverley Hughes
- TheyWorkForYou.com – Beverley Hughes
- Hughes' | 20,722 |
420562 | Beverley Hughes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley%20Hughes | Beverley Hughes
tanding down due to the ongoing expenses scandal. She was made a life peer on 15 July 2010 taking the title Baroness Hughes of Stretford, of Ellesmere Port in the County of Cheshire.
# Personal life.
She married Thomas McDonald in 1973 in West Cheshire and has three grown up children – one son and two daughters.
# External links.
- Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle – Beverley Hughes
- TheyWorkForYou.com – Beverley Hughes
- Hughes' website
- BBC Politics website
- GONW Website – Regional Minister Page
## News items.
- Letters she sent to David Blunkett from 2004
- Resignation in April 2004
- Timeline of resignation from June 2004
- Ask Beverley Hughes about Immigration in July 2003 | 20,723 |
420567 | Discrete optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discrete%20optimization | Discrete optimization
Discrete optimization
Discrete optimization is a branch of optimization in applied mathematics and computer science.
# Scope.
As opposed to continuous optimization, some or all of the variables used in a discrete mathematical program are restricted to be discrete variables—that is, to assume only a discrete set of values, such as the integers.
# Branches.
Two notable branches of discrete optimization are:
- combinatorial optimization, which refers to problems on graphs, matroids and other discrete structures
- integer programming
These branches are closely intertwined however since many combinatorial optimization problems can be modeled as integer programs (e.g. shortest path) and conversely, | 20,724 |
420567 | Discrete optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discrete%20optimization | Discrete optimization
ce.
# Scope.
As opposed to continuous optimization, some or all of the variables used in a discrete mathematical program are restricted to be discrete variables—that is, to assume only a discrete set of values, such as the integers.
# Branches.
Two notable branches of discrete optimization are:
- combinatorial optimization, which refers to problems on graphs, matroids and other discrete structures
- integer programming
These branches are closely intertwined however since many combinatorial optimization problems can be modeled as integer programs (e.g. shortest path) and conversely, integer programs can often be given a combinatorial interpretation.
# See also.
- Diophantine equation | 20,725 |
420577 | Continuous optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous%20optimization | Continuous optimization
Continuous optimization
Continuous optimization is a branch of optimization in applied mathematics.
As opposed to discrete optimization, the variables used in the objective function are required to be continuous variables—that is, to be chosen from a set of real values between which there are no gaps (values from intervals of the real line). Because of this continuity assumption, continuous optimization allows the use of calculus techniques. | 20,726 |
420578 | Melissopalynology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melissopalynology | Melissopalynology
Melissopalynology
Melissopalynology is the study of pollen contained in honey and, in particular, the pollen's source. By studying the pollen in a sample of honey, it is possible to gain evidence of the geographical location and genus of the plants that the honey bees visited, although honey may also contain airborne pollens from anemophilous plants, spores, and dust due to attraction by the electrostatic charge of bees.
In general, melissopalynology is used to combat fraud and inaccurate labelling of honey. Information gained from the study of a given sample of honey (and pollen) is useful when substantiating claims of a particular source for the sample. Monofloral honey derived from one particular | 20,727 |
420578 | Melissopalynology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melissopalynology | Melissopalynology
of the geographical location and genus of the plants that the honey bees visited, although honey may also contain airborne pollens from anemophilous plants, spores, and dust due to attraction by the electrostatic charge of bees.
In general, melissopalynology is used to combat fraud and inaccurate labelling of honey. Information gained from the study of a given sample of honey (and pollen) is useful when substantiating claims of a particular source for the sample. Monofloral honey derived from one particular source plant may be more valuable than honey derived from many types of plants. The price of honey also varies according to the region from which it originates.
# See also.
- Apiology | 20,728 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
Fiona Mactaggart
Fiona Margaret Mactaggart (born 12 September 1953) is a British Labour Party politician and former primary school teacher. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Slough from the 1997 general election until she stood down at the 2017 general election.
# Early life and career.
While at university, Mactaggart was an outspoken member of the Young Students and Socialists Society and sought to live down her school days at Cheltenham Ladies' College, an independent school for girls. She read for a BA in English at King's College London, an MA at the Institute of Education and a PGCE at Goldsmiths, University of London.
Mactaggart was Vice-President and National Secretary of the | 20,729 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
National Union of Students from 1978 to 1981. She was Press and Public Relations Officer for the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) for six months before being General Secretary of the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants from 1982 to 1987. She was a primary school teacher in Peckham from 1987 to 1992, noting "I have a voice that children can hear at the other end of the playground".
Mactaggart was a councillor and Leader of the Labour Group on Wandsworth Council from 1988 to 1990. From 1992 to 1997, she was a lecturer in Primary Education at the Institute of Education and Chair of Liberty, the civil liberties rights pressure group. While a primary school teacher, she | 20,730 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
decided to become an MP, as being able to change the world "thirty kids at a time" seemed too slow for her. She is a feminist.
# Parliamentary career.
Mactaggart was elected as Labour MP for Slough in 1997. She was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist.
From May 2003, until Mactaggart asked to leave her post in the 5 May 2006 Cabinet reshuffle, she served at the Home Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State with responsibility for Criminal Justice, Race Equality and Communities and then Offender Management.
In 2004, Mactaggart attracted criticism for a reluctance to condemn violent protests by Sikhs which led to the cancellation of the play "Behzti" | 20,731 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Around a thousand protesters stormed the production, set in a temple, at the opening of the curtain. Speaking on BBC Radio 4, MacTaggart said: "I think that when people are moved by theatre to protest, in a way that's a sign of the free speech which is so much part of the British tradition. I think that it's a great thing that people care enough about a performance to protest". Mactaggart also suggested the play and its author would benefit from the violent protests, adding that the controversy was "a sign of a lively flourishing cultural life".
In November 2008, Mactaggart attracted criticism for using unreliable statistics during as parliamentary that | 20,732 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
were not fully supported by evidence when discussing the issue of prostitution. Mactaggart was asked how those criminalised by a new law were supposed to know if a prostitute had been trafficked or not. She replied "I think they can guess", "something like 80% of women in prostitution are controlled by their drug dealer, their pimp, or their trafficker." When questioned on her claim she stated that it "came from an official Government publication into prostitution and the sex trade". However, a BBC magazine article states that "it is impossible to find that number in any research done on this subject." The Home Office have also stated that they "do not endorse or use the figure that 80 per cent | 20,733 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
of prostitutes are controlled by others". The controversy continued in January 2009 with MacTaggart told the House of Commons that she regarded all women prostitutes as the victims of trafficking, because their route into the sector "almost always involves coercion, enforced addiction to drugs and violence from their pimps or traffickers." Again this claim is not supported by any known research.
In May 2011, Mactaggart was criticised by the Association of Political Thought for calling some of the views of London School of Economics professor of political and gender theory Anne Phillips "frankly nauseating" because of her supposed support for prostitution. This assessment was based on the existence | 20,734 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
of a question on an LSE reading list about the ethical differences between legal waged labour and prostitution. Mactaggart had previously caused controversy with her hard-line approach to the issue of prostitution by comparing men who use prostitutes to abusers of children, stating "I don't think most men who use prostitutes think of themselves as child abusers, but they are".
In February 2014 Mactaggart asked the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Iain Duncan Smith, if he would "make it his policy not to offer job subsidies for employing teenagers as auxiliary workers in adult entertainment establishments". Her question related to employers in the adult entertainment industry being | 20,735 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
offered over £2,000 incentive from the Department for Work and Pensions for every unemployed young person (aged 18–24) that they hired. Esther McVey, the Minister of State for Employment, stated that "The Welfare Reform Act 2012 ensured that vacancies which involve performing sexual activities were banned from being advertised on Government websites and a distinction was made in law to differentiate between performers and ancillary workers."
Later in 2014 Mactaggart was appointed to the Intelligence and Security Committee. She abstained in the September 2014 vote on whether or not to enter the war against ISIL.
In March 2015, she was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and | 20,736 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
therefore granted the title The Right Honourable.
# Personal life.
Her father, the late Sir Ian Mactaggart, Bt, was a multimillionaire Glasgow property developer, Conservative candidate and Eurosceptic. Her mother's father, Sir Herbert Williams, Bt, was a Conservative Member of Parliament for 27 years. Her great-grandfather was Sir John Mactaggart, the first treasurer of the first branch of Keir Hardie's Labour Party. Her father left her a fifth of his £6.5m estate, and it is thought she was the second richest Labour MP. Critics often make an issue of MacTaggart's huge wealth, with journalist Benedict Brogan describing her as "a Scottish laird who is as wealthy as she is humourless".
Mactaggart | 20,737 |
420566 | Fiona Mactaggart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiona%20Mactaggart | Fiona Mactaggart
ue of MacTaggart's huge wealth, with journalist Benedict Brogan describing her as "a Scottish laird who is as wealthy as she is humourless".
Mactaggart owns three homes, one in London, one on the Isle of Islay and a flat in Slough. She suffers from multiple sclerosis and is an ovarian cancer survivor. Her sister stood as a Parliamentary candidate for the Liberal Democrats in Devizes in the 1992 General Election.
# External links.
- Fiona Mactaggart MP official constituency site
- Profile at the Home Office
- Profiles 2003, 2002, 2001, The Guardian
- Fiona MacTaggart, BBC News, 9 February 2004
- Public schools face charity test, BBC News, 21 December 2004
- slough labour party website | 20,738 |
420572 | Paul Goggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Goggins | Paul Goggins
Paul Goggins
Paul Gerard Goggins (16 June 1953 – 7 January 2014) was a British Labour Party politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wythenshawe and Sale East from 1997 until his death in January 2014. He was also previously a Minister of State at the Northern Ireland Office.
# Early life.
Paul Goggins was born in Manchester and educated at St Bede's College, before going on to study at the Roman Catholic seminary Ushaw College (1971–1973), although he did not enter the priesthood. He went on to study at the Birmingham Polytechnic (now Birmingham City University), receiving a Certificate in Residential Care of Children and Young People in 1976. Later, he earned a Certificate | 20,739 |
420572 | Paul Goggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Goggins | Paul Goggins
of Qualification in Social Work from the Manchester Polytechnic in 1982.
He worked as a child care worker with the 'Liverpool Catholic Social Services' for a year in 1974, before becoming an officer in charge at the Wigan Children's Home in 1976. He was appointed as project director for the NCH Action for Children in Salford in 1984. He became the national director for Church Action on Poverty, a national church-based campaigning organisation, in 1989 where he remained until his election to Westminster.
# Political career.
He served as a councillor in the City of Salford from 1990–98. He was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for the newly created Wythenshawe and | 20,740 |
420572 | Paul Goggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Goggins | Paul Goggins
Sale East seat vacated by the retirement of Alf Morris, the former Labour MP for Manchester Wythenshawe. Goggins held the safe Labour seat with a majority of 15,019 and remained the MP there for almost 17 years. He made his maiden speech on 20 May 1997.
He served on the social security select committee from 1997 until he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Minister of State at the Department of Social Security John Denham in 1998, moving with Denham to the Department of Health in 1999.
In 2000 he was appointed PPS to the Secretary of State for Education and Employment David Blunkett, and he remained Blunketts's PPS following the 2001 General Election in his new position | 20,741 |
420572 | Paul Goggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Goggins | Paul Goggins
as Home Secretary. It is during this period that, according to Blunkett, Goggins was lumbered with the nickname 'Mrs Goggins'.
He was promoted to the government of Tony Blair in 2003, where he was made the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Home Office with the role of prisons and probation minister. He became the parliamentary under Secretary for State with responsibility for the voluntary and community sector. He forged links with various community and voluntary sector organisations such as ARVAC "The Association for Research in the Voluntary and Community Sector". In May 2006, he was appointed as a junior minister at the Northern Ireland Office. He was the co-founder of the All | 20,742 |
420572 | Paul Goggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Goggins | Paul Goggins
Party Parliamentary Friends of CAFOD group and was Secretary of the All Party Parliamentary Group on poverty.
Goggins opposed same-sex marriage, stating that he would vote against the government's bill to introduce same-sex marriage in England and Wales. In the second reading of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill in February 2013 he voted against the legislation, despite the vast majority of Labour MPs voting in favour of it.
# Personal life.
He married Wyn Bartley in 1977 in Crosby and they had two sons and a daughter.
He was a season ticket holder at Manchester City F.C. He was also a member of the Christian Socialist Movement who has broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 "Thought for the Day" | 20,743 |
420572 | Paul Goggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Goggins | Paul Goggins
slot on the "Today programme". In an interview on BBC Radio Five Live in 2004, he claimed his family was the inspiration for the "Mrs Goggins" character in the "Postman Pat" series.
On 30 December 2013, Goggins became seriously ill after collapsing while running, resulting in emergency surgery. He died in Salford Royal hospital on 7 January 2014 following complications from a brain haemorrhage.
# External links.
- MP Paul Goggins' official website
- Paul Goggins' political summary by "The Guardian"
- BBC Politics page
## News items.
- Ending 50% remission of offenders in Northern Ireland in September 2007
- Revealing Northern Ireland drinks the most fizzy drinks per capita in the UK | 20,744 |
420572 | Paul Goggins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Goggins | Paul Goggins
resulting in emergency surgery. He died in Salford Royal hospital on 7 January 2014 following complications from a brain haemorrhage.
# External links.
- MP Paul Goggins' official website
- Paul Goggins' political summary by "The Guardian"
- BBC Politics page
## News items.
- Ending 50% remission of offenders in Northern Ireland in September 2007
- Revealing Northern Ireland drinks the most fizzy drinks per capita in the UK in June 2006
- Discussing Racial Hatred Bill in January 2006
- Launching North West Faith Forum in January 2006
- Making Magic Mushrooms illegal in July 2005
## Audio clips.
- Women's Parliamentary Radio Short podcast on Paul Goggins' Get Well UK pilot project | 20,745 |
420587 | The Breetles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Breetles | The Breetles
The Breetles
The Breetles are an American power pop band, led by Chris Breetveld. They formented in Kendall Park, New Jersey around 1985, becoming one of the founding bands of the "Kendall Park Sound". Another relatively important part of the KP Sound is Donald Fagen, who used to live in 7 Joline Rd. Chris' first band, The Statics (1965-66) rehearsed at 13 Joline Rd., and the Statics influence on Steely Dan is improbable.
The Breetles style has been described as primarily resembling that of The Who, The Beatles, and The Byrds, and also having aspects of Nazz and Todd Rundgren. The band has been described as "...Chris Breetveld, and anyone who plays Breetles songs, with or without him". The | 20,746 |
420587 | The Breetles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Breetles | The Breetles
original members of the band were Chris Breetveld, Jim Johnson on guitar, vocals & mandolin type things, and Dennis McGrath (a.k.a. Blind Lemon Pledge) on Vocals and harmonica. Other members and bands that are credited or have featured on The Breetles' albums include: R. Stevie Moore, The Rockin'Bricks, Dave Amels, Richard Larsen, Eric Block, Bob Brainen, Joe Hosey, Tim Korzun, Jim Johnson, Chris Butler, Dennis McGrath a.k.a. Blind Lemon Pledge, Tom Lucas, Lane Steinberg, and others.
The Breetles debut album, "Squares in Paris", was released in 1986 but recorded over a period of four years starting in 1982. Two more albums, "Arkansas Traveler" and "Breetles 3, "were released in 1987 and 1988 | 20,747 |
420587 | The Breetles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Breetles | The Breetles
respectively. Arkansas Traveler is an entirely acoustical recording recorded to showcase the "at home" sound of The Breetles. The 1990s saw the release of three albums:" Pop Go! The Breetles" (1995), "Spooj" (1996), and "Ego, The Story of the Sures" (1998) . The band has consistently released albums during the 2000s starting with "Writerscramp" (2000), Don't Smile (2003), Model24-One (2007), Sound Recordings (2011), Model24-Two (2012). Many of the albums and songs are entirely performed, produced, and engineered by Chris Breetveld.
Currently, the band is working on "SONG FOLDER1".
# Discography.
- "model24/SOUND RECORDINGS" (2007) Breetles 2disc/ 5-sided studio album (NoFault)
- "Don't Smile" | 20,748 |
420587 | The Breetles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Breetles | The Breetles
and songs are entirely performed, produced, and engineered by Chris Breetveld.
Currently, the band is working on "SONG FOLDER1".
# Discography.
- "model24/SOUND RECORDINGS" (2007) Breetles 2disc/ 5-sided studio album (NoFault)
- "Don't Smile" (2004) Breetles (Shuss/NoFault)
- "Writerscramp" (2000) Breetles (Permanent Press)
- "Ego, The Story of the Sures" (1998) Breetles(Shuss/NoFault)
- "Spooj" (1996) (Shuss Systems/NoFault)
- "Pop Go! The Breetles" (1995) (Shuss Systems/NoFault)
- "Breetles 3" (1988) Breetles (NoFault)
- "Arkansas Traveler" (1987) Breetles (NoFault)
- "Squares In Pairs" (1986) Breetles (NoFault)
# External links.
- Official web site
- The Breetles at Bandcamp | 20,749 |
420595 | Axioms (journal) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axioms%20(journal) | Axioms (journal)
Axioms (journal)
Axioms is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that focuses on all aspects of mathematics, mathematical logic and mathematical physics. It was established in June 2012 and is published quarterly by MDPI.
The editor-in-chief is Humberto Bustince (Public University of Navarre).
# Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
- Emerging Sources Citation Index
- Zentralblatt MATH
- Scopus | 20,750 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
Fering
Fering is the dialect of North Frisian spoken on the island of Föhr in the German region of North Frisia. "Fering" refers to the "Fering" Frisian name of Föhr, "Feer". Together with the Öömrang, Söl'ring, and Heligolandic dialects, it forms part of the insular group of North Frisian dialects and it is very similar to Öömrang.
# Status.
Around 3,000 of Föhr's 8,700 people speak "Fering" (1,500 of them being native speakers), constituting a third of all North Frisian speakers. An unknown number of emigrants in the United States of America, mainly in New York and Northern California, speak Fering as well. Fering differs from other North Frisian dialects in that it is also used publicly | 20,751 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
on Föhr, not only at home. The municipalities of Oldsum and Süderende (Fering: Olersem, Söleraanj) in the western part of Föhr are strongholds of the dialect.
# Personal and family names.
Personal names on Föhr are still today greatly influenced by a Frisian element. Notably hypocorisms and names with two elements are common. Early borrowings were made from the Danish language and the Christianisation of the North Frisians around 1000 A.D. brought a modest influence of Christian and biblical names. In the Age of Sail, Dutch and West Frisian forms became popular.
Family names were usually patronymic, i. e. they were individually created as genitives from the father's given name. Contrary to | 20,752 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
the Scandinavian "Petersen" or "Petersson", meaning "Peter's son", a Fering name like "Peters" means "of Peter". This practice was prohibited by the Danish Crown in 1771 for the Duchy of Schleswig and was therefore abandoned in the eastern part of Föhr. As western Föhr was a direct part of the Danish kingdom until 1864, patronyms were in use there until 1828 when they were forbidden in Denmark proper as well.
# Loanwords.
Apart from Dutch names, the seafarers in Dutch service also introduced many loanwords in Dutch language to Fering which are still in use today. It has been observed that apart from Afrikaans, no other language outside the Netherlands proper has been influenced as much by | 20,753 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
the Dutch language as the North Frisian insular dialects. Examples for Fering include:
Other loanwords were derived from American English when many people emigrated from Föhr to the United States but kept contact with their relatives on the island. Examples include:
# Phonology.
## Consonants.
The "r" is always pronounced as alveolar trill. Initial "s" is always voiceless.
## Vowels.
The diphthongs "ia", "ua" and "ui" as well as the triphthong "uai" are falling diphthongs, i.e. the stress is always on the first vowel.
# Orthography.
The current orthographic rules for Fering and Öömrang were defined in 1971. Previously, linguists like L. C. Peters, Otto Bremer and Reinhard Arfsten had | 20,754 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
each created their own Fering orthography. Long vowels including those with umlauts are always written as double letters while consonants are short by default. Capital letters are only used in the beginning of a sentence and for proper names.
# Grammar.
## Nouns.
### Gender.
Fering originally had 3 genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. However during the course of the twentieth century the feminine and neuter genders have combined.
### Number.
Fering nouns have two numbers - "singular" and "plural". There are two major suffixes used to form the plural: ""-er"" and ""-en"". Nouns with a masculine gender often use the ""-er"" plural (although there are a few feminine/neuter nouns in this | 20,755 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
group) and nouns with a feminine/neuter gender often use the ""-en"" plural (there are a few masculine nouns in this group). Plurals can also be formed using ""-in"", ""-n"" and ""-s"". There are also plurals formed by changing a consonant at the end of the word, by changing a vowel within the word or by retaining the same form as the singular. Occasionally the plural form is formed by using a different word.
- An example of a masculine noun using the ""-er"" plural suffix: "hünj" (dog) – "hünjer" (dogs). Nouns can also lose an unstressed vowel, as is the case with "kurew" (basket) - "kurwer" (baskets). Some nouns undergo a vowel change, such as "smas" (blacksmith) - "smeser" (blacksmiths).
There | 20,756 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
are exceptions in this suffix group, including "wöning" (window; a feminine/neuter noun) which forms the plural by removing a syllable - "wönger" (windows), and "insel" (island; also a feminine/neuter noun, and a German loanword) which form forms the plural by removing an unstressed vowel - "insler" (islands).
- An example of a feminine/neuter noun using the ""-en"" plural suffix: "buk" (book) – "buken" (books). Nouns can also lose an unstressed vowel, as is the case with "foomen" (woman) - "foomnen" (women) and "taarep" (village) - "taarpen" (villages).
- An example of a (feminine/neuter) noun using the ""-en"" plural suffix: "baantje" (office, i.e. a type of position) – "baantjin" (offices).
- | 20,757 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
An example of a (masculine) noun using the ""-n"" plural suffix: "mooler" (painter) – "moolern" (painters).
- An example of a (masculine) noun using the ""-s"" plural suffix: "koptein" (captain) – "kopteins" (captains).
- Examples of masculine nouns which retain the same form as the singular include: "stian" (stone(s)), "karmen" (man, men), "lüs" (louse, lice), "steewel" (boot(s)) and "twanling" (twin(s)).
- Examples of feminine/neuter nouns which retain the same form as the singular include: "bian" (bone(s), leg(s), "gris" (piglet(s)), "schep" (sheep, singular and plural) and "swin" (pig(s)).
## Verbs.
In Fering, there are 3 groups of verbs: weak, strong and irregular verbs.
# Fering | 20,758 |
420582 | Fering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fering | Fering
erbs: weak, strong and irregular verbs.
# Fering literature.
There are various Fering authors. One of the first publicly noticed writers was Arfst Jens Arfsten (1812–1899) who began writing anecdotes in Fering around 1855. Others include Stine Andresen (1849–1927) who was a poet and writer from Wyk whose literature often refers to her native island. She published her poetry in German but also in Fering. In 1991, Ellin Nickelsen's novelette "Jonk Bradlep" (Dark Wedding) was published. With it, she won the first ever held North Frisian literature competition.
# See also.
- Leew Eilun Feer
# External links.
- Ocke-Schwen Bohn's home page Speech samples and a phonetic description of Fering | 20,759 |
420584 | Mutoscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutoscope | Mutoscope
Mutoscope
The Mutoscope was an early motion picture device, invented by W.K.L. Dickson and Herman Casler and later patented by Herman Casler on November 21, 1894. Like Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, it did not project on a screen and provided viewing to only one person at a time. Cheaper and simpler than the Kinetoscope, the system, marketed by the American Mutoscope Company (later the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company), quickly dominated the coin-in-the-slot peep-show business.
# Operation.
The Mutoscope worked on the same principle as the flip book. The individual image frames were conventional black-and-white, silver-based photographic prints on tough, flexible opaque cards. Rather | 20,760 |
420584 | Mutoscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutoscope | Mutoscope
than being bound into a booklet, the cards were attached to a circular core, rather like a huge Rolodex. A reel typically held about 850 cards, giving a viewing time of about a minute. The reel with cards attached had a total diameter of about ten inches (25 cm); the individual cards had dimensions of about " × " (7 cm × 4.75 cm).
Mutoscopes were coin-operated. The patron viewed the cards through a single lens enclosed by a hood, similar to the viewing hood of a stereoscope. The cards were generally lit electrically, but the reel was driven by means of a geared-down hand crank. Each machine held only a single reel and was dedicated to the presentation of a single short subject, described by | 20,761 |
420584 | Mutoscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutoscope | Mutoscope
a poster affixed to the machine.
The patron could control the presentation speed only to a limited degree. The crank could be turned in both directions, but this did not reverse the playing of the reel. Nor could the patron extend viewing time by stopping the crank because the flexible images were bent into the proper viewing position by tension applied from forward cranking. Stopping the crank reduced the forward tension on the reels causing the reel to go backwards and the picture to move from the viewing position; a spring in the mechanism turned off the light and in some models brought down a shutter which completely blocked out the picture.
# Manufacture.
Mutoscopes were originally manufactured | 20,762 |
420584 | Mutoscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutoscope | Mutoscope
from 1895 to 1909 for the American Mutoscope Company, later American Mutoscope and Biograph Company (1899) by the Marvin & Casler Co., Canastota, New York formed by two of the founding Managers of American Mutoscope Company. In the 1920s the Mutoscope was licensed to William Rabkin who started his own company, the International Mutoscope Reel Company, which manufactured new reels and also machines from 1926 until 1949. The term "Mutoscope" is no longer a registered trademark in the United States.
# Usage.
Mutoscopes were a popular feature of amusement arcades and pleasure piers in the UK until the introduction of decimal coinage in 1971. The coin mechanisms were difficult to convert, and many | 20,763 |
420584 | Mutoscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutoscope | Mutoscope
machines were subsequently destroyed; some were exported to Denmark where pornography had recently been legalised. The typical arcade installation included multiple machines offering a mixture of fare. Both in the early days and during the revival, that mixture usually included "girlie" reels which ran the gamut from risqué to outright soft-core pornography. It was, however, common for these reels to have suggestive titles that implied more than the reel actually delivered. The title of one such reel, "What the Butler Saw", became a by-word, and Mutoscopes are commonly known in the UK as "What-the-Butler-Saw machines." (What the butler saw, presumably through a keyhole, was a woman partially | 20,764 |
420584 | Mutoscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutoscope | Mutoscope
disrobing.)
# Public response.
"The San Francisco Call" printed a short piece about the Mutoscope in 1898, which claimed that the device was extremely popular: "Twenty machines, all different and amusing views...are crowded day and night with sightseers." However, just a few months later, the same newspaper published an editorial railing against the Mutoscope and similar machines: "...a new instrument has been placed in the hands of the vicious for the corruption of youth...These vicious exhibitions are displayed in San Francisco with an effrontery that is as audacious as it is shameless."
In 1899, "The Times" also printed a letter inveighing against "vicious demoralising picture shows in | 20,765 |
420584 | Mutoscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutoscope | Mutoscope
rontery that is as audacious as it is shameless."
In 1899, "The Times" also printed a letter inveighing against "vicious demoralising picture shows in the penny-in-the-slot machines. It is hardly possible to exaggerate the corruption of the young that comes from exhibiting under a strong light, nude female figures represented as living and moving, going into and out of baths, sitting as artists' models etc. Similar exhibitions took place at Rhyl in the men's lavatory, but, owing to public denunciation, they have been stopped."
# External links.
- Illustration and demonstration of the Kinora
- "Penny Arcade", poem by Jared Carter describes tightrope-walk images viewed through a Mutoscope. | 20,766 |
420605 | Steno | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steno | Steno
Steno
Steno may refer to:
- Steno, Salamis, small community at the northwest of Salamis Island, Greece
- Stenography, the process of writing in shorthand
- Stenotype, a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use
- "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" (Steno), an aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacterium which causes uncommon but difficult to treat infections in humans
- "Steno" (genus), the monotypic genus of the rough-toothed dolphin
- Steno Diabetes Center, a research and teaching hospital in Gentofte, Denmark
# Craters.
- Steno (lunar crater)
- Steno (Martian crater)
- Steno-Apollo, lunar crater originally named Steno
# People.
- Nicolas | 20,767 |
420605 | Steno | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steno | Steno
for shorthand use
- "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" (Steno), an aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacterium which causes uncommon but difficult to treat infections in humans
- "Steno" (genus), the monotypic genus of the rough-toothed dolphin
- Steno Diabetes Center, a research and teaching hospital in Gentofte, Denmark
# Craters.
- Steno (lunar crater)
- Steno (Martian crater)
- Steno-Apollo, lunar crater originally named Steno
# People.
- Nicolas Steno (1638–1686), a pioneer in anatomy and geology
- Stefano Vanzina (aka Steno) (1915–1988), Italian movie director, famous for kickstarting the subgenre Poliziotteschi films
# See also.
- Sterno, a fuel made from jellied alcohol | 20,768 |
420594 | State papers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State%20papers | State papers
State papers
The term State papers is used in Britain and Ireland to refer to government archives and records. Such papers used to be kept separate from non-governmental papers, with state papers kept in the State Paper Office and general public records kept in the Public Record Office. When they were written, they were regarded as the personal papers of the government officials writing them, but in 1702, the State Papers Office was established and requisitioned them.
In Ireland, these records were held in a single repository, the Public Record Office. In 1922, this was in two locations, the Bermingham Tower of Dublin Castle and the Four Courts on Dublin's quays. However, the vast majority | 20,769 |
420594 | State papers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State%20papers | State papers
of records, particularly before 1790, were held in the Four Courts. When the Four Courts was occupied by the anti-Treaty forces of the Irish Republican Army in April 1922, the pro-Treaty forces came under pressure to remove them. Following the assassination of the British Field Marshal, Henry Hughes Wilson by anti-Treaty forces on 22 June, the pro-Treaty IRA came under pressure from Britain to attack the Four Courts or else British forces, still occupying Ireland, would take action. On 27 June, Michael Collins, the leader of the Pro-Treaty forces, gave the order to attack the garrison in what is widely regarded as the opening shot of the Irish Civil War. In the process, most of these records | 20,770 |
420594 | State papers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State%20papers | State papers
were destroyed. One historian who was in the PRO section of the Four Courts at the time of the bombing, Pablo McNeill, is reported as diving for cover and bringing an important manuscript with him in the act that destroyed most other written records of Ireland's British rulers.
The Irish State Paper Office contains papers from the offices of:
- President of Ireland
- Taoiseach
- Oireachtas, i.e. Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann
- Departments of State
There are papers also from former offices of state, including:
- King of Ireland
- Monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland relating to Ireland
- Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
- Chief Secretary for Ireland
- Under Secretary | 20,771 |
420594 | State papers | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State%20papers | State papers
tenant of Ireland
- Chief Secretary for Ireland
- Under Secretary for Ireland
- Irish House of Commons & Irish House of Lords
- House of Commons of Southern Ireland
- Attorney-General for Ireland
- Governor-General of the Irish Free State
The Irish State Paper Office was formerly located in Dublin Castle, while the Irish Public Records Office was located at the Four Courts. In the late 1980s the distinction was abolished and both archives merged and moved to a new National Archives of Ireland in Bishop Street in Dublin.
The National Archives of the United Kingdom is located in Kew, near London. The Royal Archives are kept separately at Windsor Castle.
# See also.
- Thirty Year Rule | 20,772 |
420608 | Anchor bend | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchor%20bend | Anchor bend
Anchor bend
The anchor bend is a knot used for attaching a rope to a ring or similar termination. The name is a misnomer, as it is technically not a bend, but a hitch.
# Origins.
Its name originates from the time when "bend" was understood to simply mean "tie to"; today, a bend strictly refers to a knot that joins two lines.
# Techniques.
While the knot can become jammed in some modern materials, it is usually easily untied after moderate loads; it can be made more resistant to jamming by taking an extra turn around the object--this will make for a 1-diameter longer span of the end to reach around the standing part to be tucked (although in a case of tying to a small shackle or link of a | 20,773 |
420608 | Anchor bend | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchor%20bend | Anchor bend
extra turn around the object--this will make for a 1-diameter longer span of the end to reach around the standing part to be tucked (although in a case of tying to a small shackle or link of a chain, this might not be possible). It is the accepted knot for attaching anchors (or more usually anchor chains) to warps. The knot is very similar to a round turn and two half hitches except that the first half hitch is passed under the turn. In many everyday uses, the finishing half-hitch need not be made; alternatively, one might seek surer security by tying off the end with a strangle knot to the standing part.
# See also.
- Round turn and two half-hitches
- List of knots
- List of hitch knots | 20,774 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
Elsevier
Elsevier () is a Dutch information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information. It was established in 1880 as a publishing company. It is a part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier. Its products include journals such as "The Lancet" and "Cell", the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, the "Trends" and "Current Opinion" series of journals, the online citation database Scopus, and the ClinicalKey solution for clinicians. Elsevier's products and services include the entire academic research lifecycle, including software and data-management, instruction and assessment tools.
Elsevier publishes | 20,775 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
more than 470,000 articles annually in 2,500 journals. Its archives contain over 16 million documents and 30,000 e-books. Total yearly downloads amount to more than 1 billion.
Elsevier's high operating profit margins (37% in 2018) and its copyright practices have subjected it to criticism by researchers.
# History.
Elsevier was founded in 1880 and adopted the name and logo from the Dutch publishing house Elzevir that was an inspiration and has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier. The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the Netherlands; the founder, Lodewijk Elzevir (1542–1617), lived in Leiden and established the business in 1580. As company logo, Elsevier used | 20,776 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
the Elzevir family's printer's mark, a tree entwined with a vine and the words "Non Solus", which is Latin for "not alone." Elsevier suggests that this logo represents, "the symbiotic relationship between publisher and scholar".
The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly "Elsevier", which published its first issue on 27 October 1945. The weekly was an instant success and earned lots of money. The weekly was a continuation, as is stated in its first issue, of the monthly Elsevier, which was founded in 1891 to promote the name of the publishing house and had to stop publication in December 1940 because of the Nazi occupation of the | 20,777 |
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Netherlands.
In 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal, "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta".
In 2013, Elsevier acquired Mendeley, a UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers. Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the acquisition, which users saw as acceding to the "paywall" approach to research literature. Mendeley's previously open sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups. "The New Yorker" described Elsevier's reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold: to acquire its user data, and to "destroy or coöpt an open-science icon that threatens its business | 20,778 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
model".
In the first half of 2019, RELX reported the first slowdown in revenue growth for Elsevier in several years: 1 % vs. an expectation of 2 % and a typical growth of at least 4 % in the previous 5 years.
# Company statistics.
, researchers submitted over 1.8 million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 20,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of more than 470,000 articles in over 2,500 journals. Editors are generally unpaid volunteers who perform their duties alongside a full-time job in academic institutions, although exceptions have been reported.
In 2013, the five editorial groups Elsevier, Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, | 20,779 |
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Taylor & Francis, and SAGE Publications published more than half of all academic papers in the peer-reviewed literature. At that time, Elsevier accounted for 16% of the world market in science, technology, and medical publishing.
Elsevier breaks down its revenue sources by format and by geographic region. Approximately 44% of revenue by geography in 2018 derived from North America, 24% from Europe and the remaining 32% from the rest of the world. Approximately 83% of revenue by format came from electronic usage and 17% came from print.
Elsevier employs more than 7,800 people in over 70 offices across 24 countries. Following the integration of its Science & Technology and Health Sciences divisions | 20,780 |
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in 2012, Elsevier has operated under a traditional business structure with a single chief executive officer (CEO). The CEO is Kumsal Bayazit, who was appointed on 15 February 2019.
In 2018, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX group (₤2.538 billion of ₤7.492 billion). In operating profits, it represented 40% (₤942 million of ₤2,346 million). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2017 to 2018.
# Market model.
## Products and services.
Products and services include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks and reference works, and cover the health, life, physical and social sciences.
The target markets are academic and government research | 20,781 |
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institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, librarians, scientific researchers, authors, editors, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical and nursing students and schools, medical researchers, pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, and research establishments. It publishes in 13 languages including English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Japanese, Hindi, and Chinese.
Flagship products and services include VirtualE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Scirus, EMBASE, Engineering Village, Compendex, Cell, SciVal, Pure, and Analytical Services, The Consult series (FirstCONSULT, PathCONSULT, NursingCONSULT, MDConsult, StudentCONSULT), Virtual Clinical Excursions, | 20,782 |
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and major reference works such as "Gray's Anatomy", "Nelson Pediatrics", "Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary", "Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy", and online versions of many journals including "The Lancet".
ScienceDirect is Elsevier's platform for online electronic access to its journals and over 6,000 e-books, reference works, book series, and handbooks. The articles are grouped in four main sections: "Physical Sciences and Engineering", "Life Sciences", "Health Sciences", and "Social Sciences and Humanities". For most articles on the website, abstracts are freely available; access to the full text of the article (in PDF, and also HTML for newer publications) often requires a subscription | 20,783 |
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or pay-per-view purchase.
## Research and information ecosystem.
RELX Group has been active in mergers and acquisitions, with dozens of deals completed for a total of over 5 billion dollars in ten years.
Elsevier has been joined by businesses which were either complementing or competing in the field of research and publishing and which reinforce its market power, such as Mendeley (after the closure of 2collab), SSRN, bepress/Digital Commons, PlumX.
The group contains additional information and analytics companies, particularly LexisNexis and ThreatMetrix.
## Global conferences.
Elsevier conducts conferences, exhibitions and workshop worldwide, with over 50 conferences a year covering life | 20,784 |
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sciences, physical sciences & engineering, social sciences, and health sciences. In 2014 Elsevier conducted 48 conferences attended by 11,328 delegates from 128 countries.
## Pricing.
In the 21st century, the subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticized; some very large journals (with more than 5,000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as £9,634, far above average, and many British universities pay more than a million pounds to Elsevier annually. The company has been criticized not only by advocates of a switch to the open-access publication model, but also by universities whose library budgets make it difficult for them to afford current journal | 20,785 |
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prices.
For example, a resolution by Stanford University's senate singled out Elsevier's journals as being "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value", which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing". Similar guidelines and criticism of Elsevier's pricing policies have been passed by the University of California, Harvard University, and Duke University.
In July 2015, the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU) announced a plan to start boycotting Elsevier, which refused to negotiate on | 20,786 |
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any Open Access policy for Dutch universities. In December 2016, Nature Publishing Group reported that academics in Germany, Peru and Taiwan are to lose access to Elsevier journals as negotiations had broken down with the publisher.
A complaint about Elsevier/RELX was made to the UK Competition and Markets Authority in December 2016. In October of 2018, a competition complaint against Elsevier was filed with the European Commission, alleging anti-competitive practices stemming from Elsevier's confidential subscription agreements and market dominance.
## Shill review offer.
According to the BBC, "the firm [Elsevier] offered a £17.25 Amazon voucher to academics who contributed to the textbook | 20,787 |
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"Clinical Psychology" if they would go on Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble (a large US books retailer) and give it five stars." Elsevier said that "encouraging interested parties to post book reviews isn't outside the norm in scholarly publishing, nor is it wrong to offer to nominally compensate people for their time. But in all instances the request should be unbiased, with no incentives for a positive review, and that's where this particular e-mail went too far", and that it was a mistake by a marketing employee.
## Blocking text mining research.
Elsevier seeks to regulate text and data mining with private licenses, claiming that reading requires extra permission if automated and that the publisher | 20,788 |
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holds copyright on output of automated processes. The conflict on research and copyright policy has often resulted in researchers being blocked from their work.
In November 2015, Elsevier blocked a scientist from performing text mining research at scale on Elsevier papers, even though his institution already pays for access to Elsevier journal content. The data were collected via parsing of downloaded PDF and HTML files, although Elsevier claimed that the method used was screenscraping.
# Academic practices.
## "Who's Afraid of Peer Review".
One of Elsevier's journals was caught in the sting set-up by John Bohannon, published in "Science", called "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" The journal | 20,789 |
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"Drug Invention Today" accepted an obviously bogus paper made up by Bohannon that should have been rejected by any good peer review system. Instead, "Drug Invention Today" was among many open access journals that accepted the fake paper for publication. As of 2014, this journal had been transferred to a different publisher.
## Fake journals.
At a 2009 court case in Australia where Merck & Co. was being sued by a user of Vioxx, the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish the "Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine", which had the appearance of being a peer-reviewed academic journal but in fact contained only articles favourable to Merck drugs. Merck described the | 20,790 |
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journal as a "complimentary publication," denied claims that articles within it were ghost written by Merck, and stated that the articles were all reprinted from peer-reviewed medical journals. In May 2009, Elsevier Health Sciences CEO Hansen released a statement regarding Australia-based sponsored journals, conceding that they were "sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked the proper disclosures." The statement acknowledged that it "was an unacceptable practice." "The Scientist" reported that, according to an Elsevier spokesperson, six sponsored publications "were put out by their Australia office and bore | 20,791 |
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the Excerpta Medica imprint from 2000 to 2005," namely the "Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine" ("Australas. J. Bone Joint Med."), the "Australasian Journal of General Practice" ("Australas. J. Gen. Pract."), the "Australasian Journal of Neurology" ("Australas. J. Neurol."), the "Australasian Journal of Cardiology" ("Australas. J. Cardiol."), the "Australasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy" ("Australas. J. Clin. Pharm."), and the "Australasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine" ("Australas. J. Cardiovasc. Med."). Excerpta Medica was a "strategic medical communications agency" run by Elsevier, according to the imprint's web page. In October 2010, Excerpta Medica was acquired by Adelphi | 20,792 |
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Worldwide.
## "Chaos, Solitons & Fractals".
There was speculation that the editor-in-chief of Elsevier journal "Chaos, Solitons & Fractals", Mohamed El Naschie, misused his power to publish his own work without appropriate peer review. The journal had published 322 papers with El Naschie as author since 1993. The last issue of December 2008 featured five of his papers. The controversy was covered extensively in blogs. The publisher announced in January 2009 that El Naschie had retired as editor-in-chief. the co-Editors-in-Chief of the journal were Maurice Courbage and Paolo Grigolini. In June 2011, El Naschie sued the journal "Nature" for libel, claiming that his reputation had been damaged | 20,793 |
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by their November 2008 article about his retirement, which included statements that "Nature" had been unable to verify his claimed affiliations with certain international institutions. The suit came to trial in November 2011 and was dismissed in July 2012, with the judge ruling that the article was "substantially true", contained "honest comment" and was "the product of responsible journalism". The judgement noted that El Naschie, who represented himself in court, had failed to provide any documentary evidence that his papers had been peer-reviewed. Judge Victoria Sharp also found "reasonable and serious grounds" for suspecting that El Naschie used a range of false names to defend his editorial | 20,794 |
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practice in communications with "Nature", and described this behavior as "curious" and "bizarre."
## Plagiarism.
Some Elsevier journals automatically screen submissions for plagiarism, but not all.
In 2018, Elsevier journal "Procedia" was reported to have published plagiarism by an Albanian politician in 2012.
# Control of journals.
## Resignation of editorial boards.
In November 1999 the entire editorial board (50 persons) of the "Journal of Logic Programming" (founded in 1984 by Alan Robinson) collectively resigned after 16 months of unsuccessful negotiations with Elsevier Press about the price of library subscriptions. The personnel created a new journal, "Theory and Practice of Logic | 20,795 |
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Programming", with Cambridge University Press at a much lower price, while Elsevier continued publication with a new editorial board and a slightly different name (the "Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming").
In 2002, dissatisfaction at Elsevier's pricing policies caused the European Economic Association to terminate an agreement with Elsevier designating Elsevier's "European Economic Review" as the official journal of the association. The EEA launched a new journal, the "Journal of the European Economic Association".
In 2003, the entire editorial board of the "Journal of Algorithms" resigned to start "ACM Transactions on Algorithms" with a different, lower-priced, not-for-profit publisher, | 20,796 |
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at the suggestion of "Journal of Algorithms" founder Donald Knuth. The "Journal of Algorithms" continued under Elsevier with a new editorial board until October 2009, when it was discontinued.
The same happened in 2005 to the "International Journal of Solids and Structures", whose editors resigned to start the "Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures". However, a new editorial board was quickly established and the journal continues in apparently unaltered form with editors D.A. Hills (Oxford University) and Stelios Kyriakides (University of Texas at Austin).
In August 2006, the entire editorial board of the distinguished mathematical journal "Topology" handed in their resignation, | 20,797 |
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again because of stalled negotiations with Elsevier to lower the subscription price. This board then launched the new "Journal of Topology" at a far lower price, under the auspices of the London Mathematical Society. After this mass resignation, "Topology" remained in circulation under a new editorial board until 2009, when the last issue was published.
The French École Normale Supérieure has stopped having Elsevier publish the journal "Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure" (as of 2008).
The elevated pricing of field journals in economics, most of which are published by Elsevier, was one of the motivations that moved the American Economic Association to launch the "American | 20,798 |
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Economic Journal" in 2009.
In May 2015, Stephen Leeder was removed from his role as editor of the "Medical Journal of Australia" after its publisher decided to outsource the journal's production to Elsevier. As a consequence, all but one of the journal's editorial advisory committee members co-signed a letter of resignation.
In October 2015, the entire editorial staff of the general linguistics journal "Lingua" resigned in protest of Elsevier's unwillingness to agree to their terms of Fair Open Access. Editor in Chief Johan Rooryck also announced that the Lingua staff would establish a new journal, "Glossa".
In January 2019, the entire editorial board of Elsevier's "Journal of Informetrics" | 20,799 |
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