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420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
which resulted in a class action lawsuit involving 8,000 plaintiffs. Attendees received tickets and, in some cases, reimbursements for out of pocket expenses. The band performed in early November at an auto race in Abu Dhabi.
On November 9, 2009, the media reported that Tyler had no contact with the other members of Aerosmith and that they were unsure if he was still in the band. On November 10, 2009, Joe Perry confirmed Tyler had quit Aerosmith to pursue a solo career and was unsure whether the move was indefinite. No replacement was announced. Despite rumors of leaving the band, and notwithstanding Perry's comment as reported earlier the same day, Tyler joined The Joe Perry Project onstage | 20,500 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
November 10, 2009, at the Fillmore New York at Irving Plaza and performed "Walk This Way". According to sources at the event, Tyler assured the crowd that despite rumors to the contrary, he is "not quitting Aerosmith."
On December 22, 2009, "Rolling Stone" reported that Tyler had checked into rehab for pain management. In 2010, he embarked on the Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour with Aerosmith, which had them perform over 40 concerts in 18 countries. On September 16, 2010, it was reported he would have his first solo project. He wrote "Love Lives", a theme song for the Japanese sci-fi movie "Space Battleship Yamato". The song was based on the English translated script, as well as on some | 20,501 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
clips of the film itself. The single was released on November 24, a week before the movie was released. A preview of the single can be heard in the movie's trailers. On September 22, 2010, Fox confirmed that Tyler would replace Simon Cowell as a judge for the tenth season of "American Idol" alongside Randy Jackson and fellow new judge Jennifer Lopez (who replaced Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres). In December 2010, Tyler performed at the Kennedy Center Honors, honoring Paul McCartney by performing several tracks from "Abbey Road".
On January 19, 2011, Tyler made his debut appearance as a judge on "American Idol", during the premiere of the show's 10th season, which aired through the end of | 20,502 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
May. On April 2, 2011, Tyler presented an award at the 2011 Kids' Choice Awards. The following day, he performed with Carrie Underwood at the Academy of Country Music Awards. Underwood and Tyler performed Underwood's song "Undo It" and completed their segment with an energetic version of the Aerosmith classic "Walk This Way". On May 3, 2011, he released his autobiography "Does the Noise in My Head Bother You?", which reached number two on "The New York Times" Best Seller List in the category Hardcover Non-fiction. The book was accompanied by the new single "(It) Feels So Good", released May 10. The single reached number 35 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In addition, during breaks in between "Idol", | 20,503 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Tyler worked on new material for Aerosmith's next studio album. Tyler performed the Aerosmith song "Dream On" on the season finale of "American Idol" on May 25.
Throughout the summer of 2011, Tyler worked with the other members of Aerosmith on the band's next studio album, scheduled for release in the spring of 2012. In September 2011, he starred as the inspiration for Andy Hilfiger's fashion line, "Andrew Charles". Tyler developed a signature scarf collection called "Rock Scarf" for Andrew Charles. On October 22, 2011, Tyler set off for an 18-date Aerosmith tour across Latin America and Japan. On October 25, it was reported by TMZ that Tyler slipped in his hotel shower in Paraguay and injured | 20,504 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
his face, including losing several teeth. Tyler was rushed to the hospital, and the scheduled show was postponed for the following night. When he did finally perform after the opening song, he proudly displayed his broken tooth which he had on a string around his neck. He then removed his sunglasses to reveal a nasty black eye. The tour wrapped up on December 10 in Sapporo, Japan.
On January 22, 2012, Tyler sang the National Anthem at the AFC Championship Game. On March 11, 2012, a special about Aerosmith aired on "60 Minutes", where some of the comments made by the band members highlighted the still-contentious relationships in the band. On March 22, Perry surprised Tyler with a performance | 20,505 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
of "Happy Birthday" on "American Idol" in advance of Tyler's 64th birthday. On March 26, 2012, Aerosmith announced their "Global Warming Tour" with dates in many major North American cities from June 16 to August 8, preceded by a performance on May 30 for Walmart shareholders. In April, a Burger King television commercial featuring Tyler debuted. Aerosmith's new album, "Music from Another Dimension!" was set for release on November 6, 2012 and the band debuted their new single "Legendary Child" with a performance of the song on the season finale of "American Idol" on May 23.
On July 12, 2012, Tyler announced that he would be leaving "American Idol" after two seasons, with a statement saying, | 20,506 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
"After some long ... hard ... thoughts ... I've decided it's time for me to let go of my mistress 'American Idol' before she boils my rabbit. I strayed from my first love, AEROSMITH, and I'm back — but instead of begging on my hands and knees, I got two fists in the air and I'm kicking the door open with my band. The next few years are going to be dedicated to kicking some serious ass — the ultimate in auditory takeover ..." However, the reports suggest that Tyler was dumped by the "American Idol" bosses. Tyler has since indicated that his troubles with his bandmates were the primary reason he signed up to do "American Idol". He was replaced by Keith Urban.
On August 12, Aerosmith wrapped up | 20,507 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
the first leg of their Global Warming Tour with a rescheduled performance in Bristow, Virginia, and on August 28, the band released two singles simultaneously, the rocker "Lover Alot" and the ballad "What Could Have Been Love", both of which were coproduced and cowritten by Tyler. On September 22, Aerosmith performed at the iHeartRadio music festival in Las Vegas. On November 6, the new Aerosmith album "Music from Another Dimension!" was released, and on November 8, the band began the second leg of their Global Warming Tour, which took the band to 14 North American cities through December 13. On January 21, 2013, Aerosmith released "Can't Stop Lovin' You" (featuring Carrie Underwood) as the | 20,508 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
fourth single from "Music from Another Dimension!". He briefly returned to "American Idol" in season 12, auditioning dressed up as a woman named "Pepper" in front of the judges (Randy Jackson, Nicki Minaj, Keith Urban, and Mariah Carey). He also visited the judges when they were auditioning contestants in November 2012 in Oklahoma City while Tyler also happened to be in town for a concert on Aerosmith's Global Warming Tour. The episode aired on January 31, 2013.
On February 20, it was announced that Tyler and his songwriting partner Joe Perry would be recipients of the ASCAP Founders Award at the society's 30th Annual Pop Music Awards on April 17. Two days later, it was announced that the duo | 20,509 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
would be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame at a ceremony to be held on June 13.
In late April and early May 2013, Aerosmith extended their Global Warming Tour to Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Singapore. This marked the band's first performances in Australia in 23 years, and the band's first-ever performances in the latter three countries. While down-under in April 2013, Tyler told New Zealand media of his "dear Maori friends" and why the band had opted only to play Dunedin for their first New Zealand concert date. He also confessed to having the hots for J-Lo (Jennifer Lopez) while working on "American Idol" and told of how it turned out to be one of the best things | 20,510 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
he ever did. Tyler also appeared in Moscow, Russia on November 9 for the Miss Universe 2013 pageant as one of the judges and performed "Dream On". On May 30, Aerosmith performed as part of the "Boston Strong" charity concert for victims of the Boston Marathon bombings. The band also performed at a handful of shows in the U.S. and Japan in July and August In the fall of 2013, Aerosmith extended their tour to Central and South America, including their first-ever performances in Guatemala, El Salvador and Uruguay.
From May 17 to June 28, 2014, Tyler performed 15 shows with Aerosmith on the European leg of the Global Warming Tour. This was followed by the Let Rock Rule Tour (featuring Slash with | 20,511 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators as the opening act), which sent Aerosmith to 19 locations across North America from July 10 to September 12.
## "We're All Somebody from Somewhere" solo album, "Out on a Limb" solo tour, and continued touring with Aerosmith (2015–present).
On March 31, 2015, Tyler stated that he was working on his first solo country album. On April 6, it was announced that he signed a record deal with Scott Borchetta's Dot Records (a division of the Big Machine Label Group). On May 13, Tyler released the lead single, "Love Is Your Name", from his forthcoming debut album. He promoted the song on the "Bobby Bones Show", iHeartMedia, "CBS This Morning", "Entertainment Tonight", | 20,512 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
and the "American Idol" season-14 finale. To increase his exposure to the country audience, Tyler appeared as himself in an episode of the musical drama series "Nashville", performing a cover of "Crazy" with Juliette Barnes (portrayed by Hayden Pannettiere).
On June 13, Tyler rejoined his Aerosmith bandmates for the Blue Army Tour, which sent the band to 17 North American locations through August 7; this was followed by a one-off performance in Moscow on September 5. From the fall of 2015 through the spring of 2016, Tyler completed work on his solo album, "We're All Somebody from Somewhere", which was released on July 15, 2016. A second single, "Red, White & You", was released in January 2016, | 20,513 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
followed by the third single (the title track) in June 2016. From July through September 2016, Tyler will be performing with his backing band Loving Mary on the 19-date Out on a Limb Tour; this was preceded by a pair of performances in Niagara Falls in March 2016 and a benefit show for his charity Janie's Fund in New York City in May 2016.
Since December 2015, in various interviews, Tyler and fellow Aerosmith bandmates Brad Whitford and Joe Perry all discussed the possibility of an Aerosmith farewell tour or "wind-down tour" slated to start in 2017. Perry has suggested the tour could last for two years and Tyler said it could potentially last "forever"; Tyler and Whitford also discussed the | 20,514 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
potential of doing one last studio album.
From September through October 2016, Tyler rejoined Aerosmith for a nine-date tour of Latin America, called the Rock 'N' Roll Rumble Tour, preceded by a performance at the Kaaboo Festival in San Diego.
In April 2017, Tyler performed with Aerosmith in Phoenix, Arizona for the NCAA Final Four Men's Basketball Tournament and also performed two solo shows with Loving Mary in Japan. Tyler rejoined Aerosmith for a "farewell" tour of Europe in the spring and summer of 2017, titled the Aero-Vederci Baby! Tour. After the European leg concluded in July, the band played in South America in September and October 2017 The last few dates of the tour had to be canceled, | 20,515 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
however, due to health issues. Tyler also performed a handful of solo shows in 2017 with The Loving Mary Band.
In January 2018, Tyler hosted an inaugural red carpet gala for his charity “Janie's Fund” during the 60th Grammy Awards. In February, he starred in a commercial for Kia Motors that aired during Super Bowl LII; the ad featured Tyler as a race car driver that went back in time, set to the soundtrack of the Aerosmith classic “Dream On”. In the spring and summer of 2018, Tyler played approximately two dozen concerts across North America and Europe with The Loving Mary Band as his backing band.
On August 15, Tyler appeared with Aerosmith on NBC's "Today" show to announce a residency in | 20,516 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Las Vegas called “”, a reference to both Las Vegas casino gambling and their 1994 single of the same name. The band will play 35 shows during the months of April, June, July, and September thru December of 2019 at the Park Theater. In mid July, the band will perform at a festival in Minnesota, and in August, they will play a total of nine shows spread across three MGM venues in Maryland, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.
# Dirico Motorcycles (Red Wing Motorcycles).
On September 15, 2007, at New Hampshire International Speedway, Tyler announced the launch of Dirico Motorcycles, which are designed by Tyler, engineered by Mark Dirico, and built by AC Custom Motorcycles in Manchester, New Hampshire. | 20,517 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Tyler has been a long-time motorcycle fan and riding enthusiast,
Steven Tyler also participates in a variety of charity auctions involving motorcycles, including the Ride for Children charity.
# Politics.
In the early months of 2013, an act was forwarded into the Hawaii legislature entitled the Steven Tyler Act (Hawaii Senate Bill 465). The act would give more privacy to public figures such as government officials and celebrities on vacation. Tyler and numerous other celebrities all lobbied for it. The legislation would give public figures the right to sue paparazzi for taking unwanted photographs. The bill's sponsor is Maui state legislator J. Kalani English. The bill was cleared through | 20,518 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
the Judiciary Committee on Friday, February 8, 2013. Tyler is registered as a Republican.
# Personal life.
## Julia Holcomb.
In 1975, Tyler persuaded the parents of 16-year-old groupie Julia Holcomb to sign over guardianship to him so that she could live with him in Boston. They dated and took drugs together for three years. Holcomb was referred to as "Diana Hall" by the editor of the Aerosmith autobiography "Walk This Way" in an attempt to conceal her identity, but other sources have confirmed her identity. Pressures leading to their split included their age difference (Tyler was 27 when they first met), a withdrawn marriage proposal, a house fire, and a planned pregnancy that resulted in | 20,519 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
an abortion when Tyler was worried that the fire's smoke, as well as drugs, might lead to birth defects.
Band member Ray Tabano wrote in "Walk This Way" that the abortion "really messed Steven up,” because the child was a boy. Tyler wrote, "It was a big crisis. It's a major thing when you're growing something with a woman, but they convinced us that it would never work out and would ruin our lives. You go to the doctor and they put the needle in her belly and they squeeze the stuff in and you watch. And it comes out dead. I was pretty devastated. In my mind, I'm going, Jesus, what have I done?" However, Julia Holcomb has said that Tyler was snorting cocaine while watching the abortion and offered | 20,520 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
some to her.
Julia Holcomb revealed her regret for having the abortion, joined the Silent No More organization of women who have regretted their abortions, and converted to Catholicism.
## Family and relationships.
Tyler had a brief relationship with fashion model Bebe Buell, during which he fathered actress Liv Tyler, born in 1977. Buell initially claimed that the father was Todd Rundgren to protect her daughter from Tyler's drug addiction. Through Liv's marriage to British musician Royston Langdon and relationship with entertainment manager David Gardner, Tyler has three grandchildren.
In 1978, he married Cyrinda Foxe, an ex-Warhol model, and the former wife of New York Dolls' lead singer | 20,521 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
David Johansen, and fathered model Mia Tyler (born on December 22, 1978). He and Foxe divorced in 1987; in 1997, she published "Dream On: Livin' on the Edge With Steven Tyler and Aerosmith", a memoir of her life with Tyler. Foxe died from brain cancer in 2002.
On May 28, 1988, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Tyler married clothing designer Teresa Barrick. With Barrick, he fathered a daughter, Chelsea, in 1989 and a son, Taj, in 1991. In February 2005, the couple announced that they were separating due to personal problems.
The divorce was finalized in January 2006.
Tyler began a relationship with Erin Brady in 2006. They got engaged in December of 2011. In January, 2013, Tyler and Brady broke off their | 20,522 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
engagement.
Tyler is the cousin of Tommy Tallarico, co-creator of the concert series Video Games Live.
## Throat surgery.
In 2006 immediately after a two-hour performance in Florida, Tyler got into an argument during which he yelled. He awoke the next morning to find that he had a hoarse voice. On March 22, 2006, the "Washington Post" reported that Tyler would undergo surgery for an "undisclosed medical condition". A statement from Tyler's publicist read in part, "Despite Aerosmith's desire to keep the tour going as long as possible, [Tyler's] doctors advised him not to continue performing to give his voice time to recover." Aerosmith's remaining North American tour dates in 2006 on the Rockin' | 20,523 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
the Joint Tour were subsequently canceled.
The cause was diagnosed as a ruptured blood vessel in his throat, which was successfully sealed off using a laser by Dr. Steven M. Zeitels, director of the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation. In the words of Tyler: "He just took a laser and zapped the blood vessel." After a few weeks of rest, Tyler and the rest of Aerosmith entered the studio on May 20, 2006, to begin work on their new album.
Tyler's first public performance after the surgery was July 3–4, 2006, with Joe Perry at the Hatch Shell in Boston, with the Boston Pops Orchestra. The duo sang "Dream On", "Walk This Way", and "I Don't Want to | 20,524 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Miss a Thing" as part of the Boston Pops July 4 Fireworks Spectacular.
Tyler's throat surgery was featured in 2007 on an episode of the National Geographic Channel series, "Incredible Human Machine".
## Hepatitis C.
In a September 2006 interview with "Access Hollywood", Tyler revealed that he had been suffering from hepatitis C for the past 11 years. He was diagnosed with the disease in 2003 and had undergone extensive treatment from 2003–2006, including 11 months of interferon therapy, which he said was "agony". The disease is usually spread through blood-to-blood contact, or with sharing used needles.
# Philanthropy and Impact.
Tyler launched Janie's Fund – named after Aerosmith's 1989 | 20,525 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
pread through blood-to-blood contact, or with sharing used needles.
# Philanthropy and Impact.
Tyler launched Janie's Fund – named after Aerosmith's 1989 track “Janie's Got a Gun” – in 2015 to providing protection and counseling for young female victims of abuse, and he has helped raise over $2.4 million for the organization since then. Janie's House, established in 2017 in Atlanta, offers shelter from the victims of abuse or neglect, with space for 30 live-in clients and 24-hour medical facilities available.
# Awards and nominations.
Emmy Award
- 2011 – "Outstanding Performer In An Animated Program" – For playing "The Mad Hatter" on The Wonder Pets: Adventures in Wonderland (nominated) | 20,526 |
420539 | Yungchen Lhamo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yungchen%20Lhamo | Yungchen Lhamo
Yungchen Lhamo
Yungchen Lhamo (Tibetan: དབྱངས་ཅན་ལྷ་མོ) is a Tibetan singer-songwriter living in New York City. She won an Australian Record Industry Association award (ARIA) for best Folk/World/Traditional album, and was then signed by Peter Gabriel's Realworld Record label.
Yungchen has performed with Billy Corgan (Smashing Pumpkins) and has sung duets with Natalie Merchant on "Ophelia". She collaborated with Annie Lennox on her album "Ama". Lhamo's recordings have been used in "Seven Years in Tibet" and many Tibetan documentaries. Yungchen has also performed at other venues such as London's Royal Festival Hall, New York City's Carnegie Hall, and Berlin's Philharmonic Hall.
# Life and career.
div | 20,527 |
420539 | Yungchen Lhamo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yungchen%20Lhamo | Yungchen Lhamo
style="text-align:justify;"
Yungchen Lhamo has toured extensively throughout the world, singing unaccompanied, a combination of songs of her own unique composition and traditional Buddhist chant and mantras. She has performed with artists including Annie Lennox, Peter Gabriel, Billy Corgan, Natalie Merchant, Bono, Sheryl Crow and Michael Stipe. She has performed in the Lilith Fair Festival and toured widely as a part of the WOMAD World music festivals.
Lhamo's name means "Goddess of Song" – a name given to her by a lama soon after she was born near Lhasa. Yungchen left Tibet in 1989 to make pilgrimage to Dharamsala. She was inspired to reach out to world through her music. She moved to Australia | 20,528 |
420539 | Yungchen Lhamo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yungchen%20Lhamo | Yungchen Lhamo
in 1993, then to New York City in 2000.
Lhamo's Australian debut album, "Tibetan Prayer", produced by John Prior, won the ARIA Music Awards for best Folk/World/Traditional Music release in 1995. She is the first Tibetan singer to win a prestigious music industry award. The success of that record led to her signing with Peter Gabriel's Real World label. Her first record for the label, "Tibet, Tibet", mainly features a cappella renditions of original compositions—authentic Tibetan Buddhist prayers and songs. Her next recording, "Coming Home", was a collaboration with producer Hector Zazou, showcasing her voice, and also featuring chanting by Tibetan monks, a wide range of mostly modern Western | 20,529 |
420539 | Yungchen Lhamo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yungchen%20Lhamo | Yungchen Lhamo
instruments, and the benefits of multi-track recording, enabling Lhamo's voice to be layered repeatedly.
On November 20, 22 and 24, 2007, at the Louvre Museum in Paris, Yungchen accompanied a site-specific dance work 'Walking The Line' by American choreographer Bill T. Jones. This performance, with solo percussion by Florent Jodelet, took place in one of the museum's locations (the one-hundred meter perspective) stretching from the Winged Victory of Samothrace, to the Renaissance Arch (from the Stanga Palace) in which the celebrated sculptures "The Dying Slave" and "The Rebellious Slave" (c1513) by Michelangelo are exhibited.
Lhamo's album "Ama" (which means Mother in the Tibetan language) | 20,530 |
420539 | Yungchen Lhamo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yungchen%20Lhamo | Yungchen Lhamo
Slave" (c1513) by Michelangelo are exhibited.
Lhamo's album "Ama" (which means Mother in the Tibetan language) was released in April 2006 and was produced by Iranian-American musician Jamshied Sharifi. Featured artists include Annie Lennox and Joy Askew. Yungchen's music has earned her recognition by the Province of Genoa, Italy, as a “Messenger of Peace” and she was awarded the title of “Ambassador of Culture”.
# Discography.
- "Tibetan Prayer" (1995)
- "Tibet, Tibet" (1996)
- "Coming Home" (1998)
- "Ama" (2006)
- "Tayatha" (Yungchen Lhamo & Anton Batagov) (2013)
# References.
- or ARCHIVED here at The Internet Archive
# External links.
- Official website
- Yungchen's Real World | 20,531 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
Frederick W. Lanchester
Frederick William Lanchester LLD, Hon FRAeS, FRS (23 October 1868 – 8 March 1946), was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering and to aerodynamics, and co-invented the topic of operations research.
Lanchester became a pioneer British motor-car builder, a hobby which resulted in his developing a successful car company, and is considered one of the "big three" English car engineers - alongside Harry Ricardo and Henry Royce.
# Biography.
Lanchester was born in Lewisham, London to Henry Jones Lanchester (1834–1914), an architect, and his wife Octavia (1834-1916), a tutor of Latin and mathematics. He was the fourth of | 20,532 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
eight children; his older brother Henry Vaughan Lanchester also became an architect; his younger sister Edith Lanchester was a socialist and suffragette; and his brothers George Herbert Lanchester and Frank joined him in forming the Lanchester Motor Company.
When he was a year old, his father relocated the family to Brighton, and young Frederick attended a preparatory school and a nearby boarding school, where he did not distinguish himself. He himself, thinking back, remarked that, "it seemed that Nature was conserving his energy". However, he did succeed in winning a scholarship to the Hartley Institution, in Southampton, and after three years won another scholarship, to Kensington College, | 20,533 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
which is now part of Imperial College. He supplemented his instruction in applied engineering by attending evening classes at Finsbury Technical School. Unfortunately, he ended his education without having obtained a formal qualification.
When he completed his education in 1888, he acquired a job as a Patent Office draughtsman for £3 a week. About this time he registered a patent for an isometrograph, a draughtsman's instrument for hatching, shading and other geometrical design work.
In 1919, at the age of fifty-one, Lanchester married Dorothea Cooper, the daughter of Thomas Cooper, the vicar of St Peter's Church in Field Broughton in Lancashire. The couple relocated to 41 Bedford Square, | 20,534 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
London, but in 1924 Lanchester built a house to his own design (Dyott End) in Oxford Road, Moseley, Birmingham. The couple remained there for the rest of their life together but did not have any children.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1922, and in 1926 the Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him a fellowship and a gold medal.
In 1925 Lanchester founded a company named Lanchester Laboratories Ltd., to perform industrial research and development work. Although he developed an improved radio and gramophone speaker, he was unable to market it successfully because of the Great Depression. He continued, overworking, until in 1934 his health failed and the company was forced to close. | 20,535 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
He was diagnosed eventually with Parkinson's disease and was reportedly much grieved that this, along with cataracts in both eyes, prevented him from "doing any official job" during the Second World War.
He was awarded gold medals by the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1941 and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1945.
Although he achieved his fame by his creative brilliance as an engineer, Frederick Lanchester was a man of diverse interests, blessed with a fine singing voice. Using the pseudonym of Paul Netherton-Herries he published two volumes of poetry.
Lanchester, who had never been successful commercially, lived the remainder of his life in straitened circumstances, and it | 20,536 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
was only through charitable help that he was able to remain in his home. He died at his home, Dyott End, on 8 March 1946.
# Work.
## Gas engines.
Near the end of 1888, Lanchester went to work for the Forward Gas Engine Company of Saltley, Birmingham as assistant works manager. His contract of employment included a clause stating that any technical improvements that he made would be the intellectual property of the company. Lanchester wisely struck this out before signing. This action was prescient, for in 1889 he invented and patented a Pendulum Governor to control engine speeds, for which he received a royalty of ten shillings for each one fitted to a Forward Engine. In 1890 he patented | 20,537 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
a Pendulum Accelerometer, for recording the acceleration and braking of road and rail vehicles.
After the death of the current works manager, Lanchester was promoted to his job. He then designed a new gas engine of greater size and power than any produced by the company before. The engine was a vertical one with horizontal, opposed poppet valves for inlet and exhaust. The engine had a very low compression ratio, but was very economical to operate.
In 1890 Lanchester patented a self-starting device for gas engines. He subsequently sold the rights for his invention to the Crossley Gas Engine Company for a handsome sum.
He rented a small workshop next to the Forward Company's works and used | 20,538 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
this for experimental work of his own. In this workshop, he produced a small vertical single cylinder gas engine of , running at 600 rpm. This was coupled directly to a dynamo, which Lanchester used to light the Company's office and part of the factory.
## Petrol engines.
Lanchester began to find the conflict between his job as works manager and his research work irksome. Therefore, in 1893, he resigned his job in favour of his younger brother George. At about the same time, he produced a second engine type similar in design to his previous one but operating on benzene at 800 rpm. An important part of his new engine was the revolutionary carburettor, for mixing the fuel and air correctly. | 20,539 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
His invention was known as a wick carburettor, because fuel was drawn into a series of wicks, from where it was vapourised. He patented this invention in 1905.
Lanchester installed his new petrol engine in a flat-bottomed launch, which the engine drove via a stern paddle wheel. Lanchester built the launch in the garden of his home in Olton, Warwickshire. The boat was launched at Salter's slipway in Oxford in 1904, and was the first motorboat built in Britain.
## Cars.
Having put a petrol engine in a boat, the next logical step was to use it for road transport. Lanchester set about designing a four-wheeled vehicle to be driven by a petrol engine. He designed a new petrol engine of , with two | 20,540 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
crankshafts rotating in opposite directions, for exemplary smoothness, and air cooling by way of vanes mounted on the flywheel. There was a revolutionary epicyclic gearbox (years before Henry Ford adopted it) giving two forward speeds plus reverse, and which drove the rear wheels "via" chains. With a walnut body, it seated three, side by side. (By contrast, Rudolf Egg's tricycle had a 3 hp (2.2 kW) 402 cc {24½in) de Dion-Bouton single and was capable of 40 km/h {25 mph}, and Léon Bollée's trike a 1.9 kW {2.5 hp} 650 cc (40 in) engine of his own design, capable of over 50 km/h {30 mph}.
Lanchester's car was completed in 1895 and given its first test run in 1896, and proved to be unsatisfactory, | 20,541 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
being underpowered and having transmission problems. Lanchester designed a new 8 hp (6 kW) 2,895 cc (177 in) air-cooled engine with two horizontally opposed cylinders, still with two crankshafts. He also re-designed the epicyclic gearbox and combined it with the engine. A driveshaft connected the gearbox to a live axle. The new engine and transmission were fitted to the original 1895 car.
Lanchester had relocated his business to larger workshops in Ladywood Road, Fiveways, Birmingham as work on the car progressed and had also sold his house to help finance the cost of his research. A second car was then built with the same engine and transmission but with Lanchester's own design of cantilever | 20,542 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
suspension. This was completed in 1898 and won a Gold Medal for its design and performance at the Automobile Exhibition and Trials at Richmond. It became known as the Gold Medal Phaeton.
In 1898, Lanchester designed a water-cooled version of his engine, which was fitted to a boat, driving a propeller. In 1900 the Gold Medal Phaeton was entered for the first Royal Automobile Club 1,000 Miles Trial and completed the course successfully after one mechanical failure en route.
## Lanchester Engine Company.
In December 1899 Lanchester and his brothers created the Lanchester Engine Company in order to manufacture cars that could be sold to the public. A factory was acquired in Montgomery Street, | 20,543 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
Sparkbrook, Birmingham, known as the Armourer Works. In his new factory, Lanchester designed a new ten horsepower twin cylinder engine. He decided to use a worm drive transmission and designed a machine to cut the worm gears. He patented this machine in 1905 and it continued for 25 years to produce all of the Lanchester worm gears. He also introduced the use of splined shafts and couplings in place of keys and keyways, another innovation that he patented. The back axle had roller bearings and Lanchester designed the machines to make these. His car was designed with the engine placed between the two front seats rather than at the front, and also had a side mounted tiller rather than a steering | 20,544 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
wheel. The transmission also included a system similar to modern disc brakes that clamped the clutch disc for braking, rather than using a separate system as in most cars.
The new 10hp car appeared in 1901 and remained in production until 1905, with only minor design modifications. He became a friend of Rudyard Kipling and would send him experimental models to test. In 1905, Lanchester produced a 20hp four-cylinder engine, and in 1906 he produced a 28hp six-cylinder engine. Although Sir Henry Royce had already tackled the problem of crankshaft torsional oscillation and consequent vibration in straight-6 engines, Lanchester analysed the problem scientifically and invented the torsional crankshaft | 20,545 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
vibration damper as a solution to the problem of engine balance. His design, patented in 1907, used a secondary flywheel coupled to the end of the crankshaft with a viscous clutch. At around the same time Lanchester also patented a harmonic balancer to cancel out the unbalanced secondary forces in a four-cylinder engine, using two balance weights rotating at twice crankshaft speed in opposite directions.
The Lanchester Engine Company sold about 350 cars of various designs between 1900 and 1904, when they became bankrupt due to the incompetence of the Board of Directors. It was immediately reformed as The Lanchester Motor Company. During this period he also experimented with fuel injection, | 20,546 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
turbochargers, added steering wheels in 1907 and invented the accelerator pedal to help control engine operation, which previously would not cease if the operator had problems. He invented (or was the first to use) detachable wire wheels, bearings that were pressure-fed with oil, stamped steel pistons, piston rings, hollow connecting rods, the torsional vibration damper for 6-cylinder engines, and the harmonic balancer for 4-cylinder designs.
Eventually Lanchester became disillusioned with the activities of the company's directors, and in 1910 resigned as general manager, becoming their part-time consultant and technical adviser. His brothers, George and Frank, assumed technical and administrative | 20,547 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
responsibility for the company.
## Daimler Company.
In 1909 Lanchester became a technical consultant for the Daimler Company where he became involved in a number of engineering projects including the Daimler-Knight engine, variants of which powered the petrol-electric KPL bus and the Daimler-Renard Road Train, and the first British heavy tanks of World War I and powered all Daimler cars from 1909 to the mid 1930s winning in 1909 the coveted RAC Dewar Trophy.
- Daimler-Knight engines
Working with Daimler in Coventry, the American inventor Charles Knight had obtained a British patent for his modified Knight engine on 6 June 1908, and in September 1908 Daimler announced the first 4-cylinder | 20,548 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
Daimler-Knight engine a double sleeve-valve design developed from Knight's 1904 patents. Daimler had put all its resources into this "rather unsatisfactory engine" (according to Harry Ricardo), but although Lanchester continued to develop and work on the design, "he had realised that it was a forlorn hope from the start."
- KPL bus
The hybrid petrol-electric KPL (Knight-Pieper-Lanchester) bus used a pair of 4-cylinder, 12 h.p. (R.A.C. rating) Daimler-Knight engines each coupled to a dynamotor driving one of the rear wheels, using a patent of Henri Pieper. The bus was announced in June 1910 but the Tilling-Stevens company (an associate of the London General Omnibus Company) threatened a patent | 20,549 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
infringement action, and it was withdrawn in May 1911 after only 10 buses had been made.
- Daimler-Renard Road Train
Daimler began importing the Renard Road Train in February 1907. Daimler fitted a number of four-cylinder 'pre-Knight' engines in the Road Train; Lanchester's development work resulted in a 75/80 hp Daimler-Knight 6-cylinder engine for the Daimler-Renard tractor unit in 1910.
The Birmingham Small Arms company (BSA) bought Daimler in 1910, and Lanchester became consultant engineer to the new parent company.
- Daimler-Foster tractors
A larger 100 hp 6-cylinder engine with twin crankshafts each driving a sleeve-valve appeared in January 1912, fitted to the larger of two Daimler-Foster | 20,550 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
agricultural tractors ('Agritractors') made in conjunction with William Foster & Co. of Lincoln. According to Harry Ricardo, the duplication of the whole of the valve operating mechanism involved excessive mechanical complication and introduced grave difficulties in the way of mechanical synchronization. Lanchester designed a new cylinder head for sleeve-valve engines and patented it with Daimler in February 1913. Gaining an extra 5 hp by April 1913, the 105 hp Daimler-Knight engine (coupled with the tractor's massive transmission designed by William Tritton) powered the Daimler-Foster Artillery Tractor, the No. 1 Lincoln Machine, Little Willie, and the British Mark I-IV tanks during World War | 20,551 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
I.
Lanchester's contract with Daimler was terminated after the Wall Street Crash of 1929; the Lanchester Motor Company's overdraft was also withdrawn, forcing immediate liquidation of its assets. BSA group, the owners of Daimler since 1910, completed the purchase of the Lanchester company in January 1931 and moved production to Radford, Coventry.
## Aeronautics.
Lanchester began to study aeronautics seriously in 1892, eleven years before the first successful powered flight. Whilst crossing the Atlantic on a voyage to the United States, Lanchester studied the flight of herring gulls, seeing how they were able to use motionless wings to catch up-currents of air. He measured various birds to | 20,552 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
see how the centre of gravity compared with the centre of support. As a result of his deliberations, Lanchester, eventually formulated his circulation theory of flight. This is the basis of aerodynamics and the foundation of modern aerofoil theory. In 1894 he tested his theory on a number of models. In 1897 he presented a paper entitled "The soaring of birds and the possibilities of mechanical flight" to the Physical Society, but it was rejected, being too advanced for its time. Lanchester realised that powered flight required an engine with a much greater power-to-weight ratio than any existing engine. He proposed to design and build such an engine, but was advised that no one would take him | 20,553 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
seriously.
Lanchester was discouraged by the attitude to his aeronautical theory, and concentrated on automobile development for the next ten years. In 1906 he published the first part of a two-volume work, "Aerial Flight", dealing with the problems of powered flight . In it, he developed a model for the vortices that occur behind wings during flight, which included the first full description of lift and drag. His book was not well received in England, but created interest in Germany where the scientist Ludwig Prandtl mathematically confirmed the correctness of Lanchester's vortex theory. In his second volume, Lanchester turned his attention to aircraft stability, "Aerodonetics" , developing | 20,554 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
his phugoid theory which contained a description of oscillations and stalls. During this work he outlined the basic layout used in most aircraft since then. Lanchester's contribution to aeronautical science was not recognised until the end of his life.
In 1909 H. H. Asquith's Advisory Committee for Aeronautics was established, and Lanchester was appointed a member. Lanchester guessed correctly that aircraft would play an increasingly important part in warfare, unlike the military command which envisioned warfare as continuing much the same way it had in the past.
The same year, 1909, Lanchester patented contra-rotating propellers.
In 1914 he gave the Institution of Civil Engineers' 'James | 20,555 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
Forrest Lecture', on the subject of "The Flying Machine From An Engineering Standpoint".
## Lanchester’s Power Laws.
Lanchester was particularly interested in predicting the outcome of aerial battles. In 1914, before the start of World War I, he published his ideas on aerial warfare in a series of articles in "Engineering". They were published in book form in 1916 as "Aircraft in Warfare: the Dawn of the Fourth Arm" , and included a description of a series of differential equations that are known now as Lanchester's Power Laws. These laws described how two forces would attrit each other in combat, and demonstrated that the ability of modern weapons to operate at long ranges dramatically changed | 20,556 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
the nature of combat—a force that was twice as large had been twice as powerful in the past, but now it was four times, the square of the quotient.
Lanchester's Laws were originally applied practically in the United States to study logistics, where they developed into operations research (OR) (operational research in UK usage). OR techniques are now widely used, perhaps most so for business.
## The post-war company.
After the war, the company introduced the more conventional Forty engine, a rival for the Rolls-Royce 40/50 hp; it was joined in 1924 by an overhead cam 21 hp (RAC Rating) six cylinder engine. In 1921 Lanchester was the first company to export left-hand drive cars. Tinted glass | 20,557 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
was also introduced on these cars for the first time. A 4440 cc straight eight engine was introduced at the 1928 Southport Rally, again with overhead cams: it proved to be the last "real" Lanchester, in 1931 the company was acquired by B.S.A., who had also owned the Daimler Company since 1909. From then until 1956, Lanchester cars were built at the Daimler factory in Coventry as sister cars with Daimler, like R-R with Bentley [ref Lanchester Legacy trilogy].
# Legacy.
Lanchester was respected by most fellow engineers as a genius, but he did not have the business acumen to convert his inventiveness to financial gain. Whereas James Watt had found an able business partner in Matthew Boulton, | 20,558 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
who managed business affairs, Lanchester had no such assistance. During most of his career he lacked financial backing to be able to develop his ideas and perform research, as he would have liked. He nonetheless made many contributions in many different fields. He wrote more than sixty technical papers for various institutions and organisations, and received awards from a number of bodies.
## Archives.
Lanchester's papers, notebooks, and related material are dispersed between a number of archive collections, including those of Coventry University, the University of Southampton Library, Birmingham Museums Trust, the National Aerospace Library, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Cambridge | 20,559 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
University's Churchill Archives Centre and the Bodleian Library at Oxford University.
# Memorials.
In 1970, several colleges in Coventry merged to form Lanchester Polytechnic, so named in memory of Frederick Lanchester. It was renamed Coventry Polytechnic in 1987, and became Coventry University in 1992.
Coventry University's Lanchester library opened in 2000. Its name commemorates Frederick Lanchester and the previous incarnation of the university as Lanchester Polytechnic. Like much of Lanchester's own work, apparently regardless of convention, its form displays the way it functions.
Its distinctive appearance comes from the building's energy efficient specifications, making use of light | 20,560 |
420521 | Frederick W. Lanchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick%20W.%20Lanchester | Frederick W. Lanchester
nd exhaust stacks to draw air through the building, providing natural ventilation.
An open-air sculpture, the Lanchester Car Monument, in the Bloomsbury, Heartlands, area of Birmingham, designed by Tim Tolkien, is on the site where the Lanchester company built their first four-wheel, petrol car in 1895. It was unveiled by Frank Lanchester's daughter, Mrs Marjorie Bingeman, and the Lanchester historian, Chris Clark at the Centenary Rally in 1995.
# Selected bibliography.
- (Limited ed. of 640 copies.)
# See also.
- Phugoid
# References.
- Notes
- Citations
# External links.
- "Dr F. W. Lanchester" his 1946 obituary in "Flight"
- Lanchester Interactive Archive at Coventry University | 20,561 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
Eddie Plank
Edward Stewart Plank (August 31, 1875 – February 24, 1926), nicknamed "Gettysburg Eddie", was an American professional baseball player. A pitcher, Plank played in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 through 1914, the St. Louis Terriers in 1915, and the St. Louis Browns in 1916 and 1917.
Plank was the first left-handed pitcher to win 200 games and then 300 games, and now ranks third in all-time wins among left-handers with 326 career victories (eleventh all time) and first all-time in career shutouts by a left-handed pitcher with 66. Philadelphia went to the World Series five times while Plank played there, but he sat out the 1910 World Series due to an | 20,562 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
injury. Plank had only a 1.32 earned run average (ERA) in his World Series career, but he was unlucky, with a 2–5 win–loss record in those games.
Plank died of a stroke in 1926. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.
# Early life.
Plank grew up on a farm near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was the fourth of seven children born to Martha McCreary and David Plank. His father was a school director and tax collector in Gettysburg. Plank did not play baseball until Frank Foreman, the pitching coach at Gettysburg College, asked him to try out for the school's baseball team. History books often erroneously state that Plank graduated from Gettysburg College. He attended Gettysburg Academy, | 20,563 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
a prep school affiliated with the college. However, he played for the college's team without ever being enrolled there.
# Career.
Plank signed with the Richmond Colts of the Virginia League, a minor league. The league folded before Plank could pitch for the Colts. Foreman recommended Plank to Connie Mack, the manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, and Mack signed Plank to a contract.
Plank made his major league debut for the Athletics on May 13, 1901. As a rookie, Plank pitched to a 17-13 win–loss record with a 3.31 earned run average (ERA) and 28 complete games in 32 games started. He won 20 games for the first time in his career in 1902, as the Athletics won the American League (AL) pennant. | 20,564 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
He won 23 games in 1903 while leading the AL in games started. In 1905, Plank made his first trip to the World Series. He faced Christy Mathewson in the first game and Joe McGinnity in the fourth game. Though Plank gave up only three runs in 17 innings during the series, the Athletics lost to the New York Giants in five games and did not score an earned run in the entire series. The Athletics returned to the World Series in 1910, but Plank was forced to sit out with a sore arm.
By 1911, Plank was the last member of the Athletics remaining from the 1901 team. The 1911 team made the World Series and faced the Giants again. After Plank won Game Two and lost in a relief appearance in Game Five, | 20,565 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
the Athletics won the series in six games. In 1913, the Athletics and Giants met again in the World Series, and Plank faced Mathewson in Games Two and Five. Mathewson hit a tenth-inning single off of Plank to set up a Giants victory in Game Two, but Plank and the Athletics bested Mathewson 3–1 in the fifth and deciding game of the series. In 1914, Plank's final year with Philadelphia, he went to the World Series again. Plank pitched a complete game in Game Two, but he lost 1-0 and the Boston Braves won the series in four games.
During his tenure in Philadelphia, Plank was one of the most consistent pitchers in the game, winning over 20 games seven times. In the four World Series in which he | 20,566 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
played, Plank earned a 1.32 ERA but only a 2–5 win-loss record. He pitched complete games in all six of his World Series starts.
In November 1914, it was rumored that Plank would be sold to the New York Highlanders. In December, Plank signed a contract to play in the Federal League. Mack expressed no regret at Plank's departure, saying, "I wish him the best of luck... I was through with him. He was after the money. He was a wonderful pitcher and he is a good one yet." He played for the outlaw league's St. Louis Terriers and won 21 games, the eighth and final time he reached the 20-win plateau. Some baseball reference works decline to acknowledge the Federal League as a major league, and therefore | 20,567 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
give Plank credit for only seven 20-win seasons and 305 total wins.
When the Federal League folded, Plank applied for free agency but was declared to belong to the St. Louis Browns for 1916. In September of that year, Plank predicted that he might be able to pitch ten more seasons, saying, "I don't know whether it is that I have more on the ball this season than I had in other years, but at any rate I feel that I have just as much stuff as I ever did." However, by June 1917 newspapers reported that Plank's career was nearly over; he had struggled with arm problems and had left the team at one point due to a nervous breakdown. He retired in October 1917, citing stomach difficulties brought on | 20,568 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
by the stress of baseball. His final game was a 1–0 11-inning complete game loss to Walter Johnson and the Washington Senators on August 6, 1917. Despite his announcement, the New York Yankees traded pitchers Urban Shocker and Nick Cullop, infielders Fritz Maisel and Joe Gedeon, catcher Les Nunamaker, and cash to the Browns for Plank and Del Pratt. Plank refused to report to New York, insisting he was retired.
Over his career, Plank amassed a 326–194 record, a 2.35 ERA, and 2,246 strikeouts. He won 305 games in the American League (AL), making him that league's winningest left-handed pitcher. In addition, he was the winningest pitcher (left or right-handed) in the AL until 1921, when he was | 20,569 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
surpassed by Walter Johnson. Plank was known as a finesse pitcher with a good sidearm sweeping curveball. He was also known for his long pauses on the mound, which some claimed lengthened the duration of the games in which he pitched.
Plank was also a good hitting pitcher in his career, compiling a .206 batting average (331-for-1607) with 130 runs scored, 3 home runs, and 122 RBI. He recorded a career .971 fielding percentage, which was 28 points over the league average for AL pitchers from 1901 to 1917.
# Personal life.
Plank married Anna ("née" Myers) in 1915. They had a son, named Edward Stewart Plank Jr. Plank's brother Ira was the baseball coach at Gettysburg College for more than twenty | 20,570 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
years.
# Later life.
After his 1917 retirement, Plank went into the garage business in Gettysburg. He pitched the 1918 season for the Steelton club of the Bethlehem Steel League, an industrial baseball league. Steelton was only 40 miles from his home and the arrangement allowed him to manage his business during the week. He died on February 24, 1926, several days after suffering a stroke. Plank is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Gettysburg.
Upon hearing of Plank's death, Connie Mack said that he felt like a father who had just lost a son. "Eddie Plank was one of the smartest left-hand pitchers it has been my pleasure to have on my club. He was short and light, as pitchers go, but he made | 20,571 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
up for the physical defects, if such they were, by his study of the game and his smartness when he was on the pitching peak", he said. Former teammate Jack Coombs said, "I have always been thankful that I was thrown into such intimate contact with so inspiring a man in the days when the majority of ballplayers were of a much lower type than at the present time."
# Legacy.
In 1943, former teammate Eddie Collins remembered Plank as the greatest pitcher in baseball. "Not the fastest. Not the trickiest, and not the possessor of the most stuff, but just the greatest", Collins said. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 and voted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.
Gettysburg | 20,572 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
College began planning for the Eddie Plank Memorial Gymnasium at the college shortly after Plank's death. The gym was completed in 1927 and indoor sports such as basketball and wrestling were played there until 1962. A restaurant in downtown Gettysburg honors Plank's career. A portion of Plank's childhood farm is a housing development known as Plank's Field. Plank is mentioned in the poem ""Line-Up for Yesterday"" by Ogden Nash.
In 2006, a T206 tobacco card featuring Plank was described as the "second most valuable card in existence." It was owned by Arizona Diamondbacks owner Ken Kendrick and was part of a collection that Kendrick loaned to the Baseball Hall of Fame for display there. The | 20,573 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
most valuable baseball card in existence, a T206 Honus Wagner card, is in the same collection.
The first full-length biography of Eddie Plank entitled "Gettysburg Eddie: The Story of Eddie Plank" by Lawrence Knorr was published in 2018 by Sunbury Press.
# See also.
- 300 win club
- List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
# External links.
- Eddie Plank Documentary film
- Photograph of Eddie Plank part of Historic Gettysburg Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
- Collins Calls Plank Greatest Pitcher; Kept | 20,574 |
420540 | Eddie Plank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie%20Plank | Eddie Plank
s Wagner card, is in the same collection.
The first full-length biography of Eddie Plank entitled "Gettysburg Eddie: The Story of Eddie Plank" by Lawrence Knorr was published in 2018 by Sunbury Press.
# See also.
- 300 win club
- List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
# External links.
- Eddie Plank Documentary film
- Photograph of Eddie Plank part of Historic Gettysburg Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
- Collins Calls Plank Greatest Pitcher; Kept Batters Waiting, by Harry Grayson, April 19, 1943 | 20,575 |
420554 | Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agence%20de%20Coopération%20Culturelle%20et%20Technique | Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique
Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique
The Agence de coopération culturelle et technique (ACCT, French for "Agency of cultural and technical cooperation") was founded in 1970 and was the precursor to what is now the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Canadian Jean-Louis Roy was the first, and only, secretary-general of the organization from 1989 until 1997. | 20,576 |
420549 | J. Meade Falkner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20Meade%20Falkner | J. Meade Falkner
J. Meade Falkner
John Meade Falkner (8 May 1858 – 22 July 1932) was an English novelist and poet, best known for his 1898 novel, "Moonfleet". An extremely successful businessman as well, he became chairman of the arms manufacturer Armstrong Whitworth during World War I.
# Life and works.
Falkner was born in Manningford Bruce, Wiltshire, and spent much of his childhood in Dorchester and Weymouth. He was educated at Marlborough College and Hertford College, Oxford, graduating with a degree in history in 1882. After Oxford, he was a master at Derby School, then went to Newcastle as tutor to the family of Sir Andrew Noble, who ran Armstrong Whitworth Co., one of the largest arms manufacturers | 20,577 |
420549 | J. Meade Falkner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20Meade%20Falkner | J. Meade Falkner
in the world. Falkner eventually followed him as chairman in 1915. In his business travels round the world, Falkner brought back antiquarian treasures of all kinds.
After his retirement as chairman in 1921 he became Honorary Reader in paleography at the University of Durham, as well as Honorary Librarian to the Dean and Chapter Library of Durham Cathedral. Falkner fell in love with Durham and, although he spent his later years travelling frequently, he called Durham his home, living in the Divinity House (now the University Music School) on Palace Green in front of the cathedral from 1902 until his death. There is a commemorative plaque there, while his monument is in the south cloister of | 20,578 |
420549 | J. Meade Falkner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20Meade%20Falkner | J. Meade Falkner
the cathedral. He is buried at St John the Baptist Church in Burford, Oxfordshire.
In addition to his three novels and his poetry, he also wrote three topographical guides (Oxfordshire, Bath and Berkshire) and a "History of Oxfordshire".
# Bibliography.
## Fiction.
- "The Lost Stradivarius" (1895)
- "Moonfleet" (1898)
- "The Nebuly Coat" (1903)
## Non-fiction.
- "Handbook for Travellers in Oxfordshire" (1894)
- "A History of Oxfordshire" (1899)
- "Handbook for Berkshire" (1902)
- "Bath in History and Social Tradition" (1918) ['by an appreciative visitor']
- "A History of Durham Cathedral Library, with an Additional Chapter on some Late Durham Bibliophiles" (1925) [authored with H.D. | 20,579 |
420549 | J. Meade Falkner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.%20Meade%20Falkner | J. Meade Falkner
fordshire.
In addition to his three novels and his poetry, he also wrote three topographical guides (Oxfordshire, Bath and Berkshire) and a "History of Oxfordshire".
# Bibliography.
## Fiction.
- "The Lost Stradivarius" (1895)
- "Moonfleet" (1898)
- "The Nebuly Coat" (1903)
## Non-fiction.
- "Handbook for Travellers in Oxfordshire" (1894)
- "A History of Oxfordshire" (1899)
- "Handbook for Berkshire" (1902)
- "Bath in History and Social Tradition" (1918) ['by an appreciative visitor']
- "A History of Durham Cathedral Library, with an Additional Chapter on some Late Durham Bibliophiles" (1925) [authored with H.D. Hughes]
# References.
- John Meade Falkner, sportsman, at rjbw.net | 20,580 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
Neil Bonnett
Lawrence Neil Bonnett (July 30, 1946 – February 11, 1994) was a NASCAR driver who compiled 18 victories and 20 poles over his 18-year career. The Alabama native currently ranks 45th in all-time NASCAR Cup victories. He appeared in the 1983 film "Stroker Ace" and the 1990 film "Days of Thunder". Bonnett hosted the TV show "Winners" for TNN from 1991 to 1994. He was a color commentator for CBS, TBS, and TNN in the years until his death.
# NASCAR career.
Bonnett began his NASCAR career as a protégé of 1983 Winston Cup champion Bobby Allison, working on the team's cars. He later became part of the famous "Alabama Gang" that included himself, Red Farmer and the Allison family: father | 20,581 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
Bobby, Brother Donnie and, later, Son Davey. He began driving in NASCAR in 1974 and earned his first victory in 1977 at the Capital City 400 in Richmond, Virginia driving for Harry Hyde-Jim Stacy Racing. He had another victory in 1977 at the Los Angeles Times 500, which would be the last Dodge win in NASCAR until 2001. Many in racing circles thought 1978 would be his year to dominate, but troubles with his cars (the new for '78 Dodge Magnum) and financial problems between Hyde and Stacy caused his cars to fail and to drop out of many races. In 1979 he hooked up with the Wood Brothers Racing Team and got his career back on track with three victories. He later won back-to-back World 600s (NASCAR's | 20,582 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
longest race, now the Coca-Cola 600) in 1982 and 1983 and back-to-back Busch Clash (now Bud Shootout) victories in 1983 and '84, including his first in which he did not win a single pole from the previous season, but was selected as a wild card entry.
In 1984, Bonnett joined Junior Johnson's team, becoming a teammate to Darrell Waltrip. In 1985, he had one of his best seasons, finishing fourth in the points standings while Waltrip went on to win his third championship.
Bonnett participated in International Race of Champions (IROC) during three seasons (1979, 1980, and 1984), and finished second twice.
Bonnett holds the distinction of being the winner of the first ever NASCAR race held outside | 20,583 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
of North America when he won the 1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500 at the Calder Park Thunderdome in Melbourne, Australia (at the time the newly opened Thunderdome was also the first NASCAR style speedway to be built outside of North America). The race, run two weeks after the Daytona 500, was not a Winston Cup race but featured some drivers from the series including fellow Alabama Gang member Bobby Allison, Michael Waltrip, Dave Marcis and Kyle Petty who were up against Australian drivers somewhat new to NASCAR racing. Bonnet, who had won the Pontiac Excitement 400 at Richmond International Raceway the previous weekend, started from the pole driving his Valvoline sponsored Pontiac Grand Prix. He and | 20,584 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
Allison (who had won the Daytona 500 two weeks previous), driving a Buick LeSabre, dominated the crash marred, 280 lap 500 km (310 mile) race finishing first and second ahead of Dave Marcis on a day when cabin temperatures were reported to reach over 57° Celsius (135° Fahrenheit) as the race was held during Australia's notoriously hot summer.
On April 1, 1990, Bonnett suffered a life-threatening crash during the TranSouth 500 at Darlington, South Carolina, when his car slammed into Sterling Marlin’s car during a 14-car crash on lap 212. He was left with amnesia and dizziness, he retired from racing and turned to television, becoming a race color commentator for TNN, CBS Sports, and TBS Sports, | 20,585 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
and hosting the TV show "Winners" for TNN.
However, Bonnett still desired to continue racing. In 1992, he began testing cars for good friends Dale Earnhardt and car owner Richard Childress. Cleared to race again in 1993 and upon Earnhardt's suggestion, Childress gave Bonnett a ride for the 1993 DieHard 500 at Talladega Superspeedway which was numbered 31 and sponsored by GM Goodwrench. But his comeback race was marred by a crash in which his car spun, became airborne, and crashed into the spectator fence. He was uninjured and called the rest of the race from the CBS broadcast booth after being cleared at the infield care center. He would also start the final race of the 1993 season in Atlanta, | 20,586 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
but he dropped out after just three laps. The reason the team gave for removing the car from the race was a blown engine; however, he was teamed with points leader Earnhardt, and the car was retired to assist Earnhardt in winning the season's championship. Earnhardt needed to maximize his finishing position, and by Bonnett quitting the race he was assured of those three championship points. That was Bonnett's final cup start of his career.
# Death.
Despite the setbacks, Bonnett was encouraged because he had secured a ride and sponsorship for at least six races in the 1994 season with car owner James Finch, including the season opening race, the Daytona 500, for Phoenix Racing. But on February | 20,587 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
11, 1994, during the first practice session for the 1994 Daytona 500, a shock mount broke causing him to lose control of his Chevrolet on the track's high-banked fourth turn. The car swerved onto the track apron, and then up the steep bank before crashing into the wall nearly head on. Bonnett did not survive the accident; he was 47 years old.
That weekend, another racing death occurred, as 1993 Goody's Dash (four-cylinder) champion Rodney Orr was also killed in a racing crash during the practices surrounding the first weekend. In the middle of the second Goodyear-Hoosier tire war, Hoosier withdrew from the race immediately.
Bonnett is buried in Pleasant Grove's cemetery, Forest Grove Memorial | 20,588 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
Gardens. A road called "Allison-Bonnett Memorial Drive" in his hometown honors him, along with fellow native Davey Allison, who died seven months earlier.
When Earnhardt, Bonnett's colleague, won the 1998 Daytona 500, he dedicated the victory to Bonnett among others.
Three years later Earnhardt himself died in a racing accident during the final lap of the 2001 Daytona 500. About three weeks after the accident, magazine photographers released photographs of Bonnett's autopsy, as well as those of another driver who died a few days later, Rodney Orr, to the public, which led to a lawsuit.
When Brad Keselowski scored Phoenix Racing's first Sprint Cup win 15 years later in the 2009 Aaron's 499 | 20,589 |
420552 | Neil Bonnett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil%20Bonnett | Neil Bonnett
nother driver who died a few days later, Rodney Orr, to the public, which led to a lawsuit.
When Brad Keselowski scored Phoenix Racing's first Sprint Cup win 15 years later in the 2009 Aaron's 499 at Talladega Superspeedway, Finch dedicated the win to Bonnett. During the 2013 season, Finch designed the No. 51 car's paint scheme in the Cup and Nationwide Series like Bonnett's 1994 Country Time Chevrolet that he drove shortly before his death.
# In popular culture.
Bonnett was portrayed by the actor Sean Bridgers in the TV movie "".
# See also.
- List of famous NASCAR drivers
- List of NASCAR fatal accidents
# External links.
- Neil Bonnett at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame | 20,590 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization
In Operations Research, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science, combinatorial optimization is a topic that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects. In many such problems, exhaustive search is not tractable. It operates on the domain of those optimization problems in which the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to discrete, and in which the goal is to find the best solution. Some common problems involving combinatorial optimization are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem.
Combinatorial optimization is a subset of mathematical optimization | 20,591 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
that is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, and software engineering.
Some research literature considers discrete optimization to consist of integer programming together with combinatorial optimization (which in turn is composed of optimization problems dealing with graph structures) although all of these topics have closely intertwined research literature. It often involves determining the way to efficiently allocate resources used to find solutions to mathematical problems.
# Applications.
Applications for combinatorial | 20,592 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
optimization include, but are not limited to:
- Developing the best airline network of spokes and destinations
- Deciding which taxis in a fleet to route to pick up fares
- Determining the optimal way to deliver packages
- Working out the best allocation of jobs to people
- Determining the right attributes of concept elements prior to concept testing
- Logistics
- Supply chain optimization
# Methods.
There is a large amount of literature on polynomial-time algorithms for certain special classes of discrete optimization, a considerable amount of it unified by the theory of linear programming. Some examples of combinatorial optimization problems that fall into this framework are shortest | 20,593 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
paths and shortest path trees, flows and circulations, spanning trees, matching, and matroid problems.
For NP-complete discrete optimization problems, current research literature includes the following topics:
- polynomial-time exactly solvable special cases of the problem at hand (e.g. see fixed-parameter tractable)
- algorithms that perform well on "random" instances (e.g. for TSP)
- approximation algorithms that run in polynomial time and find a solution that is "close" to optimal
- solving real-world instances that arise in practice and do not necessarily exhibit the worst-case behavior inherent in NP-complete problems (e.g. TSP instances with tens of thousands of nodes).
Combinatorial | 20,594 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
optimization problems can be viewed as searching for the best element of some set of discrete items; therefore, in principle, any sort of search algorithm or metaheuristic can be used to solve them. However, generic search algorithms are not guaranteed to find an optimal solution, nor are they guaranteed to run quickly (in polynomial time). Since some discrete optimization problems are NP-complete, such as the traveling salesman problem, this is expected unless P=NP.
# Formal definition.
Formally, a combinatorial optimization problem formula_1 is a quadruple formula_2, where
- formula_3 is a set of instances;
- given an instance formula_4, formula_5 is the set of feasible solutions;
- given | 20,595 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
an instance formula_6 and a feasible solution formula_7 of formula_6, formula_9 denotes the measure of formula_7, which is usually a positive real.
- formula_11 is the goal function, and is either formula_12 or formula_13.
The goal is then to find for some instance formula_6 an "optimal solution", that is, a feasible solution formula_7 with
For each combinatorial optimization problem, there is a corresponding decision problem that asks whether there is a feasible solution for some particular measure formula_17. For example, if there is a graph formula_18 which contains vertices formula_19 and formula_20, an optimization problem might be "find a path from formula_19 to formula_20 that uses | 20,596 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
the fewest edges". This problem might have an answer of, say, 4. A corresponding decision problem would be "is there a path from formula_19 to formula_20 that uses 10 or fewer edges?" This problem can be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'.
In the field of approximation algorithms, algorithms are designed to find near-optimal solutions to hard problems. The usual decision version is then an inadequate definition of the problem since it only specifies acceptable solutions. Even though we could introduce suitable decision problems, the problem is more naturally characterized as an optimization problem.
# NP optimization problem.
An "NP-optimization problem" (NPO) is a combinatorial optimization | 20,597 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
problem with the following additional conditions. Note that the below referred polynomials are functions of the size of the respective functions' inputs, not the size of some implicit set of input instances.
- the size of every feasible solution formula_25 is polynomially bounded in the size of the given instance formula_6,
- the languages formula_27 and formula_28 can be recognized in polynomial time, and
- formula_29 is polynomial-time computable.
This implies that the corresponding decision problem is in NP. In computer science, interesting optimization problems usually have the above properties and are therefore NPO problems. A problem is additionally called a P-optimization (PO) problem, | 20,598 |
420555 | Combinatorial optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial%20optimization | Combinatorial optimization
if there exists an algorithm which finds optimal solutions in polynomial time. Often, when dealing with the class NPO, one is interested in optimization problems for which the decision versions are NP-complete. Note that hardness relations are always with respect to some reduction. Due to the connection between approximation algorithms and computational optimization problems, reductions which preserve approximation in some respect are for this subject preferred than the usual Turing and Karp reductions. An example of such a reduction would be the L-reduction. For this reason, optimization problems with NP-complete decision versions are not necessarily called NPO-complete.
NPO is divided into | 20,599 |
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