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420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
resigned over the open-access policies of its publisher and founded open-access journal called Quantitative Science Studies.
## "The Cost of Knowledge" boycott.
In 2003 various university librarians began coordinating with each other to complain about Elsevier's "big deal" journal bundling packages, in which the company offered a group of journal subscriptions to libraries at a certain rate, but in which librarians claimed there was no economical option to subscribe to only the popular journals at a rate comparable to the bundled rate. Librarians continued to discuss the implications of the pricing schemes, many feeling pressured into buying the Elsevier packages without other options.
On | 20,800 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
21 January 2012, mathematician Timothy Gowers publicly announced he would boycott Elsevier, noting that others in the field have been doing so privately. The three reasons for the boycott are high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance, and Elsevier's support for SOPA, PIPA, and the Research Works Act.
Following this, a petition advocating non-cooperation with Elsevier (that is, not submitting papers to Elsevier journals, not refereeing articles in Elsevier journals, and not participating in journal editorial boards), appeared on the site "The Cost of Knowledge". By February 2012 this petition had been signed by over | 20,801 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
5,000 academics, growing to over 17,000 by November 2018.
Elsevier disputed the claims, claiming that their prices are below the industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals. The company also claimed that its profit margins are "simply a consequence of the firm's efficient operation". The academics replied that their work was funded by public money and thus should be freely available.
On 27 February 2012, Elsevier issued a statement on its website that declared that it has withdrawn support from the Research Works Act. Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope | 20,802 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, the sponsors of the bill, US House Representatives Darrell Issa and Carolyn Maloney, issued a joint statement saying that they would not push the bill in Congress.
## Plan S.
The Plan S open-access initiative, which began in Europe and has since spread to some US research funding agencies would force researchers receiving some grants to publish in open access journals by 2020. A spokesman for Elsevier said "If you think that information should be free of charge, go to Wikipedia". In September 2018 UBS advised to sell Elsevier (RELX) stocks, | 20,803 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
noting that Plan S could affect 5-10% of scientific funding and may force Elsevier to reduce pricing.
# Relationship with academic institutions.
## Finland.
In 2015 Finnish research organizations paid a total of 27 million euros in subscription fees. Over one third of the total costs went to Elsevier. The information was revealed after successful court appeal following a denied request on the subscription fees, due to confidentiality clauses in contracts with the publishers. Establishing of this fact lead to creation of tiedonhinta.fi petition demanding more reasonable pricing and open access to content signed by more than 2800 members of the research community. While deals with other publishers | 20,804 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
have been made, this was not the case for Elsevier, leading to the nodealnoreview.org boycott of the publisher signed more than 600 times.
In January 2018, it was confirmed that a deal had been reached between those concerned.
## Germany.
Almost no academic institution in Germany is subscribed to Elsevier.
Germany's DEAL project (Projekt DEAL) which includes over 60 major research institutions, has announced that all of its members are cancelling their contracts with Elsevier, effective 1 January 2017. The boycott is in response to Elsevier's refusal to adopt "transparent business models" to "make publications more openly accessible". Horst Hippler, spokesperson for the DEAL consortium states | 20,805 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
that "taxpayers have a right to read what they are paying for" and that "publishers must understand that the route to open-access publishing at an affordable price is irreversible". In July 2017, another 13 institutions announced that they would also be cancelling their subscriptions to Elsevier journals. In August 2017, at least 185 German institutions had cancelled their contracts with Elsevier. In 2018, whilst negotiations were ongoing, around 200 German universities who cancelled their subscriptions to Elsevier journals were granted complimentary open access to them until this ended in July of the year.
On 19 December 2018 the Max Planck Society (MPS) announced that the existing subscription | 20,806 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
agreement with Elsevier would not be renewed after the expiration date of 31 December 2018. The Max Planck Society counts 14.000 scientists in 84 research institutes, publishing 12.000 articles each year.
## Hungary.
In March 2018, the Hungarian "Electronic Information Service National Programme" entered negotiations on its 2019 Elsevier subscriptions, asking for a read-and-publish deal. Negotiations were ended by the Hungarian consortium in December of 2018, and the subscription was not renewed.
## Iran.
In 2013, Elsevier changed its policies in response to sanctions announced by the US Office of Foreign Assets Control that year. This included a request that all Elsevier journals avoid | 20,807 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
publishing papers by Iranian nationals which are employed by the Iranian government. Elsevier executive Mark Seeley expressed regret on behalf of the company but did not announce an intention to challenge this interpretation of the law.
## Italy.
CRUI (association of Italian universities) sealed a 5-year-long deal, despite protests from the scientific community.
## Netherlands.
In 2015 a consortium of all of Netherlands' 14 universities threatened to boycott Elsevier if it could not agree that articles by Dutch authors would be made open access and settled with the compromise of 30% of its Dutch papers becoming open access by 2018. Gerard Meijer, president of Radboud University in Nijmegen | 20,808 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
and lead negotiator on the Dutch side notes that "it's not the 100% that I hoped for".
## Norway.
In March 2019, the Norwegian government on behalf of 44 institutions — universities, university colleges, research institutes and hospitals — decided to break negotiations on renewal of their subscription deal with Elsevier, because of disagreement regarding open access policy and Elsevier's unwillingness to reduce the cost of reading access.
## South Korea.
In 2017, over 70 university libraries confirmed a "contract boycott" movement involving three publishers including Elsevier. As of January 2018, whilst negotiations remain underway, a decision will be made as to whether or not continue the | 20,809 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
participating libraries will continue the boycott. It was subsequently confirmed that an agreement had been reached.
## Sweden.
In May 2018, the Bibsam Consortium, which negotiates license agreements on behalf of all Swedish universities and research institutes, decided not to renew their contract with Elsevier, alleging that the publisher does not meet the demands of transition towards a more open access model, and referring to the rapidly increasing costs for publishing. Swedish universities will still have access to articles published before 30 June 2018. Astrid Söderbergh Widding, Chairman of the Bibsam Consortium, said that "the current system for scholarly communication must change and | 20,810 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
our only option is to cancel deals when they don't meet our demands for a sustainable transition to open access".
Sweden has a goal of open access by 2026.
## Taiwan.
In Taiwan more than 75% of universities, including the region’s top 11 institutions, have joined a collective boycott against Elsevier. On 7 December 2016, the Taiwanese consortium, CONCERT, which represents more than 140 institutions, announced it would not renew its contract with Elsevier.
## United States.
In March 2018, Florida State University's faculty elected to cancel its $2 million subscription to a bundle of several journals. Starting in 2019 it will instead buy access to titles à la carte.
In February 2019, the | 20,811 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
University of California said they would terminate subscriptions "in push for open access to publicly funded research." After months of negotiations over open access to research by UC researchers and prices for subscriptions to Elsevier journals, a press release by the UC Office of the President issued Thursday, 28 February 2019 stated "Under Elsevier’s proposed terms, the publisher would have charged UC authors large publishing fees on top of the university’s multi-million dollar subscription, resulting in much greater cost to the university and much higher profits for Elsevier." On July 10th, 2019 Elsevier began restricting access to all new paywalled articles and approximately 5% of paywalled | 20,812 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
articles published before 2019.
# Dissemination of research.
## Lobbying efforts against open access.
Elsevier have been known to be involved in lobbying against open access. These have included the likes of:
- The Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPPA)
- The Research Works Act
- PRISM. In the case of PRISM, the Association of American Publishers hired Eric Dezenhall, the so-called "Pit Bull Of Public Relations".
- Horizon 2020
- Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
- The European Union's Open Science Monitor was criticised after Elsevier were confirmed as a subcontractor.
## Selling open access articles.
In 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, Elsevier was found to be selling | 20,813 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
some articles which should have been open access, but had been put behind a paywall. A related case occurred in 2015, when Elsevier charged for downloading an open access article from a journal published by John Wiley & Sons. However, it was not clear whether Elsevier was in violation of the license under which the article was made available on their website.
## Action against academics posting their own articles online.
In 2013, Digimarc, a company representing Elsevier, told the University of Calgary to remove articles published by faculty authors on university web pages; although such self-archiving of academic articles may be legal under the fair dealing provisions in Canadian copyright | 20,814 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
law, the university complied. Harvard University and the University of California, Irvine also received takedown notices for self-archived academic articles, a first for Harvard, according to Peter Suber.
Months after its acquisition of Academia.edu rival Mendeley, Elsevier sent thousands of takedown notices to Academia.edu, a practice that has since ceased following widespread complaint by academics, according to Academia.edu founder and chief executive Richard Price.
After Elsevier acquired the repository SSRN in May 2016 academics started complaining that some of their work has been removed without notice. The action was explained as a technical error.
## Sci-Hub and LibGen lawsuit.
In | 20,815 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
2015 Elsevier filed a lawsuit against the sites Sci-Hub and LibGen, which make available copyright protected articles available for free. Elsevier also claimed illegal access to institutional accounts.
## Rejection of the Initiative for Open Citations.
Among the major academic publishers, Elsevier alone declined to join the Initiative for Open Citations. In the context of the resignation of the Journal of Informetrics' editorial board, Elsevier stated:
# Imprints.
Elsevier uses its imprints (that is, brand names used in publishing) to market to different consumer segments. Many of the imprints have previously been the names of publishing companies that were purchased by Reed Elsevier.
# | 20,816 |
420561 | Elsevier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsevier | Elsevier
e resignation of the Journal of Informetrics' editorial board, Elsevier stated:
# Imprints.
Elsevier uses its imprints (that is, brand names used in publishing) to market to different consumer segments. Many of the imprints have previously been the names of publishing companies that were purchased by Reed Elsevier.
# See also.
- List of Elsevier periodicals
- 2collab, a free researcher collaboration tool launched by Elsevier in 2007 and discontinued in 2011
- Sci-Hub, a website providing free access to otherwise paywalled academic papers on a massive scale that is involved in a legal case with Elsevier
# External links.
- Campaign success: Reed Elsevier sells international arms fairs | 20,817 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
The Hidden Staircase
The Hidden Staircase is the second volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series written under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene, published in 1930 and revised in 1959. The original text was written by Mildred Wirt Benson, and she has said that it is her personal favorite of the Nancy Drew Books she wrote.
The novel was adapted as a Warner Bros. film, "Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase", in 1939. Another adaption of the book from Warner Bros. was released on March 15, 2019.
# Summaries.
## 1930 edition.
At the beginning of the original edition of "The Hidden Staircase," Nancy is home alone while her father and their housekeeper, Hannah Gruen, are both out for the day. | 20,818 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
The doorbell rings and Nancy is introduced to the "rude visitor," Nathan Gombet, who has come to see Carson Drew about some papers. When his persistence irritates and insults Nancy, she grows impatient and angrily tells him to leave and threatens to call the police.
Soon after, Nancy is surprised at her house by Allie Horner, whom she aided in "The Secret of the Old Clock." Allie knows who Nathan Gombet is by reputation and because he stole eggs from her farm. When Carson Drew arrives home, he explains his history with Gombet: Gombet signed over his land to build a railroad and then decided after the construction that he had been cheated out of money.
The following day, Abigail Rowen (whom | 20,819 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
Nancy helped along with Allie Horner in "The Secret of the Old Clock") introduces Nancy to the Turnbull sisters, Rosemary and Floretta. They ask Nancy to help them learn the cause of the mysterious "hauntings" of their mansion in Cliffwood, several miles from River Heights. The sisters explain that numerous valuable items have gone missing from their Civil War-era mansion, but they cannot understand how any person could have entered the locked home during these different instances to commit the thefts.
Nancy stays overnight with the Turnbull sisters for over a week to determine the source of their problems. She goes alone and has her own bedroom. Before she leaves, her father gives her a revolver | 20,820 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
from his desk to protect herself. He explains that he will be out of town on business in Chicago for a few days but no more than a week. They decide that when he knows the day of his arrival back in River Heights, Nancy will pick him up at the train station to discuss her findings at the Turnbull mansion.
Before Nancy leaves for Cliffwood, she receives a threatening letter telling her to stay away from the Turnbull mansion. While she is there more items are stolen and at one point they find a couple of canaries flying about the mansion. When Nancy notices a stone mansion across a hill which is almost identical to the Turnbull Mansion, the Turnbull sisters tell her that both mansions were built | 20,821 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
at the same time by distant relatives of theirs; two brothers who eventually became rivals during the Civil War. Likewise, they explain that none other than Nathan Gomber owns the other stone mansion, and he has even asked to purchase their house.
Armed with this knowledge, Nancy is certain that Nathan Gombet is the culprit behind the thefts and is determined to prove it. Meanwhile, her father, who sent a telegram to Nancy to pick him up on a certain day at the station for their meeting, disembarks to find Nathan Gombet waiting for him. Nathan confuses Carson and leads him to believe that Nancy has had an accident near Gombet's mansion and is waiting there, in trouble. Distraught and believing | 20,822 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
Gombet, Carson Drew rides back to Gombet's mansion, where he is then held, prisoner. Nancy never receives the telegram from Carson Drew and worries that something is wrong since she cannot reach him.
Late one night, once the Turnbull sisters are asleep, and convinced that there is some passage between the two mansions, Nancy ventures out to Gombet's mansion in the dark, rainy night, armed with her revolver and a flashlight. While she is running through the rain, she sees Gombet walking toward the Turnbull mansion. She decides that this is her only opportunity to get into his house and resists her urge to follow him.
After sneaking through a cellar window of Gombet’s house, Nancy is almost | 20,823 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
discovered twice by his servant. Upon the second search by Gombet’s servant, Nancy is narrowly saved from discovery but ends up locked in an upstairs room. In the closet of this room, Nancy finds a knob and after pulling it, discovers a hidden staircase. The stone staircase, as it turns out, leads to a large underground tunnel that splits off at various points, all of which lead into different rooms in the Turnbull mansion.
The next morning, Nancy and the Turnbull sisters go to the sheriff, who brings the police force to Gombet’s mansion. They find Nathan Gombet and the cell where he is holding Carson Drew as prisoner and arrest Gombet.
## 1959 edition.
In the beginning of "The Hidden Staircase" | 20,824 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
Nancy gets a call from her friend Helen Corning, telling her of a possible mystery to be solved. Nancy is introduced to Mrs. Flora Turnbull and Mrs. Rosemary Hayes by Helen, who is the great-granddaughter of Miss Flora and great niece of Aunt Rosemary. Miss Flora believes that their home, Twin Elms, is haunted. Nancy has just agreed to help solve the mystery of Twin Elms when a man named Nathan Gomber tells Nancy that her father, Carson Drew, is in great danger. Gomber represents a client and other land owners who are dissatisfied with the proceeds of land purchases for a new railroad. Mr. Drew tells Nancy to go to Twin Elms with Helen and help Miss Flora and Mrs. Hayes, as he will be traveling | 20,825 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
to Chicago during the first part of Nancy's stay at the old estate, and will join her later.
After an enjoyable dance with her former prom date, Nancy and her father inspect the railroad construction near the river, but are forced to swim to safety when a runaway truck nearly runs them down. Nancy and Helen pack their bags and head off to Twin Elms, with Helen announcing the news of her engagement to her boyfriend Jim Archer over the weekend, en route. At Twin Elms, Miss Flora explains her theory of a ghost, and explains the disappearance of items both precious and little value, and strange things happening, such as music playing with no explanation. A chandelier moving by itself, and a mask | 20,826 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
held up in the windows over the next few days lead Nancy to investigate the interior and exterior of the Colonial house thoroughly. Nathan Gomber, coincidentally, is trying to buy the historic home in spite of protests from the Turnbull family. Although an adjoining estate with a twin home is available for purchase, it is run down and not of interest to Gomber.
In the meantime, Nancy's father fails to return from Chicago, and after tracing him to the train station, she is led to believe from eyewitness accounts that he has possibly been drugged and kidnapped. Nancy continues to search for clues to her father's whereabouts and also to solve the mystery of the intruder at Twin Elms, helped by | 20,827 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
a night watchman and discovery of a secret room. She and Helen decide to investigate the neighboring estate for clues to a secret entrance, since the house was built with the same design as Twin Elms.
Upon their arrival at the realtor, Nancy is horrified to discover Nathan Gomber has just purchased the neighboring estate. Mr. Dodd agrees to lend the girls a key since Gomber has not taken possession, and they make a daytime visit to Riverview Manor. Nancy finds a secret panel to an underground passage and staircase. The tunnel leads to another staircase. But at the top of the stairs is a man who stops Nancy and Helen. Nancy discovers a missing property owner, hidden staircases and passages inside | 20,828 |
420607 | The Hidden Staircase | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hidden%20Staircase | The Hidden Staircase
r has just purchased the neighboring estate. Mr. Dodd agrees to lend the girls a key since Gomber has not taken possession, and they make a daytime visit to Riverview Manor. Nancy finds a secret panel to an underground passage and staircase. The tunnel leads to another staircase. But at the top of the stairs is a man who stops Nancy and Helen. Nancy discovers a missing property owner, hidden staircases and passages inside Twin Elms, and that her father is a prisoner in the tunnel. Nathan Gomber is found out and arrested.
# Reception.
By 2000, 1.8 million copies of "The Hidden Staircase" had been sold in the US market.
# External links.
- Bookmice.net -- comparison of 1937 & 1987 releases | 20,829 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
Roman Czerniawski
Roman Garby-Czerniawski (6 February 1910 – 26 April 1985) was a Polish Air Force Captain and Allied double agent during World War II, using the codename Brutus.
# Life.
Czerniawski graduated in the late 1930s from the Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna (WSWoj), a military academy at Warsaw. As a former officer of the Polish Air Force, he volunteered to create an allied espionage network in France in 1940. He set it up with Mathilde Carré who recruited the agents; some French declined to work for a Pole. This network was code-named "Interallie".
Czerniawski was evacuated to Britain to be examined by Polish intelligence and then meet General Sikorski where he was presented with the Virtuti | 20,830 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
Militari. He was returned to France by parachute in November 1941.
On 17 November 1941 the Abwehr group of Hugo Bleicher arrested Czerniawski and then Carré. The network had been uncovered due to the lack of proper operational security within the organisation, and many other members of the Interallie were picked up after Carré agreed to co-operate with the Germans in return for her life. Czerniawski and others were imprisoned.
After having been offered safety by the Germans, he was sent to England as an agent. However, he made himself known to the British authorities. He was de-briefed by the British (MI6) and Polish authorities about the security lapses of his organisation in France. He was | 20,831 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
then employed as a double agent by MI5 using the codename "Brutus" (after Caesar's friend and assassin) under their Double Cross System.
His strong anti-Russian attitude, manifested in his denouncing (in a pamphlet he authored) a Polish officer who attended an official reception at the Soviet Embassy, led to doubts about his suitability. For this act of mutiny against the Polish authorities, he was arrested and imprisoned. MI5 produced a cover story that he had been detained in a sweep of "anti-Bolshevik" Poles.
A Polish court martial found him guilty of gross insubordination, but to keep the matter quiet sentenced him to only two months imprisonment. After his release from prison, Czerniawski | 20,832 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
was unrepentant to his handlers; MI5 doubted his reliability, thinking him fickle and liable to meddle, and MI5 also harboured concerns that the Germans would be suspicious about his arrest and swift release. He was no longer permitted to operate the radio himself and he was only used for distribution of low grade information ("chicken feed"). Initial German suspicion faded and in December 1943 the British decided to use Brutus for distribution of important deception information.
Therefore, he played a major part in the allied deception prior to the D-Day landings in Normandy in 1944 as one of the primary agents passing false information as part of Fortitude South, the deception plan aimed | 20,833 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
at convincing Germany that the Allies would invade Europe in the Pas de Calais area across the English Channel from South-East England.
After the war he stayed in the UK and wrote "The Big Network", published in 1961.
Czerniawski died in London, on 26 April 1985, at the age of 75. He was buried in Newark-on-Trent in Newark Cemetery for RAF burials.
# See also.
- List of Poles
# References.
- Andrzej Pepłoński, "Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie, 1939–1945" (Polish Armed Forces Intelligence in the West, 1939–1945), Warsaw, 1995.
- Stanisław Żochowski, "Wywiad polski we Francji 1940–1945" (Polish Intelligence in France, 1940–1945), Lublin, 1994, .
- John Cecil Masterman, "The | 20,834 |
420601 | Roman Czerniawski | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman%20Czerniawski | Roman Czerniawski
ter the war he stayed in the UK and wrote "The Big Network", published in 1961.
Czerniawski died in London, on 26 April 1985, at the age of 75. He was buried in Newark-on-Trent in Newark Cemetery for RAF burials.
# See also.
- List of Poles
# References.
- Andrzej Pepłoński, "Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie, 1939–1945" (Polish Armed Forces Intelligence in the West, 1939–1945), Warsaw, 1995.
- Stanisław Żochowski, "Wywiad polski we Francji 1940–1945" (Polish Intelligence in France, 1940–1945), Lublin, 1994, .
- John Cecil Masterman, "The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945", Yale University Press, 1972.
# External links.
- Biografia na stronie www.polishairforce.pl | 20,835 |
420620 | Denier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denier | Denier
Denier
Denier may refer to:
- the French form of "denarius" (penny)
- French denier (penny), a type of medieval coin
- Denier (unit), a unit of linear mass density of fibers
- "Denier", also "Denyer", a French and English surname (probably a metonymic occupational name for a moneyer or minter, hence also a (rare) given name
- Lydie Denier, French actress
- C. Denier Warren, American TV and film actor
- the agent noun of "deny", see Denial (disambiguation)
- Denialism
- "The Deniers", a 2008 book by Canadian environmentalist Lawrence Solomon
- Denier, Pas-de-Calais, France
# See also.
- not to be confused with Diener, German term for "servant; assistant" | 20,836 |
420615 | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%20the%20Butler%20Saw%20(mutoscope) | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope)
What the Butler Saw (mutoscope)
What the Butler Saw was a mutoscope reel, and an early example of erotic films dating from the early 1900s. It depicted a scene of a woman partially undressing in her bedroom, as if some voyeuristic "butler" was watching her through a keyhole. The film was seen by depositing a coin in a freestanding viewing machine, which then freed a hand-crank on the side which was turned by the viewer. Social standards are subject to change, and by the 1950s this and similar films were considered harmless when compared to contemporary erotica.
The title of this feature became widely used in Britain as a generic term for devices and movies of this kind. The phrase had entered | 20,837 |
420615 | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%20the%20Butler%20Saw%20(mutoscope) | What the Butler Saw (mutoscope)
in a freestanding viewing machine, which then freed a hand-crank on the side which was turned by the viewer. Social standards are subject to change, and by the 1950s this and similar films were considered harmless when compared to contemporary erotica.
The title of this feature became widely used in Britain as a generic term for devices and movies of this kind. The phrase had entered British popular culture after the 1886 divorce case of Lord Colin Campbell and Gertrude Elizabeth Blood. The trial hinged on whether their butler could have seen Lady Campbell "in flagrante" with Captain Shaw of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, through the keyhole of their dining room at 79 Cadogan Place, London. | 20,838 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.
BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants. BOD is similar in function to chemical oxygen demand (COD), in that both measure the amount of organic compounds | 20,839 |
420598 | Biochemical oxygen demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochemical%20oxygen%20demand | Biochemical oxygen demand
in water. However, COD is less specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of biodegradable organic matter.
# Background.
Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic compounds. Aquatic microorganisms have evolved to use some of these compounds as food. Microorganisms living in oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to oxidatively degrade the organic compounds, releasing energy which is used for growth and reproduction. Populations of these microorganisms tend to increase in proportion to the amount of food available. This microbial metabolism creates an oxygen demand proportional to the amount of organic compounds useful as food. | 20,840 |
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Under some circumstances, microbial metabolism can consume dissolved oxygen faster than atmospheric oxygen can dissolve into the water or the autotrophic community (algae, cyanobacteria and macrophytes) can produce. Fish and aquatic insects may die when oxygen is depleted by microbial metabolism.
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. This demand occurs over some variable period of time depending on temperature, nutrient concentrations, and the enzymes available to indigenous microbial populations. The amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations | 20,841 |
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of microbial growth, death, decay, and cannibalism is total biochemical oxygen demand (total BOD). Total BOD is of more significance to food webs than to water quality. Dissolved oxygen depletion is most likely to become evident during the initial aquatic microbial population explosion in response to a large amount of organic material. If the microbial population deoxygenates the water, however, that lack of oxygen imposes a limit on population growth of aerobic aquatic microbial organisms resulting in a longer term food surplus and oxygen deficit.
A standard temperature at which BOD testing should be carried out was first proposed by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in its eighth report | 20,842 |
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in 1912:
" (c) An effluent in order to comply with the general standard must not contain as discharged more than 3 parts per 100,000 of suspended matter, and with its suspended matters included must not take up at 65°F more than 2.0 parts per 100,000 of dissolved oxygen in 5 days. This general standard should be prescribed either by Statute or by order of the Central Authority, and should be subject to modifications by that Authority after an interval of not less than ten years.
This was later standardised at 68 °F and then 20 °C. This temperature may be significantly different from the temperature of the natural environment of the water being tested.
Although the Royal Commission on Sewage | 20,843 |
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Disposal proposed 5 days as an adequate test period for rivers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, longer periods were investigated for North American rivers. Incubation periods of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 days were being used into the mid-20th century. Keeping dissolved oxygen available at their chosen temperature, investigators found up to 99 percent of total BOD was exerted within 20 days, 90 percent within 10 days, and approximately 68 percent within 5 days. Variable microbial population shifts to nitrifying bacteria limit test reproducibility for periods greater than 5 days. The 5-day test protocol with acceptably reproducible results emphasizing carbonaceous BOD has been endorsed | 20,844 |
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by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This 5-day BOD test result may be described as the amount of oxygen required for aquatic microorganisms to stabilize decomposable organic matter under aerobic conditions. Stabilization, in this context, may be perceived in general terms as the conversion of food to living aquatic fauna. Although these fauna will continue to exert biochemical oxygen demand as they die, that tends to occur within a more stable evolved ecosystem including higher trophic levels.
## Typical values.
Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Rivers may | 20,845 |
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be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal sewage that is efficiently treated by a three-stage process would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in Europe and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there is severe groundwater or surface water infiltration/inflow. The generally lower values in the U.S. derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world.
# Methods.
There are two commonly recognized methods for the measurement of BOD.
## Dilution method.
This standard method is recognized by EPA, which is labeled Method 5210B in the "Standard Methods for the Examination of | 20,846 |
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Water and Wastewater." In order to obtain BOD, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a sample must be measured before and after the incubation period, and appropriately adjusted by the sample corresponding dilution factor. This analysis is performed using 300 ml incubation bottles in which buffered dilution water is dosed with seed microorganisms and stored for 5 days in the dark room at 20 °C to prevent DO production via photosynthesis. In addition to the various dilutions of BOD samples, this procedure requires dilution water blanks, glucose glutamic acid (GGA) controls, and seed controls. The dilution water blank is used to confirm the quality of the dilution water that is used to dilute | 20,847 |
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the other samples. This is necessary because impurities in the dilution water may cause significant alterations in the results. The GGA control is a standardized solution to determine the quality of the seed, where its recommended BOD concentration is 198 mg/l ± 30.5 mg/l. For measurement of carbonaceous BOD (cBOD), a nitrification inhibitor is added after the dilution water has been added to the sample. The inhibitor hinders the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen, which supplies the nitrogenous BOD (nBOD). When performing the BOD test, it is conventional practice to measure only cBOD because nitrogenous demand does not reflect the oxygen demand from organic matter. This is because nBOD is generated | 20,848 |
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by the breakdown of proteins, whereas cBOD is produced by the breakdown of organic molecules.
BOD is calculated by:
- Unseeded:formula_1
- Seeded:formula_2
where:
## Manometric method.
This method is limited to the measurement of the oxygen consumption due only to carbonaceous oxidation. Ammonia oxidation is inhibited.
The sample is kept in a sealed container fitted with a pressure sensor. A substance that absorbs carbon dioxide (typically lithium hydroxide) is added in the container above the sample level. The sample is stored in conditions identical to the dilution method. Oxygen is consumed and, as ammonia oxidation is inhibited, carbon dioxide is released. The total amount of gas, | 20,849 |
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and thus the pressure, decreases because carbon dioxide is absorbed. From the drop of pressure, the sensor electronics computes and displays the consumed quantity of oxygen.
The main advantages of this method compared to the dilution method are:
- simplicity: no dilution of sample required, no seeding, no blank sample.
- direct reading of BOD value.
- continuous display of BOD value at the current incubation time.
# Alternative methods.
## Biosensor.
An alternative to measure BOD is the development of biosensors, which are devices for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component. Enzymes are the most widely used biological | 20,850 |
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sensing elements in the fabrication of biosensors. Their application in biosensor construction is limited by the tedious, time consuming and costly enzyme purification methods. Microorganisms provide an ideal alternative to these bottlenecks.
Many micro organisms useful for BOD assessment are relatively easy to maintain in pure cultures, grow and harvest at low cost. Moreover, the use of microbes in the field of biosensors has opened up new possibilities and advantages such as ease of handling, preparation and low cost of device. A number of pure cultures, e.g. "Trichosporon cutaneum, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas sp." etc. individually, have been used by many workers for | 20,851 |
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the construction of BOD biosensor. On the other hand, many workers have immobilized activated sludge, or a mixture of two or three bacterial species and on various membranes for the construction of BOD biosensor. The most commonly used membranes were polyvinyl alcohol, porous hydrophilic membranes etc.
A defined microbial consortium can be formed by conducting a systematic study, i.e. pre-testing of selected micro-organisms for use as a seeding material in BOD analysis of a wide variety of industrial effluents. Such a formulated consortium can be immobilized on suitable membrane, i.e. charged nylon membrane useful for BOD estimation. Suitability of charges nylon membrane lies in the specific | 20,852 |
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binding between negatively charged bacterial cell and positively charged nylon membrane. So the advantages of the nylon membrane over the other membranes are : The dual binding, i.e. Adsorption as well as entrapment, thus resulting in a more stable immobilized membrane. Such specific Microbial consortium based BOD analytical devices, may find great application in monitoring of the degree of pollutant strength, in a wide variety of industrial waste water within a very short time.
Biosensors can be used to indirectly measure BOD via a fast (usually 30 min) to be determined BOD substitute and a corresponding calibration curve method (pioneered by Karube et al., 1977). Consequently, biosensors | 20,853 |
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are now commercially available, but they do have several limitations such as their high maintenance costs, limited run lengths due to the need for reactivation, and the inability to respond to changing quality characteristics as would normally occur in wastewater treatment streams; e.g. diffusion processes of the biodegradable organic matter into the membrane and different responses by different microbial species which lead to problems with the reproducibility of result (Praet et al., 1995). Another important limitation is the uncertainty associated with the calibration function for translating the BOD substitute into the real BOD (Rustum "et al.", 2008).
## Fluorescent RedOx Indicator.
A | 20,854 |
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surrogate to BOD has been developed using a resazurin derivative which reveals the extent of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms for organic matter mineralization. A cross-validation performed on 109 samples in Europe and the United-States showed a strict statistical equivalence between results from both methods. The French start-up Envolure (Montpelier, France) offers the kit which enables the users to perform up to 40 BOD simultaneously in 48 hours in a single 96-wells microplate.
## Software sensor.
Rustum et al. (2008) proposed the use of the KSOM to develop intelligent models for making rapid inferences about BOD using other easy to measure water quality parameters, which, unlike BOD, can | 20,855 |
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be obtained directly and reliably using on-line hardware sensors. This will make the use of BOD for on-line process monitoring and control a more plausible proposition. In comparison to other data-driven modeling paradigms such as multi-layer perceptrons artificial neural networks (MLP ANN) and classical multi-variate regression analysis, the KSOM is not negatively affected by missing data. Moreover, time sequencing of data is not a problem when compared to classical time series analysis.
## Membrane and luminescence.
Since the publication of a simple, accurate and direct dissolved oxygen analytical procedure by Winkler, the analysis of dissolved oxygen levels for water has been key to the | 20,856 |
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determination of surface water purity and ecological wellness. The Winkler method is still one of only two analytical techniques used to calibrate oxygen electrode meters; the other procedure is based on oxygen solubility at saturation as per Henry's law. Though many researchers have refined the Winkler analysis to dissolved oxygen levels in the low PPB range, the method does not lend itself to automation.
The development of an analytical instrument that utilizes the reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of oxygen in the presence of dissimilar metal electrodes was introduced during the 1950s. This redox electrode (also known as dissolved oxygen sensor) utilized an oxygen-permeable membrane | 20,857 |
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to allow the diffusion of the gas into an electrochemical cell and its concentration determined by polarographic or galvanic electrodes. This analytical method is sensitive and accurate to down to levels of ± 0.1 mg/l dissolved oxygen. Calibration of the redox electrode of this membrane electrode still requires the use of the Henry's law table or the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen.
During the last two decades, a new form of electrode was developed based on the luminescence emission of a photo active chemical compound and the quenching of that emission by oxygen. It is also called optical dissolved oxygen sensor. This quenching photophysics mechanism is described by the Stern–Volmer equation | 20,858 |
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for dissolved oxygen in a solution:
- formula_10: Luminescence in the presence of oxygen
- formula_11: Luminescence in the absence of oxygen
- formula_12: Stern-Volmer constant for oxygen quenching
- [O2]: Dissolved oxygen concentration
The determination of oxygen concentration by luminescence quenching has a linear response over a broad range of oxygen concentrations and has excellent accuracy and reproducibility.
There are several recognized EPA methods for the measurement of dissolved oxygen for BOD, including the following methods:
- "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," Method 4500 O
- In-Situ Inc. Method 1003-8-2009 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Measurement | 20,859 |
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by Optical Probe.
# Test limitations.
The test method involves variables limiting reproducibility. Tests normally show observations varying plus or minus ten to twenty percent around the mean.
## Toxicity.
Some wastes contain chemicals capable of suppressing microbiological growth or activity. Potential sources include industrial wastes, antibiotics in pharmaceutical or medical wastes, sanitizers in food processing or commercial cleaning facilities, chlorination disinfection used following conventional sewage treatment, and odor-control formulations used in sanitary waste holding tanks in passenger vehicles or portable toilets. Suppression of the microbial community oxidizing the waste will | 20,860 |
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lower the test result.
## Appropriate microbial population.
The test relies upon a microbial ecosystem with enzymes capable of oxidizing the available organic material. Some waste waters, such as those from biological secondary sewage treatment, will already contain a large population of microorganisms acclimated to the water being tested. An appreciable portion of the waste may be utilized during the holding period prior to commencement of the test procedure. On the other hand, organic wastes from industrial sources may require specialized enzymes. Microbial populations from standard seed sources may take some time to produce those enzymes. A specialized seed culture may be appropriate to | 20,861 |
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reflect conditions of an evolved ecosystem in the receiving waters.
# History.
The "Royal Commission on River Pollution", established in 1865, and the formation of the "Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal" in 1898 led to the selection in 1908 of BOD as the definitive test for organic pollution of rivers. Five days was chosen as an appropriate test period because this is supposedly the longest time that river water takes to travel from source to estuary in the U.K.. In its sixth report the Royal Commission recommended that the standard set should be 15 parts by weight per million of water. However, in the Ninth report the commission had revised the recommended standard : " An effluent taking | 20,862 |
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up 2–0 parts dissolved oxygen per 100,000 would be found by a simple calculation to require dilution with at least 8 volumes of river water taking up 0.2 part if the resulting mixture was not to take up more than 0.4 part. Our experience indicated that in a large majority of cases the volume of river water would exceed 8 times the volume of effluent, and that the figure of 2–0 parts dissolved oxygen per 100,000, which had been shown to be practicable, would be a safe figure to adopt for the purposes of a general standard, taken in conjunction with the condition that the effluent should not contain more than 3–0 parts per 100,000 of suspended solids." This was the cornerstone 20:30 (BOD:Suspended | 20,863 |
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Solids) + full nitrification standard which was used as a yardstick in the U.K. up to the 1970s for sewage works effluent quality.
The United States includes BOD effluent limitations in its secondary treatment regulations. Secondary sewage treatment is generally expected to remove 85 percent of the BOD measured in sewage and produce effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average of less than 30 mg/L and a 7-day average of less than 45 mg/L. The regulations also describe "treatment equivalent to secondary treatment" as removing 65 percent of the BOD and producing effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average less than 45 mg/L and a 7-day average less than 65 mg/L.
# See also.
- Carbonaceous | 20,864 |
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ns also describe "treatment equivalent to secondary treatment" as removing 65 percent of the BOD and producing effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average less than 45 mg/L and a 7-day average less than 65 mg/L.
# See also.
- Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand
- Theoretical oxygen demand
- Wastewater quality indicators discusses both BOD and COD as indicators of wastewater quality.
# Further reading.
- Rustum R., A. J. Adeloye, and M. Scholz (2008). "Applying Kohonen Self-organizing Map as a Software Sensor to Predict the Biochemical Oxygen Demand." "Water Environment Research," 80 (1), 32–40.
# External links.
- BOD Doctor - a troubleshooting wiki for this problematic test | 20,865 |
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RELX
RELX plc (pronounced "Rel-ex") is a corporate group comprising companies that publish scientific, technical and medical material, and legal textbooks; provide decision-making tools; and organise exhibitions. It operates in 40 countries and serves customers in over 180 nations. It was previously known as Reed Elsevier, and came into being in 1992 as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and Elsevier, a Netherlands-based scientific publisher.
The company is publicly listed, with shares traded on the London Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbols: London: REL, Amsterdam: REN, New York: RELX). | 20,866 |
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About 55 per cent of the company's revenues are generated from the US, with 23 per cent from Europe and 22 per cent from the rest of the world. The company is one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index, Financial Times Global 500 and Euronext 100 Index.
# History.
The company, which was previously known as Reed Elsevier, came into being in 1992, as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and Elsevier, a Netherlands-based scientific publisher. The company re-branded itself as RELX in February 2015.
## Reed International.
In 1895, Albert E. Reed established a newsprint manufacturing operation at Tovil Mill near Maidstone, Kent.
In 1965 | 20,867 |
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Reed Group, as it was then known, became a conglomerate, creating its Decorative Products Division with the purchase of Crown Paints, Polycell and Sanderson's wallpaper and DIY decorating interests.
In 1970, Reed Group merged with the International Publishing Corporation and the company name was changed to Reed International Limited. The company continued to grow by merging with other publishers and produced high quality trade journals as IPC Business Press Ltd and women's and other consumer magazines as IPC magazines Ltd. The original family owners, the Reeds, were Methodists and encouraged good working conditions for their staff in the then-dangerous print trade.
In 1985 the company decided | 20,868 |
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to rationalise its operations, focusing on publishing and selling off its other interests. Sanderson was sold to WestPoint Pepperell, Inc. of Georgia, United States, that year, while Crown Paint and Polycell were sold to Williams Holdings in 1987. The company's paper and packaging production operations were bundled together to form Reedpack and sold to private equity firm Cinven in 1988.
## Elsevier NV.
In 1880, Jacobus George Robbers started a publishing company called NV Uitgeversmaatschappij Elsevier (Elsevier Publishing Company NV) to publish literary classics and the encyclopedia "Winkler Prins". Robbers named the company after the old Dutch printers family Elzevir, which, for example, | 20,869 |
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published the works of Erasmus in 1587. Elsevier NV originally was based in Rotterdam but moved to Amsterdam in the late 1880s.
Up to the 1930s, Elsevier remained a small family-owned publisher, with no more than ten employees. After the war it launched the weekly "Elsevier" magazine, which turned out to be very profitable. A rapid expansion followed. Elsevier Press Inc. started in 1951 in Houston, Texas, USA, and in 1962 publishing offices were opened in London and New York. Multiple mergers in the 1970s led to name changes, settling at "Elsevier Scientific Publishers" in 1979. In 1991, two years before the merger with Reed, Elsevier acquired Pergamon Press in the UK.
## Reed Elsevier and | 20,870 |
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RELX.
### Significant divestments.
In February 1997, Reed Elsevier divested its trade publishing group (including Heinemann, Methuen, Secker & Warburg, Sinclair-Stevenson, Mandarin, Minerva and Cedar) to Random House. In 1998, Reed Elsevier sold the children's divisions of Heinemann, Methuen, Hamlyn and Mammoth to the Egmont Group.
In February 2007, the company announced its intention to sell Harcourt, its educational publishing division. On 4 May 2007 Pearson, the international education and information company, announced that it had agreed to acquire Harcourt Assessment and Harcourt Education International from Reed Elsevier for $950m in cash. In July 2007, Reed Elsevier announced its agreement | 20,871 |
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to sell the remaining Harcourt Education business, including international imprint Heinemann, to Houghton Mifflin for $4 billion in cash and stock.
In July 2009, Reed Elsevier announced its intention to sell most of its North American trade publications, including "Publishers Weekly", "Broadcasting & Cable", and "Multichannel News", although it planned to retain "Variety".
In April 2010, Reed Elsevier announced that it had sold 21 US magazines to other owners in recent months, and that an additional 23 US trade magazines, including "Restaurants & Institutions", "Hotels", and "Trade Show Week" would cease publication. The closures were mostly due to the weak economy including an advertising | 20,872 |
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slump.
"Variety", the company's last remaining North American title, was sold in October 2012.
In 2014, Reed Business Information sold BuyerZone, an online marketplace; emedia, an American provider of research for IT buyers and vendors; and a majority stake in Reed Construction Data, a provider of construction data.
In 2016, RELX sold "Elsevier Weekly" and "BeleggersBelangen" in the Netherlands.
In 2017 the company sold "New Scientist" magazine.
# Operations and market segments.
## Scientific, Technical & Medical.
RELX's Scientific, Technical & Medical business provides information, analytics and tools that help investors make decisions that improve scientific and healthcare outcomes. | 20,873 |
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It operates under the name of Elsevier and generated revenues in the year to 31 December 2017 of £2.5 billion.
ScienceDirect, an online database of primary research, contains 13 million documents.
Scopus is a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. It contains more than 50 million items in more 20,000 titles from 5,000 publishers worldwide.
Mendeley is a desktop and web program for managing and sharing research papers, discovering research data and collaborating online.
Elsevier is the world's largest publisher of academic articles, with 16 per cent market share, according to the "Financial Times". It publishes 420,000 articles a year in about | 20,874 |
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2,500 journals. Its best-known titles are "The Lancet" and "Cell". In 1995, "Forbes" magazine (wrongly) predicted Elsevier would be "the first victim of the internet" as it was disrupted and disintermediated by the World Wide Web.
## Risk & Business Analytics.
Risk & Business Analytics provides decision-making tools which help banks spot money launderers and insurance companies weed out fraudulent claims.
The business claims to have saved the state of Florida more than $60 million a year by preventing benefit fraud. Leading brands include "Flightglobal" and "Farmers Weekly". In 2015, Forbes Magazine voted LexisNexis, a RELX company, one of the top 10 employers in the US Technology Sector.
### | 20,875 |
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Accuity Inc..
Accuity Inc., operates globally within the Risk & Business Analytics division of RELX. The firm provides financial crime compliance software which allows institutions to comply with sanctions and anti-money laundering compliance programmes. It offers KYC, online subscription-based data and software solutions for the financial services industry. The company's services include helping banks and financial institutions screen for high risk customers and transactions, and providing databases such as Bankers Almanac which allows clients to find and validate bank payment routing data. Accuity serves financial services clients worldwide.
### Cirium.
Cirium operates globally within the | 20,876 |
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Risk & Business Analytics division of RELX. The firm provides data and analytics solutions for the wider travel industry. Cirium's data and analytics portfolio comprises Cirium Solutions and Cirium Professional Services - Ascend by Cirium. The publishing, events and jobs part of the business operates as FlightGlobal under the Cirium portfolio.
## Legal.
RELX's legal business operates under the LexisNexis brand. Many of LexisNexis' brands date back to the nineteenth century or earlier. These include Butterworths and Tolley in the UK and JurisClasseur in France.
## Exhibitions.
RELX's exhibitions business is called Reed Exhibitions. It is the world's largest exhibitions company, running 500 | 20,877 |
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shows for 140,000 exhibitors and 7m visitors.
# Governance.
, the board of directors consisted of:
- Chief Executive: Erik Engstrom
- Chairman: Anthony Habgood
- Chief Financial Officer: Nick Luff
- Non-executive directors:
- Wolfhart Hauser
- Robert MacLeod
- Carol Mills
- Adrian Hennah
- Marike van Lier Lels
- Linda Sanford
- Ben van der Veer
- Suzanne Wood
# Corporate affairs.
## Corporate strategy.
From 2011 to 2014, the average annual value of disposals was about $300m. The predictability of the company's results in recent years has led to a re-rating of the shares.
## Social responsibility.
The RELX Environmental Challenge awards grants to projects advancing access to | 20,878 |
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safe water and sanitation.
The Elsevier Foundation supports libraries in developing countries, women scientists and nursing facilities. In 2016 it committed $1m a year, for 3 years, to programmes encouraging diversity in science, technology and medicine and promoting science research in developing countries.
Programmes operated by LexisNexis Legal & Professional include:
- With the Atlantic Council, launching the first draft of the "Global Rule of Law Business Principles" which will help businesses, law firms and NGOs promote and uphold the rule of law.
- With the International Bar Association, launching an application called "eyeWitness to Atrocities", designed to capture GPS coordinates, | 20,879 |
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date and time stamps, sensory and movement data, and the location of nearby objects such as Wi-Fi networks. The technology also creates a secure chain of custody to help verify that the images and video has not been edited or digitally manipulated. The goal is to create content that can be used in a court of law to prosecute perpetrators of atrocities and human rights abuses.
Programmes operated by LexisNexis Risk Solutions include:
- The "ADAM" (Automated Delivery of Alerts on Missing Children) programme in the US, developed by employees in 2000, which assists in the recovery of missing children through a system of targeted alerts. the programme has helped trace 177 missing children.
- "Social | 20,880 |
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Media Monitor", which assists law enforcement officials in investigating serious crimes such as drug dealing and human trafficking.
# Controversy.
## Boycott.
Reed Elsevier has been criticised for the high prices of its journals and services, especially those published by Elsevier. It has also supported SOPA, PIPA and the Research Works Act, although it no longer supports the last. Because of this, members of the scientific community have boycotted Elsevier journals. In January 2012, the boycott gained an online pledge and petition (The Cost of Knowledge) initiated by mathematician and Fields medalist Sir Timothy Gowers. The movement has received support from noted science bloggers, such | 20,881 |
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as biologist Jonathan Eisen. Between 2012 and November 2015, about 15,391 scientists signed The Cost of Knowledge boycott. In 2016, Elsevier received 1.5 million article submissions.
## 2019 UC system negotiations.
On 28 February 2019 following long negotiations, the University of California announced it would be terminating all subscriptions with Elsevier.
## Privacy.
As a data broker Reed Elsevier collected, used, and sold data on millions of consumers. In 2005, a security breach occurred through a recently purchased subsidiary, Seisint, which allowed identity thieves to steal the records of at least 316,000 people. The database contained names, current and prior addresses, dates of birth, | 20,882 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
drivers license numbers and Social Security numbers, among other data obtained from credit reporting agencies and other sources. In 2008 the company settled an action taken against it by the Federal Trade Commission for multiple failures of security practice in how the data was stored and protected. The settlement required Reed Elsevier and Seisint to establish and maintain a comprehensive security program to protect nonpublic personal information.
## Defence exhibitions.
Between 2005 and 2007, members of the medical and scientific communities, which purchase and use many journals published by Reed Elsevier, agitated for the company to cut its links to the arms trade. Two UK academics, Tom | 20,883 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
Stafford of Sheffield University and Nick Gill, launched petitions calling for it to stop organising arms fairs. A subsidiary, Spearhead, organised defence shows, including an event where it was reported that cluster bombs and extremely powerful riot control equipment were offered for sale. In February 2007 Richard Smith, former editor of the "British Medical Journal", published an editorial in the "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine" arguing that Reed Elsevier's involvement in both the arms trade and medical publishing constituted a conflict of interest. Subsequently, in June the company announced that they would be exiting the defence exhibition business during the second half of the | 20,884 |
420576 | RELX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RELX | RELX
an editorial in the "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine" arguing that Reed Elsevier's involvement in both the arms trade and medical publishing constituted a conflict of interest. Subsequently, in June the company announced that they would be exiting the defence exhibition business during the second half of the year.
# Additional references.
- Guardian Unlimited, Bad Science by Ben Goldacre about Open Access and DSEI arms trade
- ketupa.net media profile: Reed Elsevier historical overview
- Double Dutch No Longer in-depth article about the company from 2002 (Forbes.com)
- Duncan Palmer Becomes Reed Elsevier CFO Online article about the new CFO of Reed Elsevier, Accessed 09/17/2012 | 20,885 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
Guggenheim family
The Guggenheim family is an American family known for their involvement in the mining industry and later in philanthropy. The family is named after the Alsatian village Gougenheim.
# History.
Meyer Guggenheim, a Swiss citizen of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, arrived in America in 1847. Over the next few decades, the family became known for their global successes in mining and smelting, including the American Smelting and Refining Company. Eventually the family possessed one of the largest fortunes in the world. They sold their global mining interests following World War I, then later purchased nitrate mines in Chile. Subsequently, the family largely left direct involvement in | 20,886 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
running businesses.
Family members became known for their philanthropy in diverse areas such as modern art and aviation, including several Guggenheim Museums, the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory and I. M. Pei's Guggenheim Pavilion at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City.
# Current interests.
Guggenheim Partners today manages over $200 billion in assets. Another family vehicle, Guggenheim Investment Advisors, oversees about $50 billion in assets.
# Family tree.
Meyer Guggenheim (1828–1905) had eleven children, including eight sons, five of whom were active in the family businesses: Isaac, Daniel, Murry, Solomon Robert and (John) Simon. The other sons were Benjamin, Robert and William. | 20,887 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
The daughters were Jeanette, Rose and Cora. Meyer's eleven children, their spouses and notable descendants are shown below:
- Meyer Guggenheim (1828–1905)
- Isaac Guggenheim (1854–1922), m. Carrie Sonneborn (1859–1933)
- Beulah V. Guggenheim (1877–1960), m. William I. Spiegelberg
- Edyth B. Guggenheim (1880–1960), m. Adm. Louis M. Josephthal, founder of Josephthal & Company
- Helene Guggenheim (1886–1962)
- m. Edmund L. Haas (m. 1905 div.)
- m. Lord Melvill Ward
- m. Corlette Glorney
- Daniel Guggenheim (1856–1930); Daniel became head of the family after his father's death. He married Florence Shloss (1863–1944)
- Meyer Robert Guggenheim (1885–1959)
- Harry Frank Guggenheim (1890–1971)
- | 20,888 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
Diane Guggenheim (1924–1991)
- Gladys Eleanor Guggenheim (1895–1980), m. Roger Williams Straus (1891–1957)
- Roger Williams Straus, Jr. (1917–2004), a founder and chairman of Farrar, Straus and Giroux
- Murry Guggenheim (1858–1939), m. Leonie Bernheim (1865–1959)
- Edmond A. Guggenheim (1888–1972), m. Marion Price (1888–1992)
- Lucille Guggenheim (1894–1972)
- Solomon R. Guggenheim (1861–1949); Solomon founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and Foundation. m. Irene M. Rothschild (1868–1954), daughter of Victor Henry Rothschild
- Eleanor Mary Guggenheim (1896–1992), m. Arthur Stuart, 7th Earl Castle Stewart
- David Stuart, Viscount Stuart (1921–1942)
- Robert Stuart, Viscount Stuart | 20,889 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
(1923–1944)
- Arthur Stuart, 8th Earl Castle Stewart (1928–)
- Andrew Stewart, Viscount Stuart (1953–)
- The Honorable Simon Stuart (1930–2002)
- Gertrude R. Guggenheim (1898–1966)
- Barbara Josephine Guggenheim (1904–1985), married John Lawson-Johnston of the family producing Bovril
- Jeanette Guggenheim (1863–1889), m. Albert Gerstle
- Nettie Gerstle (1889–?)
- Benjamin Guggenheim (1865–1912); Benjamin died in the "Titanic" disaster. m. Florette Seligman (1870–1937) m. (1895 – his death)
- Benita Rosalind Guggenheim (1895–1927)
- Peggy Guggenheim (1898–1979); Peggy founded the Peggy Guggenheim Collection.
- m. Laurence Vail (div. 1928)
- Michael Cedric Sindbad Vail (1923–1986), | 20,890 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
m. Margaret Angela Vail m. (1957 – his death)
- Karole Vail (1959–)
- Pegeen Vail Guggenheim (1925–1967)
- m. Jean Hélion (1904–1987) (m. 1946 div. 1956)
- Fabrice Hélion
- Nicolas Hélion
- Davide Hélion
- m. Ralph Rumney (1934–2002) m. (1958 – her death)
- Sandro Rumney (b. 1958)
- m. Max Ernst (1891–1976) (m. 1941 div. 1946)
- Barbara Hazel Guggenheim (1903–1995),
- m. Sigmund Marshall Kempner (m. June 1921 div. 1922)
- m. Milton S. Waldman (m. January 1923 div. 1930)
- Terrence Waldman (1924–1928)
- Benjamin Waldman (1927–1928)
- Terrence (four-and-a-half years old) and Benjamin (fourteen months) fell from the roof of the Surrey, a sixteen-story apartment hotel at 20 East Seventy-sixth | 20,891 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
Street, New York, on October 19, 1928.
- m. Denys King Farlow Nettleton (m. 1930 div.)
- John King-Farlow (1932–2002)
- Barbara Benita King-Farlow (1934–?)
- Ghislaine Agostini
- Amelia Kaye
- Adam Jacobs
- m. Charles Everett McKinley, Jr. (m. ?) (died November 16, 1942)
- m. Archibald Butt Jr. Divorced.
- m. Larry Leonard. Divorced.
- Robert G. Guggenheim (1867–1876)
- Simon Guggenheim (1867–1941). Simon became a U.S. Senator from Colorado. He married Olga Hirsch (1877–1970).
- John Simon Guggenheim (1905–1922)
- George Denver Guggenheim (1907–1939)
- William B. Guggenheim (1868–1941)
- m. Grace Brown (m. 1900 div. 1901)
- m. Aimee Lillian Steinberger m. (1904 – his death)
- | 20,892 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
William Guggenheim, Jr., m. Elizabeth Broadhurst
- William Guggenheim III
- m. Grace Embury (div.)
- Maire Guggenheim
- Jaenet Guggenheim
- m. Judith Arnold
- William Douglas Guggenheim (b. 1970)
- Christopher Mark Guggenheim (b. 1976)
- Jonathan Paul Guggenheim (b. 1978)
- Rose Guggenheim (1871–1945), m. Albert Loeb, the nephew of Solomon Loeb
- Harold A. Loeb (1891–1974)
- Edwin M. Loeb (1894–1966)
- Willard E. Loeb (1896–1958)
- Cora Guggenheim (1873–1956), m. Louis F. Rothschild (1869–1957), founder of L.F. Rothschild
- Louis F. Rothschild, Jr. (1900–1902)
- Muriel B. Rothschild (1903–?), m. William Donald Scott
- Gwendolyn F. Rothschild (1906–1983)
# Further reading.
- | 20,893 |
420622 | Guggenheim family | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim%20family | Guggenheim family
ouglas Guggenheim (b. 1970)
- Christopher Mark Guggenheim (b. 1976)
- Jonathan Paul Guggenheim (b. 1978)
- Rose Guggenheim (1871–1945), m. Albert Loeb, the nephew of Solomon Loeb
- Harold A. Loeb (1891–1974)
- Edwin M. Loeb (1894–1966)
- Willard E. Loeb (1896–1958)
- Cora Guggenheim (1873–1956), m. Louis F. Rothschild (1869–1957), founder of L.F. Rothschild
- Louis F. Rothschild, Jr. (1900–1902)
- Muriel B. Rothschild (1903–?), m. William Donald Scott
- Gwendolyn F. Rothschild (1906–1983)
# Further reading.
- Davis, John H. "The Guggenheims, 1848–1988: An American Epic". Shapolsky, 1988. .
# External links.
- Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation
- Guggenheim Partners, LLC | 20,894 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
Major-General's Song
"I Am the Very Model of a Modern Major-General" (often referred to as the "Major-General's Song" or "Modern Major-General's Song") is a patter song from Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera "The Pirates of Penzance". It is perhaps the most famous song in Gilbert and Sullivan's operas. Sung by Major General Stanley at his first entrance, towards the end of Act I, the character introduces himself by presenting his résumé and admitting to a few shortcomings. The song satirises the idea of the "modern" educated British Army officer of the latter 19th century. It is difficult to perform because of the fast pace and tongue-twisting nature of the lyrics.
The song is replete | 20,895 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
with historical and cultural references, in which the Major-General describes his impressive and well-rounded education, but he says that his military knowledge has "only been brought down to the beginning of the century". The stage directions in the libretto state that at the end of each verse the Major-General is "bothered for a rhyme". Interpolated business occurs here, and in each case he finds a rhyme and finishes the verse with a flourish.
# Historical basis.
The character of Major-General Stanley was widely taken to be a caricature of the popular general Sir Garnet Wolseley. The biographer Michael Ainger, however, doubts that Gilbert intended a caricature of Wolseley, identifying instead | 20,896 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
the older General Henry Turner, an uncle of Gilbert's wife whom Gilbert disliked, as a more likely inspiration for the satire. Nevertheless, in the original London production, George Grossmith imitated Wolseley's mannerisms and appearance, particularly his large moustache, and the audience recognised the allusion. Wolseley himself, according to his biographer, took no offence at the identification and sometimes sang "I am the very model of a modern Major-General" for the private amusement of his family and friends.
# Lyrics.
I am the very model of a modern Major-General,
I've information vegetable, animal, and mineral,
I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical
From | 20,897 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical;
I'm very well acquainted, too, with matters mathematical,
I understand equations, both the simple and quadratical,
About binomial theorem I'm teeming with a lot o' news,
With many cheerful facts about the square of the hypotenuse.
I'm very good at integral and differential calculus;
I know the scientific names of beings animalculous:
In short, in matters vegetable, animal, and mineral,
I am the very model of a modern Major-General.
I know our mythic history, King Arthur's and Sir Caradoc's;
I answer hard acrostics, I've a pretty taste for paradox,
I quote in elegiacs all the crimes of Heliogabalus,
In conics I can floor peculiarities parabolous;
I | 20,898 |
420575 | Major-General's Song | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General's%20Song | Major-General's Song
can tell undoubted Raphaels from Gerard Dows and Zoffanies,
I know the croaking chorus from "The Frogs" of Aristophanes!
Then I can hum a fugue of which I've heard the music's din afore,
And whistle all the airs from that infernal nonsense "Pinafore".
Then I can write a washing bill in Babylonic cuneiform,
And tell you ev'ry detail of Caractacus's uniform:
In short, in matters vegetable, animal, and mineral,
I am the very model of a modern Major-General.
In fact, when I know what is meant by "mamelon" and "ravelin",
When I can tell at sight a Mauser rifle from a javelin,
When such affairs as sorties and surprises I'm more wary at,
And when I know precisely what is meant by "commissariat",
When | 20,899 |
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