wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
resigned over the open-access policies of its publisher and founded open-access journal called Quantitative Science Studies.
## "The Cost of Knowledge" boycott.
In 2003 various university librarians began coordinating with each other to complain about Elsevier's "big deal" journal bundling packages, in which... | 20,800 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
21 January 2012, mathematician Timothy Gowers publicly announced he would boycott Elsevier, noting that others in the field have been doing so privately. The three reasons for the boycott are high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance,... | 20,801 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
5,000 academics, growing to over 17,000 by November 2018.
Elsevier disputed the claims, claiming that their prices are below the industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals. The company also claimed that its profit margins a... | 20,802 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, the sponsors of the bill, US House Representatives Darrell Issa and Carolyn Maloney, issued a joint statement saying that they would not push the bill in ... | 20,803 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
noting that Plan S could affect 5-10% of scientific funding and may force Elsevier to reduce pricing.
# Relationship with academic institutions.
## Finland.
In 2015 Finnish research organizations paid a total of 27 million euros in subscription fees. Over one third of the total costs went to Elsevier. The i... | 20,804 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
have been made, this was not the case for Elsevier, leading to the nodealnoreview.org boycott of the publisher signed more than 600 times.
In January 2018, it was confirmed that a deal had been reached between those concerned.
## Germany.
Almost no academic institution in Germany is subscribed to Elsevier.
... | 20,805 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
that "taxpayers have a right to read what they are paying for" and that "publishers must understand that the route to open-access publishing at an affordable price is irreversible". In July 2017, another 13 institutions announced that they would also be cancelling their subscriptions to Elsevier journals. In A... | 20,806 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
agreement with Elsevier would not be renewed after the expiration date of 31 December 2018. The Max Planck Society counts 14.000 scientists in 84 research institutes, publishing 12.000 articles each year.
## Hungary.
In March 2018, the Hungarian "Electronic Information Service National Programme" entered neg... | 20,807 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
publishing papers by Iranian nationals which are employed by the Iranian government. Elsevier executive Mark Seeley expressed regret on behalf of the company but did not announce an intention to challenge this interpretation of the law.
## Italy.
CRUI (association of Italian universities) sealed a 5-year-lon... | 20,808 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
and lead negotiator on the Dutch side notes that "it's not the 100% that I hoped for".
## Norway.
In March 2019, the Norwegian government on behalf of 44 institutions — universities, university colleges, research institutes and hospitals — decided to break negotiations on renewal of their subscription deal w... | 20,809 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
participating libraries will continue the boycott. It was subsequently confirmed that an agreement had been reached.
## Sweden.
In May 2018, the Bibsam Consortium, which negotiates license agreements on behalf of all Swedish universities and research institutes, decided not to renew their contract with Elsev... | 20,810 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
our only option is to cancel deals when they don't meet our demands for a sustainable transition to open access".
Sweden has a goal of open access by 2026.
## Taiwan.
In Taiwan more than 75% of universities, including the region’s top 11 institutions, have joined a collective boycott against Elsevier. On 7 ... | 20,811 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
University of California said they would terminate subscriptions "in push for open access to publicly funded research." After months of negotiations over open access to research by UC researchers and prices for subscriptions to Elsevier journals, a press release by the UC Office of the President issued Thursda... | 20,812 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
articles published before 2019.
# Dissemination of research.
## Lobbying efforts against open access.
Elsevier have been known to be involved in lobbying against open access. These have included the likes of:
- The Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPPA)
- The Research Works Act
- PRISM. In the case o... | 20,813 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
some articles which should have been open access, but had been put behind a paywall. A related case occurred in 2015, when Elsevier charged for downloading an open access article from a journal published by John Wiley & Sons. However, it was not clear whether Elsevier was in violation of the license under whic... | 20,814 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
law, the university complied. Harvard University and the University of California, Irvine also received takedown notices for self-archived academic articles, a first for Harvard, according to Peter Suber.
Months after its acquisition of Academia.edu rival Mendeley, Elsevier sent thousands of takedown notices ... | 20,815 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
2015 Elsevier filed a lawsuit against the sites Sci-Hub and LibGen, which make available copyright protected articles available for free. Elsevier also claimed illegal access to institutional accounts.
## Rejection of the Initiative for Open Citations.
Among the major academic publishers, Elsevier alone decl... | 20,816 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
e resignation of the Journal of Informetrics' editorial board, Elsevier stated:
# Imprints.
Elsevier uses its imprints (that is, brand names used in publishing) to market to different consumer segments. Many of the imprints have previously been the names of publishing companies that were purchased by Reed El... | 20,817 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
The Hidden Staircase
The Hidden Staircase is the second volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series written under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene, published in 1930 and revised in 1959. The original text was written by Mildred Wirt Benson, and she has said that it is her personal favorite of the N... | 20,818 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
The doorbell rings and Nancy is introduced to the "rude visitor," Nathan Gombet, who has come to see Carson Drew about some papers. When his persistence irritates and insults Nancy, she grows impatient and angrily tells him to leave and threatens to call the police.
Soon after, Nancy is surprised ... | 20,819 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
Nancy helped along with Allie Horner in "The Secret of the Old Clock") introduces Nancy to the Turnbull sisters, Rosemary and Floretta. They ask Nancy to help them learn the cause of the mysterious "hauntings" of their mansion in Cliffwood, several miles from River Heights. The sisters explain that... | 20,820 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
from his desk to protect herself. He explains that he will be out of town on business in Chicago for a few days but no more than a week. They decide that when he knows the day of his arrival back in River Heights, Nancy will pick him up at the train station to discuss her findings at the Turnbull m... | 20,821 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
at the same time by distant relatives of theirs; two brothers who eventually became rivals during the Civil War. Likewise, they explain that none other than Nathan Gomber owns the other stone mansion, and he has even asked to purchase their house.
Armed with this knowledge, Nancy is certain that N... | 20,822 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
Gombet, Carson Drew rides back to Gombet's mansion, where he is then held, prisoner. Nancy never receives the telegram from Carson Drew and worries that something is wrong since she cannot reach him.
Late one night, once the Turnbull sisters are asleep, and convinced that there is some passage bet... | 20,823 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
discovered twice by his servant. Upon the second search by Gombet’s servant, Nancy is narrowly saved from discovery but ends up locked in an upstairs room. In the closet of this room, Nancy finds a knob and after pulling it, discovers a hidden staircase. The stone staircase, as it turns out, leads ... | 20,824 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
Nancy gets a call from her friend Helen Corning, telling her of a possible mystery to be solved. Nancy is introduced to Mrs. Flora Turnbull and Mrs. Rosemary Hayes by Helen, who is the great-granddaughter of Miss Flora and great niece of Aunt Rosemary. Miss Flora believes that their home, Twin Elms... | 20,825 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
to Chicago during the first part of Nancy's stay at the old estate, and will join her later.
After an enjoyable dance with her former prom date, Nancy and her father inspect the railroad construction near the river, but are forced to swim to safety when a runaway truck nearly runs them down. Nancy... | 20,826 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
held up in the windows over the next few days lead Nancy to investigate the interior and exterior of the Colonial house thoroughly. Nathan Gomber, coincidentally, is trying to buy the historic home in spite of protests from the Turnbull family. Although an adjoining estate with a twin home is avail... | 20,827 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
a night watchman and discovery of a secret room. She and Helen decide to investigate the neighboring estate for clues to a secret entrance, since the house was built with the same design as Twin Elms.
Upon their arrival at the realtor, Nancy is horrified to discover Nathan Gomber has just purchase... | 20,828 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
r has just purchased the neighboring estate. Mr. Dodd agrees to lend the girls a key since Gomber has not taken possession, and they make a daytime visit to Riverview Manor. Nancy finds a secret panel to an underground passage and staircase. The tunnel leads to another staircase. But at the top of ... | 20,829 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
Roman Czerniawski
Roman Garby-Czerniawski (6 February 1910 – 26 April 1985) was a Polish Air Force Captain and Allied double agent during World War II, using the codename Brutus.
# Life.
Czerniawski graduated in the late 1930s from the Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna (WSWoj), a military academy at Warsaw. As... | 20,830 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
Militari. He was returned to France by parachute in November 1941.
On 17 November 1941 the Abwehr group of Hugo Bleicher arrested Czerniawski and then Carré. The network had been uncovered due to the lack of proper operational security within the organisation, and many other members of the Interallie... | 20,831 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
then employed as a double agent by MI5 using the codename "Brutus" (after Caesar's friend and assassin) under their Double Cross System.
His strong anti-Russian attitude, manifested in his denouncing (in a pamphlet he authored) a Polish officer who attended an official reception at the Soviet Embassy... | 20,832 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
was unrepentant to his handlers; MI5 doubted his reliability, thinking him fickle and liable to meddle, and MI5 also harboured concerns that the Germans would be suspicious about his arrest and swift release. He was no longer permitted to operate the radio himself and he was only used for distribution... | 20,833 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
at convincing Germany that the Allies would invade Europe in the Pas de Calais area across the English Channel from South-East England.
After the war he stayed in the UK and wrote "The Big Network", published in 1961.
Czerniawski died in London, on 26 April 1985, at the age of 75. He was buried in N... | 20,834 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
ter the war he stayed in the UK and wrote "The Big Network", published in 1961.
Czerniawski died in London, on 26 April 1985, at the age of 75. He was buried in Newark-on-Trent in Newark Cemetery for RAF burials.
# See also.
- List of Poles
# References.
- Andrzej Pepłoński, "Wywiad Polskich Sił ... | 20,835 |
420620 | Denier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denier | Denier
Denier
Denier may refer to:
- the French form of "denarius" (penny)
- French denier (penny), a type of medieval coin
- Denier (unit), a unit of linear mass density of fibers
- "Denier", also "Denyer", a French and English surname (probably a metonymic occupational name for a moneyer or minter, hence also a ... | 20,836 |
420615 | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%20the%20Butler%20Saw%20(mutoscope) | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope)
What the Butler Saw (mutoscope)
What the Butler Saw was a mutoscope reel, and an early example of erotic films dating from the early 1900s. It depicted a scene of a woman partially undressing in her bedroom, as if some voyeuristic "butler" was watching her through a keyhole. The film wa... | 20,837 |
420615 | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%20the%20Butler%20Saw%20(mutoscope) | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope)
in a freestanding viewing machine, which then freed a hand-crank on the side which was turned by the viewer. Social standards are subject to change, and by the 1950s this and similar films were considered harmless when compared to contemporary erotica.
The title of this feature became w... | 20,838 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time p... | 20,839 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
in water. However, COD is less specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of biodegradable organic matter.
# Background.
Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic compounds. Aquatic microorganisms have evolved to use some of ... | 20,840 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
Under some circumstances, microbial metabolism can consume dissolved oxygen faster than atmospheric oxygen can dissolve into the water or the autotrophic community (algae, cyanobacteria and macrophytes) can produce. Fish and aquatic insects may die when oxygen is depleted by microbial metaboli... | 20,841 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
of microbial growth, death, decay, and cannibalism is total biochemical oxygen demand (total BOD). Total BOD is of more significance to food webs than to water quality. Dissolved oxygen depletion is most likely to become evident during the initial aquatic microbial population explosion in resp... | 20,842 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
in 1912:
" (c) An effluent in order to comply with the general standard must not contain as discharged more than 3 parts per 100,000 of suspended matter, and with its suspended matters included must not take up at 65°F more than 2.0 parts per 100,000 of dissolved oxygen in 5 days. This genera... | 20,843 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
Disposal proposed 5 days as an adequate test period for rivers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, longer periods were investigated for North American rivers. Incubation periods of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 days were being used into the mid-20th century. Keeping dissolved oxygen avail... | 20,844 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This 5-day BOD test result may be described as the amount of oxygen required for aquatic microorganisms to stabilize decomposable organic matter under aerobic conditions. Stabilization, in this context, may be perceived in general ter... | 20,845 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal sewage that is efficiently treated by a three-stage process would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in Europe and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there i... | 20,846 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
Water and Wastewater." In order to obtain BOD, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a sample must be measured before and after the incubation period, and appropriately adjusted by the sample corresponding dilution factor. This analysis is performed using 300 ml incubation bottles in which b... | 20,847 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
the other samples. This is necessary because impurities in the dilution water may cause significant alterations in the results. The GGA control is a standardized solution to determine the quality of the seed, where its recommended BOD concentration is 198 mg/l ± 30.5 mg/l. For measurement of c... | 20,848 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
by the breakdown of proteins, whereas cBOD is produced by the breakdown of organic molecules.
BOD is calculated by:
- Unseeded:formula_1
- Seeded:formula_2
where:
## Manometric method.
This method is limited to the measurement of the oxygen consumption due only to carbonaceous oxidation.... | 20,849 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
and thus the pressure, decreases because carbon dioxide is absorbed. From the drop of pressure, the sensor electronics computes and displays the consumed quantity of oxygen.
The main advantages of this method compared to the dilution method are:
- simplicity: no dilution of sample required, ... | 20,850 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
sensing elements in the fabrication of biosensors. Their application in biosensor construction is limited by the tedious, time consuming and costly enzyme purification methods. Microorganisms provide an ideal alternative to these bottlenecks.
Many micro organisms useful for BOD assessment are... | 20,851 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
the construction of BOD biosensor. On the other hand, many workers have immobilized activated sludge, or a mixture of two or three bacterial species and on various membranes for the construction of BOD biosensor. The most commonly used membranes were polyvinyl alcohol, porous hydrophilic membr... | 20,852 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
binding between negatively charged bacterial cell and positively charged nylon membrane. So the advantages of the nylon membrane over the other membranes are : The dual binding, i.e. Adsorption as well as entrapment, thus resulting in a more stable immobilized membrane. Such specific Microbial... | 20,853 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
are now commercially available, but they do have several limitations such as their high maintenance costs, limited run lengths due to the need for reactivation, and the inability to respond to changing quality characteristics as would normally occur in wastewater treatment streams; e.g. diffus... | 20,854 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
surrogate to BOD has been developed using a resazurin derivative which reveals the extent of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms for organic matter mineralization. A cross-validation performed on 109 samples in Europe and the United-States showed a strict statistical equivalence between results f... | 20,855 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
be obtained directly and reliably using on-line hardware sensors. This will make the use of BOD for on-line process monitoring and control a more plausible proposition. In comparison to other data-driven modeling paradigms such as multi-layer perceptrons artificial neural networks (MLP ANN) an... | 20,856 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
determination of surface water purity and ecological wellness. The Winkler method is still one of only two analytical techniques used to calibrate oxygen electrode meters; the other procedure is based on oxygen solubility at saturation as per Henry's law. Though many researchers have refined t... | 20,857 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
to allow the diffusion of the gas into an electrochemical cell and its concentration determined by polarographic or galvanic electrodes. This analytical method is sensitive and accurate to down to levels of ± 0.1 mg/l dissolved oxygen. Calibration of the redox electrode of this membrane electr... | 20,858 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
for dissolved oxygen in a solution:
- formula_10: Luminescence in the presence of oxygen
- formula_11: Luminescence in the absence of oxygen
- formula_12: Stern-Volmer constant for oxygen quenching
- [O2]: Dissolved oxygen concentration
The determination of oxygen concentration by lumines... | 20,859 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
by Optical Probe.
# Test limitations.
The test method involves variables limiting reproducibility. Tests normally show observations varying plus or minus ten to twenty percent around the mean.
## Toxicity.
Some wastes contain chemicals capable of suppressing microbiological growth or activ... | 20,860 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
lower the test result.
## Appropriate microbial population.
The test relies upon a microbial ecosystem with enzymes capable of oxidizing the available organic material. Some waste waters, such as those from biological secondary sewage treatment, will already contain a large population of mic... | 20,861 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
reflect conditions of an evolved ecosystem in the receiving waters.
# History.
The "Royal Commission on River Pollution", established in 1865, and the formation of the "Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal" in 1898 led to the selection in 1908 of BOD as the definitive test for organic polluti... | 20,862 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
up 2–0 parts dissolved oxygen per 100,000 would be found by a simple calculation to require dilution with at least 8 volumes of river water taking up 0.2 part if the resulting mixture was not to take up more than 0.4 part. Our experience indicated that in a large majority of cases the volume o... | 20,863 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
Solids) + full nitrification standard which was used as a yardstick in the U.K. up to the 1970s for sewage works effluent quality.
The United States includes BOD effluent limitations in its secondary treatment regulations. Secondary sewage treatment is generally expected to remove 85 percent ... | 20,864 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
ns also describe "treatment equivalent to secondary treatment" as removing 65 percent of the BOD and producing effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average less than 45 mg/L and a 7-day average less than 65 mg/L.
# See also.
- Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand
- Theoretical oxygen... | 20,865 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
RELX
RELX plc (pronounced "Rel-ex") is a corporate group comprising companies that publish scientific, technical and medical material, and legal textbooks; provide decision-making tools; and organise exhibitions. It operates in 40 countries and serves customers in over 180 nations. It was previously known as Reed... | 20,866 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
About 55 per cent of the company's revenues are generated from the US, with 23 per cent from Europe and 22 per cent from the rest of the world. The company is one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index, Financial Times Global 500 and Euronext 100 Index.
# History.
The company, which was previously known as Re... | 20,867 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
Reed Group, as it was then known, became a conglomerate, creating its Decorative Products Division with the purchase of Crown Paints, Polycell and Sanderson's wallpaper and DIY decorating interests.
In 1970, Reed Group merged with the International Publishing Corporation and the company name was changed to Reed I... | 20,868 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
to rationalise its operations, focusing on publishing and selling off its other interests. Sanderson was sold to WestPoint Pepperell, Inc. of Georgia, United States, that year, while Crown Paint and Polycell were sold to Williams Holdings in 1987. The company's paper and packaging production operations were bundle... | 20,869 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
published the works of Erasmus in 1587. Elsevier NV originally was based in Rotterdam but moved to Amsterdam in the late 1880s.
Up to the 1930s, Elsevier remained a small family-owned publisher, with no more than ten employees. After the war it launched the weekly "Elsevier" magazine, which turned out to be very ... | 20,870 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
RELX.
### Significant divestments.
In February 1997, Reed Elsevier divested its trade publishing group (including Heinemann, Methuen, Secker & Warburg, Sinclair-Stevenson, Mandarin, Minerva and Cedar) to Random House. In 1998, Reed Elsevier sold the children's divisions of Heinemann, Methuen, Hamlyn and Mammoth ... | 20,871 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
to sell the remaining Harcourt Education business, including international imprint Heinemann, to Houghton Mifflin for $4 billion in cash and stock.
In July 2009, Reed Elsevier announced its intention to sell most of its North American trade publications, including "Publishers Weekly", "Broadcasting & Cable", and ... | 20,872 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
slump.
"Variety", the company's last remaining North American title, was sold in October 2012.
In 2014, Reed Business Information sold BuyerZone, an online marketplace; emedia, an American provider of research for IT buyers and vendors; and a majority stake in Reed Construction Data, a provider of construction d... | 20,873 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
It operates under the name of Elsevier and generated revenues in the year to 31 December 2017 of £2.5 billion.
ScienceDirect, an online database of primary research, contains 13 million documents.
Scopus is a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. It contains mor... | 20,874 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
2,500 journals. Its best-known titles are "The Lancet" and "Cell". In 1995, "Forbes" magazine (wrongly) predicted Elsevier would be "the first victim of the internet" as it was disrupted and disintermediated by the World Wide Web.
## Risk & Business Analytics.
Risk & Business Analytics provides decision-making t... | 20,875 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
Accuity Inc..
Accuity Inc., operates globally within the Risk & Business Analytics division of RELX. The firm provides financial crime compliance software which allows institutions to comply with sanctions and anti-money laundering compliance programmes. It offers KYC, online subscription-based data and software ... | 20,876 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
Risk & Business Analytics division of RELX. The firm provides data and analytics solutions for the wider travel industry. Cirium's data and analytics portfolio comprises Cirium Solutions and Cirium Professional Services - Ascend by Cirium. The publishing, events and jobs part of the business operates as FlightGlob... | 20,877 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
shows for 140,000 exhibitors and 7m visitors.
# Governance.
, the board of directors consisted of:
- Chief Executive: Erik Engstrom
- Chairman: Anthony Habgood
- Chief Financial Officer: Nick Luff
- Non-executive directors:
- Wolfhart Hauser
- Robert MacLeod
- Carol Mills
- Adrian Hennah
- Marike van Li... | 20,878 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
safe water and sanitation.
The Elsevier Foundation supports libraries in developing countries, women scientists and nursing facilities. In 2016 it committed $1m a year, for 3 years, to programmes encouraging diversity in science, technology and medicine and promoting science research in developing countries.
Pro... | 20,879 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
date and time stamps, sensory and movement data, and the location of nearby objects such as Wi-Fi networks. The technology also creates a secure chain of custody to help verify that the images and video has not been edited or digitally manipulated. The goal is to create content that can be used in a court of law t... | 20,880 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
Media Monitor", which assists law enforcement officials in investigating serious crimes such as drug dealing and human trafficking.
# Controversy.
## Boycott.
Reed Elsevier has been criticised for the high prices of its journals and services, especially those published by Elsevier. It has also supported SOPA, P... | 20,881 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
as biologist Jonathan Eisen. Between 2012 and November 2015, about 15,391 scientists signed The Cost of Knowledge boycott. In 2016, Elsevier received 1.5 million article submissions.
## 2019 UC system negotiations.
On 28 February 2019 following long negotiations, the University of California announced it would b... | 20,882 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
drivers license numbers and Social Security numbers, among other data obtained from credit reporting agencies and other sources. In 2008 the company settled an action taken against it by the Federal Trade Commission for multiple failures of security practice in how the data was stored and protected. The settlement... | 20,883 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
Stafford of Sheffield University and Nick Gill, launched petitions calling for it to stop organising arms fairs. A subsidiary, Spearhead, organised defence shows, including an event where it was reported that cluster bombs and extremely powerful riot control equipment were offered for sale. In February 2007 Richar... | 20,884 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
an editorial in the "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine" arguing that Reed Elsevier's involvement in both the arms trade and medical publishing constituted a conflict of interest. Subsequently, in June the company announced that they would be exiting the defence exhibition business during the second half of ... | 20,885 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
Guggenheim family
The Guggenheim family is an American family known for their involvement in the mining industry and later in philanthropy. The family is named after the Alsatian village Gougenheim.
# History.
Meyer Guggenheim, a Swiss citizen of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, arrived in America in 184... | 20,886 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
running businesses.
Family members became known for their philanthropy in diverse areas such as modern art and aviation, including several Guggenheim Museums, the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory and I. M. Pei's Guggenheim Pavilion at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City.
# Current interest... | 20,887 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
The daughters were Jeanette, Rose and Cora. Meyer's eleven children, their spouses and notable descendants are shown below:
- Meyer Guggenheim (1828–1905)
- Isaac Guggenheim (1854–1922), m. Carrie Sonneborn (1859–1933)
- Beulah V. Guggenheim (1877–1960), m. William I. Spiegelberg
- Edyth B. Guggen... | 20,888 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
Diane Guggenheim (1924–1991)
- Gladys Eleanor Guggenheim (1895–1980), m. Roger Williams Straus (1891–1957)
- Roger Williams Straus, Jr. (1917–2004), a founder and chairman of Farrar, Straus and Giroux
- Murry Guggenheim (1858–1939), m. Leonie Bernheim (1865–1959)
- Edmond A. Guggenheim (1888–1972)... | 20,889 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
(1923–1944)
- Arthur Stuart, 8th Earl Castle Stewart (1928–)
- Andrew Stewart, Viscount Stuart (1953–)
- The Honorable Simon Stuart (1930–2002)
- Gertrude R. Guggenheim (1898–1966)
- Barbara Josephine Guggenheim (1904–1985), married John Lawson-Johnston of the family producing Bovril
- Jeanette ... | 20,890 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
m. Margaret Angela Vail m. (1957 – his death)
- Karole Vail (1959–)
- Pegeen Vail Guggenheim (1925–1967)
- m. Jean Hélion (1904–1987) (m. 1946 div. 1956)
- Fabrice Hélion
- Nicolas Hélion
- Davide Hélion
- m. Ralph Rumney (1934–2002) m. (1958 – her death)
- Sandro Rumney (b. 1958)
- m. Max Er... | 20,891 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
Street, New York, on October 19, 1928.
- m. Denys King Farlow Nettleton (m. 1930 div.)
- John King-Farlow (1932–2002)
- Barbara Benita King-Farlow (1934–?)
- Ghislaine Agostini
- Amelia Kaye
- Adam Jacobs
- m. Charles Everett McKinley, Jr. (m. ?) (died November 16, 1942)
- m. Archibald Butt Jr... | 20,892 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
William Guggenheim, Jr., m. Elizabeth Broadhurst
- William Guggenheim III
- m. Grace Embury (div.)
- Maire Guggenheim
- Jaenet Guggenheim
- m. Judith Arnold
- William Douglas Guggenheim (b. 1970)
- Christopher Mark Guggenheim (b. 1976)
- Jonathan Paul Guggenheim (b. 1978)
- Rose Guggenheim (1... | 20,893 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
ouglas Guggenheim (b. 1970)
- Christopher Mark Guggenheim (b. 1976)
- Jonathan Paul Guggenheim (b. 1978)
- Rose Guggenheim (1871–1945), m. Albert Loeb, the nephew of Solomon Loeb
- Harold A. Loeb (1891–1974)
- Edwin M. Loeb (1894–1966)
- Willard E. Loeb (1896–1958)
- Cora Guggenheim (1873–1956)... | 20,894 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
Major-General's Song
"I Am the Very Model of a Modern Major-General" (often referred to as the "Major-General's Song" or "Modern Major-General's Song") is a patter song from Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera "The Pirates of Penzance". It is perhaps the most famous song in Gilbert and Sulliva... | 20,895 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
with historical and cultural references, in which the Major-General describes his impressive and well-rounded education, but he says that his military knowledge has "only been brought down to the beginning of the century". The stage directions in the libretto state that at the end of each verse the... | 20,896 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
the older General Henry Turner, an uncle of Gilbert's wife whom Gilbert disliked, as a more likely inspiration for the satire. Nevertheless, in the original London production, George Grossmith imitated Wolseley's mannerisms and appearance, particularly his large moustache, and the audience recognis... | 20,897 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical;
I'm very well acquainted, too, with matters mathematical,
I understand equations, both the simple and quadratical,
About binomial theorem I'm teeming with a lot o' news,
With many cheerful facts about the square of the hypotenuse.
I'm very good at in... | 20,898 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
can tell undoubted Raphaels from Gerard Dows and Zoffanies,
I know the croaking chorus from "The Frogs" of Aristophanes!
Then I can hum a fugue of which I've heard the music's din afore,
And whistle all the airs from that infernal nonsense "Pinafore".
Then I can write a washing bill in Babyloni... | 20,899 |
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